Morphology of Cypretta kawatai

Sohn and Kornicker, 1972

(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a

Discussion of the Genus

I. G. SOH

and

LOUIS S. KORNICKER

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 141
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 141

Morphology of Cypretta kawatai

Sohn and Kornicker, 1972

(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a

Discussion of the Genus

/. G. Sohn and

Louis S. Kornicker

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1973
ABSTRACT

I. G. Sohn and Louis S. Kornicker. Morphology of Cypretta kawatai Sohn and

Kornicker, 1972 (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a Discussion of the Genus. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, number 141, 28 pages, 18 figures, 1973.—All 34

species previously referred to Cypretta are reviewed, and four of these are removed from the genus because they lack the characteristic anterior septate margins. The morphology of septa along the anterior margins is discussed and

illustrated. The life cycle of C. kawatai was observed in the laboratory, where

the species proved to be parthenogenetic. Ontogenetic studies showed the following: in dorsal view the outline changes from pointed ends and greatest width

at approximate midlength in early stages to a blunter posterior end and greatest

width at a distance of approximately one-third Irom the posterior end in adults;

the lateral outline changes from subtriangular in early stages to subovate in

adults. The following characters are restricted to adults: septate anterior margins;

ventroposterior nodes on the right valve and opposing scalloped structures on

the left valve; columns on the anterior margin of both valves that are either

superposed on or adjacent to the septa and are present on the ventroposterior

margin of the right valve only. A lectotype is designated for Cypretta globulosa

(Sharpe, 1910), considered here to be a valid species.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4771. SERIES COVER

DESICN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Sohn, Israel Gregory, 1911-

Morphology of Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) .

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 141)

1. Cypretta kawatai. 2. Cypretta. I. Kornicker, Louis S., 1923- joint author. II. Title.

III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 141.

QL1.S54 no. 141 [QL444.08] 591'.08s [595'.33] 73-1219

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price: 60 cents, domestic postpaid; 45 cents, GPO Bookstore
Morphology of Cypretta kawatai

Sohn and Kornicker, 1972

(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a

Discussion of the Genus

/. G. Sohn and

Louis S. Kornicker

Introduction

We have previously described (Sohn and Kornicker, 1972a) laboratory experiments demonstrating

that the species Cypretta kawatai is an effective

predator of 1- to 3-day-old Biomphalaria glabrata

(Say, 1818), a vector snail of the blood fluke that

causes the tropical and subtropical disease schistosomiasis.

Because of the growing interest in the biological

control of trematode diseases, additional studies of

the predation behavior of ostracodes may be undertaken; consequently, we present here a detailed

morphologic analysis of C. kawatai. Our study of

the genus Cypretta Vavra, 1895, disclosed certain

species that we do not consider to belong in this

genus. Cypretta globulosa (Sharpe, 1910) is redefined and a lectotype is designated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We wish to thank Dr. F.

Ferguson, Tropical Disease Section, U.S. Public

Health Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico, for the information that the strain of snails that we used

originated in Brazil, and Mr. Ichiro Okubo, Okayama Shujitsu Junior College, Japan, for an un-

/. G. Sohn, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242

[Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological

Survey.] Louis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate

Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

identified species of Cypretta for comparison. We

thank Prof. R. V. Kesling, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, for specimens of Cypridopsis vidua and

Prof. G. Hartmann, Hamburg, Germany, for a copy

of a paper by W. Klie (1941). Our colleagues R.

H. Benson and J. M. Berdan reviewed the paper,

and J. E. Hazel made available photographic equipment for transmitted light. W. R. Brown, Smithsonian Institution, made the scanning electron

microscope pictures; R. P. Christian, U.S. Geological Survey, made the electron microprobe picture;

and H. E. Mochizuku printed all the negatives.

Carolyn B. Gast prepared the drawings of appendages and Elinor Stromberg composed the figures.

Family CYPRIDIDAE Baird, 1845

Tribe CYPRETTINI Hartmann, 1964

Hartmann (1964:128) included in this tribe

Paracypretta Sars, 1924, and "Prionocypris." The

latter is probably a typographical error for Pionocypris Brady and Norman, 1896, because Prionocypris Brady and Norman, 1896, has a well-developed

furca.

McKenzie (1971a: 159) elevated the tribe Cyprettini Hartmann, 1964, to subfamily status as Cyprettinae and established the tribe Bradycyprini to

include the two genera Bradycypris Sars, 1924, and

Paracypretta Sars, 1924. He based this elevation

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

on the presence of very slender furcae, better developed than those in the Cypridopsinae, and the

presence of radial septa along the anterior margins

of one or both valves. Although it is reasonable

to have a subfamily category between the tribe and

family categories, the morphology of the genera

involved is as yet too poorly known to accept the

Cyprettinae as a subfamily. Cypridopsis hartwigi

Miiller, 1900, for example, has radial septa on the

anterior margin, a character diagnostic of the Cyprettini, but the furca is reduced and characteristically cypridopsid.

Genus Cypretta Vdvra, 1895

Cypriodopsis (Cypretta) Vavra, 1895:6.

Cypretta Vavra.-Muller, 1898:283.-Furtos, 1934:279 [part].—

Gauthier, 1939:226, 228.

TYPE-SPECIES.—By monotypy: Cypriodopsis (Cypretta) tenuicauda Vavra (1895:7, fig. 2, pts. 1-3.)

Zanzibar.

TABLE 1.—Appendages that have been illustrated in species of Cypretta in addition to C. kawatai.

Species and reference

baylyi McKenzie, 1966

bilicis Furtos, 1936

brevisaepta Furtos, 1934

brevispina Farkas, 1959

cordata Klie, 1938

costata Muller, 1898

dubiosa (Daday, 1901)

(ontinalis Hartmann, 1964

foveata Hartmann, 1964

globula (Sars, 1889)

globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)

hirsuta Henry, 1923

infesta Klie, 1941

intonsa Furtos, 1936

judayi Tressler, 1937

kenyensis Klie, 1939

lindbergi Hartmann, 1964

lutea McKenzie, 1966

margaleft Brehm, 1949

minna (King, 1855)

Sars (1894)

tnurati Gauthier, 1939

nigra Furtos, 1936

nukuliix'ana Furtos, 1934

oxyuris Daday, 1910

Uapuana Vavra, 1901

raciborskii (Grochmalicki, 1915)

remota (Vavra, 1906)

reticulata Lowndes, 1932

tarsi Brady, 1902

%chnbarti Farkas, 1959

seurati Gauthier, 1929

Petkovsky (1957)

tenuicauda Vavra, 1895

turgida (Sars, 1896)

Sars (1924)

Chapman (1963)

ridis (Thomson, 1879)

Sars (1894)

Chapman (1963)

Antenna Antenna

1 2 Mandible Maxilla Leg 1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Furca

Males

known
NUMBER 141

DIAGNOSIS.—Small, less than 1 mm in greatest

length, globulose, smooth, punctate or reticulate

ostracodes; right valve larger, with septate anterior

margins in adults; furca with two narrow elongated

claws, ventral seta present or absent, one dorsal

seta (except Cypretta judayi Tressler, 1937, which

has two); ovary coiled at its inception.

DISCUSSION.—Furtos (1934:279) listed 14 species

referable to Cypretta. Later, Furtos (1936:494) expanded the dichotomous, 11-species key constructed

by Mtiller (1912:204) to include 21 species and

excluded Cypridella lemurensis Vavra, 1895. In addition to Cypretta kawatai, 34 species are referred

herein to Cypretta. Unfortunately, the appendages

of only a few species have been illustrated (Table

Table 1 shows that all the appendages of only

one species, C. globula (Sars, 1889), were illustrated.

In order to gain some insight concerning the range

of variability of the individual appendages, we

have dissected more than 10 individuals of C.

kawatai in various stages of growth and two syntypes of C. globulosa (Sharpe, 1910). All of our

dissections are of parthenogenetic species; consequently, we have no data on the variation in the

male genitalia. On the basis of dissections and the

available published information, there appears to

be no interspecific variation in the basic construction of the appendages in Cypretta. We did, however, note some minor variations in the details of

the second antenna, mandible, and furca that may

be of specific value.

Second antenna: We noted interspecific differences in the length of the "sense club" (Kesling,

1951:20, 22) on the ventral side of the first podomere of the endopodite (Figures 1, life; Table 2).

Mandible: The outline of the outer surface of

the basal podomere appears to be constant within

each species and variable between species. This

outline cannot be used because its orientation in

dissections cannot be controlled; it rotates when

the cover glass is placed on the dissection. We

noted that the seta on the basal podomere differs

(Figure Wc-e) in C. kawatai and in C. globulosa

(Sharpe, 1910), but the discrimination of this seta

also depends on the orientation of the mandible

in the dissection.

Furca: The furca has been illustrated for all

the species known in Cypretta. This appendage

TABLE 2.—Length of "sense-club" of second antenna in eleven specimens of five species of Cypretta

in the National Museum of Natural History.

c.

c.

c.

c.

c.

Species

globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)

intonsa Furtos, 1936

judayi Tressler, 1937

kawatai Sohn and

Kornicker, 1972

nukuhivana Furtos, 1934

USNM number

39514

139854

71380

71517

140955

140960

139850

140993a

140993b

140993c

68067

Sense clubs

(mm)

0.052. 0.052

0.052. 0.052

0.048, 0.049

0.040, 0.041

0.040. 0.044

0.040, 0.044

0.042. 0.042

0.044, 0.044

0.046, 0.046

0.046. 0.046

0.050, 0.051

has been used in keys as a criterion for discriminating many of the species in Cypretta (Miiller,

1912; Furtos, 1936; Tressler, 1959). This organ,

consisting of two thin terminal claws and two

thinner setae, is one of the characteristic features

of Cypretta, but the setae are subject to damage

during dissection (McKenzie, 1966:274; and our

experience) and possibly also in nature. The presence or absence of one or the other seta, therefore,

is not a good criterion for specific determination

unless intraspecific variability is known. Gauthier

(1939:221, figs. 19e,f) illustrated the furca of two

individuals of C. murati Gauthier, 1939, of which

one did not have the dorsal seta and the other did

not have the ventral seta. However, the relative

sizes of the claws and setae, when present, may be

used in discriminating the species.

Shell structure: Triebel (1963) discussed the

various interpretations of the "septate" structure

characteristic of the anterior margins of Cypretta

and concluded that they are indeed vertical struts

that connect the infold with the outer lamella. We

have determined that the septate anterior margins

are present in C. kawatai only in the adult stage,

as can be seen in Figures 2, 4, bd-f, 8, 9, 14, 17, 18.

We examined valves of C. kawatai with transmitted

light, with scanning electron microscope, and determined the calcium content of the septa with an

electron probe. We concur with Triebel that the

septa connect the inner sides of the outer lamella

and the infold. Figure 3 shows that calcium is

present at the contact of the septum with the outer
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lamella and the infold. In lateral and medial views

the septa appear to be connected to each other at

their proximal ends by an arch (Figures 8/,&).

The arch is caused by a slight thickening of the

inner surface of the infold between the proximal

ends of the septa (Figure 4).

Triebel (1953, 1963) noted that Stenocypris Sars,

1889, also has septate anterior margins. These, howFIGURE 2.—Cypretta kawatai. Series of inside views of anterior

and posterior margins showing differences between instars

and adults and between left and right valves. A-3? instar:

a, right anterior; b, left anterior; c, right posterior; d, left

posterior. A-l instar: e, right anterior; /, left anterior; g, right

posterior; h, left posterior. Two adult paratypes (USNM

140961) : i, m, right anterior; /, n, left anterior; k, o, right

posterior; I, p, left posterior.

0.1mm

a

FIGURE 1.—"Sense club" of second antenna: a, Cypretta kawatai, holotype (USNM 139850) ; b, C.

globulosa (Sharpe, 1910), lectotype (USNM 39514), habitat in doubt; c, C. intonsa Furtos, 1936,

paratype (USNM 71380) from Florida; d, C. nukuhivana Furtos, 1934, paratype (USNM 68067)

from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands; e, C. judayi Tressler, 1937, holotype (USNM 71517), from

northern Celebes Island. (Magnification in 6-e is the same.)
NUMBER 141
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 3.—Cypretta kawatai. Electron probe photograph (approximately X 5500) of a polished surface through the anterior of the left valve of an adult carapace showing the distribution of calcium in the septa wall, shell, and infold.

ever, differ from those in Cypretta in that they are

present around the entire free margins and do not

have arches between them at their proximal ends

when viewed laterally or medially. Study of the

growth stages of C. kawatai, here illustrated, disclosed the fact that the infold is strongly calcined,

that the inner margin is well defined by the list

in all the preadult stages (Figures Sa,c-f; 14, 17),

and that the infold in adults differs in that the

inner margin is not well defined along the anterior

(Figures 5a-/; 8k; \$a,b,f,i,l). We assume that

the loss of a well-defined inner margin along the

anterior is the result of the infold becoming progressively less calcified proximally. This is permitted by the development of the septate structure

(Figure 46). The subconcentric striae on the external surface of the infold are reflected also on

the internal surface of the infold, and they appear

to be present only in adults (compare Figures 14

and 17 with Figure 18). These striae are present

in other genera in the Cyprididae. Triebel (1953,

pi. 1: fig. 4) showed these striations in Stenocypris

major (Baird, 1859), and we illustrate them (Figure

5a-c) in Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miiller, 1776).

These photographs show that in Cypretta the first

two striae proximal to the list are concentric and

subparallel to the list and do not anastomose, and

those proximal to the first two striae anastomose.

Kesling (1951:66, fig. 7) described and illustrated

the anastomosing striae (which he called "grooved

area") in Cypridopsis vidua.

Nodes along the ventroposterior margin of the

right valve were originally illustrated for Cypretta

lutea McKenzie, 1966, Cypridella remota Vavra,

1906 [=Cypretta remota (Vavra, 1906)], Cypretta

reticulata Lowndes, 1932, C. sarsi Brady, 1902, and

C. seurati Gauthier, 1929. Similar nodes were originally illustrated on the left valve of C. baylyi

McKenzie, 1966, and were recorded in Cypridopsis

globulus Sars, 1889 [=Cypretta globula (Sars,

1889)]. In C. kawatai, nodes along the ventroposterior margin of the right valve were not observed

by us on juvenile specimens as large as 0.65 mm

in greatest length; they are poorly developed in

some adults but well developed in others (Figures

2k,o; bd; lSb,l,m).

SPECIES REMOVED.—Gauthier (1939:229) noted

that the left valve overlaps the right valve in C.

brevisaepta Furtos, 1934, C. bilicis Furtos, 1936,

and C. nigra Furtos, 1936, and he suggested that

these species might be referred to a new genus. To

these should be added C. schubarti Farkas, 1959,

and Cypridopsis raciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915.

Although Brehm (1949:104) did not agree with

this concept, our examination of Furtos' three

species indicates that they indeed do not belong

in Cypretta.

Cypretta brevisaepta brevisaepta Furtos, 1934, is

represented by many paratypes (USNM1 68159),

and we opened a gravid female in order to examine

the marginal structures. The anterior margin does

not contain septa that are typical of Cypretta; it

contains funnel-shaped radial pore canals, each

with a hair passing through it (Figure 6). The

"nine to thirteen short, inconspicuous, radiating

septa" that Furtos (1936:495) ascribed to this species are represented in the valve by 22 circular

expressions of the diameters (about 0.02 mm) of

the funnel-shaped radial canals and are not typical

septa of Cypretta as shown in Figure 4.

Cypretta nigra Furtos, 1936, is represented only

by the holotype, a female (USNM 71379), the

1

 Specimen numbers with the abbreviation USNM are in

the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural

History, formerly the United States National Museum.
NUMBER 141

infold

FIGURE 4.—Cypretta kawatai. a, Medial view (x 330) of fragment of anterior of left valve with

part of the infold removed. Note normal pores on shell continuing into septate area, infold with

concentric striae, and edges of septa as darker areas. Paratype, USNM 140962: b, oblique view

(X 625) into fragment of anterior of left valve showing septa. Note striae and collapsed proximal

thinner part of infold. The thickening of the infold at the proximal end of the second septum

from the right represents the arch shown in c. The five mounds on the infold subparallel and

removed from the margin may be due to the pillars within the anterior margin, c, Diagram

showing our interpretation of the septate structure.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

valves of which are preserved in alcohol. The right

valve has 24 funnel-shaped radial pore canals that

are similar to those of the previously illustrated

species.

Cypretta bilicis Furtos, 1936, is represented by

the holotype, an undissected female (USNM 71377),

and by a dissected male paratype without the valves

preserved (USNM 71378). The vial with the holotype, however, contained also fragments of shell

of a male, determined by fragments of testes adhering to part of the anterior and ventral margins.

The holotype does not show any septa when viewed

from the outside, but the fragment of the male,

possibly belonging to the dissected paratype, has

at least 16 funnel-shaped radial pore canals similar to those illustrated for "Cypretta" brevisaepta

(Figure 6).

On the basis of the absence of a septate anterior

margin and of the left-over-right valve overlap

along the anterior, we conclude that these three

species do not belong in Cypretta and should be

removed to a distinct genus.

FIGURE 5.—Inside views of right valve: a-c, Cypridopsis iridua (O. F. Miiller, 1776), adult (USNM

140963) from Ann Arbor, Michigan; d-f, Cypretta kawatai, adult paratype (USNM 140964) .

(Magnification: a, d, X 65; b, X 250; c, x 1000; e, X 125, /, X 500.)
NUMBER 141

FIGURE 6.—Cypretta brevisaepta brevisaepta Furtos, 1934,

adult paratype (USNM 139290) from Florida: Anterior of

right valve showing marginal canals.

Cypretta schubarti Farkas, 1959, was described

as "Auf dem vorderen Teil der rechten Schale sind

Chitinverdickungen, Septa zu finden, die auf der

linken Schale, sowie auf den Schalen den Mannchen

fehlen oder kaum wahrnehmbar sind" (Farkas,

1959:277). Illustrations by Farkas do not show any

septa but clearly indicate that the left valve overlaps the right along the anterior. The same is true

for Cypridopsis reciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915,

which was referred to Cypretta by Furtos (1936:

494).

Males have been recorded in the following species: Cypretta bilicis Furtos, 1936, C. brevisaepta

Furtos, 1934, C. nigra Furtos, 1936, C. schubarti

Farkas, 1959, C. reticulata Danforth, 1948, not

Lowndes, 1932 ( = C. brevispina Farkas, 1959), C.

foveata Hartmann, 1964, C. lindbergi Hartmann,

1964, and C. margalefi Brehm, 1949. Petkovski

(1957:53) identified males in C. seurati Gauthier,

1929. The first four of these species were eliminated from Cypretta in our discussion of left-overright overlap, and C. brevispina Farkas, 1959, also

does not belong in Cypretta. The holotype and

allotype of C. brevispina are in the collections of

the National Museum of Natural History (USNM

90718, 90719) and we have examined them. The

presence of ovaries and eggs proves that the holotype is an adult. However, because the valves of

both holotype and allotype have no vestige of septa

along the anterior margins, this species has to be

removed from Cypretta, and from the Cyprettini.

Incidentally, Danforth's (1948, pi. 2) illustration of

C. reticulata is mislabeled "Cypriconcha barbata

Sars 1926 (non Cypris barbatus Forbes 1938)."

Hartmann's two species apparently belong in Cypretta, but the information is inadequate to confirm Brehm's species and Petkovski's males of C.

seurati Gauthier, 1929.

ONTOGENY.—The only mention of juveniles in

Cypretta is by McKenzie (1966:273), who examined, but presumably did not dissect, a juvenile

of Cypretta sp. McKenzie, 1966. Ghetti (1970)

pointed out the importance of distinguishing between adult freshwater ostracodes and preadult

stages and cited examples of preadult stages that

had been described as distinct species and referred

to genera other than the ones to which the adults

belong. In addition to the presence of fully developed genitalia, adults in Cypretta have septa along

the anterior margins of both valves (Figures 2, 18).

Cypretta nukuhiirana Furtos, 1934, is represented

in the National Museum of Natural History by

many paratypes (USNM 68066). The recorded

length for this species was 0.60 mm (Furtos, 1935:

281), but a right and left valve with septate anterior margins that we examined were 0.63 mm

and 0.65 mm in greatest length. A smaller right

valve with a greatest length of 0.48 mm had no

septa on the anterior margin; this valve probably

represents the A-2 stage. The ontogeny of C.

kaicatai will be discussed later, but the fact that

septate anterior margins do not form until late in

the ontogeny is important because a completely

septate anterior margin is an additional criterion

for determining adults in this genus. All the previously described species that we consider to belong

in Cypretta have septate anterior margins regard-
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

less of their size. The lack of septate anterior margins in preadults may, in part, explain the paucity

of published data on young stages of Cypretta.

SPECIES RETAINED.—Table 3 lists all the species

that we assign to Cypretta, the recorded greatest

length, and the recorded geographic occurrences.

GEOLOGIC RANGE.—There are only two records of

fossil Cypretta—those of Cypris viridis Thomson,

1879, by Hornibrook (1955), and Cypretta} U 146

by Grekoff (1960). Hornibrook (1955:273, figs. 5,

19, 32) illustrated a specimen as Cypridopsis viridis

(Thomson) with a septate anterior that was found

in a late Pleistocene white limy clay at 7 feet below

the top of the Pyramid Valley Swamp of New Zealand. He very generously sent us a right valve

which enabled us to confirm that this species belongs in Cypretta, the genus to which Henry (1923:

273) assigned it. Grekoff (1960:39, fig. 4, pi. 7:

figs. 49, 50) illustrated a left valve (from the Lower

Cretaceous Wealdian-B in the Congo Basin, Africa)

TABLE 3.—Species of Cypretta in addition to C. kawatai.

(Measurements in parentheses are from Hartmann, 1964.)

Original name Greatest length (mm) Geographic distribution

Cypretta baylyi McKenzie, 1966

C. cor data Klie, 1938 ....

C. costata Miiller, 1898

Cypridella dubiosa Daday, 1901

Cypretta fontinalis Hartmann, 1964

C. foveata Hartmann, 1964

Cypridopsis globulus Sars, 1889

Cypris (Cypris) globulosa Sharpe, 1910

Cypretta hirsuta Henry, 1923

C. infesta Klie, 1943

C. intonsa Furtos, 1936

C. judayi Tressler, 1937

C. kenyensis Klie, 1939

C. lindbergi Hartmann, 1964

C. lutea McKenzie, 1966

C. margalefi Brehm, 1949

C. minna King, 1855

C. murali Gauthier, 1939

C. nukuhivana Furtos, 1934

C. oxyuris Daday, 1910

C. papuana Vavra, 1901

?Cypridopsis raciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915

Cypridella remota Vavra, 1906

Cypretta reticulata Lowndes, 1932

C. sarsi Brady, 1902

?C. schubarti Farkas, 1959

C. seurati Gauthier, 1929

C. tenuicauda Vavra, 1895

Cypridopsis turgida Sars, 18%

Cypris viridis Thomson, 1879

0.50

0.68

0.66 (0.50-0.72)

0.60

0.83-0.86

0.62-0.64

0.70

0.77

0.88

(0.7)

0.55

0.60

0.60

0.58-0.63

0.52

0.95

0.92

0.63-0.68 (0.61-0.71)

0.6

0.73

0.78

0.85

0.98

0.77

0.63-0.66

0.6

0.89

0.95

Western Australia and Northern Territory,

Australia.

Near Panga, Belgian Congo.

Majunga, Madagascar; Juan de Nova, Mozambique; Brazil.

New Guinea.

Falni Mountains, southern India.

Kathiavar Peninsula, northwestern India.

Lagoon 4 miles from Rockhampton and

water hole 20 miles from Cattle Station,

Australia; Cape Province, South Africa.

Introduced on plants in greenhouse, University of Wisconsin.

Kosciusko, New South Wales, Australia.

Peru.

Near Childs, Riverview, and Okeechobee,

Florida.

Pinelang Pond, northern Celebes.

Nairobi.

Coast of Persian Gulf.

Northwestern Australia.

Cuba.

Australia; Madagascar; South Africa; Ceylon;

Bulgaria.

Lake Tchad, Africa.

Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, South Pacific.

East Africa.

Bismarck Archipelago.

Java.

Sumatra.

Abyssinia.

St. Thomas Island, West Indies; South

Africa.

Pernambuco, Brazil.

North Africa; Jugoslavia; Italy.

Zanzibar; Bali.

Australia; New Zealand; South Africa; Madagascar; Sumatra; China; Beaufort, North

Carolina.

Australia; New Zealand.
NUMBER 141

11

in lateral and dorsal views with photographs and

line drawings. The generic affinities of the Cretaceous species cannot be determined from the

discussion and illustrations. Because Grekoff questioned his generic assignment, the geologic range of

Cypretta is Early Cretaceous (?), Pleistocene to

Holocene.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Cypretta has been

considered a tropical and subtropical genus (Furtos, 1935; Danforth, 1948:352), although a few

species are recorded from temperate climates.

Thomson (1879:258) collected Cypris viridis [=Cypretta viridis] in blocks of ice and recorded that

the ostracodes were quite lively as soon as they

thawed. Figure 7 shows that species of Cypretta

were recorded between latitudes of about 45° north

and 50° south. Fox (1965:211, fig. lh) reported

C. seurati Gauthier, 1929, in northern Italy as part

of the highly adaptable rice-field biota. McKenzie

(1971b:224) cited an unpublished record of Cypretta from sub-Antarctic islands.

Our experience with C. kawatai tends to support

Sharpe's hypothesis that the northern record of C.

globulosa is spurious. We collected our specimens

in aquaria maintained for the breeding of the red

mutant (albino) strain of the schistosomiasis vector

snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) at The

Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland, and also at the Department of Medical Zoology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,

Washington, D.C. The Baltimore snails were obtained about five years ago from the Washington

laboratory; consequently, we believe that the ostracode was introduced with the snails in the breeding

aquaria in Baltimore. According to Dr. F. Ferguson, Tropical Disease Section, U.S. Public Health

FIGURE 7.-Map showing latitudes (stippled area) within which species of Cypretta have been

reported. Species live only in freshwater habitats.
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico (verbal communication, September 1971), the albino strain of B.

glabrata was first used by Dr. Lobato Paraense in

Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and snails for breeding

were imported from that area. We conclude that

Cypretta kawatai was introduced to the United

States with the snails, just as it was transported

from Washington to Baltimore.

Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972

FIGURES la, 2-4, 5d-f, 8-18

Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972a: 1258 [deliberate

nomen nudum]; 1972b:313, figs. 1-3.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 139850. Female.

PARATYPES.—USNM 139851, 140953-140962,

140964-140993. Ontogenetic series.

MATERIAL.—Several hundred specimens in all

stages of growth.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Aquaria in The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

HABITAT.—Presumed to be freshwater ponds and

ditches in Belo Horizonte, Brazil (see discussion).

DIAGNOSIS.—Ends pointed in dorsal outline;

length of "sense club" of second antenna 0.040 to

0.048 mm; dorsal seta of furca less than one-fourth

of adjacent claw. Males unknown.

DESCRIPTION.—The adult carapace is subovate in

lateral outline, the dorsal margin is arched with

the apex at approximate midlength, the ventral

margin is straight to gently concave, the end margins are convex, and the dorsoanterior margin is

long and sloping. The right valve is larger and

overlaps and also overreaches the left valve with a

protruding flange along the free margins, more

so along the anterior margin. Along the midventral

margin, the right valve overlap is sinuous with a

wide lip, and along the posterior margin the overreach is narrowest; the left valve is slightly curved

inward to form a distinct narrow concave nick that

is seen best in dorsal and ventral outlines. The

dorsal outline is subelliptical with the anterior narrower; the greatest width is slightly behind midlength, from which point the valves curve more

sharply toward the anterior and more roundly toward the posterior. In end views the carapace is

slightly wider than high, the greatest width approximately at midheight. The surface is finely

punctate and sparsely covered with relatively long

hairs that do not seem to originate from centers of

punctae. A narrow groove is present subparallel to

and slightly removed from the edge of the free

margins of the right valve.

The adductor muscle-scar consists of six discrete

scars: an elongated cap scar (Benson, 1967:217) is

oblique and trends toward the ventroposterior; below are three elongated subparallel scars and two

shorter scars. Ventrad and anterior to the musclescars are two elongated mandibular scars (Figures

&b,l, 9).

The hinge is bipartite. The part in front of the

approximate greatest height consists of the edge of

the left valve that fits into a wide shallow groove in

the right (Figure 9a); the part behind the approximate greatest length is straight, about twice the

length of the anterior part, and consists of a narrow groove in the left valve into which the dorsal

edge of the right valve fits. Below the dorsal edge

of the right valve is a narrow accommodation

groove for the reception of the ridge along the ventral boundary of the groove in the left valve (Figure 9b).

The right valve has a relatively wide flange along

the anterior margin. This flange narrows along the

anteroventral margin and then widens to form a lip

at approximately midlength; it then narrows again

and continues along the ventroposterior, posterior,

and dorsoposterior margins up to the end of

the hinge. A narrow list extends from the anterodorsal margin around the entire free margins

to the posterior end of the hinge. Along the anterior margin, the list is just proximal to the anterior margins of the septa. An outer wider ridge,

which tends to split into ventroposterior nodes,

FICURE %.-Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140953, left

valve of instar A-3, greatest length 0.45 mm: a, inside view;

b, view focused on muscle scar. Paratype, USNM 140954, instar, either A-l or A-2, greatest length 0.55 mm, inside views:

c, right valve; d, left valve; e, right anterior of right valve;

/, posterior of right valve. Adult paratype, USNM 140955,

right valve, greatest length 0.70 mm: g, anterior in outside

view; h, inside view. Adult paratype, USNM 140956: i, anterior half of left valve, greatest length 0.69 mm, inside view.

Holotype, USNM 139850: /, anterior portion of left valve

showing septa, inside view; k, right valve, greatest length

0.75 mm, inside view of anterior; I, same right valve, inside

view showing muscle-scar pattern. (Magnification: d-f, X

240; a-c, g-l, x 120.)
NUMBER 141
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 9.—Cypretta kawatai, paratype, USNM 140959, adult carapace, greatest length 0.66 mm, showing the hinge, marginal

structures, and muscle scars: a, left valve; b, right valve.

branches from the list just posterior to the ventral

lip of the flange.

The left valve does not have a flange. The list

is absent along the anterior half of the valve. On

the posterior half, the list divides at approximately

the same point as on the right valve and forms a

wide outer ridge that has scallops along its inner

margin. These scallops may serve as sockets for

the nodes along the ventroposterior of the right

valve.

Along the ventroanterior part of the infold of

the right valve, the list branches to form a V-shaped

groove, and the ventroanterior infold of the left

valve bears a short ridge which fits into the Vgroove on the opposing valve. A similar structure

is present also in Cypridopsis (Figure 5a) and it

probably is a family character.

Free margins: The free margins of both valves

have branching pore canals (Figure 10). Hairs are

present along the end margins of both valves (Figure 2a,c). Both valves have characteristic septate

anterior margins, but in C. kawatai these septate

margins are quite variable in degree of development (Figures 2i,j,m,n, Sg-k). The septa may be

well developed on one valve and poorly developed

on the other. The morphology of the septa has

been discussed under the genus. We have observed

and illustrated short pillars, less than half the

length of the septa, within the anterior margins of

each valve (Figure 2j,m,ri). These structures may

have been overlooked in previously described species because each is either superimposed on or

slightly offset from a septum. Similar pillars also

are present along the inner margin of the ventro0.03 mm

FIGURE 10.—Cypretta kawatai, showing branching pore canals

on lip of ventral margin of right valve of adults.
NUMBER 141 15

posterior of only the right valve (Figure 2o,p). On

some valves (Figure 2k) we have observed a pore

canal transversing each pillar.

First antenna (Figures lla, 12a): The limb has

seven joints. The first podomere has one dorsal

bristle and two ventral bristles, each with short

marginal spines. The second podomere has one

short dorsal bristle with short marginal spines and

a small, faint sensory organ on the ventral margin.

The third podomere has two subterminal bristles—

one at the dorsal margin, the other at the ventral

margin. Both the fourth and fifth podomeres have

two long natatory dorsal and two short ventral

bristles. The sixth podomere has four long natatory bristles, and the seventh or terminal podomere

has three long natatory bristles and one shorter

bristle that bears short marginal spines. Podomeres

4-7 have rows of very short spines near the distal

margin. The natatory bristles are probably setose,

but we could not observe them in ordinary transmitted light, even with oil immersion.

Second antenna (Figures 116, 12b): The protopodite has two joints. The first podomere has

three short spinose bristles. The second podomere

has one long spinose bristle medially near the ventral margin and short spines distally on the medial

surface.

The exopodite is small and is located laterally

near the middle of the terminal margin of the second podomere of the protopodite. It bears three

terminal bristles that progressively increase in

length from the venter to the dorsum, the dorsal

two being spinose.

The endopodite has three joints. The first podomere bears a "sense club" near the ventral margin about two-thirds from the distal end and six

distally located bristles near the dorsal margin; five

of these bristles are long, plumose, and reach past

the terminal claws, and the other bristle is less

than half as long and appears to be bare. The

medial surface of the podomere is spinose, with

longer spines near the base of the bristles. The

second podomere has four ventral bristles distal to

the middle; the dorsal bristle is short and the

other three are about five times longer. The dorsal margin of the second podomere has two bristles near the middle and three long subterminal

bristles. Two stout claws bearing marginal teeth

are on the terminus of that podomere, and the

medial surface bears short spines that form clusters near the base of the bristles. The third or

end podomere has one short bristle near the middle of the ventral margin, two stout terminal claws,

one slender terminal claw, and one short lateral

terminal bristle.

Mandible (Figures llc-e, I2c-e): The protopodite has two joints. The podomere has teeth in

seven rows on the inner distal end and spinose

bristles between the rows of teeth. Two longer

spinose bristles are present at the inner edge of

the toothed end. One short, stout spinose bristle is

on the anterior surface proximal to the teeth. The

ventral margin of the second podomere has one

short, bare bristle, one long, slender bristle with

short marginal spines, and two broad, long plumose

bristles.

The exopodite is platelike, with one anterior

spinose bristle and five terminal spinose bristles.

The endopodite has three joints. The dorsal

margin of the first podomere has three subterminal

bristles, and the ventral margin has three long

spinose bristles near the middle, one broad long

terminal bristle, and one short, very stout spinose

process with pointed tip. The medial surface of

the second podomere has four distal bristles near

the dorsal margin. The ventral margin has three

terminal bristles, some with marginal spines. The

lateral surface of the second podomere has three

stout subterminal bristles, and the one nearest to

the venter has marginal spines. The third or end

podomere has three stout terminal claws. The

medial surfaces of the second and third podomeres

bear short spines.

Maxilla (Figures ll/,g, 13a): The maxilla consists of a branchial plate, three masticatory processes, and a two-jointed palp. The first joint of

the palp has one short lateral bristle and four

longer terminal bristles that are near the dorsal

margin. The end joint of the palp has five bristles.

The outer masticatory process has on the lateral

surface a short, broad spinose process. The terminal end of the outer masticatory process has three

stout pectinate bristles that are separated by sutures

from short pedestals; in addition, there is a slender

bristle with marginal spines and there are five bare

bristles. The middle masticatory process has seven

terminal bristles, which are either smooth or pectinate. The inner masticatory process has two bare
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 141 17

bristles proximally on the inner margin. The terminal end of the inner masticatory process has two

long pectinate bristles on the inner edge and six

shorter bare bristles.

First leg (Figures Hg,h, ISb): The limb consists

of a protopodite, an endopodite, and an exopodite

plate. The distal end of the protopodite has one

proximal bristle, three subterminal and ten terminal bristles, all with marginal spines. The ventral

margin of the distal part of the protopodite bears

hair. Hairs are present also near the base of the

three subterminal bristles.

The endopodite has three plumose terminal

bristles. The exopodite plate is obscured in our

dissections, but it appears to have several faint

bristles.

Second leg (Figures \\k-m, 13c): The protopodite has two fused joints. The first podomere is

bare; the second podomere has a short, spinose

bristle in the middle of the ventral margin.

The endopodite has four joints. The ventral

margin of the first podomere is spinose and bears

one spinose subterminal bristle. The second podomere has on its ventral margin a long terminal

spinose bristle that is about twice the length of the

bristle on the first podomere. The third podomere

has a short bristle on its ventral margin that reaches

just past the distal end of the terminal joint. The

terminal or end podomere has a claw slightly

longer than the combined three joints of the endopodite. This claw has teeth along the distal part

of the concave margin. Near the base of this claw,

the terminal podomere has a cluster of spines and

FIGURE W.—Cypretta kawatai: a, left first antenna of adult,

lateral view; b, left second antenna of adult, lateral view;

c, left mandible of adult, protopodite and endopodite, lateral

view; d, complete left mandible of adult, medial view; e, complete right mandible of instar A—1, lateral view; /, left maxilla

of adult, lateral view; g, right maxilla of first leg of instar

A-l, lateral view; /;, right first leg of instar A-l, lateral view;

i, left first leg of instar A-l, medial view; ;', rake organs; k,

left second leg of adult, distal part, medial view; /, right second and third legs and furca, medial views; m, right second

legs of adult, lateral view; n, right third leg of adult, lateral

view; o, furca of holotype; p, furca of adult paratype; q, furca

of instar A-l, left lateral view. (Specimens: a, paratype,

USNM 140957; b, d, f, I, o, holotype, USNM 139850; c, j ,

paratype, USNM 140958; e, g, h, q, paratype. USNM 140954;

i, paratype. USNM 140956; k, paratype, USNM 140959; m, p,

paratype, USNM 140960; n, paratype, USNM, 140955. Magnification: a-d, I, m, x 120; e-l, n-q, x 240.)

one short bristle that is about the same length as

the terminal bristle on the previous podomere.

Third leg (Figures lln, I3d,e): The protopodite

has two fused joints. The distal end of the first

podomere has one medial bristle. The second podomere has one ventral subterminal bristle and one

dorsal terminal bristle.

The endopodite has three joints. The ventral

margin of the first podomere has one short terminal bristle. The ventral margin of the second

podomere has one bristle near the middle of its

length and a toothlike terminal process. Short

spines are present along the dorsal margin, on the

medial surface, and near the base of the toothlike

terminal process. The third podomere is short and

has a long backward-pointing, spinose bristle and

a short, stout, curved terminal claw with teeth

along its concave edge. At the base of the claw is

a short lateral bristle. A short toothlike process is

present on the third podomere near the ventral

edge of the claw. This process appears to be the

opposing tooth of the toothlike process on the

second podomere.

Furca (Figures Wo-q, 13/): The furcal lamellae

are slightly sigmoidal and are relatively slender,

with a slight taper toward the distal end. They

are 15 times as long as they are wide at their middle. One short spinose dorsal seta is removed by

approximately its length from the base of the terminal claw. Each lamella has short spines along

the dorsal margin proximal and distal to the dorsal

seta. A shorter spinose seta is located ventrad to

the terminal claw. The subterminal claw is spinose

and about two-thirds the length of the terminal

smooth claw.

Rake organs (Figure 11;): The vertical shafts of

the rake-shaped organs are about twice as long as

the toothed horizontal bar. Each bar bears nine

teeth, of which the three teeth nearest the median

plane are fused at their bases.

ONTOGENY.—On Nov. 15, 1971, we obtained

three gravid females from the aquarium in Dr.

Chiang's office in Baltimore, Md., and placed them

on the sill of a south-facing window in a culture

dish 75 mm in diameter filled with distilled water,

to which CaCO:{ slurry, distilled water, and pieces

of lettuce were added when needed. On Dec. 29,

1971, we counted all the living ostracodes in the

colony; the results are shown in Table 4. On Feb.
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 12.—Cypretta kawatai, paratype, USNM 140960: a, right first antenna, lateral view; b,

right second antenna, medial view; c, right mandible, medial view, except first podomere of

protopodite which is in lateral view; d, teeth of right mandible, lateral view; e, second joint

of protopodite and endopodite of right mandible, medial view. [Closely packed bristles and

claws on several appendages were drawn as they would appear if separated. Magnification same

in a-c; same in d, e.\
NUMBER 141 19

15, 1972, the same colony consisted of a few adults

and numerous young in various stages of growth.

We believe that the adults and young listed in

Table 4 represent the first generation. This could

explain the absence in the colony on Dec. 29, 1971,

of very young growth stages and the presence of

eggs.

We obtained a suite of molted valves for measuring by filtering the residue. Many of the valves

were decalcified, and they crumpled when touched

with a wet brush on the dry filter paper, a phenomenon that we have experienced in working with

this species. We did, however, obtain a sufficient

variety of solid valves for measurement. Table 5

shows the greatest length, greatest height, and

growth stage obtained by measuring selected specimens from this colony. The first three growth

stages were not represented by single valves, preFIGURE 13.—Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140960: a, right maxilla, lateral view; b, left first

leg, medial view; c, left second leg, medial view; d, right third leg, medial view; e, detail of

tip of right third leg. Holotype, USNM 139850; /, furca, right lamella, lateral view. [Closely

packed bristles and claws on several appendages were drawn as they would appear if separated.

Magnification same in a-d; same in e, /.]
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 4.—Number of individuals and stages of

growth of live ostracodes produced by three gravid

females in 44 days.

Number of

individuals

Stages

of growth

common

1

4

7

94

eggs

A-3

A-2

A-1

adult

sumably because in these stages the valves are

weakly calcined (Ghetti, 1970:104) and also possibly because they are subject to rapid destruction by

both ostracodes and bacteria. We were, however,

able to measure the right valve on carapaces that

represent the third or A-6 growth stage by drying

live individuals in this stage. In order to obtain

the size of adults, a gravid female was dissected and

the right valve measured. Later, we obtained from

the same colony a solid right valve of the A-6

growth stage that measured 0.19 mm in greatest

length (Figure lia-c). The individual represented

a generation later than the ones shown in Table 5.

We measured four eggs in a clutch obtained when

TABLE 5.—Length and height measurements (in

mm) of right valves of Cypretta kawatai in a single

colony.

Growth stage

A-6 (carapace only) ...

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

Adult

Greatest

length

0.20

0.23

0.26

0.26

0.28

0.32

0.32

0.32

0.33

0.40

0.40

0.41

0.41

0.48

0.49

0.50

0.64

0.64

0.65

0.78

Greatest

height

0.14

0.16

0.19

0.19

0.20

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.23

0.27

0.30

0.28

0.29

0.34

0.34

0.37

0.43

0.44

0.43

0.51

we counted the specimens in the colony derived

from three adults. These eggs had an average diameter of 0.12 mm.

Figure 15 shows the length-height distribution of

the specimens listed in Table 4 and of additional

right valves and carapaces. Using the average length

of each cluster, which we interpret to represent a

single growth stage, we applied the method of calculating growth factors previously described (Sohn,

1950). Table 6 shows the calculated growth factors

obtained by using the specimens in Table 4 only

and also by using all the specimens on the graph.

TABLE 6.—Calculated growth factors for

Cypretta kawatai.

Growth

stages

A-6

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

Adult

Single

No.

specimens

2

2

3

4

3

2

1

colony

Growth

factor

1.24

1.21

1.25

1.21

1.31

1.22

All

No.

specimens

2

5

5

6

4

7

13

data

Growth

factor

1.33

1.27

1.24

1.20

1.24

1.15

FICURE H.-Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140974: a-c,

right valve, interior views of instar A-6, greatest length 0.19

mm. Paratype, USNM 140975: d-f, left valve, interior views

of instar A-5, greatest length 0.27 mm. Paratype, USNM

140976: g-i, right valve, interior views of instar A-5, greatest

length 0.27 mm. Paratype, USNM 140977: /, right valve, interior view of instar A-4, greatest length 0.32 mm. Paratype,

USNM 140978: k, left valve, interior view of instar A-4, greatest length 0.36 mm. Paratype, USNM 140979: I, left valve of

carapace, outside view of instar A-4, greatest length 0.36 mm.

Paratype, USNM 140980: m, right valve, interior view of instar A-3, greatest length 0.41 mm. Paratype, USNM 140981:

n, right valve, interior view of instar A-2, greatest length

0.50 mm. Paratype, USNM 140982: o, p, left valve, interior

view of instar A-2, greatest length 0.47 mm. Paratype, USNM

140983: q-s, right valve, interior view of instar A-1, greatest

length 0.55 mm. Many of the valves contain debris. (Magnification: a, X 250; b, c, e, f, h, i, X 625; d, X 175; p, r, s,

X 315; g, j-o, q and insets of a and d, X 65.
NUMBER 141 21
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

This table tends to support Sohn's (1950:431,

433) hypothesis that no single growth factor need

apply to all the growth stages in a given species and

that it may be difficult to differentiate between

growth stages on size alone. Szczechura (1971) reviewed the literature on ostracode growth stages in

her study of Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr,

1808). She concluded that the growth factor between all the growth stages is constant, and that it

is approximately 1.26 for H. incongruens. She

further concluded that when measurements of

height-length fall in distinct groups on a graph the

species lived under stable ecological conditions, and

that unstable ecological conditions, such as temperature changes due to seasonal fluctuations, result

in indistinct groupings on the graph.

Although we are dealing with few specimens in

each growth stage, the presence of both adult and

A-l individuals at the same length of 0.65 mm

indicates that Szczechura's conclusions do not apply

to C. kawatai, and, by inference, possibly do not

apply to some other freshwater species. Figure

16/ shows a carapace of an adult on which we have

seen septa along the anterior margin, whereas Figure \lg is of a right valve without septa.

In C. kawatai the dorsal outline changes during

the ontogeny of the individual. The probable A-6

instar has pointed ends (Figure 16a), and its greatest width is at approximate midlength; the adult

has the anterior end more pointed than the posterior, and its greatest width is at approximately

one-third the distance from the posterior end. The

lateral outline (Figures 14-18) also changes in the

probable A-6 instar from subtriangular (Figure

Ha-c) to subovate (Figure 18) through the progressive increase in height of the posterior margin.

Septate anterior margins do not form until the

adult stage. The detailed morphologic changes of

the valves during ontogenetic development are illustrated in Figures 2, 14, 16-18.

LIFE CYCLE.—Eighteen newly hatched larvae

were placed in water in individual containers, each

with an area of 20 square centimeters. Eighteen

days later, 5 of the 12 surviving specimens had

Fig.l8h-JO

Fig.lSg oFig 8 k,l

OO*-Fig. I8k-m

O OFig.5d-f

O Fig I7h,i

°Fi g 16 k-m

OFig. I4q-s + ^ o

F | Q l7« Q^ o Fig. 16

Fl9^d

-

f

 F,g^6r

9

'

eb"d

o o

Fig 16d oFig. I6e

• - * ° ©Fig. I6c

+ Fig. 14m

Fig. 14)

o Fig. 14 1

-Fig

Fig I4a-c

+ Fig I6a

+ R.Vfrom colony started with 3 adults

oR.V. and carapaces from main colony

o Adult

Eggs

Length in DB,

FIGURE 15.—Length-height distribution of growth stages of Cypretta kawatai. Crosses represent

the specimens listed in Table 4; circles represent additional right valves and carapaces.
FIGURE 16.—Cypretta kawatai. Ontogenetic series showing outlines: a, Dorsal outline of instar,

probably A-6, greatest length 0.20 mm (paratype, USNM 140965); b, dorsal outline of instar,

probably A-5, greatest length 0.24 mm (paratype, USNM 140966); c, dorsal outline of instar,

probably A-4, greatest length 0.41 mm (paratype, USNM 140967); d, dorsal outline of instar,

probably A-3, greatest length 0.45 mm (paratype, USNM 140968) ; e, dorsal outline of instar,

probably A-2, greatest length 0.48 mm (paratype, USNM 140969); /, dorsal outline of adult,

greatest length 0.65 mm (paratype, USNM 140970) ; g, dorsal outline of adult (toothlike object

near the anterior is an artifact) , greatest length 0.67 mm (paratype, USNM 140971); h, posterior

portion of the same carapace (note distribution of hair and double nick at the posterior end;

the left portion of this nick is the indentation along the left valve, and the right portion marks

the line of the overreaching right valve); i, dorsal outline of an adult carapace (hairs were

removed with Clorox) , greatest length 0.70 mm (paratype, USNM 139851) ; ;, anterior view of

adult, greatest length 0.70 mm (paratype, USNM 140972); k-m, posterior, left lateral, and ventral views of adult carapace, greatest length 0.72 mm (paratype, USNM 140973) . (Magnification:

h, approximately X 125; all others approximately x 65.)
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

laid eggs. Four days later young ostracodes had

hatched from some of the eggs. These experiments

show that C. kawatai is capable of reproducing

parthenogenetically. Ovaries were observed in

specimens 14 days after hatching, indicating that

this species can mature in as little as 14 days under

laboratory conditions. As many as 30 juveniles

developed from eggs produced by one individual.

A single individual was observed to lay 60 eggs

during an 8-day period. According to our observations in the laboratory, the life span of an

individual is about 2 months.

EGGS.—The eggs are whitish and have an average

diameter of 0.12 mm. They are deposited in

FIGURE M.—Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140984: a-c: interior views of left valve of instar

A-l, greatest length 0.57 mm. Paratype, USNM 140985: d-f, interior views of right valve of

instar A-l, greatest length 0.60 mm. Paratype, USNM 140986: g, interior view of right valve,

anterior, of instar A-l, greatest length 0.65 mm. Paratype, USNM 140987: h, i, interior views

of right valve of instar A-l, greatest length 0.65 mm (note the absence of septa along the anterior

margin and of nodes along the posterior margin) . (Magnification: a, d, h, X 65; b, c, e, f,

X 315; g, X 200; i, x 300.)
FIGURE 18.—Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140959, adult carapace, greatest length 0.66 mm:

a, left valve, interior view; b, c, right valve, interior and lateral views; d, anterior of right valve,

lateral view. Paratype, USNM 140988: e, f, left valve of adult, greatest length 0.69 mm. Paratype,

USNM 140989: g, right valve, carapace of adult, greatest length 0.70 mm. Paratype, USNM

140990: h-j, right valve of adult, greatest length 0.70 mm, interior views. Paratype, USNM

140991: k-m, right valve of adult, greatest length 0.71 mm, interior views. (Magnification: a-c,

f, g, ', I, X 65; d, X 170; e, m, X 250; h, j , X 125; k, x 325.)
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

clutches on floating objects such as plants, pieces

of lettuce, and strips of plastic and on the sides

and bottom of the aquaria. In the laboratory, the

eggs hatched in a minimum of four days at room

temperature and in a minimum of twelve days at

18°C.

Cypretta globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)

FIGURE lfe

Cypris (Cypris) globulosa Sharpe, 1910:335, fig. la-d.

Cypretta dubiosa (Daday).-Furtos, 1935[1934]:280.

LECTOTYPE.—USNM 39514, female; appendages

and carapace on slides.

PARALECTOTYPES.—USNM 139854; four specimens

in alcohol, one specimen dissected.

DIAGNOSIS.—Differs from C. dubiosa (Daday,

1901) in being more rounded and having a higher

posterior margin in lateral outline and in having a

more pointed posterior in dorsal outline. Differs

from C. kawatai in having a longer "sense club."

DISCUSSION.—Sharpe described this species from

specimens collected by Miss Effie J. Rigden from

a tub containing several freshwater plants in the

greenhouse at the University of Wisconsin. At

present there is no record in the University of Wisconsin as to origin and kind of plants that were

kept in the greenhouse (Prof. Hugh Iltis, January

1972, written communication); consequently, the

habitat of this species is unknown. Furtos (1935:

280) stated that this species "should undoubtedly

be referred to Cypretta dubiosa (Daday)" and

pointed out that the species can hardly be considered native to Wisconsin.

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