FILED JULY 31, 2010
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N SUPREME COURT

ANDRE BEZEAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v No. 137500 PALACE SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH
W EAVER , J. In this case, we decide whether this Cour t correctly gave retroactive effect to its decision in Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co , 478 Mich 28; 732 NW2d 56 (2007). After examination of the Karaczewski decision and the effect overruling its retroactivity would have, we overr ule the holding of Karaczewski that gave the decision its retroactive effect. Accordingly, pursuant to MCR 7.302 (G)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the decision of the Workers’ Co mpensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan 

# Opinion Chief Justice: Marilyn Kelly Justices: Michael F. Cavanagh Elizabeth A. Weaver Maura D. Corrigan Robert P. Young, Jr. Stephen J. Markman Diane M. Hathaway2 and remand this case to the WC AC for resolution of this case consistent with the law in effect before the Karaczewski decision.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY In 1998, plaintiff Andre Bezeau, a profe ssional hockey player, si gned a three-year contract with the Detroit Vipers, a professi onal hockey team owne d by defendant Palace Sports & Entertainment, Inc. At the time, plaintiff was a resident of Michigan, and the contract was signed in Michigan. In June 2000, plaintiff fell from a 45-fo ot ladder while working at his father’s roofing company in New Brunswic k, Canada. As a result of th e fall, he injured his groin, lower back, and right thigh. Plaintiff stayed in New Brunswick to receive treatment for his injuries, and he became a resident of New Brunswick. In October 2000, the Detro it Vipers loaned plaintiff to the Providence Bruins, a professional hockey team located in Rhode Island. In the first game of the 2000-2001 season, which took place in Rhode Island, anot her player struck plaintiff, aggravating his injury. Plaintiff left the game and has been unable to play hock ey since the incident. In June 2001, plaintiff applied for work ers’ compensation bene fits in Michigan. He claimed that he had deve loped osteitis pubis as a re sult of playing professional hockey. A hearing was held be fore a magistrate in the Wo rker’s Compensation Board of Magistrates. The magistrate ruled in Februa ry 2003 that although plaintiff was disabled, there was no persuasive evidence that the in cident at the Octobe r 2000 hockey game in Rhode Island caused plaintiff’s disabling injuries or aggravat ed any preexisting injuries.3 Plaintiff appealed the decision to the WCAC, which reversed the magistrate’s findings. The WCAC panel found that the in cident at the October 2000 hockey game was a contributing factor, am ong many, to plaintiff’s di sability. The WCAC granted plaintiff an open award of benefits. Defendant appealed the WCAC’s decision in the Court of Appeals. In February 2006, the Court of Appeals i ssued an unpublished opinion vacating the decision of the WCAC and remanding the case to the WCAC to “determine whether plaintiff asserted an ‘aggravation’ or ‘contribution’ theory at tria l, whether such a theo ry was properly raised on appeal, and, if so, whether an award of benefits is proper under Rakestraw [ v Gen Dynamics Land Systems, Inc , 469 Mich 220; 666 NW2d 199 (2003)].” Bezeau v Palace Sports & Entertainment, Inc , unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued February 28, 2006 (Docket No. 258350), p 5. On remand from the Court of Appeals, the WCAC issued a decision in October 2006 remanding the case to the board of magistrates to de termine whether plaintiff’s condition after the October 2000 hockey-game incident was medically distinguishable from his condition before the incident. Meanwhile in May 2007, wh ile the remand to the boar d of magistrates in the instant case was pending, this Court issued the opinion in Karaczewski on the jurisdictional requirements for workers’ compensation claims brought in Michigan. In Karaczewski , this Court overruled the interpre tation of MCL 418.845 set forth in Boyd v W G Wade Shows , 443 Mich 515; 505 NW2d 544 (1993 ), and described what it termed an abrogation of the statute by Boyd ’s precursor, Roberts v I X L Glass Corp , 259 Mich4 644; 244 NW 188 (1932). Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 30, 39-41. The new interpretation of MCL 418.845 set forth in Karaczewski stated that for Michigan workers’ compensation laws to apply to a claim for benefits, the injure d employee must have been a resident of Michigan at the time of the injury and the contract for hire must have been made in Michigan. 1 Id . at 33, 44. Under Boyd and Roberts , Michigan workers’ compensation laws applied to cl aims for benefits even if the injured employee was not a resident of Michigan as long as the cont ract for hire was made in Michigan. See id . at 34, 37-38. As a result of the Karaczewski decision, defendant argued that the board of magistrates did not have subject-matter jurisd iction because plaintiff was a resident of New Brunswick at the time of the October 2 000 incident. The ma gistrate agreed and dismissed plaintiff’s claim for benefits. Plai ntiff appealed to the WCAC, which affirmed the magistrate’s decision. Plaintiff applied fo r leave to appeal in the Court of Appeals, which denied leave to appeal in an unpublished order ente red September 5, 2008 (Docket No. 285593). Plaintiff applied for leave to appeal in th is Court. We orde red oral argument on the application, directing th e parties to address “whether the jurisdictional standard

1 The Legislature has since amended MCL 418.845 to now make it clearly applicable to out-of-state injuries. See 2008 PA 499, effective January 13, 2009. In this case, as an altern ative to overruling Karaczewski , plaintiff asks that we consider applying 2008 PA 499 retroactively. However, we do not reach that qu estion in this case because we overrule the retroactivity of Karaczewski that applied to parties in plaintiff’s position of having suffered an injury before Karaczewski was decided.5 established at MCL 418.845, as interpreted by this Court in Karaczewski v Farbman
Stein & Co , 478 Mich 28 (2007), should be applied in this case.” 2
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW Whether this Court’s decision in a previo us case should be overruled is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Bush v Shabahang , 484 Mich 156, 164; 772 NW2d 272 (2009).
III. ANALYSIS A. THE DECISION IN KARACZEWSKI Karaczewski involved an employee whose contract for hire was made in Michigan, but who became a resident of another state after his employer transferred him. The employee was injured on the jo b while in the other state. Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 30. He filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits in Michigan. Id . at 31. The defendants in Karaczewski argued that under the plain language of the Michigan Worker’s Di sability Compensation Ac t, the employee’s claim was not subject to the jurisdiction of the Michigan’s Wo rkers’ Compensation Agency because the employee was not a resident of Mich igan at the time of the injury. Id . at 58. The WCAC and Court of Appeals agreed w ith the defendants that the plain language of the relevant statute, MCL 418.845, would preclude th e employee from bringing his claim in Michigan. Id

. at 31-32. However, both the WCAC an d the Court of Appeals noted that

2 Bezeau v Palace Sports & Entertainment, Inc , 483 Mich 1001, 1001-1002 (2009).6 they were unable to rule in the defendants’ favor under the binding Michigan Supreme Court precedents of Boyd and Roberts

. Id

. at 32.
In Boyd , this Court interpreted MCL 418.845 when faced with a similar situation involving an employee whose contract for hire was made in Michigan but who was injured and died on the job while a resident of another state. Boyd , 443 Mich at 516. The Court examined MCL 418.845 and Roberts , a case interpreting a predecessor of MCL
418.845. Id . at 517-520. The Boyd Court held that, “pursuant to [MCL 418.845] and Roberts v IXL Glass Corp , supra , the Bureau of Workers’ Disability Compensation shall have jurisdiction over extraterritorial injuries without regard to the employee's residence, provided the contract of employment was ente red into in this state with a resident employer.” Id . at 526. This Court granted leave in Karaczewski to determine whether overruling Boyd would be justified. 3 Analyzing the plain language of MCL 418.845, a ma jority of this Court held that the statute “confers ju risdiction on the Bure au of Worker’s Compensation, now the Worker s’ Compensation Agency, fo r out-of-state workplace injuries only if (1) the employee is a resident of Michigan wh en the injury occurs and (2) the contract of hire was made in Michigan.” Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 30. The Karaczewski Court’s interpretation of MCL 418.845 directly conf licted with this Court’s interpretation of the same statute in Boyd , and thus this Court overruled Boyd

. Id . Over

3 Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co , 474 Mich 1087 (2006).7 the objections of three ju stices, the majority in Karaczewski gave retroactive effect to its new interpretation of MCL 418.845. Karaczewski , Id. at 44 n 15. In general, this Court’s decisions are given full retroactive effect. Pohutski v City of Allen Park , 465 Mich 675, 695; 641 NW2d 219 (2 002). However, there are exceptions to this rule. This C ourt should adopt a more flexible approach if injustice would result from full retroactivity. Id. at 696. Prospective applicatio n may be appropriate where the holding overrules settled precedent. Id . As stated in Pohutski : This Court adopted from Linkletter v Walker , 381 US 618; 85 S Ct 1731, 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965), three factors to be weighed in determining when a decision should not have retroac tive application. Those factors are: (1) the purpose to be serv ed by the new rule, (2) th e extent of reliance on the old rule, and (3) the effect of re troactivity on the administration of justice. People v Hampton , 384 Mich 669, 674; 18 7 NW2d 404 (1971). In the civil context, a plurality of this Court noted that Chevron Oil v Huson , 404 US 97, 106-107; 92 S Ct 349; 30 L Ed 2d 296 (1971), recognized an additional threshold questi on whether the decision cl early established a new principle of law. Riley v Northland Geriatric Center (After Remand) , 431 Mich 632, 645-646; 433 NW2d 787 (1988) (G RIFFIN , J.). [ Id. ] In determining whether Karaczewski was incorrectly given retroactive effect, we must first answer the threshold question whether Karaczewski clearly established a new principle of law. The decision in Karaczewski to overrule Boyd established a new interpretation of MCL 418.845 that broke from the longsta nding interpretation of the statute. Although the Court interpreted the statute consistently with its plain language, the Court’s interpretation established a new rule of law because it affected how the statute8 would be applied to parties in workers’ compensation cases in a way that was inconsistent with how the statut e had been previously applied. 4
Given that Karaczewski established a new rule of la w, we now weigh the factors set forth in Pohutski to determine whether Karaczewski was correctly given retroactive application. First, we determ ine the purpose to be served by the new rule. The majority
in Karaczewski overruled Boyd because the Boyd interpretation of MCL 418.845 failed to recognize that the statute’s text required th at an injured employee must have been a resident of Michigan at the tim e of the injury and the contract for hire must have been made in Michigan in order for the employee to be able to successf ully file a workers’ compensation claim in Michigan. Thus, the purpose of the ne w rule was to interpret the law consistently with the Legislature’s a pparent intent when drafting MCL 418.845. The next two factors to cons ider in determining whether Karaczewski was correctly applied retroactively are relian ce interests on the old rule of law under Boyd and the effect of Karaczewski ’s retroactivity on th e administration of justice. The concurring and dissenting justices in Karaczewski noted that the decision to give Karaczewski retroactive effect would seriously undermine th e reliance interests of parties regarding the Boyd / Roberts decisions. Justice K ELLY stated in her dissent that “[t]here are significant reliance concerns implicat ed by the overturning of Roberts and Boyd . The underlying rationale of these cases has been in plac e for seven decades. Attorneys, employers,

4 Pohutski , 465 Mich at 696-697.9 insurance carriers, and various empl oyees have relied on the holdings of Roberts and Boyd .” Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 62 (K ELLY , J., dissenting). Furthermore, Justice
W EAVER noted in her opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part: [T]here has been extensive reliance for 14 years on Boyd ’s interpretation of MCL 418.845. In addition to reliance by the courts, insurance decisions have undoubtedly been predicated on this Court's longstanding interpretation of MCL 418.845 under Boyd . Nonresident injured employees, like plaintiff, who initially entered into contracts for hire in Michigan, but late r agreed to work outside Michigan, have relied on the ability to obtain work ers' compensation bene fits based on their employment relationship with Mich igan employers. Prospective application acknowledges that reliance and assures the fair resolution of those pending workers' compensation cases. [ Id. at 46 (W EAVER , J., concurring in part a nd dissenting in part).] In addition to Karaczewski ’s failure to give due we ight to that reliance on Boyd and Roberts , the dissenting justices noted that retr oactivity would result in a disruption in the administration of justice. Id . (W EAVER , J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); id . at 62 (K ELLY , J., dissenting). As the instant case shows, it appears that the Karaczewski decision has disrupted the administrati on of justice in cases that came under Karaczewski ’s retroactive effect. Plaintiff first filed his claim in 2001, and the parties spent six years going through th e appellate process to the Court of Appeals and back to the board of magistrates without having an y argument over jurisdictional questions regarding MCL 418.845. While the case was on remand at the board of magistrates in 2007, Karaczewski was decided and defendant raised th e jurisdictional issue for the first10 time in the tribunal. 5 Because a long-settled part of this well-traveled case suddenly became a new issue and the six years of work expended on this ca se became moot, we conclude that Karaczewski ’s retroactive effect disrupted the administration of justice. Because the Karaczewski decision on retroactivity di d not give due weight to the interests of employers and employees re lying on the well-established law of Boyd and Roberts , and because it did not give due weight to its effect on the administration of justice, we conclude that the d ecision to give retroactivity to Karaczewski was

erroneous. 6
B. STARE DECISIS Having established that retroactive effect was erroneous, we next decide whether this Court should overrule the decisi on that gave retroactive effect to Karaczewski . This Court generally adheres to the principle of stare decisis. Robinson v Detroit , 462 Mich

5 Defendant did include a defe nse in its answer to plain tiff’s initial application for workers’ compensation benefits, claiming th at Michigan law did not cover the claim because the injury occurred in Rhode Island. Howeve r, defendant did no t raise the issue at the hearing before the magistrate or at any appellate stage thro ugh the next six years until after Karaczewski was decided. 6 The purpose of the new rule from Karaczewski —interpreting the law consistently with the Legislature’s appare nt intent when drafting MCL 418.845—must also be given weight. As can be seen from the concurrences of the justices signing this opinion, some of the justices in the majority agre e with Justice Y OUNG ’s dissent that Karaczewski correctly interpreted the language of th e statute, and some justices disagree with Karaczewski ’s interpretation of the statute. Ne vertheless, we all conclude that the effect of retroactivity on the Pohutski factors of reliance and disruption of the administration of justice outweigh the effects of retroactivity that in fact resulted from Karaczewski ’s interpretation. In this instance, we find that the correct interpretation of a statute is better given prospective applica tion when retroactive application seriously undermines parties’ reliance on the rule of la w and disrupts the administration of justice.11 439, 463; 613 NW2d 307 (2000). However, we should reexamine precedent when legitimate questions have been raised about the correctness of a decision. Id . at 464. Upon such reexamination, ou r first step is to determin e whether the precedent was wrongly decided. Id . Should we determine that precedent was wrongly decided, we also “examine the effects of ove rruling, including most importantly the effect on reliance interests and whether overruling would work an undue hardship because of that reliance.” Id . at 466. “As to the reliance interest, the C ourt must ask whether the previous decision has become so embedded, so accep ted, so fundamental, to everyone’s expectations that to change it would produce not just readjustments, but practical real-world dislocations.” Id

. As we have explained earlie r, we conclude that giving re troactive effect to this Court’s holding in Karaczewski was an erroneous decision. Having determined that the retroactivity holding was wrongly decided, we next turn to the reliance interests involved. In this case, we are only reviewing the effect of retroactively applying Karaczewski ’s interpretation of MCL 4 18.845. By its nature, the retroactivity applied only to claims based on injuries that occurred before the date Karaczewski was decided. At the time of the Karaczewski decision, the workers’ compensation system was operating under the prior precedent of Boyd and Roberts regarding jurisdictional questions under MCL 418.845. At the time of the Karaczewski decision, the only reliance on law regarding MCL 418.845 by parties was a reliance on the Boyd and Roberts precedents. There coul d not have been relianc e on the law of the Karaczewski decision for claims based on inju ries that occurred before Karaczewski because12 Karaczewski was decided after the bases for those claims had arisen. Thus, we find no reliance interests regarding the retroactive effect of Karaczewski on claims in which the injuries had occurred on or before the date Karaczewski was decided. Our next step in examining wh ether the retroactive effect of Karaczewski should be overruled is to determine whether overru ling that effect will result in any undue hardships for parties invo lved in cases affected by our decision. As we have noted, the parties involved in cases affected by this decision had no reliance interests involving Karaczewski . By overruling the retroactivity of Karaczewski , the only effect on those parties is that their cases will be governed by the precedents that governed their claims when the bases for those claims first arose. We believe that such an effect is not an undue hardship on the parties because they are simply re turning to the status quo for their claims. Further justification for ove rruling the retroactivity of Karaczewski can be found in the inequity in the instant case, which arose as a result of the retroactivity holding. When the instant cas e was filed, the Boyd and Roberts interpretations of MCL 418.845 clearly governed the case, and plaintiff met the requirements of those interpretations. The Boyd and Roberts interpretations remained the governing interpretations of MCL 418.845 for more than six years while th e case made its way from the board of magistrates to the WCAC, then to the Court of Appeals, then back to the WCAC on remand and, finally, back to the board of magistrates. During the entire appellate process, the interpretation of MCL 418.845 was not an issue in this case. But when the case was before the board of magistrates on remand to determine an entirely unrelated13 factual matter, this Court handed down the Karaczewski decision, overruling the Boyd and Roberts interpretations for all cases in which there had not been a final judgment. The Karaczewski decision therefore changed the law of this case in the middle of the appellate process without the parties having rais ed any issue regarding that specific point of law. We find that outcome to be inequ itable, and thus we f eel that it should be reversed. We have concluded that the factors for overruling preced ent laid out in Robinson weigh in favor of overruling the retroactivity holding of Karaczewski . Moreover, we have found further justification for overruling the retroactivity holding as a result of the inequity that has arisen in this case. Accordingly, we overrule the holding of Karaczewski that gave retroactive effect to its decision. It should be particularly noted that our holding today affects only claims based on injuries that occurred on or befo re the date this Court decided Karaczewski , as long as the claim has not already reached final resolution in the court system. We do not overrule any aspect of the Karaczewski opinion other than its retroactive effect. Contrary to the assertions in Justice Y OUNG ’s dissent, which Justices C ORRIGAN and M ARKMAN also join, there is no ma jority to overrule Karaczewski in its entirety. We note that Chief Justice K ELLY concurs with this opinion in part an d dissents in part because she would in fact completely overrule Karaczewski . Six justices have chosen not to agree with Chief Justice K ELLY ’s position to completely overrule Karaczewski , and as a result, the portrayal of the lead opinion contained in Justice Y OUNG ’s dissent is inaccurate. Karaczewski ’s interpretation of MCL 418.845 remain s the law of this state for claims14 based on injuries that o ccurred after the date that Karaczewski was decided but before the effective date of the amendment of MCL 418.845 by enacting 2008 PA 499.

IV. CONCLUSION We reverse the decision of the WCAC. We overrule this Court’s decision to give retroactive effect to Karaczewski because the decision was erroneous, overruling it will not affect any reliance interests of the pa rties affected by our decision, and no undue hardship will occur as a resu lt of our decision. Our holdi ng affects claims based on injuries that occurred on or befo re the date this Court decided Karaczewski , as long as the claim has not already reached final resolution in the court system. Accordingly, we remand this case to the WCAC to continue proc eedings consistent with its actions before the Karaczewski decision. Reversed and remanded

.

H ATHAWAY , J., concurred with W EAVER , J.S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N SUPREME COURT

ANDRE BEZEAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v No. 137500 PALACE SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

C AVANAGH , J. ( concurring)

. I concur in the result, and I join the lead opinion in full except for part III(B). I agree that the interpretation of MCL 418.845 adopted in Karaczewski v Farbman Stein &
Co , 478 Mich 28; 732 NW2d 56 (2 007), should only ha ve been applied prospectively and that Karaczewski should be overruled to the extent that it held otherwise. I write separately because whereas the lead opini on applies the stare d ecisis approach from Robinson v Detroit , 462 Mich 439, 463-468; 613 NW2d 307 (2000), I continue to prefer the modified version of this approach articulated by Chief Justice K ELLY in Petersen v Magna Corp , 484 Mich 300, 316-320; 773 NW2d 564 (2009) (opinion by K ELLY , C.J.). The result, however, is the same. Under my preferred approach to stare deci sis, there is a pres umption in favor of upholding precedent that may be rebutted only if there is a compelling justification to overturn precedent. Id. at 317. In determining whether a compelling justification exists,2 courts may use a number of evaluative criteri a if relevant but, importantly, a compelling justification requires more than a mere belief that a case was wrongly decided. 1 Id. at 319-320. In this case, th e narrow question presented is whether there is a compelling justification to overrule the Karaczewski majority’s decision to ap ply its interpretation of MCL 418.845 retroactively. One criterion is particularly relevant to th is question: the extent of reliance on the prior interpretation of MCL 418.845 and th e extent to which overruling it might cause special hardship an d inequity. See id. at 320. Although the reliance interests usually weigh against overruling a decision or, at best, ar e neutral, this case presents the unusual situation in which the reliance interests weigh in favor of overruling a decision. 2 As noted in the lead opinion, the cases that will be affected by prospective application of Karaczewski are only those involving injuries that occurred before Karaczewski was decided. In those cases, overruling Karaczewski ’s retroactive application and restoring the pre- Karaczewski status quo is in accordance with the reliance interests. 3 In fact,

1 In Petersen , Chief Justice K ELLY provided a list of criteria that courts may use to consider whether there is a compelling justification, but the list is nonexhaustive and none of the criteria are determin ative. They only need to be evaluated if relevant. See Petersen , 484 Mich at 320 (opinion by K ELLY , C.J.). 2 Indeed, the usual tensions present in a st are decisis analysis are absent in this case. Generally, stare decisis balances two concerns: “the need of the community for stability in legal rules and deci sions and the need of courts to correct past errors.” Id . at 314. In this case, however, both concerns are advanced by overruling the retroactive application of Karaczewski

. 3 As stated by then Justice K ELLY in Karaczewski , the essential rationale of the pre- Karaczewski interpretation of MCL 418.845 had be en in place for seven decades and was an essential part of the workers’ co mpensation regime in Michigan, such that (continued...)3 inequity and hardship could re sult if the retroactivity of Karaczewski is not overturned. This is demonstrated by this case, in which the parties, relying on the pre- Karaczewski status of the law, had been litigating the merits of the case for six years when Karaczewski was decided. Thus, because I think that the reliance interest s formed in this and other similar cases constitute a compelli ng justification to ove rrule precedent, I concur in the majority’s decision to overrule the retroactive application of Karaczewski ’s interpretation of the statute.
Michael F. Cavanagh

(...continued) “[a]ttorneys, employers, insura nce carriers, and various em ployees” had relied on it for years. Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 62 (K ELLY , J., dissenting).S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N SUPREME COURT

ANDRE BEZEAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v No. 137500 PALACE SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

K ELLY , C.J. ( concurring in part and dissenting in part ). I concur with the majority opinion that Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co 1 should never have been applied retroactively. I would overrule Karaczewski in its entirety because I continue to believe that it should not have overruled Boyd v W G Wade Shows 2 and Roberts v I X L Glass Corp

. 3 As I stated in my dissent in Karaczewski , during the 74 years that Roberts was controlling law, the Legislature took no steps to change or amend MCL 418.845. 4 Again, when this Court a ffirmed that interpretation of MCL 418.845 in Boyd , the Legislature did nothing.

1 Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co , 478 Mich 28; 732 NW2d 56 (2007). 2 Boyd v W G Wade Shows , 443 Mich 515; 505 NW2d 544 (1993). 3 Roberts v I X L Glass Corp , 259 Mich 644; 244 NW 188 (1932). 4 Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 46-47 (K ELLY , J., dissenting).2 Only after this Court upset 74 years of law in Karaczewski did the Legislature speak by enacting 2008 PA 499. It abrogated Karaczewski scarcely more than two years after it was decided. 5 Although some discard any use of legislative acquiescence as a tool for interpreting legislative intent, it is diffic ult to take issue with the fact that the Legislature took explicit action here. Furthermore, I believe that the Robinson factors clearly call for overruling Karaczewski

. 6 First, as discussed previously, the enactment of 2008 PA 499 was a change in the law that undercut and undermin ed the original basis for the decision. Allowing the central holding of Karaczewski to remain intact has a disturbing effect. It disenfranchises the unfortunate group of out-of-state work ers with contracts for hire made in Michigan who were injured on the job after Karaczewski was decided but before

5 See House Legislative Analysis, SB 1596, D ecember 11, 2008 (stating that “the Michigan Supreme Court reversed longstanding case law” in Karaczewski and “eliminated coverage for injuries that ha d previously been covered under the act, reducing compensation for injured workers, and causing potential problems for employers”); Senate Legislative Analysis, SB 1596, November 12, 2008 (explaining that the purpose of 2008 PA 499 is to restore the Wo rkers’ Compensa tion Agency’s jurisdiction in response to Karaczewski ). I recognize that 2008 PA 499 ultimat ely expanded jurisdiction in workers’ compensation cases beyond where it had been before Karaczewski . But the legislative analyses make clear that the ame ndment was in dire ct response to Karaczewski and sought to restore jurisdiction to the Workers’ Comp ensation Agency. 6 Robinson v Detroit , 462 Mich 439; 613 NW2d 307 (2000). I remain committed to the stare decisis factors I proposed in Petersen v Magna Corp , 484 Mich 300, 317-320; 773 NW2d 564 (2009), and I believe that this Court should adopt those factors.3 2008 PA 499 went into effect. I believe that 2008 PA 499 is evidence that the Legislature did not intend to arbitrarily depr ive this group of benefits. Second, overturning Karaczewski would not work an undue hardship. Reliance on it has been minimal, given that it was decided recently. Because it displaced 74 years of precedent in Michigan, it is not “so embedded, so accepted, so fundamental, to everyone’s expectations” that overruling it wo uld result in “significant dislocations.” 7 Karaczewski itself displaced reliance interests by ove rturning a fundamental part of the workers’ compensation regime, ev en if only for a brief period , thanks to the Legislature’s quick enactment of 2008 PA 499. 8 I believe these compelling justifications necessitate that this Court overrule Karaczewski . Accordingly, while I conc ur with the majority that Karaczewski does not apply retroactively, I woul d overrule it entirely.
Marilyn Kelly

7 Robinson , 462 Mich at 466. 8 See Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 51-61 (K ELLY , J. dissenting) (discussing the Robinson factors as applied to Roberts and Boyd and finding that not a single factor supported overruling them).S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N SUPREME COURT

ANDRE BEZEAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v No. 137500 PALACE SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

W EAVER , J. ( concurring ). I concur fully in and sign the lead opini on reversing the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC), remanding this case to the WCAC, and overruling the holding of Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co , 478 Mich 28; 732 NW2d 56 (2007), that gave the Karaczewski decision retroactive effect. I write separately to correct the mistaken assertions in Justice Y OUNG ’s dissent, which is signed by Justices C ORRIGAN and M ARKMAN , 1 including the mistaken assertions of these “remaining three” regardi ng my position on stare decisis. The dissent attempts to characterize th e majority’s opinion and decision not to apply Karaczewski retroactively as a decision to effectively overrule Karaczewski . This

1 Justices C ORRIGAN , Y OUNG , and M ARKMAN comprise “the remaining three” justices of the former “majority of fou r,” which included fo rmer Chief Justice T AYLOR

.2 characterization is not only incorrect and in accurate, it is misleading and intellectually deceptive. Further, the dissent’s attempt to char acterize the lead opinion as being representative of a so-called new philosophic al majority is also false. There is no philosophical majority in this case. While the justices form ing the majority each agreed with the result in this case, each justice reached his or her conclusion based on different

reasons. 2 It appears that the dissent is attempting to lump together the four justices who agree with parts of the lead opinion into having had some sort of previously stated fidelity to stare decisis that those justices have abandone d since former Chief Justice
T AYLOR ’s overwhelming defeat in the 2008 election. The dissent quotes various past statemen ts, made by those justices signing portions of the lead opinion, re garding stare decisis and criticizi ng the former “majority of four” (former Chief Justice T AYLOR , and Justices C ORRIGAN , Y OUNG , and M ARKMAN ). With

2 The dissent attempts to ma ke an argument that there is some sort of philosophical majority that wants to overrule Karaczewski in its entirety. Ho wever, one need look no further than the various opinions written in this case to s ee that there is no such majority for that proposition. When Karaczewski was decided in 2007, I concurred in the substance of the opinion, and I continue to se e nothing wrong with its statutory analysis. On the other hand, Chief Justice K ELLY is dissenting in part from the lead opinion in this case for the very reason that she thinks Karaczewski needs to be comple tely overruled. Her position is understandable, given that she dissented fro m the entire decision in 2007 when Karaczewski was decided. But there are curren tly not four votes for her position, so her position is not the majority’s position. Rather, there are in essence six justices who have for whatever reason decided not to join with the Chief Justice’s position to overrule all of Karaczewski in this case. The dissent simply ignores that fact for the convenience of making the mistaken conclusions in the dissenting opinion seem more palatable.3 respect to myself, the dissent quotes a statem ent I made in response to the improper and unfair dismantling of decades of longstandi ng insurance contract law by the former “majority of four” in Devillers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n , 473 Mich 562; 702 NW2d 539 (2005). In Devillers , I stated, “Correction for correcti on’s sake does not make sense. The case has not been made why the Court s hould not adhere to the doctrine of stare decisis in this case .” Id . at 622 (W EAVER , J., dissenting) (emphasis added). The dissent’s use of my Devillers statement appears to be a weak attempt to manufacture some sort of story to try to get people to believe that a philosophical majority of justices exists and is out to overrule preceden t created by the “majority of four.” The dissent’s mistaken assertions th at I have somehow cha nged my view of stare decisis since former Chief Justice T AYLOR was defeated and that I am part of a philosophical majority are simply incorrect. My Devillers statement itself shows that I was criticizing the disr egard for stare decisis in that specific case . My Devillers statement is an exampl e of my service to the rule of law and a partial expressi on of my view of the policy of stare decisis, which is that past precedent should genera lly be followed but that, in deciding wh ether wrongly decided precedent should be over ruled, each case should be looked at individually on its facts and merits through the lens of judici al restraint, common sense, and fairness. 3

3 I agree with the sentimen t recently expressed by Chief Justice Roberts of the United States Supreme Court in his concurrence to the decision in Citizens United v Federal Election Commission , 558 US ___, ___; 130 S Ct 876, 920; 175 L Ed 2d 753, 806 (2010), when he said that (continued...)4 Over the past decade, the principal tool used by this Court to decide when a precedent should be overrule d is the set of guidelines that was laid out in Robinson v
Detroit , 462 Mich 439, 463; 613 NW 2d 307 (2000), an opinion written by former Justice
T AYLOR that Justices C ORRIGAN , Y OUNG , M ARKMAN , and I signed, and that I have used numerous times. In the instant case, my lead opinion specifically, and properly, applies the Robinson guidelines. Thus, the dissent’s asser tion that I have changed my view on stare decisis makes no logical sense. Furthermore, I note that my position in Devillers is in no way inco nsistent with my position on stare decisis in this case, nor is it inconsistent with any position on stare decisis that I have taken in other cases, such as Robinson

. Devillers involved the
(...continued) stare decisis is neither an “inexorable command,” Lawrence v . Texas , 539 U. S. 558, 577 [123 S Ct 2472; 156 L Ed 2d 508] (2003), nor “a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision,” Helvering v . Hallock , 309 U. S. 106, 119 [60 S Ct 444; 84 L Ed 604] (1940) . . . . If it were, segregation would be legal, minimum wage laws would be unconstitutional, and the Government could wiretap ordinary criminal suspects without first obtaining warrants. See Plessy v . Ferguson , 163 U. S. 537 [16 S Ct 1138; 41 L Ed 256] (1896), overruled by Brown v . Board of Education , 347 U. S. 483 [74 S Ct 686; 98 L Ed 873] (1954); Adkins v . Children’s Hospital of D. C. , 261 U. S. 525 [43 S. Ct. 394; 67 L Ed 785] (192 3), overruled by West Coast Hotel Co v . Parrish , 300 U. S. 379 [57 S. Ct . 578; 81 L Ed 703] (1937); Olmstead v . United States , 277 U. S. 438 [48 S Ct 564; 72 L Ed 944] (1928), overruled by Katz v . United States , 389 U. S. 347 [88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576] (1967). Chief Justice Roberts further called stare decisis a “principle of policy” and said that it “is not an end in itself.” Id . at ___; 130 S Ct at 920; 175 L Ed 2d at 807. He explained that “[i]ts greatest purpose is to serv e a constitutional ideal—the rule of law. It follows that in the unusual circumstance when fidelity to any particular precedent does more to damage this constitutional ideal than to advance it, we must be more willing to depart from that precedent.” Id. at ___; 130 S Ct at 921; 175 L Ed 2d at 807.5 “majority of four” overruling pr ecedent involving contract in terpretation from a case that was nearly twenty (20) years old. In my Devillers dissent, I noted that I agreed with the majority’s interpretation that the old precedent was incorre ct, but given the passage of time since that specific precedent was deci ded, the Court should not disturb that longstanding precedent because the law had become so ingrai ned that to overrule it would harm the reliance interests of par ties in insurance cases. My position in Devillers was entirely consistent with the reliance prong of the Robinson guidelines. 4 My position in the in stant case is also consistent with the reliance prong of the Robinson guidelines since Karaczewski , the case of which a portion is now being overruled, was only decided three (3) years ago. Furthermore, the portion that is being overruled is merely that decision’s retr oactive effect—applying the new decision to parties’ past actions. My statement in Devillers is actually supportive of my position in the instant case because in bot h instances my position has been to apply the longstanding law that parties had relied on when their cases arose. The dissent cannot point to a statement where I professe d some sort of position regarding stare decisis as an immutable doct rine, because I have not taken that position and therefore have made no su ch statements. For instance, I specifically chose not to sign Chief Justice K ELLY ’s lead opinion in Petersen v Magna Corp , 484 Mich 300, 316- 320; 773 NW2d 564 (2009 ), because it proposed to create a standardized test for stare

4 For an explanation of the various prongs of the Robinson guidelines, see the lead opinion, ante at ___.6 decisis. There is no need for this Court to adopt any standardized test regarding stare decisis. In fact, it is an impossible task. There are many factors to consider when deciding whether or not to overrule precedent, and the importa nce of such factors of ten changes on a case-by-case basis. The Robinson guidelines are relevant in cases such as the instant case, in which reliance interests are at risk. By no means do I consider the Robinson guidelines a “be-all, end-all test” that constitutes precedent of this Court to be used wh enever this Court considers overruling precedent. I view Robinson as merely providing guide lines to assist this Court in its legal analysis when pertinent.
In the end, the consideration of stare decisis and whether to overrule wrongly decided precedent always includes service to the rule of law throug h an application and exercise of judicial restraint, common sens e, and a sense of fairness—justice for all.

Elizabeth A. WeaverS T A T E O F M I C H I G A N SUPREME COURT

ANDRE BEZEAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v No. 137500 PALACE SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

Y OUNG , J. ( dissenting ). I dissent from the decision by the majority of justices to “overrule the retroactive effect of Karaczewski. ” 1 Having failed to identify an y flaw in the analysis of Karaczewski, overruling the application of the case is simply a means of substantively overruling Karaczewski without explicitly saying so. Karaczewski properly interpreted the plain language of MCL 418.8 45, and it was appropriately applied to the case at bar by the lower courts. Because the majo rity justices essentially render Karaczewski an advisory opinion, I dissent. At the time of plaintiff’s injury, MCL 418.845 provided: The bureau shall have jurisdiction over all controversies arising out of injuries suffered outside this state where the injured employee is a resident of this state at the time of injury and the contract of hire was made

1 Karaczewski v Farbman Stein & Co , 478 Mich 28; 732 NW2d 56 (2007).2 in this state. Such employee or his dependents shall be entitled to the compensation and other benefits provide d by this act. [Emphasis added.] Here, there is no question that plaintiff was not a resident of this state when he was injured. Therefore, purs uant to MCL 418.845 and Karaczewski, the magistrate correctly held that the Workers’ Compensation Agency di d not have jurisdiction. 2 This Court expressly stated in Karaczewski that its decision was to be applied to all pending cases. Karaczewski, 478 Mich at 44 n 15 (“[O]ur holding in th is case shall apply to all claimants for whom there has not been a final judgment awarding benefits as of the date of this opinion.”). Because this was a pending case when Karaczewski was decided, Karaczewski is applicable.
As Karaczewski noted, since the very first workers’ compensation jurisdictional statute was enacted in 1921, the law consis tently provided the Michigan workers’ compensation system jurisdictio n over out-of-state injuries when both (1) the injured employee resided in this state at the time of injury and (2) the contract of hire was made in Michigan. However, in Boyd v W G Wade Shows , 443 Mich 515; 505 NW2d 544 (1993), this Court declined to enforce the residency requirement because to do so would

2 It is irrelevant that de fendant did not pursue this jurisdictional issue until after Karaczewski was decided. All courts “must upon ch allenge, or even sua sponte, confirm that subject-matter jurisdiction exists . . . .” Reed v Yackell , 473 Mich 520, 540; 703 NW2d 1 (2005) (opinion by T AYLOR , C.J.). Thus, subject matter jurisdiction may be challenged at any time, even if ra ised for the first time on appeal. Lehman v Lehman , 312 Mich 102, 105-106; 19 NW2d 502 (1945); In re Cody's Estate, 293 Mich 697, 701; 292 NW 535 (1940); In re Estate of Fraser , 288 Mich 392, 394; 285 NW 1 (1939).3 be “undesirable” and “unduly restrictive” 3 and because the requirement had been ignored by this Court since Roberts v I X L Glass Corp , 259 Mich 644; 244 NW 188 (1932). 4 Karaczewski overruled Boyd on the basis of the rather unremarkable proposition that the use of the conjunction “and” in MC L 418.845 was unambi guous and that the statute must be applied as written. Nonethele ss, in order to protect the reliance interests of injured plaintiffs who had already received an award of compensation benefits as part of a final judgment, Karaczewski ’s holding was given limited retroactive effect, applying only to claimants who ha d not received a final judgment awar ding benefits as of the date of the opinion. 5 While the Legislature subsequen tly amended the relevant statutory provision to expand the agency’s juri sdiction over out-of-state injuries, 6 the Legislature

3 Boyd , 443 Mich at 524.

4 However, as the disse nting justices in Boyd noted, the rationale of Roberts was based on the elective nature of worker s’ compensation in place at that time Roberts was decided. The dissenters noted that the analytical underpinnings of Roberts were eliminated when the Legislat ure made the workers’ compensation scheme compulsory in 1943. Before Boyd , several Court of Appeals opinions had enforced the plain language of the statute on this basis. See Wolf v Ethyl Corp , 124 Mich App 368; 335 NW2d 42 (1983); Bell v F J Boutell Driveaway Co , 141 Mich App 802; 369 NW2d 231 (1985); Hall v Chrysler Corp , 172 Mich App 670; 432 NW2d 398 (1988).

5 Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 44 n 15. While I agree with the lead opinion’s statement that this Court’s decisions are generally given full retroactive effect, Karaczewski was explicitly given limited retroactive effect.

6 2008 PA 499, effec tive January 13, 2009.4 chose not to give the amended statute retroactive application, 7 thus leaving claimants such as plaintiff subject to the holding in Karaczewski

. 8 The justices in the major ity are unable to identify any analytical defect in the substantive holding in Karaczewski ; indeed, Justice W EAVER explicitly concurred in Karaczewski ’s substantive analysis. Instead, they elect to overrule the limited retroactive application of the opinio n in favor of purely prospective application. 9 However, as Wayne Co v Hathcock explained, purely prospective opinions are effectively advisory opinions, and our constitutional authority to issue advisory opinions is lim ited to those circumstances set forth in Cons t 1963, art 3, § 8, which are clearly not applicable in the present case. 10

7 See Brewer v A D Transp Express, Inc , 486 Mich 50; 782 NW2d 475 (2010).

8 The fact that the Legi slature amended MCL 418.845 after this Court’s decision in Karaczewski without indicating that it intended the amended statute to be applied retroactively makes this case si gnificantly distinguishable from Pohutski v City of Allen Park , 465 Mich 675; 641 NW2d 21 9 (2002), in which this Co urt did apply its holding prospectively only, because in Pohutski the Legislature amended the pertinent statute before this Court’s decision and, thus, had no r eason to indicate that it intended the amended statute to apply retroactively rather than this Court’s yet-to-be-decided decision in Pohutski. Even plaintiff’s counse l acknowledged as much at oral argument when he stated, “I think that is a factual difference between Pohutski and this case and consequently you’d not be—certainly not required to follow or apply Pohutski to this case . . . .”

9 Interestingly, Justice W EAVER would have preferred to deny the benefit of the Karaczewski ruling even to the parties appearing before the Court in Karaczewski. Karaczewski , 478 Mich at 45 (W EAVER , J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). 10 Hathcock , 471 Mich 484 n 98 (“[T]here is a se rious question as to whether it is constitutionally legitimate for th is Court to render purely pr ospective opinions, as such rulings are, in essence, advisory opinion s. The only instance in which we are constitutionally authorized to issue an adviso ry opinion is upon the request of either (continued...)5 The decision in this case is anot her instance in which the Court’s new philosophical majority seems to retreat from its previously stated fidelity to stare decisis. 11 Since the shift in the Court’s philosoph ical majority in January 2009, the new

(...continued) house of the Legislature or the Governor—and, then, only ‘on important questions of law upon solemn occasions as to the constitutionality of legisla tion after it has been enacted into law but before its effective date.’”).

11 See, e.g., Pohutski v City of Allen Park , 465 Mich 675, 71 2; 641 NW2d 219 (2002) (K ELLY , J., dissenting) (“[I]f each successive Court, believing its reading is correct and past readings wrong, rejects pre cedent, then the law w ill fluctuate from year to year, rendering our jurisprude nce dangerously unstable.”); People v Hawkins , 468 Mich 488, 517-518; 668 NW2d 602 (2003) (C AVANAGH , J., dissenting) (“‘We have overruled our precedents when the intervening development of the law has “removed or weakened the con ceptual underpinnings from the prio r decision, or where the later law has rendered the decision irreconcilable with co mpeting legal doctrines or policies.” . . . Absent those changes or comp elling evidence bearing on Congress’ original intent . . . our system demands that we adhere to our prior interpretations of statutes.’”), quoting Neal v United States , 516 US 284, 295; 116 S Ct 763; 133 L Ed 2d 7 09 (1996), quoting Patterson v McLean Credit Union , 491 US 164, 173; 109 S Ct 2363; 105 L Ed 2d 132 (1989); Rowland v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm , 477 Mich 197, 278; 731 NW2d 41 (2007) (C AVANAGH , J., dissenting) (‘“Under the doctrine of stare decisis, principles of law deliberately examined and deci ded by a court of competent jurisdiction become precedent which should not be lightly departed.’”), quoting People v Jamieson , 436 Mich 61, 79; 461 NW2d 884 (1990); Brown v Manistee Co Rd Comm , 452 Mich 354, 365; 550 NW2d 215 (1996) (“[A]bsent the rarest circumstance s, we should remain faithful to established precedent.”); Devillers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n , 473 Mich 562, 622 ; 702 NW2d 539 (2005) (W EAVER , J., dissenting) (“Correction for correc tion’s sake does not make sense. The case has not been made why the Co urt should not adhere to the doctrine of stare decisis in this case.”); Berg, Hathaway attacks , Michigan Lawyers Week ly, October 27, 2008 (“‘People need to know what the law is,’ Hathaway said. ‘I believe in stare decisis. Something must be drastically wro ng for the court to overrule.’”); Lawyers’ election guide: Judge Diane Marie Hathaway , Michigan Lawyers Week ly, October 30, 2006 (quoting Justice H ATHAWAY , then running for a position on the Court of Appeals, as saying that “[t]oo many appellate decisions ar e being decided by j udicial activists who are overturning precedent”).6 majority has pointedly sought out precedents only recently decided 12 and has failed to give effect to other recent precedents of this Court. 13 Today, by overruling the retroactivity of Karaczewski , the Court again refuses to appl y a recent precedent of this

12 See, e.g., Univ of Mich Regents v Titan Ins Co , ___ Mich ___ (2010) (overruling Cameron v Auto Club Ins Ass’n , 476 Mich 55; 718 NW2d 784 [2006]); McCormick v Carrier , ___Mich ___ (2010) (overruling Kreiner v Fischer , 471 Mich 109; 683 NW2d 611 [2004]); Lenawee Co Bd of Rd Comm’rs v State Auto Prop & Cas Ins Co , 485 Mich 853 (2009) (directing the par ties to consider whether Miller v Chapman Contracting , 477 Mich 102; 730 NW2d 462 [2007] was correctly decided); Edry v Adelman , 485 Mich 901 (2010) (directing the parties to consider whether Wickens v Oakwood Healthcare Sys , 465 Mich 53; 631 NW2d 686 [2 001] was correctly decided); Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n v Lansing Bd of Ed , ___Mich ___ (2010) (overruling Lee v Macomb Co Bd of Comm’rs , 464 Mich 726; 629 NW2d 900 [2001]); Anglers of the Au Sable, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality , 485 Mich 1063 (2010) (directing the parties to consider whether Mich Citizens for Water Conservation v Nestlé Waters North America Inc , 479 Mich 280; 737 NW2d 447 [2007], and Preserve the Dunes, Inc v De p’t of Enviro nmental Quality , 471 Mich 508; 684 NW 2d 847 [2004], were correctly decided); Hoover v Mich Mut Ins Co , 485 Mich 881 (2009) (directing the parties to consider whether Griffith v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co , 472 Mich 521; 697 NW2d 895 [2005], was correctly decided); Colaianni v Stuart Frankel Dev Corp , 485 Mich 1066 (2010) (granting leave to appeal to consider whether Trentadue v Buckler Auto matic Lawn Sprinkler Co , 479 Mich 378; 738 NW2d 664 [2007], was correctly decided).

13 See, e.g., Hardacre v Saginaw Vascular Servs , 483 Mich 918 (2009), in which the majority failed to follow Boodt v Borgess Med Ctr , 481 Mich 558; 751 NW2d 44 (2008); Sazima v Shepherd Bar & Restaurant , 483 Mich 924 (2009), in which it failed to follow Chrysler v Blue Arrow Transp Lines , 295 Mich 606; 295 NW 331 (1940), and Camburn v Northwest Sc h Dist (After Remand) , 459 Mich 471; 592 NW2d 46 (1999); Vanslembrouck v Halperin , 483 Mich 965 (2009), in which it failed to follow Vega v Lakeland Hosps , 479 Mich 243, 244-245; 736 NW2d 561 (2007); Juarez v Holbrook , 483 Mich 970 (2009), in wh ich it failed to follow Smith v Khouri , 481 Mich 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008); Beasley v Michigan , 483 Mich 1025 (2009), Chambers v Wayne Co Airport Auth , 483 Mich 1081 (2009), and Ward v Mich State Univ , 485 Mich 917 (2009), in which it failed to follow Rowland ; and Scott v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co , 483 Mich 1032 (2009), in whic h it failed to follow Thornton v Allstate Ins Co , 425 Mich 643; 391 NW2d 320 (1986), and Putkamer v Transamerica Ins Corp of America , 454 Mich 626; 563 NW2d 683 (1997).7 Court. Because the justices in the majority use prospectivity as a means of substantively overruling Karaczewski , I dissent.

C ORRIGAN and M ARKMAN , JJ., concurred with Y OUNG , J.