2. 

# 

Appendix T 

Research Plan of Study Submitted to the 

Florida Panther Interagency Committee 

Technical Subcommittee 

ECOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS 

OF THE FLORIDA PANTHER 

IN EVERGALDES NATIONAL PARK 

Prepared by 

Dr. Wiliian B. Robertson, Jr. 

Research Biologist 

\ South Plor ida Research Center 

Everglades National Park 

and 
?'fir Flur ida panther (Fel __- i s concolur _-_- __ _- sou) originally occurred 

chroughuut most of the southeastern United States, and is one of 

thirty recugnizea suospecirs (Hall 1961; Anaarson 1983). According 

to Cory (1846) the Florid2 panther was fairly common in undeveloped 

arras of Florida as lace as the 1b5O1s. Because it was considered 

a threat to humans and livestock, the State of Florida offered a 

bounty tor panthers and animals were killed whenever encountered. 

In 1950, concern about the uncontrolled hunting of panthers led the 

State of Florida to classify the panther as a game animal and, 

since 1958, the pancher has been fully protected from legal hunting 

in Florida. In 1967, the Florida pcnther was included on the first 

federal lisr of endangered and threatened species developed by the 

U.S. Department of the lnrerior, and it is presently listed as an 

endangered species by both the fsaeral gdvernoent and the State sf 

aiscuss the status of the Florioa jaaiher The consensus oi 

opinion among those atten3ing vas thit the continued existence of 

the Florida panLner was in aoubt. In July 1976, the U.S. Fish and 

2ildlife Service ap2ointed a Florida Panther Recovery Team charged 

to identity neecls and aeveiop d rec~very an to insure tne 

survival of the Florida psntt-,er. Tne Florida Fjn~ner Recovery ?;an, 

approvec in lrbl, iarntifira tne Fluria3 G;~zic dnc Fresh water Fish 
J 

<;,on~nl:ssion (GFC) as tile lead ~igt'nc;: in li!iplt.K~c.iit at ion of the 

recovery plan. 

kLVI CIJ LJF PEitVIOUS NOKK 

Few usetul data on the biology anu popt~lation status of the Florida 

panther bave been recorded prior to rhe late 1970's. Most of the 

currently availaule inio~-ulaCion CoElss zroz studies conducted by the 

CFC. In 1976, the GFC established the Florida Panther Record 

Clearinghouse to evaluate reported sightlngs ana document panther 

locations. In addition, the GFC contracted with K. McBride to 

I survsy xilderness areas of ~"uthern Florida for Florida panthers. 

1 ~cBride's survey determined rha t a small Florida panther population 

sciil e':ljt~d in Fc3k:jh2tchee Strand State Preserve (FSSP) , and 

1 that Fortions of the Yig Cyi:ress.hacional Preserve (BCVP), 

I Everglades batlonal Yark (Eh?), and private Laads a6jacenK ro thase 

1 protected areas sppenred :o provide suicable panther habitat. 

In 1481, the GFC besan studies base3 on capture and radio-collaring 

of punthers in FSSP. To date, 12 panchrrs have been radio-collared 

and varying psriods FSSP and 

areas. Studies were also initiated on the panther's principal prey 

species in BC~P, the white-cailea deer sr:~ wild hog. The on-going 

GFC studies hsve yie 

ecoiogical requir2n.c 

population ana coyar 

avallaDLe f5clder. 19 

lde 

nts 

is? 

23; 

d in 

anc 

the 

be; 

i OZ-i;,a i i Or1 

henerai oea 

cbe ?o>u?a t ion 

lth of cne Fiori 

ody of rsliqsle 

Y?,t.). 

dynamics, 
.. 

*~relimlnary surveys tor sign ar Flurjda yai~~~rt~rs ~n thr (and, less 

intensively, in 15Cgi') were orgcn by hYS in 1578 as part of a 

g.:nt.r,ji program tor 1.~0nltt3ilng cnd,:ngrrt.d spt.~?t.s. Yr ior Lo tnls 

titile many sightings had bee11 reported fur these iiPS areas, but 

.:2nsidrrablc uncertainty attached to nlost observations and 

verified, current records were lacking. Tne surveys quickly 

proauced definitive ?videace of the presence of panthers in the 

Long Pine Key 3rea of ENP and the Raccoon Point area of eastern 

BCKP. FGC captureicollaring studies were extended to include 

Raccoon Point in 1982 and continued occurrence around Long Pine Key 

and the hole-ln-the-Uonut has been veriried intermittently by NPS 

up to the present date. 

In 1982 NPS hired K. PlcBrile to survey more widely in KNP, 

resulting in the first verified, recent records of panthers in the 

Rattlesnake Ridge area uesr of Shark Slough. In 1984-85 by means 

-of a combined in-house and contract study, hPS mounted a systematic 

survey to assess the status of ~he Florida panther throughout ENP, 

GCNP, and suitable adjacenr private lands. This survey (~cbride 

1985) indicated tnat panthers In eastern tNP and on private lands 

ncjrth of bCiJP appearea to be stable ;nd rcl~r~d~cing, but that the 

populations present in the ea;ly 1480's in western EhP and eastern 

ana souchern BChP had apparently aecl inea sharply or 2 isap2eared. 

Survey results - along witn evi5ence trcn FGC studies in FS5P aqd 

western bCBF inalca~inr th,r uic~s: panthers there were a&ed, in poor 

, . conCition anc non-reproductive - Drou;nt a rris:s 2~~osphrrc tu 
Florida panchrr Lunservat ion el forts. An iriternal hi's rcl)ori 

(Kobercson, Bass. dnd McBr idp 1985) recoo1me:ldt.d that a 

c~pturr!cui.laring study shoulu be irii t ic~i~d In LsP ru Jeierxilne 

reasons for che success of this sub-population in contrast ti-) :he 

aecllne eviaent in much ot aLNY. Similar requests, along wich 

reconlmenaations for more intensive study of the panther's major 

prey species, were voiced by the Governor's Tecnnicol Advisory 

Council, by FGC, ana by ~lor'ida Defenders of che Environment at an 

emergency conterence in April 1936. The acute concern and the ninny 

bioloaical questions that had been raised resulted in a February 

1986 meeting at ENP of the interested Floriaa and federal 

agencies. This two-day session led to formation of the Florida 

- 

Panther Inter-Agency Committee (with an associated Technical 

i) charged to coordinate research and conservation efforts 

so chat all problems were efticiently addressed. As a result of 

rhc initial FPIAC aeetings, NPS agreed to fund expanded Florida 

panther resedrch in tNP. This research proposal outlines a study 

iatended to implement that agreement. 

ObJ ECTlVES 

The pri~iery objective of this study is to determine ihe status of 

-- the r lor lna pancisr population in tverglades ?+di ~<!nu? ?dm. This 

siudy will be an jntegrsl part of a comprrhensi~r rise2;cch program , 

to evaiuace the overall status (jna recovery nerds 01 cac Flcrida 

panther, in cooperetion with the ongoing Florida panihe: research 
program ot the Florida Game and Fresh ivdtt'r f"ish Loaiinission and 

U.S. Fish and h'ildlife Service. 

The specific objectives of Florida Panther research in Everglddes 

National Park are as kollows: 

A. Determine basic population paraneters including: 

1. Population size and distribution 

2. Ase structure, sex rdtio, reproductive success and 

recruitment rate 

. Deternine behavioral and ecological requirements 

including: 

1. Food habits, kill rates and utilization 

2, Habitac ?reference and utilization, seasonal 

movements, and ho&e range size 

3. bucial orgaalzation ana behavior 

,': C. Deternline the general health and genetic condition of the 1 

popularion including: 

1. Physical condition and reproductive status 

2. Parasites and infectious diseases 

3. Genetic variability 
. - 

P1 E'rHClUS 

Capture - and Imn~oSiliza~ ------ ion 

To obtain basic t;ological and ecological data on the Florida 

pancher we will capture and radio-collar tour to six individuals 

. . (ideally, an equal number of males and females) in Everglades 

Sational Park. A*,if~lrional panthers wlll be captured in the second 

and third year of th~ study. Capture and im:nobilization will be 

accomplished by using the skilled capture team and well developed 

procedures or ths Florida Gamz and Fresh Water Fish Comnission. 

The capturc ;>an consists of a houndsn~an and dogs, a wild1if.e 

veterinarian, and wildlife biologists and technicians. 

Prior to the capture perlod the houndsman and the NPS wildlife 

~iologisr will search the study area for panther sign and determine 

what areas the anitcals are using. Capture attempts will begin as 

soon as daytime tenlperatures decrease to a point considered safe 

for the imuobilizatiun or panthers, probably by late iiovember 

1456. Trained hounds will be used to rind, trail and tree 

panthers. The houxas ir,ay trail a panther tor hours but the actual 

cha~e usually takes Less than 30 ninutes (Maehr 198s). . 

The aeclsion wne~her cb iraoblrizc a trera phn:ner will De nidcle at 

the scene by consultscion 3f the wildiire veterinarian, fiPS 

~iLdLite biologist a;ld huunosnidr~. buch dssess~~enc ~1111 De based on 

the physicdl appesrac;r of trs anizial, stress iru- :nc inask, ano 

b- 

!#' 
air teu~perature dnd ether site conaitions (Korlke 1985). PLinchers 

will be lnjmobiiizea witti Letornine hjdrochioride delivered by 

conpressed alr dart gun (iioelhe 143:j). After iz~i~iobil,zat ion hi. 

panther will be lowered by rope from the tree or allowed to f~L1 

into an air cushion bag aria safety net. 

Unce on the ground the wildlife veterinarian will monitor heart 

rate, respirdilsn, and body Eernperature until complete recovcry and 

release, During i~:olobilizarion each panther will be weighed, 

measured (~ody length, girih, foot dnd teeth), an ear will be 

tatooed with a unique number, and the animal will be fitted with a 

radio-collar. [jf:riLz L and foot inpressiolns will also be made. 

- kad is ~e'Ig;--:cry 

y caquipaent will bz ot the nme design as used by the 

cngoing Floriaa Panrher kesearch Project of the Florida Gaze and 

Fresn kat.7 tis;l Coa~iission. The transmitter is a radio-collar 

designed by Teleonics of Nesa, Arizona. It employs conventional 

solid-state circuitry powered by lithiun cell batteries and 

includes morrallry a~d activity sensors. The collar weiy5s 

approximately 4b0 grams (2 ibs), snd has a projected operational 

life oi 24 months. 

Standard telenetry t 

usea for nlonitor in& 

will be equinped wit 

echnique 

radirj-co 

h direct 

s of 

ilar 

iona 

%round and a 

co panthers. 

1 "E" antenna 

erial tracki 
' . 

. strut and attached to a switch box lor salrctlny ri~ht, left or 

both antennas (Helden 1403). A hai~d-heid directional antenna and 

receiver will be used tor grouna cracking. 

-- 3iomedical - 

Determination oi the general health and genetic condition of 

captured panthers will unaer che direction it wildllie 

veterinarian, Dr. Melody E. koelke. The work proposed by Dr. 

l<oelke is 3s tollows: 

1. During capture and immobilization the veterinarian will 

evaluafe physical condieion (muscling, fat, haircoat) and 

reprcducci!~? c:sC~~s. Biological samples to bs taken will 

incluae blood, urine, feces, ectoparssites, hair, skin 

biopsies, selen, vaginal swabs from females, and swabs far 

- viral and bacteriological culture. 

2. Laboratory analyses will be conductea irnnediacely after 

leaving the tleld and will include a complete blood count 

(CBC) , serum biochrz i :a1 deterininat ions (SMA 21), serum 

protein elrcrroph . :;is, urinalysis, bacier io!oz,ical 

culture of reces, 2nd antibiotic sensitivity siudies. 

blooo tor genetic studies ;dill be processed at d litld 

laboratory wich.in 24 hours of collection dad i,;ill be 

rrozen ror later analysis. Ski11 b:opsics IO~ genet IC 

sfudies will be s!~lppea via ovurnA4h: nail ser:.ice :o t+e 

Cational Cancer !.nscrtuce. 5tru:r. 1c.r lnicct ICU, cis1?3se 

3 

# 
screening and reproductive horn:ones ~iLl bc frozen for 

later analysis. Feces for pardsi t? esan~~na t ion ~ilc rood 

habit studies will be preserved apprupri3tcly tar later 

evaluation. 

3. blood samples obtained from Florida panchers will be 

I serologlcally screened for selected iniectiaus disease 

agents includi;~g feline panleukopenia, feline calicivirus, 

feline rhinocracheitis virus, fcllne infectious 

- peritonitis, feline !eukeinia virus, pseudorabies virus, 

and toxoplasmosls. The nhjority of these anaiyses will be 

conducted by the Feline Health Laboratory, Cornell 

University, Ithaca, Kew 'iork. 

- 

4, Fecal par3sitological exn~inations will be conducted on 

I c'-1 f:2shl;? collected feces from captured panthers and any 

appropriate field collec~ed (scat) specimens. Hair and 

bone elenents will be submitted to the k'iorida Stace 

Museum for identificatio; for food habits study. 

5. Bacteriological cultures oi fr?sh panther feces will be 

screzned for the following fecal pathogens: ---- Salmonella 

spp., Shigoella ~pi>. , Cazi3-~iobacrer A --- s,;p., Yersinia __-- SPP-P 

Vibrio spp., Pleision?nas ___ __-I_-- sJ5<~.:eloides, anu - EC;~ardsiella 

tarda. 

6. Florida panthers wilt be tcstcg for persis~ent t:iral 

infections by culturing siabs *~r nostr 11, pc:nr;;nx, and 

rectum. Fresh feces wili be exa.nined for viruses by 

electron n~lcroscopy . 
a 

7. A vaccination trial using killed feline viral vdccines, 

sir nu la tin^ fleld conditions will be Conducted. C'lptlve 

cougars at selected zoologicdl institutions wlll be 

utilized for this study. If tests ~ndicate that 

vaccination is a recoo~mended procedure, wild panthers will 

be vdccinated when handled and their antibody levels 

actermined each tine chey are immobilized durin,: 3 capture 

season. 

8. Reproductive assessment of wild Florida panthers will be 

made during capture proceailres for radio-telemetry 

studies. Females will be palpated for fetuses, mammary 

glands examined tor lactation, and vaginal swabs taken to 

determine stage of the reproductive cycle. Males will be 

exanined to determine the nunber, size, and texture of the 

testicles. Semen will 'be collected using a sta~dardized 

electro-ejaculation protocol developed by Dr. U. hildt of 

the hational Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. Sperin 

motllity and concentration values will be decernined 

imnediately on-site. An aliquot of semen will be tixed in 

gluteralclehyde for subsequent ~~orphologicsl assessnenc of 

spermatozoa. Reproductive hornones will be assessed by 

coLlecting ser:al blood saaples rros both male ancf female 

panthers during tnr andli ling procedure. Rad ioixz~noa:,;ay 

technic-]ues will ~t. utillzed to test aaies a~d feaalcs for 

cortisol and luteinizing hormone, males for tescostrrone, 

and feulaLes tor estraciiol-17 ond progssterdne. hormone 
- - -- 

analysis and s2aen morphology evaluation wlll be done at 

the National Zoological Park enducrinolo&y laboratory. 

I 4. Genetic analysis, utilizing isu-enzynle electropharctic 

techniques, will be performed on the Florlda panther 

~ specimens at the Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenetics, 

National Cancer Insticute, in Fredrick, Maryland, headed 

by Dr. Stephen O'Urien. 

Popuiation and ----- Ecological Paraineters - 

Population Size and Distribution 

To determine the reiative size ana the overall distri~ution of 

I panthers in Ever,ZsCes 3ational Park field searches for 

recognizable panriler sign will be conducted throughout the study 

area. Locatibn, hasitat type, and the kind of sign found (tracks, 

scats, scrapes, etc.) will be recorded. Locations (latituae - 

longitude) will be plotted on 7.5 minute USGS orthophoto quadrangle 

maps. A11 panther sign will be docuaented by plaster casts of 

tracks, and photographs of urine rxarkers, scats and panther kills. 

dhen possible, panther tracks will be aged (kitten, sub-adult, 

aault) and sexed (male, female). All fecal samples will be 

collected and all panther kills will bs collected for analysis once 
At the time of capture and coliaring each panther will bc a~ed and 

sexed. Panthers will be aged accoraing to tooth wedr and 

coloration of the enamel as described by Shaw (1983). Dental 

impressions will also be made of each panther for foliow-up aging 

scudies. During routine field work tracks of panthers known or 

suspected to be uncollared will provide additional information on 

the age and sex composition of the population. 

Home Range and Movement Patterns 

Home range size, seasonal movements and daily activity patterns # 

wiil De determined by using standard radio-telemetry techniques. 

Radio-collared panthers will be monitored from a fixed-wing 

aircraft five times per week throughout the year. After the first 

year, thc frequency of nonitoring wil1,be evaluated, and adjusted 

as needed. The aircraft will be equipped with a Loran Navigation 

System to obtain the exact location of each radio-collared 

panther. Locations will oe plotted on 7.5 ninuce USGS orthophoto 

quadrangle maps. Date, time, location (latitude-longitude) and 

vegetation type will be recorded for each occurrence. belected 

radio-collared panthers will be monitored for a 2G-hour period once 

a week. The use of motion sensor transx~itters will provide data on 

daily movement patreins and 2ccivity periods. 
haole range size of each raaio-collared panther will be detern~lned , 

by connecting the ourerrnost locat ion points and measuring tile 

enclosed area as described by Seidcnsticker et dl. (1973). ilo:rre 

range and movement patterns of each radio-collared panther will be 

computed and assessed yearly. Comparissn ot yearly variations in 

the home range size and movement patterns of radio-collared 

panthers will provide important insight into population dyn'di~!ics 

and ecological requirements. 

Food Habits and Kill Kates 

To determine what prey items are being taken by panthers, all 

suspected panther scacs and kills will be collected. Ground search 

of areas used Ly radio-collared panther will be conducted in an 

etfvrt to find scats and kills: Panther scats will be sent to the 

Florida Srate Museum for analysis. Each scat will be analyzed to 

- determine prey consumed. L 

Through monitoring of radio-collared panthers, data will be 

gathered on kill races of large prey such as white-t3iled deer. 

When it is determined or suspected that a pancher has rn~de s kill, 

a ground search of the area will be made and the rerndins collected 

and identified. 
tieproauct Ion and kecrui talent 

.:! reproductive assessment of each jl:jnChcr will be made by the 

veterinarian at the tlme of capture and inmobillzatlon (see 

bionedi~~il section). Uur ing the examination female panthers found 

or suspected ro oe pregnant or in estrus will be monitored daily, 

and for a 24-hour period once a week. Intense monitoring of the 

iemai?s will provide intormation on denning habitat and location, 

movenent 2nd activity patterns asscciated with reproductive 

activity, developrrient of the young, and postnatal care. The 

nanitoring of radio-collared males and females will indicate 

~~riods ot reproductive activity. 

- 

!I particular effort will be made to capture and radio-collar young 

(9-24 ~onihs old) Florida panthers. These radio-collared young 

/ will be monitored to determine characteristics of survival, 

dispersal, and recruitnent into the population. 

Habitat Requireillents and iitilization 

Derailea haoitac zi.3~~ of che study drea 

remote sensing techniques (LANDSAT) in c 

Ecology Progran, South Florida kese,rch 

dl. 1986). Habitat use by panthers will 

quant itied accord lng to vekzetat :on t::pes 

uiii be developea using 

oopcration with the Plan 

Cenrer, L~P (Gunderson e 

n? ctiaracter ized and 
WUKK SCHCDULE 

----- 1st Sear - FYS7 

-- Oc~ober - screen applicants and select biological technician 

for project. 

-- Conduct systenlatic field search of study arsa for 

recognizable panther sign. 

-- November through December - capture and rsdio-collar Florida 

panthers in 614P. Collecc ~iomedical samples for lab 

analysis. 

-- Obtain daily locations of radio-collared panthers from 

fixed-wing aircraft. 

-- Conduct once a week 24-hour cracking of selected 

radio-collared panther. ', 

-- Conduct ground search of areas used ~y radio-collared 

animals to gather additional data on habitat utilization, 

food habits, and reproduction. 

-- Collect panther scats and kill reoiains. Send scats to 

Florida State Museum for analysis. 

-- begin developaent or habitat ma?s. 

-- Compile data, enter on computer, and conduct preliminary 

analysis. 

-- Submit quarterly G~ta summary reports by the end of March, 

June, Septeztber , ana December. 
----- 2nd Year - FYYb 

-- Continue all iield ana lab work outlined in 1st year. 

-- Consider capture ana radio-collar young Florida panthers to 

assess survival, dispersal, and recruitment. Collect 

biomedical saniples for lab analysis. 

-- Replace any malfunctioning radio-collars as needed. . . 

-- Compile aata, enter on computer, and do preliminary 

analysis. 

-- Submit quarterly data sumnrary reports by the end of March, 

June, September, and December. 
kildlife Biologist, ti5 ll/4 33,600 

Biological Technician, GS 5/1 16, 7UCI 

Premium Pay (overtime, etc .) 1, 700 

52 ,Uui~ 

I Travel, Project Business l,UclO 

Services: 

Fixed-wing Aircraft Rental 

(Estimated number of hours) 

Helicopter Rental 

(tstimated nuaber or hours) 

I *Cooperative Agreement GFC 0 

Sj~ppl ies 

Field supplies 

Fila and film processing 

Maps 

Cspiraiized Equipment 

*Radio-telemetry squipment 

I Motorizes Equipment Operaf ion 

1/2 ton van 

2 ATC Honda i10 

I Total Costs - FYa6 

Estimated costs for 2nd (FY8b) and 3rd (FYE4) ycars - $110,000 per 

annum 

* Cooperative Agreement for services of Florida Gaae and Fresh 

hater Fish Comnissions panther capture-team aqa radio-telc-merry 

equipment will be funded for 3 years from FYd6 zonies ($50,u0Q 

total). 

- A 
t" 

for nearly ten years and has participated in most of the 

significant meetings connected with that eifort. From 1982 to 

date, he has served as NYS liaison to field activities oi the 

Florida Game Commission panther project and in that capacity he has 

been involved in many eapture/collaring events with Florida 

panthers in and near Big Cypress National Preserve. In 1984-85, he 

worked closely with K. Mcbride to survey Everglades National Park 

and Big Cypress National Preserve for signs of panther activity 

(~cbride 1985; Kobertson, Bass, and McBride 1985). Since 1983, nr. 

Bass has served as a member of the Governor's Technical Advisory 

Council on the Florida Panther. 
William 8. Kobertson, Jr. (Research Biologist and wildlife Program 

Manager, South Florida Research Cencer, Everglades Kational Park) 

will supervise the NPS Florida panther research project. Dr. 

kobertson has been associated with biological research and natural 

resources conservation in Florida since the 19501s, with a 

particular interest in the ecology of rare and endangered animal 

populations. He is author or co-author of more than 100 scientific 

papers, research reports, and monographs on aspects of the natural 

history of southern Florida, especially concerning cbe avifauna. 

Through supervision of relevant in-house and contract research, .. 

attendance at numerous meetings, and brief service on the 

Governor's Technical Advisory Council, he is thoroughly familiar 
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