UCMR 4 Candidate

Contaminants – 

Information 

Compendium
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Office of Water (4607M)

EPA 815-B-15-005

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Introduction

As part of its responsibilities under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA implements section 

1445(a)(2), Monitoring Program for Unregulated Contaminants. This section, as amended in 1996, 

requires that once every five years, EPA issue a list of no more than 30 unregulated contaminants to 

be monitored by public water systems (PWSs). These contaminants may be present in drinking water 

but are not yet subject to EPA’s drinking water standards set under the SDWA. The Unregulated 

Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) generates nationally-representative drinking water 

occurrence data to support the Agency’s regulatory determinations and, as appropriate, assists in the 

development of standards for drinking water contaminants that may be of public health concern. 

EPA published the list of contaminants for the first UCMR (UCMR 1) in the Federal Register (FR) on 

September 17, 1999 (64 FR 50556; USEPA, 1999), the second UCMR (UCMR 2) on January 4, 2007 

(72 FR 368; USEPA, 2007a) and the third UCMR (UCMR 3) on May 2, 2012 (77 FR 26072; 

USEPA, 2012a). The general structure of the UCMR program was established as part of UCMR 1; 

this framework provided a three-tiered approach for monitoring contaminants (Assessment 

Monitoring/List 1, Screening Survey/List 2 and Pre-Screen Testing/List 3). EPA considers method 

complexity, laboratory capacity, sampling frequency, burden and/or the relevant universe of PWSs 

when deciding which of the three tiers is appropriate for a contaminant. 

EPA has published the fourth UCMR (UCMR 4) proposed rule and expects to publish the final rule 

in 2016, with pre-monitoring activity in 2017, monitoring tentatively scheduled from 2018-2020, and 

post-monitoring activity in 2021. Each UCMR revision establishes a new list of contaminants for 

monitoring, provides information on which PWSs are required to monitor, identifies the sampling 

location for monitoring, identifies analytical methods to be used and makes other modifications, as 

appropriate, based on lessons learned. 

In establishing its proposed list of contaminants for UCMR 4, EPA started with a priority set of 

contaminants from the draft fourth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 4). The evaluation and 

selection process that led to the draft CCL 4 carried forward the final list of CCL 3 contaminants 

(104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbes)1 (74 FR 51850; USEPA, 2009a) except for 

those contaminants with regulatory determinations (i.e., perchlorate, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, dimethoate, 

strontium, terbufos and terbufos sulfone). EPA requested and evaluated contaminant nominations 

from the public and evaluated any new data from previous negative regulatory determinations, 

which ultimately led the Agency to add manganese and nonylphenol. As a result, the draft CCL 4 

includes 100 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbes (77 FR 27057; USEPA, 2012b; and 80 

FR 6076; USEPA, 2015a). 

 

1 EPA used a multi-step process to identify contaminants for inclusion on the final CCL 3. First, a broad universe of 

potential drinking water contaminants was identified (called the CCL 3 Universe, and consisting of approximately 7,500 

contaminants). EPA then applied screening criteria to the universe based on a contaminant's potential to occur in PWSs

and the potential for public health concern (approximately 600 contaminants for further evaluation – the preliminary 

CCL (PCCL)). EPA subsequently selected a total of 116 contaminants from the PCCL to include on the CCL, based on 

a detailed evaluation of contaminant occurrence and health effects. Information regarding contaminant selection from 

the public and experts was also incorporated during the CCL process (http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/contaminantcandidate-list-3-ccl-3). 
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EPA selected the proposed UCMR 4 contaminants using a stepwise prioritization process (see 

Appendix A). The first step included identifying contaminants that were not monitored for during 

UCMR 2 or UCMR 3; are anticipated to have significant occurrence nationally; and are expected to 

have a completed, validated drinking water method in time for rule proposal. This resulted in a set

of 45 draft CCL 4 contaminants with 16 analytical methods, and another set of related non-CCL 

analytes with potential health effects of concern that can be measured concurrently using the 

analytical methods for the CCL contaminants. Including related non-CCL analytes creates a more 

cost-effective design and reduces the likelihood of needing to include them in a subsequent UCMR. 

The next step was to select contaminants associated with one or more of the following 

considerations: an available health assessment to facilitate regulatory determinations2; high public 

concern; critical health endpoints (e.g., likely or suggestive carcinogen); active-use (e.g., pesticides); 

or an occurrence data gap. This step identified 31 CCL contaminants with 9 methods, and 18 related 

non-CCL analytes that can be measured using the analytical methods for the CCL contaminants. 

During the final step, EPA considered workgroup and stakeholder input; looked at costeffectiveness of the method/contaminant groups; considered implementation factors (e.g., 

laboratory capacity); and further evaluated health, occurrence and persistence/mobility data to 

identify a proposed list of 30 UCMR 4 contaminants (see Exhibit 1). 

This document provides supporting information for each of the contaminants proposed in the 

associated Federal Register notice.3 Appendix B, “List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on 

UCMR 4” presents the initial list of contaminants that EPA considered; identifies which 

contaminants are proposed in UCMR 4; and if applicable, indicates the reason a contaminant was 

not included in the proposed list. 

This document contains individual information sheets for the proposed UCMR 4 contaminants. 

This information was compiled to help EPA consider and compare health effects and occurrence as 

well as to provide information to interested stakeholders. The primary source for this information is 

the CCL program (CCL 3 and draft CCL 4). Other publically available data sources were reviewed 

(described in Appendix C) to complete the information sheets for the proposed UCMR 4 

contaminants. References are provided separately. Information for each of the contaminants 

generally includes five sections:

1. Background & Use – includes, where available: analyte use, chemical class and synonym 

information. 

2. Health Effects – includes, where available: Reference Dose (RfD), Minimal Risk Level 

(MRL), No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), Lowest Observed Adverse Effect 

Level (LOAEL), Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL10), Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI), Lethal 

 

2 The SDWA directs EPA to select five or more contaminants from the current CCL and determine whether or not to 

regulate those contaminants with a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) 

(http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/basic-information-ccl-and-regulatory-determination).

3 Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium; the pesticides vinclozolin, hexazinone and disulfoton, and ammonia 

(considered an indicator of distribution system nitrification potential) were considered by the EPA-state workgroup and 

EPA has specifically requested the public to comment on their exclusion from the proposed UCMR 4 contaminant list. 

Contaminant information sheets are provided. 
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Dose 50 (LD50), cancer slope factor, cancer class data, and sensitive populations. Also 

presented, as available, are non-cancer and cancer Health Reference Levels (HRLs), Human 

Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) and Health Advisories (HA), which are derived 

based on critical health endpoints. 

3. Occurrence in Water – includes, where available: occurrence data for raw water, finished 

drinking water, and ambient water.

4. Production, Release & Usage – includes, where available, information from the following: 

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database, United 

States Geological Survey (USGS) Pesticide Use Maps, Chemical Update System/Inventory 

Update Rule (CUS/IUR), Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), and estimated usage published in 

the Office of Pesticide Programs Reregistration Eligibility Decision (OPP RED). 

5. Persistence & Mobility – includes, where available: estimated biodegradation half-life data, 

water solubility, organic carbon partitioning coefficient (Koc), octanol-water partitioning 

coefficient (log Kow), Henry’s law constant (KH), and Percent in Water in a 

Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%) (PBT Profiler). 

Further information and sources for the information in these contaminant sheets are provided in the 

appendices, including: 

• Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed

• Appendix D: Health Effects Definitions 

• Appendix E: Calculating CCL 4 Health Reference Levels

• Appendix F: Persistence and Mobility 
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Exhibit 1: UCMR 4 Proposed Chemical Contaminants

List 1 Analytes, Assessment Monitoring

10 Cyanotoxins/Group

total microcystins microcystin-RR

microcystin-LA microcystin-YR

microcystin-LF nodularin

microcystin-LR anatoxin-a

microcystin-LY cylindrospermopsin

20 Additional Chemicals

Two Metals

germanium manganese

Nine Pesticides

alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane profenofos

chlorpyrifos tebuconazole

dimethipin total permethrin (cis- & trans-)

ethoprop tribufos

oxyfluorfen

Three Brominated HAA Groups

HAA5 HAA9

HAA6Br

Three Alcohols

1-butanol 2-propen-1-ol

2-methoxyethanol

Three Semivolatile Organic Chemicals

butylated hydroxyanisole quinoline 

o-toluidine
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Contents

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................ii

Contents..........................................................................................................................................vi

Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................................viii

1-Butanol......................................................................................................................................... 1

2-Methoxyethanol .......................................................................................................................... 3

2-Propen-1-ol.................................................................................................................................. 5

alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane........................................................................................................ 7

Ammonia......................................................................................................................................... 9

Anatoxin-a ..................................................................................................................................... 11

Butylated Hydroxyanisole............................................................................................................. 12

Chlorpyrifos................................................................................................................................... 14

Cylindrospermopsin...................................................................................................................... 16

Dimethipin .................................................................................................................................... 17

Disulfoton...................................................................................................................................... 19

Ethoprop ....................................................................................................................................... 21

Germanium ................................................................................................................................... 23

Brominated Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA6Br)............................................................................. 25

Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA5) .................................................................................................... 28

Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA9) .................................................................................................... 32

Hexazinone.................................................................................................................................... 33

Legionella pneumophila................................................................................................................ 35

Manganese.................................................................................................................................... 36

Microcystins.................................................................................................................................. 38

Mycobacterium avium .................................................................................................................. 40

Nodularin ...................................................................................................................................... 41

o-Toluidine .................................................................................................................................... 43

Oxyfluorfen ................................................................................................................................... 45

Permethrin.................................................................................................................................... 47

Profenofos..................................................................................................................................... 49

Quinoline....................................................................................................................................... 51
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Tebuconazole................................................................................................................................ 53

Tribufos......................................................................................................................................... 55

Vinclozolin..................................................................................................................................... 57

References .................................................................................................................................... 59

Appendix A: UCMR 4 Prioritization Process................................................................................. A-1

Appendix B: List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on UCMR 4 .................................... B-1

Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed ........................................................................................... C-1

Appendix D: Health Effects Definitions........................................................................................ D-1

Appendix E: Calculating Candidate Contaminant List (CCL 4) Health Reference Levels (HRLs) .. E-1

Appendix F: Persistence and Mobility ......................................................................................... F-1
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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 

AM Assessment Monitoring 

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

AWWA American Water Works Association

B Billion

BCAA Bromochloroacetic Acid

BDCAA Bromodichloroacetic Acid

BHA Butylated Hydroxyanisole 

BMDL10 Benchmark Dose Level

BW Body Weight 

CAS Chemical Abstract Service

CCID Confidential Chemicals Identification

CCL Candidate Contaminant List

CDBAA Chlorodibromoacetic Acid

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

CDPH California Department of Public Health 

CDR Chemical Data Reporting

ChE Cholinesterase 

CPHG California Public Health Goal

CSF Cancer Slope Factor 

CSTE Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists 

CUS/IUR Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Rule 

CW Unit Risk Concentration in Drinking Water of 0.001 mg/L

CWS Community Water System

CyanoHAB Cyanotoxin Harmful Algal Bloom

DBAA Dibromoacetic Acid

DBP Disinfection Byproducts 

DBPR Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rule 

DCAA Dichloroacetic Acid

DOD U.S. Department of Defense

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

DDW California Division of Drinking Water

DUNS Data Universal Numbering System

DWI Drinking Water Intake

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

FBRR Filter Backwash Recycling Rule

FQPA Food Quality Protection Act 

FR Federal Register

GAMA California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment 

HA Health Advisory 

HAA Haloacetic Acid

HAA5 Dibromoacetic Acid, Dichloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, 

Monochloroacetic Acid, and Trichloroacetic Acid
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HAA6Br Bromochloroacetic Acid, Bromodichloroacetic Acid, Dibromoacetic Acid, 

Dibromochloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, and Tribromoacetic Acid

HAA9 Bromochloroacetic Acid, Bromodichloroacetic Acid, Chlorodibromoacetic Acid, 

Dibromoacetic Acid, Dichloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, 

Monochloroacetic Acid, Tribromoacetic Acid, and Trichloroacetic Acid

HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane 

HEAST Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables

HESD Health Effects Support Document 

HHBP Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides

HRL Health Reference Level

HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank 

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICR Information Collection Request 

IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

IOC Inorganic Contaminant 

IOM Institute of Medicine 

IRED Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System 

JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 

KH Henry’s Law Constant 

Koc Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient 

LD50 Lethal Dose 50

log Kow Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient

LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

LT1ESWTR Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

LT2ESWTR Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

MAC Mycobacterium avium

MADL Maximum Allowable Daily Level

MBAA Monobromoacetic Acid

MCAA Monochloroacetic Acid

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level 

MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal 

MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

MRL Minimal Risk Level

MRL Minimum Reporting Level

NAWQA National Water-Quality Assessment Program

NCFAP National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy 

NDWAC National Drinking Water Advisory Committee

NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

NIRS National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey 

NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level

NOEL No Observed Effect Level

NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation

NPL National Priorities List

NRC National Research Council 

NREC National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants 

NRHEEC National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 
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NSRL No Significant Risk Level

NTM Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria 

NTNCWS Non-transient Non-Community Water System

NTP National Toxicity Program

OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 

OPP EPA Office of Pesticide Programs

OPPT EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 

OSWER EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

OW EPA Office of Water

P2 Pollution Prevention 

PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic 

PCCL Preliminary Candidate Contaminant List 

PDP Pesticide Data Program

PMP Pilot Monitoring Program 

PMN Premanufactures Number

POD Point of Departure

PST Pre-Screen Testing

PWS Public Water System

QPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

RAIS Risk Assessment Information System Health Effects

RED Reregistration Eligibility Decision

REL Reference Exposure Level

RfD Reference Dose

RSC Relative Source Contribution

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

SAR Structure/Activity Relationship

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

SWRCB California State Water Resources Control Board

SS Screening Survey

STORET Storage and Retrieval Database

TBAA Tribromoacetic Acid

TCAA Trichloroacetic Acid

TDI Tolerable Daily Intake

TMEA Test Marketing Exemption Application 

TRED Tolerance Reregistration Eligibility Decision

TRI Toxics Release Inventory

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act 

TSD Technical Support Document 

UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 

UF Uncertainty Factor

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USGS United States Geological Survey

VOC Volatile Organic Compound 

W% Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System

WBDO Waterborne Disease Outbreak

WSDE Washington State Department of Ecology 

WHO World Health Organization 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

1-Butanol

CAS: 71-36-3 

Background & Use

• Alkyl alcohol compound 

•

•

•

Used as a paint solvent and food additive 

Formed as a chemical intermediate

Names & Synonyms: butyl alcohol; n-butanol; methylolpropane 

Health Effects

• C

o

o

o

o

CL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 700 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

 The assessment was released for public comment in August 2011 and is currently 

undergoing revisions based on public comments 

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Abnormally diminished activity in the body/organs; inability 

to control muscles 

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.1 mg/kg-day 

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 125 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 1,000

• Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)4

o

o

>1B pounds produced in 2002 

≥1B pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

17,648,846 pounds released in 44 states in 2004

11,093,815 pounds released in 47 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility 

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) 

 

4 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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•

•

•

•

•

•

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on chemical and physical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 63,200 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 2.443 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 0.88

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 8.82E-06 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 40%
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

2-Methoxyethanol

CAS: 109-86-4 

Background & Use

• Monoalkylated alcohol

•

•

Used in synthetic cosmetics, perfumes, fragrances, hair preparations, skin lotions, and other 

consumer products 

Names & Synonyms: ethanol, 2-methoxy-; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; methoxyethanol

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 21 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

Risk Assessment Information System Health Effects (RAIS) database;

Unpublished National Toxicity Program (NTP) study (Gulati et al., 1990a, b)

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Reproductive effects

Reference Dose-like (RfD-like) = 0.003 mg/kg-day 

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 9 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty factor 

(UF) = 3,000

• Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 5

o

o

>10-50M pounds produced in 2002 

1- <10M pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

153,774 pounds released in 16 states in 2004

23,240 pounds released in 16 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast with acclimation)

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on chemical and physical 

properties 

 

5 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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•

•

•

•

•

Water Solubility: 1,000,000 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 1 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): -0.77

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 3.30E-07 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 44% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

2-Propen-1-ol

CAS: 107-18-6 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Alkene/alcohol compound 

Chemical intermediate used in the manufacturing of flavorings and perfumes 

Names & Synonyms: allyl alcohol; 3-hydroxypropene; 1-propene-3-ol; propenol; propenyl 

alcohol 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 35 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Impaired kidney function and increased relative liver, spleen, 

and kidney weights

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.005 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 4.8 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty factor 

(UF) = 1,000

Sensitive populations: Individuals with impaired pulmonary function may be particularly 

sensitive to the toxic effects of allyl alcohol through inhalation 

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)6

o

o

>100-500M pounds produced in 2002 

100- <500M pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o 604,872 pounds released in 13 states in 2004

o 445,833 pounds released in 13 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on chemical and physical 

 

6 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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properties 

•

•

•

•

•

Water Solubility: 1,000,000 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 1.325 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 0.17

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 5E-06 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 46% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane

CAS: 319-84-6 

Background & Use

• A cyclic halogenated alkane

•

•

Component of lindane, formerly used as an insecticide which was cancelled in 2006 

Names & Synonyms: alpha-HCH; alpha-benzenehexachloride; benzene-trans-hexachloride; 

alpha-lindane; alpha-hexachlorane 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.006 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Cancer Class = B2 (Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals)

o Slope Factor = 6.3 (mg/kg-day)-1

CCL 4 HRL: 56 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o 2003 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

o

o

o

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity

Minimal Risk Level (MRL) = 0.008 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.8 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o No finished water data available

Ambient Water

o

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001 (MRL = 

0.002 μg/L): Detected at 21 out of 7,119 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum detect 

(0.21 μg/L) > HRL (0.006 μg/L)

USGS, Toccalino et al., 2010: Detected at 1 (equal to 0.0327 μg/L) out of 512 samples; 

Detect > HRL (0.006 μg/L)

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 448 out of 2,785 sites; Maximum 

detect (0.617 μg/L) > HRL (0.006 μg/L)
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Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data reported in 2002; no production data available in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment 

Estimated Hydrolysis Half-Life: 1.2 years at pH 7

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 2 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 641-1,995 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 3.8

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 6.7E-06 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 7% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Ammonia

CAS: 7664-41-7 

Background & Use

•

•

•

•

•

Ammonia is an inorganic, reduced nitrogen compound used as a chemical intermediate; 

defoliant; and antifungal agent for produce 

Ammonia is also used as a drinking water additive for chloramination disinfection and is 

naturally-occurring (Wahman et al., 2014) 

Ammonia may be oxidized to nitrite and nitrate (contaminants of greater toxicological concern) 

via nitrification (Wahman and Pressman, 2014). Ammonia was therefore considered as a UCMR 

4 candidate with the understanding that it could serve as a surrogate for nitrification potential 

The National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for nitrite and nitrate requires 

compliance monitoring at the entry point to the distribution system (40 CFR 141.23(a)). Limited 

research demonstrates that nitrification downstream of the entry-point (i.e., in the distribution 

system) can, in certain circumstances, lead to higher nitrite and/or nitrate exposure (especially 

for PWSs using chloramine disinfection) (USEPA, 2002)

Measuring ammonia at the entry point may help estimate nitrite/nitrate formation in the 

distribution system, although other factors, including pH, disinfectant type, and the presence of 

certain disinfection by-products, are also important (AWWA, 2013; Speitel, Jr., Kannappan, and 

Bayer, 2011)

Health Effects (Nitrate, Nitrite)

•

•

Nitrite – Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): 1,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.51(b)); 

M

o

o

o

o

aximum Contaminant Level (MCL): 1,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.62(b))

1986 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Methemoglobinemia 

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.1 mg/kg-d 

No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) = 10 mg N/L converts to 1 mg/kg-d (Walton, 1951)

o Sensitive populations: Infants 

Nitrate – MCLG: 10,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.51(b)); MCL: 10,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 

141.62(b))

o

o

o

o

o

1990 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Methemoglobinemia 

Reference Dose (RfD) = 1.6 mg/kg-d 

No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) = 10 mg N/L converts to 1.6 mg/kg-d (Bosch et al., 

1950; Walton, 1951)

Sensitive populations: Infants 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Occurrence in Water

As noted above, limited research suggests that measuring ammonia at the entry point may help 

estimate nitrite/nitrate formation in the distribution system

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

o

Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997–1998): Detected in 

58 out of 68 samples from three systems that used chloramine disinfection (median = 200

μg/L); Maximum detect = 1,100 μg/L 

Samples of finished water collected at the entry point to the distribution system at four 

PWSs in Illinois contained ammonia at concentrations that ranged from 1,200-7,600 μg/L 

(Lytle, et al., 2009)

During separate sampling events at two of the four PWSs, samples collected at points most 

remote from the entry point to the distribution system contained ammonia at concentrations 

that ranged from 100-8,100 μg/L (Lytle, et al., 2009)

Ambient Water

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001: Detected in 

5,907 out of 8,185 sites (median = 43 μg/L as N); Maximum detect = 34,000 μg/L as N 

Samples of raw water at three PWSs in Illinois contained ammonia at concentrations that 

ranged from 2,100-7,900 μg/L (Lytle et al., 2009)

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 7

o

o

>500M-1B pounds produced in 2002

≥1B pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o 172,424,459 pounds released in 54 states in 2004

o 154,944,879 pounds released in 53 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Insufficient data to characterize persistence in water; persistence data for ammonia are not 

available in the sources listed in Appendix C 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on chemical and physical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 3,740 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 14.3 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): -1.38

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 3.45E-06 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): Cannot be profiled

 

7 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Anatoxin-a 

CAS: 64285-06-9 

Background & Use

•

•

Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that targets the nervous system

Names & Synonyms: anatoxin I 

Health Effects

•

•

2015 Health Effects Support Document (HESD) for the Cyanobacterial Toxin Anatoxin-a 

(USEPA, 2015c)

o The data from the oral toxicity studies evaluated contained too few dose levels and study 

endpoints to derive a reference dose (RfD) 

Sensitive populations: People using anticholinergic agents for therapeutic purposes could be at 

risk of increased side effects after exposure to anatoxin-a, due to the potential for the additivity 

of adverse effects

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o Cyanobacteria in Florida Waters, (Burns, 2008): Maximum detect (8.46 μg/L)

Ambient Water

o

o

o

o

CyanoHABs-The Florida Experience, 2000: 4% detections, Maximum detect ~10 μg/L

Meeting Summary for creating a Cyanotoxin Target List for the Unregulated Contaminant 

Monitoring Rule (UCMR) (USEPA, 2001): 4% detection rate in Lake Champlain

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: detected at 14 out of 14 sites; Maximum 

detect 1.5 μg/L 

Cyanotoxins in Blooms from the Midwest, (Graham et al., 2010): Maximum detect 9.5 μg/L 

o Washington State Algae Control Program, (WSSE, 2012): Maximum detect 1,929 μg/L

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

Not persistent in the environment 

Half-Life: 5 days (Smith and Sutton, 1993)

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; mobility data for anatoxin-a are not available 

in the sources listed in Appendix C 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Butylated Hydroxyanisole

CAS: 25013-16-5 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Alkylated methoxyphenol 

Used as an antioxidant in foods, particularly those with high fat content and packaged foods 

Names & Synonyms: BHA; (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol; 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole; 

2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol; 2(3)-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 

Health Effects

•

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.581 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 2006: Single Study (Adelaide, 

S.A., Australia, 1959)

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Changes in liver weight

Reference Dose-like (RfD-like) = 0.000083 mg/kg-day 

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.249 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 3,000

CCL 4 HRL: 175 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) 

Cancer Class = 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) 

Slope Factor (oral) = 0.0002 (mg/kg-day)-1

Sensitive populations: Fetus and neonate may be sensitive to neurodevelopmental effects from 

exposure to high levels 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o No finished water data available

Ambient Water

o

o

o

USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC) Surface Water Data, 

1999-2004: Detected at 2 out of 85 sites; Median (0.1 μg/L ) < HRL (0.581 μg/L)

USGS, Kolpin et al. (2002): Detected at 2.4% out of 85 sites; Median = 0.1 μg/L; Maximum 

detect (0.2 μg/L) < HRL (0.581 μg/L)

USGS, Focazio et al. (2008): Not detected at any of the 73 sites sampled
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)8

o

o

10-500K pounds produced in 2002

<500K pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010

Persistence & Mobility

• Moderately persistent in the water (biodegrades slowly with acclimation)

•

•

•

•

•

•

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility data for butylated hydroxyanisole are not available in the sources listed in 

Appendix C 

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 1,390 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 3.5

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.17E-06 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 16% 

 

8 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Chlorpyrifos

CAS: 2921-88-2 

Background & Use

•

•

Organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used to control foliage and soil-borne insect 

pests on a variety of food and feed crops 

Names & Synonyms: o,o-diethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate; Dursban; 

Stipend 

Health Effects

•

•

2006 OPP Risk Assessment 

o

o

o

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0003 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.03 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: Infants, children, and pregnant women 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites samples

Ambient Water

o

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001: Detected in 

518 out of 7,114 sites (median = 0.008 μg/L); Maximum detect = 0.57 μg/L

USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC), 1999-2004: Surface 

Water, National Reconnaissance – detected at 13 (median = 0.06 μg/L) out of 85 sites; 

Ground Water, National Aggregate-12% samples detected (median = 2 μg/L) 

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Release data 

o 13,463,879 pounds of active ingredient used across 48 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2006 or 2010
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Persistence & Mobility 

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Moderately persistent in the environment 

Estimated Hydrolysis Half-Life: 35 days at pH 6.9 

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on chemical and physical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 1.4 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 995-31,000 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 4.96

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.93E-06 atm-m3/mol

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 6%
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Cylindrospermopsin

CAS: 143545-90-8 

Background & Use

• Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that affects the liver and kidney

Health Effects

•

•

EPA Health Advisory (HA) (USEPA, 2015d) = 3 μg/L (ten-day HA for school-age children 

through adults); 0.7 μg/L (ten-day HA for bottle-fed infants and young children) 

o

o

o

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Increased relative kidney weight and decreased urinary protein

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0001 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 300

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.03 mg/kg-day 

Sensitive populations: Children; individuals with liver or kidney disease, individuals with anemia, 

pregnant women, nursing mothers, and the elderly 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

Cyanobacteria in Florida Waters, (Burns, 2008): Range of detect (8-97 μg/L) > HA (0.7

μg/L; 3 μg/L) 

Meeting Summary for creating a Cyanotoxin Target List for the Unregulated Contaminant 

Monitoring Rule (UCMR) (USEPA, 2001): Maximum detect (90 μg/L) > HA (0.7 μg/L; 

3 μg/L) 

Ambient Water

o

o

CyanoHABs-The Florida Experience, 2000: Maximum detect (~100 μg/L) > HA (0.7 μg/L; 

3 μg/L) 

Cyanotoxins in Florida, (Pelaez et al., 2010): Range of detects (50-200 μg/L) > HA (0.7

μg/L; 3 μg/L) 

o Florida Lakes (USEPA, 2015e): Range of detects (500-1,600 μg/L) > HA (0.7 μg/L; 3 μg/L) 

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

Moderately persistent in the environment 

Half-Life: 11-15 days (Funari and Testai, 2008)

Highly soluble (USEPA, 2015d) 

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for 

cylindrospermopsin are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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17

UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Dimethipin

CAS: 55290-64-7 

Background & Use

•

•

•

A cyclic dithiane pesticide

Used as an herbicide and plant growth regulator 

Names & Synonyms: oxidimethiin; harvade; tetrathiin

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 153 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

2005 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Kidney, lungs, duodenum, liver, glandular stomach, heart, 

aortic artery, and testes toxicity; decreased body weight gain

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0218 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 2.18 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 282,458 pounds of active ingredient used across 14 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 

o

o

250 pounds released in 1 state in 2004

87 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

Moderately persistent in the environment (biodegrades slowly with acclimation)

Expected to be very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties

Water Solubility: 4,600 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 27.41 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): -0.17
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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•

•

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.3E-11 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 35% 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

November 2015

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Disulfoton

CAS: 298-04-4 

Background & Use

•

•

•

•

Organophosphate pesticide 

Used as an insecticide; currently registered for use on over 35 crops, plus domestic outdoor use 

on potted plants and ornamentals, including herbaceous plants, flowers, woody shrubs, and trees

Production cancelled 2009 (74 FR 48551; USEPA, 2009b) 

Names & Synonyms: dithiodemeton; dithiosystox; ethyl thiometon; thiodemeton 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.91 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

2006 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Plasma, red blood cell, brain, and corneal cholinesterase (ChE) 

inhibition 

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00013 mg/kg-day

No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) = 0.013 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

o

First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 1) Screening Survey (SS), 

2001-2003 (MRL = 0.5 μg/L): Not detected in any of the 2,300 samples from 295 systems

Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 228 samples taken

Ambient Water

o

o

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001 

(MRL = 0.002 μg/L): Detected at 17 out of 7,118 sites (median = 0.02015 μg/L); Maximum 

detect (3.81 μg/L) > HRL (0.91 μg/L)

USGS, Toccalino et al., 2010: Not detected in any of the 647 samples taken

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 7 sites sampled

PMP, 1999: Not detected in any of the 323 samples taken

Production, Release and Usage

• OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006b) 

o Approximately 1.2 million pounds per year used between 1987 and 1998 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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•

•

•

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,196,066 pounds of active ingredient used across 33 states in 1997

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Not persistent to moderately persistent in the environment 

Estimated Biodegradation Half-Life: 7-41 days

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 16.3 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 684-14,013 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 4.02

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.20E-06 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 18% 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

November 2015

21

UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Ethoprop

CAS: 13194-48-4 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Phosphorodithioate pesticide 

Used as an insecticide

Names & Synonyms: ethoprophos; Jolt; Rovokil

Health Effects

•

•

•

CCL 4 HRL: 1.25 μg/L (Cancer)9

o 2008 OPP Risk Assessment

o

o

Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans)

Slope Factor (oral) = 0.0281 (mg/kg-day)-1

Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) = 10 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

2008 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition

o Reference Dose (RfD) 10 = 0.0014 mg/kg-day

o Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL10) = 0.14 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 228 samples taken

Ambient Water

o

o

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001 

(MRL = 0.002 μg/L): Detected at 84 out of 7,118 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum 

detect (1.95 μg/L) > HRL (1.25 μg/L) 

USGS, Toccalino et al., 2010: Detected at 1 (equal to 0.0056 μg/L) out of 647 samples; 

Detect < HRL (1.25 μg/L)

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

PMP, 1999: Not detected in any of the 323 samples taken

 

9 The HHBP for this contaminant is rounded and provides a cancer risk range 10-6 to 10-4 (1-100 μg/L). 10 The CCL 3 HRL of 0.7 μg/L (Non-Cancer) is based on an older 2006 OPP Risk Assessment; RfD = 0.0001 mg/kgday; Plasma ChE inhibition.
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

•

OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006c) 

o Approximately 691,000 pounds used annually 

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,010,807 pounds of active ingredient used across 28 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

77,786 pounds released in 4 states in 2004

35,660 pounds released in 2 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility 

• Persistent in the environment 

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Estimated Hydrolysis Half-Life: 75-133 days in various fresh water environments

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented 

physical and chemical properties; although low end of the range of values for the organic carbon 

partitioning coefficient suggests that it may be very mobile in water

Water Solubility: 750 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 70-120 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 3.59

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.7E-07 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 25% 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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23

UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Germanium

CAS: 7440-56-4 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Naturally-occurring element in earth’s crust and oceans, widely distributed in low concentrations 

in oxide and sulfide minerals; commercially available in combination with other elements and 

produced mainly as a byproduct of zinc ore processing 

Used primarily in infrared optics, fiber-optic systems, electronics and solar electric applications

Names & Synonyms: Ge

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.744 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS): Single Study (Obara et al., 1991)

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Kidney, ureter, bladder-changes in tubules (including acute 

renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) 

Reference Dose-like (RfD-like) = 0.0001 mg/kg-day (Tao and Bolger, 1997)

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.318 mg/kg-day11; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 3,000

Sensitive populations: Individuals with compromised renal function

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS), 1984-1986 (MRL = 22 μg/L): 

Detected in 4 out of 989 samples (1 sample per PWS; median = 220 μg/L); All detections 

(ranging from 26 μg/L-230 μg/L) > HRL (0.744 μg/L)

Ambient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected in 40 out of 181 sites 

(median = 10 μg/L); Maximum detect (300 μg/L) > HRL (0.744 μg/L) 

Production, Release and Usage

• Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o

o

No production data available in 2002 

<500K pounds produced in 2006 

 

11 EPA’s Office of Water (OW) did not obtain the same LOAEL as RTECS using the data in the identified paper. Based 

on OW’s evaluation of the dose information in the report, the LOAEL should be about ten times larger (i.e., 3.18 

mg/kg-day).
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment (non-radioactive element)

Water Solubility: 4,470 mg/L (for germanium dioxide); some germanium compounds are water 

soluble 

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for germanium are 

not available in the sources listed in Appendix C 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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25

UCMR Candidate 4 Analyte Information Sheet

Brominated Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA6Br) 

Background & Use

•

•

•

•

HAA6Br group 

contains 4 

unregulated 

brominated 

haloacetic acids and 

2 regulated 

brominated 

haloacetic acids 

(HAA)(discussed in 

the haloacetic acids 5 

(HAA5) Group) 

Brominated HAA 

occurrence may be increasing due to elevated bromide levels in the source water from industrial 

sources (e.g., coal-fired power utilities, hydraulic fracturing) and regulatory changes (McTigue et 

al., 2014)

All are disinfection by-products 

TBAA is a catalyst for polymerization

Health Effects

• HAA6Br Reference Concentration = Not available for group

HAA

(CAS)

EPA 

Cancer 

Class 

Cancer Non-Cancer

Decreased progressive sperm motility, significantly reduced 

fertility, decrease in sperm protein; Lowest Observed 

Based on a 2-year Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 8 mg/kg-day (Klinefelter, 

drinking water 2002)

BCAA

(5589-96-8)

Not 

Classified

study, NTP(2009) 

concluded that 

there was clear 

evidence of 

carcinogenic 

activity in male 

and female rats 

and in male and 

female mice

Decreased mean number of litters per male, percentage of 

litters per female bred and total number of fetuses per male. 

The decreased male fertility was attributed to disruption of 

spermatid differentiation (Tully et al., 2005) 

Decreased number of live fetuses per litter and total number 

of implants per litter in a drinking water study in rats; No 

Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 19 mg/kg-day 

(NTP, 1998a) 

Increased malformations and lethality in an in vitro whole 

embryo assay (Andrews et al., 2004)

HAA Groups

Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA)

Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA)

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5

Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA)

Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9

Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)

Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br

Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA)

Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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26

HAA

(CAS)

EPA 

Cancer 

Class 

Cancer Non-Cancer

BDCAA

(71133-14-7)

Not 

Classified

Based on a 2-year 

drinking water 

study, NTP (2014) 

concluded that 

there was clear 

evidence of 

carcinogenic 

activity in male 

and female rats 

and in male and 

female mice

No relevant information identified

CDBAA

(5278-95-5)

Not 

Classified

No relevant 

information 

identified

No relevant information identified

TBAA

(75-96-7)

Not 

Classified

No relevant 

information 

identified

No reproductive or developmental effects were observed in 

males or females in a short-term (peri-conception and 

gestational exposure) drinking water study in rats (NTP, 

1998b) 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

o

Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997–1998):









BCAA: Detected in 263 out of 291 systems (median = 3.3 μg/L; max = 41.9 μg/L) 

BDCAA: Detected in 90 out of 102 systems (median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 32 μg/L)

CDBAA: Detected in 66 out of 101 systems (median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 22 μg/L)

TBAA: Detected in 15 out of 98 systems (median = 5 μg/L; max = 19 μg/L) 

Boorman et al., 1999: BCAA: median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 49 μg/L for the systems using 

chlorination 

Lykins et al., 1994: BCAA: max average detection (18 μg/L) found in systems using only 

chlorine 

Additional occurrence information is being evaluated under the Six Year Review 3 process 

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
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Persistence & Mobility

•

•

BCAA and TBAA are moderately persistent in the environment; persistence data for BDCAA 

and CDBAA are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C 

BDCAA and CDBAA are expected to be very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties; BCAA and TBAA are expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, 

based on physical and chemical properties

HAA

Water 

Solubility 

(mg/L)

OctanolWater 

Partitioning 

Coefficient 

(logKow) 

Henry’s Law 

Constant (KH) 

(atm-m3/mol) 

Percent in Water 

in a 

Water/Air/Soil/

Sediment System

Estimated 

Half-Life in 

Water 

(days)

BCAA 250,000 0.61 2.2E-08 37% 15

BDCAA 49,000 1.53 7.9E-09 Not available Not available

CDBAA 2,400 1.62 2.6E-09 Not available Not available

TBAA 200,000 1.71 3.3E-09 35% 15

Sources: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), 

Persistent, Bioaccumulative, And Toxic (PBT) Profiler. See references section for full reference.
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA5)

Background & Use

•

•

•

HAA5 group 

currently regulated in 

drinking water at a 

maximum 

contaminant level 

(MCL) of 60 μg/L 

per the Stage 1 and 

Stage 2 Disinfection 

and Disinfection 

Byproduct Rules 

(DBPRs) (USEPA, 

1998; USEPA 

2006d) 

Sample collection and analysis for HAA5 can be done concurrent with the unregulated HAA 

monitoring (resulting in no substantive additional burden) and would allow EPA to better 

understand co-occurrence between regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts 

All are disinfection by-products, some are chemical intermediates (DCAA, MBAA and TCAA), a 

medicinal disinfectant (DCAA), an herbicide (MCAA), and a cancelled pesticide (TCAA)

Health Effects

• MCL for HAA5 = 60 μg/L

HAA

(CAS)

MCLG 

(Stage 2 

DBPR)

Health Information

DBAA

(631-64-1)

Not available

Basis for MCLG:

Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential)

The toxicity database is currently limited, and there are no suitable studies 

of appropriate design and duration to derive an oral Reference Dose (RfD) 

at this time

Additional information:

NTP (2007) concluded that there was some evidence of carcinogenic 

activity from drinking water exposure in male and female rats and clear 

evidence in male and female mice 

HAA Groups

Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA)

Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA)

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5

Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA)

Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9

Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)

Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br

Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA)

Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)
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HAA

(CAS)

MCLG 

(Stage 2 

DBPR)

Health Information

DCAA

(79-43-6) 0 μg/L 

Basis for MCLG:

2003 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans) 

Slope factor (oral) = 0.05 (mg/kg-day)-1 

Lesions observed in the testes, cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver; RfD = 

0.004 mg/kg-day; Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 

12.5 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 3,000

MBAA

(79-08-3)

Not available

Basis for MCLG:

Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential)

The toxicity database for is currently limited, and there are no suitable 

studies of appropriate design and duration to derive an oral RfD at this 

time

No reproductive effects in 14-day gavage study in male rats (Linder et al.,

1994)

MCAA

(79-11-8) 70 μg/L

Basis for MCLG:

Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential)

No evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats or mice in two drinking water 

studies (NTP, 1992; DeAngelo et al., 1997)

Decreased body, liver, kidney and spleen weights; RfD = 0.01 mg/kg-day; 

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 3.5 mg/kg-day 

(DeAngelo et al., 1997); UF = 300

TCAA

(76-03-9) 20 μg/L 

Basis for MCLG:

Cancer Class = S (Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential)

Liver histopathological changes; RfD = 0.03; NOAEL = 32.5 mg/kg-day 

(DeAngelo et al., 1997); UF = 1,000

10-fold risk management factor applied to MCLG

Additional information:

2011 IRIS Assessment is available

Occurrence in Water

• Finished Water 

o

o

Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997–1998):











DBAA: Detected in 202 out of 291 systems (median = 2.3 μg/L; max = 35 μg/L) 

DCAA: Detected in 272 out of 291 systems (median = 11 μg/L; max = 99 μg/L) 

MBAA: Detected in 124 out of 291 systems (median = 1.5 μg/L; max = 58.1 μg/L) 

MCAA: Detected in 215 out of 290 systems (median = 3 μg/L; max = 82 μg/L)

TCAA: Detected in 259 out of 291 systems (median = 9.7 μg/L; max = 174 μg/L)

Boorman et al., 1999 (for systems using chlorination):





DBAA: median = <0.5 μg/L; max = 7.4 μg/L

DCAA: median = 15 μg/L; max = 74 μg/L
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





MBAA: median = <0.5 μg/L; max = 1.7 μg/L

MCAA: median = 1.3 μg/L; max = 7.4 μg/L

TCAA: median = 11 μg/L; max = 85 μg/L

o

o

Lykins et al., 1994 (max average detection):











DBAA: 1.0 μg/L found in systems using ozone and chlorine

DCAA: 60 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine

MBAA: 1.2 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine 

MCAA: 4 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine

TCAA: 62 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine

Jacangelo et al., 1989 (max detection):







DCAA: 23 μg/L at plant before ozonation

MCAA: 3.8 μg/L found in a system using only chlorine

TCAA: 22 μg/L found in a system using only chlorine

• Additional occurrence information is being evaluated under the Six Year Review 3 process 

Production, Release and Usage

• Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) (2002 and 2006)12

o

o

o

o

o

DBAA: No production data available 

DCAA: 10-500K pounds (2002)

MBAA: No production data available 

MCAA: >100-500M pounds (2002); 10- <50M pounds (2006)

TCAA: >10-500K pounds (2002)

• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) (2004 and 2010)

o

o

o

o

o

DBAA: No release data available

DCAA: No release data available

MBAA: No release data available

MCAA: 6,356 pounds released in 11 states (2004); 1,323,102 pounds released in 12 states 

(2010)

TCAA: No release data available

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

MBAA is not persistent in the environment; DBAA, DCAA, MCAA, and TCAA are moderately 

persistent in the environment 

DBAA, DCAA, MBAA, MCAA, and TCAA are expected to be moderately mobile to very 

mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties

 

12 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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HAA

Water 

Solubility 

(mg/L)

OctanolWater 

Partitioning 

Coefficient 

(logKow) 

Henry’s Law 

Constant 

(KH) (atmm3

/mol)

Percent in Water 

in a 

Water/Air/Soil/

Sediment System

Estimated 

Half-Life in 

Water (days)

DBAA 2,110,000 0.70 4.42E-09 36% 15

DCAA Not 

available 0.92 8.83E-09 37% 15

MBAA 1,750,000 0.41 6.52E-09 33% 8.7

MCAA 858,000 0.22 9.26E-09 37% 15

TCAA 54,000 1.33 1.35E-08 42% 38

Sources: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), 

Persistent, Bioaccumulative, And Toxic (PBT) Profiler. See references section for full reference.
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA9)

Background & Use

• HAA9 group 

contains 4 

unregulated 

haloacetic acids 

(HAAs) and 5 

regulated HAAs

(please refer to 

HAA5 and 

HAA6Br)

Health Effects

• See HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information

Occurrence in Water

• See HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information

Production, Release and Usage

• See HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information 

Persistence & Mobility

• See HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information 

HAA Groups

Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA)

Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA)

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5

Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA)

Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9

Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)

Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br

Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA)

Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Hexazinone

CAS: 51235-04-2 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Triazine-dione herbicide 

Used on alfalfa, pasture and range grasses, pineapples, sugarcane and blueberries; also used on 

ornamental plants, forest trees, and non-crop areas

Names & Synonyms: 3-Cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-s-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; 3-

cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; Gridball; Velpar

Health Effects

•

•

1996 EPA Health Advisory (HA): 400 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

o

1994 OPP Risk Assessment

Cancer Class = D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) 

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Histological evidence and biochemical indicators of liver 

damage

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.05 mg/kg-day 

No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) = 5 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

o

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken

USGS, Hopple et al., 2009: Not detected in any of the 48 Phase 2 finished water samples

taken

USGS, California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program, 

2004-2011: Detected at 32 out of 1,828 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum 

detect = 0.066 μg/L (California SWRCB, 2012) < HA (400 μg/L) 

Ambient Water

o

o

PMP, 1999: Detected in 2 (0.6%) of 317 samples; Maximum detect = 0.008 μg/L < HA (400

μg/L) 

USGS, Hopple et al., 2009: Detected in 1 (0.9%) of 113 Phase 1 source water samples 

(Maximum detect estimated at 0.008 μg/L); Detected in 1 (2.1%) of 48 Phase 2 source water 

samples (Maximum detect = 0.017 μg/L) < HA (400 μg/L) 

Production, Release and Usage

• OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 1994)

o Approximately 127,000 – 430,000 pounds used annually 
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•

•

•

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 332,116 pounds of active ingredient used across 33 states in 1997

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o

o

>1-10M pounds produced in 2002 

No production data available in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

7,641 pounds released in 3 states in 2004

2,520 pounds released in 4 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Moderately persistent to persistent in the environment (biodegrades slowly with acclimation - 

biodegrades sometimes/persistent) 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented 

physical and chemical properties, although the percent in water in a water/air/soil/sediment 

system suggests that it may be not very mobile in water

Water Solubility: 33,000 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 53 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 1.2

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.26E-12 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 16%
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Legionella pneumophila

Background

•

•

Bacteria; aerobic gram-negative rods associated with respiratory infections 

Ubiquitous in fresh and marine waters; exist in varied temperatures, pH levels, and nutrient and 

oxygen contents 

Health Effects

• Two distinctive clinical syndromes resulting from inhalation/aspiration of aerosols containing 

the bacteria (CDC, 2013): 

o

o

Legionnaires’ Disease 







Major risk factors: immunosuppression, smoking, travel, use of undisinfected well water, 

chronic heart or lung disease, and chronic renal failure 

Prompt diagnosis and treatment results in 95-99% recovery rates

Mortality in untreated cases is approximately 15% of previously healthy patients and 

75% of severely immunocompromised patients 

Pontiac Fever







Resembles an acute allergic reaction

Self-limiting; no specific treatment is advised and hospitalization is not required 

Hospitalization uncommon; case-fatality rate: 0%

Outbreaks

•

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC 

MMWR) documented 52 waterborne disease outbreaks affecting 225 people between 1990 and 

2010

Outbreaks associated with drinking water exposure mostly due to premise plumbing 

colonization; distal contamination points not under jurisdiction of the water utility 

Occurrence

•

•

•

Widespread in the environment 

Colonize in plumbing fixtures, hot water tanks, warm water spas, and cooling towers 

May have evolved a symbiotic relationship with free-living amoebae; amoebic motility may 

facilitate movement through the environment and colonization of domestic and industrial water 

systems
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Manganese 

CAS: 7439-96-5 

Background & Use

•

•

•

•

Heavy metal element that is ubiquitous in soil, water, food, and air and found in over 100 

naturally occurring minerals, including silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and 

borates 

Small amounts found in foods are an essential nutrient for humans and animals 

Commercially imported manganese compounds include ferromanganese (used in the production 

of steel), manganese sulfate (fertilizer), manganese dioxide (matches, batteries, fireworks), and 

potassium permanganate (wastewater and drinking water treatment chemical)

Names & Synonyms: Mn

Health Effects13

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 300 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

1995 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Central nervous system effects

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.047 mg/kg-day

o No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.14 mg/kg-day14; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 3 

• Sensitive populations: Children, the elderly, pregnant women, iron deficient individuals, and 

individuals with impaired liver function

o Recent studies indicate concern for neurological effects in children and infants 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS) 1984-1986 (MRL = 1 μg/L): 

Detected in 672 out of 989 samples (1 sample per public water system (PWS); median = 

11.96 μg/L); Maximum detect (1,341 μg/L) > HRL (300 μg/L)

Ambient Water

o

o

USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001: Detected in 

6,447 out of 8,002 sites (median = 19 μg/L); Maximum detect (70,000 μg/L) > HRL 

(300 μg/L) 

USGS, Toccalino et al., 2010: Detected in 543 (median = 8.99 μg/L) out of 808 samples; 

Maximum detect (1,923 μg/L) > HRL (300 μg/L)

 

13 The IRIS RfD was used for CCL 4 scoring; an Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2001) RfD of 0.16 mg/kg-day was also 

evaluated.

14 Reflects a modifying factor of 3 to adjust from increased bioavailability when in drinking water.
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Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o

o

No production data available in 2002

500- <1B pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

19,577,774 pounds released in 47 states in 2004

15,872,968 pounds released in 48 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment (non-radioactive element)

Common manganese compounds range from insoluble to moderately soluble in water 

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for manganese are not 

available in the sources listed in Appendix C 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Microcystins

CAS: 101043-37-2 

Background & Use

•

•

•

•

Cyanotoxins (toxins produced and released by cyanobacteria) that target the liver

Names & Synonyms: among the approximately 100 different congeners of microcystins known 

to exist, microcystin-LR is the most common

The most toxic microcystins are those with the more hydrophobic L-amino acids (-LA, -LR, and 

-YM), and the least toxic are those with hydrophilic amino acids, such as microcystin-RR

In the drinking water health advisory for microcystins issued by EPA in June of 2015, 

microcystin-LR was used as a surrogate for all microcystins to calculate the health advisory 

levels. The potential health risks from exposure to mixtures of microcystin congeners is 

unknown, and microcystin-LR is one of the most potent congeners with the majority of 

toxicological data on adverse health effects

Health Effects

•

•

EPA Health Advisory (HA) (USEPA, 2015b) = 1.6 μg/L (ten-day HA for school-age children 

and adults); 0.3 μg/L (ten-day HA for bottle-fed infants and young children) 

o

o

o

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Increased liver weight, slight to moderate liver lesions with 

hemorrhages and increased enzyme levels in rats

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00005 mg/kg-day

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.05 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 1,000

Sensitive populations: Those with kidney and/or liver disease; those with pre-existing liver 

problems. Pregnant women, nursing mothers, and the elderly may also be sensitive populations 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o Microcystins in Water Supplies: 77 samples taken from 33 water supplies; Maximum detect 

(0.36 μg/L) > HA (0.3 μg/L); < HA (1.6 μg/L) (Haddix et al., 2007) 

Ambient Water

o

o

o

U.S. and Canadian drinking water (bloom area, source, finished water): detected in 539 of 

the 677 source water samples tested; only two samples of finished water were above 1 μg/L 

< HA (0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) (AWWA, 2001)

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: detected at 30 out of 30 sites; Maximum 

detect (4.26 μg/L) > HA (0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) 

USEPA National Lakes Assessment Survey: Present in 30% of more than 1,000 lakes 

sampled in 48 states. Maximum detect (225 ug/L) > HA ( 0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) (USEPA, 

2009c) 
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o

o

o

Cyanotoxins in Lake Ontario watershed (Makarewicz et al., 2006): Maximum detect 

(10.7 μg/L) > HA (0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) 

Cyanotoxins in Lake Ontario (Makarewicz et al., 2009): Maximum detect (10.716 μg/L) 

> HA (0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) 

Lake Houston, Texas (Beussink and Graham, 2011): 32 samples with maximum detect 

(0.2 μg/L) < HA (0.3 μg/L; 1.6 μg/L) 

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

Not persistent in the environment 

Half-Life: 0.2-3.6 days (Lam et al., 1995)

Half-Life: 4-14 days (Edwards et al., 2008)

Highly soluble (USEPA, 2015b) 

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for microcystins are 

not available in the sources listed in Appendix C 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Mycobacterium avium

Background

•

•

•

Free-living mycobacteria; usually found in watery habitats 

Known pathogens of poultry and swine; recognized as a cause of human disease in the 1940s 

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic led to Mycobacterium avium (MAC)

becoming the most common environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing 

disease in humans 

Health Effects

•

•

General population may develop pulmonary disease (i.e., tuberculosis-like infiltrates, nodular 

bronchiectasis, solitary nodules), lymphadenitis, and post-traumatic wound infection 

Elderly non-smoking females can develop “Lady Windermere’s syndrome” which has been 

associated with chronic cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and significant morbidity and 

mortality

•

•

Patients with AIDS may present with disseminated or focal infections, including bacteremia

Focal infections commonly involve the lungs or the gastrointestinal tract and, occasionally, the 

peripheral lymph nodes 

Outbreaks

•

•

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC 

MMWR) reported no outbreaks between 1990 and 2008 

Colonization of hot water systems in hospitals has resulted in numerous nosocomial outbreaks 

(Pfyffer and Palicova, 2010)

Community acquired cases are typically associated with cooling tower or untreated well water 

exposures (Falkinham et al., 2004b)

Occurrence

•

•

•

•

Recovered from ponds, lakes, rivers, bogs, swamps, brackish water, sea water, and wastewater; 

rarely found in groundwater (Falkinham et al., 2004a, Falkinham et al., 2004b) 

Soil is a significant reservoir

May be introduced into drinking water distribution systems during construction, intrusion 

events, or maintenance (Vaerewijck et al., 2005)

Can enter the water system distribution system from plant breakthrough, leaky pipes, valves, 

joints and seals, cross-connections, backflows, improper treatment of materials, maintenance 

activities, and inadequate distribution system security (Vaerewijck et al., 2005)
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Nodularin 

CAS: 118399-22-7 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that targets the liver

Names & Synonyms: Cyclo(L-arginyl-(2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-(2Z)-2-(methylamino)-2-butenoyl-(3S)-3-methylD-beta-aspartyl)

Several toxicity studies indicate that nodularin is similar in toxicity to microcystin-LR

Health Effects

•

•

•

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity

Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) = No studies available using oral administration (WHO, 1999)

Cancer Class = I (Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or animals); International 

Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification: “Nodularins are not classifiable as to their 

carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3)” (HSDB, 2015)

• Sensitive populations: small children, in particular, may accidentally ingest toxic material in 

quantities with potentially serious consequences (WHO, 2003) 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o No data available

Ambient Water

o No data available

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

Not persistent in the environment under favorable conditions 

Degradation in lakes found to be more rapid in lakes currently supporting a bloom than those 

that have not supported a bloom in several months; half-lives of 24 hours and 54 hours, 

respectively; complete degradation observed in 18 days in Loch Roscobie, UK, where 

microcystin-containing blooms frequently occur; 80% degradation observed in 24 days in Forfar 

Loch, UK, where no blooms have been observed (HSDB, 2015)

•

•

•

Degraded by specialized microbes that thrive in bodies of water with history of cyanobacterial 

blooms (Karjalainen, 2005)

No degradation observed when incubated in presence of the bacterial isolates; natural sediment 

microorganisms degraded nodularin in 5-7 days (HSDB, 2015)

Degrades rapidly in sunlight and at high pH (HSDB, 2015) 
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•

•

Not easily degraded by light or temperature (Karjalainen, 2005)

Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; mobility data for nodularin are not available in 

the sources listed in Appendix C 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

o-Toluidine

CAS: 95-53-4 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Aminated aromatic compound

Used in production of dyes, rubber, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides 

Names & Synonyms: o-aminotoluene; 2-methyl-benzenamine; 2-toluidine 

Health Effects

•

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.194 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o

2008 California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)

Cancer Class = 2A (Probably carcinogenic to humans) 

Slope Factor = 0.18 (mg/kg-day)-1

CCL 4 HRL: 793 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of 

methemoglobin is produced, kidney, ureter, bladder issues, and decreased body weight gain

Reference Dose-like (RfD-like) = 0.113 mg/kg-day 

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 340 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factors 

(UF) = 3,000

Sensitive populations: Infants and children 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water

o No finished water data available

Ambient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 3 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)15

o

o

>10-50M pounds produced in 2002

10- <50M pounds produced in 2006 

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

 

15 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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o

o

10,774 pounds released in 9 states in 2004

6,623 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 16,600 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 74.04 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 1.32

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.98E-06 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 28% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Oxyfluorfen

CAS: 42874-03-3 

Background & Use

•

•

•

A substituted diphenyl ether 

Used as a herbicide

Names & Synonyms: goal; koltar; 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-3'-ethoxy-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether 

Health Effects

•

•

Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) = 210 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o 2002 OPP Risk Assessment

o

o

o

o

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity

Cancer Class = C (Possible human carcinogen)

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.030 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 3.0 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: Individuals with pre-existing liver conditions 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken

Ambient Water

o

o

o

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

PMP, 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples taken

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 86 out of 166 sites; Maximum 

detect (0.86 μg/L) < HRL (210 μg/L) 

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006e) 

o Approximately 761,000 pounds on average used annually between 1990 and 1999; usage 

increasing

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 705,255 pounds of active ingredient used across 37 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006
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• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

5 pounds released in 2 states in 2004 

2,503 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent) 

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 0.116 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 46,800 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 4.73

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 8.23E-07 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 4% 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Permethrin

CAS: 52645-53-1 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Permethrin is a substituted diphenyl ether 

Used as an insecticide

Names & Synonyms: ambush; corsair; dragnet; ectiban; kafil; permasect; perthrine; pramex; 

stomoxin

Health Effects

•

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 3.65 μg/L (Cancer)16

o

o

o

2009 OPP Risk Assessment

Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans)

Slope Factor = 0.0096 (mg/kg-day)-1

CCL 4 HRL: 1,750 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

2009 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Neurological effects

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.25 mg/kg-day 

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 25 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

California Drinking Water Monitoring Data, 1995-2007: Not detected at any of the 35 public 

water systems (PWSs) sampled

USGS/California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program, 

2004-2011: Not detected at any of the 1,828 sites sampled (California SWRCB, 2012)

Ambient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 1 out of 722 sites; Detection 

(0.348 μg/L) < HRL (3.65 μg/L)

 

16The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) for this contaminant is rounded and provides a cancer risk 

range of 10-6 to 10-4 (4-400 μg/L).
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Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

•

OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2007b) 

o Approximately 2 million pounds used annually 

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,066,056 pounds of active ingredient used across 48 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

17,979 pounds released in 7 states in 2004

2,116 pounds released in 5 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

May or may not be persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast; biodegrades 

sometimes/persistent – degradation rate depends on environmental conditions (i.e., aerobic vs. 

anaerobic); cis-permethrin and trans-permethrin degrade at different rates) 

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 0.006 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 178,000 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 6.5

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.87E-06 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 6% 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Profenofos

CAS: 41198-08-7 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Phosphorothioate pesticide 

Applied as an insecticide and an acaricide

Names & Synonyms: curacron; polycron; selecron 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.35 μg/L (Non-Cancer)17

o

o

o

o

2006 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Plasma and RBC cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00005 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.005 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken

Ambient Water

o

o

o

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

PMP, 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples taken

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 307 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006f) 

o Approximately 775,000 pounds used annually 

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 879,776 pounds of active ingredient used across 14 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

 

17The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) for this contaminant has been rounded to 0.4 μg/L. 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

255 pounds released in 1 state in 2004

No release data available in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

• Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent) 

•

•

•

•

•

•

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented 

physical and chemical properties; although the Henry’s Law constant suggests that it may be very 

mobile in water (i.e., partition predominantly to water as opposed to air) 

Water Solubility: 28 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 869-3,162 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 4.68

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.21E-08 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 13% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Quinoline

CAS: 91-22-5 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Fused aromatic amine

Used as a pharmaceutical (anti-malarial) and flavoring agent, also produced as a chemical 

intermediate

Names & Synonyms: 1-azanaphthalene; 1-benzazine; benzopyridine; chinolin; leucol 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.01 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o

2001 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans) 

Slope Factor = 3 (mg/kg-day)-1

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water

Production, Release and Usage

• Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)18

o

o

10-500K pounds produced in 2002 

1- <10M pounds produced in 2006

• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

28,629 pounds released in 8 states in 2004

15,789 pounds released in 9 states in 2010

Persistence & Mobility

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast with acclimation)

 

18 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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•

•

•

•

•

•

Expected to be moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and 

chemical properties; although the organic carbon partitioning coefficient suggests that it may be 

not very mobile in water and the water solubility suggests that it may be very mobile in water

Water Solubility: 6,110 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 1,837 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 2.03

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.67E-06 atm-m3/mol

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 24% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Tebuconazole

CAS: 107534-96-3 

Background & Use

•

•

•

A substituted triazole pesticide 

Used as a fungicide 

Names & Synonyms: folicur; terbutrazole; ethyltrianol; fenetrazole

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 210 μg/L (Non-Cancer)19

o

o

o

o

o

2011 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Decreased body weights, absolute brain weights, brain 

measurements and motor activity in offspring 

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.03 mg/kg-day 

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 8.8 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 300

Cancer Class = C (Possible human carcinogen) 

• Sensitive populations: Infants and children 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Detected at 4 out of 13 sites (median = 0.01 

μg/L); Maximum detect (0.15 μg/L) < HRL (210 μg/L)

Ambient Water

o

o

PDP, 2003-2009: Detected at 3 out of 7 sites (median = 0.0103 μg/L); Maximum detect 

(0.068 μg/L) < HRL (210 μg/L) 

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 21 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

• National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 478,568 pounds of active ingredient used across 16 states in 1997 

•

•

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

 

19 The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) for this contaminant uses the same critical study but has a 

heath value of 203 μg/L due to using an unrounded RfD of 0.029 mg/kg-day. 
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o No release data available in 2004 or 2010

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent) 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented 

physical and chemical properties, although the percent in water in a water/air/soil/sediment 

system suggests that it may be not very mobile in water

Water Solubility: 36 mg/L 

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient data for tebuconazole are not available in the sources 

listed in Appendix C 

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 3.7

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.45E-10 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 9%
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Tribufos

CAS: 78-48-8 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Alkylated phosphorotrithioate pesticide 

Used as an insecticide and cotton defoliant 

Names & Synonyms: butifos; butiphos; butyl phosphorotrithioate; tribuphos; tribufate 

Health Effects

•

•

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 7 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

2006 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.001 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.1 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

Sensitive populations: None identified 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o

o

Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP), 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken

Ambient Water

o

o

o

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

PMP, 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples taken

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 70 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006g) 

o Approximately 4.5 million pounds used annually 

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 4,918,265 pounds of active ingredient used across 16 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)20

o 10-500K pounds produced in 2002 

 

20 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 

and 2006.
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o <500K pounds produced in 2006 

• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o

7 pounds released in 1 state in 2004

9 pounds released in 2 states in 2010 

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) 

Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical 

properties 

Water Solubility: 2.3 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 1,888 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 5.7

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 2.94E-07 atm-m3

/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 26% 
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UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet

Vinclozolin

CAS: 50471-44-8 

Background & Use

•

•

•

Oxazolidine pesticide

Applied as a fungicide 

Names & Synonyms: ronilan; vinclozoline 

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 84 μg/L (Non-Cancer)

o

o

o

o

2000 OPP Risk Assessment

Non-Cancer Critical Effect = Lesions in the lungs, liver, ovaries and eye

Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.012 mg/kg-day

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 1.2 mg/kg-day; Uncertainty Factor 

(UF) = 100

• Sensitive populations: Fetuses, neonates, and adolescents during puberty could be a sensitive 

population 

Occurrence in Water

•

•

Finished Water 

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled

Ambient Water

o

o

PDP, 2003-2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled

EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 491 sites sampled

Production, Release and Usage

• OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2000)

o Approximately 141,000 pounds used in 2000; expected to drop to 71,000 pounds per year 

after the phase-out of several uses was completed in 2004

•

•

•

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 121,959 pounds of active ingredient used across 26 states in 1997 

Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
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Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent) 

Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented 

physical and chemical properties, although the percent in water in a water/air/soil/sediment 

system suggests that it may be not very mobile in water

Water Solubility: 2.6 mg/L

Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc): 289 L/kg

Octanol-Water Partitioning Coefficient (logKow): 3.1

Henry’s Law Constant (KH): 1.33E-08 atm-m3/mol 

Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 14% 
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EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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Appendix A: UCMR 4 Prioritization Process
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B-1 

Appendix B: List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on UCMR 4

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 41 UCMR 12 UCMR 23 UCMR 34 Proposed

UCMR 4

Reason for exclusion 

from the UCMR 4 

proposal7 

630-20-6 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane x A

75-34-3 1,1-Dichloroethane x AM5 D

96-18-4 1,2,3-Trichloropropane x AM D

106-99-0 1,3-Butadiene x AM D

123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane x AM D

57-91-0 17-α-Estradiol x B

57-63-6 17-α-Ethynylestradiol x SS6 D 

50-28-2 17-β-Estradiol x SS D 

71-36-3 1-Butanol x x

109-86-4 2-Methoxyethanol x x

107-18-6 2-Propen-1-ol x x

16655-82-6 3-Hydroxycarbofuran x A

101-77-9 4,4'-Methylenedianiline x B

62-53-3 Acephate x A

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde x A

60-35-5 Acetamide x B 

34256-82-1 Acetochlor x AM SS C 

187022-11-3 Acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C 

184992-44-4 Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C

107-02-8 Acrolein x B

142363-53-9 Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C

171262-17-2 Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C

319-84-6 alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane x x

7664-41-7 Ammonia A, E

64285-06-9 Anatoxin-a x x

62-53-3 Aniline x B 
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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B-2 

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 41 UCMR 12 UCMR 23 UCMR 34 Proposed

UCMR 4

Reason for exclusion 

from the UCMR 4 

proposal7 

741-58-2 Bensulide x A

100-44-7 Benzyl chloride x B

93-54-9 Bromochloromethane (Halon 1011) x AM D 

51481-61-9 Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) x AM D 

25013-16-5 Butylated hydroxyanisole x x 

133-06-2 Captan x B

14866-68-3 Chlorate x AM D

90045-46-8 Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) (HCFC-22) x AM D

74-87-3 Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) x AM D

2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos x

110429-62-4 Clethodim x B

7440-48-4 Cobalt x AM D

80-15-9 Cumene hydroperoxide x B

143545-90-8 Cylindrospermopsin x x 

141-66-2 Dicrotophos x A 

55290-64-7 Dimethipin x x 

298-04-4 Disulfoton x SS A, E

330-54-1 Diuron x SS A

517-09-9 Equilenin x B

474-86-2 Equilin x SS D

114-07-8 Erythromycin x A

50-27-1 Estriol x SS D

53-16-7 Estrone x SS D

13194-48-4 Ethoprop x x 

107-21-1 Ethylene glycol x B 

75-21-8 Ethylene oxide x B

96-45-7 Ethylene thiourea x A

22224-92-6 Fenamiphos x A
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B-3 

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 41 UCMR 12 UCMR 23 UCMR 34 Proposed

UCMR 4

Reason for exclusion 

from the UCMR 4 

proposal7 

50-00-0 Formaldehyde x A

7440-56-4 Germanium x x

HAA5 x 

HAA6Br x 

HAA9 x 

110-54-3 Hexane x B

51235-04-2 Hexazinone A, E

302-01-2 Hydrazine x B

7439-96-5 Manganese x x

72-33-3 Mestranol x B

10265-92-6 Methamidophos x A

67-56-1 Methanol x B

1634-04-4 Methyl tert-butyl ether x AM A

51218-45-2 Metolachlor x SS C 

171118-09-5 Metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C 

152019-73-3 Metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C 

Microcystin (total) x

96180-79-9 Microcystin-LA x

154037-70-4 Microcystin-LF x x

101043-37-2 Microcystin-LR x

123304-10-9 Microcystin-LY x

111755-37-4 Microcystin-RR x

101064-48-6 Microcystin-YR x

2212-67-1 Molinate x AM A 

7439-98-7 Molybdenum x AM D 

98-95-3 Nitrobenzene x AM & SS A

55-63-0 Nitroglycerin x B

872-50-4 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone x B
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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B-4 

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 41 UCMR 12 UCMR 23 UCMR 34 Proposed

UCMR 4

Reason for exclusion 

from the UCMR 4 

proposal7 

55-18-5 N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) x SS C

62-75-9 N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) x SS C

621-64-7 N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA) x SS C 

86-30-6 N-nitrosodiphenylamine x B 

930-55-2 N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) x SS C 

118399-22-7 Nodularin x

25154-52-3 Nonylphenol x B

68-22-4 Norethindrone x B

103-65-1 n-Propylbenzene x A

95-53-4 o-Toluidine X x

75-56-9 Oxirane, methyl- X B

301-12-2 Oxydemeton-methyl X A

42874-03-3 Oxyfluorfen X x

1763-23-1 Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS) X AM D 

335-67-1 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) X AM D 

52645-53-1 Permethrin (cis- and trans-) X x 

41198-08-7 Profenofos X x

91-22-5 Quinoline X x

121-82-4 RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) X AM C

135-98-8 sec-Butylbenzene X A

107534-96-3 Tebuconazole X x

112410-23-8 Tebufenozide X A

13494-80-9 Tellurium X A

59669-26-0 Thiodicarb X B 

23564-05-8 Thiophanate-methyl X B 

26471-62-5 Toluene diisocyanate X B

78-48-8 Tribufos X x

121-44-8 Triethylamine X B
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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B-5 

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 41 UCMR 12 UCMR 23 UCMR 34 Proposed

UCMR 4

Reason for exclusion 

from the UCMR 4 

proposal7 

76-87-9 Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) X B

51-79-6 Urethane X B

7440-62-2 Vanadium X AM D 

50471-44-8 Vinclozolin X A, E 

137-30-4 Ziram X B 

1 USEPA. 2015. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4-Draft; Notice. Federal Register. February 4, 2015. Vol. 80, No. 23, p. 6076. (Note: The draft CCL 4 

contains 100 chemicals or chemical groups. Appendix B contains 102 draft CCL 4 contaminants because the cyanotoxins are counted individually not as a 

group.) 2 USEPA. 1999. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register. September 17, 1999. Vol. 64, 

No. 180, p. 50556. 3 USEPA. 2007. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR) for Public Water Systems Revisions; Final Rule. Federal Register. January 4, 2007. Vol. 72, 

No. 2, p. 368. 4 USEPA. 2012. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register. May 2, 2012. Vol. 

77, No. 85, p. 26071. 5 SS = Screening Survey (List 2); includes contaminants measured using specialized analytical method technologies not commonly used by drinking water 

laboratories. 6 AM = Assessment Monitoring (List 1); includes contaminants measured with common analytical method technologies used by drinking water laboratories.

7 A = Lower priority than the proposed 30 UCMR 4 contaminants

B = No validated drinking water method available in time for rulemaking

C = Listed on UCMR 2

D = Listed on UCMR 3

E = Taking public comment

Microbe Draft CCL 41 UCMR 32 (PST)3 Existing Rules4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal

Adenovirus x Surface Water Treatment Rules Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal

Campylobacter jejuni x Very low occurrence expected 

Enterovirus x x Surface Water Treatment Rules On UCMR 3

Escherichia coli (O157) x Very low occurrence expected
EPA-OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815-B-15-005

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B-6 

Microbe Draft CCL 41 UCMR 32 (PST)3 Existing Rules4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal

Helicobacter pylori x Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal

Hepatitis A virus x Surface Water Treatment Rules No recent outbreaks, vaccines are available, not expected to 

be a drinking water public health concern

Legionella pneumophila x Surface Water Treatment Rules Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal, thought to 

be largely a premise plumbing issue, taking public comment

Mycobacterium avium x Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal, taking 

public comment

Naegleria fowleri x Regional/localized occurrence, method will not be ready 

for UCMR 4 proposal

Norovirus (listed as Caliciviruses 

on CCL)

x x Surface Water Treatment Rules On UCMR 3

Salmonella enterica x Very low occurrence expected

Shigella sonnei x Very low occurrence expected

1 USEPA. 2015. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4-Draft; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 80, No. 23, p. 6076, February 4, 2015. 2 USEPA. 2012. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 77, No. 

85, p. 26071, May 2, 2012. 3 PST = Pre-Screen Testing (List 3). 4 USEPA. 1989. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Filtration, Disinfection; Turbidity, Giardia Lamblia, Viruses, Legionella, and Heterotrophic Bacteria; 

Final Rule. Part II. Federal Register. Vol. 54, No. 124. p. 27486, June 29, 1989.

USEPA. 1998. Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment; Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 63, No 241. p. 69478, December 16, 1998.

USEPA. 2002. Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR); Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 9. p. 1813. January 14, 2002.

USEPA. 2006. Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR); Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 71, No. 3. p. 654, January 5, 2006.

USEPA. 2001. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR). Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 111 p. 31086, June 8, 2001. 
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Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed

I. Health Effects Data Sources

1. Office of Water

http://water.epa.gov/drink/standards/hascience.cfm

Drinking water and health advisory summary tables are prepared periodically to provide 

technical guidance to our Regional Offices, State governments and other public health 

officials on health effects, analytical methodologies and treatment technologies associated 

with drinking water contamination. They contain drinking water standards in the form of 

non-regulatory concentrations of drinking water contaminants, Maximum Contaminant 

Level Goals (MCLGs), or regulatory Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). MCLs are the 

maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to users of a public water 

system (PWS). Health Advisories (HAs) provide information on unregulated contaminants 

that can cause human health effects and are known or anticipated to occur in drinking water. 

HAs that are based on non-cancer health effects are presented as guidance values for 

different durations of exposure (e.g., one-day, ten-day and lifetime). EPA also provides risk 

assessment managers with the drinking water cancer risk level (10-4 cancer risk), if available, 

to determine which value provides a more meaningful basis for scenario-specific risk 

reduction. 

Health Effect Support Documents (HESD) are developed for drinking water contaminants 

to provide information so preliminary decisions can be made as to whether the contaminant 

is a significant health threat via drinking water exposure and whether sufficient data exists to 

perform quantitative risk assessments.

The drinking water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) (http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/basicinformation-ccl-and-regulatory-determination) is a list of contaminants that are currently not 

subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations, but are 

known or anticipated to occur in public water systems. Contaminants listed on the CCL may 

require future regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The SDWA requires 

EPA to publish the CCL every five years and directs the Agency to consider the health 

effects and occurrence information for unregulated contaminants as the Agency makes 

decisions to place contaminants on the list. The SDWA further specifies that the Agency 

place those contaminants on the list that present the greatest public health concern related to 

exposure from drinking water. EPA uses the CCL to identify priority contaminants for 

regulatory decision making and information collection. Additional information on the CCL 3 

list of contaminants and contaminant information sheets can be found at 

http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/ccl-3-support-documents-final-ccl-3-and-other-documents and 

for the draft CCL 4, additional information can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/draftcontaminant-candidate-list-4-ccl-4. 

2. Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP)

http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1

EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) publishes health effects data in a variety of 

sources, including Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Documents and Health 

Assessments. "When EPA completes the review and risk management decision for a 

pesticide that is subject to reregistration (i.e., one initially registered before November 1984), 
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EPA generally issues a RED document. The RED summarizes the risk assessment 

conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue 

to be registered in the U.S." There are currently REDs for over 176 pesticides. Two other 

types of documents – the Interim RED (IRED) and Tolerance RED (TRED) may also be 

issued. The IRED is issued when a pesticide is undergoing reregistration, requires a 

reregistration eligibility decision and also needs a cumulative assessment. A TRED may be 

issued if no changes in the tolerances for a pesticide are required as a result of EPA's review

EPA has also developed human health benchmarks (HHBPs) for approximately 363 

pesticides to enable states, tribes, water systems, the public and other stakeholders to better 

determine whether the detection of a pesticide in drinking water or source waters for 

drinking water may indicate a potential health risk. The HHBP table includes pesticide active 

ingredients for which HAs or enforceable National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 

(NPDWRs) (e.g., MCLs) have not been developed. 

http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=HHBP:home for additional information.

3. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList

EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program is a human health assessment 

program that evaluates quantitative and qualitative risk information on effects that may result 

from exposure to chemical substances found in the environment. Through the IRIS 

Program, EPA provides the highest quality science-based human health assessments to 

support the Agency’s regulatory activities. The IRIS database contains information for more 

than 550 chemical substances that can be used to support the first two steps (hazard 

identification and dose-response evaluation) of the risk assessment process. When supported 

by available data, IRIS provides toxicity values and qualitative information for chronic cancer 

and noncancer health effects. Government and private entities use IRIS by combining IRIS 

toxicity values with specific exposure information to help characterize public health risks of 

chemical substances and thereby support risk management decisions designed to protect 

public health.

4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/az/a.html

By Congressional mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 

produces "toxicological profiles" for hazardous substances found at National Priorities List 

(NPL) sites. These hazardous substances are ranked based on frequency of occurrence at 

NPL sites, toxicity and potential for human exposure. Toxicological profiles are developed 

from a priority list of 275 substances. ATSDR also prepares toxicological profiles for the 

Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) on substances 

related to federal sites. So far, 172 toxicological profiles have been published or are under 

development as "final" or "drafts for public comment."

5. California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment 

(OEHHA)

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/cancer_guide/TSD2.html

The Toxicity Criteria Database from California EPA Office of Environmental Health and 

Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) contains information on over 260 chemicals. The database 

reports information that includes the following: cancer potency information (oral/inhalation 

slope factors), chronic and acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), California Public 
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Health Goals (CPHG), California Proposition 65 No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) and 

Maximum Allowable Daily Levels (MADLs).The “Technical Support Document for 

Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors (TSD)” contains cancer unit risks and potency 

factors for 121 of the 201 carcinogenic substances or groups of substances for which 

emissions must be quantified in the Air Toxics Hot Spots program. The purpose of this 

document is to provide a summary of the data supporting the carcinogenic potential of the 

substance or group of substances and to provide the calculation procedure used to derive the 

estimated unit risk and cancer potency factors.

6. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)

http://rais.ornl.gov/

This database of chemical-specific toxicity values contains the human health toxicological

information needed to perform risk evaluations and assessments. This database contains

toxicity information taken from the EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the

Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) and other sources. In this database,

all information is referenced. Additionally, the database contains supplemental information

which clarifies some issues. The database of chemical-specific toxicity metadata contains

values needed in human health toxicity assessments. This database contains information

taken from IRIS and HEAST which are referenced. If a user needs additional information

about the application or contents of this database, please contact RAIS.

7. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®)

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/RTECSaccess.html

The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®) is a database of

toxicological information compiled, maintained and updated by the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The program is mandated by the Occupational

Safety and Health Act of 1970. The original edition, known as the "Toxic Substances List,"

was published on June 28, 1971, and included toxicological data for approximately 5,000

chemicals. Since that time, the list has continuously grown and been updated, and its name

changed to the current title, "Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances." As of May

2003, the last update of the database by NIOSH, RTECS® contained 156,485 chemicals as

NIOSH strived to fulfill the mandate to list, "all known toxic substances... and the

concentrations at which... toxicity is known to occur." RTECS® is a compendium of data

extracted from the open scientific literature. The data are recorded in the format developed

by the RTECS® staff and arranged in alphabetical order by prime chemical name. No

attempt has been made to evaluate the studies cited in RTECS®. The user has the

responsibility of making such assessments. RTECS® provides: access to toxicity information

for 156,485 chemicals; identification of six types of toxicity data including: primary irritation,

mutagenic effects, reproductive effects, tumorigenic effects, acute toxicity, other multiple

dose toxicity; and includes specific numeric toxicity values and identification of species

studied and route of administration used. Each data line lists the bibliographic source to

indicate actual studies cited.

8. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)

Toxicological evaluations of food additives and contaminants and of residues of veterinary 

drugs in food, produced by the Joint World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO) Expert Committee on Food Additives 

JECFA, are used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national governments to set 
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international food standards and safe levels for protection of the consumer. The 

monographs provide the toxicological information upon which the JECFA makes its 

evaluations. These monographs are prepared by scientific experts and peer reviewed at the 

JECFA meetings.

9. Center for Disease Control (CDC)

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm

The most relevant portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 

(NHANES) for screening potential drinking water contaminants is the National Report on 

Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NRHEEC). Biomonitoring data include 

measurements of 27 chemicals, including pesticides (e.g., phthalates and organophosphates) 

and other prevalent chemicals (such as lead and beryllium) in either the blood or urine of a 

small but national sample of the U.S. population. Several databases and journal articles 

describing other studies (e.g., high blood pressure, immunization status and nutritional blood 

measures) conducted under NHANES III are available. The NHANES Volatile Organic 

Compound (VOC) database contains relevant data for over 40 chemicals. Also useful for 

occurrence and health effects for contaminant screening may be the General Mortality 

tables. These tables include the causes of death for all age groups in the United States and 

include waterborne disease outbreaks.

II. Occurrence Data and Information Sources

1. Finished Water Data for Chemicals

A. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR)

http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/ucmr3/

UCMR1: Monitoring occurred during 2001-2003 and included 25 chemical contaminants

and 1 microbe. UCMR 2: Monitoring occurred during 2008-2010 and included 25 

chemical contaminants. UCMR 3: Monitoring occurred during 2013-2015 and included 

28 chemical contaminants and two viruses.

B. Assessment Monitoring (AM)

Designed to provide nationally representative contaminant occurrence data. Conducted 

by all PWSs serving more than 10,000 people (a “census”), and a statistically designed 

national sample of 800 PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people. Includes all 50 states, four 

Territories and Tribal lands. Monitoring is conducted during a continuous 12-month 

period at each participating system.

C. Screening Surveys (SS)

UCMR 1 SS monitoring was conducted by a statistically selected sample of 300 large and 

small PWSs. UCMR 1 SS monitoring was conducted for 13 chemicals for a 12-month 

period during 2001 and 2002, and for one microbe in 2003. For UCMR 2, SS monitoring 

included a census of all systems serving more than 100,000 (approximately 400 PWSs

and the largest portion of the national population served by PWSs); a statistically selected 

national sample of 320 PWSs serving 10,001 to 100,000 people, and 480 PWSs serving 

10,000 or fewer people. UCMR 2 SS monitoring was conducted for 15 contaminants for 

a 12-month period during 2008-2010. UCMR 3 employed the same SS design as that 

used in UCMR 2. PWSs participating in UCMR 3 SS were required to monitor for 7 

contaminants during a 12-month period from 2013-2015.

D. Pre-Screen Testing (PST)

In UCMR 3 a representative sample of 800 non-disinfecting ground water systems 

serving 1,000 or fewer retail customers, including community water systems (CWSs), 
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non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) and transient systems were 

required to monitor for PST contaminants. Those PWSs were required to monitor for 2 

viruses during a 12-month period from 2013-2015.

E. National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS) (1984 – 1986)

Summary of these data are provided in tabular form at http://www.regulations.gov

Docket ID EPA-HQ-OW-2007-1189.

The NIRS was designed and conducted by EPA specifically to provide data on the 

occurrence in ground water of a set of 42 radionuclides and inorganic chemicals (IOCs) 

being considered for NPDWRs. NIRS provides contaminant occurrence data from a 

statistical sample comprised of 989 nationally representative CWSs served by ground 

water (located in 49 states and Puerto Rico), that treat ground water for distribution. 

Samples were collected from the distribution system subsequent to treatment. Each of 

these randomly selected PWSs was sampled a single time between 1984 and 1986.

F. Disinfection By-Product Information Collection Rule (DBP-ICR) Data (1997 –

1998)

http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/ogwdw/icr.cfm

The Information Collection Request (ICR) database contains research data on pathogens 

in drinking water sources (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, etc.), indicators of fecal contamination 

(e.g., Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and E. coli), amount of disinfectant and presence of 

disinfection byproducts (DBP) in treated drinking water and the effectiveness of certain 

treatment technologies. Pathogens covered include Cryptosporidium, Giardia and viruses. 

DBPs covered include total trihalomethanes (including individual species), bromate, 

chlorite and haloacetic acids (including individual species of HAA9 for some systems). 

Under the DBP-ICR, the DBP occurrence data were collected quarterly at the entry 

points to distribution systems as well as throughout distribution systems. Summary 

reports on microbial and DBP data at national, state and water system levels can be 

retrieved via the database. Data for the database were collected between 1997 and 1998.

G. U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program (USDA PDP)

http://www.ams.usda.gov/datasets/pdp

The USDA PDP has developed a national pesticide residue database. The PDP was 

initiated in 1991 to collect data on pesticide residues in food with sampling conducted on

a statistically defensible representation of pesticide residuals in the United States food 

supply. Sampling and testing are conducted on fruits and vegetables, select grains, milk 

and (as of 2001), drinking water. The PDP drinking water sampling program was 

initiated at CWSs in New York and California in 2001. Since then, the drinking water 

sampling program has expanded, though the states where sampling occurs may differ 

from year to year. At one time or another, CWSs in 27 states and Washington, D.C. 

contributed raw and/or finished water data to the program. The sampling frame is 

designed to provide coverage in regions of interest for at least two years, to reflect the 

seasonal and climatic variability during growing seasons. PDP works with EPA and the 

American Water Works Association (AWWA) to identify specific water treatment 

facilities to be monitored. EPA reviews the PDP data on the occurrence of select 

contaminants in untreated and treated water. The CWSs selected for sampling tend to be 

small- and medium-sized systems (primarily CWSs serving less than 50,000 persons), 

systems served by surface water and systems located in regions of heavy agriculture. The 
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number of sites and samples has varied during different sampling periods. Sampling of 

untreated water in addition to treated water began in 2004.

H. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP)

Initiated in 1999, the PMP provides information on pesticide concentrations in drinking 

water. This study focused on small drinking water supply reservoirs in areas with high 

pesticide use to test and refine the sampling approach in areas where pesticides are 

probably present. Sampling sites represent a variety of geographic regions, as well as 

different cropping patterns. These 12 sites were located in: California, Indiana, Ohio, 

Oklahoma, Louisiana, Missouri, South Carolina, South Dakota, New York, North 

Carolina, Pennsylvania and Texas. Samples were collected quarterly throughout the year 

and at weekly or biweekly intervals following the primary pesticide-application periods. 

Water samples were collected from the raw-water intake and from the finished drinkingwater tap prior to entering the distribution system. At some sites, samples were also 

collected at the reservoir outflow.

2. Supplemental Drinking Water and Ambient Water Data for Chemicals

A. National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)

http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/

The NAWQA database, maintained by USGS, describes the status and trends in the 

quality of the nation’s groundwater and surface water resources. USGS began its 

NAWQA program in 1991, systematically collecting chemical, biological and physical 

water quality data from 51 study units (basins) across the nation. This database may be 

useful for examining nationally representative pesticide and volatile organic compound 

(VOC) occurrence in ambient water and drinking water sources; however, the 

composition and presentation of the data vary widely from region to region. NAWQA 

provides high-quality, nationally representative data reviewed by the National Academy 

of Sciences (NAS).

B. National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC)

http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html

This dataset includes occurrence data collected by the USGS Toxic Substances 

Hydrology Program from 1999 to 2001 in samples from 142 streams, 55 wells and seven 

effluent samples from 36 states. The majority of the sites sampled were expected to be 

susceptible to emerging contaminants through the pathway of either animal or human 

wastewater. A smaller subset of the sites were located in settings where occurrence of 

emerging contaminants was predicted to be unlikely. A total of 94 target chemicals were 

measured, including 22 human and veterinary antibiotics, 13 prescription drugs, five 

nonprescription drugs, 39 industrial and household wastewater products (e.g., caffeine 

and personal care products) and 15 reproductive and steroidal hormones. Prior to the 

study completion, EPA analyzed a preliminary version of data provided by USGS. This 

review refers, in part, to the USGS Open File Report (02-94) available on the USGS 

website. This online report includes all the raw data from the stream sampling portion of 

the study.

3. Production, Release, Usage and Other Data for Chemicals

A. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

http://iaspub.epa.gov/triexplorer/tri_release.chemical

The TRI contains information from almost 20,000 U.S. companies and government 

facilities that report their air, land and water releases of industrial chemicals and other 
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waste management activities. TRI also contains some information about source 

reduction efforts. This database’s information on releases to water is a valuable source of 

potential occurrence data for screening drinking water contaminants for the CCL. It 

includes many categories of air, land and water release data for the years 1988 through 

2014. As of 2014, the TRI toxic chemical list contains over 500 individually listed 

chemicals.

B. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)

http://www.ncfap.org/pesticideuse.html

The National Pesticide Use Database was created by the NCFAP in conjunction with the 

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The National Pesticide Use Database 

compiles state and crop pesticide use data from publicly available reports and from 

surveys conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. First-issued in 1995, 

the NCFAP pesticide use database is widely used by governmental agencies, 

environmental groups and private industry. In November 2000, NCFAP released an 

updated version of the national database which delineates the use of 220 active 

ingredients on 87 crops in the 48 contiguous states in 1997. Note: Although 1992 and 

1997 are benchmark years for the database, the data for these years are derived from use 

estimates made between 1990 to 1993 and 1994 to 1998, respectively. The NCFAP 

databases are more accurately described as circa 1992 and circa 1997. Users are advised 

to read the report Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 1997 that describes how the 

database was compiled and identifies the references that were used as the source for each 

record in the database. A detailed description of the internet files is also included in this 

report.

C. REDs (Reregistration Eligibility Decisions)

http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1

In 2008, EPA completed a review of older pesticides (those initially registered prior to 

November 1984) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 

(FIFRA) to ensure that they met current scientific and regulatory standards. This 

process, called reregistration, enabled EPA to call in and review supporting scientific 

studies, complete human health and ecological risk assessments and develop risk 

mitigation measures as needed using current science, transparency and input from 

stakeholders and the public. EPA also reassessed existing tolerances (pesticide residue 

limits in food) to ensure that they met the safety standard established by the Food 

Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. EPA integrated reregistration and tolerance 

reassessment to most effectively accomplish the goals of both programs. When EPA 

completes its review of a pesticide for reregistration or tolerance reassessment, the 

Agency issues a risk management decision document known as a RED, an IRED, or a 

TRED. EPA publishes Notices of Availability in the Federal Register.

D. Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting Program (CUS/IUR)

http://www2.epa.gov/chemical-data-reportingThe CUS database contains confidential 

data reported by industry (approximately 1,200 companies) as a partial update of the 

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Inventory. Data reported under the IUR rule 

were stored in the CUS database. Under the IUR, manufacturers and importers were 

required to report company information (e.g., plant site name, address and Data 

Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number) and chemical information (e.g., 

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number, Premanufactures Number 

(PMN)/Bonafide/Test Marketing Exemption Application (TMEA) or Confidential 
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Chemicals Identification (CCID) System Assession Number and production volume) 

for chemicals they manufactured or imported in excess of 25,000 pounds (up from 

10,000 pounds in 2002) in the previous fiscal year. The EPA released the 2006 IUR rule 

(now called the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule) information on more than 6,200 

chemicals in commerce. Due to changes in production volume reporting requirements, 

categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006. 

The CUS database contains comprehensive use and exposure information on the most 

widely used chemicals in the United States.

E. Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Profiler

http://www.pbtprofiler.net/default.asp

The PBT Profiler was designed to be an easy to use, widely available, no-cost tool to 

screen chemicals lacking experimental data in order to help identify pollution prevention 

(P2) opportunities. It is a continuation of the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and 

Toxics (OPPT) P2 Assessment Framework; a collection of screening models and 

methods to help promote the design, development and application of safer chemicals 

and processes. The P2 Framework uses computerized methods, such as 

structure/activity relationships (SARs) and standard scenarios, to predict risk related data 

(physical/chemical properties, bioconcentration, environmental fate, carcinogenicity, 

toxicity to aquatic organisms, worker and general population exposure and other 

information) on chemicals lacking experimental data. The PBT Profiler arose from 

experience gained in the P2 Framework's outreach program, a vigorous set of initiatives 

by collaborators in the business, government and academic sectors to promote the 

voluntary use of these tools to reduce pollution and highlight the potential economic 

benefits of informed environmental decision making.

F. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

HSDB is a toxicology data file on the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology 

Data Network (TOXNET®). It focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous 

chemicals. It is enhanced with information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, 

emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, and related 

areas. All data are referenced and derived from a core set of books, government 

documents, technical reports and selected primary journal literature. HSDB is peerreviewed by the Scientific Review Panel (SRP), a committee of experts in the major 

subject areas within the data bank's scope. HSDB is organized into individual chemical 

records, and contains over 4500 such records.

4. Outbreak Information for Microbes

A. Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality 

Weekly Report (MMWR)

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/

Since 1971, the CDC, EPA and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists 

(CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and 

periodically reporting data related to occurrences and causes of Water Borne Disease 

Outbreaks (WBDOs). These reports from the CDC are published periodically in the

MMWR. The summaries include data on outbreaks associated with drinking water, 

recreational water, water not intended for drinking (excluding recreational water) and 

water use of unknown intent. Public health agencies are responsible for investigating 
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outbreaks and reporting them voluntarily to CDC using a standard form. Only data on 

outbreaks associated with drinking water, water not intended for drinking (excluding 

recreational water) and water use of unknown intent are summarized in this report. CDC 

and EPA acknowledge that the WBDOs reported in the surveillance system represent 

only a portion of the burden of illness associated with drinking water exposure. The 

surveillance information does not include endemic waterborne disease risks.
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Appendix D: Health Effects Definitions

Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL10) A dose or concentration that produces a predetermined 

change in response rate of an adverse effect (called the benchmark response or BMR) 

compared to background. 

Cancer Classification: A descriptive weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent 

is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be 

expressed. Under the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Cancer 

Descriptors replace the earlier alpha numeric Cancer Group designations (USEPA 1986 

guidelines). The Cancer Descriptors in the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk 

Assessment are as follows:

•

•

•

•

•

•

Carcinogenic to humans (H) 

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans (L) 

Likely to be carcinogenic above a specified dose but not likely to be carcinogenic below 

that dose because a key event in tumor formation does not occur below that dose (L/N) 

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential (S)

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential (I) 

Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans (N) 

Cancer Group: A qualitative weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that a chemical may 

be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical was placed into one of the following six 

categories (USEPA 1986 guidelines). 

Group Category

A Human carcinogen 

B Probable human carcinogen: 

B1 Indicates limited human evidence 

B2 Indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humans 

C Possible human carcinogen 

D Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity

E Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans 

Health Advisory (HA): An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance 

based on health effects information; a HA is not a federal regulatory standard, but serves as 

technical guidance to assist federal, state and local officials. 

CCL 4 Health Reference Level (CCL 4 HRL): For a carcinogen, the CCL 4 HRL is cancer risk 

expressed as a drinking water concentration. For non-carcinogens, the CCL 4 HRL is 

equivalent to the lifetime health advisory value. The lifetime health advisory value is obtained 

by multiplying the RfD times 70 kg, dividing by a water intake of 2 L/day and multiplying by 

a 20% relative source contribution (unless there are data to suggest that the 20% is 

inappropriate). When determining the CCL 4 HRL for chemicals where the data element 
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used was a NOAEL or LOAEL value, application of an uncertainty factor to adjust the 

toxicity value to an RfD approximation was required. 

Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP): Advisory values derived by applying the 

health effects data from pesticide registrations under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 

(FFDCA) as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), to the typical methods 

used for developing drinking water HAs under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). 

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL): The lowest tested dose of a substance that 

has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals. 

Lowest Oral Lethal Dose (LD50): A standard measurement of acute toxicity that is stated in 

milligrams (mg) of substance per kilogram (kg) of body weight. An LD50 represents the 

individual dose required to kill 50 percent of a population of test animals (e.g., rats, fish, 

mice, cockroaches). 

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): A non-enforceable health benchmark goal which 

is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons is 

expected to occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety.

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in 

drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available 

analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are 

enforceable standards.

Minimal Risk Level (MRL): An Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 

estimate of daily human exposure to a hazardous substance at or below which that substance 

is unlikely to pose a measurable risk of harmful (adverse), non-cancerous effects. MRLs are 

calculated for a route of exposure (inhalation or oral) over a specified time period (acute, 

intermediate, or chronic). 

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL): The highest tested dose of a substance that has 

been reported to have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals. 

Reference Dose (RfD): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of 

a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to 

be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. 

Slope Factor: An upper-bound estimate of risk per increment of dose that can be used to estimate 

risk probabilities for different exposure levels. 

Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI): An estimate of the amount of a substance in food or drinkingwater, expressed on a body weight basis (mg/kg or μg/kg of body weight), that can be 

ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. 
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D-3

Adapted from the following references:

ATSDR. 2010. Glossary of Terms. Available on the Internet at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html. 

Accessed March 23, 2010.

USEPA. 2005. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA 630-P-03-001F.

USEPA. 2009a. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL. Office of Water. 

EPA 815-R-09-008.

USEPA. 2012. 2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Office of Water. EPA 822-S12-001.

USEPA. 2014. Risk Assessment Glossary. Available on the Internet at http://www2.epa.gov/risk /. Accessed 

September 4, 2015.
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Appendix E: Calculating Candidate Contaminant List (CCL 4) 

Health Reference Levels (HRLs)

CCL 4 General Website: http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/draft-contaminant-candidate-list-4-ccl-4

Contaminant Information Sheets: http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-

05/documents/final-ccl-3-contaminant-information-sheets.pdf

A Health Reference Level (HRL) is a health benchmark that the Agency uses in the Regulatory 

Determination process to assess occurrence information. HRLs are not final determinations about 

the level of a contaminant in drinking water that is necessary to protect any particular population 

(i.e., maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)). Rather, it is a benchmark against which EPA 

compares the concentrations of a contaminant found in public water systems (PWSs) to determine if 

it is present at levels of public health concern.

The HRL for a carcinogen with a linear response to dose is the one-in-one-million extra risk 

concentration in water, while that for noncancer effects, or a tumor response with a non-linear 

response to dose, is derived from an oral reference dose (RfD), or RfD-estimate, using a 70 kg adult 

body weight, a 2 L/day drinking water intake and a 20% relative source contribution. RfD estimates 

can be RfD-like values from agencies other than EPA, or derived from a No Observed Adverse 

Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) by applying default 

uncertainty factors of 1,000 for a NOAEL or 3,000 for a LOAEL. Further details about HRLs in 

the CCL process are included in the support document from the CCL 3 docket (USEPA, 2009a).

The 1996 SDWA Amendments require special consideration of all sensitive populations and 

lifestages (e.g., infants, children, pregnant women, elderly and individuals with a history of chronic 

illness) in the development of drinking water regulations. If appropriate and available, the Agency 

takes into account data from sensitive populations and life stages when developing HRLs. The 

derivation of HRLs for carcinogens and non-carcinogens are shown below.

Non-Cancer CCL 4 HRL (mg/L) = [(RfD x BW)/DWI] x RSC]

Where:

•

•

•

•

RfD = Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)

−

−

RfD = Point of Departure (POD) ÷ Uncertainty Factors (UF)

POD = the dose (e.g., NOAEL or LOAEL)

BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg) 

DWI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90th percentile)

RSC = 20% Relative Source Contribution, assumed to be the level of exposure from 

drinking water when compared to other sources 

Cancer Unit Risk (μg/L)-1 = CSF x [(DWI x CW)/BW]

Where:

• CSF = Cancer Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
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•

•

•

•

DWI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90th percentile)

CW = Unit risk concentration in drinking water of 0.001 mg/L (1 μg/L) 

BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg) 

The cancer HRL is the concentration of a contaminant in drinking water corresponding to 

an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of one-in-a-million (1x 10-6), calculated as follows:

Cancer HRL (μg/L) = Risk Level of 10-6 ÷ Unit Risk (μg/L)-1 
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Appendix F: Persistence and Mobility

Persistence and mobility are defined by chemical properties that measure or estimate environmental 

fate characteristics of a contaminant and affect their likelihood to occur in the water environment. 

There are a number of data elements that measure the fate of a chemical in the environment. The 

physical and chemical parameters that are most relevant to their fate in drinking water are 

summarized in Table 1. The data elements listed in the table are arranged in hierarchical order, with 

the most important at the top. The scales used to categorize persistence and mobility were 

recommended by the National Drinking Water Advisory Committee (NDWAC) Contaminant 

Candidate List 3 (CCL 3) workgroup. 

Table 1a. Mobility Scales for Environmental Fate Data1

Mobility Parameters Units Not Very Mobile Moderately Mobile Very Mobile

Organic Carbon 

Partitioning Coefficient 

(Koc)

mL/g >1,000 100-1,000 <100

Octanol-Water 

Partitioning Coefficient 

(logKow)

Dimensionless >4 1-4 <1

Henry's Law Coefficient 

(KH)2 atm-m3/mol >10-3 10-7-10-3 <10-7

Water Solubility mg/L <1 1-1,000 >1,000

Percent in Water in a 

Water/Air/Soil/Sediment 

System (W%) (PBT 

Profiler)

Dimensionless ≤25 >25-50 >50

1 Table 1 was modified from Exhibit A.8 in Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL (EPA 815–R–

09–008, August, 2009). 2 The mobility parameters indicate the degree to which a contaminant will tend to partition to water relative to other environmental 

media (i.e., soil, sediment, and air). KH represents the ratio of the concentration of a contaminant that partitions to air relative to the 

concentration of a contaminant that partitions to water in an air-water system. Larger values of KH indicate that the contaminant 

tends to partition to air more than to water. Thus, larger values of KH (i.e., >10-3 atm-m3/mol) categorize a contaminant as “not very 

mobile” because the contaminant will tend to partition to air rather than to water.

Table 1b. Persistence Scales for Environmental Fate Data1

Persistence Parameters Units Not Persistent Moderately Persistent Persistent

Half-Life (t1/2) Days <1-14 >14-59 60 and greater

Modeled Degradation Rate N/A 

Biodegrades Fast;

Biodegrades Fast 

with Acclimation

Biodegrades Slowly;

Biodegrades Slowly with 

Acclimation

Biodegrades 

Sometimes/Persistent 

1 Table 1 was modified from Exhibit A.8 in Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL (EPA 815–R–

09–008, August, 2009).