An Annotated List of

the Marine Mollusks

of Ascension Island,

South Atlantic Ocean

JOSEPH ROSEWATER

m

fc

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 189
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 189

An Annotated List of

the Marine Mollusks

of Ascenson Island,

South Atlantic Ocean

Joseph Rosewater

ISSUED

3 o 1975

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975
ABSTRACT

Rosewater, Joseph. An Annotated List of the Marine Mollusks of Ascension

Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, number

189, 41 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables, 1975.—Eighty-nine marine mollusks of Ascension are identified and short synonymies, distributional information, and remarks

concerning their morphology, relationships, and zoogeography are given. Comparisons are made between the molluscan faunas of St. Helena and Ascension,

overall findings showing that species of both islands are derived in similar proportions from the various other world faunal areas. Species endemicity is many

times greater on St. Helena than on Ascension, probably due in part to the

considerably greater geological age of the former island.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5199. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Rosewater, Joseph, 1928-

An annotated list of the marine mollusks of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 189)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:189

1. Mollusks—Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean). 2. Mollusks—South Atlantic Ocean. I. Title.

II. Title: Marine mollusks of Ascension Island. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 189.

QL1.S54 no. 189 [QL424.5.A8] 591'.08s [594'.09'24] 74-16371

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $1.25
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

The Ascension Collections 2

Faunal Relationships of Ascension Mollusks 3

Recruitment of the Fauna 7

Acknowledgments 8

Annotated List 8

Class Gastropoda 9

Subclass Prosobranchia 9

Order Archeogastropoda 9

Family Scissurellidae 9

Family Fissurellidae 9

Family Trochidae . 9

Family Stomatellidae 10

Family Neritidae 10

Order Mesogastropoda 10

Family Littorinidae .... 10

Family Rissoidae 11

Family Omalogyridae 12

Family Architectonicidae 12

Family Vermetidae 12

Family Planaxidae 12

Family Triphoridae 12

Family Epitoniidae 12

Family Janthinidae 13

Family Melanellidae 13

Family Fossaridae 13

Family Strombidae 13

Family Hipponicidae 14

Family Calyptraeidae 14

Family Cypraeidae 14

Family Naticidae 15

Family Cassidae 16

Family Cymatiidae 16

Family Bursidae 18

Family Tonnidae 19

Order Neogastropoda 19

Family Muricidae 19

Family Columbellidae 21

Family Buccinidae . 21

Family Nassariidae . 22

Family Harpidae 22

Family Marginellidae 22

Family Mitridae 23
Page

Subclass Pulmonata 23

Order Basommatophora 23

Family Ellobiidae . . 23

Family Siphonariidae 24

Subclass Opisthobranchia 24

Order Entomotaeniata 24

Family Pyramidellidae 24

Order Cephalaspidea 24

Family Hydatinidae 24

Family Scaphandridae 24

Family Retusidae 25

Family Atyidae 25

Order Anaspidea 25

Family Aplysiidae 25

Order Notaspidea 25

Family Pleurobranchidae 25

Family Umbraculidae ... . 25

Class Bivalvia 26

Subclass Palaeotaxodonta 26

Order Nuculoida 26

Family Nuculanidae 26

Subclass Pteriomorphia 26

Order Arcoida 26

Family Arcidae 26

Order Mytiloida 28

Family Mytilidae 28

Family Pinnidae 28

Order Pterioida 29

Family Malleidae 29

Family Pectinidae 30

Family Spondylidae 31

Family Ostreidae • . . 31

Subclass Heterodonta 31

Order Veneroida 31

Family Thyasiridae 31

Family Lucinidae 31

Family Erycinidae 33

Family Chamidae 33

Family Cardiidae 33

Family Veneridae .... 34

Family Semelidae 34

Family Tellinidae 34

Class Scaphopoda 34

Family Dentaliidae 34

Class Cephalopoda 34

Subclass Coleoidea 34

Order Octopoda 34

Family Octopodidae 34

Literature Cited 35

IV
An Annotated List of

the Marine Mollusks

of Ascension Island,

South Atlantic Ocean

Joseph Rosewater

Introduction

Ascension in the tropical mid-South Atlantic

(7°57'S; 14°22'W) is a young island compared

to most nearby land masses. It is fairly well established that Ascension is of Pleistocene origin, and

various estimates of its age range from ten thousand

to over one million years, with volcanic activity

probably having taken place in the past few hundred years (Wilson, 1963; Duffey, 1964; Atkins, et

al., 1964). The nearest land mass, the island of St.

Helena, is considerably older, probably dating

from the Miocene. The geological youth of Ascension makes it of interest faunistically. The marine

shallow-water invertebrates living there now must

have arrived during the elapsed time since the

emergence of the island's cooled volcanic substance. It is, therefore, a kind of laboratory on

which one can study the effects of dispersal of marine animals by currents and other means and also

the effects of isolation as they may be expressed in

the evolution of distinct island species.

The mollusks of Ascension were first well enumerated by E. A. Smith (1890b) in a report which

listed 42 species, of which 9 were from deep water

and not properly characterized as shallow-water

species. Little more has been written on the island

Joseph Rosewater, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C. 20560.

except for the reports of Stearns (1893) and

Packer (1968), which added virtually no new

species to the fauna. Ekman (1953) practically

ignored Ascension in his remarks on Atlantic

island zoogeography because of lack of information; the same was true of Briggs (1966). In

recent years the island has become more accessible.

During World War II it was a refueling stop for

transoceanic flights and most recently it has served

as a missile tracking station. Some of its recent

human inhabitants have collected marine animals,

including mollusks, and the collection of one such

person, Mrs. Kay M. Hutchfield, was sent to me

for examination. In 1971 Dr. R. B. Manning

visited Ascension and made an intensive collection

of shallow-water marine invertebrates. These collections have been studied with some rather interesting results.

The information from the new collections of

mollusks, when added to the previous records,

results in more than a 100 percent increase in the

number of species known to occur at Ascension

(89:42) . The question immediately arises as to

whether these additional species arrived since the

initial census by Smith (1890b)? This cannot be

answered definitely, of course, although it is possible that some of the species are new arrivals and

that this influx will continue, barring some catastrophic occurrence on the island. At least part of

the increase may be due to more complete col1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lections having been made most recently. A rounding of the figures of known species when compared

with the supposed geologic age of the island,

100:1,000,000, respectively, yields a possible arrival rate for new immigrants of one each 10,000

years! If the age of the island is even twice that,

it would mean one new species each 20,000 years,

a really insignificant change when the totality of

geologic time is imagined.

THE ASCENSION COLLECTIONS.—Mollusks reported

on in this paper come mainly from two sources.

The first is a collection sent to this museum by

Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield, who for several years resided on Ascension and studied local natural

history. Locality information accompanying Mrs.

Hutchfield's collection consisted for the most part

only of the island name. Mrs. Hutchfield also

supplied information about the occurrence on

Ascension of certain species not actually represented by specimens in the collections sent here.

Where the latter are mentioned in the text, the

following phrase, or some modification, is appended, "reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M.

Hutchfield (personal communication, 1972)."

The collections made on the island by R. B.

Manning of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, who

visited Ascension in May 1971 for the purpose of

collecting marine animals, especially Crustacea,

provide the second major source of Ascension

English Bay

(8.10,11,15,21)

14'20'

FIGURE 1.—Map of Ascension Island. Place names and numbers of stations where R. B. Manning

collected mollusks are indicated.
NUMBER 189

mollusks. His collecting station numbers are recorded in the consideration of each species preceded by the letters ASC ( = Ascension). A list of

the stations at which Manning collected (18-25

May 1971) marine mollusks appears below (also

see Figure 1):

ASC

Station

No. Description

1 Inland tide pool number 1, Shelly Beach; water

depth 18 inches

2 Inland tide pool number 2, Shelly Beach; water

depth 18 inches

3 Beach and rocky point, northern edge South West

Bay, Turtle Shell Beach

5 Beach and tide pools, North East Bay

8 Northern edge northernmost beach, English Bay;

subtidal boulders and rocks

9 Northern edge South West Bay, Turtle Shell Beach;

tide pool with sand bottom in lava flow area (see

Station 3)

10 Rocky point, northern edge of English Bay, intertidal pools, subtidal rocky shore, some coarse sand

(see number 8)

11 (Same as numbers 8, 10)

12 (Same as numbers 3, 9)

13 Rocky point off Fort Hayes, Georgetown; formalin

washes of algae and worm tubes

14 Rocky flat, Cable and Wireless beach, near Collyer

Point; dense algal mat

15 (Same as numbers 8, 10, 11); second tidepool from

shore as well as more isolated tidepool

16 Shelly Beach; flat exposed at low tide; (same as numbers 1, 2)

17 Shelly Beach; inland tidepool number 1; (same as

numbers 1, 2, 16)

18 Shelly Beach; tidepools at low tide, beach drift; ( =

1, 2, 16, 17)

19 Shelly Beach; inland tidepool number 2; (= 1,2, 16,

17, 18)

20 (Same as number 14)

21 (Same as numbers 8, 10, 11, 15)

22 (Same as numbers 3, 9)

23 (Same as numbers 3, 9, 22)

Other sources of Ascension mollusk information

have been: the species reported by Smith (1881,

1890b) ; the several species reported by Stearns

(1893), which in most cases are present in the

collections of the National Museum of Natural

History, under the catalog numbers of the United

States National Museum (USNM) , and have been

available for study; other chance specimens from

Ascension in the National Museum of Natural

History; the species from Ascension in the Department of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; the report of Packer

(1968) and an abridged list from the same source

(pers. comm., Packer, 1972).

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ASCENSION MOLLUSKS.—

In Table 1 there is given a list of the 89 species

of Ascension mollusks reported on here. Asterisks

(*) preceding names indicate the 43 species recorded from the island for the first time. Numbers

in parentheses following names are station numbers of Manning's 1971 Ascension stations at which

marine mollusks were collected (see preceding

station list). It is difficult to see a correlation between locations of the stations on the island and

any possible east-west recruitment of the species

(see map).

An analysis of distributions of the 89 Ascension

species through world marine faunal zones as shown

in Table 1 yields the following results: 20 species

(22%) occur also in the western Atlantic; 24 (27%)

occur also in the eastern Atlantic; 19 (21%) occur

also in both western and eastern Atlantic; 8 (nearly

9%) may be considered endemic; however, 4 of

these occur offshore in deeper water and are

among the 9 Challenger species considered by

Smith (1890b) only questionably to belong to the

Ascension fauna; 3 are Sowerby species (Bullata

robusta, Pecten keppeliantis, Tellina ascensionis),

which may require verification; thus the list of

indisputable endemics is narrowed to 1 subspecies,

Nerita ascensionis ascensionis, already shown by

Vermeij (1970) to exist as different subspecies on

Fernando de Noronha and Trindade islands; 5

(nearly 6%) occur on Ascension and St. Helena

islands only, and therefore may indicate some

"mid Atlantic" endemicity; 37 (42%), including

the 5 just mentioned, occur on Ascension and St.

Helena, but also occur elsewhere; the common

occurrence of so many species on these two islands

probably indicates the influence of their proximity

to each other, marine species apparently being

more successful in colonizing a relatively nearby

shore than a more distant one; 4 (4%) are pantropical, occurring in the eastern Pacific, Atlantic,

and Indo-Pacific; 3 (3%) have distributions ranging from the eastern Pacific eastward to the eastern

Atlantic.

When these data for Ascension are compared to

the information known for St. Helena (Smith,

1890a), an interesting correlation becomes ap-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 1.—Fannal affinities of Ascension mollusks (asterisks denote new records; numbers in parentheses

R. B. Manning's stations)

Ascension Island Mollusca

East

Pacific

West St. East

Atlantic Ascension Helena Atlantic

IndoPacific

*Scissurella juncunda Smith (13)

Fissurella nubecula (Linne) (5,13,14,15,16,18,19,21)

•Diodora gibberula (Lamarck) (10,12,13,15,16,19,21)

Basilissa oxytropis Watson

*Synaplocochlea picta (d'Orbigny) (21)

Nerita ascensionis Gmelin (3,5,10,11,12,13,16,18,21)

Nodilittorina miliaris (Quoy and Gaimard) (1,2,3,5,8,12,13,16,18,

20,21)

Rissoa triangularis Watson

Cingula tenuisculpta (Watson)

Alaba tervaricosa (C. B. Adams)

Rissoina bryeria (Montagu) (5,15,19,21)

•Omalogyra atomus (Philippi) (13)

•cf. Philippic sp

Petaloconchus cf. interliratus Stearns

Planaxis lineatus (DaCosta) (5,8,12,13,15,16,18,20,21,23)

*Triphora grimaldii (Dautzenberg and Fischer) (15)

*Epitonium turritellulum (Morch)

*]anthina janthina (Linne)

Eulima chyta Watson

•Eulima atlantica Smith (13,15)

*Fossarus ambiguus (Linne) (1321)

Strombus latus Gmelin

Hipponix antiquatus (Linne) (5,11,15,16,18,21)

*Cheilea equestris (Linne)

Cypraea spurca Linne (12,15,18)

Cypraea lurida Linne (16,18)

•Cypraea cinerea Gmelin

• Cypraea stercoraria Linne

*Cypraea tigris Linne

•Polinices lacteus (Guilding) (10)

*Naticarius dillwyni (Payraudeau)

Cypraecassis testiculus senegalica (Gmelin) (18)

*Charonia variegata (Lamarck)

•Cymatium nicobaricum (Roding) (15)

Septa pilearis (Linne)

Septa parthenopea (vonSalis)

Bursa corrugata {Perry) (18)

"Tonna galea (Linne)

*Murex florifer Reeve

Thais nodosa meretricula Roding (18)

Thais rustica bicarinata (Blainville) (5,9,10,11,12,16,18,20,21)

Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin) (5,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,20,21)

Pisania pusio (Linne) (16,18)

*Cantharus consanguinem (Smith)

*Hinia sanctaehelenae (A. Adams)

Harpa doris Roding

•Marginella lavalleeana (d'Orbigny) (13,15,19,21)

Marginella dunkeri Krauss

Marginella zonata Kiener

Marginella capensis (Dunker)

Bullata robusta (Sowerby)

Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin) (16)

X

X?

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X?

X

X?

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X?

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X
NUMBER 189

TABLE 1.— (Continued)

Ascension Island Mollusca

East West

Pacific Atlantic

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Ascension

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X?

X

X?

X

X

X

X?

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

St.

Helena

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X?

East IndoAtlantic Pacific

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

*Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty (21)

*Pedipes mirabilis (vonMuhlfeldt)

Williamia gussoni (O. G. Costa)

*Siphonaria picta d'Orbigny (18)

*Pyramidella dolabrata (Linn£)

*Microtnelo undatus (Bruguiere) (15)

Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant)

Retusa orycta Watson

Haminea hydatis (Linne) (15,21)

*Aplysia dactylomela Rang (14,16)

*Pleurobranchus areolatus Morch (22)

"Umbraculum mediterraneum (Lamarck)

Nuculana jeffreysi (Hidalgo)

Area noae bouvieri P. Fischer

Arcopsis adamsi Dall (11,18)

Acar domingensis (Lamarck) (5,8,10,11,12,13,15,18,21)

Tetrarca tetragona (Poli)

"Lithophaga bisulcata (d'Orbigny) (13)

*Malleus candeanus (d'Orbigny)

*Pinna rudis Linne (English Bay)

*Nodipecten nodosus (Linne)

Pecten keppelianus Sowerby

Spondylus senegalensis Schreibers (18)

Spondylus imbutus Reeve

Saccostrea cuccullata (Born) (5,18,21)

Thyasira sp

•Codakia decussata O. G. Costa (10,11,15,21)

*Phacoides filosus (Stimpson)

•Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin) (13,17,21)

*Pseudochama radians (Lamarck) (13)

Trigoniocardia medium (Linne)

*Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere)

*Tivela mactroides (Born)

Semele modesta (Reeve)

Tellina ascensionis Sowerby

Dentalium agile Sars

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier (5,11,21,23)

parent. Approximately 14% of the marine mollusks of St. Helena are from the west and 14% are

from the east; 5% occur in both east and west; 16%

are pantropical; 51% are endemic. The faunal

relationships of the two mid-Atlantic islands are

roughly comparable as to the sources of their

faunas, but there is a large discrepancy in the numbers of endemic species: 51% on St. Helena and

only a maximum of 9% on Ascension.

The reason for the striking difference in endemicities may lie in the comparative ages of the two

islands, that of St. Helena being of the order of

20 million years, while Ascension is only 1 to 2 million years old at most. This result, although still

rather tentative, supports what probably would be

predicted concerning endemicity in the two islands

based on their ages. If long-term isolation allows

genetic differentiation which engenders speciation,

it should be more evident on St. Helena than it is

on Ascension, and the figures substantiate this.

It is of interest to compare some of the preceding

findings with pertinent information for marine

fishes brought together by Cadenat and Marchal

(1963), who list a total of 82 species for both As-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 2.—Characteristics of spawn and larvae of Ascension mollusks

Family

Scissurellidae

Fissurellidae

Trochidae

Stomatellidae

Neritidae

Littorinidae

Rissoidae

Omalogyridae

Architectonicidae

Vermetidae

Planaxidae

Triphoridae

Epitoniidae

Janthinidae

Eulimidae

Fossaridae

Strombidae

Hipponicidae

Calyptraeidae

Cypraeidae

Naticidae

Cassidae

Cymatiidae

Bursidae

Tonnidae

Muricidae

Columbellidae

Buccinidae

Nassariidae

Harpidae

Marginellidae

Mitridae

Ellobiidae

Siphonariidae

Pyramidellidae

Hydatinidae

Scaphandridae

Atyidae

Retusidae

Spawn

Gelatinous mass?

Gelatinous mass (Lebour, 1937)

Gelatinous mass (Lebour, 1937)

Gelatinous mass?

Attached capsules

Floating capsules; attached masses,

ovoviviparous

Attached capsules

Attached capsules

Attached egg mass

(Robertson, 1964, 1970)

Ovoviviparous

Ovoviviparous

Attached capsules

Attached capsules

Masses of larvae released

Attached capsules

Unknown

Egg strings (Robertson, 1959)

Attached capsules brooded

Attached capsules brooded

Attached capsules brooded

Egg collars in sand

Attached capsules

Attached capsules (Anderson, 1960;

Houbrick and Fretter, 1969)

Attached capsules brooded

Gelatinous mass (Knudsen, 1950)

Attached capsules

Attached capsules

Attached capsules

Attached capsules

Attached capsules (Risbec, 1932)

Attached capsules

(personal observations)

Attached capsules (Chess and

Rosenthal, 1971)

Eggs on substrate (Holle and

Dineen, 1957)

Attached mass

Attached capsules

Attached egg ribbon

Gelatinous mass

Egg string (Ostergaard, 1950)

Egg string

Larvae

free swimming?

free swimming (Lewis, 1960)

free swimming and crawling

(Lebour, 1937)

free swimming?

free swimming and crawling

free swimming, crawling,

(Rosewater, 1970a)

free swimming (Purchon, 1968)

crawling (Fretter and Graham,

1962)

free swimming

(Robertson, 1964)

free swimming and crawling

(Lewis, 1960)

free swimming and crawling

(Thorson, 1940)

free swimming (Lebour, 1937)

free swimming (Thorson, 1946)

free swimming larvae

(Bayer, 1963)

free swimming (Lebour (1935)

Unknown

free swimming (Robertson,

1959; D'Asaro, 1965)

crawling (Yonge, 1953)

crawling (Knudsen, 1950)

free swimming (Lebour, 1937)

Pelagic (Purchon, 1968)

Pelagic free swimming

(Abbott, 1968)

Pelagic free swimming

(Lebour, 1945)

Pelagic free swimming

(D'Asaro, 1970)

Pelagic (Turner, 1948)

Both pelagic and crawling

Both pelagic and crawling

Crawling (Radwin and

Chamberlin, 1973)

Pelagic (Purchon, 1968)

Crawling?

Crawling (Radwin and

Chamberlin, 1973)

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic (Ostergaard, 1950)

Pelagic (Fretter and Graham,

Pelagic (Ostergaard, 1950)

Pelagic (Ostergaard, 1950)

Pelagic?

Pelagic
NUMBER 189

TABLE 2.— (Continued)

Family

Aplysiidae

Umbraculidae

Pleurobranchidae

Nuculidae

Arcidae

Mytilidae

Malleidae

Pinnidae

Pectinidae

Spondylidae

Ostreidae

Thyasiridae

Lucinidae

Erycinidae

Chamidac

Cardiidae

Veneridae

Semelidae

Tellinidae

Dentaliidae

Octopodidae

Spawn

Attached egg strings

Gelatinous ribbon (Hartley, 1964;

Ostergaard, 1950)

Egg string

Gametes shed free in water; also,

brood protection (Drew, 1899)

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed;

or larvae brooded

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Ovoviviparous

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed; also brooded

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Gametes shed

Attached eggs

Larvae

Pelagic (Ostergaard, 1950)

Pelagic

Pelagic (Ostergaard, 1950)

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic and nonpelagic

(Thorson, 1946; Turner

and Boss, 1962)

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic (Stenzel, 1971)

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic and nonpelagic

(Lebour, 1938)

Pelagic

Pelagic

Pelagic and nonpelagic

Pelagic (Boss, 1972)

Pelagic (Boss, 1966)

Pelagic (Purchon, 1968)

Pelagic

cension and St. Helena. A significant number, 20

(24.3%) of the fishes, are known only from the two

islands collectively. Endemics of St. Helena number 12 (H.6%); they number 3 (3.6%) at Ascension. Proportions of endemicity are therefore much

closer for the fishes of the two islands than for the

mollusks, but, nevertheless, endemicity is still higher

on St. Helena than on Ascension. The fishes also

evidence faunal relationships roughly equally with

the western and eastern Atlantic, with some preference for the former.

Regarding the origins of both the molluscan

and fish faunas of Ascension, and also of St. Helena,

which probably is compatible, the species seem not

to have arrived predominantly from either east or

west, but rather from both directions and include

immigrants from other faunal zones as well.

RECRUITMENT OF THE FAUNA.—As shown above

most of the mollusk species now living on Ascension occur elsewhere and probably originally arrived at the island at some time in the past through

some means of dispersal. In the cases of those

species having planktonic larvae it is generally

conceded that ocean currents may transport them

over varying distances, depending on length of

larval life, flotation mechanisms, and many other

variables. In an attempt to gain an understanding

of how the species occurring at Ascension have

been distributed, the general characteristics of

spawn and larvae for each family have been listed

in Table 2. While it is obvious that this specific

information is not known for all Ascension species,

a trend is at least indicated. With a very few exceptions free-swimming larvae probably occur in the

life histories. The possible exceptions are Vermetidae and Planaxidae, which are known to be

ovoviviparous, but whose living young may at

some time be produced at a swimming stage, some

Hipponicid and Calyptraeid limpets, Buccinidae,

Harpidae (?), and Marginellidae, known to produce egg capsules from which the young crawl

away, and some Ostreids and Erycinids that brood

their young but that are known also to release them

at free-swimming stages.
8

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

A few species with exceptionally wide ranges

require special mention. Janthina janthina and

Aplysia dactylomela are known to occur in all

tropical seas of the world. They, of course, are

pelagic with free-swimming larvae. Septa pilearis,

Bursa corrugata, and Tonna galea also have extensive ranges extending into more than one

ocean. The first and third are believed to have exceedingly long larval lives and the second probably

does also. It is more difficult to explain the extensive

distributions of species with crawl-away young like

Hipponix antiquatus and Cheilea equestris and

of the ovoviviparous bivalve Lasaea. The latter is

known to frequent floating algae as is Omalogyra.

Mollusks also commonly settle on other floating

objects (Merrill, 1963, 1965, 1966). Transportation

by rafting over long distances via ocean currents

undoubtedly has distributed a number of mollusks,

especially in their juvenile stages. The zoogeography of other species impossible to explain in

any of the mentioned ways may be the result of

ancient distributions during Tethyan times. A

recently proposed explanation for some unusual

distribution patterns in Crustacea involves continental drift (Chace and Manning, 1972). The

papers of Scheltema (1968, 1971 a,b), in which

North Atlantic drift, the westward-flowing north

and south Equatorial currents, the eastward-flowing

Equatorial Countercurrent and undercurrent are

discussed, are considered to be especially pertinent

in explaining Atlantic Ocean distributions. Brennan (1974) reviewed the information on ocean currents and their effect on the biogeography of the

Galapagos Islands, an apparently more complex

system than that affecting Ascension.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—R. B. Manning arranged to

have the collection of Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield sent

for my examination. He also traveled to Ascension,

where he obtained another excellent series of

specimens that I used in the present study. Mrs.

Hutchfield was helpful in sending additional information regarding the occurrence of certain species.

R. M. Hannay and John E. Packer of the Ascension Historial Society provided information and an

annotated copy of The Ascension Handbook,

authored by the latter. K. J. Boss and R. D.

Turner of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

graciously allowed me to examine Ascension records in their care. Staff of the Departments of

Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology and Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History,

offered helpful comments.

Annotated List

In the pages that follow, the species from Ascension are treated in the following way: the current

name of each is given, followed by a synonymy,

which contains the original and pertinent subsequent taxonomic references that explain the history of the name; whenever possible a figure

reference is cited; previous Ascension locality

citations, if any, are listed; the material that was

available for study and upon which this report is

based is detailed; for each group of specimens from

a particular station, a representative length measurement is given to characterize the size; the

known species distribution is then outlined, based

on both museum records and reliable literature;

any pertinent remarks are expressed. This information hopefully will allow subsequent identification of additional Ascension material.

It will be noted that certain entire classes of

mollusks are missing from the fauna (see Table 3).

These include Monoplacophora, Aplacophora, and

Polyplacophora. The absence of the Monoplacophora is not surprising because it is known only

from deep water, no species having been reported

from less than abyssal depths. Such depths are

present in the vicinity of Ascension, however, and

TABLE 3.—Numbers of species of major groups of mollusks occurring on Ascension and St. Helena (M = Monoplacophora, A = Aplacophora, Py = Polyplacophora, Pr = Prosobranchia, O = Opisthobranchia, Pu = Pulmonata, Pa

— Palaeotaxodonta, Pt = Pteriomorphia, H = Heterodonta, A = Anomolodesmata, 5 = Scaphopoda, C = Cephalopoda)

Location

Ascension

St. Helena

Af

0

0

A

0

0

Py

0

0

Pr

52

131

O

8

11

Pu

4

3

Pa

1

0

Pt

12

13

H

10

16

A

0

1

S

1

1

c

1

2

Totals

89

178
NUMBER 189

when they are investigated it would not be too

surprising to find the group. It has been reported

previously from the South Atlantic Ocean (Rosewater, 1970b). Aplacophora and Polyplacophora

may be discovered when more intensive dredging

is done in the vicinity of Ascension.

The authors and dates of families of mollusks

are taken from the Treatise on Invertebrate

Paleontology and from the Traite de Zoologie

(Rosewater, 1973); those for Retusidae and Pleurobranchidae are from Nordsieck (1972); the author

and date for Octopodidae were cited in Young

(1972:94).

The following abbreviations are used:

ASC = Ascension

MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University

ML = mantle length

NMNH = National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution

USNM = United States National Museum (used only with

specimen numbers)

Class GASTROPODA

Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA

Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA

Family SCISSURELLIDAE Gray, 1847

Scissurella jucunda E. A. Smith, 1890

Scissurella jucunda E. A. Smith, 1890a:311, pi. 24: figs. 22, 22a

[St. Helena, on floating seaweed].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—5 specimens (0.7 mm),

ASC 13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—8 specimens (20 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 (9.6 mm) Sta ASC 5;

many (14 mm) ASC 13; many (22.9 mm) ASC 14;

2 (7.4 mm) ASC 15; 11 (14 mm) ASC 16; 7

(27.2 mm) ASC 18; 1 (4 mm) ASC 19; 2 (8.2 mm)

ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean Sea and in

the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay south

to Cape of Good Hope, including the Cape Verde

Islands (Nickles, 1950); Ascension.

REMARKS.—Specimens listed as Fissurella clenchi

Farfante from Ascension in Department of Mollusks, MCZ, are probably F. nubecula.

Diodora gibberula (Lamarck, 1822)

Fissurella gibberula Lamarck, 1822:15 [no locality given];

Reeve, 1850, vol. 6, pi. 16, species 118 [Mediterranean].

Diodora gibberula (Lamarck).—Nordsieck, 1968:13, pi. 2: fig.

04.02.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 (10.6 mm) Ascension,

K. M. Hutchfield; 3 (12.2 mm) ASC 10; 3 (10.9 mm)

ASC 12; 3 (8.7 mm) ASC 13; 11 (8 mm) ASC 15;

1 (10.3 mm) ASC 16; 8 (6 mm) ASC 19; 1

(4.2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southwest coast of Europe, Mediterranean, West Africa, and Atlantic islands

(NMNH records; also Weinkauff, 1868), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported from St. Helena by E. A.

Smith (1890a). Specimens from St. Helena collected by Turton, in the Jeffreys collection at the

NMNH, are identical with some Ascension Island

specimens collected by Manning (ASC 19). When

this highly variable species is more completely

studied there may be several different forms enumerated or some explanation developed for its

variability.

Family FISSURELLIDAE Fleming, 1822

Fissurella (Cremides) nubecula (Linne, 1758)

Patella nubecula Linne, 1758:785 [Mediterranean Sea].

Fissurella nubecula Linne.—Nickles, 1950:37, fig. 9.

Fissurella (Cremides) nubecula Linne.—Nordsieck, 1968:13,

pi. 2: fig. 05.00.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Packer (1968) (as F.? rosea).

Family TROCHIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Basilissa oxytropis Watson, 1879

Basilissa oxytropis R. Boog Watson, 1879:693 [Challenger Sta

344, 3 April 1876, Ascension Island, 420 has]; 1886:104, pi.

7: fig. 9.—Smith, 1890b:321.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is in-
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

eluded here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Family STOMATELLIDAE Gray, 1840

Synaptocochlea picta (d'Orbigny, 1842)

Stomatia picta d'Orbigny, 1842, pi. 24; figs. 19-21 [Cuba;

name and figure only]; 1842-1853:184 [Cuba].

IGena asperulata A. Adams.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:295 [St.

Helena].

Synaptocochlea picta Orbigny [sic].—Wannke and Abbott,

1961:43, pi. 76.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (2.7 mm) ASC

21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Quintana

Roo, Mexico, St. Helena?, Ascension.

REMARKS.—The description by E. A. Smith,

(1890a,295) of the species he determined as Gena

asperulata Adams, is of a species very similar to

this one. He also states that his specimens were

unlike Adams's type and therefore it is strongly

suggested that S. picta occurs also on St. Helena.

Family NERITIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensionis

Cmelin, 1791

FIGURE 2

Nerita ascensionis Gmelin, 1791:3683 [Ascension Island].—

E. A. Smith, 1881:430; 1890b:321.—Melvill and Standen,

1907:152.

Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensions Gmelin.—Vermeij,

1970:135.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Gmelin (1791),

Smith (1881, 1890b), Stearns (1893), Packer (1968,

as N. fulgurans Gmelin and JV. scabricostata

Lamarck), Vermeij (1970).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—15 specimens (30.8 mm)

Sta ASC 3; 20 (19.2 mm) ASC 5; 4 (12 mm) ASC

10; 5 (1.6 mm) ASC 11; 30 (32.2 mm) ASC 12; 7

(26 mm) ASC 13; 4 (19.2 mm) ASC 16; 2 (16.4 mm)

ASC 18; 1 (4 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May

1971; the NMNH also contains specimens collected

on Ascension by Storrs Olson in 1970 and by

Rennel Kirby-Smith in 1968, the latter presented

by C. I. Aslakson.

FIGURE 2.—Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensionis: 35 mm

length; Turtle Shell Beach, Southwest Bay, Ascension (ASC12); USNM 735055.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ascension.

REMARKS.—Vermeij (1970) has shown that AT.

ascensionis sensu stricto is limited in its distribution to Ascension Island. Two other subspecies,

N. ascensionis deturpensis Vermeij and JV. ascensionis trindadeensis Vermeij, inhabit Fernando de

Noronha and Trindade, respectively. This species

is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard

University.

Order MESOGASTROPODA

Family LITTORINIDAE Gray, 1840

Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris

(Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)

FIGURE 3

Littorina miliaris Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:484, pi. 33: figs.

16-19 [Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890a:283, 1890b:319.

Tectarius miliaris Quoy and Gaimard.—Stearns, 1893:334.

Tectarius granosus Philippi.—Nickles, 1950:49.

Echininus nodulosus (Pfeiffer).—Packer, 1968:58.

Nodolittorina [sic] tuberculata (Menke).—Packer, 1968:59.

Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris (Quoy and Gaimard,

1833).—Rosewater, 1970a:424.—Vermeij, 1972:91, 93.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1883), E. A. Smith (1890a,b), Stearns (1893),

Packer (1968, but see synonymy above).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (10 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (20 mm) ASC 1; 6

(17 mm) ASC 2; 8 (8.9 mm) ASC 3; 50+

(12.3 mm) ASC 5; 30+ (8.7 mm) ASC 8; 40 +
NUMBER 189 11

FIGURE 3.—Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris: 15.2 mm

length; Shelly Beach, Ascension (ASC-2); USNM 735019.

(12.0 mm) ASC 12; 18 (12.5 mm) ASC 13; 8

(10.4 mm) ASC 16; 19 (8.8 mm) ASC 18; 1

(3.1 mm) ASC 20; 20+ (8.6 mm) ASC 21; R. B.

Manning, May 1971; the NMNH also contains

specimens collected by Storrs Olson in 1970, and

by Rennel Kirby-Smith in 1968, the latter presented by C. I. Aslakson.

DISTRIBUTION (based on USNM collections except where noted).—Canary Islands, Senegal (Vermeij, 1972), Liberia, Ghana (Vermeij, 1972),

Dahomey, Spanish Guinea, Gabon, Ascension, St.

Helena, Fernando de Noronha.

REMARKS.—The variations in shell morphology

of this species are extreme as is true for many

members of the family Littorinidae. As pointed out

by Smith (1890a) there are transitional forms connecting the variants. This species is recorded from

Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Family RISSOIDAE Gray, 1847

Subfamily RISSOINAE Gray, 1847

Rissoa (Setia) triangularis R. Boog Watson, 1886

Rissoa (Setia) triangularis R. Boog Watson, 1886:611, pi. 46:

fig. 2 [Challenger Sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—

Smith, E. A., 1890b:320.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included

here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant

(Smith, 1890b).

Cingula tenuisculpta (Watson, 1873)

Rissoa tenuisculpta R. Boog Watson, 1873:389, pi. 36: fig. 28

[Ponta de S Lourenc,o, 25-45 fms; Funchal Bay, up to 50

fms].—Watson, 1886:607 [Challenger Stas 24, N of Culebra,

West Indies, 390 fms; and 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].

Rissoa (Setia) tenuisculpta Watson.—Smith, 1890b:319.

Cingula tenuisculpta (Watson).—Nordsieck, 1968:46, pi. 7: fig.

26.42 [?] [Madeira, Algiers, etc.].

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Alaba tervaricosa (C. B. Adams, 1845)

Rissoa tervaricosa C. B. Adams, 1845:6 [Jamaica].—Clench

and Turner, 1950:350, pi. 34: fig. 3 [lectotype figured].

Rissoa (?) melanura C. B. Adams, 1850:116 [Jamaica].

Alaba tenaricosa (C. B. Adams).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:320

[Ascension].

REMARKS.—This species is known from Ascension only through the report of Smith (1890b).

As pointed out by C. B. Adams (1850) and also

Clench and Turner (1950), its synonymy may include certain other species, the generic status of

which are in doubt. More definite statements regarding the affinities of A. tervaricosa and its

presence on Ascension must await the discovery of

additional specimens from that island.

Subfamily RISSOININAE Stoliczka, 1898

Rissoina bryeria (Montagu, 1803)

Turbo bryereus Montagu, 1803:313, pi. 15: fig. 8 [Weymouth].

Rissoina bryerea Montagu.—Tryon, 1887:379, pi. 56: figs. 67,

71.—Warmke and Abbot, 1961:56, pi. 10m [Florida to

Lesser Antilles].

Rissoina bryeria (Montagu).—Smith, 1890a:287 [St. Helena];

1890b:319 [Ascension].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (3.4 mm) ASC

5; 1 (3.5 mm) ASC 15; 1 (4.0 mm) ASC 19; 4

(3.6 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida and the West Indies, St.

Helena, Ascension.
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family OMALOGYRIDAE Sars, 1878

Omalogyra atomus (Philippi, 1841)

Truncatella atomus Philippi, 1841:54, pi. 5: fig. 4a, b, c [Sorrento, Italy].

Homalogyra atomus Philippi.—Tryon, 1887:399 [Europe].

Omalogyra atomus (Philippi).—Nordsieck, 1968:60.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—4 specimens (0.6 mm) ASC

13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Europe, New England (Bullock,

1969; Moore, 1971), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Omalogyra atomus is usually found

on algae which is transported widely by ocean

currents. Its eventual appearance at Ascension

was to be expected.

Family ARCHTTECTONICIDAE Gray, 1850

Philippia sp.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen [lost!] Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

REMARKS.—It is unfortunate that this small

specimen was lost before specific determination

could be made, in view of the interesting distribution of some species of Philippia (Robertson,

1964; Scheltema, 1971a). Collectors on Ascension

should be on the lookout for additional architectonicids to provide additional proof of their

presence. Members of this family are said to occur

in association with corals, this relationship perhaps

serving as a limiting factor to their successful

colonization of new localities (Robertson et al.,

1970).

Family VERMETIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Petaloconchus cf. interliratus Stearns, 1893

Petaloconchus cf. interliratus Stearns, 1893:333 [Porto Grande,

St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968:

59), as Verrnicularis? sp.

PRKSENT MATERIAL.—3 segments of coiled shell

(36.6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical east Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—The material is worn and reveals

little concerning the identity of the species. Faint

reticulated sculpture is visible externally; internally an elevated ridge or lamella follows the

coiling. Final specific placement will await a monograph of the group.

Family PLANAXIDAE Gray, 1850

Planaxis lineatus (Da Costa, 1778)

Buccinum lineatum Da Costa, 1778:130, pi. 8: fig. 5 [Cornwall

and the West Indies].

Planaxis lineatus Da Costa.—Smith, 1890b: 319.—Stearns,

1893:333.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (4.6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 75+ specimens

(7.2 mm) ASC 5; 50+ (4.8 mm) ASC 8; 10

(5.9 mm) ASC 12; 17 (4.2 mm) ASC 13; 4 (5 mm)

ASC 15; 2 (4.4 mm) ASC 16; 9 (4.6 mm) ASC 18;

44 (4.6 mm) ASC 20; 100 (5.5 mm) ASC 21;

1 (4.4 mm) ASC 23, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Bermuda, Florida, West Indies,

Caribbean coast of Central America, Cape Verde

Islands, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Nickles (1950,61)

a very similar appearing subspecies, Planaxis

lineatus herrmannseni (Dunker), occurs on the

mainland coast of Africa.

Family TRIPHORIDAE Gray, 1847

Triphora grimaldii

(Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1906)

Triphoris grimaldii Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1906:41, pi. 3:

figs. 9, 10 [Tenerife, 540 m; He de Boa Vista, Cap-Vert, 91

m].

Triphora grimaldii (Dautzenberg and Fischer).—Nordsieck,

1968:74.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.5 mm) ASC

15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical east Atlantic islands.

Family EPITONIIDAE Bronn, 1824

Epitonium (Asperiscala) turritellulum

(Miirch, 1874)
NUMBER 189 13

Scala turritellula Morch, 1874:264 [St. Martin].

Epitonium (Asperiscala) turritellulum Morch.—Clench and

Turner, 1952:298.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies—Jamaica, Hispaniola, and St. Thomas (Clench and Turner, 1952).

REMARKS.—According to K. M. Hutchfield (pers.

comm., 1972) this species was identified from her

collections from Ascension Island.

Family JANTHINIDAE Leach, 1823

Janthina janthina (Linne, 1758)

Helix janthina Linne, 1758:772 [Europe, Asia, Africa, Mediterranean, pelagic].

Janthina janthina (Linne).—Laursen, 1953.—Nordsieck, 1968:

84.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—World seas, pelagic.

REMARKS.—Smith (1890b:319) attributed a record of Janthina globosa Swainson to Lesson

(ubi?). Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.)

reported Janthina janthina present on Ascension

in the breeding colonies of the Sooty Tern and

suggested that the birds may pick up the snails

far at sea and carry them to shore as food. The

birds may fly considerable distances and, therefore,

it is possible that the violet snail does not naturally

occur close to Ascension.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (2.9 mm) ASC

13; 1 specimen (4.3 mm) ASC 15, R. B. Manning,

May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands,

South Atlantic Ocean.

REMARKS.—The present specimens are considerably shorter than the 7 i/3 mm length mentioned

by Smith in the original description. They are very

similar to specimens from St. Helena deposited in

the National Museum of Natural History by W. H.

Turton in 1892, and which very probably are part

of the material studied by Smith (i.e., paratypes).

Family FOSSARTOAE Troschel, 1861

Fossarus ambiguus (Linne, 1758)

Helix ambigua Linne, 1758:775 [Mediterranean].

Fossarus ambiguus Linne—Nickles, 1950:72, fig. 95 [Gulf of

Gascony to Angola].—Nordsieck, 1968:93, fig. 52.10 [Mediterranean to Senegal].—Rios, 1970:54.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—19 specimens (2.6 mm) ASC

13; 6 specimens (3.2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning,

May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Gulf of Gascony and south

through the Mediterranean to Angola, West Africa,

Cape Verde and Canary islands, St. Helena (Smith

1890a), and Ascension; PFernando de Noronha

Island and off Pernambuco; Ubatuba (Rios, 1970).

Family MELANELLIDAE Bartsch, 1917

Eulima chyta R. Boog Watson, 1883

Eulima chyta R. Boog Watson, 1883a: 121 [Challenger sta 344,

Ascension Island, 420 fins].—Watson, 1886:516, pi. 36: fig.

5.—E. A. Smith, 1890b: 319.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included

here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant

(Smith, 1890b).

Eulima ?atlantica Smith, 1890

Eulima atlantica Smith, 1890a:278, pi. 23: fig. 25 [St. Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

Family STROMBIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791

FIGURE 4

Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791:3520 [no locality].—Abbott,

1960:122.

Strombus bubonius Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 189Ob:32O [Ascension].—Nickles, 1950:76, fig. 106.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (106.7 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cape Verde Islands and West

Coast of Africa from Rio de Oro to Angola

(Nickles, 1950); Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 4.—Strombus latus: 94.4 mm length; Ascension;

USNM 735700.

Family HIPPONICIDAE TroscheL 1861

Hipponix (Antisabia) antiquatus (Linne, 1767)

Patella antiquata Linne, 1767:1259 [no locality].

Hipponyx antiquata Linne.—E. A. Smith, 1881:430 [Ascension].

Hipponyx antiquatus Linne.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:293; 1890b:

320 [West Indies, Fernando Noronha, Trindade, St. Helena,

Ascension].

Amalthea antiquata Linne—Nickles, 1950:72 [Senegal].

Hipponix antiquatus Linne.—Yonge, 1953; 1960 [eastern Pacific].—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:84 [southeast Florida and

West Indies].—Packer, 1968:59 [Ascension].—Abbott, 1968a:

98 [eastern Pacific and western Atlantic].—Vermeij, 1972:91.

Antisabia antiquatus (Linnaeus).—Morrison, 1965:34.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith

(1881, 1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (9 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 11 specimens (9.5 mm)

ASC 5; 6 (9.0 mm) ASC 11; 1 (2.6 mm) ASC 15; 1

(11 mm) ASC 16; 3 (11 mm) ASC 18; 4 (8 mm)

ASC 21.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Pacific, western and eastern Atlantic.

REMARKS.—The young of Hipponix antiquatus

develop in egg capsules retained within the mantle

cavity as shown by Yonge (1953, 1960). Although

not observed by Yonge it is presumed that the

fully developed young crawl away from the parent

to settle and attach in a favorable spot. It is difficult in the absence of a swimming larva to explain

the broad distribution of the species unless, and

this may be the case, it has lived in the eastern

Pacific and on both shores of the Atlantic, including the Atlantic islands, for a very long time.

Morrison (personal communication) considers the

western Atlantic population to be the true H.

antiquatus, with eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic elements appearing quite similar. Additional

study may prove the latter to be distinct species or

subspecies, but for the present they are here considered to belong to the same superspecies.

Family CALYPTRAEIDAE BlainviUe, 1824

Cheilea equestris (Linne, 1758)

Patella equestris Linne, 1758:780 [O. Indico].

Mitrularia dillwyni (Gray).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:320 [Ascension].

Cheila [sic] equestris, Packer, 1968 [Ascension].

Cheilea equestris Linne.—Abbott,, 1968a:98, figs, [southeastern

Florida to Brazil].

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan according to Nordsieck (1968:94), occurring in all major marine

faunal zones except eastern Pacific. Keen (1971:

458) suggests that it may occur there also, known

under the name Cheilea cepacea (Broderip).

Cernohorsky (1972) reported it from the western

Pacific.

REMARKS.—Although several literature records

indicate the species occurs on Ascension, I have not

yet seen specimens which would confirm its presence to my satisfaction.

Family CYPRAEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Cypraea spurca spurca Linne, 1958

Cypraea spurca Linne, 1758:724 ["Mare Mediterraneo"].—

E. A. Smith 1881:430; 189Oa:283; 1890b:3l9 [Ascension].—

Packer, 1968:58—Burgess, 1970:156, pi. 10: figs, j , K, L.

Erosaria (Ravitrona) spurca (Linne).—Nordsieck, 1968:100

[Mediterranean, St. Helena, West Indies].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.— E. A. Smith

(1881, 1890a, b), Packer (1968), Burgess (1970).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (29.2 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (28 mm) ASC 12; 3

(35.3 mm) ASC 15; 4 (35.8 mm) ASC 18, R. B.

Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic and Mediter-
NUMBER 189 15

ranean; in west Africa to Luanda, Angola;

Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Burgess (1970)

the western Atlantic populations of C. spurca

characterized by a white base appear distinct and

are considered to be a separate subspecies, C. spurca

acicularis Gmelin. The nominate subspecies, C.

spurca spurca Linne, inhabits the eastern Atlantic.

It is characterized by a yellow to brown base, a

more prominent labial callus, and more produced

extremities than the western Atlantic subspecies.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Cypraea lurida Linne, 1758

Cypraea lurida Linne, 1758:720 ["M. Mediterraneo"].—E. A.

Smith, 1881; 1890a:282; 1890b:319 [Ascension].—Packer

[1968:58, as C. lurida oceanica Schilder].—Burgess, 1970:43,

pi. 2: figs, E, El.

Cypraea (Talparia) lurida Linne.—Nickles, 1960:84.

Luria lurida (Linne).—Nordsieck, 1968:100.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith

(1881, 1890a, b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (30.2 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 (36 mm) ASC 16; 2

(41.2 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean; southward

through west Africa to Luanda, Angola, including

islands off the coast; Ascension and St. Helena

(Burgess, 1970).

REMARKS.—Cypraea lurida appears to maintain

constant shell morphology throughout its range,

eliminating need for separation into subspecies on

that basis. The name C. lurida oceanica Schilder

apparently is an absolute synonym. This species is

recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard

University.

Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791

Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791:3402 [no locality].—Packer,

1968:58—Burgess, 1970:39.

REMARKS.—This species is reported from Ascension by Packer (1968). Its range is given by Burgess

(1970) as western Atlantic, from southern Florida

and the Caribbean south to Bahia, Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha. With such a distribution its occurrence on Ascension would not be

unusual, although creating a new record which

must be verified.

Cypraea stercoraria Linne, 1758

Cypraea stercoraria Linne, 1758:719 [no locality given].—

Burgess, 1970:239 [West Africa, near Dakar, Senegal, and

the offshore islands to Luanda, Angola].

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical West Africa.

REMARKS.—This species is found on Ascension

according to K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication). It may be the Cypraea} sp. "to 2 V£ in-"

reported by Packer (1968). Burgess (1970) suggested collection information and shell morphology

indicate a heavy surf habitat, which may explain

why it is not collected more frequently.

Cypraea tigris Linne, 1758

Cypraea tigris Linne, 1758:721 [in Madagascar].

REMARKS.—Cypraea tigris Linne was found on

Ascension according to K. M. Hutchfield (pers.

comra.). It is a widespread Indo-Pacific species and

a favorite of collectors. Its presence on Ascension

may be advectitious.

Family NATICIDAE Swainson, Gray, 1840

Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834)

FIGURE 5

Naticina lactea Guilding, 1834:31 [Caribbean].

Natica lactea Guilding.—Tryon, 1886:49.

Natica (Polinices) porcellana d'Orbigny.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:

271 [St. Helena].

Polinices lacteus (Guilding).—Nordsieck, 1968:102 [Canaries,

Madeira, West Indies, Brazil].—Nickles, 1950:77, fig. 107 [as

Polynices],

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (23.1 mm) ASC

10, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern and western Atlantic,

and the Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—It seems unusual that this species has

not been reported from Ascension previously,

since it occurs at St. Helena and in both eastern

and western Atlantic. The specimen was alive

when collected.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 5.—Polinices lacteus: 23.1 mm length; English Bay,

Ascension (ASC-10); USNM 735045.

Naticarius dillwyni (Payraudeau, 1S26)

Natica dillwyni Payraudeau, 1826:120, pi. 5: figs. 27, 28 [Island of Corsica, France, Mediterranean Sea].—E. A. Smith

189Oa:27O [St. Helena, Mediterranean; Mauritius and South

Pacific islands?].

Naticarius dillwyni (Payraudeau), Nordsieck, 1968:105.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (7.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean, and Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—Following an examination of the

extensive material resembling these specimens in

the National Museum of Natural History, I am

prone to agree with Smith (1890a) in considering

West Indian and Indo-Pacific forms to be very

similar. Further intensive study of these populations can be expected to show the nature of this

species complex. The two Ascension specimens

presently in hand are insufficient evidence upon

which to base such a weighty conclusion. The

specimens were collected dead.

Family CASSIDAE Latreille, 1825

Cypraecassis testiculus senegalica (Gmelin, 1791)

Buccinum senegalicum Gmelin, 1791: 3477 [Senegal].

Cassidea crumena Bruguiere, 1792:428 [Ascension; based on

Lister, 1770, pi. 1002: fig. 67].

Cassis testiculus var. [sic] E. A. Smith, 1890a:267 [St. Helena].

Cassis testiculus Linne var. senegalica Gmelin.—Nickles, 1950:

85 [Cape Verde Islands, Senegal, Sao Thome, Gabon, French

Congo].

Cassis testiculus (Linn.).—Packer, 1968:58 [Ascension].

Cypraecassis testiculus subspecies senegalica (Gmelin, 1791).—

Abbott, 1968b:72.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Lister (1770),

Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (63 4- mm, spire

missing) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Africa from Senegal to Angola; Cape Verde, Ascension, and St. Helena

islands.

REMARKS.—The specimen collected by Manning

exhibits the characters upon which the subspecific

separation is based—large, smooth axial folds on

the last whorl. Cypraecassis t. senegalica reaches a

larger size than the more finely sculptured western

Atlantic C. t. testiculus. Although Abbott (1968b)

states that a small proportion of eastern Atlantic

specimens resembles the nominate subspecies, a

large enough number are different to make valid

the subspecies separation. This subspecies is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard

University.

Family CYMATIIDAE Iredale, 1913

Charonia tritonis variegata (Lamarck, 1816)

Triton variegatum Lamarck, 1816:5, pi. 421: fig. 2a, b.

Charonia variegata Lamarck.—Clench and Turner, 1957:193

[synonymy].—Packer, 1968:58.

Charonia tritonis variegata Lamarck.—Beu, 1970a:209.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical eastern and western

Atlantic.

REMARKS.—I have not seen specimens from Ascension; however, C. variegata was reported from

there by both Packer (1968) and Hutchfield

(personal communication). Clench and Turner

(1957) reported it from St. Helena, Canary, and

Cape Verde islands. The latter records were probably based on E. A. Smith (1890a: 267), who used

the name for the Indo-Pacific species Charonia

tritonis Linne. There seems little doubt that

Charonia variegata occurs on Ascension. Scheltema

(1971a) pointed out that C. variegata larvae were

frequently encountered in the North Atlantic and

in the south Equatorial Current, possibly explaining the amphi-Atlantic distribution of this species.
NUMBER 189 17

Cymatium (Cymatriton) nicobaricum

(Roding, 1798)

Tritonium nicobaricum Roding, 1798:126.

?Triton turtoni E. A. Smith, 1890a:268 [St. Helena].

Cymatium (Cymatriton) nicobaricum Roding.—Clench and

Turner, 1957:210 [synonymy].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (44.7 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (31.7 mm) ASC

15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the western Atlantic, from

Florida to the West Indies and southward along

the coast of Central America to Honduras; northeast Brazil (Clench and Turner, 1957; Rios, 1970).

In the eastern Atlantic there are specimens from

Ascension in the National Museum of Natural

History and MCZ; also reported from Ascension by

Hutchfield (pers. comm.); St. Helena (Smith,

1890a).

REMARKS.—It is probable that Cymatium turtoni

Smith is an absolute synonym of C. nicobaricum

and, therefore, that it has been present in the

eastern Atlantic for some time. Scheltema (1971a)

discussed the larvae of Cymatiidae, including C.

nicobaricum, and noted that it was not found by

him in eastern Atlantic samples.

FIGURE 6.—Septa (Septa) pilearis: 34.4 mm length; Ascension;

USNM 735705.

cult to conceive of its transport to Ascension perhaps from the West Indies via the Gulf Stream or

the Equatorial Countercurrent.

Septa (Septa) pilearis (Linne, 1758)

FIGURE 6

Murex pileare Linn£, 1758:749.

Cymatium (Septa) pileare Linne.—Clench and Turner, 1957:

216 [synonymy].—Packer, 1968:58 [as C. martinianum].—

Keen, 1971:507.

Septa (Septa) pilearis (Linnaeus).—Beu, 1970b:226.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (38.9 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Indo-Pacific, eastern Pacific, western Atlantic, Ascension.

REMARKS.—The specimens contributed by

Hutchfield agree with the concept of S. pilearis

engendered by Clench and Turner's monograph.

Although not previously reported from so far eastward in the Atlantic before Packer's record, the

species does occur in the Indo-Pacific from east

Africa to Hawaii and in both the eastern Pacific

and western Atlantic and it is, therefore, not diffiSepta (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea

(von Salis, 1793)

FIGURE 7

Murex parthenopeus von Salis, 1793:370 [Bay of Naples].

Triton olearium (Linne).—E. A. Smith, 1890a:267.

Lotorium grandimaculatum Reeve.—Melvill and Sianden,

1907:152.

Cymatium costatum Born.—Nickles, 1950:86.

Cymatium (Monoplex) parthenopeum von Salis.—Clench and

Turner, 1957:228 [synonymy].—Nordsieck, 1968:109.

Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea (Salis, 1793).—

Beu, 1970b:229 [synonymy].

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (71.1 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Western Mediterranean, Azores,

and south to South Africa; Bermuda, Florida, and

Mexico; the West Indies and south to Brazil,

Japan, eastern Australia, northern New Zealand,

and Portuguese East Africa.

REMARKS.—The records of "Lotorium" grandimaculatum (see synonymy) and the Cymatium
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7.—Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea: 71.2

mm length; Ascension; USNM 735704.

sp. cf. caribbaeum reported by Hutchfield (personal communication) may be this species also.

Scheltema (1971a) discussed the larvae of Cymatiidae, including Septa parthenopea, showing that

it was found in water samples from all around the

North Atlantic.

Family BURSIDAE Thiele, 1925

Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata (Perry, 1811)

FIGURE 8

Biplex corrugata Perry, 1811, pi. 3 [5]: fig. 1 [locality unknown].

Ranella caelata Broderip, 1833:179 [Panama (Pacific)].—E. A.

Smith, 1890a:268, 1890b: 318..—Keen, 1971:508.

Ranella pustulosa Reeve, 1844a: 137 [Ascension Island].—

Reeve, 1844b, pi. 3: fig. 11 a, b.

Ranella ponderosa Reeve, 1844a: 137 [locality unknown].—

Reeve, 1844b, pi. 3: fig. 14.

Bursa pustulosa jabik Fischer-Piette, 1942:216, pi. 6: fig. 2.—

Nickles, 1950:87.

liursa corrugata Perry.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:103, pi.

18: fig. M— Packer, 1968:58.

Bursa (Crossata) pustulosa (Reeve).—Nordsieck, 1968:110, fig.

67.10.

Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata (Perry).—Rios, 1970:74.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Reeve (1884a),

Smith (1890a, 1890b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.— 1 specimen (40 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield, 2 specimens (47.7 mm)

ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Panamic Province (eastern

Pacific), Florida and the West Indies to Brazil;

tropical west Africa, St. Helena, and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reeve (1844a) presumed when he

named Bursa pustulosa that, although it resembled

B. caelata, it must be a distinct species because no

species was believed to occur in both the eastern

Pacific and eastern Atlantic. A comparison of the

specimens from these regions reveals that they are

identical and subject to similar variation in size of

tubercles. Smith (1890a, b) did not hesitate to synonymize them. Subsequent workers, such as Warmke

and Abbott, and Packer and Rios have recognized

B. corrugata as the oldest name for the entity.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Data with three specimens from St. Helena

(USNM 637178) (the largest measuring 47 mm)

indicate that they were taken from the stomach of

an Octopus, presumably O. vulgaris, q.v.

The range of this species is comparatively extensive, from the eastern Atlantic westward to the

eastern Pacific. Bursidae produce egg capsule

masses, which the parents brood (Thorson, 1940).

Evidence on embryological development (Thorson,

1940) indicates that veligers may be released from

the capsules, although the length of the larval

stage is not known. The extensive range of B.

corrugata may be the result of long habitation of

the areas where it is now found, especially the

eastern Pacific. Scheltema (1971a) does not report

any Bursidae larvae from the samples taken in the

open Atlantic, although they may occur there and

have not been recognized as yet. The weight of

FIGURE 8.—Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata: 40 mm length;

Ascension; USNM 735706.
NUMBER 189 19

evidence suggests that B. corrugata has lived where

it is now found for a long time.

Family TONNIDAE Latreille, 1825 (Doliidae)

Tonna galea (Linne, 1758)

Buccinum galea Linne, 1758:734 [Mediterranean].

Tonna galea Linne.—Turner, 1948—Nickles, 1950.—Nordsieck, 1968.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern and western Atlantic

and Indo-Pacific (Turner, 1948).

REMARKS.—Tonna galea was reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication, 1971). It is not surprising that the

species should have been found at Ascension as its

range is very broad. Scheltema (1971a) has shown

that larvae of T. galea have been found throughout the tropical Atlantic.

Order NEOGASTROPODA

Family MURICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily MURICINAE Rafinesque, 1815

Murex (Chicoreus) florifer Reeve, 1846

Murex florifer Reeve, 1846:36, fig. 188 [Honduras].

Murex (Chicoreus) adustus Lamarck.—E. A. Smith 1890a:258

[St. Helena].

Murex (Chicoreus) florifer Reeve.—Clench and Farfante,

1945.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Florida, Bahamas,

Greater Antilles, Central America, St. Helena,

Ascension.

REMARKS.—Murex florifer was reported from

Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield, as M. adustus

(pers. comm.), probably based on E. A. Smith

(1890a). Murex adustus, however, is the name of

the common Indo-Pacific species. As pointed out

by Clench and Farfante (1945), M. florifer and

M. adustus are very similar analogues. To my

knowledge M. florifer does not occur in either the

Mediterranean or on the West Coast of Africa, but

it apparently does reach Ascension and St. Helena.

Subfamily THAIDINAE Suter, 1909

Thais (Thais) nodosa meretricula Roding, 1798

FIGURES 9, 10

Murex fucus Gmelin, 1791:3538 [composite species].

Thais meretricula Roding, 1798:54 [no locality; refers to

Gmelin, 1791, species 44, and to Martini, 1777, pi. 100:

figs. 961-962 (the 4-spotted, smooth, Ascension and Fernando de Noronha subspecies)].

Purpura ascensionis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:559, pi. 37: figs.

20-23 [Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890b:318.

Thais nodosa ascensionis Clench, 1947:69.—Lopes and Alvarenga, 1955:172.—Rios, 1970:81.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1833), E. A. Smith (1890b).

FIGURE 9.—Thais (Thais) nodosa meretricula: 39.7 mm

length; Ascension; USNM 225808 (see Figure 10).

FIGURE 10.—Thais (Thais) nodosa nodosa: 30.3 mm length;

"West Africa"; USNM 89624 (sec Figure 9).
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PRESENT MATERIAL.—5 specimens (38.5 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield, 10 specimens

(35.2 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ascension, Fernando de

Noronha.

REMARKS.—Thais nodosa nodosa Linne, the nominate subspecies, inhabits the mainland coast of

West Africa. It differs from T. nodosa meretricula

in being more distinctly nodose to spinose and in

having usually only two spots of brown on the

columella. (see Figure 10). Thais n. meretricula

is usually quite smooth and rather uniformly

possesses 3 or 4 spots on the columella. (see Figure

9).

Thais n. meretricula may appear occasionally in

collections misidentified under the name Purpura

patula, and worn specimens of the former do somewhat resemble the latter.

The rather complex nomenclatorial history of

this species was worked out by W. K. Emerson,

and I had access to his notes in the National Museum of Natural History Mollusk collections. In

brief, Murex fucus Gmelin may be considered a

composite species that Roding separated as Thais

lena [= T. nodosa nodosa Linn6, 1758] and Thais

meretricula. The subsequently described Purpura

ascensionis is an absolute synonym of T.

meretricula.

It is interesting to note the occurrence of T. n.

meretricula on Fernando de Noronha (Lopes and

Alvarenga, 1955). When additional material from

both Ascension and the latter location is available,

an analysis should be made to see whether there

is subspeciation taking place similar to that described by Vermeij (1970) for Nerita ascensionis.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Thais (Stramonita) rttstica bicarinata

(Blainville, 1832)

FIGURE 11

Purpura bicarinata Blainville, 1832:215 [St. Helena; refers to

"Quoy et Gaymard [sic], Astrolab. Zoolog. pi. 59 [39], f.

7-10"].

Purpura helena Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:573, Atlas, pi. 39:

figs. 7-10 [St. Helena and Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890a:

264; 1890b:318.

Thais (Stramonita) rustica bicarinata de Blainville.—Clench,

1947:82.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1833), E. A. Smith (1890a, b), Clench

(1947).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (56.1 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 13 (44.3 mm) ASC

5; 1 (30.9 mm) ASC 9; 3 (31.3 mm) ASC 10; 1

(17.4 mm) ASC 11; 2 (25.1 mm) ASC 12; 9 (39 mm)

ASC 16; 11 (35.1 mm) ASC 18; 6 (52.9 mm) ASC

20; 1 (30.3) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

REMARKS.—E. A. Smith (1890b) considered Purpura fasciata Reeve, 1846, a synonym of T. rustica

bicarinata, but Clench (1947) placed P. fasciata

in the synonymy of T. rustica rustica Lamarck, the

nominate subspecies, which is limited to the

western Atlantic. As pointed out by Clench, T. r.

bicarinata is close in many of its characteristics to

T. r. rustica, differing in developing stronger nodules, in being broader in proportion to length, and

in having stronger apertural ridges than the latter.

The subspecies T. r. bicarinata is known only from

these two Atlantic islands.

Several other species' names have been applied

invalidly to Thais r. bicarinata, probably based on

superficial resemblance. The species appears in

collections apparently misidentified, as Thais deltoidea Lamarck, which is known only from the

western Atlantic and as Thais forbesii Dunker, a

subspecies of Thais haemastoma Linne occurring

in West Africa (Clench, 1947:76).

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

FIGURE II.—Thais (Stramonita) rustica bicarinata: 56.1 mm

length; Ascension; USNM 735707.
NUMBER 189 21

Family COLUMBELLIDAE Swainson, 1840

Subfamily PYRENINAE Iredale, 1916

Mitrella ocellata (Cmelin, 1791)

FIGURE 12

Voluta ocellata Gmelin, 1791:3455.

Columbella (Mitrella) cribraria Lamarck.—E. A. Smith,

1890a:262; 1890b:318.—Lamy, 1941:306.

Pyrene cribraria Lamarck.—Nickles, 1950:96.—Knudsen, 1956:

30.

Nitidella ocellata Gmelin, 1791.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:

112, pi. 20/.

Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin).—Rehder, 1962:130.—Radwin

[1968]: 160

Columbella (Nitidella) ocellata (Gmelin).—Nordsieck, 1968:

125.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (8.5 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield. 8 (11.6 mm) ASC 5;

1 (1.3 mm) ASC 8; 1 (9.7 mm) ASC 11; 2 (10.2

mm) ASC 12; 23 (9.2 mm) ASC 13; 9 (4 mm) ASC

14; 1 (8.9 mm) ASC 15; 8 (10 mm) ASC 16; 3

(11 mm) ASC 18; 5 (10.8 mm) ASC 20; 1 (8.5)

ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Occurs in the western Atlantic

from Bermuda, south through Florida, the West

Indies, and Central America to Venezuela (Radwin

[1968]); Brazil (Rios, 1970); in tropical West

Africa in Mauritania and Senegal (Nickles, 1950);

FICURE 12.—Mitrella ocellata: 10.7 mm length; Collyer Point,

near Georgetown, Ascension (ASC-20); USNM 735132.

St. Helena (Smith, 1890a); Indian Ocean (Radwin

[1968]; Knudsen, 1956; Nordsieck 1968); Gulfs of

Aden and Aqaba (Lamy, 1941).

REMARKS.—Mitrella ocellata is a widely distributed species, occurring in both eastern and western

Atlantic and having been reported from the IndoPacific as well. It was previously thought to live

also in the tropical eastern Pacific, but Keen

(1971:591) states that it is the very similar appearing species, Mitrella guttata Sowerby, that lives

there.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

FamUy BUCCINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Pisania pusio (Linne, 1758)

FIGURE 13

Murex pusio Linne, 1758:754 ["M. Mediterraneo" (in error)].—

Dodge, 1957:171 [tropical western Atlantic].

Pisania pusio (Linne).—Smith, 1890b:318 —Abbott, 1954:233,

pi. 13o.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:117, pi. 21c—Packer,

1968:59.—Work, 1969:672.—Rios, 1970:91.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b).

—Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (18.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (39 mm)

ASC 16; 7 (40.8 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning,

May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeast Florida, the West Indian islands, and along the coast of Central and

South America to Brazil (Work, 1969); also occurs

on Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

?Cantharus (Pollia) consanguineus (Smith, 1890a)

Cantharus (Tritonidea) consanguineus Smith, 1890a:260 [St.

Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from St. Helena and

Ascension.

REMARKS.—The present specimen is worn but

resembles the original figure of Smith and voucher

specimens of this species from Turton in the
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Harpa rosea Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:318.—Nickles,

1950:113, fig. 204.

Harpa nobilis (Bolt.).—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Reported by Hutchfield

(personal communication 1972), MCZ collection,

K. Jourdan collection.

DISTRIBUTION.—From Cape Verde Islands to

Luanda, Angola; Ascension (Rehder, 1973).

REMARKS.—Refer to Rehder's monograph of

the Family Harpidae (1973:255). This species is

recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard

University.

FIGURE 13.—Pisania pusio: 18.8 mm length; Ascension;

USNM 735711.

National Museum of Natural History (USNM

123949). The generic classification is that of Smith,

with the change in subgeneric nomenclature recommended by Nordsieck (1968:132) for related

species.

Family NASSARIIDAE Swainson, 1840

Hinia (Uzita) sanctaehelenae (A. Adams, 1852)

Xassa sanctaehelenae A. Adams, 1852:110 [St. Helena].—

Reeve, 1853, pi. 28: figs. 188«, b.—Smith, 1890a:263.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (10.4 mm) Ascension, Kay M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

REMARKS.—This species resembles N. sanctaehelenae A. Adams. Smith's (1890a) redescription

allows considerable variation. The present specimen is more slender than the type, and the

coloration is faded, although recognizable. It seems

likely that the Ascension specimen is identifiable

with Adams's species. The generic and subgeneric

nomenclature follows Nordsieck (1968:142).

Family HARPIDAE Bronn, 1849

Harpa doris Roding, 1798

Harpa doris Roding, 1798:150—Rehder, 1973:255, pi. 189:

figs. 12-16.

Family MARGINELLIDAE Fleming, 1828

Marginella (Gibberula) lavalleeana

(d'Orbigny, 1842)

Marginella lavelleeana d'Orbigny, 1842-1853:101; 1842, pi. 20:

figs. 36-38 [as M. lavalleana; = Marginella minuta L.

Pfeiffer, 1840, not of Gray, 1826].

Persicula (Gibberula) lavalleeana Orbigny.—Warmke and

Abbott, 1961:128.

Gibberula philippii (Monterosato).—Nordsieck, 1968:153.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (2 mm) ASC

13; 4 (2.1 mm) ASC 15; 1 (2.2 mm) ASC 19; 3 (2.3

mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

REMARKS.—As this species is common to both

eastern and western Atlantic, it is not unusual for

it to occur also on Ascension. The generic nomenclature follows Coan (1965) in this and in the

following species.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida and the West Indies

(Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Portugal, Spain,

Mediterranean, Canary Islands, northwest Africa

(NMNH records).

The following four species of Marginellidae are

cited by literature reference only as inhabitants of

Ascension. No specimens have been available for

examination by me.

Marginella dunkeri Krauss, 1848

Marginella dunkeri Krauss, 1848:126, pi. 6: fig. 23.—Weinkauff, 1879:28 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.
NUMBER 189 23

Marginella zonata Kiener, 1841

Marginella zonata Kiener, 1841:41, pi. 13: fig. 4.—Weinkauff,

1879:28 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeast Florida and the West

Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Ascension Island.

Marginella capensis (Dunker) Krauss, 1848

Marginella capensis (Dunker).—Krauss, 1848:125, pi. 6: fig.

21.—Weinkauff, 1879:23 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.

Bullata (Cryptospira) robusta (Sowerby, 1904)

Marginella (Cryptospira) robusta Sowerby, 1904:175, fig. [Ascension].

Family MITRIDAE Swainson, 1831

Mitra (Mitra) barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791)

FIGURE 14

Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, 1791:3455 ["Oceano americano"].

Mitra striatula Lamarck.—Smith, 1890b:319 [= M. barbadensis according to Cernohorsky, 1970:35] [Ascension].

Mitra barbadensis Gmelin.—Stearns, 1893:328 [Ascension].—

Warmke and Abbott, 1961:124, pi. 22-o.—Cernohorsky,

1970:35.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (16.9 mm)

ASC 16, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

FIGURE 14.—Mitra (Mitra) barbadensis: 17.2 mm length;

Shelly Beach, Ascension (ASC-16); USNM 735105.

Subclass PULMONATA

Order BASOMMATOPHORA

Family ELLOBHDAE Adams, 1855

Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949

Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949:9 [New Providence, Bahamas].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—15 specimens (2 mm) ASC

21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Bahamas, Jamaica (personal communication, J. P. E. Morrison),

Ascension.

REMARKS.—It is somewhat surprising to find A.

novimundi at Ascension, since all previous records

for the species have been from the western Atlantic.

The small size of the shells suggests that the living

animal could readily be rafted on floating material,

and it may have a pelagic larval stage, both possibilities for easy transport from place to place.

Pedipes mirabilis (Megerle von Muhlfeldt, 1816)

Turbo mirabilis Megerle von Muhlfeldt, 1816:8, pi. 2: figs.

13a, b.

Pedipes mirabilis Megerle von Muhlfeldt.—Clench, 1964:119,

pi. 76: figs. 1-3.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.1 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Texas, Bermuda, south

to Brazil (Clench, 1964), Ascension.

REMARKS.—This is the first record for P. mirabilis

outside of the western Atlantic. Smith (1890a) reported Pedipes pedipes Bruguiere (as P. afer

(Gmelin)), the eastern Atlantic species, from St.

Helena, but the latter is easily distinguished from

P. mirabilis, the two species having markedly

different outer lip armament: P. pedipes with a

large and a small tooth and P. mirabilis with only

one tooth.
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family SIPHONARIIDAE Gray, 1840

Williamia gwsoni (O. G. Costa, 1829)

Ancylus gussonii O. G. Costa, 1829: cxx, cxxv.

Williamia gussonii (Costa).—E. A. Smith, 1890a:296.—1890b:

321 [Ascension].

Williamia gussoni (Costa).—Franc, 1968:522.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a,b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—7 specimens (5.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands (Nickles, 1958:41), St.

Helena, and Ascension.

Siphonaria picta d'Orbigny, 1835

Siphonaria picta d'Orbigny, 1835-1846:469 [Antilles]; 1847,

pi. 56: figs. 7-10 [name and figure].—Morrison, 1963:8.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.4 mm) ASC

18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Fernando de Noronha Island,

Abrolhos Islands, coast of Brazil (Morrison, 1963),

Ascension.

REMARKS.—Although the specimen collected by

Manning was a young individual, its identification

as a member of this species was corroborated by

Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, who has made a study of

this family.

Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA

Order ENTOMOTAENIATA

Famay PYRAMIDELLIDAE Gray, 1840

Pyramidella dolabrata (Linne, 1758)

Trochus dolabratus Linne, 1758:760.—Dodge, 1958:205.

Obeliscus dolabratus Linne.—Smith 189Oa:275 [St. Helena].

Pyramidella dolabrata Linne.—Stearns, 1893:332.—Nickles,

1950:71; 1958:41.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical western Atlantic, west

Africa, St. Helena, and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported from Ascension by Mrs.

K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm, 1972).

Order CEPHALASPIDEA

Family HYDATINIDAE Pilsbry, 1893

Micromelo undatus (Bruguiere, 1792)

FIGURE 15

Bulla undata Bruguiere, 1792:380.

Micromelo undata Bruguiere.—Pilsbry, 1893:386, 391, pi. 59:

figs. 20-24.—Johnson, 1934:148.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:

141.

Micromelo undatus Brug. [sic].—Nickles, 1958:39.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (7.7 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 specimens (11.3

mm) [one collected alive] ASC 15, R. B. Manning,

May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Lower Florida Keys and West

Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Cape Verde

Islands (Nickles, 1958), Ascension.

REMARKS.—The fact that M. undatus was noted

by Nickles (1958) as a species recently introduced

to the west African fauna may indicate that there

is some agent affecting its transportation across the

Atlantic. Its presence at Ascension is assured by the

living specimen collected by Manning in 1971 (see

"Present Material," above).

Family SCAPHANDRIDAE Sars, 1878

Cylichna cylindracea (T. Pennant, 1777)

Bulla cylindracea T. Pennant, 1777:117, pi. 70: fig. 85.

Cylichna cylindracea Watson, 1886:663 [Challenger Sta 344,

off Ascension Island, 420 fms].—E. A. Smith, 1890b:321.—

Nickles, 1958:39.

FIGURE 15.—Micromelo undatus: 7.7 mm length; Ascension;

USNM 735715.
NUMBER 189 25

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout the northeastern

Atlantic from the Lofoten Islands to the Mediterranean; the Canary Islands and Mogador

(Essaouira) (Watson, 1886); Bay of Goree, Senegal

(Nickles, 1958); St. Helena and Ascension Islands

(Smith, 1890a, b).

REMARKS.—Recorded as a recent introduction by

Nickles (1958) under Retusidae. This is one of the

nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an

Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Family RETUSIDAE Thiele, 1926

Retusa orycta (R. Boog Watson, 1883)

Utriculus oryctus R. Boog Watson, 1883b:337 [Challenger Sta

344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—Watson, 1886:653, pi. 48:

fig. 12.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:321.

Retusa oryctus Watson (sic.).—Pilsbry, 1893:227, pi. 21: fig. 5.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b). The trivial name orycta is an

adjective according to Watson (1886) and, therefore, should agree in gender with the feminine

generic name Retusa.

Family ATYIDAE Thiele, 1926

Haminea hydatis (Linne, 1758)

Bulla hydatis Linne, 1758:726.—Dodge, 1955:22.

Haminea hydatis Linne.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:297; 1890b:

321—Pilsbry, 1893:354, pi. 41: figs. 19, 20.—Riedl, 1963:

381, pi. 132.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith

(1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (8.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (4.6 mm)

ASC 15; 2 specimens (2.5 mm) ASC 21, R. B.

Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the eastern Atlantic from

southern England southward along coasts of France

and Spain, the Mediterranean including the Adriatic; St. Helena and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Apparently not yet reported from

the West Coast of Africa, but living at Ascension

and St. Helena.

Order ANASPIDEA

Family APLYSIIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Aplysia (Varna) dactylomela Rang, 1828

Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828:56, pi. 9.—Eales, 1960:307.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (3.8 mm

[young]) ASC 14; 1 specimen (75 mm) ASC 16,

R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Worldwide in warm seas.

REMARKS.—This is such a large, usually common,

and easily recognizable Aplysia, it is surprising

that it has not been reported from Ascension

previously. The suddenness of its appearance could

indicate that A. dactylomela and some of the

other new arrivals may have landed at Ascension

and have become established because of some

recent change in the environment, which affected

their normal path of distribution.

Order NOTASPIDEA

Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Deshayes, 1830

Pleurobranchus (Pleurobranchus) areolatus

Morch, 1863

Pleurobranchus areolatus Morch, 1863:28.—Marcus and Marcus, 1962:466; 1967:44.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (21 mm) ASC

22, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Florida and the West

Indies, Ascension.

Family UMBRACULIDAE Dall, 1889

Umbraculum mediterraneum (Lamarck, 1819)

FlCURE 16

Umbrella mediterranea Lamarck, 1819:343.—E. A. Smith,

1890a:299— Nickles, 1958:41.

Umbraculum mediterraneum Lamarck.—Pilsbry, 1895-1896:

179.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen, shell only (55

mm), Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.
26

FIGURE 16.—Umbraculum mediterraneum: 55 mm length;

Ascension; USNM ,735713.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean and Adriatic seas,

Cape Verde Islands, St. Helena, (Pilsbry, 1895-

1896), Senegal (Nickles, 1958), Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species, like a number of others

with similar eastern Atlantic distributions which

include the Cape Verde Islands and/or the midwestern coast of Africa, has also reached the midAtlantic islands of St. Helena and Ascension,

probably via the south Equatorial, or Equatorial

Countercurrent.

Class BIVALVIA

Subclass PALAEOTAXODONTA

Order NUCULOIDA

Family NUCULANIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1858

Nuculana jefireysi (Hidalgo, 1877)

Leda jeffreysi Hidalgo, 1877:136 [new name for Leda lata

Jeffreys, 1876:431, not Hinds].—E. A. Smith, 1885:234 [Challenger Sta 344, off Ascension in 420 fms].

Nuculana jeffreysi (Hidalgo).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:322.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included

here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant

(Smith, 1890b).

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA

Order ARCOIDA

Family ARCIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Area noae bouvieri P. Fischer, 1874

Area bouvieri Fischer, 1874:206 [Archipel du Cap Vert].—

Nordsieck, 1969:19, pi. 2: fig. 10.01.

Area sanctaehelenae Smith, 1890a:305, pi. 22: figs. 8a, 8b [St.

Helena]; 1890b:322 [Ascension].

Area noe [sic] bouvieri P. Fischer.—Nickles, 1947:16; [noae

used] 1955:114; 1958:44.

}Arca zebra (Swainson).—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b),

Nickles (1955:114, 115).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—This subspecies is reported

from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University;

also reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M.

Hutchfield (personal communication, 1972).

DISTRIBUTION.—Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome,

Annobon, Ascension, and St. Helena; west Africa

from Mauritania to the Congo Republic (Nickles,

1955).

REMARKS.—The use by Nickles of the name

Area noe appears to be an unjustified emendation

of A. noae Linne, the word "noae" being the

Latin genitive of Noah!

Arcopsis adamsi (Dall, 1886)

FIGURE 17

Area adamsi Dall, 1886:243 [off Havana and near Santa Lucia

(West Indies); new name for Area lactea Linne, C. B.

Adams, not Linn£, and for Area caelata Conrad, not

Reeve].—Smith, 1890c: 499.—Lamy, 1907:104.

Area (Acar) lactea Linne.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:322.—Stearns,

1893:320.

Arcopsis adamsi Dall.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:159.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith

(1890b), Stearns (1893 — as Area lactea [?]).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (10.8 mm) ASC

II; 5 specimens (9.6 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning,

May 1971; 1 specimen (7.8 mm) Ascension, USNM

125406, U.S. Eclipse Expedition, 1889-1890

(Stearns, 1893).

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to Brazil

(Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Bermuda (Lamy,

1907), Fernando de Noronha (Smith, 1890c),

Ascension.
NUMBER 189 27

FIGURE 17.—Arcopsis adamsi: 8 mm length; Shelly Beach,

Ascension (ASC-18); USNM 744746.

REMARKS.—The newly acquired specimens of

this species were originally mixed with somewhat

similar appearing specimens of Acar dominguensis

in material from Ascension collected by Manning.

Characteristics of the hinge and ligament are very

distinct in each species, Arcopsis having only a

very limited triangular ligament, while that of

Acar is much more elongate. The shapes of the

shells and sculptural characteristics of the two

species may be somewhat convergent at times.

Both may evidence reticulate sculpture, which

tends to produce small pustules at the junctions of

incremental and radial threads.

It seems extremely probable to me that Smith's

use of the name A. lactea for his Ascension material

was based on the species A. adamsi. This is certainly the case with Steam's use of lactea, as the

specimen in the NMNH collection upon which he

was reporting is A. adamsi. This is another West

Indian species which occurs also at Ascension

Island in the mid-Atlantic.

The synonymy of Arcopsis afer Gmelin, 1791,

may possibly include A. adamsi. The former species is reported from west Africa by Nickles

(1955 and 1958). The illustrations in FischerPiette's (1942) clarification of Adanson's work on

Senegal mollusks do not permit a conclusive comparison, unfortunately, nor have adequate specimens of A. afer been available for comparison.

This synonymy, if substantiated, would establish

yet another amphi-Atlantic marine mollusk species

(Rosewater and Vermeij, 1972).

The species Striarca lactea Linn£ is clearly a

different entity, having an elongate ligament and

a radially sculptured shell, rather than a reticulately sculptured one.

Arcopsis adamsi is a member of the genus

Arcopsis Koenen, 1885, based on comparison with

illustrations of the type-species of that genus

(Newell, 1969:N263, fig. C10-6a, b).

Acar domingensis (Lamarck, 1819)

FIGURE 18

Area domingensis Lamarck, 1819:40 [l'Ocean des Antilles, a S.

Domingue].

Area (Acar) domingensis Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:305;

1890b:322 [St. Helena; Ascension].

Barbatia (Acar) domingensis Lamarck.—Woodring, 1925:36-

38.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:158.—Waller, 1973:40.

Area plicate Chemnitz [Dilhvyn, 1817:227].Nickles, 1955:115;

1958:44 [in part?].

Acar reticulata (Gmelin).—Nordsieck, 1969:21.

Acar domingensis (Lamarck).—Woodring, 1973:497.

FIGURE 18.—Acar domingensis: 20.2 mm length; English Bay,

Ascension (ASC-10); USNM 735041.
28

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (2 paired and

1 single right valve, 16.4 mm) Ascension, K. M.

Hutchfield; 14 (22 mm) ASC 5; 2 (14.7 mm) ASC

8; 1 (20.2 mm) ASC 10; 3 (9.7 mm) ASC 11; 10

(15.1 mm) ASC 12; 12 (13.4 mm) ASC 13; 13 (23.6

mm) ASC 15; 1 (11.8 mm) ASC 18; 1 (9.7 mm) ASC

21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to West Indies

(Woodring, 1973), Cape Verde Islands (Nordsieck,

1969), St. Helena and Ascension (Smith, 1890a,b).

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Woodring (1925)

the name Area reticulata was applied to this entity by some authors. However, when the original

description of A. reticulata is consulted (Gmelin,

1791:3311), several plate references are found

which show the name to be in all probability that

of a composite species. Lamarck apparently recognized this fact when he supplied the name A.

domingensis for one of the originally cited plate

references, "List. Conch, t. 233. f. 67" (Lister,

1770). The species is common in the tropical

western Atlantic. It has been known from St.

Helena and Ascension since E. A. Smith's reports

(1890a, b).

This species is also recorded from Ascension in

the MCZ, Harvard University.

Tetrarca tetragona tetragona (Poli, 1795)

Area tetragona Poli, 1795:137, pi. 25: figs. 12, 13.—Steams,

1893:320.—Lamy, 1907:41.

Tetrarca tetragona tetragona Poli.—Nordsieck, 1969:20.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (13.4 mm) Ascension, Stearns, 1893, USNM 125402.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Norway to Cape Verde

Islands; Ascension.

REMARKS.—The smallish specimens reported on

by Stearns (1893) appear to possess the more posteriorly direct umbos, sharp keel, and restricted

ligament, which distinguish the species A.

tetragona from A. bouvieri. The genus Tetrarca

was erected for A. tetragona by Nordsieck (1969),

also because of these differences. It is somewhat

difficult to verify these differences in young specimens, as there is often much variation present

within species of the family Arcidae.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Order MYTILOIDA

Family MYTILIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Lithophaga (Dibertis) bisulcata (d'Orbigny, 1842)

FIGURE 19

Lithodomus bisulcatus d'Orbigny, 1842-1853:333; 1842, pi. 28:

figs. 14-16 [Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Santo

Domingo].

Lithodomus biexcavatus Reeve.—Smith, 1890a: 305 [St.

Helena].

Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata d'Orbigny.—Turner and

Boss, 1962:110.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (8.1 mm) ASC

13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina through the West

Indies to Brazil; St. Helena (Turner and Boss,

1962), Ascension.

FIGURE 19.—Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata: 8.1 mm length;

Georgetown, Ascension; USNM 735062.

REMARKS.—Identification of the present small

specimen from Ascension might be equivocal were

it not for the known presence of the L. bisulcata

at St. Helena. Specimens in the NMNH collection

from the latter locality verify the occurrence of the

species in the mid-Atlantic. The distinctive calcareous network at the posterior end of the shell

facilitates identification of both subgenus and

species.

Family PINNIDAE Leach, 1819

Pinna rudis Linne, 1758

FIGURE 20
NUMBER 189 29

Pinna rudis Linne, 1758:707.—Nickles, 1950:173.—Turner

and Rosewater, 1958:304.

Pinna rugosa Sowerby.—Smith, 189Oa:3O5 [St. Helena].—Salvat

and Salvat, 1972:43.

Pinna pernula Chemnitz.—Smith, 1890a:306 [St. Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (318 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (390 mm)

English Bay, Ascension, obtained by divers below

tidal level, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Western Mediterranean, Madeira,

Canary, and Cape Verde islands; the west coast of

Africa south to Angola; St. Helena and Ascension

islands; sporadically in the West Indies (Turner

and Rosewater, 1958).

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Turner and Rosewater (1958), Pinna rudis, although primarily an

eastern Atlantic species, also occasionally may be

found in the tropical western Atlantic, its larvae

probably carried there via the north and/or south

Equatorial currents. Evidence is not great for the

establishment of thriving breeding populations of

P. rudis in the western Atlantic, however, and its

presence probably is due to occasional recruitment.

Breeding populations of P. carnea are present in

the western Atlantic (Turner and Rosewater,

1958), but this species does not inhabit the eastern

Atlantic. References to its presence there (Nordsieck, 1969) are errors for P. rudis.

It is apparently rather difficult to collect P. rudis

at Ascension. Specimens were taken at a depth of

from 60-80 feet by divers. A specimen received in

1963 from A. Loveridge, St. Helena, was removed

from an underwater cable.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Order PTERIOIDA

Famfly MALLEIDAE Lamarck, 1819

Malleus (Parimalleus) candeanus (d'Orbigny, 1842)

FIGURE 21

Avicula candeana d'Orbigny, 1842, pi. 28: figs. 25-27.

Malleus regula (Forskal).—Smith, 1881:430-431; 1890b:322

[Ascension].

Perna perna Linne, Stearns, 1893:318-319 [Ascension].

Malleus (Parimalleus) candeanus d'Orbigny.—Boss and

Moore, 1967:87.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (11.3 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 3 specimens (23.1

mm) Ascension, USNM 125403, U.S. Naval Eclipse

Expedition, 1889-1890.

FIGURE 20.—Pinna rudis: 390 mm length; English Bay,

Ascension; USNM 735153.

FIGURE 21.—Malleus (ParimaUrm) candeanus: 23.1 mm

greatest length; Ascension: USNM 125403.
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION.—Bermuda, Florida, Mexico, the

West Indies (Boss and Moore, 1967), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Boss and Moore (1967) have pointed

out the unusual morphology of the shell of this

species, which has three separate portions as an

adult—a first-formed lamellose area near the hinge,

a light-colored shank area, and a fan-shaped distal

extension. Once recognized this growth form is

easily identified and unlike any other Atlantic bivalve. Contrary to Boss and Moore's statement,

however, this species does travel eastward in the

Atlantic, at least as far as Ascension.

Family PECTINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Nodipecten nodosus (Linne, 1758)

FIGURE 22

Ostrea nodosa Linne, 1758:697.

Pecten corallinoides d'Orbigny.—Smith, 1890a:306. [St.

Helena].—Nickles, 1955:137 [Ascension].

Lyropecten corallinoides (d'Orbigny).—Nordsieck, 1969:54.

Lyropecten nodosus Linne, 1758.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:

169.

Pecten fnodosus Packer, 1968:59.

Nodipecten nodosus Linne.—Grau, 1959:127-128.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION

137) Packer (1968:59).

RECORDS.—Nickles (1955:

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 valve (22 X 21.5 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to the West Indies and Brazil, islands off West Coast of Africa

(Grau, 1959), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Dodge (1952) considered P. corallinoides d'Orbigny merely a variety of P. nodosus

and that course is followed here because of the

large number of other western Atlantic species

which have reached Ascension. The only apparent

other course would be to consider it a subspecies

or a separate entity and it is very similar to nodosa.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Pecten keppelianus Sowerby, 1905

Pecten keppelianus Sowerby, 1905:279 [Ascension Island?].

REMARKS.—There is a specimen of JP. keppelianus

in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History from the Cape Verde Islands (USNM

225825). It appears very close in its relationship to

both Pecten maximus and P. jacobaeus. Sowerby

stressed the fact that he was somewhat unsure of

Ascension as a correct locality, other shells from

the same source having originated on the coast of

Africa. The presence of P. keppelianus at Ascension

is therefore in doubt.

Fir.iRE 22.—Nodipecten nodosus: 22 mm greatest length; Ascension; USNM 735723.
NUMBER 189 31

Family SPONDYLIDAE Gray, 1826

Spondylus senegalensis Schreibers, 1793

Spondylus senegalensis Schreibers, 1793:162.—Lamy, 1938:

293—Nickles, 1955:138, 139.

Spondylus sp. Smith, 1890b:322.

Spondylus powelli Smith, 1892:70.—Nickles, 1950:176.—Grau,

1959:139, 140.—Nordsieck, 1969:56.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Grau (1959).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—8 specimens (48.7 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (84.2

mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Coast of Africa, Madeira,

Cape Verde Islands, Ascension.

REMARKS.—As shown by Lamy (1938), Schreibers

first named the eastern Atlantic Spondylus species

which has long been known as S. powelli. Although

the present specimens from Ascension are worn,

they fit the color and sculpture descriptions of the

various authors.

Spondylus imbutus Reeve, 1856

Spondylus imbutus Reeve, 1856, pi. 15: species 55.—Stearns,

1893:318.—Lamy 1938:287.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Based on Stearns's report.

REMARKS.—Lamy (1938) listed the known locality records for S. imbutus as Ascension (Stearns,

1893) and Philippines (Hidalgo, 1905:383). Dall

(1898:760) listed S. imbutus in the synonymy of

S. echinatus Martyn [ = S. americanus Hermann?].

As S. imbutus was described without a locality the

true identity of the species is somewhat in question.

It is included here only because of the Stearns reference, which may be attributable to S. senegalensis. Unfortunately the lot referred to by Stearns,

USNM 125411, cannot be found and examined to

confirm its identity.

Family OSTREIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)

FIGURE 23

Ostrea cuccullata Born, 1778:100; 1780:114, pi. 6: figs. 11, 12.—

Smith, 1890b: 322.—Lamy, 1929:153.—Nickles, 1950:182;

1955:142 [?Pycnodonta hyotis (Linne)].

Ostrea mordax Gould.—Stearns, 1893:318 [not Ostrea mordax

Gould, 1850].

Saccostrea cuccullata Born.—Stenzel, 1971:N1134.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Nickles (1950).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (46.9 mm

greatest length) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield;

many specimens (91.6 mm) ASC 5; many (93.5

mm) ASC 18; 1 (30.4 mm) ASC 21, R. B.

Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Coast of Africa; islands of

Sao Thome, Principe, and Ascension (Nickles,

1950:182).

REMARKS.—This is a readily identifiable species

with an undulating shell margin, a flattened convex or concave upper valve, and a deeply sacculate lower valve.

The species is recorded from Ascension in the

MCZ, Harvard University.

Subclass HETERODONTA

Order VENEROIDA

Family THYASIRIDAE Dall, 1901

Thyasira species

Cryptodon sp. E. A. Smith, 1885:25,194 [Challenger Sta 344,

off Ascension Island, in 420 fms].—Smith, 1890b:322.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deeper water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Family LUCINIDAE Fleming, 1828

Codakia (Ctena) decussata (O. G. Costa, 1829)

FICURE 24

Lucina decussata O. G. Costa, 1829:8.

Ctena decussata (O. G. Costa, 1830).—Nordsieck, 1969:85.

Codakia (Ctena) decussata Costa.—Britton [1970]:325.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (11.4 mm)

Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 4 specimens (14.2

mm) ASC 10; 4 (11.5 mm) ASC 11; 2 (16.2 mm)
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 23.—Saccostrea cuccullata: 28.9 mm greatest length of flatter valve (c,d)',

Northeast Bay, Ascension; USNM 735023. (Note sacculate concavity in b.)

FIGURE 24.—Codakia (Ctena) decussata: 16.2 mm length; English Bay, Ascension; USNM 735080.
NUMBER 189 33

ASC 15; 1 (5.5 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May

1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean, west Africa, Canary Islands, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Several other Lucinids have been

mentioned from Ascension. Unfortunately they are

not represented by specimens in our collection.

They are Lucina (Codakia) imbricatula (Smith,

1890b:321), Codakia orbicidaris and Codakia

costata (both personal communications, Mrs. K. M.

Hutchfield).

?Phacoides (Lucinoma) filosus (Stimpson, 1851)

Lucina filosa Stimpson, 1851:17.

Phacoides filosus Stimpson.—Abbott, 1954:389.—Packer, 1968:

59?

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Record based on Packer

(1968), who questioned the name.

DISTRIBUTION.—East coast of North America

from New Brunswick to Florida, in the Gulf of

Mexico, off coasts of Cuba and Jamaica (Britton

[1970]), ?Ascension (Packer, 1968).

REMARKS.—Considering that the occurrence of

P. filosus at Ascension is based on Packer's doubtful reference, its presence there must be questioned

until verified.

Family ERYCINIDAE Deshayes, 1850

Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin, 1791)

Tellina adansoni Gmelin, 1791:3239.

Cardium rubrum Montagu, 1803:83.

Lasaea adansoniana Recluz.—Smith, 1890a:304 [St. Helena].

Lasaea adansoni Gmelin.—Fischer-Piette, 1942:318.—Nordsieck, 1969:87.

Kellya adansoni Gmelin.—Nickles, 1950:193.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—7 specimens (1.3 mm) from

algae and worm tube washes, ASC 12; many (3.7

mm) ASC 17; 20 (2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning,

May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Atlantic, North Pacific, Mediterranean, Azores, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Lasaea adansoni is frequently found

in algae and often occurs at fairly great depths.

The species is ovoviviparous, and therefore a

single gravid individual rafted on floating material

to a new location could start a colony in that area.

FamUy CHAMIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Pseudochama radians (Lamarck, 1819)

Chama radians Lamarck, 1819:96.

(Chama sp., Smith, 1890a:303— PPacker, 1968:59.

Pseudochama radians Lamarck.—Nordsieck, 1969:96.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—PPacker (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (76.2 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (8.3 mm) ASC 13,

R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic islands, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Smith (1890a) called Chama a "difficult group" about which a "positive opinion"

should not be given without "special study." This

is still the case, although it appears fairly certain

that a large species of Chamidae is living at Ascension, to which the name "radians" seems to be

applicable.

FamUy CARDIIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Trigoniocardia (Americardia) medium

(Linne, 1758)

Cardium medium Linne, 1758:678.

Cardium (Fragum) medium Linne.—Smith, 1890b:322.

Trigoniocardia (Americardia) medium Linne.—Dodge, 1952:

56.—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b),

Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeastern United States and

West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961),

Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported to occur at Ascension by

K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.).

This species is also recorded from Ascension in

the MCZ, Harvard University.

Papyridea soleniformis (Braguiere, 1789)

Cardium soleniformis Bruguiere, 1789:235.

Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere).—Warmke and Abbott,

1961:182—Packer, 1968:59.—Nordsieck, 1969:103.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeastern United States and

West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Cape

Verde Islands (Nordsieck, 1969), Ascension

(Packer, 1968).

REMARKS.—Reported as uncommon at Ascension (Packer, 1968). Also reported from Ascension

by K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.).

Family VENERIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily MERETRICINAE Gray, 1847

Tivela mactroides (Bom, 1778)

Venus mactroides Born, 1778:52.

Tivela mactroides Born.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:188, pi.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None .

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Record based on report of

K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies to Brazil (Warmke

and Abbott, 1961; Rios, 1970:188).

REMARKS.—Reported from Ascension by K. M.

Hutchfield (pers. comm., 1972). As the range of this

species extends to Brazil, it is not too surprising to

find it reported from Ascension also. Equatorial

currents may transport larvae in both easterly and

westerly directions.

Family SEMELIDAE Stoliczka, 1870

Semele modesta (Reeve, 1853)

Amphidesma modesta Reeve, 1853, pi. 6: figs. 35«,b.

Semele cordiformis (Chemnitz).—Smith, 1890a:301; 1890b:

321; 1890c: 498.

Semele modesta (Reeve).—Boss, 1972:13.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a,b),

Boss (1972).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—The species is included

here based on the record of K. M. Hutchfield

(pers. comm., 1972) for Semele proficua.

DISTRIBUTION.—Islands of Gulf of Guinea, coast

of central west Africa, St. Helena, Ascension,

Brazil (Boss, 1972).

REMARKS.—Boss (1972) pointed out that there

are two Semele species in west Africa, S. modesta

and S. lamyi Nickles, 1955. Only one, S. modesta,

so far as is known, reaches Ascension.

Family TELLINIDAE deBlainville, 1814

Tellina (Peronaea) ascensionis Sowerby, 1905

Tellina (Peronaea) ascensionis Sowerby, 1905:279.

REMARKS.—This species was described as coming

from Ascension. Sowerby also compared it to

"the . . . smaller Mediterranean T. nitida Poli"

[=Angulus (Peronidia) albicans Gmelin, according to Nordsieck, 1969:134]. I can find no record

from Ascension for this species after Sowerby's

original description.

Class SCAPHOPODA

Family DENTALIIDAE Gray, 1840

Dentalium (Antalis) agile M. Sars, 1872

Dentalium agile M. Sars, 1872:31, pi. 3: figs. 4-15 [Lofoten

Islands, 200-300 fms, and near Aalesund, Norway, 200-220

fans; new name for D. incertum Philippi, 1844; not Deshayes, 1826].—Knudsen, 1949:3 [range detailed].

Dentalium entalis var. agile R. Boog Watson, 1886:6 [Challenger Sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—E. A. Smith,

189Ob:321.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger

species from deep water off Ascension. It is included

here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant

(Smith, 1890b).

Class CEPHALOPODA

Subclass COLEOIDEA (Dibranchia)

Order OCTOPODA

Family OCTOPODIDAE d'Orbigny, 1845

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, [1797]

Octopus vulgare Cuvier, [1797]:381 [coast of France].—Hemming, 1954:278, 288, 291-293.

Octopus vulgaris Lamarck, 1798:130.—Stearns, 1893:339.—
NUMBER 189 35

Robson, 1929:57-62.—Adam, 1952:117-125.—Pickford, 1955:

156.—Lane, 1957:221.

Octopus occidentalis Hoyle, 1886:77.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Hoyle (1886);

dredged in 20-30 fathoms, according to Stearns

(1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 2 (ML 22, 28, 80 mm)

ASC5;2$ (ML 11, 42 mm) ASC 11,21; 1$ (ML 28

mm) ASC 23, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North and South Atlantic (east

and west), Mediterranean Sea, North Sea (Adam,

1952).

REMARKS.—A note with three shells of Bursa

corrugata (USNM 637178), the largest measuring

47 mm, indicated they were taken from the

stomach of an Octopus, presumably this species.

Smith's (1890a) record of an Octopus on St.

Helena is probably this species.

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•& u.s. 6-3 77/6



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