U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Fact Sheet 2012–3063

May 2012

Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development 

Water Resources of Vernon Parish

D O TD

APED TR MENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Figure 1. Location of study area, Vernon Parish, Louisiana.

Base map modified from Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (1986)

L O U I S I A N A

A R K A N S A S

M I S S I S S I P P

T

I

E X A S

G U L F O F M E X I C O

ENLARGED AREA

Com rade Creek

171

464

111

392

392

8

10

10

463

8

28

121

171

117 465

Anacoco

Simpson

Leesville

New Llano

Kurthwood

Boundary of Fort Polk Military Reservation

Pickering

Fort Polk

Fullerton

Rosepine

Evans

Hornbeck

Merryville

DeRidder Elizabeth

BEAUREGARD

PARISH

TEXAS

ALLEN

PARISH

RAPIDES

PARISH

NATCHITOCHES

PARISH SABINE

PARISH

VERNON PARISH

A

A'

V-652

Be-443 Be-501

08028000

08028200

08028500

93 ̊ 30' 93 ̊ 15' 93 ̊ 00'

31 ̊ 15'

31 ̊ 00'

30 ̊ 45'

Knight

Vernon

Lake

Anacoco

Lake

Toledo

Bend

reservoir

Bayou Toro

Calcas

Prairie Creek

ieu River

Sabine R iver

Whisky C h itto Cree k

Six mile Creek

Si x mile Creek

Wh isky Chitto C reek

Bay ou An acoco

10 KILOMETERS

0

0

10 MILES

EXPLANATION

Approximate altitude of base of fresh

 groundwater, in feet below National

 Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929

 (NGVD 29) (Smoot, 1988)—Deepest 

 freshwater contained within Catahoula

 and Carnahan Bayou aquifers, except

 where noted in the northwestern part of

 the parish

 0 to 499

 500 to 999

 1,000 to 1,499

 1,500 to 1,999

 2,000 to 2,499

 2,500 to 2,999

 3,000 and deeper

 Some intermediate sands

 can contain saltwater

A A'

V-652

Boundary of area showing deepest

 freshwater contained within

 underlying Cockfield aquifer 

Trace of hydrogeologic

 section (see fig. 3)

Well for which hydrograph

 is shown (see fig. 4)

Surface-water quality site

Surface-water discharge site

Introduction

In 2005, about 6.67 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of 

water were withdrawn in Vernon Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1), 

including about 6.46 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 

0.21 Mgal/d from surface-water sources1 (table 1). Publicsupply use accounted for about 76 percent (5.06 Mgal/d) of the 

1

 Tabulation of numbers in text and tables may result in different totals 

because of rounding; nonrounded numbers are used for calculation of totals. 

total water withdrawn. Other categories of use included rural 

domestic, livestock, general irrigation, and aquaculture (table 

2). Based on water-use data collected at 5-year intervals from 

1960 to 2005, water withdrawals in the parish peaked in 1990 at 

about 10.4 Mgal/d (fig. 2). 

This fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water 

resources of Vernon Parish, La. Information on groundwater and 

surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends 

is based on previously published reports listed in the Selected 

References section. 
Groundwater Resources 

The primary groundwater resources of Vernon Parish are, 

from near surface to deepest, the Chicot aquifer system, Evangeline 

aquifer, and Jasper aquifer system (fig. 3). Secondary groundwater 

resources in the parish include the upland terrace aquifer, Castor 

Creek confining unit, Dough Hills confining unit, and the Catahoula 

and Cockfield aquifers. Although these secondary sources could be 

important locally, they are not discussed herein. Deeper aquifers in 

the parish contain only saltwater (water with chloride concentrations 

greater than 250 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and are not discussed. 

The depth to the base of fresh groundwater varies in Vernon 

Parish. In the northwestern part of the parish, it ranges in depth from 

less than 500 to about 2,500 feet (ft) below the National Geodetic 

Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) (sea level). In northeastern areas 

of the parish, the base of fresh groundwater ranges in depth from 

about 500 to 1,500 ft below NGVD 29. In the southern part of the 

parish, the base of freshwater ranges in depth from about 1,500 to 

more than 3,000 ft below NGVD 29 (fig. 1).

Recharge to the aquifers in Vernon Parish typically is from 

infiltration of precipitation in outcrop areas, seasonal inflow from 

streams, and leakage from overlying aquifers. Discharge from the 

aquifers is by seasonal outflow to streams, leakage into underlying 

aquifers, and withdrawals from wells. 

State well-registration records listed 2,190 active water wells 

in Vernon Parish in 2009. In 2005, various uses for groundwater 

withdrawals included public-supply, rural domestic, livestock, and 

aquaculture (table 2). 

Chicot Aquifer System

The Chicot aquifer system is present in the southern part of 

Vernon Parish, approximately south of a line extending through the 

towns of Evans and Fullerton. The aquifer system mostly consists 

of sand and gravel that is often exposed (outcrops) at land surface. 

Thickness of the system increases towards the south and is about 

200 ft thick near the Vernon-Beauregard Parish line.

Water levels in the outcrop area of the Chicot aquifer system 

generally fluctuate 1–2 ft annually, as shown in the hydrograph 

of well Be-443 (fig. 4), which is located west of DeRidder in 

northern Beauregard Parish (fig. 1). During the 10-year period 

1996–2005, water levels at well Be-443 declined at an average rate 

of 0.14 feet (ft) per year. 

State well-registration records listed 524 active wells screened 

in the Chicot aquifer system in Vernon Parish in 2009. Depths of 

these wells ranged from 9 to 190 ft below land surface with a median 

depth of 105 ft. Yields from wells screened in the Chicot aquifer 

system in Vernon Parish reportedly range from 8 to 800 gallons per 

minute (gal/min). In 2005, water withdrawals from the Chicot aquifer 

system in Vernon Parish totaled about 0.55 Mgal/d and included 

about 0.14 Mgal/d for public supply, 0.40 Mgal/d for rural domestic 

use, 0.01 Mgal/d for livestock. 

Evangeline Aquifer 

The Evangeline aquifer is present in the southern one-third to 

one-half of Vernon Parish (fig. 3). The Evangeline aquifer outcrops 

or subcrops in Vernon Parish from near Pickering, eastward through 

the southern half of the Fort Polk Military Reservation; the base 

of the aquifer reaches a maximum depth of about 1,000 ft below 

Table 1. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by 

source in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, 2005 (modified from

Sargent, 2007). 

Aquifer, aquifer system, or 

surface-water body Groundwater Surface water

Upland terrace aquifer 0.09

Chicot aquifer system .55

Castor Creek confining unit .05

Evangeline aquifer .13

Jasper aquifer system 5.49

Catahoula aquifer .12

Cockfield aquifer .04

Miscellaneous streams .21

Total 6.46 .21

Table 2. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by 

category in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, 2005 (modified from 

Sargent, 2007). 

Category Groundwater Surface 

Water Total

Public-supply 5.06 0.00 5.06

Rural domestic 1.35 .00 1.35

Livestock .02 .15 .16

General irrigation .00 .06 .06

Aquaculture .03 .00 .03

Total 6.46 .21 6.67

Figure 2. Water withdrawals in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, 

1960–2005.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Annual withdrawal, in million gallons per day

Year

Groundwater

Surface water

EXPLANATION
0

0 5

5

10 KILOMETERS

10 MILES

NORTHWEST

A

SOUTHEAST

A’

Cockfield aquifer

Cockfield aquifer

Carnahan Bayou aquifer

Catahoula aquifer

Williamson Creek aquifer

Dough Hills confining unit

Castor Creek confining unit

Lena confining unit

Chicot aquifer system and

upland terrace aquifer

Evangeline aquifer

JASPER

AQUIFER

SYSTEM Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit

Sabine

Parish

Vernon

Parish

FEET FEET

NGVD 29

Vertical datum is National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29)

VERTICAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED

EXPLANATION

Contacts dashed where inferred

Base of freshwater

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

-4,000

-5,000

NGVD 29

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

-4,000

-5,000

Figure 3. Generalized northwest to southeast geologic section through Vernon Parish, Louisiana (modified from Rogers and Calandro, 1965). 

Trace of section shown on figure 1.

Year

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Water level, in feet above National Geodetic

Vertical Dataum of 1929 (NGVD 29)

95

100

105

110

160

165

170

175

180

Well: Be-443 (Chicot aquifer system)

Altitude of land surface: 206 ft above NGVD 29

Well depth: 164 ft below land surface

Well: V-652 (Evangeline aquifer)

Altitude of land surface: 210 ft above NGVD 29

Well depth: 160 ft below land surface

Well: Be-501 (Jasper aquifer system)

Altitude of land surface: 105 ft above NGVD 29

Well depth: 755 ft below land surface

Figure 4. Water levels in 

well Be-443 screened in 

the Chicot aquifer system, 

well V-652 screened in the 

Evangeline aquifer, and 

well Be-501 screened in the 

Jasper aquifer system (see 

fig. 1 for well locations; U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2012a). 

Land surface is measured 

in feet above the National 

Geodetic Vertical Datum of 

1929 (NGVD 29).

NGVD 29 and a maximum thickness of about 1,100 ft in the 

southeastern corner of the parish. The aquifer consists primarily of 

fine to medium sand interbedded with silt, clay, and coarse sand. 

Locally, sand beds within the aquifer are separated and confined by 

fairly extensive clays. Sand beds, many thicker than 80 ft, make up 

35 to 45 percent of the aquifer in Vernon Parish. 

In 2004, water levels in the aquifer ranged from about 

260 ft above NGVD 29 in the outcrop area of east-central Vernon 

Parish to about 120 ft above NGVD 29 in the southeastern corner of 

the parish and 100 ft above NGVD 29 in the southwestern corner of 

the parish. Water levels generally fluctuate 2–3 ft annually, as shown 

in the hydrograph of well V-652 (fig. 4), located in south-central 

Vernon Parish, east-northeast of Rosepine (fig. 1). 

State well-registration records listed 90 active wells screened 

in the Evangeline aquifer in Vernon Parish in 2009. Depths of these 

wells ranged from 35 to 840 ft below land surface with a median well 

depth of 208 ft. Yields from wells screened in the Evangeline aquifer 

in Vernon Parish reportedly range from 1 to 230 gal/min. In 2005, 

withdrawals from the Evangeline aquifer in Vernon Parish totaled 

about 0.13 Mgal/d. 

Jasper Aquifer System 

The Jasper aquifer system consists of the Williamson Creek 

aquifer, Dough Hills confining unit, and Carnahan Bayou aquifer 

(fig. 3). Fresh water is present throughout the aquifer system in 

Vernon Parish, except possibly in the southeastern corner of the 
parish, where saltwater could be present (fig. 1). The Williamson 

Creek and Carnahan Bayou aquifers consist of well sorted, light 

gray, very fine to medium sands with occasional traces of gravel and 

may be interbedded with clay and lignite. 

The Williamson Creek aquifer underlies the southern 

two-thirds of the parish and outcrops diagonally across the parish 

in a 2–6 mile wide north-south band from the west-central parish 

line about 5 miles north of Evans, through Leesville, and towards 

the northeastern corner of the parish. The thickness of the aquifer 

ranges from 400 ft near the outcrop area to 900 ft in southeastern 

Vernon Parish. The base of the aquifer is about 2,200 ft below 

NGVD 29 in the southeastern part of the parish. Sand beds make 

up about 40 to 60 percent of the aquifer. In 2003, water levels 

in the aquifer generally ranged from about 200 ft above NGVD 

29 in the outcrop area to about 80 ft above NGVD 29 near the 

town of Rosepine and were less than 60 ft above NGVD 29 in the 

southeastern corner of the parish. Water levels in well Be-501, 

screened in the Jasper aquifer system and located in northwestern 

Beauregard Parish (fig. 1), generally fluctuate 1–3 ft annually and 

declined by about 7 ft from 2004 to 2011 (fig. 4). 

State well-registration records listed 384 active wells screened 

in the Williamson Creek aquifer in Vernon Parish in 2009. Depths 

of these wells ranged from 30 to 1,282 ft below land surface with 

a median well depth of 160 ft. Yields from wells screened in the 

Williamson Creek aquifer in Vernon Parish reportedly range from 

4 to 900 gal/min. In 2005, withdrawals from the Williamson Creek 

aquifer in Vernon Parish were about 2.19 Mgal/d and included about 

1.91 Mgal/d for public-supply, 0.26 Mgal/d for rural domestic use, 

and 0.02 Mgal/d for aquaculture. 

A statistical summary of selected water-quality characteristics 

for samples collected from 81 wells screened in the Williamson 

Creek aquifer is listed in table 3. Freshwater in the aquifer is 

generally soft (60 mg/L or less as calcium carbonate) and does not 

exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Secondary 

Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs)2 for drinking water 

included in table 3. Locally, pH may be less than 6.5 and iron and 

manganese concentrations may exceed their SMCLs.

The Carnahan Bayou aquifer outcrops in northern and 

northwestern Vernon Parish in a zone about 8 to 11 miles wide, 

extending northward and southwestward from a few miles south 

of the town of Anacoco and northeastward from a few miles 

south of the town of Kurthwood. The aquifer underlies the central 

and southern parts of the parish. The thickness of the aquifer 

ranges from about 540 ft near the outcrop to about 1,100 ft in 

southeastern Vernon Parish. The base of the aquifer is about 

3,600 ft below NGVD 29 in the southeastern part of the parish. 

Sand beds make up about 25 percent of the unit. Some sand 

beds have a thickness of 70 ft or more, but most are thinner. In 

2003, water levels in the aquifer generally ranged from about 

Table 3. Summary of selected water-quality characteristics of freshwater in the Williamson Creek and Carnahan Bayou aquifers in 

Vernon Parish, Louisiana (U.S. Geological Survey, 2012b).

[Values are in milligrams per liter, except as noted. oC, degrees Celsius; PCU, platinum cobalt units; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; SU, standard units; 

CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; NA, not applicable; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level established by the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011)]

Temperature (oC)Color,

(PCU)

Specific 

conductance, field 

(μS/cm at 

25oC)

pH,

field

(SU)

Hardness 

(as

CaCO3)

Chloride,

filtered

(as Cl)

Iron,

filtered 

(μg/L

as Fe)

Manganese,

filtered

(μg/L as 

Mn)

Dissolved 

solids, 

filtered

Williamson Creek aquifer (1939–97) (81 wells)

Median 23.5 5 253 6.8 52 16 100 30 206

10th percentile 21.0 0 94 6.0 19 8.0 10 14 110

90th percentile 26.3 12 455 7.8 140 36 480 85 305

Number of samples 35 28 37 47 81 81 21 16 37

Percentage of samples 

that do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA 93 NA 72 NA 100 71 62 97

Carnahan Bayou aquifer (1942–97) (68 wells)

Median 23.5 10 352 7.1 66 20 180 87 250

10th percentile 21.0 2 168 6.3 13 9.4 12 <10 177

90th percentile 27.6 30 497 7.7 160 42 560 180 331

Number of samples 20 25 31 27 68 67 20 15 31

Percentage of samples 

that do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA 84 NA 85 NA 100 80 47 100

SMCLs

NA 15 NA 6.5–8.5 NA 250 300 50 500

2

The SMCLs are nonenforceable Federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects 

(such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or 

color) of drinking water. At high concentrations or values, health implications as 

well as aesthetic degradation might exist. SMCLs were established as guidelines 

for the States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992).
Table 4. Summary of selected water-quality characteristics for the Sabine River near Bon Wier, Texas, and Bayou Anacoco

near Knight, Louisiana.

[Values are in milligrams per liter, except as noted. oC, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; SU, standard units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; CaCO3, 

calcium carbonate; —, no data; NA, not applicable; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(2011)]

Specific 

conductance, 

field

(μS/cm

at 25oC)

Oxygen, 

dissolved

pH,

field

(SU)

Hardness

(as 

CaCO3)

Calcium, 

filtered 

(as Ca)

Magnesium, 

filtered

(as Mg)

Sodium, 

filtered 

(as Na)

Chloride, 

filtered 

(as Cl)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(as SO4)

Iron, nonfiltered 

(μg/L

as Fe)

Iron,

filtered

(μg/L

as Fe)

Sabine River near Bon Wier, Tex., 1969–20091

Median 153 8.4 7.2 38 9.7 2.7 22 17 18 50 —

10th percentile 112 6.7 6.6 26 7.4 1.6 12 12 11 20 —

90th percentile 213 9.9 7.5 46 13 3.9 30 27 28 160 —

Number of samples 1,696 37 57 33 33 33 33 1,684 1,684 30 —

Percentage of 

samples that do 

not exceed SMCLs

NA NA 96 NA NA NA NA 100 100 93 —

Bayou Anacoco near Knight, La., 1969–20092

Median 310 7.6 7.0 25 8.1 1.2 52 21 56 — 250

10th percentile 76 6.0 6.4 13 4.1 0.6 9.2 5.9 10 — 140

90th percentile 676 9.8 7.5 43 15 2.0 120 58 150 — 410

Number of samples 206 195 209 200 200 200 200 206 205 — 90

Percentage of 

samples that do 

not exceed SMCLs

NA NA 88 NA NA NA NA 100 100 — 70

SMCLs

NA NA 6.5–8.5 NA NA NA NA 250 250 300 300 1

Station number 08028500 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2012c; specific data at http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/tx/nwis/qwdata/?site_no=08028500).

2

Station number 08028200 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009b; specific data at http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/la/nwis/qwdata/?site_no=08028200).

300 ft above NGVD 29 in the outcrop area in north-central Vernon 

Parish to about 100 ft above NGVD 29 in east-central Vernon 

Parish near the border with Rapides Parish. 

State well-registration records listed 590 active water wells 

screened in the Carnahan Bayou aquifer in Vernon Parish in 2009.

Depths of these wells ranged from 25 to 1,574 ft below land surface 

with a median depth of 140 ft. Yields from wells screened in the 

aquifer in Vernon Parish reportedly range from 3 to 1,500 gal/min. 

In 2005, withdrawals from the Carnahan Bayou aquifer in Vernon 

Parish were about 3.19 Mgal/d, and included about 2.80 Mgal/d for 

public-supply and 0.39 Mgal/d for rural domestic use. 

A statistical summary of selected water-quality characteristics 

for freshwater samples collected from 68 wells screened in the 

Carnahan Bayou aquifer is provided in table 3. Freshwater in 

the aquifer system is generally moderately hard (61–120 mg/L 

as calcium carbonate) and, with the exception of manganese, 

generally does not exceed SMCLs for drinking water included 

in table 3.

Surface-Water Resources 

In 2005, about 0.21 Mgal/d of surface water was withdrawn 

in Vernon Parish, including about 0.15 Mgal/d for livestock and 

0.06 Mgal/d for general irrigation (table 2). Major streams in 

the parish include the Sabine River, Bayou Anacoco, Calcasieu 

River, Sixmile Creek, and Whisky Chitto Creek. Anacoco Lake 

and Vernon Lake are engineered reservoirs located on Bayou 

Anacoco (fig. 1). 

Some streams in the southern and western parts of the parish, 

such as the Sabine River, Bayou Anacoco, and Whisky Chitto Creek 

(fig. 1), are underlain by permeable soils or sediments that have a 

large capacity for surface-water and groundwater interaction, and 

streamflow in these basins is sustained by base flow during dry 

periods. Streams in the northeastern part of the parish, such as the 

Calcasieu River and Comrade Creek, are underlain by relatively 

impermeable rocks or poorly drained subsoils. Streamflows in these 

areas recede rapidly from flood peaks to rates of low flow or even 

to no flow. 

The mean discharge for the Sabine River near Bon Wier 

(station number 08028500), Texas (fig. 1), from 1961–2009, was 

6,680 cubic feet per second (ft3/sec) (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2009). The drainage area of the Sabine River at this site, located 

about 9 miles south of Vernon Parish on U.S. Highway 190 west of 

Merryville, La., is about 8,230 square miles (mi2). Water samples 

from this site, analyzed during the period 1969–2009 indicate that 

water in the Sabine River (fig. 1) is generally soft (table 4) and 

generally does not exceed SMCLs for drinking water included in 

table 3. Dissolved oxygen is generally greater than 5 mg/L, which is 

considered the minimum value for a diversified population of fresh, 
By Lawrence B. Prakken , Jason M. Griffith, and

Robert B. Fendick, Jr

For additional information, contact: 

Director, USGS Louisiana Water Science Center

3535 S. Sherwood Forest Blvd., Suite 120

Baton Rouge, LA 70816

E-mail: dc_la@usgs.gov

Fax: (225) 298-5490

Telephone: (225) 298-5481

Home Page: http://la.water.usgs.gov

This fact sheet was published by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisiana 

Department of Transportation and Development 

(DOTD). Thanks are given to Zahir “Bo” Bolourchi, 

Director, Water Resources Programs, Louisiana 

Department of Transportation and Development, who 

contributed to the content and design of the fact sheet.

warm-water biota, including sport fish (Louisiana Department of 

Environmental Quality, 2008). 

The mean discharge for Bayou Anacoco near Rosepine, 

La. (fig. 1) from 1952–2008 was 483 ft3/sec (station number 

08028000). The drainage area at this site is about 365 mi2 (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2008). Water samples from Bayou Anacoco 

near Knight, La. (station number 08028200) (fig. 1) that were 

analyzed during the period 1969–2009 indicate that the water is 

soft (table 4) and generally does not exceed SMCLs for drinking 

water included in table 3. Dissolved oxygen is generally greater 

than 5 mg/L. 

Selected References 

Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 2008, 

Environmental Regulatory Code, Title 33, Part IX, Subpart 

1, accessed June 9, 2009, at http:www.deq.louisiana.gov/

portal/tabid/1674/Default.aspx. 

Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, 

1986, Official map of Louisiana— 1986 edition: Baton 

Rouge, Louisiana Department of Transportation and 

Development, 1 sheet.

Rogers, J.E., and Calandro, A.J., 1965, Water resources of 

Vernon Parish, Louisiana: Department of Conservation, 

Louisiana Geological Survey, and Louisiana Department of 

Public Works Water Resources Bulletin no. 6, 104 p.

Sargent, B.P., 2007, Water use in Louisiana, 2005: Louisiana 

Department of Transportation and Development Water 

Resources Special Report no. 16, 133 p. 

Smoot, C.W., 1988, Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 

3—Altitude of the base of freshwater in Louisiana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

86-4314, 1 sheet, accessed November 29, 2011, at http://pubs.

usgs.gov/wri/1986/4314/plate-1.pdf.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Secondary 

Drinking Water Regulations—Guidance for nuisance 

chemicals: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency publication 

EPA 810/K-92-001, 4 p., accessed September 28, 2011, at http://

water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/secondarystandards.cfm. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, 2011 Edition of 

the drinking water standards and health advisories: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency publication EPA 820-R11-002, Office of Water, 12 p., accessed September 2, 2011, 

at http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/

dwstandards2011.pdf. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Water-data report 2008 [for 

gage 08028000 Bayou Anacoco near Rosepine, LA]: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources of the United States, 

accessed May 1, 2009, at http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2008/

pdfs/08028000.2008.pdf.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Annual water-data report 2009 

[for gage 08028500 Sabine River near Bon Wier, TX]: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources of the United States, 

accessed January 7, 2011, at http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/

pdfs/08028500.2009.pdf. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 2009b, Water Quality Samples for 

Louisiana [data for USGS 08028200 Bayou Anacoco near 

Knight, LA.]: National Water Information System Web 

Interface, accessed February 3, 2010, at http://nwis.waterdata.

usgs.gov/la/nwis/qwdata/?site_no=08028200. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 2012a, Ground-water levels for 

Louisiana: National Water Information System Web Interface 

accessed November 18, 2011, at http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/

la/nwis/gwlevels. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 2012b, Water quality samples for 

Louisiana: National Water Information System Web Interface, 

accessed February 3, 2010, at http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/

la/nwis/qwdata/. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 2012c, Water quality samples for Texas: 

National Water Information System Web Interface, accessed 

January 7, 2010, at http:// nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/tx/nwis/

qwdata/.

Whitfield, M.S., Jr., 1975, Geohydrology of the Evangeline and 

Jasper aquifers of southwestern Louisiana: Department of 

Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey, and Louisiana 

Department of Public Works Water Resources Bulletin 

no. 20, 72 p.