F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect E P A / 310- R-97-007



### EP A O f f

i ce o f Co m p l i a n ce S ect o r No t e b o o k P r o j ect 

## Pr o f i l e o f the Fo ssi l Fue l E l e c t r i c Po w e r Ge ne r a ti o n Industr y

Sept em b e r1997

O ffic e o f C o mp lia n c e Of f i ce o f E n f o r cem en t an d Co m p l

i a n ce A ssur a n c e U. S

. E n v i r o n m en t a l P r o t ect i o n A g en cy 401 M St

. , SW ( M C 2223- A ) W a s h in gt o n , DC 20460

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Sect or Not e book P r oj ect This report is one in a series of volumes publis hed by the U. S. E nvir onmental Pr otection Agency (EPA) to provide informa tion of ge ne ra l inte re s tre garding e n v i r o n m e n t a l is s u e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith specific indus tr ial s ector s . T h e documents wer e develop e d unde r c o n t r a c t b y A b t A s s o c i a t e s (Cambridge, M A ) , Science Applications I n ter n ational C o r por ation ( M cL ean, VA) , and B ooz- A llen & Hamilton, Inc. (McLean, VA)

. T h is public a tion ma y be pur c h a s e d f r o m the Supe r i nte nde nt of Documents, U. S. Gover n ment Pr inting Of f

i ce. A lis ting of available SectorNot e b o oks and document numbers is included on the following page. All telephone orders should be directed to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 (202) 512-1800 FAX (202) 512-2250 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., EST, M-F
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El ect r o n i c v e r s i o n s o f all S ect o rNo t e b o o k s ar e av ai l ab l e f r ee o f ch ar ge at t h e f o ll o win g web addr es s : www. epa. gov/oeca/s ect or
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Cover photograph courtesy of Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. Sect or Not e book Cont act s

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

T h e S e c t or N o t e b ooks we r e

de ve lop e d b y t h e E P A’ s O f f i c e of C o m p lia nc e . Q u e s t i ons r e la t i ng t o t h e S e c t or N o t e b ook P r oje c t c a n b e dir e c t e d t o :
S e t h H e m i n w a y , C oor d i n a t o r , S e c t or N o t e book P r oj e c t U S EP A O f f i c e o f C o mp lian c e 401 M S t

. , S W (2223-A ) W a s h i n gt o n , D C 20460 (202) 564-7017 Q u e s t i ons a nd c o m m

ent s r e ga r ding t h e individu a ldoc u m en t s c a n b e dir e c t e d t o t h e a p p r op r i a t e s p e c ia lis t s lis t e d b e low

. Doc u m e nt Num b e r I ndus try E P A/ 310-R -95-001. D r y Cl e a n i n g In dus t r y E P A/ 310-R -95-002. E l e c t r o n i c s a n d Co m put e r In dus t r y * E P A/ 310-R -95-003. W o o d F u r n i t u r ea n d F i xt ur e s In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -95-004. In o r gan i c Ch e mic al In dus tr y * EP A/ 310-R -95-005. Ir o n an d S t e e l In dus tr y E P A/ 310-R -95-006. L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o duc t s In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -95-007. F a b r ic ate d M e tal P r o duc ts In dus tr y * EP A/ 310-R -95-008. M e tal M i n i n g In dus tr y E PA/ 310-R -95-009. Mo t o r Ve h i c l eAsse m b l y In dust r y EP A/ 310-R -95-010. N o n f e r r o us M e tals In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -95-011. N o n - F u e l , N o n - M e tal M i n i n g In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -95-012. O r gan i c Ch e mic al In dus tr y * E P A/ 310-R -95-013. P e t r o l e u m R e f i n i n g In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -95-014. P r in tin g In dus tr y E P A/ 310-R -95-015. P u l p a n d P a pe r In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -95-016. R u b b e r an d P las tic In dus tr y E P A/ 310-R -95-017. S t o n e , Cl a y , G l a s s , a n d Co n c r e t eIn dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -95-018. Tr an s p o r tatio n Equipme n t Cle a n i n g In d. EP A/ 310-R -97-001. A i r Tr an s p o r tatio n In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -97-002. G r o u n d Tr an s p o r tatio n In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -97-003. W ate r Tr an s p o r tatio n In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -97-004. M e tal Cas tin g In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -97-005. P h ar mac e u tic als In dus tr y EP A/ 310-R -97-006. P las tic R e s i n an d M a n - made F i b e r In d. EP A/ 310-R -97-007. F o s s il F u e l Ele c t r i c P o w e r G e n e r atio n In d. E P A/ 310-R -97-008. S h i p b u i l d i n g a n d R e pa i r In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -97-009. Te xtileIn dus tr y E P A/ 310-R -97-010. S e c t o r N o t e book D ata R e f r e s h -1997 E P A/ 310-R -98-001. A e r o s p a c eIn dus t r y E P A/ 310-R -98-002. A g r i c u l t u r a l Ch e m i c a l , P e s t i c i d e , a n d F e r tilize r I n d u s tr y E P A/ 310-R -98-003. A g r i c u l t u r a l Cr o p P r o duc t i o n In dus t r y E P A/ 310-R -98-004. A g r i c u l t u r a l L i v e s t o c k P r o duc t i o n In d. EP A/ 310-R -98-005. O il an d G a s Explo r atio n an d P r o duc tio n In dus t r y EP A/ 310-R -98-008. L o c al G o v e r n m e n t O p e r atio n s * S p a n i s h tr an s latio n s av ailab le

. C ontac t P h one (202) J o yc eCh a n dl e r 564-7073 S t e v eH oove r 564-7007 Bob M a r s h a l l 564-7021 W alte r D e Ri e ux 564-7067 M ar ia M alav e 564-7027 S e t h H e m i n w a y 564-7017 S c o tt Th r o w e 564-7013 J an e En ge r t 564-5021 A n t h o n y R a i a 564-6045 J an eEn ge r t 564-5021 Rob L i s c h i n s k y 564-2628 W alte r D e Ri e u x 564-7067 T o m Ri pp 564-7003 G in ge r G o tlif f e 564-7072 S e t h H e m i n w a y 564-7017 M ar ia M alav e 564-7027 S c o t t T h r o w e 564-7013 V i r g in ia L ath r o p 564-7057 V ir gin ia L ath r o p 564-7057 V ir gin ia L ath r o p 564-7057 V ir gin ia L ath r o p 564-7057 J an eEn ge r t 564-5021 Emily Ch o w 564-7071 S ally S a s n e t t 564-7074 R a f a e l S a n c h e z 564-7028 A n t h o n y R a i a 564-6045 B e lin da B r e i de n b ac h 564-7022 S e th H e min w a y 564-7017 A n t h o n y R a i a 564-6045 S h r u t i S a n g h a v i 564-4158
G i n a h M o r t e n s e n (913)551-7864 G i n a h M o r t e n s e n (913)551-7864 D an Ch adw i c k 564-7054
J o h n D o mb r o w s ki 564-7036

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

[T his page inte ntional l y l e f t bl ank . ]

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect iii Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect



### F O S S I L F U EL ELECTRIC P O WER G E NERATIO N INDUS TRY (SI C 4911, 493) TABLE O F CO NTENTS
L I S T O F T A B L E S

......................................................... i v L I S T O F F I G U R E S

......................................................... v i
L I S T OF A BBRE VI A T I ONS A ND A CRONYMS

................................. v ii
I

. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT

.................. 1 A. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project

................................. 1 B. Additional Information

............................................... 2
II. INTRODUCTION TO THE FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY

.......................................................... 3 A. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook

...................... 3 B. Characterization of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

.......... 4 1. Product Characterization

........................................ 5 2. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

........................................ 5 3. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution of Traditional Utilities

........ 7 4. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution of Nonutilities

.............. 1 3 5. Economic Trends

............................................ 1 9
III. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION

................................. 2 3 A. Industrial Processes in the Fossil Fuel Electric Generation Industry

............ 2 3 1. Steam Turbine Generation

...................................... 2 3 2. Internal Combustion Generation

................................. 3 2 3. Gas Turbine Generation

....................................... 3 3 4. Combined-Cycle Generation

.................................... 3 4 5. Cogeneration

................................................ 3 5 6. Supporting Operations

......................................... 3 6 B. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs

.............................. 3 8 1. Fossil Fuels and Other Raw Material Inputs

........................ 3 8 2. Pollutant Outputs

............................................ 4 0

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect i Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

IV. WASTE RELEASE PROFILE

.......................................... 4 7 A. Available Solid Waste Release Data for the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

...................................................... 4 7 B. Available Water Release Information for the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

............................................. 5 1 C. Available Air Emissions Data for the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

................................................ 5 3 1. Annual Emissions Estimated by the Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration

.......................... 5 3 2. AIRS Database Annual Estimated Releases for the Electric Power Generation Industry

.................................. 5 4 3. Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions Estimates for Fossil Fuel Electric Utility Steam Generating Units

.................................... 5 6
V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES

........................... 7 1 A. Pollution Prevention Technologies in the DOE Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program

......................................... 7 2 1. Emerging Technologies

........................................ 7 2 2. Coal Processing for Clean Fuels

................................. 7 6 B. Other Pollution Prevention Technologies

................................ 7 7 C. Other Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Opportunities

............ 7 9 1. Process or Equipment Modification Options

........................ 7 9 2. Inventory Management and Preventative Maintenance for Waste Minimization

....................................... 8 5 3. Potential Waste Segregation and Separation Options

.................. 8 6 4. Recycling Options

............................................ 8 7 5. Facility Maintenance Wastes

.................................... 8 9 6. Storm Water Management Practices

.............................. 9 2 7. Training and Supervision Options

................................ 9 4 8. Demand-Side Management Programs

............................. 9 4
VI. SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS

. . . 95 A. General Description of Major Statutes

................................. 9 5 B. Industry-Specific Requirements

..................................... 1 0 6 C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements

......................... 1 1 6
VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT HISTORY

......................... 1 1 9 A. Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry Compliance History

.......... 1 2 3 B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries

........... 1 2 5 C. Review of Major Legal Actions

...................................... 1 3 0 1. Review of Major Cases

....................................... 1 3 0 2. Supplemental Environmental Projects

............................ 1 3 1

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect ii Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

VIII. COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES

............. 1 3 3 A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities

.................... 1 3 3 B. EPA Voluntary Programs

........................................... 1 3 4 C. Trade Association/Industry Sponsored Activity

.......................... 1 3 7 1. Environmental Programs

...................................... 1 3 8 2. Summary of Trade Associations

................................ 1 3 8
IX. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

................................................... 1 4 3

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect iii Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect



### LIS T O F TABLES
Table 1: Comparison of Utility and Nonutility Electric Power Generation (1995)

...... 6 Table 2: Revenues From Major Utility Generators (1995)

........................ 9 Table 3: Top Ten Investor-Owned Utilities Ranked by Revenue From Sales to Ultimate Consumers (1995)

........................................ 9 Table 4: Top Ten Publicly Owned Generator Utilities Ranked by Megawatt Sales to Ultimate Consumers (1994)

..................................... 1 0 Table 5: Existing Capacity of All U.S. Utilities by Prime Mover (fossil fuels, renewable fuels, and other fuels) (1995)

.............................. 1 2 Table 6: Fossil-Fueled Utility Capacity by Prime Mover (1995)

.................. 1 2 Table 7: Utility Generating Capability and Net Generation by Energy Source (1995)

. . 13 Table 8: Major SIC Codes and Industrial Categories Where Nonutility Power Generation Activities Are Found

................................... 1 6 Table 9 : Existing Capacity of Nonutilities by Prime Mover (1995)

................ 1 8 Table 10: Nonutility Capacity by Fossil Fuel Energy Source (1995)

................ 1 8 Table 11: 1995 Nonutility Net Generation by Primary Fossil Fuel Energy Source and Type of Producer (thousand megawatthours)

.......................... 1 9 Table 12: Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers

........................... 2 6 Table 13: Summary of Typical Waste Streams and Pollutants Generated at Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Facilities Based on Fuel Type

............ 4 3 Table 14: Generation and Disposition of Utility Fly and Bottom Ash, 1994 (thousand short tons)

.................................................... 4 8 Table 15: Generation and Disposition of Utility FGD Sludge, 1994 (thousand short tons)

......................................................... 4 9 Table 16: Estimated Nonutility Generation of Coal Ash, 1990

..................... 5 0 Table 17: List of Pollutants Reported in 1992 PCS Data from Steam Electric Facilities

. . 52 Table 18: Estimated 1995 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Steam Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities by Fuel Type (thousand short tons)

.............. 5 3 Table 19: Criteria Pollutant Releases (short tons/year)

........................... 5 5 Table 20: Estimated Releases of TRI Chemicals

............................... 5 8 Table 21: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units

.................... 6 1 Table 22: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Oil-Fired Units

............................ 6 2 Table 23: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Gas-Fired Units

............................ 6 3 Table 24: Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units

...................................... 6 4 Table 25: Median Emission Factors from Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect iv Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect HAP Emissions, Projected with the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs from Oil Fired Units

....................................... 6 8 Table 26: Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Gas-Fired Units

...................................... 7 0 Table 27: Summaries of Clean Coal Technologies Under DOE’s Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program

................................ 7 3 Table 28: Pollution Prevention Opportunities for Reducing Cooling Tower Emissions

. . 81 Table 29: Pollution Prevention Options for Fireside Washes

...................... 8 2 Table 30: Pollution Prevention Options for Boiler Cleaning Wastes

................ 8 5 Table 31: Inventory Management and Preventative Maintenance Waste Minimization Opportunities

.................................................. 8 7 Table 32: Current and Potential Uses for Fly Ash

.............................. 8 8 Table 33: Pollution Prevention Opportunities For Facility Maintenance Wastes

........ 9 1 Table 34: Common Pollution Prevention Practices for Managing Runoff at Coal Storage and Handling Areas

....................................... 9 2 Table 35: Storm Water Pollution Prevention Opportunities at Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Facilities

...................................... 9 3 Table 36: New Source Performance Standards

............................... 1 0 9 Table 37: Waste Streams and Pollutants Regulated Under National Effluent Limitation Guidelines for the Steam Electric Generating Point Source Category

....... 1 1 3 Table 38: Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry

................................ 1 2 4 Table 39: One-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected Industries

. . . 126 Table 40: Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected Industries

. . 127 Table 41: Five-Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute for Selected Industries

.................................................... 1 2 8 Table 42: One-Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute for Selected Industries

.................................................... 1 2 9 Table 43: List of Power Plants That Participated in the Environmental Leadership Program For 1995 and 1996

...................................... 1 3 5

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect v Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

L I ST OF F I GURE S Figure 1: Total Utility and Nonutility Electric Power Net Generation Based on Fuels (1995)

. 7 Figure 2: Total Utility Electricity Sales to Ultimate Consumers

....................... 8 Figure 3: Geographic Distribution of U.S. Utility Electric Power Net Generation

......... 1 1 Figure 4: Nonutility Capacity by Type of Producer

................................ 1 5 Figure 5: Geographic Distribution of U.S. Nonutility Electric Power Net Generation

...... 1 7 Figure 6: Steam Turbine Generation

........................................... 2 5 Figure 7: Stoker Coal Feeder

................................................ 2 7 Figure 8: Typical Cyclone Coal Burners

........................................ 2 8 Figure 9: Tangential Firing Pattern

............................................ 2 9 Figure 10: Flow Pattern of Horizontal Firing

..................................... 3 0 Figure 11: Flow Pattern of Arch Firing

.......................................... 3 1 Figure 12: Typical Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Boiler

................................. 3 2 Figure 13: Simple Gas Turbine Cycle

........................................... 3 3 Figure 14: Combined Cycle with Heat Recovery

................................... 3 4 Figure 15: Cogeneration Plant Schematic

........................................ 3 6 Figure 16: Waste Streams Generated at a Typical Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Plant

........................................................... 4 4

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect vi Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect



### LI S T OF ABBREVI A TI ONS AND ACRONYM S
ACAA American Coal Ash Association AEE Association of Energy Engineers AEPCO Arizona Electric Power Cooperative AFS AIRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database) AIRS Aerometric Information Retrieval System (CAA database) APPA American Public Power Association ANL Argonne National Laboratory BACT Best Available Control Technology BIFs Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA) BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BPJ Best Professional Judgment BTU British Thermal Unit CAA Clean Air Act CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 CaCl 2 Calcium Chloride CAPI Clean Air Power Initiative CCGT Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine CCP Coal Combustion Product CCT Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Project (DOE) CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERCLIS CERCLA Information System CEQ Council for Environmental Quality CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CHIEFs Clearing House of Inventory Emissions Factors CO Carbon Monoxide CO 2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CP&L Carolina Power and Light CSI Common Sense Initiative CWA Clean Water Act D&B Dun and Bradstreet Marketing Index DOE Department of Energy DSA Dimensionally stable DSM Demand Side Management E A Environmental Assessment EDS Effluent Data Statistics System EEI Edison Electric Institute EIA Energy Information Administration (DOE) EIS Environmental Impact Statement ELP Environmental Leadership Program EMS Environmental Management System EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect vii Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect EPACT Energy Policy Act of 1992 EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act EPRI Electric Power Research Institute EPSA Electric Power Supply Association EWG Exempt Wholesale Generators FAC Free Available Chlorine FBC Fluidized Bed Combustion FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FGD Flue Gas Desulfurization FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FINDS Facility Indexing System FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact HAPs Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA) HCFC Hydrochloroflourocarbon HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 IDEA Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis ICCR Industrial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking IGCC Integrated Coal Gasification Combined-cycle IPP Independent Power Producer KW Kilowatt LAER Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate LDR Land Disposal Restrictions (RCRA) LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA) MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MW Megawatt NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAA) NAFCOG North American Fuel Cell Owner Group NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAICS North American Industry Classification System NCDB National Compliance Database (for TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA) NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NERC North American Reliability Council NEIC National Enforcement Investigation Center NESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NGFC Natural Gas Fuel Cell NMHC Non-Methane Hydrocarbon NO 2 Nitrogen Dioxide NOV Notice of Violation NO X Nitrogen Oxide NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (CWA)

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect v iii Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect NPL National Priorities List NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative Association NRC National Response Center NSR New Source Review NSPS New Source Performance Standards (CAA) OAR Office of Air and Radiation OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards OECA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance OIT Office of Industrial Technology (DOE) OPA Oil Pollution Act OPPTS Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSW Office of Solid Waste OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response OTAG Ozone Transport Assessment Group OW Office of Water P2 Pollution Prevention PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pb Lead PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl PCS Permit Compliance System (CWA Database) PEPCO Potomac Electric Power Company PETC Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center PM Particulate Matter PMN Premanufacture Notice POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration (CAA) PSES Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources PSNS Pretreatment Standards for New Sources PSE&G Public Service Electric and Gas P T Total Particulate Emissions PUHCA Public Utility Holding Company Act PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act QF Qualifying Facility (PURPA) RACT Reasonably Achievable Control Technology RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRIS RCRA Information System RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SEP Supplementary Environmental Project SERC State Emergency Response Commission SIC Standard Industrial Classification SIP State Implementation Plan (CAA) SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide SO X Sulfur Oxides

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect ix Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect TCRIS Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System TDSS Total Dissolved Suspended Solids TOC Total Organic Carbon TRC Total Residual Chlorine TRI Toxic Release Inventory TRIS Toxic Release Inventory System TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSDF Treatment, Storage, or Disposal Facility (RCRA) TSS Total Suspended Solids UARG Utility Air Regulatory Group UIC Underground Injection Control (SDWA) UST Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA) USWAG Utility Solid Waste Activities Group UWAG Utility Water Act Group VOC Volatile Organic Compound

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect x Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n I. In t r o. t o t h e S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect

F O S S I L F U EL ELECTRIC P O WER G E NERATIO N INDUS TRY ( S I C 4911, 493)
I . I N TRODUCTI O N TO THE S E CTOR NOTEB OOK P R OJECT
I . A. Sum m a ry of t h e Sect or Not e book P r oj ect
I n t e gr at ed en v i r o n m en t a l po l i c i e s b a sed upo n co m p r e h e n s i v e an al y s i s o f ai r , wat e r , an d l a n d po ll u t i o n ar e a l o gi cal s uppl em en t t o t r adi t i o n a l s in g l e - m edi a appr o ach es t o en v i r o n m en t a l pr o t ect i o n . E n v i r o n m en t a l r e gul at o r y agen ci es ar e b e gin n in g t o em b r ace co m p r e h e n s i v e, m u l

t i

- st at ut e so l u t i o n s t o f ac ilit y per m it t in g , en f o r cem en t an d co m p l i a n ce assur a n ce, educat i o n / o u t r each , r e sear ch , an d r e gul at o r y dev e l o pm en t i ssues. T h e cen t r al co n cept s dr i v in g t h e n e w po l i c y di r ect i o n ar e t h at po ll u t a n t r e l eases t o each en v i r o n m en t a l m e di um ( i

. e . , ai r , wat e r , an d l a n d ) af f ect each o t h e ran d t h at en v i r o n m en t a l st r a t e gi es m

u s t a c t i v e l y

i d e n t i f y a n d a d d r e s s t h e s e in t e r-re l a t i o n s h i p s b y d e s i g n in g p o lic ie s fo r t h e " w h o le " fa c ilit y. O n e w a y t o a c h ie v e a

w h o l e fa c ilit y fo c u s is t o d e s i g n e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o lic ie s fo r s imilarin d u s t r ia l fa c ilit ie s . B y d o in g s o , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s t h a t ar e c o mmo n t o t h e ma nu fa c t u r in g o f s imil a r pr o duct s can b e addr es s e d in a co m p r e h e n s i v e ma n n e r . R eco gn it i o n o f t h e n eed t o dev e l o p t h e in dust r i a l “ s ect o r - b ased” appr o ach wit h in t h e U. S

. E n v i r o n m en t a l P r o t ect i o n A g en cy ( E P A ) Of f i ce o f Co m p l

i a n ce l e d t o t h e cr eat i o n o f t h i s do cum e n t

. T h e S ect o rNo t e b o o k P r o j ect was o r i g in a l l y i n i t i a t e d b y t h e Of f i ce o f Co m p l

i a n ce wit h in t h e Of f i ce o f E n f o r cem en t an d Co m p l

i a n ce A ssur a n c e ( O E C A ) t o p r o v id e it s s t a ff a n d ma n a g e r s w it h s u mmar y in fo r ma t io n fo r 1 8 speci f i c in dust r i a l sect o r s. A s o t he r E P A o f f i ces, st at es, t h e r e gul at ed co m m

u n it y , en v i r o n m en t a l gr o ups, an d t h e pub l i c b ecam e in t e r e st ed in t h i s p r oj e c t , t h e sco p e o f t h e o r i g in al pr o j ect was ex pan d ed t o i t s cur r e n t f o r m . T h e ab ilit y t o d e s i g n c o mp r e h e n s iv e , c o mmo n s e n s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t io n m

eas ur es f o rs p eci f i c in dus t r i e s depen d s o n kn o w l e dge o f s e v e r a l in t e r r e l a t e d t o pi cs. F o rt h e pur po ses o f t h i s pr o j ect , t h e key el em en t s ch o s en f

o rin cl usi o n ar e gen e r a l in dus t r y in f o r mat i o n ( eco n o m i c an d geo g r aph i c ) ; a des c r i pt i o n o f in dus t r i a l pr o ces s e s ; po ll u t i o n o u t put s ; po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n o ppo r t un it i e s ; F e d e r a l st at ut o r y an d r e gul at o r y f

r am ewo r k; co m p l

i a n ce h i st o r y ; an d a des c r i pt i o n o f par t n e r s h i ps t h at h a ve been f o r m ed b e t w een r e gul at o r y agen ci es, t h e r e gul at ed co m m

u n it y , an d t h e pub l i c . F o ran y gi v e n in dust r y , each t o pi c l i s t e d ab o v e co ul d al o n e b e t h e sub j ect o f a

le n g t h y v o lu me . H o w e v e r , in o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a

ma n a g e ab le d o c u me n t , h o wev e r , t h i s pr o j ect f o cuses o n pr o v i d in g su mm a r y i n f o r mat i o n f

o reach t o pi c . T h i s f o r mat pr o v i d es t h e r eaderwi t h

a syn o psi s o f each i ssue an d r e f e r e n ces wh er e m o r e in - d ept h in f o r mat i o n i s av ai l ab l e. T e x t wit h in each pr o f i l e was r e sear ch ed f r o m a v ar i et y o f so ur ces an d was usuall y

co n d en sed

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 1 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n I. In t r o. t o t h e S ect or Not e b ook P r oj ect f r o m m o r e det a i l e d s o ur ces per t ain in g t o s p e c i f i c t o pi cs . T h i s appr o ach all o ws f o ra wi de co v e r a ge o f act i v i t i e s t h at can b e f u r t h e rex pl o r ed b a sed upo n t h e cit a t i o n s an d r e f e r e n ces l i s t e d at t h e en d o f t h i s pr o f i l e . T o ch eck t h e in

f o rmat i o n in cl uded, each n o t e b o o k wen t t h r o ugh an ex t e r n al r e v i ew pr o cess. T h e Of f i ce o f Co m p l

i a n ce appr eci at es t h e ef f o r t s o f all t h o s e wh o par t i c i p at ed in t h i s pr o cess wh o en ab l e d t h e dev e l o pm en t o f m o r e co m p l e t e , accur a t e , an d up- t o - d at e sum mar i es. Man y o f t h o s e wh o r e v i ewed t h i s n o t e b o o k ar e l i s t e d as co n t act s in S ect i o n I X an d ma y b e so ur ces o f addit i o n al in f o r mat i o n . T h e in di v i dual s an d gr o ups o n t h i s l i s t do n o t n ecess a r i l yco n c urwit h all s t a t e m e n ts w ith in th i s n o te b ook

. I . B . Addit i onal I n f o rm at ion
P r oviding C o mments
T h e OE C A Of f i ce o f C o m p l

i a n ce pl an s t o per i o d i call y

r e v i ew an d updat e t h e n o t e b o o k s a n d w ill mak e t h e s e updat e s av ai l ab l e b o t h in h ar d c o p yan d el ect r o n i call y . I f y o u h a v e an y co m m

e n t s o n t h e ex i s t in g n o t e b o o k , o r i f y o u wo ul d l i k e t o pr o v i d e addit i o n al in f o r mat i o n , pl ease sen d a h a r d c o p y a n d co m put erdi sk t o t h e E P A Of f i ce o f Co m p l

i a n ce, S ect o rNo t e b o o k P r o j e c t ( 2223- A ) , 401 M St r eet , SW , W a s h in gt o n , DC 20460. C o m m

e n t s can al s o b e upl o a ded t o t h e E n v i r o $en $ e W o r l d Wi de W e b f o rgen e r a l access t o all user s o f t h e sy st em . F o ll o w in st r u ct i o n s in A p p e nd i x A f o raccessin g t h i s s y s t em . On ce y o u h a v e l o gged in , pr o cedur es f o rupl o a din g t e x t ar e av ai l ab l e f r o m t h e o n - l in e E n v i r o $en $ e Hel p S y st em . A dapting N o tebooks to P a rticular N eeds
T h e s c op e of th e in d u s tr y s e c t or d e s c r i b e d in th i s n o te b ook ap p r ox ima te s th e n a t i o n a l o c c u r r e n c e o f fa c ilit y t y p e s w it h in t h e s e c t o r . I n ma n y in s t a n c e s , in dus t r i e s wit h in s p eci f i c geo g r aph i c r e gi o n s o r s t at es ma y h a v e un i que ch ar act er i s t i cs t h at ar e n o t f u ll y

capt u r e d in t h ese pr o f i l e s. T h e Of f i ce o f C o m p l

i a n ce en co ur ages st at e an d l o cal en v i r o n m en t a l agen ci es an d o t he r gr o ups t o s uppl em en t o r r e package t h e in f o r mat i o n in cl uded in t h i s n o t e b o o k t o in c l u d e mo r e s p e c i fic in d u s t r ia l a n d r e g u l a t o r y in fo r ma t io n t h a t ma y b e av ai l ab l e. A ddit i o n all y , in t e r e s t e d s t at es ma y wan t t o s uppl em en t t h e "S um mar y o f A ppl i cab l e F e der a l S t at ut es an d Regul at i o n s " sect i o n wit h st at e an d l o cal r e qui r e m e n t s. Co m p l

i a n ce o rt ech n i cal assi st an ce pr o v i d er s ma y a l s o w a n t t o d e v e lo p t h e " P o llu t i o n P r e v e n t i o n " s e c t io n in mo r e d e t a il. P l e a s e co n t act t h e appr o p r i at e speci al i s t l i s t e d o n t h e o p en in g page o f t h i s n o t e b o o k i f y o u r o ffic e is in t e r e s t e d in a s s i s t in g u s in fu r t h e r d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e in fo r ma t io n o r p o lic ie s a d d r e s s e d w it h in t h is v o lu me . I f yo u ar e in t e r e s t e d in a s s i s t in g in t h e d e ve l o p m e n to f ne w no t e bo o k s f o r

s e c t o r s no tc o ve r e d in t h e o r i g in al 18, pl eas e co n t act t h e Of f i ce o f C o m p l

i a n ce at ( 202) 564- 2395.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 2 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try II. INTRODUCTION TO TH E F O S S I L F U EL ELECTRIC P O WER G E NERATIO N INDUSTRY
This SectorNotebook addr es s e s the f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a t i o n industry, which compr i s e s the major ity of the total electr i c powergener a tion industry. This s ubs et of the indus tr y includes only f acilities that us e either coal, petr oleum, or gas as the ener gy s our ce to gener a te electr i city and does not include f acilities that us e nuclear or r e newable ( e . g . , wood, s o lar ) ener gy sources exclus ively. However , this s ubs et would include powergener a tion activities at f acilities that us e both f o s s il f u els and another ener gy s our ce. I n addition, the s c ope of th i s pr of ile is f u r t he rlimite d to a ddr e s s only thos e facilities that gener a te electr i city eitheras a pr im a r y activity oras an ancillary act i v i t y. T h e pr of ile does not include f acilities and activities associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity. II.A Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook
Fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities ar e clas s i f i ed underStandar d Industrial C l as s i f i cation ( S I C ) code 49, which includes es tab l is hments engaged in electr i c, gas , and s a nitar y s e r v ices

. T h es e f acilities can be f u r t her classified underthe f o llowing thr ee- and f our - d igit SI C codes f r o m the Standard I ndus tr ial C l as s ificat ion ( S I C ) M anualof t h e Of f

i ce of Management and Budget.

� SIC 4911 - E l ect ric Services : E s tablis hme n ts tha tar e e n g a ge d in the generation, transmission, and/or distribution of electric energy for sale.

� SIC 493 - Com b inat ion E l ect ric a n d Gas , and Ot her Ut ilit y Services : Establishments pr oviding electr i c orgas s e r v ices in combination with other services. E s tablis hments ar e clas s i f i ed her e only if one s e r v i c e does not constitute at least 95 percent of revenues.
I ts hould be noted that thes e S I C codes do not m a k e t h e n eces s ar y distinctions between f u e l s us ed and gener a tion ver s us tr ans mis s i on and distribution activities. Data available to characterize the fossil f u el electr i c power gener a tion indus tr y that us e thes e SI C codes als o may not dis tinguis h between thes e c a t e g o r ies of f

acilities

. Wher e thes e categor ies of f

acilities and/or activities cannot be dis tinguis h ed in the available data, i t w ill be s o noted within the profile.
Fossil f u el electr i c power gener a tion f acilities ar e als o clas s i f i ed undera new system called the Nor t h Amer ican I ndus tr y C l as s i f i cation S y s t em ( NAI C S ) , which r e placed the exis ting S I C codes in J a nuar y 1997. T h e NAI CS classification code for fossil fuel electric power generation is 221112.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 3 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try Power gener a tion f aci litie s a n d a c t i v itie s e x is t in a s s o c i a tion with both traditional utilities ornonutility power pr oducer s . T r aditional utilities ar e the regulated indus tr y that pr oduces and pr ovides electr i city f o rpublic us e. Pr ior to 1980, nonutilities cons is ted of indus tr ial manuf actur er s that pr oduced electricity f o rtheirown us e. C u r r e ntly, nonutilities not only cons is t o f industrial manuf actur er s , but als o otherindus tr ial gr oups t h at pr ovide electricity and others e r v ices f o rtheir o w n u s e and/orf o rs a le to other s . These categories are discussed further below.
This s e c tion pr ovides backgr ound inf o r m ation on the s i ze, geogr aphic d i s t r i bution, electr i city pr oduction, s a les , and economic condition o f t h e fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y. T h e type of f

acilities des c r i bed with i n t h e document ar e als o des c r i bed in ter m s of theirSI C codes

. Additionally, this section lists the largest companies in terms of sales.
II.B Characterization of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry
The U. S. De partme nt of E n e r gy’s (DOE ) E n e r gy I n f o rm a tion Adminis tra tion (EIA) c o lle c t s , e v a l u a te s , a n d d i s s e min a t e s in fo rma tio n o n th e fo s s il fu e l electric power gener a tion indus tr y. T h is inf o r m ation is publis hed annually. In addition, industry trade associations collect information.
Available s t atis tics on t h e f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y typically char acter ize the indus tr y in ter m s of capacity, gener a ting capability, net generation, and revenues. These terms are defined as follows:

� Capacity is the amount of electr i c powerdeliver ed orr e quir e d f o rwhich a generator, turbine, or system has been rated by the manufacturer.

� Capability is the maximum load that a gener a ting unit can be expected to carry unders p ecif i ed conditions f o ra given per i od of time without exceeding approved limits of temper atur e ors t r e s s . T h e net capability of a gener a ting unit is always less than the rated capacity.

� Net gene r a t i on is the total amount of electr i city gener a ted minus the electricity used by the facility itself.

� Revenue is the total amount of money r eceived by a f i r mf r o m s a les of its products and/ors e r v ices , gains f r o m the s a les or exchange as s e ts , inter e s tand dividends earned on investments, and other increases in the owner ’ s equity except those arising from capital adjustments. The following s e c tions brie fly s u mmariz e in f o r m a tion a v a ilable to characterize the industry. II.B.1 Product Characterization

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 4 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try
The pr oduct in f o s s il f u el electr i c power gener a tion is electr i city. Ancillar y activities as s o ciated with the ge n e r a tion of electr i city may gener a te other products, however

. Forexample, cogener a tion s y s t ems pr oduce electr i city, a s well as anotherf o r mof us able ener gy ( i

. e . , s t eam orheat)

. I n addition, utilities with SI C code 493 may pr oduce otherpr oducts , s u ch as gas . T h es e other products are beyond the scope of this profile. II.B.2 Industry Size and Geographi c D i s t r i but ion of t h e F o s s il F u el E l ect ric Power Generation Industry In gener a l, the powergener a t i o n indus tr y compr i s e s both tr aditional and nontraditional electr i c- pr oducing companies

. T h ey ar e called " u tility" and "nonuti lity" po w e r p r oducer s , r e s p ectively. A key dif f

e r e nce between utilities and nonutilities is that utilities own gener a ti o n , tr ans mis s i on, and distribution f unctions

. T hus , utilities ar e " v er tically" or iented. Nonutilities , on the othe r ha nd, ge ne ra lly own only ge ne ra tion c ap ab ilitie s . Ofte n, the nonutilities must rely on utilities to sell the electricity they produce. A utility powerpr oduceris g e n e r a l l y def i ned as any per s on, cor por ation, municipality, State political s ubdivi s i on oragency, ir r i gation pr oject, Feder a l power adminis tr ation, orotherlegal entity that is pr i m ar ily engaged in the retail orwholes ale s a le, exchange, and/or tr ans mis s i on of electr i c ener gy. I n 1995, ther e wer e 3, 199 utilities in the United States ; however , only 700 of these utilities gener a ted electr i c power . T h e r e mainder wer e electr i c utilities that purchased wholesale power from others for the pur pos e of dis t r i bution over theirlines to the ultimate cons umer . T h e 700 utilities that gener a ted power had a total of 3,094 power plants or stations. 1 A nonutility powerpr oducer is def i ned as any per s on, cor por ation, municipality, State political s ubdivis i on or agency, Feder a l agency, orother legal entity that either( 1 ) p r oduce s e l e c t r i c e n e r g y a t a q u a l i f y i n g f a c ility (QF) a as def i ned under the Public Utility R e gulator y Policies Act ( P UR PA) or (2) produc e s e l e c t ric e n e r gy but is primarily e nga ge d in bus ine s s a c tivitie s other than the s a le of electr i city. I n 1995, ther e wer e 4, 190 nonutility power

generating f acilities

. Gener a tion by n onutility powerpr oducer s accounted for approxima te ly 12 pe rc e n t of the tota l U

. S. e l e c t ric ge ne ra tion. Fifty-s i x percent of the electr i city gener a ted by nonutilitie s w a s s o ld to electr i c utilities. 2

a T o r ecei v e s tatu s as a Q F u n d e r P URP A , a f a c ility mu s t me e t c e r tain o w n e r s h i p , th e r mal o u tp u t s ize , an d e f

f i c i e n c y c r ite r ia e s tab lis h e d b y th e F e d e r al En e r g y R e g u lato r y C o mmis s i o n ( F ER C )

. QFs a r e g u a r a n t e e dt h a t e l e c t r i c u tilitie s w ill p u r c h as eth e i r o u tp u t at a r e as o n ab le p r ic e . Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 5 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try Table 1 pr ovides electr i c powergener a tion s t atis tics f o rthe year1995 that allows compar is on between electr i c powergener a tion by both utilities and nonutilities based on the fuels used.

Table 1: Comparison of Utility and Nonutility Electric Power Generation (1995) Energy Source Utility Generation (thousand megawatthours) Nonutility Generation (thousand megawatthours) *** Total U.S. Generation (thousand megawatthours ) ***
Fossil 2,021,064 287,696 2,308,760 Nuclear 673,402

� ( � ) 673,402 Hydroelectric * 293,653 14,515 308,168

Renewable and other ** 6,409 98,295 104,704

Total 2,994,528 400,505 3,395,033

* Includes hydroelectric, conventional, and pumped storage.

** Includes geothermal, solar, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and biomass; projects for which there were two primary energy sources; and projects that did not identify the primary energy source. Nonutility data includes nuclear.

*** Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. � Nonutility facilities using nuclear are including under "Renewable and other." Sources: (a) Electric Power Annual, 1995, Volume 1. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. July 1996. DOE/EIA-0348(95/1); and (b) 1995 Capacity and Generation of Non-Utility Sources of Energy. Prepared by the Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC. November 1996.
Based on t h ese num ber s and as shown i n F i gur e 1, f o ssi l f u el el ect r i c power generation r e pr es ented 68 per cent of the total U. S. electr i c powergener a tion industry’s total pr od u c t i on of electr i city in that year( both utility and nonutility c o mbined)

. Nuclearener gy r e pr es ented 20 per cent, r e newable energy s o u r c e s r e pr es ented about 12 per cent, and otherener gy s our ces represented less than 1 percent of the electricity production.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 6 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Figure 1: Total Utility and Nonutility Electric Power Net Generation Based on Fuels (1995)

In gener a l, s t atis tics on utility and nonutility electr i c powerpr oduction ar e not aggregated. The following sections provide a mor e in- d epth dis c us s i on of the inf o r m ation available to char acter ize the utility and nonutility electr i c power generators. II.B.3 Industry Size and Geographic Distribution of Traditional Utilities Ownership Categories and Revenues
Electric utilitie s ar e divide d into f ourowne r s hip c a t e gor ie s : inve s t or - o wne d , publicly owned, cooper a tive- owned, and Feder a lly owned. T h es e categor ies are described as follows:

� Investor-owned ut ilit iespr oduce a r e tur n f o rinves t or s . T h ey either distr i b u t e pr of its to s t ockholder s as dividends orr e inves tthe pr of its

. Investor-owned utilities ar e r e gulated entities that ar e gr an t e d a s e r v ice monopoly in cer tain geogr aphic ar eas and ar e obliged to s e r v e all cons umer s and charge reasonable prices.

� Publicly-owned utilitie s ar e non- pr of i tlocal gover n ment agencies ( e . g . , municipalities, counties , States , and public utility di s t r i cts ) that s e r v e communities and near by c o n s u m e r s at cos t , r e tur n ing exces s f unds to the consumer i n the f o r mof community contr i butions , economic and ef f

i cient facilities, and lower rates.

� C o ope r a tive utilitie s ar e owned by t h ei rm e m b er s and ar e est abl i s h e d t o provide electr i city to thos e member s . C ooper a tives typically pr ovide electr i c service to small rural communities of 1,500 or less.

� Federal electrical utilities do not generate power for profit. The Federal government i s pr imar ily a pr oducerand wholes alerof electr i city, and

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 7 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i lF u e lE l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997 8 preference in the pur chas e of the electr i city is given to publicly owned and cooperative electric utilities. In 1995, ther e wer e 244 inves t or - o wned, 2, 014 publicly owned, 10 Feder a l, and 931 cooper a tive utilities

. Figur e 2 s hows the per centage of 1995 U. S. electricity s a les to ultimate cons umer s bas e d on owner s hip type. T o tal s a les were 1, 013 billion kilowa t t h our s . Only a por tion of thes e utilities own and/or operate fossil fuel electric power generation capacity. Figure 2: 3

A m ong h e ownersh i p c l a s s e s , investor-owned utilities account for mor e than 75 per cent of all r e tail s a les and r e venues . I n 1995, r e venues f r o m majorutility gener a tor s totaled 2 0 8 billion dollar s . T able 2 pr ovide s the r e ve nue s f r o m ma jor utility ge ne r a tor s based on owner s hip categor y. T ables 3 and 4 lis t the 1995 top ten inves t or owned and publicly owned utilities bas e d on r e venues f r o m s a les and megawatts s a les to ultimate cons umer s , r e s p ectively. I ts hould be noted that these data ar e f o rall electr i c ut ility a c t i v itie s , not jus tthos e tha tge ne ra te electricity. Total Utility Electricity Sales to Ultimate Consumers

tF o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Table 2: Revenues From Major Utility Generators (1995) Ownership Category Revenue (billion $)
Investor-Owned 164 Publicly Owned 26 Cooperative 17 Federal 1 Total 208 Source: Electric Power Annual 1995, Volume II. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. July 1996. DOE/EIA-0384(95)/2.

Table 3: Top Ten Investor-Owned Utilities Ranked by Revenue From Sales to Ultimate Consumers (1995) Utility Name Revenue (thousand dollars) % of Total Southern California Edison Co. 7,575,448 4.64 Pacific Gas and Electric Co. 7,569,507 4.63 Commonwealth Edison Co. 6,634,832 4.06 Texas Utilities Electric Co. 5,450,444 3.34 Florida Power & Light Co. 5,325,258 3.26 Consolidated Edison Co. - NY, Inc. 5,005,860 3.07 Virginia Electric & Power Co. 3,979,071 2.44 Georgia Power Co. 3,972,189 2.43 Public Service Electric & Gas 3,886,566 2.38 Duke Power Co. 3,843,227 2.35 Subtotal 53,242,403 32.61 Source: Financial Statistics of Major U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utilities - 1995. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1996. DOE/EIA-0437/(95)/1.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 9 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try
Table 4: Top Ten Publicly Owned Generator Utilities Ranked by Megawatt Sales to Ultimate Consumers (1994) Utility Name Megawatt Sales % of Total City of Los Angeles (CA) 20,430,075 8.61 Salt River Project (AZ) 16,058,298 6.77 Power Authority of State of NY 13,212,615 5.57 San Antonio Public Service Board (TX) 13,027,064 5.49 City of Seattle (WA) 8,874,039 3.74 Jacksonville Electric Authority (FL) 8,817,618 3.72 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (CA) 8,458,156 3.57 South Carolina Public Service Authority 7,423,460 3.13 City of Austin (TX) 7,308,134 3.08 Omaha Public Power District (NE) 7,066,940 2.98 Subtotal 110,676,399 46.65 Source: Financial Statistics of Major U.S. Publicly-Owned Electric Utilities - 1994. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1995. DOE/EIA-0437/(94)/2. Geographic Distribution of Utilities
Fossil f u el electr i c po w e r g e n e r a tion by utilities occur s acr os s the United States

. F i gur e 3 pr ovides the total electr i c powernet gener a tion f o reach State. Highe r va lue s for ne t ge ne ra tion from utilitie s ge ne ra lly mirror highe r population dens ities and indus tr ial center s . T h e States with the highes tutility net gener a tion included wer e C a lif or nia, T e xas , I llinois , Ohio, Penns ylvania, and Flor ida. T h e amount and geogr aphical dis t r i bution of capacity by ener gy source ar e a f unction of availab ilit y a n d p r i c e o f f

u e l s a n d/ o r r e g u l a t i o n s . Energy s ourc e s us e d by utilitie s ge ne ra lly s how a ge ographic a l pa tte rn, s u c h as s i g n i f i cantcoal and pet r ol eum - f i r e d capaci t y i n t h e E a stand gas- f i r e d capacity in the Coastal South. 4

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 10 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try Figure 3: Geographic Distribution of U.S. Utility Electric Power Net Generation

2668

13 936 4 840

26 97 2

269 32 65

3 101 161

1 6894 2
832 4 270 88

44 659 189 527 27

96 1 1 0 13 78 60 92 479

1 451 65 51

01

2

86 16 2

82

27

8 78 44

0
10 20 16 99 58 9 26

39

5

1 4715 7 6 555 5 26 17 09 479 55 39 527 654 00 38

23

0 25 279 33 502 88 1 2 425 03 28 842 254 1 1

396 84 1 006 3 95

67 1

440 31

19 997 3 210 1 32 674

29 43 2 68 9 6 7

484 7

61 91 12 18 81 10 518 9 77 322

S o ur ce: E l ectr i c P o we r A nnual, 1995, V o lume I and I I

. U

. S

. D e p art m e n t o f En e r g y , En e r g y I n f o r mat i o n A d m in i s t r at i o n , W a s h in gt o n , DC

. J u l y

1996. DOE /E I A

- 0348( 95) /1& 2

. Existing Utility Capacity and Electricity Generation In gener a l, electr i c powergener a tion utilities us e s e ver a l t e chnologies to gener a t e e l ectr i c power . T h es e technologies , known as pr ime mover s , ar e steam tur b ines , gas tur b ines , inter n al combus tion engines , combined- c ycle, hydraulic tur b ines , and other s ( e . g . , geoth e r m al, s o lar , and wind)

. Combined-cycle f acilities us e a technology in which electr i city is pr oduced from othe rwis e los the a te x iting from one or more ga s (c ombus tion) turbine s . The exiting heat is r outed to a conventional boilerorto a heat r ecover y s t eam generator f o rutilization by a s t eam tur b ine in the pr oduction of electr i city. This process increases the ef f

i ciency of the gener a ting unit. T able 5 s hows the 1995 exis ting capacity that employs thes e technologies and the per cent of tota l U. S. utility c ap a c ity. Ste a mturbine s ar e a s s o c i a t e d with 77 pe rc e n t of the total U.S. utility capacity.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 11 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Table 5: Existing Capacity of All U.S. Utilities by Prime Mover (fossil fuels, renewable fuels, and other fuels) (1995) Prime Mover Generating Capacity (megawatts) ** Percent of Total U.S. Capacity Steam Turbines * 579,647 77 Gas Turbines 58,329 7 Internal Combustion 4,985 >1 Combined-Cycle (gas and steam) 14,578 2 Hydraulic Turbines (hydroelectric) 91,114 12 Others 1,888 >1 Total 750,542 100

* Includes nuclear generators.

** Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source : Inventory of Power Plants in the United States, as of January 1, 1996. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1996. DOE/EIA-0095(95). Not all of the exis ting capacity us es f o s s il f u els

. Only a s ubs ection of s t eam turbine, ga s turbine , inte rna l c o mbus tion, a nd c o mbine d -c yc le c ap a c ity (657,539 me ga wa tts ) us e s fos s il fue l s . M o re tha n 75 pe rc e n t of the tota l existing capacity is f o s s il- f u eled. T able 6 pr es ents the 1995 capacity that used fossil fuels for each prime mover. In 1995, approxima te ly 86 pe rc e n t o f

t h e f o ssi l

- f u el ed el ect r i c powergener a t i on capaci t y was f r o mst eam turbine systems.
Table 6: Fossil-Fueled Utility Capacity by Prime Mover (1995) *
Prime Mover Generating Capacity (megawatts) % of Fossil-Fueled Capacity

Steam Turbine 475,860 86 Gas Turbine/Internal Combustion 73,166 14 Total 549,026 100

* Includes combined-cycle capacity. Source: Inventory of Power Plants in the United States, As of January 1, 1996. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1996. DOE/EIA-0095(95). Fossil f u el- f i r e d s t eam electr i c utilities had the capability to pr oduce 445, 627 megawatts of electr i city, ormor e than 50 p e r c e n t of the net gener a ting capability at U. S. electr i c utilities

. Gas tur b ine and inter n al combus tion

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 12 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try facilities co mbined had the capability to pr oduce 61, 424 megawatts of electricity, or 11. 5 pe r c e n t of ge ne r a ting c ap ab ility a tU. S. e l e c t r i c utilitie s in 1995. In 1995, coal was us ed as the ener gy s our ce to gener a te the mos telectr i city in the utility industry, accounting for net generation of 1,652,914 thousand megawatthours of electr i city, cons uming 829, 007 thous and s hor t to ns of coal. G a s - f i r e d gener a tor s gener a ted 307, 306 thous and megawatthour s , c ons uming 3, 196, 507 million cubic f eet of gas , and petr oleum- f i r e d generators gener a ted 60, 844 thous and megawatthour s of e l e c t r i city, consuming 102, 150 thous and bar r e ls of petr oleum ( not including petr oleum coke). M a ny utility ge ne ra tors ha ve the fle x ibility to s w itc h fue l s ourc e s in response to mar k et c o n d itions

. T able 7 pr ovides the 1995 U. S. utility generating capacity and net generation for each fossil fuel energy source.

Table 7: Utility Generating Capability and Net Generation by Energy Source (1995)

Energy Source Generating Capability (megawatts) Net Generation (thousand megawatthours) Coal 301,484 1,652,914 Gas 135,749 307,306 Petroleum 70,043 60,844 Total 507, 276 2,020,822 Source: Electric Power Annual, 1995, Volume 1. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. July 1996. DOE/EIA-0348(95/1).
II.B.4 Industry Size and Geographic Distribution of Nonutilities Nonutility Classifications There are three categories of nonutilities:

� Cogeneration is the majortechnology us ed among n o n u tility powe r producers. This technology, which is discussed in greater detail in Section III, is the c o mbine d produc tion of e l e c t ric pow e r a nd a nothe r form of us e f ul energy ( e . g . , heat ors t eam)

. T o r ecei v e Q F s t a t u s under PUR P A, a cogeneration f acility mus tmeet cer tain oper a tin g cr iter i a to " p r oduce electrical ener gy and anotherf o r mof us ef ul ther mal ener gy thr ough the sequential us e of ener gy. " Depending upon the technology us ed, a f acility may als o be r e quir e d to meet s p ecif i c ef f

i ciency cr iter i a. QFs ar e guar a nteed that electr i c utilities will pur chas e their output at the incr emental cos tthat an electric utility would incurto pr oduce orpur chas e an amo u n t of power equivalent to that pur chas ed f r o m QFs

. QFs ar e als o guar a nteed that electr i c utilities will pr ovide backup s e r v ice at pr evailing ( non- dis c r iminator y) r a tes

.
Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 13 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Fossil-fueled s t eam tur b ine s y s t ems ar e us ed in mos tindus tr ial applications of cogener a ting pr oces s e s , while gas tur b ine s y s t ems ar e used in mos totherpr oces s e s ( e . g . , commer c ial)

. Dies el engine s y s t ems are limited in theirapplication to cogener a tion becaus e they pr ovide les s useable process heat per unit of electric power input.

� Small P o wer P r oducers ar e des i gnated underPUR P A r e gulations bas e d on fuel cons umption of a r e newable ener gy s our ce gr eaterthan 75 per cent. T h is means that mos tnonutility f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tor s ar e not likely to c arry this de s i gna tion. In limite d c a s e s howe v e r , a fa c ility ma y us e fos s i l fuel in conjunction with a renewable energy source.

� Other Nonut ilit y Ge n e r a t o r s ar e fa c ilitie s not c l a s s i fie d in the pre v ious categories that pr oduce electr i c powerf o rtheirown us e and f o rs a le to electric utilities. These facilities include:

- Independent power producers (IPPs)

- Nonqualifying cogenerators

- Exempt wholesale generators (EWGs)

- Other commercial and industrial establishments.
FERC def i nes I PPs a s p r oduce r s o f e l e c t r i c p o w e r o t h e r t h a n Q F s t h a t ar e unaffiliated with f r a n c h i s e d utilitie s in the I PP’ s mar k e tar e a a nd tha tf o r other r eas ons lack s i gnif i cant mar k et power

. T h e I PPs may lack mar k et power due to s iting oracces s to tr ans mis s i on. T h e E W Gs ar e engaged exclusively in the business of wholes ale electr i c gener a tion and ar e exempt from corporate organizational r e s t r i ctions underthe Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. In 1995, the makeup of the nonutility indus tr y, bas e d on capacity, included 76.2 pe r c e n t c oge ne r a tor s , 15. 8 pe r c e n t s m a ll powe rpr oduc e r s , a nd 8 pe r c e n t other nonutility pr oducer s . Figur e 4 illus t r a tes the per cent capacity of the different classes of nonutility power producers. 5

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 14 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i lF u e lE l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997 15 Figure 4:

Qualified f acilities compr i s e d 78 per cent of the total nonutil i t y capacity in 1995. Nonutility powergener a tion f acilities and activities may be f ound in association with commer c ial and indus tr ial f acilities

. T able 8 lis ts SI C codes and indus tr ies wher e powergener a tion f acilities and activities may be f ound. In 1995, nonutility gener a tion capacity within the chemic al indus tr y ( S I C Code 28) accounted f o r21 per cent of the nonutility capacity and 23 per cent of the total nonutility g e n e r a tion. T h e paperindus tr y ( S I C C ode 26) accounted f o r 17 per cent of the nonutility capacity and 18 per cent of the generation. h e coal, oil, and gas mining and r e f i ning indus tr ies ( S I C C odes 12, 13, and 29) accounted f o r 12 per cent of the total nonutility capacity and 13 percent of the generation. 6 Nonutility Capacity by Type of Producer

Non-qualified facilities were 12.9 percent of the capacity.

TF o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try
Table 8: Major SIC Codes and Industrial Categories Where Nonutility Power Generation Activities Are Found

Major SIC Code Industrial Category 01, 02 07 10 12 13 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42, 45, 47, 48, 49 53, 54, 55, 58 60, 65 70, 72, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87 91, 92, 97 Agricultural Production - Crops, Livestock, and Animals Agricultural Services Metal Mining Coal Mining Oil and Gas Extraction Food and Kindred Products Tobacco Products Textile Mill Products Apparel & Other Finished Fabric Products Lumber and Wood Products (Except Furniture) Furniture and Fixtures Paper and Allied Products Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries Chemicals and Allied Products Petroleum Refining and Related Industries Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Leather and Leather Products Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Primary Metal Industries Fabricated Metal Products (Except Machinery) Industrial and Commercial Machinery/Computer Equipment Electronic and Other Electrical Equipment Transportation Equipment Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Silver Transportation, Communications , Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Services Public Administration

Source: Directory of U.S. Cogeneration, Small Power, and Industrial Power Plants. June 1995.. Giles, Ellen and Fred Yost. Twelfth Edition. Utility Data Institute, A Division of McGraw- Hill Company. UDI-2018-95. Geographic Distribution of Nonutilities
Fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion by nonutilities occur s all acr os s the United States

. Figur e 5 pr ovides the t o t a l nonutility electr i c powernet g e ner a tion f o reach State. As with the utilities , highervalues f o r n e t generation f o rnonutilities gener a lly mir r o r higherpopulation dens ities and industrial center s . T h e S t a t e s with the highes tnonutility net gener a tion included wer e C a lif or n i a , T e xas , Vir g inia, New Yor k , Flor ida, and New Jersey.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 16 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 17 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i lF u e lE l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect Sept em b e r1997 18 7 120 3 8 6

4 1 9 4 4 7 8 3 337 8 1

159 7 0
186 1 6 3 2 1 9 240 2 1 4 3 6 3

136 4 8 171 8 1 641 6

4 199 3 1 0 8

5 2

3 7 1 4 3 198
6 634 6 696 2 9 2 0

21216 178 6 6 6 0 3 1 1 4 6 5 8 2 7 5 9 4 5 2 9 8 7 9 182 7 0 357 7 149 5 6 7

3 3 8 1 860 5 904

7 1 5

3 480 7 2 2 4 105

1 5 1 2

2 8 0 0

4 1 4 6 61 9 8 3

7 4 684 3 1 5 4 9 11 4 3 6

2 071 3

S o ur ce: E l ectr i c P o we r A nnual V o lume I and I I

. J u l y

1995. U. S. Depar t m e n t o f E n er gy , E n er gy I n f o r mat i o n A d m in i s t r at i o n , W a s h in gt o n , DC

. DOE /E I A

- 0348( 95) /1& 2

. Figure 5:

Existing Nonutility Capacity and Electricity Generation
A s in th e t r aditional utilities , nonutilities us e s t eam tur b ines , gas tur b ines , i n t ern a lcombus tion engines , hydr aulic tur b ines , and combined- c ycle s y s t e m s to gener a te e l ectr i city. Steam tur b ines accounted f o r42 per cent of all the capacity and combined-cycle generating systems accounted for 27 percent. Table 9 pr ovides exis ting 1995 n o nutility gener a ting capacity by pr ime mover technology.
The major ity ( m or e than 68 per cent) of exis ting 1995 nonutility capacity is attributed to f o s s il- f u eled electr i city pr oduction. 7 M a ny fa c ilitie s ar e ab le to switch f r o m one f o s s il f u el to anotherif the f u el s upply is inter r upted or the economics war r a nt it. Some f acilities ar e e v en able to s w itch f r o m f o s s i l fuels to r e newable ener gy s our ces , while s till other s can us e combus tor s that Geographic Distribution of U.S. Nonutility Electric Power Net GenerationF o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try can bur n two ormor e dif f

e r e nt f u els s imultaneous ly, in var y ing combinations, to gener a te a des i r e d heat output. T hus , the nonutility indus tr y can be ver y adaptable, depending upon the type of equipment at a f acility and based on economic conditions

. T able 10 pr ovides the 1995 nonutility capacity associated with each fossil fuel energy source.

Table 9 : Existing Capacity of Nonutilities by Prime Mover (1995) Prime Mover Generating Capacity (megawatts) Percent of Total U.S. Capacity Steam Turbines 28,192 42 Combined-Cycle 17,417 27 Gas Turbines 12,081 18 Internal Combustion 2,018 3 Hydraulic Turbines 3,410 5 Others * 3,297 5 Total 66,415 100

* Includes nuclear generators. Source : 1995 Capacity and Generation of Nonutility Sources of Energy. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC. November 1996.

Table 10: Nonutility Capacity by Fossil Fuel Energy Source (1995) Fossil Fuel Generating Capacity (megawatts) Percent of Total Fossil Fuel Nonutility Capacity G a s 33,221 7 3 Coal 10,324 23 Petroleum 1,657 4 Total 45,202 100 Source : 1995 Capacity and Generation of Nonutility Sources of Energy. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC. November 1996. The major ity of the nonutility powerpr oducer s us e f o s s il f u els to gener a te electricity. Fos s il f u els accounted f o rmor e than 287 million megawatthour s , which was 72 per cent of the total electr i c ity pr oduced by nonutilities in 1995. 8
Gas was the f o s s il f u el us ed to gener a te the mos telectr i city in the nonutility industry, pr oviding a total o f 213 million megawatthour s of electr i city in 1995. C o al was u s e d to pr oduce 70 million megawatthour s of electr i city,
Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 19 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try and petroleum was used to produce 4 million megawatthour s of electr i city. Table 11 pr ovides 1995 nonutility gener a tion by powerpr oducerclas s and energy source.
Table 11: 1995 Nonutility Net Generation by Primary Fossil Fuel Energy Source and Type of Producer (thousand megawatthours) Energy Source Cogenerators Small Power Producers Other Nonutility Power Producers Total U.S. Nonutility Generation Gas 200,080 0 13,357 213,437 Coal 63,440 0 6,740 70,180 Petroleum 3,957 0 121 4,079 Total 267,477 0 20,218 287,696 Source : 1995 Capacity and Generation of Nonutility Sources of Energy. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC

. November 1996.
II.B.5 Economic Trends Change in Structure of the Utility Electric Power Industry Utility electr i c power gener a tion is one of the lar g es t indus tr ies that r e mains regulated in the United States. C h ange is r apidly occur r i ng in this indus tr y due to the is s u ance by the FE R C of Or der s 888 and 88 9 ( d a t ed Apr il 24, 1996), whic h e n c our a g e whole s a l e c o mpe tition. Or de r888 de a l s with is s u e s o f

open access t o t r ansm i ssi o n n e t w or ks and st r a nded cost s; Or der889 requires utilities to es tablis h s y s t ems to s h ar e inf o r m ation on the availability of tra n s mis s i on c ap a c ity. T o d a t e , ma ny Sta t e s ha ve initia te d a c tivitie s related to r e tail competition, and legis l ative pr opos als have been intr oduced into the U.S. Congress on restructuring the electric power industry.
With a competitive indus tr y s t r u ctur e eminent, inves t or - o wned utilities have b e e n downs izing s t af f and r e or ganizing theircompany s t r u ctur es to low e r costs. T h ey have lower e d cos t s by taking advantage of lowerf u el pr ices and modifying f u e l a c quis ition pr oc e dur e s . T h is ha s r e s u lte d in lowe r ope r a tion and maintenance cos t s . Some lar g e inves t or - o wned utilities have begun to expand theirbus ines s inves tments into s u ch a r e a s as ener gy s e r v ice c o mpanies ; oil and gas explor ation, development, and pr oduction; f o r e ign ventures; and telecommunications

. Numer ous utilities ar e pla n n i n g to im p r ove theirpos ition in a competitive mar k et thr ough mer g er s and acquisitions. I n 1995, 13 inves t or - o wned utilities me r g e d o r had mer g er s pending. 9

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 20 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try Publicly owned and cooperative utilities are expected to be af f

ected by the posturing of the inves t or - o wned companies

. Although t h e y can s e ll electricity at a competitive pr ice, incr eas ed competition f r o m inves t or - o wned utilities and electr i city mar k eting companies may r e quir e them to lower costs. M a ny have alr eady begun to r e duce s t af f and engage in othercos t

cutting meas ur es . M e r g er s ar e als o expected to occuramong public utilities , however, not at the same rate as the investor-owned.
Stranded cos t s ar e a majorconcer n f o rth i s i ndus tr y a s t h e y m o v e t o a competitive mar k et. Str a nded cos t s ar e cos t s that have been incur r e d by the utilities to s e r v e theircons umer s but cannot b e r ecover e d if the cons umer s choose otherelectr i city s upplier s . E s timates of s t r a n d e d cos t s have been from $10 to $ 5 00 billion. C u rre ntly, utilitie s ar e looking for wa ys to mitigate s t r a nded cos t s , and r e gulator s ar e looking at alter n atives f o r recovering these costs. 10
The s t r u ctur e of the electr i c power indus tr y is under going otherchanges

. I n the p a s t , the electr i c powerindus tr y has been dominated by utilities , especially r e gulated inves t or - o wn e d u tilities

. I tis expected that utility generators will continue to dominate capacity in the United States , incr eas ing from 703 giga wa tts in 1995 to 724

. 4 g i g a wa tts in 2015. In a ddition, nonutilities will continue to incr eas e th e i r r o le in the indus tr y. R ecent legislation has had an ef f

ect. For example, PUR P A in 1978 has allowed QF s t atus , and the E n er gy Policy Act of 1992 ( E PAC T ) has r e m o v e d constraints on utility owner s hip of s i gnif i cant s h ar es of nonutility pr oducer s . In 10 years (1985-1995), the nonutility r o le in U. S. electr i c powerindus tr y has grown from 4 percent to 11 percent of the total generation. 11
With the advent of a mor e competitive mar k e t , a new type of f

i r mcalled "power mar k eter s " has ar is en i n t h e electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y. Power mar k eter s buy el e c t r i c e n e r g y a n d t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s from utilitie s , or othe r s upplie rs , a nd re s e ll the produc ts for pr o f i t

. T h i s practice s t ar ted in the late 1980s , and gr owth i n t h i s mar k et has incr eas ed competition in the wholes ale mar k et. Nine wholes ale mar k eter s exis ted in 1992; 180 exis ted by the end of 1995. T h e gr owth and s u cces s of power marketers s i gnal a p o t ential f o rf undamental change in the wholes ale electricity business. Projected Growth in the Power Generation Industry
Demands f o r electr i city have s l owed in r ecent year s due to s e ver a l f actor s . These f actor s include mar k et s a tur a tion of electr i c appliances , impr ovements in e quipme n t e ffic i e n c y , utility inve s tme nts in de ma n d

- s i de ma na ge me nt programs, and legislation establishing more stringent equipment efficiency standards. In the 1960s , electr i city demand gr ew by mor e than 7 per cent a

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 21 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try year. B y the 1980s , this gr owth had s l owed to only 1 per cent peryear . A further decline in growth is expected into the next century. 12 Despite the s l owerdemand gr owth, 319 gigawatts of new gener a ting capacity are expected to be needed by 2015. T h is need is both a r e s u lt of the demand and becaus e of the a m ount of capacity that is expected to be r e tir ed. I n particular, approxima te ly 3 8 pe rc e n t of the e x is ting nuc le ar c ap a c ity is expected to be r e tir ed, in addition to 16 per cent of the exis ting f o s s il- f u eled steam tur b ine capacity. Of the new capacity needed, 81 per cent is pr ojected to be c o m b ined- c ycle orcombus tion tur b ine technology expected to be fueled with natur a l gas orboth oil and g a s . B o th of thes e technologies supply peak and inter m ediate capacity, but combined- c ycle units can als o be used to meet baseload requirements. Before building new capacity, many utilities ar e explor ing otheralter n atives to me e t the growth de ma nd. Some of the s e a lte rna tive s ar e life e x te ns ion a n d repowering, powerimpor ts , de m a n d

- s ide management pr ogr ams , and purchase f r o m cogener a tor s . E v en with thes e alter n atives , a pr ojected 1, 063 new plants ( a s s u ming appr oximately 300 megawatts capacity perplant) will be needed by 2015 to meet the gr owing demand and t o o f f s et the retirements. 13

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 22 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion I I . I n tr oduc tion to the I ndus try

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Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 23 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption III. INDUS TRIAL P R O C ES S DES CRIP T IO N
T h is s e c t io n d e s c r i b e s t h e ma jo rin d u s t r ia l p r o c e s s e s w it h in t h e fo s s il fu e l el ect r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in dus t r y , in cl udin g th e

m a t e r i al s an d equi pm en t us ed an d t h e pr o cesses em pl o y ed. T h e sect i o n i s desi gn ed f o rt h o s e in t e r e st ed in gain in g a gen e r a l un der s t a n d in g o f t h e in dus t r y an d f o rt h o s e in t e r e s t ed in t h e in t e r r e la t i o n s h ip b e t w e e n t h e in d u s t r ia l p r o c e s s a n d t h e t o p i c s d e s c r i b e d in s u b s equen t s ect i o n s o f t h i s pr o f i l e - - po ll u t a n t o u t put s , po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n o ppo r t un it i e s , an d F e der a l r e gul at i o n s . T h i s s ect i o n do e s no t a t t e m p t t o r e p lic a t e p u b lis h e d e n g in e e r in g in fo r ma t io n t h a t is a v a ilab l e fo r t h is in d u s t r y. S ect i o n I X l i s t s av ai l ab l e r e so ur ce ma t e r i al s an d co n t act s. T h i s sect i o n descr i b e s co m m

o n l y

used pr o duct i o n pr o cesses, asso ci at ed r a w ma t e r i al s, t h e b y - p r o duct s pr o duced o rr e l eased, an d t h e ma t e r i al s eit h er r ecy cl ed o rt r an sf er r e d o f f s it e. T h i s di scus si o n , co upl ed wit h sch e ma t i c dr awin gs o f t h e i d en t i f i ed pr o cesses, pr o v i d e a co n c i s e descr i pt i o n o f wh er e wa s t e s ma y b e pr o duced in t h e pr o cess. T h i s sect i o n al so descr i b e s t h e p o te n t i a lf a te ( v i a a i r , w a te r , a n d s o i lp a th w a y s ) of th e s e w a s t e p r od u c ts

. III.A Industrial Processes in the Fossil Fuel Electric Generation Industry
The ma jorit y of the e l e c t ric ity ge ne ra te d in the Unite d Sta t e s toda y is produced by f acilities that employ s t eam tur b ine s y s t ems . 14 O t h e r fo s s il fu e l prime mover s commonly us ed include gas tur b ines and inter n al combus tion engines. Still otherpowergener a tion s y s t ems employ a combination of the above, such as combined-cycle and cogeneration s y s t ems . T h e number s of these s y s t ems being built ar e incr eas ing as a r e s u lt of the demands placed on the industry to provide economic and efficient systems.
The type of system e m ploye d a t a f

a c ility is c hos e n ba s e d on the loa d s , the a v a i lability of fue l s , a nd the e n e r gy re quire me nts of the e l e c t ric p o w e r generation f acility. At f acilities employing t h e s e s y s t ems , otherancillar y processes mus tbe per f o r m ed to s uppor t the gener a tion of electr i city. T h es e ancillary pr oc es s e s may include s u ch s uppor ting oper a tions as coal processing and pollution contr o l, f o rexam ple. T h e f o llowing s ubs ections describe each system and then discuss ancillary processes at the facility. III.A.1 Steam Turbine Generation The proc e s s of g e n e r a ting e l e c t ric ity from s t e a m c o mpris e s four parts : a heating s ubs ys tem ( f u el to pr oduce the s t eam) , a s t eam s ubs ys tem ( boiler and steam delivery system), a s t eam tur b ine, and a condens er( f o r condens ation of used steam). Heat for the system is usually pr ovided by the combus tion o f coal , nat u r a l gas, oroi l

. T h e f u el i s pum ped i n t o t h e boi l e r ’ s f u r n ace. T h e boilers gener a te s t eam in the pr es s u r i zed ves s e l in s m all boiler s orin the

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 24 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption water-wall tube system in modern utility and indus tr ial boiler s . Additional elements within oras s o ciated with the b o iler , s u ch as the s uper h eater , reheater, economizer and air heaters, improve the boiler’s efficiency.
W a st es f r o m t h e co m b ust i o n pr o cess in cl ude ex h a ust gases an d, wh en co al o r o i l i s used as t h e b o i l e rf u el , ash

. T h ese wast es ar e t y pi call y

co n t r o ll e d t o r e duce t h e l e v e l s o f po ll u t a n t s ex it in g t h e ex h a ust st ack. Bo t t o m ash , an o t h e r b y pr o duct o f co m b ust i o n , al so i s di sch ar g ed f r o m t h e f u r n ace. Hi gh t e m p er at ur e, h i gh pr essur e st eam i s g e ner a t e d in t h e b o i l e ran d t h en e n t e r s t h e st eam t u r b in e. A t t h e o t h e ren d o f t h e st eam t u r b in e i s t h e co n d en ser , wh i c h i s ma in t a in ed at a l o w t e m p er at ur e an d pr essur e . S t eam r u sh in g f r o m t h e h i gh pr essur e b o i l e r t o t h e l o w pr essur e co n d en serdr i v es t h e t u r b in e b l ades, wh i c h po wer s t h e el ect r i c gen e r a t o r . S t eam ex pan d s as it wo r k s; he nc e , t h e t u r b in e i s wi derat t h e ex it en d o f t h e st eam . T h e t h eo r e t i cal t h er ma l ef f i ci en cy o f t h e un it i s depen d en t o n t h e h i gh pr essur e an d t e m p er at ur e in t h e b o i l e ran d t h e l o w t e m p er at ur e an d pr essur e in co n d en ser . S t eam t u r b in es t y pi call y

h a v e a t h er ma l ef f i ci en cy o f ab o u t 3 5 per cen t , m

ean in g t h at 35 per cen t o f t h e h eat o f c o m b ust i o n i s t r an sf o r m e d in t o el ect r i cit y . T h e r e ma in in g 65 per cen t o f t h e h eat eit h ergo es up t h e st ack ( t y p i call y

10 per cen t ) o ri s di sch ar g ed wi t h

t h e co n d en serco o l i n g w a t e r ( t y p i call y

55 per cen t )

. L o w pr essur e st eam ex i t in g t h e t u r b in e en t e r s t h e co n d en sersh ell an d i s co n d en sed o n t h e co n d en sert u b e s. T h e co n d en sert u b e s ar e ma in t a in ed at a l o w t e m p er at ur e b y t h e f l o w o f co o l in g wat e r . T h e co n d en ser i s n ecessar y f o r ef

f i ci en t o p er at i o n b y pr o v i d in g a l o w pr essur e sink f o r t h e ex h a ust e d st eam . A s t h e st eam i s co o l ed t o co n d en sat e , t h e c o n d en sat e i s t r an spo r t e d b y t h e b o i l e rf eedwat e rsy st em b ack t o t h e bo i l e r , wh er e it i s used again . Bein g a l o w- v o l u m e in co m p r e ssi b l e l i qui d, t h e co n d en sat e wat e rcan b e ef f i ci en t l y pum ped b ack in t o t h e h i gh pr es s u r e b o i l e r . A

co n s t a n t f l o w o f l o w- t e m p er at ur e co o l in g wat e rin t h e co n d en ser t u b e s i s r e qui r e d t o keep t h e co n d en sersh ell ( s t eam si de) at pr o p er p r e s s u r e an d t o en sur e ef f i ci en t el ect r i cit y gen e r a t i o n . T h r o ugh t h e co n d en sin g pr o cess, t h e co o l in g wat e ri s war m ed. I f t h e co o l in g sy st em i s an o p en o r a o n ce- t h r o ugh sy st em , t h i s war m wat e ri s r e l eased b ack t o t h e so ur ce wat e rb o dy

. I n a cl o s ed sy st em , t h e war m wat e ri s co o l ed b y r eci r c ul at i o n t h r o u g h co o l in g t o wer s , l akes, o rpo n d s, wh er e t h e h eat i s r e l e a s e d in t o t h e ai rt h r o ugh ev apo r at i o n an d/ o rsen s i b l e h eat t r an sf er . I f a r eci r c ul at in g co o l in g sy st em i s us ed, o n l y a s mall am o u n t o f make- up wat e ri s r e qui r e d t o o f f s et t h e co o l in g t o w e r b l o w d o w n w h ic h mu s t b e d i s c h ar g e d p e r i o d ic a lly t o c o n t r o l t h e b u ild

up o f so l i d s. Co m p ar ed t o a o n ce- t h r o ugh sy st em , a r eci r c ul at ed sy st em uses ab o u t o n e t w en t i et h t h e wat e r . 15 Figur e 6 pr es ents a typical s t eam gener a tion process.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 25 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption There ar e s e ver a l types of coal- f i r e d s t eam gener a tor s . A des c r i ption of each follows. T h e clas s i f i cation of thes e gener a tor s is bas e d on the char acter is tics of the coal fed to the burners and the mode of burning the coal. Coal-fired steam gener a tion s y s t ems ar e des i gned to us e pulver i zed coal orcr us hed coal. Before the coal is intr oduced to the bur ner s , it mus tbe pr oces s e d, as discussed in Section III.A.6. Figure 6: Steam Turbine Generation Stoker-Fired Furnace
Stoker-fired f u r n aces ar e des i gned to f eed coal to the combus tion zone on a traveling gr ate. Stoker s can be divided into thr ee gener a l gr oups , depending

on how t h e coal r eaches t h e gr at e of t h e st okerf o r b u r n i n g . T h e t h r e e general types of s t oker s ar e ( 1 ) under f eed, ( 2 ) over f e e d , a n d ( 3 ) s p r eader configurations. Table 12 presents the general char acter is tics of thes e thr e e g e ner a l types of s t oker s . Figur e 7 pr es ents a s c hematic of a s t ok e r c o a l feeder.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 26 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption

Table 12: Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers Stoker Type and Subclass Burning Rate * (BTU/hr/ft2 ) Characteristics

Spreader Stationary

Traveling grate Vibrating grate 450,000

750,000 400,000 Capable of burning a wide range of coals, best in handling fluctuating loads, high fly ash carry over, low load smoke.

Overfeed Chain grate and traveling grate Vibrating grate 600,000

400,000 Low maintenance but difficult in burning caking coals. Low maintenance but difficult in burning weakly caking coals, smokeless operation.
Underfeed Single or double retort Multiple retort 400,000 Capable of burning caking coals and a wide range of coals, high maintenance, low fly ash carry over, suitable for continuous load operation.
* Maximum amount of British thermal units per hour per square foot of grate in the stoker.
Source: Coal Handbook , Robert Meyers (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, 1981 as referenced in Wastes from the Combustion of Coal by Electric Utility Power Plants . Report to Congress. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC. February 1988. EPA/530-SW88-002.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 27 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 7: Stoker Coal Feeder

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . N e w Y o r k N Y

. 1989. R e pr o d u c e d w i th pe r m i ssi o n o f th e M c G r a w - H ill C o m p a n ie s .

I n a cyclone- f i r e d f u r n ace, f u el is f i r e d underintens e heat and air is injected tangentially to cr eate a s w ir ling motion as s hown in Figur e 8. T h e r e s u lting hot gas e s exit thr ough the cyclone bor e into the cyclone in the f u r n ace. As h becomes a m o l t e n s l ag t h at i s col l ect ed bel o w t h e f u r n ace. Coal i s t h e primary c y c l one fue l , but oil a nd ga s ar e us e d a s s t ar tup, a uxiliary, a nd ma in fuels.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 28 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 8: Typical Cyclone Coal Burners

So u r c e : Ste a m, I ts Ge ne ration and Use ; 4 0 t h E dit ion. S t u l t z a nd K i t t o , e d s . B a b c oc k a n d W i l c o x , B a r b et o n , OH. 1992. R e pr o d u c e d w i th pe r m i ssi o n f

r o m th e B a bc o c k a n d W ilc oxC o .
Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 29 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Tangential-Fired Furnace
I n a t a ngent i a l

- f i r e d f u r n ace, bot h ai rand f u el ar e pr oj ect ed f r o mt h e cor n er s o f

the f u r n ace along lines tangent to a ver tical cylinderat the center

. A rotating motion i s cr eated, allowing a high degr ee of mixing. T h is s y s t em provides great flexibility for multiple fuel firing (see Figure 9). 16 Figure 9: Tangential Firing Pattern

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . Ne wY o r k , NY

. 1989. R e pr o d u c e d w i th pe r m i ssi o n o f t h e M c G r a w - H ill C o m p a n ie s .
Horizontal or Wall-Fired Furnace In hor izontal orwall- f i r e d s y s t em s , p u l ver i zed coal and pr imar y airar e introduced tange n t ially to the coal nozzle. T h e degr ee of airs w ir l and the contou r o f the bur nerthr o at es tablis h a r ecir c ulation patter n extending several thr o at diameter s into the f u r n ace. T h e hot pr oduc t s of combus tion are dir ected back towar d the nozzle to pr ovide the ignition ener gy neces s ar y for s t ab le c o mbus tion. In t h is s y s t e m , burne rs ar e loc a t e d in row s on the front wall (see Figure 10) or both front and rear walls. 17

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 30 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 10: Flow Pattern of Horizontal Firing

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . N e w Y o r k , N Y

. 1989. R e p r odu c e d w i t h p e r m is s i on of t h e M c G r a w - H ill C o m p a n ie s . Arch-Fired Systems Vertical-fired systems are used to fire solid f u els that ar e dif f

i cult to ignite, s u c h a s c o a l s with mois ture a nd a s h-fre e vola tile ma tte r of le s s t h a n 1 3 percent. In this s y s t e m , the pulve r i z e d c o a l is dis c har g e d thr ough a noz z l e surrounded by heated combus tion air

. High- pr es s u r e jets ar e us ed to pr event fuel-air s t r eams f r o m s hor t cir c uiting. T h e f i r i ng s y s t em pr oduces a looping flame with hot gases discharging at the center (see Figure 11). 18

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 31 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 11: Flow Pattern of Arch Firing

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . N e w Y o r k , N Y

. 1989. R e p r odu c e d w i t h p e r m is s i on of t h e M c G r a w - H ill C o m p a n ie s . Fluidized-Bed Combustors
In fluidized-bed combustors, f u el mater i als ar e f o r ced by gas into a s t ate of buoyancy. T h e gas cus h ion between the s o lids allows the par ticles to move freely, thus f l owing like a l i q u i d. B y us ing this te c hnology, SO 2 and NO X emissions ar e r e duced becaus e an S O 2 s o rbe n t, s u c h a s lime s t one , c a n be used ef f

i ciently. Als o , becaus e the oper a ting temper atur e is low, the amount of N O X g a s e s f o r m ed is lowerthan thos e pr oduced us ing conventional technology.
Fluidized-bed combus t o r s ar e divided into two categor ies : cir c ulating fluidized-beds and bubbling f l uidized- b eds ( s ee Figur e 12)

. Fluidized- b ed combustors can oper a te at atmos pher i c pr es s u r e or in a pr es s u r i zed chamber

. In the p r e s s u riz e d c h a m be r, ope ra ting pre s s u re s c a n be 10 to 20 time s the atmospheric pr es s u r e . P r es s u ri zed f l uidized- b ed f u r n aces pr ovide s i gnif i cant gain in overall thermal efficiency over a t m

o s

p

h

e

r i c f l u

i d

i z

e

d

- b

e

d f u

r n

a

n

c

e s . 19

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 32 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 12: Typical Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Boiler

S o u r c e : Ada p t e d f r om Ste a m, I ts Ge ne ration and Use ; 4 0 t h E dit ion. S t ul tz a n d Ki tto , e d s. B a bc o c k a n d W i l c o x , B a r b et o n , OH. 1992. R e p r odu c e d w i t h p e r m is s i on f r om t h e Ba b c oc k a nd W ill C o x . C o . Fluidized-bed combus tion allows f o rthe us e o f high s u lf urcoals , high fouling a nd s l a gging fue l s , a nd low B r itis h T h e r ma l Unit (B T U ) fue l s . High ash coal s bur ned i n f l ui di zed- b eds r e qui r e l e ss pr epar at i on t h an i n pul ver i zed coal combus tor s . Additionally, f l uidized- b ed combus t o r s r e quir e les s maintenance than pulverized coal combustors. III.A.2 Internal Combustion Generation
Internal combus tion gener a ting units , als o known as dies el engines , have one or more c y linde rs in whic h fu e l c o m b us tion oc c u rs . Inte rna l c o mbus tion generating units conver t the chemical ener gy of f

u els into mechanical ener gy i n a d e s i gn s imilar to a n a u tomobile e ngine

. Atta c h e d to the s h a f t of the generator, the engine pr ovides the mechanical ener gy to dr ive the gener a tor

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 33 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption to pr oduce electr i city. I n ter n al combus tion gener a ting units f o r powerplants are typically designed to operate on either four- or two-stroke cycles. Internal combustion generators are small and range in capacity f r o m 2 to 6 megawatts. T h ey ar e mor e ef f

i cient than gas tur b ines

. 20 In a ddition, c ap ita l costs ar e l o w, t h ey a r e easi l y t r anspor t e d, and t h ey can gener a t e el ect r i ci t y a l m o s timmediately upon s t ar tup. Forthis r eas on, inter n al combu s t i o n generators are often used for small loads and for emergency power. 21
III.A.3 Gas Turbine Generation
Gas tur b ine s y s t ems oper a te i n a m a nners imilarto s t eam tur b ine s y s t ems except that c o mbus tion gas e s ar e us ed to tur n the tur b ine blades ins t ead of steam. I n addition to the electr i c gener a tor , the tur b ine als o dr ives a r o tating compressor to pr es s u r i ze the air , which is then mixed wit h e i t h e r gas or liquid f u el in a combus tion chamber

. T h e gr eaterthe compr e s s i on, the higher the temper atur e and the ef f

i ciency that can be ach i e v e d in a gas turbine. E xha us t ga s e s ar e e mitte d to the a t mos phe re from the turbine

. Unlike a steam tur b ine s y s t em, gas tur b ine s y s t ems do not have boiler s or a steam s upply, condens er s , ora was t e heat dis pos al s y s t em. T h er ef or e, capital costs are much lower for a gas turbine system than for a steam system.
In electrical power applications , gas tur b ines ar e typically us ed f o r peaking duty, where rapid s t ar tup a nd s hort runs ar e ne e d e d

. M o s tins t a lle d s imple gas t u r b i n es wi t h no con t r o l s have onl y a 20- t o 30- per centef f

i ci ency. Figure 13 presents a schematic of a simple gas turbine system. Figure 13: Simple Gas Turbine Cycle

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . N e w Y o r k , N

. Y

. 1989. III.A.4 Combined-Cycle Generation

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 34 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption
Combined-cycle gener a ti o n is a conf igur ation us ing both gas tur b ines and steam gener a tor s . I n a combined- c ycle gas tur b ine ( CCGT ) , the hot exhaus t gases of a gas t u r b i n e ar e used t o pr ovi de al l , or a por t i on of , t h e heatsour ce for the boiler, which produces s t e a mfor the s t e a mge ne ra tor turbine

. T h is combination incr eas es the ther mal ef f

i ciency overa coal- or oil- f u eled s t eam generator. T h e s y s t em has an ef f

i ciency of about 54 per cent, and the f u el consumption is approximately 25 per cent lower

. C o mbined- c ycle s y s t ems may have multiple gas tur b ines dr iving one s t eam tur b ine ( s ee Figur e 14)

. 22 Figure 14: Combined Cycle with Heat Recovery There are four major classifications of combined-cycle facilities:

� Gas Tu rb in e P l u s U n f i red S t eam Gen erat o r : A s t e a mge ne ra tor is installed at the dis c ha r g e o f a gas tur b ine to r ecoverthe heat in the gas turbine exhaus t s o as to cr eate s t eam in the s t eam gener a tor

. T h e f u el is f i r e d only in the gas turbine.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 35 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption

� Gas T u rbine P l us Supplem ent a ry- F ired St eam Generat o r : A portion of the oxygen in the gas tur b ine exh a u s t is us ed to s uppor t f u r t her combustion in a s upplementar y f i r i ng s y s t em in the connecting duct between the gas turbine and the steam generator.

� Gas Tu rb in e P l u s F u rn ace- F i red S t eam Gen erat o r : T h is ge ne ra tor is the same as the gas tur b ine plus s upplementar y - f i r e d s t eam gener a tor , except that essentially all of the oxygen f r o m the gas tur b ine exhaus t is us ed to s uppor t further combustion.

� Supercharged F u rnace- F i red St eam Generat o r P l us Gas T u rbine : A ste a m gener a t o ri s pl aced bet w een t h e ai rcom p r e ssorand t h e gas t u r b i n e. T h e ai rcom p r e ssori s used t o pr essur i ze t h e boi l e rwher e t h e f u e l i s f i r e d

. The pr oducts of combus tion that have been cooled within the boiler ar e then discharged through a gas turbine.
I n a d d i tion, inte gra t e d c o a l ga s i fic a tion c o mbine d -c yc le (IGC C ) units ar e combined s y s t ems that ar e in the demons tr ation s t age, but ar e expected be in commercial oper a tion by the year2000. I n an I G C C s y s t em, co a l gas is manufactured and cleaned in a " g a s if ier " underpr es s u r e , ther eby r e ducing e m i s s i ons and par ticulates

. T h e coal gas then is combus ted in a C C G T generation system. III.A.5 Cogeneration Cogeneration is the mer g ing of a s y s t em des i gned to pr oduce electr i c power and a s y s t em us ed f o rpr oducing i ndus tr ia l h e a t a n d s t e a m . C o g e n e r a t i o n accounted f o r75 per cent of all nonutility powergener a tion in 1995. 23 T h i s system is a mor e ef f

i c i e n t way of us ing ener gy inputs and allows the recovery of other w is e was t ed ther mal ener gy f o rus e in an indus tr ial pr oces s . Cogeneration technologies ar e clas s i f i ed as " t opping cycle" and " bottoming cycle" systems, depending on whether electrical (topping cycle) or ther mal (bottoming cycle) energy is derived first.
M o s t cogener a tion s y s t ems us e a topping cycle. T h is is s hown as a s t e a m turbine topping s y s t em in Figur e 15. T h e pr oces s s t eam s hown in Figur e 15 is condens ed a s i t d e l i ver s heat to an indus tr ial pr oces s , and the r e s u lting return condensate is returned back to the boiler as shown.
Facilities that cogener a te may be eligible f o rQF s t atus underPUR P A. T o qualify, the f acility mus tpr oduce electr i c ener gy and " a notherf o r mof us ef ul thermal ener gy thr ough s e quential us e of ener gy, " and meet cer t a in ownership, oper a ting, and ef f

i ciency cr iter i a es t a blis hed by FE R C ( S ee 18 CFR P ar t292)

. I n a topping cycle s y s t em, the f u el is us ed to gener a te power with a s t eam boilerorgas tur b ine cycle combus tor

. T h e was t e heat f r o m the power generation process is then used in an industrial process. 24

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 36 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 15: Cogeneration Plant Schematic III.A.6 Supporting Operations Many oper a tions as s o ciated with f o s s il f u el electr i c powerg e n e r a tion facilities are not directly involved in the pr oduction of electr i city but s e r v e

So u r c e : Standard Handbook of P o w e r P l ant Engine e r ing

. E lliot , T homa s C

. e d

. M c G r a w - H ill, I n c . N e w Y o r k , N Y

. 1989. R e pr o d u c e d w i th pe r m i ssi o n o f th e M c G r a w - H ill C o m p a n ie s . in a s uppor ting r o le. T h is s ection dis c us s e s s o me of the majors uppor ting processes. Coal Processing Fifty-seven per cent of coal us ed in powerplants is tr ans por ted f r o m mines by rail. 25 C o al is als o tr ans por ted by tr uck and bar g e. Once coal ar r i ves at the plant, it is unloaded to live s t or age, dead s t or age, ordir ectly to the s t oker o r h o pper . L i ve s t or age is an enclos ed s ilo orbunkernext to c onveyor s leading to the pulver i z e r . D e a d s t or age is expos ed outdoor s and is the backup s upply. C o al unloading devices depend on the s i ze and type of plant. Coal ar r i v i n g by r a il may be unloaded dir ectly into the s t or age ar ea orto conveyors leading dir ectly to gener a tion units

. C o al ar r i ving by bar g e is unloaded by buckets , which ar e par tof coal tower s or unloading br idges

. 26 Coal shipped by truck generally needs little equipment for unloading.
Precautions mus tbe taken in the tr ans por tation and s t or age of coal. I n transporting c o a l dur ing wa r m e r m onths a nd in dr y c lima te s , dus t suppression may be necessary. Dust s uppr es s i on is typically accomplis hed through the us e of water , oil, orcalcium chlor i de ( C aC l 2 )

. I n winter months ,

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 37 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption antifreeze chemicals ar e applied to the coal. Becaus e coal oxidizes eas ily in open air , it s hould be s t or ed in layer e d piles to minimize airf l ow. Hot ar eas should be r e moved f r o m the pile to pr event f i r e ; waters hould not be added to r e duce t h e heat , si nce t h e wat e ri n cr eases t h e ai rf l ow and, t h er ef or e, would increase the oxidation of the coal.
Coal may be cleaned and pr epar ed bef o r e being eithercr us hed orpulver i zed. Impurities in c o a l , s u c h a s a s h, me ta ls , s ilic a , a nd s u lf ur , c a n c a u s e boile r fouling a nd s l a gging. C o a l c l e a n ing c a n be us e d to re duc e s u lfur in the c o a l to meet s u lf urdioxide ( S O 2 ) emis s i ons r e gulations

. C l eaning th e c o a l is a costly pr oces s that incr eas es its f u el ef f

i ciency, yet r e du c e s the s i ze of the particles. C o al cleaning is typically per f o r m ed at the mine by us ing gr avity concentration, f l otation, or dewater i ng methods

. Some s m allers t okerplants purchase pre-cleaned, pre-crushed coal. 27 Coal is transported from the coal bunker or silo to be cr us hed, gr ound, and d r i e d f u r t h e rbef o r e it is f i r e d in the bur nerorcombus tion s y s t em. M a ny mechanisms can be us ed to gr ind the coal and pr epar e it f o rf i r i ng. Pulverizers, cy c l ones , and s t oker s ar e all us ed to gr ind and dr y the coal. Increasing the coal’ s par ticle s u r f ace ar ea and decr eas ing its mois tur e content greatly incr eas es its heating capacity. Once pr epar ed, the coal is tr ans por ted within the s y s t em to the combus tion s y s t em, orboiler

. Devices at the bottom of the boilers catch ash and/or slag. Air Pollution Control Processes Air pollution contr o l devices f ound in f o s s il f u el- f i r e d s y s t ems ( p ar ticular ly steam electr i c powerf acilities ) include par ticulate r e moval equipment, s u lf ur oxide ( S O X ) r e moval equipment, a n d n i t r ogen oxide ( N O X ) re mo v a l equipment. Par ticulate r e mo v a l e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d es electr o s t atic precipitators, f abr ic f ilte r s , orme c h a n ic a l p a r tic ula t e c o lle c t or s , s u c h a s cyclones. SO X r e moval equipment includes s o r b ent injection technologies and wet and dry scrubbers. Both types of scrubbers result in the formation of calcium s u lf ate and s u lf ite as was t e pr oducts

. N O X e m is s i on contr o l systems i n cl ude l o w NO X bur ner s and s e lective catalytic ornon- ca t a l y t i c reduction technologies. T h e s e lective catalytic and non- catalytic r e duction technologies convert oxides of nitrogen into nitrogen gas and water.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 38 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Other Processes to Mitigate Environmental Impacts Control technologies ar e u s e d at many utility electr i c powergener a tion f a c ilitie s to mitiga t e the e nvironme n ta l impa c t s of c ooling wa te r i n t a k e structures. T h es e technologies may incl u d e intake s c r eening s y s t ems , pas s i ve intake system (physical exclus ion devices ) , orf i s h diver s ion and avoidance syste ms . T echnologies us ed to mitigate ther mal pollution include cooling towers, cooling ponds orlakes , and s p r i nkler s . Othercontr o l technologies may include r ecycling and r e us e equipment f o r metals r ecover y ; evapor ator s ; and physical, chemical, and biological wastewater treatment.
III.B Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs The primary ra w ma te ria l us e d in fos s il fue l e l e c t ric powe rge ne ra tion is the fossil f u el needed as the ener gy s our ce to dr ive the pr ime mover( i

. e . , turbine). Fos s il fue l s e m ploye d in the Unite d Sta t e s pre domina n tly inc l ude coal, petr oleum, and gas

. Other inputs include water( f o rcooling and s t eam gen e r a t i on) and chemicals us ed f o requipment cleaning and maintenance. Pollution outpu t s include s o lid was t e pollution, was t ewaterpollution, air pollution, a nd the r ma l pollut i o n . T h e following s ubs e c tion dis c us s e s the major s our ces of r a w mater i als and the s our ces of emis s i ons as s o ciated with the power generation industry. III.B.1 Fossil Fuels and Other Raw Material Inputs The major types of fossil fuels used for electricity generation in the United S t a t es ar e coal , pet r ol eum , gas. Ot herf o ssi l f u el s used i n cl ude pet r ol eum coke, r e f i ner y gas , coke oven gas , blas t f u r n ace gas , and liquef i ed petr oleum gas. T h es e latterf u els ar e us ed much les s f r e quently and, ther ef or e, will not be discussed in this notebook. Coal
Coal is the mos tabundant f o s s il f u el in the Unit ed States and the mos t frequently us ed ener gy s our ce f o rU. S. electr i city gener a tion. M o r e than one-half of a ll e l e c t r i c ity ge ne r a te d by utilitie s c o me s f r o m c o a l

- f i r e d facilities. 28 Although the us e of coal has decr eas ed s i nce the 1970s , s o me areas of the country use coal almost exclusively.
Coals used f o r el ect r i c power gener a t i on ar e ver y het e r ogeneous and var y i n content, depending on the location of the mine. T h e majorchemical makeup, which includes car bon, hydr ogen, and oxygen, als o contains impur ities , s u ch as miner als and s u lf ur . T h es e impur ities ar e a major concer n becaus e they contribute to the pollutants produced during combustion of the coal.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 39 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption O f al l t h e f o ssi l f u el us e d f o rel ect r i ci t y gener a t i on, coal r e qui r e s t h e m o st extensive pr oces s i ng, handling, s t or age, and loading and unloading f acilities

. Coal f i r i ng r e quir e s the us e of cr us her s , pulver i zer s , as h handling equipment, dust control, emissions control equipment, and soot blowers.
Petroleum Petroleum, or c r ude oil, is the s ourc e of various fue l oils us e d a s the e n e r gy source for power generation. As an energy s our ce, petr oleum accounts f o r less t h an f i ve per centof al l el ect r i ci t y r ecei pt s i n t h e Uni t e d S t at es. However, nume r ous utilitie s in the Ne w E ngla nd Sta t e s , Ne w Yor k , Flor ida , and Hawaii still rely on petroleum as an energy source. 29 Most pet r ol eumused f o rpowergener a t i on i s r e f i ned pr i o r t o use. T ypi cal fuel oils inc l ude f u e l oil numbe r s 4, 5, a nd 6 ( h e a vy oil) a nd c ons titute the majority of all petr oleum r eceipts at electr i c utilities

. Sma l leramounts of fuel oil number 2 ( light oil) ar e us ed typically f o rs t ar tup and f l ame st a b i liz a tion of the boile rs . 30 Otherles s f r e quently us ed s our ces include topped crude, kerosene, and jet fuel.
Fuel oils us ed f o relectr i city gener a tion r e quir e s p ecial handling, s t or age, and loading and unloading f acilities

. Oil r e quir e s as h handling equipment, dus t control, e mis s i ons c ontrol e quipme n t, s oot blowe r s , a nd, in s o me ins t a n c e s , warming and heating facilities.
Gas Gas i s used l e ss t h an coal as a pr i m ar y f u el sour ce at p o w e r g e ner a t i o n util itie s . G a s i s w i d e l y u s e d f o r i ndus tr ial electr i c powergener a tion, however. Gas is used in those areas of the United States wher e it is r eadily accessible orin S t ates in which envir onmental laws f o rairemis s i ons ar e stringent ( e . g . , C a lif or nia)

. M a ny of the f acilities that us e ga s a l s o us e petroleum in dual- f i r e d gener a ting units

. T h e us e of one f u el over the other is based on economics. Natural gas mus tbe t r e a t e d to pr oduce commer c ial f u el. Natur a l gas comprises pr imar ily methane and ethane. Natur a l gas s u itable f o rus e as a fuel in power generation facilities must be at least 70-percent methane, 60-percent pr opane, or25- per cent hydr ogen. T h e f u el may come in either a gaseous or liquid form. 31
G a s h a s o n e advant age overot herf u el s i n t h at i t i s a cl eanerbur ni ng f u el

. Therefore, s o me e l e c t ric utilitie s us e ga s in orde r to c o mply with environment al r e gulations

. Gas us ed f o rgener a ting electr i city r e quir e s relatively little s p ecial handling ( p iping) and may ormay not r e quir e s t or age facilities.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 40 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Other Inputs
In addition to fos s il fue l s , e l e c t ric powe r ge ne ra tion re quire s othe r ma te ria l inputs. T h es e inputs include ( 1 ) waterf o rs t eam condens ation and equipment cooling, ( 2 ) lime or lime s t one , a s a s o r b e n t f o rpollution c ontr o l e quipme n t, (3) c h lorine a nd/or bioc ide s to pre v e n t biofouling of s t e a m c onde ns e r s a n d cooli n g tower s , ( 4 ) chemical s o lvents , oils , and lubr icants f o requipment cleaning and maintenance. III.B.2 Pollutant Outputs
Pollutants ar e gener a ted as bypr oducts f r o m the bur ni n g o f f

o s s il f u els to generate electr i city. T h e combus tion p r oces s r e leas es highly r e gulated pollutants, s u ch as NO X , c a r b o n monoxide ( C O) , par ticulate matter( P M ) , SO 2 , volatile or ganic compounds ( VOC s ) , or ganic hydr ocar bons , and tr ace metals, into the air

. C o mbus tion was t e, the major ity of which is as h was t e, is cr eated dur ing combus tion p r oces s e s us ing coal oroil f o rf u el. Noncombustion was t e s , s u ch as cooling, pr oces s , and s t or m water s , that ar e discharged f r o m f o s s il f u el electr i c powerg e ner a tion f acilities have the potential to r e leas e pollutants ( e . g . , chlo r i n e , heavy metals , and ther mal pollution) into s u r f ace water s . T h e f o llowing dis c us s i on highlights each of the was t e s t r eams cr eated dur ing the gener a tion of f

o s s il f u el electr i c power . Air Emissions
Air emissions from the s t ack gas e s f r o m coal- and oil- f i r e d boiler s include four of s i x c r ite ria polluta nts re gula t e d through the Na tiona l Ambie n t Air Qua l i t y Standar d s ( NAAQS) underthe C l ean AirAct ( C AA) as amended: NO X , C O , S O 2 , and PM

. Amounts of SO 2 e mitte d de pe nd large l y o n t h e amount of s u lf ur pr es ent in the coal oroil and the method us ed to gener a te steam. Other emis s i ons r e gulated by the C AA commonly contained in emis s i on gases ar e total or ganic car bon ( T OC) as methane, non- methane hydr ocar bons (NMHC), and VOC s . T r aces of lead, anothercr iter i a pollutant, an d other metals and miner als ar e als o f ound. T h es e metals ar e pr es ent in the coal and oil. Sulfur is a l s o found in the s e fue l s (more in c o a l tha n in oil), a nd fly a s h is the product of sulfur and other mineral materials that do not combust. Fugitive dus t f r o m coal piles and f u el handling equipment is another s our ce of partic ula t e s . In a ddition, fugitive e mis s i ons of VOC s c a n ar is e from c o a l piles dur ing low temper atur e devolatilization. T h er mal r i s e plumes ar e als o dis c h a r g e d f r o m cooling tower s . T h es e plumes contain s u ch pollutants as heat and some trace materials in the water vapor.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 41 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Compared to a f o s s il- f u eled s t eam tur b ine gener a ting s y s t em with no air pollution contr o ls , a gas - f i r e d powergener a tion s y s t em with no contr o ls emits less tonnage of NO X and SO 2 and trace amounts of TOC, particulate matter, and CO. Combined-cycle gas tur b ines have vir t ually no SO purit y o f n a t u r a l gas

. B ecaus e oil and coal ar e not us ed, s o lid was t e is
2 , NO X 2 em i ssi ons because of t h e eliminated, and CO , and thermal pollution are cut by 60 percent. Cogeneration is cons ider ed a pollution pr evention technology. Other benefits of cogener a ti o n a r e r e duced f u el cons umption and lowerair emissions. Because of their smaller size, however, cogeneration systems in the United States tend to have lowers t ack heights

. T h er ef or e, airemis s i ons to the immediate atmosphere contribute to increased local pollution. Combustion Wastes
Two princ i pa l wa s t e s ar e a s s o c i a t e d with the c o mbus tion of fos s il fue l s : a s h waste and f l ue gas des u lf ur ization ( F GD) was t es . T h e quantities of thes e wastes generated depend upon the fossil fuel burned. Ash was t e - T wo types of as h ar e gener a ted dur ing combus tio n o f f o s s il fuels: bottom as h and f l y as h. As h that collects at the bottom of the boileris called bottom as h and/ors l ag. Fly as h is a f i neras h mater i al that is bor ne by the f l ue gas f r o m the f u r n ace t o t h e e n d o f t h e b o i l e r . B o t t o m a s h e s ar e collected and dis c har g ed f r o m the boiler , economizer , airh e ater s , electrostatic pr ecipitator , and f abr ic f ilte rs . F l y a s h i s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e economizer and airheater s oris collected by the par ticulate contr o l equipment. C o a l

- f i r e d f a c ilitie s ge ne r a t e the lar g e s t qua ntity of a s h; ga s facilities gener a te s o litt l e t h a ts e par a te as h management f acilities ar e not necessary. F l y a n d b o t tom as h may be managed s e par a tely ortogetherin landfills or in wet surface impoundments.
Ashes dif f

e rin char acter is tics depending upon the content of the f u el bur ned. For c o a l , the c h e m i c a l c o mpos ition of a s h is a func tion of the type of c o a l that is bur ned, the extent to which the coal is pr epar ed bef o r e it i s b u r ned, and the oper a ting conditions of the boiler

. T h es e f actor s ar e ver y plant- and coal-specific. Gener a lly, however , mor e than 95 per cent of as h is made up of s ilic on, a l uminum, iron, a nd c a l c i um in the i r oxide forms , with m a g n e s i um, pota s s i um, s odium, a nd tita nium re pre s e n ting the re ma ini n g major cons tituents

. As h may als o contain a wide r a nge of tr ace cons tituents in highly var i able concentr ations

. Potential tr ace cons tituents include antimony, ar s e nic, bar i um, cadmium, chr o mium, lead, m e r c ur y, s e lenium, strontium, zinc, and other metals.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 42 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Flue gas de s u lfur iz ation was t e - If coal or oil is the fue l s ourc e , the FG D control technologies r e s u lt in the g e n e r a t i on of s o lid was t es . Wet lime/limestone s c r ubber s pr oduce a s l ur r y of as h, unr eacted lime, calcium sulfate, and calcium s u lf ite. Dr y s c r ubbers y s t ems pr oduce a mixtur e of unreacted s o r b ent ( e . g . , lime, limes t one, s odium car bonat e s , c a lcium carbonates), s u lf ur s a lts , and f l y as h. Sludges ar e typically s t abilized with f l y ash. Sludges pr oduced in a wet s c r ubbermay be dis pos ed of in impoundments orbelow- gr ade l a ndf ills , orthey may be s t abilized and disposed of in landf ills

. Dr y s c r ubber s l udges may be managed dr y orwet. Non-Combustion Wastes
Non-combustion was t es can be categor ized into c o n t act and noncontact w a s t es. Cont actwast es com e i n cont actwi t h com bust i on wast es a n d , therefore, c onta i n the s a me c ons titue n ts a s the c o mbus tion wa s t e s . In ma ny cases, thes e contact was t es ar e managed with the combus tion was t es . Noncontact was t es do not come in contact with as hes orFGD was t es and may be managed s e par a tely. T able 1 3 s u mmar i zes the typical was t e s t r eams , potential pollutants , and ways of managing thes e pollutants

. Figur e 16 s hows where the was t e s t r eams ar e gener a ted at a typical s t eam electr i c power plant.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 43 Sept em b e r1997� Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption

Table 13: Summary of Typical Waste Streams and Pollutants Generated at Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Facilities Based on Fuel Type
Fuel Type Wastes/Pollutan t Air Emissions Combustion Wastes Non-Combustion Wastes

Coal Process wastes

Pollutants Flue gas and heat - thermal rise plume.

S O 2 , NO X , CO 2 , CO (more from small boilers), VOCs, TOC, PM, metals, sulfur. Bottom ash, fly ash, and FGD wastes desulfurization, and fly ash.

Heavy metals, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfate, CaSO 3 , and CaO. Contact � : ash transport, gas-side boiler cleaning,* FGD blowdown, coal pile runoff, pyrite waste, floor drains.
Noncontact: once-through cooling water,* cooling system blowdown,* boiler blowdown,* water-side boiler cleaning,* demineralizer regenerent.* Chlorine, organic chemicals, metals, pH, TSS, TDSS, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid, metals, pyrite.

Oil Process wastes

Pollutants Flue gas and heat - thermal rise plume.

Low SO 2 , NO X (as NO X particulate), CO 2 , sulfur, and PM compared to coal. Metals and TOC. Bottom ash and fly ash.

VOCs and heavy metals. Contact � : ash transport, gas-side boiler cleaning,* FGD blowdown, floor drains.
Noncontact: once-through cooling water,* cooling system blowdown,* boiler blowdown,* water-side boiler cleaning,* demineralizer regenerent.* Chlorine, organic chemicals, metals, pH, TSS, TDSS, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid, metals.

Gas Process wastes

Pollutants Flue gas.

Low No X , and SO 2 compared to oil and coal. Thermal pollution is 60% less than coal. None.

None. Contact � : infrequent gas-side boiler cleaning,* floor drains.
Noncontact: once-through cooling water,* cooling system blowdown,* boiler blowdown,* water-side boiler cleaning,* demineralizer regenerent.* Chlorine, organic chemicals, metals, pH, TSS, TDSS, metals
.

* Waste streams at facilities with steam turbines. � In contact with combustion wastes.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 44 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Figure 16: Waste Streams Generated at a Typical Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Plant

S o ur ce: A d apt e d f r o m S t eam , I t s Gen e r a t i o n an d Use, 40t h E d it i o n . S t ul t z an d K it t o , eds. Bab c o c k an d Wi l B ar b et o n , OH. 1992. R e pr o duced wi t h

per m i s s i o n f

r o m t h e B ab c o c k an d Wil c o x C o . Contact, Non-Combustion Wastes Metal and boiler cleaning was t e ( gas - s ide)

- G a s - s i de me ta l a nd boile r cleaning was t es ar e pr oduced dur ing maintenance of the gas

- s i de of the boiler, including the airpr eheater , economizer , s uper h eater , s t ack, and ancillary equipment. R e s i dues f r o m coal combus tion ( s oot and f l y as h) build up on t h e sur f aces of t h e equi pm entand m u stbe r e m oved per i odi cal l y . T h i s buildup is typically r e mo ved with plain, pr es s u r i zed watercontaining no chemical additives

. Wa s t e w a t er s ar e s o metimes neutr a lized and metals precipitated. At coa l p l ants , the was t ewateris mos tof ten put into the as h ponds without treatment.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 45 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n III. I ndus trial P r oc e s s D e s c ri ption Ash t r an s p ort was t ewat er - As h pr oduced f r o m the combus tion of coal or oil is typically collected in a s l uice waterthat is then s e nt to s e ttling ponds for dis p o s a l

. T h e a s h s e ttling pond dis c harge ma y c onta i n dis s o lve d a n d suspended s o lids , heavy metals ( n ickel, ir on, vanadium) , or ganometalic compounds, and magnesium compounds when magnes i um oxides ar e us ed for corrosion control. Flue gas de s u lfur iz ation blowdown - B l owdown f r o m F G D s y s t ems is d i s c har g ed when the r ecycled liquorbegins to build up chlor i ne . T h e discharge contains calcium s u lf ate, calcium chlor i de, and s odium chlor i de. Depending upon fly ash carryover, the wastewater may contain metal ions

. Coal pile runof f

- Open s t or age of coal allows contact with r a in and/orother precipitation. T h es e s t or m water s r eact with t h e miner als in the coal to produce a leachate contaminated with f e r r ous s u lf ate and s u lf ur ic acid. T h e low pH of the leachate r eacts with the coal, ther eby acceler ating dis s o lution of metals in the coal. Pyrite was t e - C o a l mills or pulve riz e r s re d u c e t h e s i z e of the fe e d c o a l going into the boiler. During this process, various impurities, such a s hard coal, r o cks , and pyr ites ( a n ir on- bas e d miner al) , ar e mechanically s e par a ted from the fe e d s t re a m . This s o lid w a s t e is typic a lly c o lle c t e d a nd fe d into the bottom as h tr ans por t s y s t em and eventually co- d is pos ed with the as h in either a landfill or an impoundment. Floor drain s
- F l oorand yar d dr ai ns col l ect r a i n f a l l , seepage, l eakage wastewaters f r o m s m all equipment cleaning oper a tions , pr oces s s p ills , and leaks. As a r e s u lt, the pollutants f ound in the was t ewater s ar e var i able. T h e waste streams may contain coal dust, oil, and detergents. Noncontact, Non-combustion Wastes Once-through c ooling wate r - W h en a st eam t u r b in e i s used t o d r i v e t h e el ect r i c gen e r a t o rt h e pr o cess i s call e d “ s t eam el ect r i c. ” S t eam el ect r i c un it s r e qui r e l ar g e am o u n t s o f co o l in g wat e rf o rst eam co n d en sat i o n an d ef f i ci en t t h er ma l o p er at i o n . T h e co o l in g wat e r f l o w r a t e t h r o ugh t h e co n d en seri s b y f arth e l ar g e s t p r oc e s s w a te r f l ow , n o r ma ll y e q u a tin g to ab ou t 9 8 p e r c e n t of th e tota lp r oc e s s w a te r f l ow f o rth e e n ti r e un i t

. In a on c e - th r o u g h c ool in g wat e rsy st em , wat e ri s usuall y

t aken in t o t h e pl an t f r o m su r f ace wat e r s , b u t s o me t i m e s g r o u n d w a t e r s o rmu n i c i p a l s u p p lie s ar e u s e d

. T h e w a t e ris passed t h r o ugh t h e co n d en ser wh er e it ab so r b s h eat an d i s t h en di sch ar g ed t o a r ecei v in g wat e r . Ch l o r in e , wh i c h i s added in t e r m it t e n t l y t o t h e co o l in g wat e r t o c o n t r o l b i o f o u lin g , is a

p o llu t a n t o f c o n c e r n in c o o lin g w a t e r d i s c h ar g e . Heat i s al so a co n cer n .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 46 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s Cool ing t o wer b l o w down - Co o l in g wat e ri s r eci r c ul at ed wh en t h e wat e r supp l y i s in adequat e t o sust ain a o n ce- t h r o ugh sy st em o rwh en t h er ma l di sch ar g es ar e r e gul at ed o r un desi r ab l e. I n a sy st em t h at r eci r c ul at es co o l in g wat e r , h eat f r o m t h e wat e ri s t r an sf er r e d t o t h e at m o sph e r e v i a co o l in g t o w e r s , c o o lin g p o n d s , o r s p r a y fa c ilit ie s . T h e r e c i r c u l a t e d w a t e r e v e n t u a lly b u i l d s up di s s o lv ed s o l i d s an d s u s p en ded ma t t e r . C o o l in g t o wer b l o w do wn ( a

per cen t a ge o f t h e r eci r c ul at ed wat e r ) i s di sch ar g ed r e gul ar l y

an d addit i o n al f r esh makeup wat e r i s t r eat ed an d added in t o t h e r eci r c ul at in g sy st em t o r e l i e v e t h i s b u i l dup o f s o l i d s . Po ll u t a n t s o f co n cer n in co o l in g t o wer b l o w do wn di sch ar g es in cl ude ch l o r in e , o r gani c ch em i cal s, an d t r ace m e t a l s f r om b i of ou l in g a n d c o r r o s i on c o n t r o l

. B o il e r bl ow dow n
- W a t e rt o make st eam ma y b e r eci r c ul at ed an d ev en t u all y b u ild u p imp u r it ie s in t h e b o ile r . T h is w a t e ris p e r i o d ic a lly p u r g e d fr o m t h e s y s t e m . B o ile r b l o w d o w n is

t y p i c a lly a l k a lin e , is lo w in t o t a l d i s s o lv e d s o lid s , an d co n t ain s ch em i cal addi t i v e s u s ed t o co n t r o l scal e an d co r r o si o n . Bl o w do wn al so co n t ain s t r ace am o u n t s o f co pper , i r o n , an d n i ckel

. M e t a lan d b o i l er cl ean i n g wast e ( w at er - s i d e) - Met a l cl ean in g wast es ar e pr o duced d u r in g cl ean in g o f t h e b o i l e rt u b e s, super h eat er , an d co n d en ser l o cat ed o n t h e wat e r - s i d e o rst eam- s i d e o f t h e b o i l e r . S c a l e an d co r r o si o n p r o d u c t s b u ild u p in t h e b o ile r a n d mu s t b e r e mo v e d w it h c h e mic a l c l e a n in g usin g an aci d o ral kal in e so l u t i o n . T h e co m p o s it i o n o f t h e wast e so lv en t s de pe n d s on th e c o n s tr u c ti on ma te r i a l of th e f e e d w a te r s y s t e m , b u t l a rge l y co n s i s t s o f i

r o n wit h l e sseram o u n t s o f co pper , n i c k el , zin c , ch r o m i u m , cal ci um , an d ma gn esi u m . S p en t so lv en t s ma y b e t r eat ed in nu m e r o us way s : ( 1 ) n e ut r a l i zat i o n an d t h e n di sch ar g e, ( 2 ) ev apo r at i o n in o t h e ro p er at in g b o i l e rs o n s it e , (3 ) d e d i c a t e d h o l d in g p o n d s , (4 ) mi x i n g w it h rin s a t e a n d s e n d in g t o a s h imp o u n d me n t s , o r ( 5 ) d i s p o s a l o ffs it e . D e m i n e ra l i ze r R e g e n e ra n t

- B o ile r s y s t e m s ma y r e q u i r e

t r e a t me n t o f b o ile r makeup wat e rpr i o rt o use. I o n ex ch an ge r e sin s used in t h e t r eat m e n t o f t h e w a t e raccum u l a t e cat i o n s an d an i o n s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e r a w wat e r . T h es e r e sin s ar e r e gen e r a t e d usi n g a st r o n g aci d, such as sulf ur i c aci d, o ra st r o n g b a se, such as so di um h y dr o x i d e. Regen e r a n t wast es co n t ain di s s o l v ed i o n s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e r a w wast ewat eran d ex cess aci d o rb a se. Of t e n , t h e wast e i s di r ect ed in t o t h e ash im p o u n d m e n t f o r di spo s al o rt o a set t l in g po n d wit h o t h e rl i qui d was t es pr i o rt o di s c h ar g e.

IV. W A S TE RELEAS E PRO F ILE

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 47 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s This s e c t i o n p r ovide s e s tima te s a nd r e por te d qua ntitie s of wa s t e s r e le a s e d from the fos s il fue l e l e c tric powe rge ne ra tion indus try. C u rre ntly, this information is not available f r o m the T oxics R e leas e I nventor y ( T R I ) under the E m er gency Planning and C o mm u n ity R i ght- t o- Know Act ( E PC R A )

. However, r e gulations pr omulgated on M a y 1, 1997, would r e quir e f acilities that combus t coal and/oroil f o rthe pur pos e of gener a ting powerf o r distribution in commer ce t o b e g i n r e por ting in 1999 ( f o rthe per i od f r o m January 1 to December31, 1998)

. B ecause T R I r e p o r t i n g i s n o t c u r r e n t l y requir e d , others our ces of was t e r e leas e data have been identif ied f o rthis profile.
This s ection compr i s e s thr ee s ubs ections

. T h e f i r s t s ection pr ovides available data on r e lea s e s o f s o lid was t es f r o m f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion facilities. T h e s econd s ection pr ovides available data on r e leas es to s u r f ace waters. A thir d s ection pr ovides available data on r e lea s e s o f cr iter i a pollutants and hazardous pollutants to the air. IV.A Available Solid Was t e Releas e Dat a f o r t h e F o s s il F u el E l ect ric P o wer Generat i on Industry
As des c r i bed pr evious ly, the pr imar y s o lid was t e r e leas es f r o m coal- and oilfired s t eam electr i c f acilities ar e f l y as h and bottom as h pr oduced dur ing the combustion pr oces s . An incr eas ing numberof f

acilities mus tcondition f l ue gases to r e move s u lf urcompounds , which r e s u lts in the gener a tion of another solid was t e typically r e f e r r e d to as FGD s l udge. T h e f o llowing tables pr es ent aggregated as h and FGD s l udge gener a tion es timates f o ruti lity a n d nonutility steam electric facilities.
Table 14 pre s e n ts the e s tima te d qua ntity of fly a nd bottom a s h (c ombine d) for utility boile rs in 1994. C o a l a s h figure s ha ve be e n de ri v e d from 1994 DOE, E I A Form E I A-767 utilit y s u r v e y re s pons e s . T h e s e re s pons e s ar e compiled by the E d is on E l ectr i c I n s titute ( E E I ) in their Power Statis tics Database. 32 T h e oil as h f i gur es wer e developed by t h e E l ectr i c Power Research I n s titute ( E PR I ) bas e d on ut ility- p r o v i d e d e s tima te s , a s we ll a s extrapolations bas e d on oil cons umption and par ticula t e collection efficiencies f o rindividual plants

. Gas

- f i r e d f acilities ar e not pr es ented in the table beca u s e g a s combus tion does not gener a te meas ur able quantities of particulate as h. I n gener a l, coal- f i r e d utilities pr oduce as h at appr oximately 10 per cent of the f u el cons umption r a te. T h is high r a te of pr oduction confirms that as h management c a n r e pr es ent an impor tant oper a tional consideration at coal plants

. I n contr a s t , oil- f i r e d utilities pr oduce much les s than 0. 1 per cent of the total as h pr oduced by the coal- f i r e d f acilities

. T h is figure re fle c t s the low a s h c onte n t of oil c o mpar e d with c o a l , the typic a lly lower r e quir e me nts f o r par tic ula t e c o lle c tion de vic e s a tc o a l

- f i r e d f a c ilitie s , the small average par ticle s i ze of oil as h, and the s m all contr i bution that oil currently makes to total U.S. electricity generation.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 48 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 14: Generation and Disposition of Utility Fly and Bottom Ash, 1994 (thousand short tons)

Fuel Type Number of Plants Quantity Sold Quantity Removed by Contractor Quantity Landfilled Quantity Ponded Quantity Used Onsite, Given Away, or Disposed of in Other Ways Total Quantity Collected

for the Record Year (1994) Coal * 404 12,122 8,762 24,849 19,929 4,014 69,676 Coal/Gas 32 830 546 636 133 83 2,228 Coal/Nuclear 2 279 0 0 26 29 334 Coal/Oil 26 368 401 303 470 180 1,722 Coal/Oil/Gas 2 1 41 45 0 0 87 Coal/Wood 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal Coal 467 13,600 9,750 25,833 20,558 4,306 74,047 Oil ** 73 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 23 Totals 540 13,600 9,750 25,833 20,558 4,306 74,070

* Coal ash values provided in EEI Power Statistics Database (1994 Data)

. Prepared by Utility Data Institute, McGrawHill, Washington, DC. 1995. Plants include only those reporting coal as primary or secondary fuel. Includes 88 facilities reporting zero waste generation: 26 facilities reported zero fuel consumption and 62 facilities did not exceed the capacity and/or ash generation reporting thresholds for the DOE EIA 767 Survey.

** Oil ash values are for 1995. Source: Oil Combustion By-Products -- Chemical Characteristics and Management Practices: Draft Report. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California. March 1997

. Table 1 4 a l s o indic a t e s the ra nge of ma na ge me nt options e m ploye d by utilities in managing coal as h. While the f i gur e var i es cons ider able between operators and s ites , r oughly one- t hir d of all U. S. utility coal as h f i nds its way to s o me type of be ne fic i a l us e p r o j e c t

. Of the ma te ria l re ma ining in traditional dis pos al envir onments , the major ity is managed in o n s ite impoundments orlandf ills

. T h es e units var y in s i z e , des i gn, and environmental controls, depending on the age, the State, and the operator. Table 15 pr e s e n ts s imilar f i ndings f o rutility FGD s l udge gen e r a t i o n a n d management. Again, the data r e f l ect utility r e s pons es to the For mE I A- 767, a s c o mpile d by E E I in the Power Statis tics Databas e . Not e t h at t h er e ar e no oil-fired utility boile r s e quippe d with FGD s c r ubbe r s . T h e qua ntity of FGD sludge gener a ted at a given plant is a f u nction of the s u lf urcontent of the coal consumed, the total quantity of coal consumed, the type of scrubber

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 49 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 15: Generation and Disposition of Utility FGD Sludge, 1994 (thousand short tons) Fuel Type Number of Plants Quantity Sold Quantity Removed by Contractor Quantity Landfilled Quantity Ponded Quantity used onsite, given away, or disposed of in other ways Total Quantity Collected

for the record year (1994) Coal 71 118 759 8,286 4,082 708 13,953 Coal/Gas 4 106 6 479 0 5 596 Coal/Nuclear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coal/Oil 2 1 8 5 55 0 0 78 Coal/Oil/Gas 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 Coal/Wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 78 242 770 8,853 4,082 713 14,660 Source: EEI Power Statistics Database (1994 Data)

. Prepared by Utility Data Institute, McGraw-Hill, Washington, DC. 1995. employed, the ef f

i ciency of r eaction of the s c r ubber , and otherf actor s . T h e majority of FGD sludge is managed in onsite landfills or impoundments.
Table 16 presents an es timate of the 1990 coal as h gener a tion by nonutility fossi l f u el combus tor s , br oken out by majorindus tr ial categor y. B a s e d on EPA Offic e of Air a nd R a di a t i o n ’ s 1990 Particulate I n ventor y Databas e (Version 3) , th e a s h f i g u r e s ar e der i ved f r o m the es timated 1990 coal consumption and coal as h content f o r t h e boilerpopulation. T h e table includes all coal combus tor s per mitted as majors our ces of cr iter i a pollutants under the C AA and, ther ef or e, includes m a n y combus tor s that do not produce electr i city. T h e electr i c gener a tor s , however , may be expected to represent the lar g es t of the nonutility combus tor s and the gr eates t por tion of the f u el us age by that population, s u ch that the es timates s hown pr ovide at least a fair picture of the ability of the population to generate ash. Compared with the utility coal as h es timates pr es ented above, the nonutility universe represents only roughly 5 per cent of the total U. S. as h gener a tion. This f act r e f l ects the gener a lly s m all boilers i ze and the s m all aggr egate coal consumption r e pr es ented by nonut ilit y c o m b u s t o r s . T w o i ndus tr y categor ies , paper and chemicals manuf actur ing , r e pr es ent 50 per cent of all nonutility c o al cons umption, with only f i ve indus tr y categor ies accounting f o r m o r e than 80 percent of all nonutility coal consumption.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 50 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 16: Estimated Nonutility Generation of Coal Ash, 1990

Standard Industrial Classification Number of Facilities Number of Boilers Total Capacity (MMBTU) Estimated Ash Generation (1,000 tons) 2600-2699, Paper and Allied Products 139 243 61,348 1,189 2800-2899, Chemicals and Allied Products 116 276 54,031 1,025 3300-3399, Primary Metals Industries 45 85 20,344 500 2000-2099, Food and Kindred Products 94 151 21,391 402 4900-4999, Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services 29 83 30,234 392 3700-3799, Transportation Equipment 57 162 14,581 125 2200-2299, Textile Mill Products 58 101 7,272 107 1400-1499, Mining and Quarrying of Non-Metallic Minerals, Except Fuels 7 1 5 6,620 76
3800-3899, Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments 1 3 1,976 66

3000-3099, Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products 20 37 3,779 63 TOTALS (Top Ten Ash Producing SIC Categories) 566 1,156 221,576 3,945 Percentage of Total Universe 76 79 89 93 TOTALS (Complete Nonutility universe) 749 1,467 249,437 4,263 Source: Nonutility Fossil Fuel Combustion: Sources and Volumes - Revised Draft Report. Prepared for U.S.EPA, Office of Solid Waste by Science Applications International Corporation, McLean, VA. December 1996.
A s dis c us s e d pre v ious ly, s t e a m e l e c t ric fa c ilitie s ma y ge ne ra te a varie t y of o t h e r s o lid wa s t e s . T h e s e ma y inc l ude boile r a nd c ooling wa te r tre a tme n t wastes, coal mill r e jects , boilercleaning was t es , an d a v a r i ety of s m aller waste s t r eams incidental to powergener a tion of ancillar y activities

. At coal plants, thes e was t e s t r eams typically ar e s m all compar ed with as h and s l udge generation. At oil- and gas - f i r e d plants , they may r e pr es ent the lar g es t s o lid w a st es pr esentat t h e si t e . Unf o r t unat e l y , avai l abl e dat a sour ces do n o t provide credible estimates of the total quantity of thes e mater i als gener a ted at utility and nonutility steam electric sites.
IV.B Available Wat er Releas e I n f o rm at ion f o r t h e F o s s il F u el E l ect ric P o wer Generat i on Industry
The E P A Of f

i ce of Water , Of f

i ce of Science and T echnology, E ngineer ing and Analys is Divis i on, has collected waterr e leas e data in evaluating the need for re vis i ons to the 1982 E fflue nt L imita tions Guide line s a nd Sta ndards for the Steam E l ectr i c Point Sour ce C a tegor y. T h e E P A has identif ied 53

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 51 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s chemicals ( 29 pr ior ity and 24 nonconventional) as pollutants of int e r e s tin wastewaters dis c har g ed f r o m s t eam elect r i c powergener a tion f acilities

. These pol l u t a n t s wer e identif ied in the E P A Per mit C o mpliance Sys t em (PCS) da taba s e . T h e PC S is ac o mpute r iz e d informa tion ma na ge me nt system maintained by the E P A Of f

i ce of E n f o r cement. T h e P C S contains data on per mit conditions , monitor i ng, compliance, and enf o r cement data f o r facilities r e gulated by the National Pollutant Dis c har g e E limination Sys t em (NPDES) Program. The informa tion c onta i ne d in the da taba s e is ge ne ra lly limited to only those facilities that have been classified as " m ajor " by E P A based on f actor s s u ch as ef f

l uent d e s i g n f l ow and phys ical, chemical, and locational char ac t e r i s tics of the dis c har g e. I n f o r m ation on f acilities designated as "minor" is not required to be entered into the PCS database. The data collected included 1992 r ecor d s of pollutant r e leas es f r o m f acilities with pr imar y SI C codes 4911 and 4931. Appr oximately 512 f acilities wer e identified in PC S a s " m a j or " s t e a m e l e c t r i c f a c i litie s . Ple a s e note tha t facilities that us e nuclear ener gy to dr ive s t eam tur b ines ar e als o cover e d in the univer s e evaluated underthis s t udy. An option in the PC S s y s t e m c a lle d Effluent Da ta Sta tis tic s ( E DS) wa s us e d to ge ne r a te the a nnua l loa d ing v a l u e s . Forthe pur pos es of the ef f

l uent guideline s t udy, the E D S- der i ve d d a t a w e r e s ubjected to numer ous r e f i nements in an attempt to over c ome limitations in the databas e . T h es e r e f i nements included r e view of the data by monitor e d f acilities , as ar r a nged by the Utility WaterAct Gr oup ( U WAG) and t h e E E I

. T h e indus tr y s till contends , however , that the loadings of pollutants in thes e data ar e o v e r e s timated. 33 T h er ef or e act ual l o adi ngs cannot be provided in this Sector Notebook. Table 17 pr ovides a lis t of the pollutants f ound in the 1992 PC S d a t a f o r steam electric effluents.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 52 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s

Table 17: List of Pollutants Reported in 1992 PCS Data from Steam Electric Facilities * Priority Pollutant Pollutant Priority Pollutant Pollutant

Iron X Trichloromethane
Chlorine X Beryllium
Aluminum Ethylene glycol
Boron Nitrosomorpholine, NFluoride X Mercury
Boric Acid X Pentachlorophenol
X Zinc X Silver
Barium X Thallium Magnesium X Antimony
X Copper Molybdenum
Ammonia Benzonitrile
Iron Sulfate Titanium Manganese Polychlorinated biphenyls, NOS
X Chromium, trivalent X Dichloromethane
X Nickel X Tetrachloroethane
X Lead Dibenzofuran
X Arsenic X Toluene
X Chromium Xylene
X Selenium Lithium
Bromine X Benzene Hydrogen Sulfide X E thylbenzene
X Chromium, hexavalent X Phenanthrene
X Cadmium X Pyrene
Vanadium X PCB-1254
X Cyanide X PCB-1260
X Phenol X Chlorophenol, 2- Hydrazine

* Based on estimated data supplied by members (representing 80 facilities) of the electric utility industry.
Source: Preliminary Data Summary for the Steam Electric Point Source Category

. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D. C. July 1996. (EPA-921-R-96-010).

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 53 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s IV.C A v ailable Air E m is s i ons Dat a f o r t h e F o s s il F u el E l ect ric P o wer Generat i on Industry
Three e x is ting s ourc e s of da ta for e s tima ting the re le a s e s to the a i r from the fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y wer e identif ied. T h e f o llowing sections discuss the available data and associated limitations. IV.C.1 Annual E m is s i ons E s t i m a t e d by t h e De par t m e nt of E n e r gy, E n e r g y Information Administration
Emissions data f o rtr aditional utility s t eam electr i c f acilities that gener a te 10 or mor e megawatts electr i ci t y us ing f o s s il f u els ar e der i ved orobtained directly f r o m inf o r m ation collected in a n annual s u r v ey by the DOE E I A. This s u r v ey ( F or m E I A- 767) is a r e s t r i cted- univer s e cens u s us ed to collect boiler-specific data f r o m almos t900 electr i c utility powerplants

. T h e emissions ar e calculated bas e d on f u el cons umption data and us ing emis s i on factors f r o m the E P A r e por t AP- 42, Compilation of A i r P o llutant E m is s i on Factors and r e duction f actor s f o r contr o l equipment, wher e applicable. T h e CO 2 emis s i ons ar e es timated us ing additional inf o r m ation about f u el quality. Table 18 pr ovides the es timated 1995 emis s i ons f o rutility f o s s il f u el s t eam electric generating units that generate 10 or more megawatts electricity.

Table 18: Estimated 1995 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Steam Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities by Fuel Type (thousand short tons) Fuel Net Generation (thousand megawatts) SO 2 NO X CO 2
Coal 1,652,914 11,248 6,508 1,752,527 G a s 307,306 1 533 161,969 Petroleum 60,844 321 92 50,878 Source: Electric Power Annual 1995, Volume 2. Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, Washington, DC. DOE/EIA-0348(95)/2. December 1996.
As indic a t e d in the table , the ma jority of the e mis s i ons from utility fos s i l fuel s t e a m e l e c t r i c ge ne r a ting units c o me f r o m c o a l

- bur ning f a c ilitie s . T h is is due i n par tbecause t h er e i s m o r e coal

- f i r e d ca p a c i t y t h an ot herf o ssi l

fueled capacity in us e. SO 2 e mis s i ons ar e highe r in c o a l -burning f a c i litie s due to the highers u lf urcontent in coals than in otherf u els

. T h e aver age sulfur content in coals r a nges f r o m 0. 3 per cent in the Wes t to appr oximately 2.5 pe rc e n t in the E a s t

. Pe trole u m burne d a t utility powe rpla n ts ra nge s from almost no s u lf urto about 3. 5 per cent. T h e amount of s u lf ur c o n t a i n e d i n natural gas is relatively small.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 54 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s The For mE I A- 767 does not collect dat a f o r f acilities employing inter n al combustion engines , gas tur b ines , orcombined- c ycle s y s t ems ors t eam electric plants gener a ting l e s s than 10 megawatts electr i city. T h e E I A conducted a s t udy in 1991 to es timate airemis s i on s f r o m thes e gener a ting units, using a methodology similar to that us ed on the lar g er s t eam electr i c facilities. T h e s t udy indicated that emis s i ons of SO 2 , N O X, , and C O 2 ar e l e ss than 0.1, 1.2, and 1.1 percent, respectively, of total utility air emissions. 34
The E I A c o lle c t s s imilar fue l c ons umption a nd qua lity informa t i o n f o r nonutility powerpr oducer s . However , E I A pr ovides onl y aggr egate statistics on es timated e m i s s i o n s f o rall f u els ( f o s s il and r e newable ener gy sources) and does not s e par a te out emis s i ons f o rf o s s il- f u eled f acilities

. These s t atis t i c s a r e not pr ovided in this document s i nce the capacity of nonutility generation using nonrenewable energy sources is large. IV.C.2 AIRS Dat a bas e Annual E s t i m a t e d Releas es f o r t h e E l e c t ric P o wer Generation Industry
The Ae rome tric Informa tion R e trie va l Sys t e m(AIR S) is a n a i r pollution da ta delivery s y s t em managed by the T echnical Suppor t Divis i on in E P A’ s Of f

i ce of AirQuality Planning and Stand a r d s ( OAQPS) , located in R e s ear ch T r i a n g l e Par k , Nor t h C ar o lina. T h e AI R S is a national r e pos itor y of dat a related to air pollution monitor i ng and contr o l. I tcontains a wide r a nge of information re la te d to s t a tionary s ourc e s o f a i r pollution, inc l uding the emission of a numberof airpollutants that may be of conce r n w i t h i n a particular industry. States are the pr imar y s upplier s of data to AI R S

. Data are us ed to s uppor t monitor i ng, planning, tr acking, and enf o r cement r e lated to implementation by E P A s t af f , the s c ientif ic community, othercountr i es , and the gener a l public. T h e f o llowing cr it er ia pollutant emis s i ons and estimated T R I pollutant r e leas e data f o rthe f o s s il f u el electr i c power generation industry were extracted from this database. AIRS Estimated Criteria Pollutant Emissions
The AIR S da taba s e c onta i ns da ta on c r ite ria polluta nts : C O , NO X , par ticulate matter ( P M ) of 10 micr ons orles s ( P M 10) , total par ticulate emis s i ons ( P T ) , SO 2 , and VOCs. Cr i t e r i a pol l u t a nt r e l eases f o rt h e f o ssi l f u el el ect r i c power generation indus tr y wer e acces s e d us ing S I C codes 4911 and 4931. I ts hould be not ed t h ataccessi ng t h e dat a usi n g S I C c odes does notal l o w t h e segregation of emis s i ons f o rf acilities that us e f o s s il f u els f r o m f acilities that use nuclear , r e newable, ora com b i n a tion of f

u els

. T h er ef or e, the annual emissions taken f r o m the AI R S databas e will over e s timate the emis s i ons from the fos s il fue l s ubs e c t o r o f the powe rge ne ra tion indus try. T able 19 presents the cr iter i a pollutant data av a i l able f o rthis indus tr y. Pollutant releases for other industries are also included in the table.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 55 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
T a b l e 1 9 : A nnua l A i r P o l l ut a nt R e l e a s e s ( t o ns / y e a r ) I n du s t ry S ecto r CO NO 2 PM 10 PT S O 2 VO C
M e t a l M i ni n g 4, 670 39, 849 63, 541 173, 566 17, 690 915
N o nm et al M i ni n g 25, 922 22, 881 40, 199 128, 661 18, 000 4, 002
L u m b er an d Wood Pr oducti o n 122, 061 38, 042 20, 456 64, 650 9, 401 55, 983
Furni t u r e an d Fi xt ur es 2, 754 1, 872 2, 502 4, 827 1, 538 67, 604 Pul p an d Paper 566, 883 358, 675 35, 030 111, 210 493, 313 127, 809
Pri n ti n g 8 , 755 3, 542 405 1, 198 1, 684 103, 018
I n or gani c C h em i cal s 153, 294 106, 522 6, 703 34, 664 194, 153 65, 427 O r gani c C h em i cal s 112, 410 187, 400 14, 596 16, 053 176, 115 180, 350
Pet r ol eum R e f i ni n g 734, 630 355, 852 27, 497 36, 141 619, 775 313, 982
R u b b e r an d M i s c . Pl as ti c s 2 , 200 9, 955 2, 618 5, 182 21, 720 132, 945 St on e, C l ay an d C o n c r e t e 105, 059 340, 639 192, 962 662, 233 308, 534 34, 337
I r o n an d St eel 1, 386, 461 153, 607 83, 938 87, 939 232, 347 83, 882
N o n f er

r ous M e t a l s 214, 243 31, 136 10, 403 24, 654 253, 538 11, 058 Fab ri cat ed M e t a l s 4, 925 11, 104 1, 019 2, 790 3, 169 86, 472
E l ect r o ni cs an d C o m put er s 356 1, 501 224 385 741 4, 866
M o t o r V e hi cl es , B odi es , Part s an d A cces s o ri es 15, 109 27, 355 1, 048 3, 699 20, 378 96, 338
D ry C l eani n g 102 184 3 2 7 155 7, 441
T r an s port a ti o n 128, 625 550, 551 2, 569 5, 489 8, 417 104, 824
M e t a l C a s ti n g 116, 538 11, 911 10, 995 20, 973 6, 513 19, 031
P h arm aceuti cal s 6 , 586 19, 088 1, 576 4, 425 21, 311 37, 214 Pl as ti c R e s i n s an d Syn t h e ti c Fi b e r s 16, 388 41, 771 2, 218 7, 546 67, 546 74, 138
T e x tile s 8 , 1 7 7 3 4 , 5 2 3 2 , 0 2 8 9 , 4 7 9 4 3 , 0 5 0 2 7 , 7 6 8
Fos s i l Fuel E l ect ri cPow er G e n e r a ti o n 366, 208 5, 986, 757 140, 760 464, 542 13, 827, 511 57, 384 Shi p B u i l d i n g an d R e pai r 105 862 638 943 3, 051 3, 967 Sour ce: U

. S. E P A O f f i ce of A i r an d R a di ati o n , A I R S D a t ab a s e , 1997. AIRS Estimated TRI Pollutant Emissions
Data wer e collected f r o m the AI RS databas e by the EPA O ffic e of Pollution Prevention and T oxics , E nvir onmental As s i s t ance Divis i on, T oxics R e leas e Inventory B r anch in s u p por t of the T R I expans ion pr oject dis c us s e d previously. T h e data s e t that was downloaded included the mos t r ecent data available f o reach f acility up to and including 1995 data. T h e data pr es ented in T able 20 ar e e s tima te s of T R I re le a s e s ba s e d on a i r re le a s e s re porte d in the

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 56 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS) from facilities within SIC codes 4911 and 4931. T h e da tac onta i n qua ntitie s of dire c tly re porte d T R I c h e mic a l s , a s we ll a s qua ntitie s of a dditiona l T R I c h e mic a l s e x trapola t e d from re porte d re le a s e s o f

P M and VOCs. T h e P M and VOC r e l eases wer e m a t c hed wi t h chem i cal profiles contained in the S P E C I AT E databas e ( V er s i on 1. 5)

. T h e SPECIATE is ac o mpute r iz e d forma tof the EPA A i r Emis s i ons Spe c i e s Manual and is available f o rdownload f r o m the Clear ing Hous e of I nventor y and E m is s i ons Factor s ( C HI E F s )

. T h e data pr es ented ar e bas e d only on appor t i o n m e n t o f " o r i g i n a l " s p e c i e s p r o f i l e s i n t h e S P E C I A T E d a t ab a s e - - those s p ecies pr of iles that wer e developed s p ecif i cally f o rthe s our ce of the release wher e it has been applied. Des p ite the us e of only the highes tquality profi l e s in the SPE C I AT E da taba s e , the s e da ta s hould only be us e d a s a preliminary indication of potential r e leas es and not as actual ai r r e leas es . These data have been pr ovided f o rillus t r a tive pur pos es only and s hould not be used in comparisons with other release data. IV.C.3 Hazardous Air P o llut a nt E m is s i ons E s t i m a t e s f o r F o s s il F u el E l ect ric Utility Steam Generating Units
Estimates of hazar dous airpollutant ( HAP ) emis s i o n s f r om f o s s il f u el electric utility steam generating units have been developed by OAQPS and are r e por ted in a r e por t entitled, Study of Haz a r dous A i r P o llutant E m is s i ons from E l ectr i c Utility Steam Gener a ting Units - I n ter i m F i nal R e port (Volumes 1-3). 35 T h e s e e s tima te s ar e ba s e d on e mis s i ons te s tda ta from 52 units obtained f r o m extens ive emis s i on tes t s by the E P R I , DOE , the Nor t her n S t a t es PowerC o mpany, and E P A. T h e tes ting pr ogr am cover e d a w i d e range o f f

acility types with a var i ety of contr o l s cenar ios

. T h er ef or e, the data ar e cons ider ed to be gener a lly r e pr es entative of f o s s il f u el utility s t eam electric gener a ting units as a whole. T h is s t udy es timated the aver age annual emissions f o reach of 684 powerplants

. A total of 67 HAP s wer e identif ied in the e mis s i on t e s t ing progra m a s pote n tia lly be ing e mitte d from the s e facilities.
I t s hould be noted that the r e por t s t ates that becaus e of the s m all s a mple s i zes for s p e c i fic boile r type s a nd c ontrol s c e n ar ios , the r e ar e unc e r ta intie s in the data. T h er ef or e, the data f o rindividual plants may eitherunder e s timate or overestimate the actual emis s i ons . A c c o r d ing to the r e por t, the aver age annual emis s i ons es timates will be r oughly within a f actor of plus orminus three of the actual annual emis s i ons . H o w e ver , it is r ecognized that the analysis had numer ous limitations , s u ch as not in cluding data on potential upsets orunus ual o p e r a ting conditions , and it is pos s i ble that the r a nge of uncertainty is gr eater

. T ables 21, 22, and 23 pr es ent data on es timated inorganic HAPs f r o m coal- f i r e d, oil- f i r e d, and gas - f i r e d utility s t eam electr i c facilities. T able s 24, 25, a nd 26 p r e s e n t da ta on e s tima te d or ga nic HAPs from coal-fired, oil-fired, and gas-fired utility steam electric facilities.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 57 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s Table 20: Estimated Releases of TRI Chemicals * CAS NO. Chemical Name Total Releases (pounds per year) 71556 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) 52,923,638 79005 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 422,954 95636 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 264,682 106934 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 1,820,797 95501 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 22,292 107062 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 35,222,942 106990 1,3-Butadiene 7,443,883 541731 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 672 106467 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 378,018 112345 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol 103,100 124174 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol acetate 0 111900 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol 885,978 111773 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 0 111762 2-Butoxyethanol 21,929,191 110805 2-Ethoxyethanol 998,125 111159 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 111,202 109864 2-Methoxyethanol 60 90437 2-Phenylphenol 8,507 101779 4,4'-Methylenedianiline 43 75070 Acetaldehyde 2,010,699 107028 Acrolein 1,528,324 79107 A crylic acid 3,657 107131 A crylonitrile 783,041 7429905 Aluminum (fume or dust) 75,792,629 7664417 Ammonia 43,518,590 62533 Aniline 311,982 120127 Anthracene 139,265 7440360 Antimony 1,789,097 7440382 Arsenic 9,329,119 1332214 Asbestos (friable) 8,123 7440393 Barium 1,435,995 56553 Benz(a)anthracene 1,839 71432 Benzene 149,967,605 218019 Benzo(a)phenanthrene 1,609 50328 Benzo(a)pyrene 1,381 100447 Benzyl chloride 0 7440417 Beryllium 10,997 92524 Biphenyl 85,493 7726956 Bromine 949,230 141322 Butyl acrylate 11,240 123728 Butylaldehyde 110,921

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 58 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s

7440439 Cadmium 13,733,816 Table 20 (continued): Estimated Releases of TRI Chemicals * CAS NO. Chemical Name Total Releases (Pounds per Year) 75150 Carbon disulfide 27,330,674 56235 Carbon tetrachloride 81,376 7782505 Chlorine 71,501,754 108907 Chlorobenzene 171,894 75456 Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) 162,070 75003 Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) 31,182,710 67663 Chloroform 13,340 74873 Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) 178,484 126998 Chloroprene 57,294 75729 Chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13) 9,053 7440473 Chromium 2,632,999 7440484 Cobalt 211,262 7440508 Copper 3,058,579 8001589 Creosote 0 1319773 Cresol (mixed isomers) 239,994 98828 Cumene 725,684 110827 Cyclohexane 96,418,561 108930 Cyclohexanol 6,031 84742 Dibutyl phthalate 1,248,555 75718 Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) 97,414 75092 Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,414,455,336 76142 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) 5,847 131113 Dimethyl phthalate 669,536 106898 Epichlorohydrin 66,000 140885 Ethyl acrylate 117,509 100414 Ethylbenzene 68,347,539 74851 Ethylene 53,298,159 107211 Ethylene glycol 76,627 75218 Ethylene oxide 541,571 7782414 Fluorine 6,068,173 50000 Formaldehyde 61,211,875 64186 Formic acid 467,279 76131 Freon 113 [Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2,-trifluoro-] 7,587,241 7647010 Hydrochloric acid 5,809,931 78842 Isobutyraldehyde 109,758 67630 Isopropyl alcohol (mfg-strong acid process) 32,059,970 7439921 Lead 72,091,837 108383 m-Xylene 32,874,142 108316 Maleic anhydride 324,171 7439965 Manganese 2,969,118

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 59 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s

7439976 Mercury 394,924 67561 Methanol 44,028,966

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 60 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s Table 20 (continued): Estimated Releases of TRI Chemicals * CAS NO. Chemical Name Total Releases (Pounds per Year) 96333 Methyl acrylate 0 78933 Methyl ethyl ketone 91,926,327 108101 Methyl isobutyl ketone 20,020,683 80626 Methyl methacrylate 16,208 74953 Methylene bromide 52,241 101688 Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MBI) 130 101688 Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MDI) 130 76153 Monochloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115) 6,199 68122 N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,700,310 71363 n-Butyl alcohol 12,653,277 110543 n-Hexane 107,548,181 91203 Naphthalene 434,275 7440020 Nickel 7,884,920 7697372 Nitric acid 214,564 98953 Nitrobenzene 0 95476 o-Xylene 41,115,640 106423 p-Xylene 2,327,391 85018 Phenanthrene 84,032 108952 Phenol 15,017,545 7723140 Phosphorus (yellow or white) 7,980,941 85449 Phthalic anhydride 2,491,887 123386 Propionaldehyde 49,400 115071 Propylene (Propene) 45,955,707 75569 Propylene oxide 183,593 78922 sec-Butyl alcohol 990,420 7782492 Selenium 173,886 7440224 Silver 289,686 100425 Styrene 28,155,503 7664939 Sulfuric acid 1,320,503 75650 Tert-Butyl alcohol 4,660 127184 Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) 14,623,885 7440280 Thallium < 1 108883 Toluene 421,985,085 79016 Trichloroethylene 27,838,379 75694 Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) 1,315,878 7440622 Vanadium (fume or dust) 7,256,367 108054 Vinyl acetate 1,011,166 75014 Vinyl chloride 10,200,715 1330207 Xylene (mixed isomers) 191,013,108 7440666 Zinc (fume or dust) 20,353,738 * Data in this table should not be used for comparison with other environmental data from other sources. It is only provided for illustrative purposes. Please note the limitations of the data explained in the text.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 61 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s Table 21: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units * Coal-Fired Units: Inorganic HAPs Number of Stack Factors:

PM Control ** Median Stack Factor: PM

Control (lb/trillion

Btu) *** Number of Stack Factors: PM and

SO 2 Control ** Median Stack Factor: PM

and SO 2 Control (lb/trillion

Btu) ** Estimate d Total

1990 Emission s (tons) Estimated Total 2010 Emissions

(tons)

Antimony 7 1.4 4 0.13 11 14 Arsenic 21 2.9 8 0.9 54 62 Beryllium 12 0.45 5 0.14 6.6 7.6 Hydrogen Chloride 15 21,000 9 1,290 137,000 150,000 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) � All HCN factors were combined Number of Factors: 5 Median Factor: 28 lb/trillion Btu 240 320
Hydrogen Fluoride 14 4,200 6 106 19,500 25,600 Cadmium 18 0.72 9 1 1.9 2.3 Chromium 22 8.4 10 4 7 0 8 3 Cobalt 10 2.7 6 1 21 27 Lead 2 1 4.8 9 5.8 7 2 8 3 Manganese 21 15 9 1 5 180 232 Mercury 20 3.9 10 3.4 51 65 Nickel 21 8.3 10 5.2 48 57 Phosphorous (P) �� All P Factors were Combined Number of Factors: 10 Median Factor 31 lb/trillion Btu 270 350
Selenium 19 62 9 8 190 230
* Compounds are listed in the following sequence: inorganic, organic, and dioxin/furan/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Median emission factors were determined from organic HAP concentrations at the stack, control device outlet, or boiler outlet when at least one of typically three measured flue gas concentrations was detected. ** Stack factors for inorganic HAPs were taken from test reports when at least one of typically three measured flue gas concentrations was detected. These factors were not used to develop the estimated emissions. *** Since the inorganic emissions were not directly estimated from stack factors, total emissions of inorganic HAPs projected with the computer program and from median stack factors will vary. � Nationwide hydrogen cyanide emissions were detected from stack emission factors and not from emission median factors. �� Nationwide phosphorous emissions were detected from stack emission factors and not from emission median factors. Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report, Volumes 1-3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-453/R-96-013b. October 1996.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 62 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 22: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP

Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Oil-Fired Units * Oil-Fired Units: Inorganic HAPs Number of Stack Factors: PM

Control ** Median Stack Factor: PM

Control (lb/trillion

Btu) *** Number of Stack Factors: No PM Control ** Median Stack Factor: No PM Control (lb/trillion

Btu) *** Estimated Total 1990 Emissions

(tons) Estimated Total 2010 Emissions

(tons)

Arsenic 2 0.32 8 5.3 5 2.5 Beryllium 2 0.33 4 0.21 0.45 0.23 Cadmium 1 0.32 9 1.6 1.7 0.87 Chromium 4 3.7 8 5.7 4.7 2.4 Cobalt 2 6.1 3 2 7 20.3 10.3 Hydrogen Chloride 4 2900 2 2300 2870 1456 Hydrogen Fluoride 3 230 2 140 144 73 Lead 3 2.6 8 9 10.6 5.3 Manganese 3 1 5 9 16 9.5 4.8 Mercury 3 0.24 3 0.48 0.25 0.13 Nickel 4 180 9 410 389 197 Phosphorous (P) � All P Factors

were Combined Number of Factors: 3 Median Factor 110 lb/trillion Btu 68 34

Selenium 1 1.4 8 3.8 1.7 0.84
* Compounds are listed in the following sequence: inorganic, organic, and dioxin/furan/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Median emission factors were determined from organic HAP concentrations at the stack, control device outlet, or boiler outlet when at least one of typically three measured flue gas concentrations was detected. ** Stack factors for inorganic HAPs were taken from test reports when at least one of typically three measured flue gas concentrations was detected. These factors were not used to develop the estimated emissions. *** Since the inorganic emissions were not directly estimated from stack factors, total emissions of inorganic HAPs projected with the computer program and from median stack factors will vary. � Nationwide phosphorous emissions were detected from stack emission factors and not from emission median factors. Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report Volumes 1-3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-453/R-96-013b. October 1996

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 63 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 23: Median Emission Factors Determined From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Inorganic HAPs From Gas-Fired Units * Gas-Fired Units: Inorganic HAPs Number of Stack Factors: No PM Control Median Stack Factor: No PM Control (lb/trillion Btu) Estimated Total 1990 Emissions (tons) Estimated Total 2010 Emissions (tons)
Arsenic 2 0.14 0.16 0.25 Cadmium 1 0.044 0.054 0.086 Chromium 2 0.96 1.2 1.9 Cobalt 1 0.12 0.14 0.23 Lead 2 0.37 0.44 0.68 Manganese 2 0.3 0.37 0.59 Mercury 2 <0.38 0.0016 0.0024 Nickel 2 2.3 2.3 3.5 Phosphorous 1 2

. 2 1

. 3 2

* Compounds are listed in the following sequence: inorganic, organic, and dioxin/furan/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Median emission factors were determined from organic HAP concentrations at the stack, control device outlet, or boiler outlet when at least one of typically three measured flue gas concentrations was detected.

Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report Volumes 1-3 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-453/R-96-013b. October 1996

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 64 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 24: Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units Coal-Fired Units: Organic HAP Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010 Total Tons

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1 4.7 4 0 5 3 2-chloroacetophenone 3 0.29 2.4 3.2 2,4 -Dinitro toluene 3 0.015 0.13 0.17 Acetaldehyde 1 2 6.8 5 8 7 6 Acetophenone 7 0.68 5.8 7.7 Acrolein 6 3.3 2 8 3 7 Benzene 20 2.5 21 28 Benzyl chloride 1 0.0056 0.048 0.063 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 9 4.1 3 5 4 6 Bromoform 1 6.6 5 7 7 5 Carbon disulfide 8 4.3 3 7 4 8 Carbon tetrachloride 2 3.3 2 8 3 7 Chlorobenzene 2 3.2 27 36 Chloroform 2 3.2 2 8 3 6 Cumene 1 0.29 2.5 3.2 Dibutyl phthalate 5 2.8 2 4 3 2 Ethylbenzene 5 0.40 3.5 4.6 Ethylchloride 1 2.4 2 0 2 7 Methylchloroform 4 3.4 2 9 3 8 Ethylenedichloride 3 3.1 2 7 3 5 Formaldehyde 1 5 4.0 3 5 4 5 Hexane 2 0.82 6.9 9.1 Hexachlorobenzene 1 0.079 0.68 0.89 Isophorone 2 2 4 200 270 Methylbromide 6 0.88 7.7 1 0 Methylchloride 3 5.9 5 1 6 7 Methylethylketone 6 8.0 6 9 9 0 Methyliodide 1 0.40 3.4 4.5 Methylisobutyl ketone 3 4.9 4 2 5 3 Methylmethacrylate 1 1.1 9.3 1 2 Methyltertbutylether 1 1.4 1 2 1 6 Methylenechloride 5 1 3 1 1 0 1 5 0

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 65 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 24 (continued) : Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units Coal-Fired Units: Organic HAP Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010 Total Tons
n-nitrosodimethylamine 1 0.68 5.9 7.7 Naphthalene 1 1 0.77 6.6 8.7 n,p-cresol 2 0.68 5.8 7.6 o-cresol 3 1.7 1 4 1 9 p-cresol 1 0.95 8.2 1 1 perylene 1 0.075 0.65 0.85 Pentachlorophenol 1 0.0082 0.070 0.093 Phenol 1 0 6.1 5 2 6 9 Phthalicanhydride 1 4.9 4 2 5 6 Propionaldehyde 4 1 0 8 9 1 2 0 Quinoline 1 0.053 0.46 0.61 Styrene 7 3.1 2 7 3 5 Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) 5 3.1 2 7 3 5 Toluene 1 7 3.6 3 1 4 1 Trans 1,3-dichloropropene 1 4.7 4 0 5 3 Trichloroethylene 1 3.1 2 7 3 5 Vinyl acetate 1 0.42 3.5 4.6 Vinylidnechloride 2 9.7 8 4 1 1 0 Xylene 2 4.7 4 0 5 3 o-xylene 5 0.82 6.9 9.1 m,p-xylene 8 1.5 1 3 1 7 Total TEQ * for 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

- - 1.5 x 10 -4 2.0 x 10 -4 2,3,7,8-tetrachloride-benzo-p-dioxin 4 1.6 x 10 -6 1.4 x 10 -5 1.9 x 10 -5 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 3 4.3 x 10 -6 3.7 x 10 -5 4.8 x 10 -5 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 4 9.7 x 10 -6 8.3 x 10 -5 1.1 x 10 -4 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 4 5.8 x 10 -6 5.0 x 10 -5 6.6 x 10 -5 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 4 7.3 x 10 -6 6.3 x 10 -5 8.3 x 10 -5 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 9 5.7 x 10 -6 4.9 x 10 -5 6.5 x 10 -5 Heptachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 6 1.1 x 10 -4 9.2 x 10 -4 1.2 x 10 -3 Hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 8 2.4 x 10 -5 2.1 x 10 -4 2.7 x 10 -4 Octachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 6 5.8 x 10 -5 5.0 x 10 -4 6.6 x 10 -4 Pentachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 6 9.8 x 10 -6 8.5 x 10 -5 1.1 x 10 -4

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 66 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 24 (continued) : Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units Coal-Fired Units: Organic HAP Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010 Total Tons

Tetrachloride-benzo-p-dioxin 9 7.1 x 10 -6 6.1 x 10 -5 8.0 x 10 -5 2,3,7,8-tetrachloride-benzofuran 8 3.9 x 10 -6 3.4 x 10 -5 4.5 x 10 -5 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzofuran 5 2.4 x 10 -6 2.1 x 10 -5 2.8 x 10 -5 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzofuran 5 1.0 x 10 -5 9.0 x 10 -5 1.2 x 10 -4 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 6 1.3 x 10 -5 1.1 x 10 -4 1.5 x 10 -4 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 5 4.0 x 10 -6 3.4 x 10 -5 4.5 x 10 -5 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 4 8.5 x 10 -6 7.3 x 10 -5 9.6 x 10 -5 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 5 1.6 x 10 -5 1.4 x 10 -4 1.8 x 10 -4 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodi-benzofuran 8 2.0 x 10 -5 1.7 x 10 -4 2.2 x 10 -4 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodi-benzofuran 4 1.7 x 10 -4 1.5 x 10 -3 2.0 x 10 -3 Heptachlorodi-benzofuran 8 2.4 x 10 -5 2.1 x 10 -4 2.7 x 10 -4 Hexachlorodi-benzofuran 8 1.9 x 10 -5 1.6 x 10 -4 2.1 x 10 -4 Octachlorodi-benzofuran 1 0 1.7 x 10 -5 1.4 x 10 -4 1.9 x 10 -4 Pentachlorodi-benzofuran 9 1.8 x 10 -5 1.6 x 10 -4 2.1 x 10 -4 Tetrachloride-benzofuran 1 0 1.2 x 10 -5 1.0 x 10 -4 1.3 x 10 -4 1-methylnaphthalene 2 0.0085 0.076 0.1 2-chloronaphthalene 2 0.04 0.35 0.46 2-methylnaphthalene 6 0.024 0.2 0.26 Acenapthene 6 0.008 0.07 0.09 Acenapthylene 5 0.0042 0.036 0.047 Anthracene 4 0.0042 0.036 0.047 Benz(a)anthracene 4 0.0021 0.018 0.002 Benzo(a)pyrene 6 0.001 0.0088 0.012 Benzo(e)pyrene 1 0.0012 0.01 0.014 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1 0.0081 0.07 0.092 Benzo(b+k)fluoranthene 1 0.0016 0.014 0.018 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1 0.0036 0.031 0.04 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 2 0.0032 0.028 0.036 Biphenyl 1 0.34 3.1 4 Chrysene 4 0.0026 0.022 0.03 Dibenzo(a,h)anthacene 1 0.0003 0.003 0.004

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 67 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s

Fluoranthene 6 0.007 0.06 0.082 Table 24 (continued) : Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Coal-Fired Units Coal-Fired Units: Organic HAP Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total tons Computer Program: 2010 Total tons

Fluorene 5 0.013 0.11 0.15 Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 2 0.0064 0.054 0.072 Phenanthrene 7 0.032 0.031 0.36 Pyrene 4 0.009 0.081 0.103

* Toxic equivalent emissions. Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report, Volumes 1-3

. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1996. EPA- 453/R96-013b.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 68 Sept em b e r1997- - - - F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s
Table 25: Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Oil-Fired Units Oil-Fired Units: Organic HAPs Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010 Total Tons

Acetaldehyde 1 8.2 5 2.6 Benzene 6 1.4 0.88 0.45 Ethylbenzene 2 0.49 0.29 0.15 Formaldehyde 9 3 0 1 9 9.5 Methylchloroform 3 7.6 4.6 2.4 Methylenechloride 2 3 2 2 0 1 0 Naphthalene 4 0.33 0.21 0.1 Phenol 2 2 4 1 5 7.5 Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) 1 0.55 0.34 0.17 Toluene 6 8 4.9 2.5 Vinyl acetate 2 5.2 3.2 1.6 o-Xylene 1 0.84 0.51 0.26 m,p-Xylene 2 1.4 0.82 0.42 Total TEQ * for 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1.1 x 10 -.5 5.4 x 10 -6 2,3,7,8-tetrachloride-benzo-p-dioxin 1 6.5 x 10 -6 4.5 x 10 -6 2.0 x 10 -6 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 5.8 x 10 -6 3.5 x 10 -6 1.8 x 10 -6 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 1 1.2 x 10 -5 7.6 x 10 -6 3.9 x 10 -6 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 5.4 x 10 -5 3.3 x 10 -6 1.7 x 10 -6 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 8.3 x 10 -6 5.1 x 10 -6 2.6 x 10 -6 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 2.0 x 10 -5 1.2 x 10 -5 6.2 x 10 -6 Heptachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 2.0 x 10 -5 1.2 x 10 -5 6.2 x 10 -6 Hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 8.1 x 10 -6 5.0 x 10 -6 2.5 x 10 -6 Octachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 1 2.3 x 10 -5 1.4 x 10 -5 7.3 x 10 -6 Pentachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 2 5.8 x 10 -6 3.5 x 10 -6 1.8 x 10 -6 Tetrachloride-benzo-p-dioxin 2 5.7 x 10 -6 3.4 x 10 -6 1.8 x 10 -6 2,3,7,8-tetrachloride-benzofuran 2 4.6 x 10 -6 2.9 x 10 -6 1.4 x 10 -6 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzofuran 2 4.3 x 10 -6 2.6 x 10 -6 1.3 x 10 -6 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodi-benzofuran 2 4.8 x 10 -6 3.0 x 10 -6 1.5 x 10 -6 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 2 6.1 x 10 -6 3.7 x 10 -6 1.9 x 10 -6 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 2 3.8 x 10 -6 2.3 x 10 -6 1.2 x 10 -6

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 69 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IV. Ch em i c alRel e ases an d Tr an sf er s Table 25 (continued): Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Oil-Fired Units Oil-Fired Units: Organic HAPs Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010

Total Tons

1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 2 5.8 x 10 -6 3.5 x 10 -6 1.8 x 10 -6 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodi-benzofuran 1 4.8 x 10 -6 3.0 x 10 -6 1.4 x 10 -6 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodi-benzofuran 1 9.4 x 10 -6 5.7 x 10 -6 3.0 x 10 -6 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodi-benzofuran 1 1.0 x 10 -5 6.2 x 10 -6 3.2 x 10 -6 Heptachlorodi-benzofuran 1 1.5 x 10 -6 8.8 x 10 -7 4.4 x 10 -7 Hexachlorodi-benzofuran 2 9.6 x 10 -6 5.8 x 10 -6 3.0 x 10 -6 Octachlorodi-benzofuran 1 1.0 x 10 -5 6.2 x 10 -6 3.2 x 10 -6 Pentachlorodi-benzofuran 2 7.3 x 10 -6 4.4 x 10 -6 2.2 x 10 -6 Tetrachloride-benzofuran 2 5.0 x 10 -6 3.1 x 10 -6 1.5 x 10 -6 2-methylnaphthalene 4 0.017 0.01 0.0052 Acenaphthene 2 0.38 0.22 0.11 Acenaphthylene 1 0.017 0.01 0.0052 Anthracene 2 0.015 0.0093 0.0047 Benz(a)anthracene 3 0.03 0.018 0.0092 Benzo(b+k)fluoranthene 2 0.033 0.02 0.01 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 2 0.021 0.013 0.0065 Chrysene 3 0.021 0.013 0.0066 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 2 0.0081 0.005 0.0025 Fluoranthene 6 0.016 0.0097 0.0049 Fluorene 5 0.021 0.013 0.0065 Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 2 0.024 0.014 0.0073 Nitrobenzofluoranthene 1 0.015 0.0092 0.0047 Nitrochrysene/benzanthracene 1 0.016 0.0098 0.005 Phenanthrene 9 0.025 0.015 0.0077 Pyrene 6 0.037 0.022 0.011

* Toxic equivalent emissions
Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report, Volumes 1-3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1996. E P

A

- 4 53/ R

- 96-

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 70 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Table 26: Median Emission Factors From Test Report Data, and Total 1990 and 2010 HAP Emissions, Projected With the Emission Factor Program for Organic HAPs From Gas-Fired Units Gas-Fired Units: Organic HAPs Number of Emission Factors Median Emission

Factor (lb/trillion Btu) Computer Program: 1990 Total Tons Computer Program: 2010

Total Tons

Benzene 1 1.4 1.8 2.7 Formaldehyde 8 35.5 55 83 Naphthalene 2 0.7 0.66 1 Toluene 2 1 0 1 3 1 9 2-methylnaphthalene 2 0.026 0.025 0.038 Fluoranthene 1 0.0028 0.0034 0.0055 Fluorene 1 0.0026 0.0034 0.0051 1-phenanthrene 2 0.013 0.016 0.024 Pyrene 1 0.0049 0.0061 0.0094 Source: Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Interim Final Report, Volumes 1-3

. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1996. EPA-453/R-96-013b.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 71 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s V. PO LLUTIO N PREVENTIO N O PPO RTUNITIES
T h e b e st way t o r e duce po ll u t i o n i s t o p r ev en t i t in t h e f i r s t pl ace. S o m e co m p an i e s h a v e cr eat i v el y im p l e m e n t ed po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n t ech n i ques t h at imp r o v e e ffic i e n c y a n d in c r e a s e p r o f it s w h ile a t t h e s a me t ime min imiz in g e n v i r o n m en t a l im p act s. T h i s can b e do n e in ma n y way s , such as r e d u c i n g ma t e r i al in put s , r e - e n g in eer in g p r o ces s e s t o r e us e b y pr o duct s , im p r o v in g ma n a gem e n t pr act i ces, an d em pl o yin g sub s t it u t i o n o f t o x i c ch em i cal s. S o m e s ma lle rfa c ilit ie s ar e ab le t o a c t u a lly g e t b e lo w r e g u l a t o r y t h r e s h o l d s ju s t b y r e ducin g po ll u t a n t r e l eas es t h r o ugh aggr es s i v e po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n po l i c i e s . T h e Po ll u t i o n Pr ev en t i o n A c t o f 1990 es t ab l i s h e d a n a t i o n al po l i c y o f ma n a gin g was t e t h r o ugh s o ur ce r e duct i o n , wh i c h m ean s pr ev en t in g t h e gen e r a t i o n o f wast e. T h e P o ll u t i o n P r ev en t i o n A c t al so est ab l i s h e d as n a t i o n al po l i c y a h i er ar ch y o f wast e ma n a gem e n t o p t i o n s f o r sit u at i o n s in wh i c h so ur ce r e d u c t i o n c a n n o t b e imp le me n t e d fe a s ib ly. I n t h e w a s t e ma n a g e me n t h i er ar ch y , i f so ur ce r e duct i o n i s n o t f easi b l e t h e n e x t al t e r n at i v e i s r ecy cl in g o f

wast es, f o ll o wed b y en er gy r eco v e r y , an d wast e t r e a t m e n t as a l a st al

t e r n at i v e. I n

o r d e r t o en co ur age t h ese appr o ach es, t h i s sect i o n pr o v i d es b o t h gen e r a l an d co m p an y - speci f i c descr i pt i o n s o f so m e po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n adv a n ces t h at h a v e b een im p l e m e n t ed wi t h in t h e f o ss i l f u e l el ect r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in d u s t r y. W h ile t h e lis t is n o t e x h a u s t i v e , it d o e s p r o v id e c o r e in fo r ma t io n t h a t c a n b e u s e d a s t h e s t ar t in g p o in t fo rfa c ilit ie s in t e r e s t e d in b e g in n in g t h e i r o w n p o llu t i o n p r e v e n t i o n p r o j e c t s . T h is s e c t i o n p r o v id e s s u mmar y in fo r ma t io n fr o m a c t iv it ie s t h a t ma y b e , o r ar e b e in g imp le me n t e d b y t h is s e c t o r . W h e n po ssi b l e, in f o r mat i o n i s pr o v i d ed t h at gi v e s t h e co n t ex t in wh i c h t h e t ech n i que can b e used ef f ect i v el y . P l ease n o t e t h at t h e act i v it i e s descr i b e d in t h i s sect i o n d o n o t n ecess ar i l yap p l yt o a ll f

a c ilit ie s t h a t fa ll w it h in t h is s e c t o r . F a c ilit yspe c i f i c co n d it i o n s m u st b e car ef ull y

co n s i d er ed wh en po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n o p t i o n s ar e ev al uat e d, an d t h e f u ll im p act s o f t h e ch an ge m u st ex am in e h o w each o p t i o n af f ect s ai r , l a n d an d wat e rpo ll u t a n t r e l eases. Coal is cons ider ed the pr imar y ener gy s our ce f o rpowergener a tion now and i n t h e f u t u r e . C o a l i s r e l a t i v e l y abund a n t a n d i n e x p e n s i v e . H o w e v e r , environmental impacts as s o ciated with coal combus tion, mos t notably, acid rain, re pre s e n t a c o s tto the e nvironme n t a nd huma n he a lth. T h is s e c tion emphasizes technologies f o rcoal- f i r e d electr i c power gener a tion plants , but includes pollution pr evention pr actices that apply to otherf o s s il f u el electr i c plants as well. M a ny of the technologies and pr actices may be employed in existing plants , in the r e power ing o f e x i s ting plants , and in the des i gn and construction of new plants. V.A Pollution P r e v e n tion T e c hnolo gie s in the DOE Cle a n Coal T e c hnology Demonstration Program

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 72 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s

The D O E is char ged with pr otecting the Nation’ s ener gy inter e s t s . I n recognition of the vital r o le of coal as a s u s t ainable ener gy s our c e , D O E vigorously r e s ear ch e s a nd pr omotes ways to r e duce the envir onmental impacts as s o ciated with coal combus tion under the C l ean C o al T echnology Demonstration ( C C T ) Pr ogr am. Specif i c goals of the C C T Pr ogr am include (1) inc r e a s ing the e ffic i e n c y of e l e c t ric ity produc tion a nd (2) e nha nc ing the efficient and cos tef f

ective us e of U. S. coal r e s e r v es , w h i l e ens u r i ng achievement of national and environmental goals. One way in which the CCT P r ogr am pr ogr es s e s t o war d s thes e goals is by building a por tf olio of advance d , coal- b as ed technology demons tr ation projects. I n cluded in the por tf olio ar e technologies that r e s u lt in impr oved efficiency with f e werenvir onmental cons equences . T h e technologies demonstr a t e d underthe C C T Pr ogr am include commer c ially viable processes, as well as pr ojects whos e commer c i a l viability is s till being explored. T h es e technologies may be categor ized as ( 1 ) power s y s t ems , ( 2 ) environmental co n t r o l devices , and ( 3 ) clean coal pr oces s i ng. Pollution prevention technologies being demons tr ated underthe C C T Pr ogr am ar e included und e r t h e categor ies labeled " powers y s t ems " and " c lean coal processing." Technologies categor ized as " e nvir onmental contr o l devices " may not be cons ider ed pollution pr evention technologies ; howeve r , they may enable the r ecover y of pollutants f o rs ubs equent r e us e/r e s a le in products.
A br ief d i s c us s i on of emer ging powers y s t ems and coal pr oces s i ng technologies being demons tr ated underthe C C T Pr ogr am is pr ovided below. DOE’s Clean Coal Technology Demons tr ation P r ogr am , Program Update 1995 (April 1996) provides a more detailed discussion. V.A.1 Emerging Technologies Pollution pr evention oppor tunities in advanced coal- f i r e d powers y s t ems ar e realized by the incr eas e in over a ll ef f

i ciency of the combus tion ( e lectr i city p r oduced peramount of f

u el) r e s u lting in the r e duction of envir o n m e n t a l pollutants r e leas ed. E f f

i ciency of a technology is deter mined by the por tion of ener gy in f u el that is conver t ed into electr i city. T h u s , t h e pr oces s of combustion and heat tr ans f er s ar e cr itical var i ables

. I n cons ider ing advanced technologies, one mus tcons iderthe envir onmental tr ans f er of was t es f r o m one media to another

. Unles s the tr ans f er r e pr es ents a mor e manageable form of the waste, there may be little or no environmental gain.
A br ief des c r i ption of powers y s t em technologies is pr ovided below. While none of the technologies des c r i bed ar e cur r e ntly commer c ially viable, they may be in the f u tur e . T able 27 s u mmar i zes demons tr ation pr ojects f o r power system technologies funded by DOE and participating companies.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 73 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s

Table 27: Summaries of Clean Coal Technologies Under DOE’s Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program Demonstration: Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Combined-cycle, Tidd Project-The Ohio Power Company
Status : Completed on the 70 MW scale, future testing on 340 MW scale planned. Size : 55 MW steam turbine, 15 MW gas turbine Efficiency: Combustion efficiency of 99.6%. Heat rate efficiency of 33.2 percent Environmental Benefits: SO 2 removal of up to 95%. Resulting NO X emissions of 0.15-0.33lb/million Btu. Demonstration: Integrated Gasification Combined-cycle Repowering Project
Status: Currently still in design stage. Size: 65 MW Projected Efficiency: Heat efficiency of approximately 43%. Environmental Benefits: Expected CO 2 reduction, improved efficiency over coal-fired plant with flue gas desulfurization.
Demonstration: Indirect Fired Cycle-Repowering, Pennsylvania Electric Co. Warren Station, Unit No. 2
Status : Currently still in design stage. Size: 62.4 MW Projected Heat Rate: 9,650 BTU/KWh (31.3% improvement over existing). Environmental Benefits: Eliminates the need for hot gas cleanup systems. Demonstration: Coal Diesel Combined-Cycle Project, Arthur D. Little, Inc
. Status: Currently in design stage. Size: 14 MW Projected Efficiency: Heat efficiency of approximately 48%. Environmental Benefits: Emissions reductions to levels of 50%-70% below NSPS. Demonstration: Slagging Combustor, Heavy Clean Coal Project, Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority, Golden Valley Electric Association
Status : Currently in construction stage. Size: 50 MW Projected Efficiency: Projected SO 2 removal of 90%, NOX emissions/million BTU emissions of less than 0.015 lb/million BTU, particulates of 0.0015 lb/million BTU. Environmental Benefits: SO 2 , NO X , particulates emissions reductions.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 74 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Fluidized-Bed Combustion
F l uidized bed combus tion ( F B C ) technology includes thr ee des i gns : atmospheric, pr es s u r i z e d , and two- s t age bubbling bed. Although FB C technology is not yet wides p r ead in the indus tr y, it allows any kind of f

u el to be bur ned while contr o lling the emis s i on of SO 2 without the us e of a f l ue gas s c r ubbing dev i ce. I n the F BC pr oces s , a s o r b ent, s u ch as cr us hed limestone, i s intr oduced with pulver i zed coal in the combus tion chamber

. A i r forc e d into the c o mbus tion c h a m be r s u s p e nds the c o a l -lime s t o n e mixture. Sulfur, re le a s e d from the c o a l , c o mbine s with the s o rbe n t to form a s o lid was t e that is r e latively eas y to handle and dis pos e of

. T h e advantage of FB C technology is that it cr eates a tur bulent envir onment conducive to a high r a te of c o mbus tion and a high r a te of s u lf urcaptur e and allows f o r lower oper a ting temper atur es than conventional boiler s . B ecaus e oper a ting temperatures are below the thr e s hold of ther mally induced NO X formation, NO X emis s i ons ar e r e duced. I n addition, the oper a ting temper atur e tends to be be low the a s h fus i o n ra nge for c o a l , re s u lting in le s s wa s t e s pre s e n t in fireside wash waters and less frequent cleaning requirements. Integrated Gasification Combined-cycle
In the I G C C , coal is conver t ed into a gas e ous f u el, pur if ied, and combus ted in a ga s t u r b i n e gener a torto pr oduce electr i city. T h e cons tituents r eact to produce a f u el gas

. Heat f r o m the exh a u s t gas is r ecover e d and us ed to generate s t eam, which pr oduc e s a d d i tional electr i city. Gas i f i cation is a process in which coal is intr oduced to a r e ducing atmos pher e with oxygen or air a nd s t e a m . In s o me s y s t e m s , a lime s t one s o rbe n t is a dde d to the ga s i fie r for sulfur removal. The environmental advantages of IGCC include:

� High efficiency

� Removal of nitr og e n , s u lf ur , and par ticulates pr iorto the addition of combustion air, thereby lowering the volume of gas requiring treatment

� Sulfur in the ga s is in the f o r mof hydr oge n s u lf ide , whic h is r e movable to a greater extent than SO 2 � NO X removal of more than 90 percent

� Reduced CO 2 emissions compared to traditional coal-fired boilers. Currently, gas cleanup in I G C C r e quir e s the gas to be cooled; however , hot gas cleanup s y s t ems ar e being developed that will r e move 99. 9 per cent of the s u l f urand r e s u lt in a s a leable s u lf urpr oduct. T h e I G C C s y s t em is w e l l suited f o rr e power ing becaus e it can us e the exis ting s t eam tur b ine, electr i cal generator, and coal-handling facilities in most cases.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 75 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Indirect-Fired Cycle
An i ndi r ect

- f i r e d cycl e oper a t e s such t h atcoal orbi om ass com bust i o n products do not come in dir ect contact with gas tur b ine components

. I n s t ead, heated gases pass on the shell side of an air heater

. On the tube s i de of the air heater, compressed gas is heated and pas s e s thr ough a gas tur b ine. T h e environmental advantage is that this eliminates the need f o rhot gas cleanup since the cor r o s i ve and abr a s i ve f u el pr oducts do not come into dir ect contact with the tur b ines

. Heat is r ecover e d f r o m airheater exhaus t and is us ed to produce s t eam, which power s a s t eam tur b ine. I n additio n , cor r o s i ve gas products do not come into dir ect contact with the tur b ine, ther eby eliminating the need for hot gas cleanup. Although the technology is s till in the des i gn stage, the ef f

i ciency is expected to be 20 per cent gr eatertha n t h a t of a pulverized coal plant. Fur t her m or e, SO 2 r e ductions of 90 per cent, as well as reduced NO X and particulate emissions, are expected. Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell
An integrated gas i f i cation f u el cell s y s t em cons is ts of a coal gas i f i erwith a gas cleanup s y s t em, a f u el cell, an inver t er , and a heat r ecover y s y s t em. Coal gas, made thr ough the r eaction of s t eam, oxygen, and limes t one, is introduced to a f u el cell compos ed of an anode and a cathode and s e par a ted by an el ect r o l y t i c l a yer . T h e f u el ce l l c o nver t s t h e chem i cal ener gy of t h e gas t o di r ectcur r e ntel ectr i cal ener gy and gener a t e s heat , and an i nver t er converts dir ect cur r e nt t o a l ter n ating cur r e nt. A heat r ecover y s y s t em delivers heat to a bottoming s t eam cycle f o rf u r t hergener a tion of electr i city. Pollution pr evention is r ealized by impr oved emis s i ons r e duction as s o ciated with the gas cleanup system and solid waste reduction. Coal-Fired Diesel
Diesel gener a tor s ar e modif i ed to accept a coal/waters l ur r y as a f u el s our ce. Environmental contr o l s y s t ems ar e typically ins t alled to r e move NO X , S O 2 , and par ticulates

. T h e advantage of a coal- f i r e d dies el s y s t em is that it is well suited to s m all gener a tor s ( b elow 50 megawatts )

. I n addition, it is es timated to r e s u lt in emis s i ons r e duction of 50 per cent below New Sour c e Performance Standar d s . Similar l y, coal- o il mixtur e technology can r e place up to 50 per cent of f

u el oil with pulver i zed coal f o r bur ning in conventional oil or gas burners. Slagging Combustor
In a s l agging combus tor , c o al is bur ned at ver y high combus tion temperatures outs i de the f u r n ace cavity, and combus tion gas s e s pas s into the b o i l e r , wher e heat exchange takes place. I n a conventional boiler , th e a s h enters the boilerand collects on boiler tubes , thus decr eas ing the ef f

i ciency

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 76 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s

o f h eatexchange. Al t e r n at i v el y, t h e hi gh t e m p er at ur e of t h e sl aggi n g combustor caus e s as h to f o r ms l ag, which i s c o l l ected in cyclones

. T h e advantage of the s l agging combus toris that it pr events a los s in heat exchange ef f

i ciency that would occurf r o m as h accumulation on boiler tubes

. V.A.2 Coal Processing for Clean Fuels Pollution pr evention entails r e mo v a l o f the pollutants f r o m coal in the precombustion s t age. T h is is accomplis hed thr ough coal cleaning, wher eby pollutants a r e r e moved without alter i ng the s o lid s t ate of the coal, orby conversions ( g as if ication orliquef action) , which r e pr es ent tr ans f or mations in the state of the coal. Coal Cleaning
Most coal cl eani ng occur s at t h e m out h of t h e m i n e. T h e cl eani ng m e t hod depends on the s i ze of the coal pieces

. T ypically, coal is cleaned by puls i ng curr e n t s o f waterthr ough a bed of coal in a jig to s e par a te the impur ities from the coal. Coal cleaning can be achieved thr ough phys ical, biological, or chemic a l means . Phys ical cleaning is the mos tcommon method and involves the s e par a tion of c o a l s t o obtain coals with loweras h content. A lower as h content helps in meeting par ticulate emis s i ons s t anda r d s and results in low e r oper a ting and maintenance cos t s as s o ciated with as h ha n d l i ng. Coal cl eani ng can al so r e duce t h e t r ace m e t a l cont ent , t hus reducing tr ace metal content in as hes

. F u r t her m or e, cleaning is ef f

ective in removing s u lf ur f r o m coal. T h is is s u lf urthat may other w is e end up as SO 2 emissions. T h er e is a tr adeof f between s u lf urr e duction and ener gy recovery. 36 I ts hould be noted, however , that a r e duction in ener gy r ecover y is associated with sulfur removal.
A s t udy cited in a r e po r t w r itten by the Vir g inia Depar tment of Environmental Qual ity compar ed two FB C conceptual plant des i gns us ing mine-run c o a l ve rs us wa s h e d c o a l

. T h e wa s h e d c o a l fa c ility re d u c e d S O 2 emissions by mor e than 50 per cent on the bas i s of equivalent heat input and sulfur r e m o v a l

. T h e NO X emis s i ons f r o m the was h ed coal ar e about onethird lower in comparison to mine-run coal based on equivalent heat input. In addition , t h e w a s h ed coal f acility was phys ically s m aller , had lower installation cos t s , r e quir e d les s s t or age ar ea f o rlimes t one and as h, us ed les s water, and generated less high-volume wastes.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 77 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Coal Gasification
Gasification is the pr oces s of conver ting coal to a gas e ous f u el

� coal gas

� followed by chemical cleaning. C o a l gas has the benef it of bur ning as cleanly as natural gas. The process entails coal gas reacted with s t eam and an o x i dant in a r e ducing atmos pher e . I f airis the oxidant, a low- B T U gas results; if oxygen is the oxidant, a medium-BTU gas results. Mild Gasification In mild ga s i fic a tion, c o a l is he a t e d in a oxyge n-fre e r eactor , which pr oduces gaseous, s o lid, and liquid pr oducts

. T h e envir onment in the r eactordr ives off the c onde ns e d , vola tile hydroc ar bons a nd le a v e s be hind c ar bo n . T h e benefit of mild gas i f i cation is that it pr oduces multiple f u els and f eeds t ocks using medium temperature treatment of coal. Coal Liquefaction Hydrogen added to coal incr eas es the f u el’ s r a tio of hydr ogen to car bon to a l e v e l s imila r t o t h a t o f p e t r o l e u m - b a s e d f u e l s . C o p r o c e s s i n g i s a liquefaction pr oces s , wher eby heavy petr oleum r e s i due combined with coal produces a liquid f u el. T h e liquids can be cleaned of s u lf ur and as h pr ior to use as a f u el and have hi gher t h er m a l ef f

i ci enci es (60-70 pe rc e n t ra nge ), high product yield, and potentially marketable byproducts, such as gasoline.
V.B Other Pollution Prevention Technologies Cogeneration Cogeneration is the pr oduction of electr i city and heat f r o m a s i n g l e power plant unit. Becaus e of the heat r ecover y as pe c t , cogener a tion its elf is a pollution pr evention s t r a tegy. I n cogener a tion, heat that would other w is e be released f r o m a s t eam tur b ine, gas tur b ine, ordies el engine is r ecaptur e d and used to heat buildings orotherindus tr ial pr oces s e s or to gener a te additional electrici t y . I n f act, wher eas the typical ef f

i ciency at a f o s s il f u el electr i c plant is ar ound 33 to 38 per cent, cogene r a t o r s c a n obtain up to 80- per cent efficiency becaus e of the heat r ecaptur e d. T h e heat r ecover e d comes mainly from the flue gases. 37 Cogeneration plants wer e or iginally i n dus tr ial applications

. T h ey ar e s till used pr imar ily to pr ovide powerf o rindus tr ies , hotels , univer s ities , etc. , yet they ar e incr eas ingly being des i gned f o r lar g er capacities and ar e competing with utilities for power production. Cogeneration plants may be owned by an industrial company, supplying its own power, or they may be owned by small entr epr e neur ial companies

. B e s i des s i ze r e quir e ments , f actor s s u ch as

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 78 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s type of f u el to bur n, methods of r ecaptur i ng heat, and contr o l of emis s i ons , should be considered when evaluating cogeneration as a power source.
DOE’s Of f

i ce of I ndus tr ial T echnology ( O I T ) has s e ver a l pr ojects under w ay to pr omote cogener a tion, which is a commer c ially available technology. For example, OI T teamed up with R i egel T e xtile C o r por ation to des i gn and tes t an innovative 4. 3 M W high- back- p r e s s u r e s t eam cogener a tion s y s t em us ing a modif i ed coal- f i r e d boiler

. T h e tur b ine exhaus t ( 225 ps ig at 570 degr ees Fahrenheit) is hot enough to be us ed f o rpr oces s heating and can als o be us ed to drive a n e x is ting lo w - p r e s s u re turbine to ge ne ra te a dditiona l e l e c t ric ity. In 1994, 17 such systems were in operation. 38 Repowering Repowering is a way in whic h powe rge ne r a tion f a c ilitie s c a n impr ove a n d increase both the pr oduction and ef f

i ciency of s t andar d ther mal gener a ting facilities. Repowering options include expanding a unit’ s s i ze or changing the type orquality of the f u el us ed. I n mos tcas es , i t i n v o lves par tial or complete r e placement of the s t eam s upply s y s t em and us ually a mor e or les s complete r e tention, r e f u r b is hment, and r e us e of the tur b ine/gener a tor

. M a ny of the technologies listed above are appropriate for repowering. Fuel Cells Natural gas f u el cell ( N G F C ) e n er gy s y s t ems impr ove gas utilization and efficiency. L i ke batter i es , f u el cells ar e bas e d on the pr inciples of electrochemistry, except that they cons ume f u el to maintain the chemical reaction. T h e mos tcommon electr o chemical r eaction in a f u el cell is that of hydrogen with oxygen. T h e oxygen is us ually der i ved f r o m the air , and the hydrogen is us ually obtained by s t eam- r e f o r ming f o s s il f u el. Natur a l gas is the mos t common f u el; however , otherf u els can be us ed: peaked- s haved gas , air-stabilized gas from local production such a s la ndf ills , pr opa ne , or othe r fuels with high methane content. Fuel C e lls , being electr o chemical, ar e mor e efficient tha n c o mbus tion s y s t e m s . I n a ddition, e mis s i ons ar e r e duc e d f r o m typical gas s y s t ems becaus e ther e is no combus tion of f

o s s il f u el. Although many f u el cells ar e being r e s ear ched, developed, and demons tr ated ar ound the wor l d, only one s y s t em is commer c ially available at this time. I tis a 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell system. 39
Because emis s i ons ar e r e duced, S t ate and local air quality r e gulating agencies have begun to gr ant and/orcons iderexemptions f r o m air quality per mitting requirements. Forexample, af terextens i v e emis s i ons tes ting, the South Coast AirQuality M a nagement Dis t r i ct has gr anted NGFC ’ s exemption in the L o s Angeles ar ea. E x emptions have al s o b een gr anted by the Santa Barbara AirQuality M a nagement D i s t r i ct, the B a y Ar ea AirQuality Management Dis t r i ct, and the S t ate of M a s s achus etts

. T h es e exemptions may

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 79 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s
create economic incentives to ins t all NGFC s y s t ems to avoid per mitting f ees and violation f i nes , orto take advantage of emis s i ons cr edits

. A Feder a l incentive pr ogr am is being managed by t h e D O E M o r g antown E n er gy Technology Center to reduce the cost of the fuel cell by $1,000 per kW. 40
Additional inf o r m ation on this technology may be obtained f r o m the Nor t h American Fuel C e ll OwnerGr oup ( NAFC OG) , an independent us er s gr oup comprised of owners and operators of NGFCs. V.C Other Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Opportunities In addition to the technologies dis c us s e d pr evious ly, s e ver a l other pollution preve n t i on methods can be employed. Some of the methods ar e common solutions applicable to a wide r a nge of f

acilities ; other s ar e mor e tailor e d to site-specific s ituations

. Some of the methods ar e r e latively s imple, wher eas others r e quir e mor e technological modif i cations

. T h is s ection in c l u d es not only phys ical tas k s , but management and tr aining s t eps that f o s t erpollution prevention. V.C.1 Process or Equipment Modification Options
Fuel Sources
A s dis c us s e d underthe C C T Pr ogr am, the initial f u el s our ce may be examined as a potential po l l ution pr evention oppor tunity. C l ean coal technologies r e move the pollutants pr iorto the majorpr oces s e s of electr i cal generation. B u t on a cas e- by- cas e bas i s , one can als o cons ider the option of using f u els that ar e natur a lly lowerin pollutants

. L o w- s u lf urcoals pr oduce less S O 2 em i ssi ons, and t h er e i s l e ss pol l u t i o n associ at ed wi t h coal pi l e runoff. H o w e ve r, a tra d e o ff e x is ts in tha tmos tlow

- s u lfur c o a l in the U n ite d States is " l ow r a nk" ( i

. e . , it has a higheras h and mois tur e content)

. Sever a l operational dif f

i culties s t em f r o m s w itching f r o m high- r a nk to low- r a nk coal. Nonetheless, processing techniques to impr ove the B T U and r e move s u lf ur from low-rank c o a l s ar e be ing de ve lope d. For e x a m ple , SynC oa l (W e s te rn Energy C o mpany) is a technology that p r o d u c e s a f u el wi t h a 0. 5 per cent sulfur content, a mois tur e content of gr eater than 5 per cent, a heating value of 11,800 Btu per pound, and ash content of approximately 9 percent.
Another r e lated technology that has been r e s ear ched extens ively is co- f i r i ng using r e f u s e der i ved f u el ( R DF) pellets and coal in powerplants

. I n 1992, DOE’s OI T , i n cooper a tion with s e ver a l or ganizations , oper a ted a power plant with a mixtur e of coal and up to 25 per cent R D F pellets

. T h e pr oject foun d tha tthe mixture re s u lte d in re duc e d a c i d ga s e mis s i ons . T h e C A A amendments of 1990 allow t h e c o mbus tion of up to 30 per cent municipal solid was t e in coal p l a n t s . T h e r e s u lts of this pr oject ar e f acilitating commercialization of the co-combustion technology.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 80 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Cooling Water Cooling water is us ed in s t eam tur b ine electr i c powerplants and is cir c ulated t h r o u gh the condens erto condens e the s t eam lef taf terthe gener a tio n o f electricity. T h e r e s u lting condens ate can then be pumped back into the highpressure boiler

. C ooling s y s t ems may be once- thr ough, wher e cooling water is dis c har g ed into a r eceiving waterbody af terus e, orr ecir c ulating, which involves the us e of cooling tower s , lakes , orponds

. Scaling of heat exchange equipment and piping occur s f r o m cooling w a tercontact and r e duces the efficiency of the equipment. T o pr event s caling, chemical additives , s u ch as polyphosphates, po l y es ter , phos phates , and polyacr ylates , ar e added to cooling water

. I n the pas t , c o oling towertr eatment chemicals contained hexavalent chr o mium. Recent r e gulations have r e s t r i cted the us e of chr o mebased tr eatment to r e duce the as s o ciated public health and envir onmental impacts. As a r e s u lt, ind u s t r y has s w itched to non- chr o me tr eatment chemicals. Corrosion, f o s t er ed thr ough aer ation of cooling waterin cooling tower s , is another pr oblem. A number of dif f

e r e nt chemicals s u ch as zinc, molybdate, silicate, polyphos phate, ar omatic azole, car boxylate, and s o metimes chroma t e a r e added to cooling waterf o rcor r o s i on contr o l. Fouling and biological gr owth ar e commonly contr o lled thr ough the ad dition of polyes t er , phosphates, polyacrylates, non-oxidizing biocides, chlorine, and bromine. Pollution pr evention oppo r t u n ities f o rcooling wateraddr es s minimizing chemical additives and cons er ving water

. T able 28 pr es ents a f e w gener a l pollution pr evention r ecommendations f o r

r e ducing cooling toweremis s i ons . First and foremost, a fa c ility c a n de te rmine the optimum c h e mic a l s for the prevention of biologic gr owth and cor r o s i o n . I n gener a l, chlor i nated biocides ar e les s toxic than br ominated biocides , and polyphos phate and organophosphate inhibitor s ar e les s toxic than chr o mate cor r o s i on inhibitor s . Another pos s i ble means to r e duce the need f o rchemical additives f o rcontr o l of scaling is magnetic water conditioning. Widespread attention has f o cus e d on ozone t r e a t m e nt in lieu of common biocide us e. Ozone acts to r uptur e bacter ial cells thr o u gh oxidation. Reductio n s in s caling, biof ouling, and over a ll toxics may be r ealized f r o m ozone. I thas been s u cces s f ul mainly in once- thr ough cooling waters y s t ems for pow e rpla n ts

. D r a w ba c k s in the us e of oz one tre a tme nt inc l ude (1) the potential for corrosion in cooling towers, unless careful dosing is practiced to maintain the oxidation-reduction potential r a te and ( 2 ) ozone tr eatments have been s hown to exhibit r apid f ouling on high temper atur e s u r f aces s u ch a s w o u l d b e f ound in r e c i r c u l a t i n g s y s t e m s . I n a d d ition, he a lth a nd s a fe ty issues associated with worker exposure to ozone must be considered.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 81 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s
Table 28: Pollution Prevention Opportunities for Reducing Cooling Tower Emissions Pretreat makeup water : Pretreating the makeup water to cooling towers reduces the chemical treatment requirements for scale and corrosion control and can increase the number of times cooling water may be recycled before blowdown.
Use inert construction materials : Polyethylene, titanium, and stainless steel are relatively nonreactive compared to carbon steel and require lesser quantities of scale and corrosion inhibitors. Install automatic bleed/feed controllers and bypass feeders : By installing this equipment on the cooling towers, facilities have reduced volumes of cooling tower chemicals, as well as energy costs, labor, and water. Recirculate the cooling water : When possible, cooling tower water should be recirculated instead of cycling once-through the system.
Use chlorinated biocides : Facilities can use chlorinated biocides instead of brominated biocides to reduce the toxicity of biocides.

Sources: Fact Sheet: Eliminating Hexavalent Chromium from Cooling Towers. City of Los Angeles Board of Public Works, Hazardous and Toxic Materials Office. Undated; Fact Sheet: Water and Chemicals Reduction for Cooling Towers

. North Carolina Department of Environmental Health and Natural Resources, Pollution Prevention Program. May 1987; Pollution Prevention/Environmental Impact Reduction Checklist for CoalFired Power Plants

. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities. Undated.
Fireside Washes
In the combus tion of f o s s il f u els , pr oducts of incomplete combus tion will r i s e with gas and collect on boilertubes and heat tr ans f erunits

. Fir e s i de was t es consist pr imar ily of bottom as h and damaged r e f r actor y br ick, which may be contaminated with heavy metals f r o m the as h. As the buildup incr eas es , the heat exchange ef f

i ciency decr eas es . Per i odically, the buildup is r e moved by a ppl yi ng a l ar g e vol um e of wat e rt o t h e boi l e rsur f aces. T h e was h w a t e r contains tr ace metals ( n ickel, chr o mium, ir on, vanadium, and zinc) , calcium, sodium, chlor i des , nitr ates , s u l f ates , and or ganics contained in s u s p ended soot. T h e r e s u lting was t e is a wet a s h s l udge. T h is s l udge may be comanaged f o rdis pos al with lar g e volume combus tion was t e ( f l y as h, bottom ash, FGD s l udge) ormanaged s e par a tely with otherlow- volume was t es and t r e a t e d thr ough phys ical orchemical pr ecipitation, as well as pond evaporation.
Soot blowe r s us e s t e a m , a i r, or wa te r to c l e a n fire s i de f o u l e d h e a ttra n s f e r surfaces. T h e r e moved s oot and as h depos its ar e eitherr e intr oduced into the combust i o n pr oces s , r e depos ited f o reas ierr e moval, orcaptur e d by particulate contr o l equipment. Sonic hor ns gener a te s ound waves that caus e the h e at tr ans f ers u r f ace to vibr ate and dis l odge s oot and as h. M a nual cleaning includes brushing, sweeping, and vacuuming.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 82 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Abrasive cleaning methods r e move contaminants by blas ting a compound at the s ubs tr ate. T ypical blas ting compounds ar e s a nd, walnut s h ells , orcar bon dioxide pellets

. T h e abr a s i ve cleaning technology f i eld is changing r apidly. New mater i als that may r e move s o o t a n d a s h without damaging the boiler tubes and r e f r actor y include plas tic beads , s odium bicar bo n a t e , and, potentially, liquid CO 2 . Table 29 provides s o me examples of pollution pr evention oppor tunities f o r fireside washes.
Table 29: Pollution Prevention Options for Fireside Washes Options Comments Use cleaner fuels Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel, but availability limits widespread use. Cleaner burning fuel oils and coals are available but may be cost-prohibitive. Use alternative cleaning methods Soot blowers and sonic horns may be used to reduce the need for washing. Dry ash has higher potential for reuse. Abrasives may be used but add to waste created. Recycle or reuse fireside wastes Lime sludge from treatment may be sold to copper smelters. Vanadium recovery from fuel oil ash may be feasible. Coal ash can be used as a substitute for cement in concrete or as structural fill. Source: Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook . Freeman, Harry M., ed. McGraw Hill, Inc. 1995. Boiler Chemical Cleaning Wastes
The purpos e of boile r c l e a n ing is to re move s c a l e from the ins i de (wa t e r s i de ) of boiler tubes

. T h e was t e gener a ted contains s p ent cleaning s o lution and the scaling components : copper , ir on, zinc, nickel, magnes i um, and chr o mium. Certain cleaning agents tar g et cer tain types of boiler s and depos its

. B o iler cleaning was t ewater s may be dif f

i cult to tr eat and, in s o me cas es , f a ll under the j u r i sdi c t i on of t h e Resour ce Conser vat i on and Recover y Act ( RCRA) as a hazardous waste. One way to minimize the volume of boilercleaning was t es is to optimize the cleaning f r e quency. Specific pr actices that help to optimize cleaning frequency include:

� Maintaining records of operations

� C onducting biweekly chemical analys is to def i ne nor mal cycle chemis t r y
� Sampling tubes annually

� Determining the location and/ortype of depos its thr o ugh ultr as onic imaging, ther mocouples , r e movable tes ts t r i ps , and f i ber s copic ins p ections

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 83 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Controll i ng the chemis tr y of the boilerf eed wateris a s i gnif i cant way to control the r a te of s c a l i ng. Gener a lly, boilerwateris tr eated thr ough f i ne filtration, c h e mic a l tre a t m e nt, re ve rs e os mos i s , a nd/or ion e x c h a nge to remove miner als

. Other cons tituents in the boilerwatertar g eted f o rr e moval may include oxygen and carbon dioxide.
While mos tutilities us e hydr azine and mor pholine in the chemical tr eatment of boilerf eed water , an elevated oxygen tr eatment p r oces s has been demonstrated that r e s u lts in the accumulat i o n o f a f i ner - g r a ined, mor e unified, magnetite layerthat neces s itates les s f r e quent cleaning. T o cr eate this condition, oxygen orhydr ogen per oxide is added to condens ate at a pH of 7 to 7. 5, o x ygen and ammonia ar e added at a pH of 8 to 8. 5, and ammonia is added at a pH of 9 or gre a t e r , until a mmonia c onc e n tra tions of 250 parts per billion are reached.
The boilercleaning f r e quency may be decr eas ed by r e ducing the amount of oxygen enter i ng the boilerdue to leaks in the s y s t em. L eaks can be cor r ected t h r ough ins p e c t i o n a n d r e p l acement of s eals on s t eam cycle components

. Maintenance s c hedules and monitor i ng techniques ar e ef f

ective pr actices in preventing leaks

. Fur t her m or e, maintaining high quality per f o r m ance of the oxygen deaerators will also help to prevent oxygen ingress.
Another ef f

ective pollution pr evention technique is deter mining the o p timum frequency of boilercleanouts

. Utilities s hould clean the boiler s bas e d on the actual depos it thicknes s ins t ead of accor d ing to a pr edeter mined s c hedule. According to a s u r v ey per f o r m ed by E P R I , one C a l i f o r n ia utility monitor s both s cale thicknes s and compos iti o n b y means of s m all, r e tr ievable tes t strips placed ins i de the boiler

. Bas e unit boiler s ar e now cleaned about once every 72 months , and cycling units ar e cleaned once ever y 48 months

. Other California utilitie s r e por t c l e a n ing s c he dule s a s of te n a s onc e e v e r y 24 months. 41
On-line c l eaning involves boilercleaning while the boilerr e mains in operation. T h is can be done by injection of a s odium poly- acr ylate additive into the boilerf eedwater to a concentr ation of 400 mg/L

. T h e mos tcr itical outer la ye r of ma gne tite is r e move d, but a n inne rla ye r r e ma ins

. T h is me thod requires le s s c l eaning time than tr aditional boilercleaning, us es les s hazardous chemicals , and r e s u lts in a mor e eas ily handled was t e. T h e drawbacks of on- line cleaning include t h e r i s k of contaminating the s t eam turbine, les s depos its r e moved, and potentially poorcopper r e moval. C o s t savings as s o ciated with the us e of this technology at a 300- M W unit have been estimated to be $25,000 to $30,000 per year. 42
Sodium b i car bonate- b as ed blas t media can be us ed in as s o ciation with specifically des i gned deliver y s y s t ems to meet a w i d e r a nge of cleaning needs, including gener a l f acility maintenance ( e . g . , f l o o r cleaning, paint

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 84 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s stripping and boilertube clea n i n g )

. Sodium bicar bonate blas ting is becoming increasingly common in the electric utility industry. 43
In ar eas wher e water cos t s ar e high, utilities may choos e to r e us e theirboiler chemical cleaning was t ewatera s m a k e u p f o rcooling tower s , f l y as h scrubbers, orf l ue ga s d e s u lf ur ization s y s t ems . 44 Als o , depending on the composition of the chemical cleaning s l udge, it may be economically f eas ible to r ecycle the s l udge f o rit s m e t a l content. Ar izona E l ectr i c Power C oope r a t i v e ( A E P C O ) , I n c o r p o r a t e d , f o r e x a m p l e , u s e s t h i s c l e a n ing material, r a therthan f ace potentially expens ive dis pos al cos t s . T h e E P A, the Arizona Depar tment of E nvir onmental Quality, the C a lif or nia Depar tment of T oxic Subs t a n c e s C ontr o l, and the Occupational Saf e ty and Health Administration appr oved the us e of by pr oducts f r o m chemical cleaning f r o m AEPCO’s boiler s . AE PC O s e lls the by- pr oduct to Paci f i c Gas & E l ectr i c Company for hydrogen sulfide gas abatement at its Geys er s PowerPlant, a geothermal power generation facility. 45
Table 30 lis ts pollution pr evention oppor tunities f o r boilercleaning was t es . Fly Ash Fly a s h is typic a lly c o lle c t e d in the flue of the c o mbus tio n unit a n d transported to a centr alized containment ar ea f o rtr eatment and s t or age. B o th wet as h tr ans por t and dr y collection ar e commonly pr acticed. Some f acilities use wetash, cr eat i ng a sl ur r y a s t h e m echani s mf o rt r anspor t

. T h e disadvantage of wet as h tr ans por t is that it incr eas es the v o l ume of the as h waste and it mus t eventually be s e par a ted out and tr eated. I n contr a s t , a dr y process contr o l electr o s t atic pr ecipitatoravoids the ad d e d volume due to water and allows the collection of a dr y pr oduct f o r r e c y c ling and/or beneficial reuse. Chemical Substitutions Several pr oces s modif i cations des c r i bed pr evious ly have r e quir e d mater i al substitution ( e . g . , s w itching f u els )

. However , mater i al s ubs titutions ar e not

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 85 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s

Table 30: Pollution Prevention Options for Boiler Cleaning Wastes Options Comments Improve boiler water supply Regenerate ion exchange resins promptly. Install reverse osmosis equipment ahead of ion exchange systems to reduce mineral loading and reduce regeneration frequency. Control boiler water chemistry Use hydrazine to control dissolved oxygen and morpholine to control carbon dioxide. Reduce contaminant ingress Improve equipment seals to prevent air and cooling water leaks into the boiler. Base cleaning on fouling Use coupons to measure scale buildup and schedule cleaning accordingly. Use on-line cleaning Sodium polyacrylate injection may be used to remove deposits without having to shut down boiler. Further research required. Reuse wastewater Wastewater may be used for cooling tower makeup or as feedwater to ash scrubbers and flue gas desulfurization units. Some pretreatment and/or segregation may be required. Reuse lime sludge Sludges from lime treatment of chemical cleaning wastes may be sold to copper smelters for reuse. Control H 2 S Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-based cleaning processes can produce Fe-EDTA, which is an effective chelating agent for H 2 S control. Source: Adapted from Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook

. Freeman, Harry M., ed. McGraw Hill, Inc. 1995.
limited t o m a j o rpr oc e s s e s . Some time s , toxic c h e mic a l s ar e us e d unnecess a r ily on a wide- s cale bas i s f o ra var i ety of oper a tions and maintenance activities ( e . g . , cleaning, lubr ication)

. B y s ubs tituting les s toxic chemicals , a f acility can avoid unneces s ar y r i s k s as s o ciated with wor k er exposure and the potential f o rr e leas e into the envir onment. T h e f i r s t s t ep in deter m i n ing the viability of mater i al s ubs titutions is to inventor y the chemicals us ed at the s ite. T h e chemical can b e e v a l u a ted as to its hazar d potential, its neces s ity, and pos s i ble alter n atives

. F o rexamp l e , S a n Diego Gas and E l ect r i c Com p any det e r m i n ed sever a l di f f

e r e ntsol v ent s onsi t e coul d be replaced by just a few different solvents. By eliminating the wide array of s o lve n ts , the c o mpa ny is now ab le to ins t a ll a s o lve n t re c ove ry unit, whic h will reduce the amount of solvent waste. V.C.2 Inventory M a nage m e nt and P r e v e n t a t i ve M a int e nanc e f o r Was t e Minimization
Fossil f u el electr i c power gener a tion f acilities , like many indus tr ial f acilities , u s e s o lvents and otherchemicals f o rever yday oper a tions

. E v er yd a y

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 86 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s operations include par t s was h ing, lubr icating, gener a l cleaning, and degreasi n g a pplication dur ing plant and equipment maintenance activities

. Often, c h e mic a l wa s t e s ge ne ra te d by the s e ope ra tions ar e ma de up of out-ofdate, neces s ar y , o ff-s pe c i fic a tion, a nd s p ille d or da ma ge d c h e mic a l produc ts

. Actual cos t s f o rmater i als us ed incl u d e n o tonly the cos tof the or iginal product, but a l s o the c o s t s of dis pos a l

. Inve ntory ma na ge me nt a n d preventative maintenance ar e ways thes e f acilities can decr eas e the amounts of chemical wastes generated in a cost-effective manner.
There ar e t w o c a t e gorie s of inve ntory ma na ge me nt inc l uding inve ntory control and mater i al contr o l. I nventor y contr o l includes techniques to r e duce inventory s i ze, r e duce toxic a n d / o r hazar dous chemical us e, and incr eas e current inventor y tur nover . M a ter i al contr o l includes the pr opers t or age and safer tr ans f er of mater i als

. Pr opermater i al contr o l will ens u r e that mater i als are us ed ef f

i ciently to r e duce w a s t e and pr es er ve the ability to r ecycle the wastes. Corrective and pr eventative maintenance can r e d u c e w a s t e gener a tion. A well r un pr eventative maintenance pr ogr am will s e r v e t o i d entif y the p o t e n t i al f o rr e l eases and cor r ectpr obl em s bef o r e m a t e r i al i s l o stand/ or consid e r e d a w a s t e. New orupdated equipment can us e pr oces s mater i als more ef f

i ciently, pr oducin g l e s s w a s t e. T able 31 pr ovides examples of inventory ma na ge me nt a nd pr e v e n ta tive ma inte na nc e wa s t e minimiz a tion techniques that can be us ed at f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities

. V.C.3 Potential Waste Segregation and Separation Options
Fossil f u el electr i c power gener a tion f acilities can r e duce theirwas t e dis pos al costs by car e f u lly s e gr egating theirwas t e s t r eams . I n par ticular , f acilities should s e gr egat e RCRA nonhaz a r d ous was t es f r o mhazar dous was t es t o reduce the quantity of was t e that mus t be dis pos ed of as a hazar dous was t e. For e x a m ple , fa c ilitie s s hould s e g r e g a t e us e d oil from de gre a s ing s o lve n ts because uncontaminated used oil can be recycled or fed into the boiler as a supplemental f u el. Oil contaminated with polychlor inated biphenyls ( P C B s ) should be s e gr egated f r o m otherus ed oils

. Abs o r b ent ma t e r i a l that is not f

u l l y s a tur a ted with oils , etc. , s hould be s t or ed s e par a tely f r o m s a tur a t e d material s o that it can be r e us ed. R ecycling companies typically o f fe ra higher pr ice f o r s e gr egated r ecyclables ( e . g . , clean of f

i ce paper , s c r ap metal) than mixed waste streams.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 87 Sept em b e r1997�

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Table 31: Inventory Management and Preventative Maintenance Waste Minimization Opportunities Inventory Management Inventory Control

� Purchase only the quantity of material needed for the job or a set period of time

� Evaluate set expiration date on materials, especially for stable compounds, to determine if they could be extended.

� Search the inventory at other company sites for available stock before ordering additional material

� Purchase material in the proper quantity and the proper container size. If large quantities are needed, purchase in bulk. If the material has a short shelf-life or small quantities are needed, purchase in small containers

� If surplus inventories exist, use excess material before new material are ordered

� Contact supplier to determine if surplus materials can be returned. If not, identify other potential users or markets

� Evaluate whether alternative, non-hazardous substitutes prior to purchase and checked for acceptance at the facility. Material Control

� Reduce material loss through improved process operation, increased maintenance and employee training to identify sources of los s

� Handle and manage wastes to allow recycling. Maintenance Programs Operational and Maintenance Procedures

� Reduce raw material and product loss due to leaks, spills, and off-specification products

� Develop employee training procedures on waste reduction

� Evaluation the need for operational steps and eliminate practices that are unnecessary

� Collect spilled or leaked material for re-use whenever possible

� Consolidate like chemicals and segregate wastes to reduce the number of different waste streams and increase recoverability. Preventive Maintenance Programs

� Perform maintenance cost tracking

� Perform scheduled preventive maintenance and monitoring

� Monitor closely "Problem" equipment or processes that are known to generate hazardous waste (e.g., past spills). Source: Adapted from "ComEd Operation and Maintenance Manual" and "Pollution Prevention Success" Fact Sheets. Received From Ed ison Electric Institute. July 1997. V.C.4 Recycling Options With the exception of cooling waterand us ed oil, f l y as h r e pr es ents the greatest was t e component at f o s s il f u el plants

. For t h i s r e a s on, r ecycling options f o rf l y as h pr es ent a s i gnif i cant oppor tunity f o r pollution pr evention. Typical us es include incor por ating f l y as h into cons tr uction mater i als , s u ch a s as phalt orcement. However , new us es ar e being f ound ever y day. T able 32 lis ts e x is ting a nd pote n tia l marke t ab le us e s for fly a s h. M o re informa tion about the pr oduction and us e of f l y as h and othercoal combus tion mater i als can be obtained from the American Coal Ash Association. 46

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 88 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s
Table 32: Current and Potential Uses for Fly Ash Current Uses for Fly Ash Flowable fill Soil stabilization Lightweight aggregate building material Roofing materials Roofing granules Plastics, paint Filter cloth precoat for sludge dewatering Pipe bedding Structural fills Concrete and block Portland cement Mine reclamation Agricultural enhancement Road paving: as a sub-base or fill material under a paved road Potential Uses for Fly Ash Ingredient of golf ball coverings Flue gas reactants An additive to sewage sludge for use as a soil conditioner An alkali reactivity minimizer in concrete aggregate The footprint of a structure, a paved parking lot, sidewalk, walkway, or similar structure
The C ar o lina Powerand L i ght ( C P & L ) i s s u cces s f ul in s e lling 80 to 100 percent of the f l y as h gener a ted at thr ee coal- f i r e d powerplants

. T h e C P &L estimates capital cos t s to be $1 to $2/ton o f f l y a s h and oper a tion and maintenance cos t s to be $3 to $4/ton of f l y as h. T h e as h s a les r e venues have resulted in r e du c e d d i s pos al cos t s . Duke Powerhas exper i enced s imilar success. Duke P o werhas s o ld mor e than 230, 000 tons of f l y as h and 65, 400 tons of bottom as h f o rus e in concr e te pr oduction. Othermar k ets f o r the f l y ash inclu d e d p l as tic manuf actur ing and as phalt pr oduction. I n addition, Duke Powerdonated 30, 000 tons of bottom as h to the State of Nor t h Carolina to use as a base in road construction.
I ts hould be noted that us es f o rf l y as h var y gr eatly accor d ing to mar k et conditions and tr ans por tation cos t s . I n addition, f o rmos tus es , the as h mus t have a low car bon content. However , available commer c ial technologies can separate the ash into carbon-rich and carbon-poor fractions. Pollution pr evention as s o ciated with bo i l e rblowdown was dis c us s e d previously; however , boilerblowdown watermay potentially be r ecycled and us ed as makeup to cooling towerwa t e r s and f l as hing blowdown to generate additional s t eam. T h is is accomplis hed thr ough the r e gener a tion of demineralizer waters.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 89 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s Sulfur is pr oduc e d thr ough the c l e a n ing of f

u e l s a nd or e s a nd the us e of c l e a n scrubbers. Recycling options include the following:

� Substituting s u lf urf o rPor tland cement and waterto act as a binding agent to produce a durable, acid-resistant concrete

� Using s u lf urin pr otective coatings to impr ove the r e s i s t ance of conventional building mater i als to chemical and other s t r e s s e s ; f abr ic can be impr e gnated with s u lf urand additive mater i als to pr oduce f l exible orr i gid lining mater i als

� Using s u lf ur as an as phalt extenderoras an as phalt r e placement to totally eliminate the need for asphalt.
The FGD units can pr oduce s u lf u r , s u l f ur ic acid, gyps um, ors o me nonsaleable sludge material. Select FGD units can pr oduce s a leable mater i als , as indicated in the following examples:

� G y p s u m c a n be pr oces s e d into a quality gyps um gr ade f o rr e s a le to wall board producers or sold for use in cement manufacturing.

� Sodium sulfate and sulfuric acid can be produced for resale.

� An electr on beam s c r ubbing s y s t em can be us ed to pr oduce ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate for sale as a fertilizer supplement.

� A poz z o la nic s t ab iliz a tion re a c tion proc e s s c a n be imple me nte d whe r e lime

b a s e d r e a g e n t is added to s c r ubbers l udge and f l y as h to cr eate a miner al product s u itab l e f o r r o a d wa y ba s e c our s e . ( P oz z o la ns ar e s ilic e ous or sili c e ous /aluminous mater i als that, when mixed with lime and water , f o r m cementitious compounds.) V.C.5 Facility Maintenance Wastes
In a d d i t i on to the was t es as s o ciated with the powerpr oduction oper a tions , fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities als o gener a te was t es f r o m support oper a tions , s u ch as f acility and equipment maintenance, s t or age areas, tr ans por tation, and of f

i ces . Pollution pr evention techniques can greatly reduce many of these waste streams for relatively little cost. Table 33 highlights s e ver a l bas i c pollution pr evention options f o requipment and f acility maintenance. All of the options involve the us e of commer c ially available equipment that is alr eady in wides p r ead us e. I n a d d ition to the options des c r i bed in T able 33, common pollution pr evention options include:

� Establishing preventive maintenance programs for equipment

� Testing fluids prior to changing them

� Purchasing equipment to enable r ecycling of antif r eeze, s o lvents , and oil/water mixtures

� Purchasing longer lasting/reusable absorbent materials and rags

� Laundering rags offsite instead of disposing of them

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 90 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s

� Using s t eam cleaning equipment ors odium bicar bonate b l a s t s y s t ems f o r general facility cleaning

� Purchasing electric-powered vehicles for onsite use

� Upgrading bulk storage equipment and spill prevention practices

� Improving s p ill c onta i nme n t e quipme n t a nd e quipme n t for tra n s f e rring fluids

� Using low- orno- VOC paints f o r f acility maintenance and r e s t r i cting color choices

� Recycling of f

i ce paper , car dboar d , p l a s t i c s , s c r ap m e t a l s , w ood pr oducts , etc.

� Purchasing products with recycled content

� F i n di ng al t e r n at i v es t o r e pl ace ozone depl et i ng subst a nces ( e . g . , r e f r i ger a n t s , fire suppression, degreasers)

� Practicing integr ated pes tmanagement to r e duc e t h e us e of pes ticides in grounds maintenance operations

� Using less toxic products for custodial operations.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 91 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s
Table 33: Pollution Prevention Opportunities For Facility Maintenance Wastes Options Comments Rotating Equipment Maintenance Use high quality fluids While costing more initially, high quality fluids may last twice as long in service. Routinely monitor fluid condition Waste fluid generation can be reduced by switching to a replacement schedule based on fluid condition. Low-cost testing services can provide detailed information. Use nonleak equipment Use dry disconnect hose couplings, self sealing lock nuts, and elastomeric flange gaskets to reduce oil leakage. Canned or magnetically driven pumps, bellow valves, and bellow flanges are also effective. Clean and recycle dirty fluids Dirty fluids may be cleaned for extended use by small filtration devices. More complex systems may use centrifugation or vacuum distillation. Use waste oils as boiler fuel This depends on boiler size, PCB content, and halogen content of the waste oil. Would not apply to synthetic hydraulic fluids. Facility Maintenance Eliminate use of hazardous materials Major accomplishments have been made in this area, including eliminating the use of PCBs, asbestos insulation, chromium-based cooling water treatment chemicals, and leaded paints. Replace tricarboxylic acid (TCA) andchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) with nonODS cleaners Petroleum distillate and D-limonene blends are effective cleaners for electrical equipment. Detergents are good for general purpose cleaning but must be kept out of yard drains and oil water separators. Use high transfer efficiency painting equipment Brushes, rollers, and hand mitts are very efficient but laborintensive. Airless spray is common for field use since a source of clean, dry air is not required. Use an enclosed cleaning station Several air districts mandate the use of enclosed gun cleaners and prohibit the spraying of cleanup solvent into the air. Avoid the removal of leaded paint Removal of lead-based paint should only be performed when the paint fails to provide adequate protection. Use wet blasting or vacuum collective devices to prevent the generation of leaded paint dust.
Source: Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook

. Freeman, Harry M., ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1995.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 92 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s V.C.6 Storm Water Management Practices
An impor tant pollution pr evention cons ider ation at f o s s il f u el electr i c power generation plants is the management of runoff. C o al pile r unof f is per h aps the mos ts i gnif i cant. C o al pile r unof f r e s u lts f r o m pr ecipitation coming into contact with coal s t or age piles

. T h e mos tef f

ective way to eliminate coal pile runoff is to s t ore c o a l indoors

. In ma ny ins t a n c e s , this is not fe a s ible , a t which point, pollution pr evention tur n s to managing r unof f

. A f a c ility’ s storm waterpollution pr evention plan s hould addr es s s t or m watercontr o ls (e.g., d i k e s , le v i e s ) a n d th e p o t e n tia l fo r re u s e o f s t o r m w a te r. Coal-handling areas als o r e pr es ent potential f o rcoal pollutants to contaminate s t or m water

. T a b l e 3 4 lis ts pra c tic e s tha tc a n pre v e n t polluta nts in c o a l from contaminating storm water.

Table 34: Common Pollution Prevention Practices for Managing Runoff at Coal Storage and Handling Areas 47

� Consider rail transport of coal over barge transport, because the potential impacts to water are lessened.

� Cover coal off-loading areas, crushers, screens, and conveyors to reduce dust emissions.

� Cover coal storage piles or store in silos to prevent contact with precipitation and to minimize dust.

� Spray coal piles with anionic detergents. This will reduce the acidic content of the pile by reducing bacterial oxidation of sulfide minerals.

� Configure a storm water collection system based on slopes, collection ditches, diversions and storage, and treatment ponds.

� If settling ponds exist, consider recycling the dredgings.
Some of the pr actices lis ted in the table ar e applicable to f l y as h s t or age and handling ar eas , as well as coal pile r unof f

. Forexample, if dr y as h tr ans por t is e m ploye d, c ove rs will pre v e n t dus t a nd c onta c twith pre c i pita tion. Othe r areas of concer n with r e s p ect to s t or m waterpollution pr evention include fuel and chemical handling and s t or age ar eas wher e ther e is potential f o r spills. T able 35 pr ovides s o me r ecommended pr actices that apply to thes e areas. I d eally, thes e pr actices s hould be addr es s e d in a f acility’ s s t or m water pollution prevention plan.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 93 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s
Table 35: Storm Water Pollution Prevention Opportunities at Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Facilities Areas of Concern Storm Water Pollution Prevention Opportunities Fuel Oil Unloading Areas � Use containment curbs to contain spills

� Station personnel familiar with spill prevention and response procedures at areas during deliveries to ensure quick response for leaks or spills

� Use spill and overflow protection technologies Chemical Unloading/Loading Areas � Use containment curbs to contain spills

� Cover area

� Station personnel familiar with spill prevention and response procedures at areas during deliveries to ensure quick response for leaks or spills Miscellaneous Loading/Unloading Areas � Use grading, berming, and curbing to minimize runon

� Locate equipment and vehicles so leaks can be controlled in existing containment and flow diversion system

� Cover area Liquid Storage Tanks � Use dry cleanup methods

� Use containment curbs to contain spills

� Use spill and overflow protection technologies Large Bulk Fuel Storage Tanks � Use containment curbs to contain spills Oil-Bearing Equipment Storage Areas � Use level grades and gravel surfaces to retard flow and limit spread of spills

� Collect storm water in perimeter ditches Ash-Loading Areas � Establish procedures to reduce or control tracking of ash or residue from ash loading areas

� Clear ash from building floor and immediately adjacent roadways of spillage, debris, and excess water before each loaded vehicle departs Areas Adjacent to Disposal Ponds � Reduce ash residue, which can be tracked onto access roads traveled by residue trucks or residue handling vehicles

� Reduce ash residue on exit roads leading into and out of residuehandling areas Material Storage Areas � Use level grades

� Collect runoff in graded swales or ditches

� Implement erosion protection measures at steep outfall sites

� Provide cover for material
Source: Preamble to NPDES Storm Water Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Activities (60 FR 50974 Friday, September 29, 1995).

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 94 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on Se c t ion V . P o l l u tion P r e v e n tion Oppor t unitie s V.C.7 Training and Supervision Options While the majorpollution p r e v ention gains ar e achieved thr ough pr oces s controls and reuse/recycling, many day- to- d ay common s e ns e pr actices ar e r e l a t i vely eas y and inexpens ive to incor por ate. T h r ough tr aining, thes e practices can become ef f

ective means of pollution pr evention. E x amples of proactive employee behaviorincludes tr aining f o r car ef ul us e and dis pos al of cleaner s and deter g ents to pr e v e n t t h e m f r o m enter i ng f l oorand yar d drains. I f thes e s ubs tances do enterthe dr ains , they may inter f e r e with oil/water s e par a tor s . Good hous ekeeping will ens u r e optimum per f o r m ance of these treatment units. V.C.8 Demand-Side Management Programs
In the pa s t , e l e c t ric utilitie s ha ve imple me nte d de ma nd-s i de ma na ge me nt (DSM) pr ogr ams to achieve two bas i c objectives : ener gy ef f

i ciency and load m a n a g e ment. T h r ough thes e demand- s i de pr ogr ams , the utilities have successfully r e duced toxic air emis s i ons and achieved cos tef f

ectivenes s f o r both the utility a nd the c ons ume r , ma inly by de f e r r i ng the ne e d to build ne w power plants

. 48 The energy efficiency goal has been achieved pr imar ily by reducing the over a ll cons umption of electr i city f r o m s p ecif i c end- us e devices and systems by promoting high-efficiency equipment and building design.
W i th the a dve nt of de re gula tion a nd re s t ruc t uring in the utility powe r generation indus tr y, DSM pr ogr ams appearto be diminis hing. T h e indus tr y is r e ducing DSM s p ending and exper i encing a r e duction in the r a te of gr owth on ener gy s a vings

. Among otherf actor s , the potential f o rr e s t r u ctur ing could affect the utilitie s inte r e s t in e n e r gy s a vings orma y c r e a t e ne w type s of DSM activities.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 95 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions VI . S UM M ARY OF F E DERAL S T ATUTES AND REGULATI ONS
T h i s sect i o n di scusses t h e F e der a l r e gul at i o n s t h at ma y appl y

t o t h i s sect o r . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h is s e c t io n is t o h i g h lig h t a n d b r ie fly d e s c r i b e , t h e ap p lic ab le F e d e r a l r e q u i r e me n t s , a s w e ll a s t o p r o v id e c it a t i o n s fo rmo r e d e t a ile d in fo r ma t io n . T h is s e c t io n s in c l u d e s :

� S ect i o n VI

. A , a gen e r a l o v er v i ew o f ma j o rst at ut es
� S ect i o n VI

. B , a l i s t o f r e gul at i o n s speci f i c t o t h i s in dust r y
� Sect i o n VI

. C , a l i s t o f pen d in g an d pr o p o s ed r e gul at i o n s . T h e descr i pt i o n s wit h in S ect i o n VI ar e in t e n d ed so l e l y f o r gen e r a l in fo r ma t io n . D e p e n d in g u p o n t h e n a t u r e o r s c o p e o f t h e a c t i v it ie s a t a p ar t ic u l arfa c ilit y, t h e s e s u mmar i e s ma y o rma y n o t n ecessar i l yd e s c r i b e all appl i cab l e en v i r o n m en t a l r e qui r e m e n t s. Mo r e o v er , t h ey do n o t co n s t it u t e f o r mal in t e r p r e t a t i o n s o rcl ar i f i cat i o n s o f t h e st at u t es an d r e gul at i o n s . F o r f u r t h e r in f o r mat i o n , r eader s sh o u l d co n s ul t t h e Co de o f F e der a l Regul at i o n s an d o t h e rst at e o rl o cal r e gul at o r y agen ci es. T h i s sect i o n al so pr o v i d es E P A h o t l in e co n t act s f o reach ma j o rst at ut e. V I . A Ge ne r a l D e s c ri ption of M a jor Statute s R e s our ce C ons er vation and R ecover y A c t
T h e R e s o ur ce C o n s er v a t i o n A n d R eco v e r y A c t o f 1976, wh i c h am en ded t h e S o li d W a s t e Di spo s al A c t , addr esses so li d ( S ub t it l e D) an d h azar do us ( S ub t it l e C) wast e ma n a gem e n t act i v it i e s. T h e Hazar do us an d S o l i d W a st e A m en dm en t s ( H S WA ) o f 1984 s t r e n g t h en ed RCRA ’ s was t e ma n a gem e n t pr o v i s i o n s an d added Sub t it l e I , w h i c h go v e r n s un der g r o un d s t o r age t a nk s (U STs )

. Reg u l at i o n s p r o m u l g a t e d p u r s u a n t t o S u b t i t l e C o f RCRA ( 4 0 CF R P ar t s 260- 299) es t ab l i s h a “ c r a dl e- t o - g r a v e” s y s t em go v e r n in g h azar do us was t e f r o m t h e po in t o f gen e r a t i o n t o di spo s al

. RCRA h azar do us wast es in cl ude t h e speci f i c ma t e r i al s l i s t e d in t h e r e gul at i o n s ( l i s t e d wast es)

. L i st ed wast es ar e desi gn at ed wit h a speci f i c co de. Hazar do us wast es desi gn at ed wit h t h e co de

“ P ” o r“ U ” ar e co m m

e r c i a l ch em i cal pr o duct s in cl udin g t ech n i cal gr ades, pur e fo r m s , o ff- s p e c i fic a t io n p r o d u c t s , s o le

- a c t iv e - in g r e d ie n t p r o d u c t s , o r s p ill o r co n t ain e rr e si dues o f t h e s e pr o duct s . “ P ” wast es ar e co n s i d er ed acut e l y h azar do us an d ar e sub j ect t o m o r e st r in g en t r e qui r e m e n t s. Hazar do us wast es f r o m speci f i c in dust r i e s/ so u r c e s ar e desi gn at ed wit h t h e co de “ K ” an d h azar do us wast es f r o m n o n - speci f i c so ur ces ar e desi gn at ed wi t h

t h e co de “ F

. ” Mat e r i al s t h at ex h i b it a h azar do us wast e ch ar act er i s t i c ( i

. e . , i g n it ab ilit y, co r r o si v it y , r eact i v it y , o rt o x i cit y ) ar e desi gn at ed wit h t h e co de “ D

. ”

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 96 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions Regul at ed en t i t i e s t h at gen e r a t e h azar do us wast e ar e sub j ect t o wast e accum u l a t i o n , ma n i f e st in g, an d r eco r d keepin g st an dar d s. F ac ilit ie s g e n e r a lly m

u st o b t a in a per m i t eit h erf r o m E P A o rf r o m a S t at e agen cy t h at E P A h a s aut h o r i zed t o im p l e m e n t t h e per m it t i ng p r o g r a m i f t h ey st o r e h azar do us w a s t e s fo rmo r e t h a n 9 0 d a ys b e fo r e t r e a t me n t o r d i s p o s a l

. F a c ilit ie s ma y t r eat h azar do us wast es st o r e d in l e ss- t h an - n in et y - day t a nk s o rco n t ain e r s w it h o u t a p e r mit

. S u b t it le C p e r mit s c o n t a in g e n e r a l fa c ilit y s t a n d ar d s , s u c h as co n t in gen c y pl an s, em er gen c y pr o cedur es, r eco r d keepin g an d r e po r t in g r e qui r e m e n t s, f in a n c i a l assur a n ce m ech an i s m s , an d un it

- s peci f i c st an dar d s. RCRA al s o co n t ain s pr o v i s i o n s ( 40 CF R P ar t 264 S u b p ar t S an d §264. 101) f o rco n duct in g co r r ect i v e act i o n s t h at go v e r n t h e c l e a n u p o f r e l eases o f h azar do us wast e o r co n s t it u en t s f r o m so l i d wast e ma n a gem e n t un it s at RCRA t r e a t me n t , s t o r a g e , a n d d i s p o s a l fa c ilit ie s . A l t h o u g h RCRA i s a F e d e r a l st a t u t e , ma n y S t at es im p l e m e n t t h e RCRA p r o g r a m . C u r r e n t ly, E P A h a s d e le g a t e d a u t h o r it y t o imp le me n t v ar i o u s p r o v i s i o n s o f RCRA t o 4 7 o f t h e 5 0 S t at es an dt w o U. S

. t e r r it o r i es. D e l e g a t i o n ha s no t be e n g i ve n t o Al a s k a , H a w a ii , o r I o w a . Mo st RCRA r e q u i r e m e n t s ar e n o t in d u s t r y sp eci f i c b u t ap p l y

t o an y co m p an y t h at gen e r a t e s, t r an spo r t s , t r eat s, st o r es, o rdi spo s es o f h azar do us wast e. T h e f o ll o win g l i s t h i g h l i g h t s im p o r t a n t RCRA r e g u l at o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s:

� Id en t i fi ca t i o n o f so l i d a n d h a z a r d o u s w a st es ( 40 C F RPar t 261) l a y s o u t t h e pr o cedur e ev er y gen e r a t o rm u st f o ll o w t o det e r m in e wh et h e rt h e ma t e r i al in

quest i o n i s co n s i d er ed a h azar do us wast e o r a so l i d wast e o ri s ex em pt ed f r o m r e gul at i o n .

� S t a n d a rd s f o r g e n e ra t o rs o f h a za rd o u s w a s t e ( 4 0 C F R Par t 262) e s t ab lis h e s t h e r e s p o n s i b ilit ie s o f h azar do us wast e gen e r a t o r s in cl udin g o b t a in in g an E P A I D nu m b er , p r epar in g a ma n i f e st , en sur in g pr o p er packagin g an d l ab e l in g, m eet in g st an dar d s f o rwast e accum u l a t i o n un it s, an d fu lfillin g r e c o r d k e e p in g a n d r e p o r t in g r e q u i r e m e n t s . P r o v id in g t h e y me e t addit i o n al r e q u i r e m e n t s des c r i b e d in 40 C F RPar t 262. 34, gen e r a t o r s ma y accum u l a t e h azar do us was t e f o rup t o 90 day s ( o r180 o r270 day s depen d in g o n t h e a m o u n t o f w a s t e g e n e r a t e d a n d t h e d i s t a n c e t h e w a s t e w ill b e t r a n s p o r t e d ) w it h o u t o b t a in in g a

S u b t it le C p e r mit

.

� L a nd dis p os al r e s t ri c t ions ( L DR s ) ( 40 C F RPar t 268) ar e r e gul at i o n s pr o h i b it in g t h e di spo s al o f h azar do us wast e o n l a n d wit h o u t pr i o r t r eat m e n t

. Un dert h e L D Rs pr o g r a m , ma t e r i al s m u st m eet L D R t r eat m e n t st an dar d s pr i o r t o pl acem en t in a RCRA l a n d di spo s al un it ( l an df ill, la n d t r e a t me n t u n it , w a s t e pi l e , o rsur f ace im p o u n d m e n t )

. Gen e r a t o r s o f wast e sub j ect t o t h e L D Rs m u st pr o v i d e n o t i f i cat i o n o f such t o t h e desi gn at ed t r eat m e n t , st o r age, an d di spo s al ( T S D ) fa c ilit y t o e n s u r e p r o p e r t r e a t me n t p r io r t o d i s p o s a l

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 97 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

� Us ed oil m a nagem e nt s t andar d s ( 40 C F R Par t 279) im p o s e ma n a gem e n t r e qui r e m e n t s af f ect i ng t h e st o r age, t r an spo r t a t i o n , b u r n in g, pr o cessin g , an d r e -re f in in g o f t h e u s e d o i l

. F o r p art i e s t h a t m e re l y

g e n e ra t e u s e d o i l , r e gu l a t i o n s est ab l i s h st o r age st an dar d s. F o ra par t y co n s i d er ed a used o i l p r o c e s s o r, re -re f in e r, b u rn e r , o r mark e t e r(i .e ., o n e w h o g e n e ra t e s a n d s e ll s o f

f

- speci f i cat i o n used o i l di r ect l y

t o a used o i l b u r n er ) , addit i o n al t r ackin g an d paper w o r k r e qui r e m e n t s m u s t b e s a t i s f i e d.

� RCRA co n t ain s u n it

- s p eci f i c st a n d a r d s f o rall u n it s u s edt o st o r e, t r eat , o r di spo s e o f h azar do us wast e, i n c l u d in g t a nk s an d co n t ain e r s . T a nk s an d co n t ain e r s used t o st o r e h azar do us wast e w i t h a h i gh v o l a t i l e o r gan i c co n cen t r at i o n m u st m eet em i ssi o n st an d ar d s u n d e rRCRA

. Reg u l at i o n s ( 4 0 C F RPar t 264- 265, Sub p a r t C C ) r e qui r e gen e r a t o r s t o t e s t t h e was t e t o det e r m in e t h e co n cen t r at i o n o f t h e wast e, t o sat i sf y

t a nk an d co n t ain e r em i ssi o n s st an d a r d s , a nd t o in spect an d m o n it o rr e gul at ed un it s. T h ese r e g u l a t io n s ap p l y t o a ll fa c ilit ie s t h a t s t o r e s u c h w a s t e , in c l u d in g lar g e q u a n t it y gen e r a t o r s accum u l a t in g wast e pr i o rt o sh i p m e n t o f f

- sit e .

� U nde r g r o und s t or age tank s co n t ain in g pet r o l eum an d h azar do us su b s t a n ces ar e r e g u l at edu n d e rS u b t it l e I o f RCRA

. S u b t it l e I r e g u l at i o n s ( 4 0 C F R Par t 280) co n t ain t a nk des i gn an d r e l eas e det ect i o n r e qui r e m e n t s , as well a s fin a n c ia l r e s p o n s i b ilit y a n d c o r r e c t iv e a c t io n s t a n d ar d s fo r U S T s . T h e U S T pr o g r a m al s o in cl udes upgr ade r e qui r e m e n t s f o rex i s t in g t a nk s t h at m u s t b e m

e t b y Decem b e r22, 1998.

� B o il e r s and indus trial f u r n ac e s (B IF s ) t h a t u s e o r b u rnf u e l c o n t a i n in g h azar do us wast e m u st co m p l

y wit h desi gn an d o p er at in g st an dar d s. T h e BI F r e gul at i o n s ( 4 0 C F RPar t 266, Sub p ar t H) addr es s un it des i gn , pr o v i d e p e rf o r ma n c e s t a n d ard s , re q u i re e m i s s i o n s m o n it o rin g , a n d re s t ri c t t h e t y p e o f wast e t h at ma y b e b u r n ed.
The E P

A R C R

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und and E P C R

A H o tline , at ( 800) 424- 9346, r

e s

ponds to ques tions and dis t r i butes guidance r e gar ding all R C R

A r

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C

o mpr e hens ive E n vir onmental R e s pons e, C o mpens a tion, and Liability A c t
T h e C o mp r e h e n s iv e E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s p o n s e , C o mp e n s a t i o n , a n d L i ab ilit y A c t ( C E R C L A ) , a 1980 l a w kn o w n co m m

o n l y as Super f un d, aut h o r i zes E P A t o r e spo n d t o r e l eases, o rt h r eat en ed r e l eas e s , o f h azar do us sub s t a n ces t h at ma y en dan g erpub l i c h eal t h , w e l f a r e , o rt h e en v i r o n m en t

. I n addit i o n , CE RCL A en ab l e s E P A t o f o r ce par t i e s r e spo n si b l e f o ren v i r o n m en t a l co n t am in at i o n t o cl ean it up o rt o r e im b ur se t h e S uper f un d f o rr e spo n se co st s

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 98 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions ( in c l udin g r e m e di at i o n co s t s ) in cur r e d b y E P A

. T h e Super f un d A m en dm en t s an d R eaut h o r i zat i o n A c t ( S A R A ) o f 1986 r e v i s e d v ar i o u s s e c t i o n s o f CE RCL A , ex t e n d ed t h e t a x in g aut h o r it y f

o rt h e S u p e r f un d, an d cr eat ed a f r e e - s t a n d in g l a w , SA R A Tit l e III, a l s o k n o w na s t h e Em e r g e n c y Pl a n n in g a n d C o m m

u n ity R i g h t- to- K n o w A c t.
T h e CE RCL A h azar do us sub s t a n ce r e l ease r e po r t in g r e gul at i o n s ( 40 CF R P ar t 302) di r ect t h e per s o n in ch ar ge o f a f ac ilit y t o r e p o r t t o t h e N a t i o n a l Respo n se Cen t er( N RC) an y en v i r o n m en t a l r e l ease o f a h azar do us sub s t a n c e t h at equal s o rex ceeds a r e po r t ab l e quan t i t y . Repo r t ab l e quan t it i e s ar e l i s t e d in

40 C F R§302. 4. A r e l eas e r e po r t ma y t r i gger a r e s p o n s e b y E P A o rb y o n e o rm o r e F e der a l o rS t at e em er gen c y r e spo n se aut h o r it i e s. T h e E P A im p l e m e n t s h azar do us sub s t a n ce r e spo n ses acco r d in g t o pr o cedur es o u t l in ed in t h e Nat i o n al Oi l an d Hazar do us S u b s t a n ces P o ll u t i o n Co n t in gen c y Pl an ( N C P ) ( 40 C F RPar t 300)

. T h e NC P in cl udes pr o v i s i o n s f o rper man en t cl eanups, kn o w n as r e m e di al act i o n s , an d o t h e rcl eanups r e f e r r e d t o as r e mo v a ls

. T h e E P A g e n e r a lly t ak e s r e m e d i a l a c t io n s o n ly a t s it e s o n t h e N a t i o n a l P r io r it i e s L i s t ( N P L ) , w h ic h c u r r e n t ly in c l u d e s ap p r o x ima t e ly 1 , 3 0 0 sit e s. Bo t h E P A an d st at es can act at si t e s; h o wev e r , E P A pr o v i d es r e s p o n s i b l e par t i e s t h e o ppo r t un it y t o co n duct r e m o v a l an d r e m e di al act i o n s an d en co ur ages co m m

u n it y in v o lv em en t t h r o ugh o u t t h e S uper f un d r e spo n se p r o cess. The E P

A R C R

A , Super f

und and E P C R

A Hotline, at ( 800) 424- 9346, ans we r s qu e s t i ons and r e f

e r

e nces guidance pertaining to the Super f

und P r ogr am. The C E

R C LA Hotline oper a tes weekdays f r

om 9: 00 a. m. to 6: 00 p. m. E T , excl udi ng F e deralhol i days.
E

m er gency P l anning A nd C o mmunity R i ght- T o- K now A c t
T h e Super f un d A m en dm en t s an d R eaut h o r i zat i o n A c t o f 1986 cr eat ed E P CRA , a st at u t e desi gn ed t o im p r o v e co m m

u n it y access t o in f o r mat i o n ab o u t ch em i cal h azar ds an d t o f ac ilit a t e t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c h e mic a l em er gen c y r e spo n se pl an s b y S t at e an d l o c a l go v e r n m e n t s. T h e E P CRA r e qui r e d t h e e s t a bl i s h m en t o f S t at e em er gen c y r e spo n se co m m

i ssi o n s ( S E RCs) , wh i c h ar e r e spo n si b l e f o rco o r din a t in g cer t a in em er gen c y r e spo n se act i v it i e s an d f o rappo in t in g l o cal em er gen c y pl an n in g co m m

it t ees ( L E P Cs)

. T h e E P C R A an d t h e E P C R A r e gul at i o n s ( 40 C F RPar t s 350- 372) es t ab l i s h fo u r t y p e s o f r e p o r t in g o b lig a t io n s fo rfa c ilit ie s t h a t s t o r e o rma n a g e s p e c i fie d ch em i cal s:

� E P CRA §302r e q u i r e s f a c ilit ie s t o no t i f y

t h e S E R C a n d L E P C o f t h e pr esen ce o f an y ex t r em el

y

h azar do us sub s t a n ce ( t h e l i s t o f such sub s t a n ces i s

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 99 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions in

40 C F RPar t 355, A ppen d i ces A an d B ) i f it h a s s u ch s u b s t a n ce in ex ces s o f

t h e s u bs t a nc e ' s t h r e s h o l d p l a nning q u a nt i t y

a n d d i r e c t s t h e f

a c ilit y t o appo in t an em er gen c y r e spo n se co o r din a t o r .

� E P CRA §304 r e q u i r e s t h e fa c ilit y t o n o t i fy t h e S E R C a n d L E P C in t h e e v e n t o f

a r e l ease e qual in g o rex ceedin g t h e r e po r t ab l e quan t it y o f a CE RCL A h azar do us sub s t a n ce o ran E P CRA ex t r em el

y

h azar do us sub s t a n ce.

� E P CRA §311 and §312 r e q u i r e a fa c ilit y a t w h ic h a

h azar do us ch em i cal , as def in e d b y t h e Occupat i o n al S a f e t y an d Heal t h

A c t , i s pr esen t in an am o u n t ex ceedin g a speci f i ed t h r e sh o l d t o sub m it t o t h e S E RC, L E P C , an d l o cal f

i r e d e p art m e n t ma t e ri a l s a f e t y d a t as h e e t s (M SD S s ) o r l i s t s o f M S D S ' s a n d h azar do us ch em i cal in v e n t o r y f

o r m s ( a l s o kn o w n as T i erI an d I I f o r m s)

. T h i s in fo r ma t io n h e lp s t h e lo c a l g o v e r n me n t r e s p o n d in t h e e v e n t o f a

s p ill o r r e l ease o f t h e ch em i cal

.

� E P CRA §313 ap p lie s t o fa c ilit ie s c o v e r e d in S I C ma jo r g r o u p s 1 0 ( e x c e p t 1011, 1081, an d 1094) , 12 ( e x cept 1241) , o r20 t h r o ugh 39; SI C co des 4911, 1193, an d 4939 ( limit e d t o fa c ilit ie s t h a t c o mb u s t c o a l a n d/ o r o il fo r t h e pur po s e s o f gen e r a t in g po werf o rdi s t r i b u t i o n in co m m

e r ce) ; o r4935 ( limit e d t o fa c ilit ie s r e g u l a t e d u n d e r RCRA , S u b t it l e C) , o r5169, o r5171, an d 7389 ( limit e d t o fa c ilit ie s p r imar ily e n g a g e d in s o lv e n t r e c o v e r y s e r v i c e s o n a c o n t r a c t o rfe e b a s i s )

. T h e s e fa c ilit ie s mu s t a l s o h a v e 1 0 o r mo r e e m p l o y e e s an d ma nu f act ur e, pr o cess, o r use speci f i ed ch em i cal s in am o u n t s gr eat ert h an t h

r e s h o l d q u a n t it ie s . F a c ilit ie s t h a t me e t t h e s e c r it e r ia mu s t s u b mit a n a n nu a l t o x i c ch em i cal r e l ease r e po r t

. T h i s r e po r t , co m m

o n l y

kn o w n as t h e F o r m R, co v e r s r e l eases an d t r an sf er s o f t o x i c ch em i cal s t o v ar i o u s f aci l it i es an d en v i r o n m en t a l m e di a an d all o ws E P A t o co m p i l e t h e n a t i o n al T R I dat ab a se. A ll in fo r ma t io n s u b mi t t e d p u r s u a n t t o E P C R A r e g u l a t io n s is p u b lic ly accessi b l e, un l e ss pr o t ect ed b y a t r ade secr et cl aim . The E P

A R C R

A , Super f

und and E P C R

A Hotline, at ( 800) 424- 9346, ans we r s ques tions and dis t r i butes guidance r e gar ding the E P C R

A r e gulations

. The E

P C R

A Hotline oper a tes weekdays f r

om 9: 00 a. m. to 6: 00 p. m. E T , excl udi ng F e deralhol i days.
C l ean W a ter A c t
T h e p r imar y o b je c t iv e o f t h e F e d e r a l W a t e r P o llu t i o n C o n t r o l A c t , c o mmo n l y r e f e r r e d to a s th e C l e a n W a te r A c t ( C WA ) , i s to r e s t or e a n d ma in ta in th e ch em i cal , ph y s i cal , an d b i o l o g i cal in t e gr i t y

o f t h e Nat i o n ' s sur f ace wat e r s . Po ll u t a n t s r e gul at ed un dert h e C WA in cl ude " p r i o r i t y " po ll u t a n t s , in cl udin g var i o u s t o xi c p o ll u t a nt s ; " c o nve nt i o na l " p o ll u t a nt s , s u c h a s b i o c he m i c a l o x y g en dema n d( B OD) , t o t a l suspen ded so l i d s ( T S S ) , f ecal co l i f

o r m , o i l an d

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 100 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions
gr eas e, an d pH; an d " n o n co n v e n t i o n a l " po ll u t a n t s , in cl udin g an y po ll u t a n t n o t i d en t i f i ed as eit h erco n v e n t i o n a l o rpr i o r it y . T h e CWA r e gul at es b o t h di r ect an d in di r ect di sch ar g es. T h e N P D E S Pr o g r a m ( C WA §502) co n t r o l s di r ect di s c h ar g e s in t o wat e r s o f t h e U. S. Di r ect di sch ar g es o r "po in t so ur ce" di sch ar g es ar e f r o m so ur ces such as pi pes an d sewer s . NP DE S per m it s, i ssued b y eit h erE P A o r an aut h o r i zed S t at e ( E P A h a s aut h o r i zed 42 S t at es t o adm in i s t e r t h e NP DE S P r o g r a m ) , co n t ain in d u s t r y- s p e c i fic , t e c h n o lo g y - b a s e d limit s a n d ma y a l s o in c l u d e a d d it i o n a l w a t e r q u a lit y- b a s e d limit s , a n d e s t ab lis h p o llu t a n t mo n it o r in g r e q u i r e me n t s . A

fa c ilit y t h a t in t e n d s t o d i s c h ar g e in t o t h e N a t i o n ' s w a t e r s mu s t o b t a in a p e r mit p r io r t o in it ia t in g it s d i s c h ar g e . A p e r mit ap p lic a n t mu s t p r o v id e quan t it a t i v e an al y

t i cal dat a i d en t i f yin g t h e t y pes o f po ll u t a n t s pr esen t in t h e fa c ilit y' s e fflu e n t

. T h e p e r mit w ill t h e n s e tt h e c o nd it i o ns a n d e f f l u e nt limit a t io n s o n t h e fa c ilit y d i s c h ar g e s . A

N P D E S p e r mit ma y a l s o in c l u d e d i s c h ar g e limit s b a s e d o n F e d e r a l o r S t a t e wat e rqual it y cr it er i a o rst an dar d s t h at wer e desi gn ed t o pr o t ect desi gn at ed us es o f s u r f ace wat e r s , s u ch as s uppo r t in g aquat i c l i f

e o rr ecr eat i o n . T h es e s t an dar d s , un l i k e t h e t ech n o l o gi cal s t an dar d s , g e ne r a ll y

do n o t t ake in t o acco un t t ech n o l o gi cal f

easi b ilit y o r c o s t s . W a t e r q u a lit y c r it e r ia a n d s t a n d ar d s v ar y f

r o m S t at e t o S t at e an d sit e t o sit e , depen d in g o n t h e use cl assi f i cat i o n of

t h e r ecei v in g b o d y of w a t e r . M o s t S t a t e s f o ll o w E P A g u i d e l in e s , w h i c h p r o p o s e aquat i c l i f

e an d hu ma n h eal t h

cr it er i a f

o rma n y o f t h e 126 pr i o r it y p o llu t a n t s . St o r m W a t e r D i s c h arg e s I n

1987, t h e C WA was am en ded t o r e qui r e E P A t o es t ab l i s h a pr o g r a m t o addr es s s t o r m wat e rdi s c h ar g es . I n r e s p o n s e , E P A pr o m ul gat e d t h e NPDE S s t o r m w a t e r p e r mit ap p lic a t io n r e g u l a t io n s . T h e s e r e g u l a t io n s r e q u i r e fa c ilit ie s wit h t h e f o ll o win g s t o r m wat e rdi s c h ar g es t o appl y f o r a NP DE S per m it : ( 1 ) a di sch ar g e asso ci at ed wit h in dust r i a l act i v it y , ( 2 ) a di sch ar g e f r o m a l ar g e o r m

e d i u m m u n i c i p a l st o r m sew e rsy st em , o r ( 3 ) a d i sch ar g e t h at E P A o r t h e S t at e det e r m in es t o co n t r i b u t e t o a v i o l at i o n o f a wat e rqual it y st an dar d o r i s a si gn i f i can t co n t r i b u t o ro f po ll u t a n t s t o wat e r s o f t h e Un it ed S t at es. T h e t e r m "st o r m wat e rdi sch ar g e asso ci at ed wit h in dust r i a l act i v i t y " i s a st o r m wat e rdi s c h ar g e f r o m 1 o f 11 cat ego r i e s o f in dus t r i a l act i v it y def in e d at 40 C F R 122. 26. Six o f t h e cat ego r i e s ar e def in e d b y SI C co des , wh i l e t h e o t h e r f i v e ar e i d en t i f i ed t h r o ugh n ar r a t i v e descr i p t i o n s o f t h e r e gul at ed in dust r i a l a c t iv it y. I f t h e p r imar y S I C c o d e o f t h e fa c ilit y is o n e o f t h o s e id e n t i fie d in t h e r e g u l a t io n s , t h e fa c ilit y is s u b j e c t t o t h e s t o r m w a t e r p e r mit ap p lic a t io n r e q u i r e me n t s . I f a n y a c t iv i t y a t a f a c ilit y is c o v e r e d b y o n e o f t h e fiv e n ar r a t i v e cat ego r i e s, s t o r m wat e rdi sch ar g es f r o m t h o s e ar eas wh er e t h e

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 101 Sept em b e r1997�

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� F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions
act i v it i e s o ccurar e sub j ect t o st o r m wat e rdi sch ar g e per m i t appl i cat i o n re q u i re m e n t s . T h o s e fa c ilit ie s / a c t iv it ie s t h a t ar e s u b j e c t t o s t o r m w a t e r d i s c h ar g e p e r mit ap p lic a t io n r e q u i r e me n t s ar e id e n t i fie d in t h e fo llo w in g lis t :

� Cat e gory I : F a c ilit ie s s u b j e c t t o s t o r m w a t e r e fflu e n t g u i d e lin e s , n e w s o u r c e per f o r ma n ce st an dar d s, o rt o x i c po ll u t a n t ef f l uen t st an dar d s.

� Cat e gory ii : F a c ilit ie s c l a s s i fie d a s S I C 2 4

- lu mb e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t w o o d k it c h e n c ab in e t s ) ;S I C c o d e 2 6

- p ap e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ( e x cept paper b o ar d c o nt a in e r s an d pr o duct s ) ; SI C co de 28- ch em i cal s an d a llie d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t d r u g s a n d p a in t s ) ; S I C c o d e 291- pet r o l eum r e f in in g ; an d SI C co de 311- l eat h e r t a n n in g an d f in i s h in g; SI C co de 32 ( e xcept 323)

­ stone, clay, glas s , and concr e te, 33- pr im a r y m e tals , 3441- f abr icated structural metal, and 373-ship and boat building and repairing.

� Cat e gory iii : F aci l i t i e s cl assi f i ed as S I C co de 10- m e t a l m in in g; S I C co de 12- c o a l mi n in g; SI C co de 13- o i l an d gas ex t r act i o n ; an d SI C co de 14- n o n m e t a llic min e r a l min in g .

� Cat e gory iv : Hazar do us wast e t r eat m e n t , st o r age, o rdi spo s al f

ac ilit ie s .

� Cat e gory v : L a n d fills , la n d ap p lic a t io n s it e s , a n d o p e n d u m p s t h a t r ecei v e o rh a v e r ecei v e d in dust r i a l wast es.

� Cat e gory vi : F a c ilit ie s c l a s s i fie d a s S I C c o d e 5015- us ed m o t o rv e h i cl e par t s ; an d SI C co de 5093- aut o m o t i v e s c r ap an d was t e ma t e r i al r ecy cl in g fa c ilit ie s .

� Cat e gory vii : S t e a m e l e c t r i c p o w e r g e n e r a t in g fa c ilit ie s .

� Cat e gory viii : F a c ilit ie s c l a s s i fie d a s S I C c o d e 4 0

- r a ilr o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; SI C co de 4 1

- l o c a l pas s e n g ert r an s p o r t a t i o n ; SI C co de 42- t r uckin g an d war e h o us in g ( e x cept pub l i c war e h o us in g an d s t o r age) ; SI C co de 43- U. S. P o st al S e r v i ce; S I C co de 44- wat e rt r an spo r t a t i o n ; S I C co de 45- t r an spo r t a t i

on b y ai r ; an d SI C co de 5171- pet r o l eum b u l k

s t o r age s t at i o n s an d t e r m in al s .

� Cat e gory ix : S e wage t r eat m e n t wo r k s .

� Cat e go ry x : Co n s t r uct i o n act i v it i e s ex cept o p er at i o n s t h at r e sul t in t h e di st ur b a n ce o f l e ss t h an f

i v e acr es o f t o t a l l a n d ar ea.

� Cat e gory x i : F a c ilit ie s c l a s s i fie d a s S I C c o d e 2 0

- fo o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ; S I C co de 21- t o b acco pr o duct s ; S I C co de 22- t e x t i l e mill p r o d u c t s ;S I C c o d e

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 102 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions 23- appar e l r e l a t e d pr o duct s ; S I C co de 2434- wo o d kit c h e n cab in et s ma nu f act ur in g; SI C co de 25- f u r n i t ur e an d f ix t ur es ; SI C co de 265- paper b o ar d co n t ain e r s an d b o x e s ; SI C co de 267- co n v e r t ed paperan d paper b o ar d p r o d u c t s ;S I C c o d e 2 7

- p r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s t r ie s ;S I C c o d e 283- dr ugs ; SI C co de 285- pain t s , v ar n i s h e s , l acquer , en am el s , an d a llie d pr o duct s ; SI C co de 30- r u b b e ran d pl as t i cs ; SI C co de 31- l eat h e ran d l eat h e r pr o duct s ( e x cept l eat h e ran d t a n n in g an d f in i s h in g) ; S I C co de 323- gl as s pr o duct s ; S I C co de 34- f ab r i cat ed m e t a l pr o duct s ( e x cept f ab r i cat ed st r u ct ur al me t a l) ;S I C c o d e 3 5

- in d u s t r i a l a n d c o mme r c ia l ma c h in e r y a n d c o mp u t e r equi pm en t ; S I C c o d e 36- el ect r o n i c an d o t h e rel ect r i cal equi pm en t an d co m p o n en t s ; S I C co de 37- t r a n s p o r t a t i o n equi pm en t ( e x cept sh i p an d b o at b u i l d in g an d r e pai r in g) ; SI C co de 38- m eas ur in g, an al y z in g, an d c o nt r o l l in g in s t r u me n t s ;S I C c o d e 3 9

- mi s c e lla n e o u s ma nu fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s ;a n d S I C co de 4221- 4225- pub l i c war e h o us in g an d s t o r age. T o d e t e r min e w h e t h e r a p ar t ic u l arfa c ilit y fa lls w it h in o n e o f t h e s e c a t e g o r ie s , co n s ul t t h e r e gul at i o n . P r et r eat m e n t P r o g r a m A n o t h e rt y pe o f di sch ar g e t h at i s r e gul at ed b y t h e CWA i s o n e t h at go es t o a pub l i c l y - o wn ed t r eat m e n t wo r k s ( P OT W s )

. T h e n a t i o n al pr et r eat m e n t pr o g r a m ( C WA §307( b ) ) co n t r o l s t h e i n d i r ect di s c h ar g e o f po ll u t a n t s t o P O T W s b y " in d u s t r ia l u s e r s . " F a c ilit ie s r e g u l a t e d u n d e r §307( b ) m u s t m eet cer t a in pr et r eat m e n t st an dar d s. T h e go al o f t h e pr et r eat m e n t pr o g r a m i s t o pr o t ect m u n i ci pal wast ewat er t r eat m e n t pl an t s f r o m dama ge t h at ma y o ccur wh en h azar do us, t o x i c, o r o t h e rwast es ar e di sch ar g ed in t o a sewersy st em an d t o pr o t ect t h e qual i t y o f s l udge gen e r a t e d b y t h es e pl an t s . Di s c h ar g es t o a P O T W ar e r e gul at ed pr imar i l y

b y t h e P O T W it self , r a t h ert h an t h e S t at e o r EPA

. T h e E P A h a s dev e l o ped t ech n o l o gy - b as ed s t an dar d s f o rin dus t r i a l us e r s o f P O T W s. Di f f e r e n t st an dar d s appl y

t o ex i s t in g an d n e w so ur ces wit h in each cat ego r y . "Cat ego r i cal " pr et r eat m e n t st an dar d s appl i cab l e t o an in dust r y o n a

na t i o n w i d e ba s i s ar e d e ve l o p e d by E P A. I n a d d i t i o n , a n o t he r k ind o f p r e t r e a t me n t s t a n d ar d , " l o c a l limit s , " ar e d e v e lo p e d b y t h e P O T W in o r d e r t o a s s i s t t h e P O T W in a c h ie v in g t h e e fflu e n t limit a t io n s in it s N P D E S p e r mit

. Regar d l e ss o f wh et h e ra S t at e i s aut h o r i zed t o im p l e m e n t eit h er t h e NP DE S o r

t h e p r e t r e a t me n t p r o g r a m, if it d e v e lo p s it s o w n p r o g r a m, it ma y e n fo r c e re q u i re m e n t s m o re s t rin g e n t t h a nF e d e ra l s t a n d ard s . S p ill P r e v e n t i o n , C o n t r o l a n d C o u n t e r m e a s u r e P l a n s T h e 1 9 9 0 O il P o llu t i o n A c t r e q u i r e s t h a t fa c ilit ie s t h a t c o u l d r e a s o n ab ly b e e x p e c t e d t o d i s c h ar g e o il in h ar m fu l q u a n t it ie s p r e p ar e a n d imp le me n t mo r e

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 103 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

r i g o r o u s S p ill P r e v e n t i o n C o n t r o l a n d C o u n t e r m e a s u r e ( S P C C ) P l a n r e q u i r e d un dert h e C WA ( 40 C F R§112. 7)

. T h er e ar e al s o cr imin a l a n d c i v il p e n a lt ie s fo r d e lib e r a t e o r n e g lig e n t s p ills o f o il. R e g u l a t io n s c o v e r in g r e s p o n s e t o o i l di s c h ar g es an d co n t in gen c y pl an s ( 40 C F RPar t 300) , an d F ac ilit y R e s p o n s e Pl an s t o o i l di s c h ar g es ( 40 C F R§112. 20) an d f o rPC B t r an s f o r m e r s an d PC B

co n t ain in g it em s wer e r e v i s e d an d f in a l i zed in 1995.
E

P

A ’ s Of f

i ce of W a ter , at ( 202) 260- 5700, w ill dir ect caller s that ques tions about t h e C W A t o the appr opr iate E P

A of f

i ce. E P

A als o maintains a bibliogr aphic databas e of Of f

i ce of W a te r publications w h ich can be acces s e d thr ough the Gr ound W a ter and Dr inking W a ter R e s our ce Ce nter , at ( 202) 260- 7786. Saf e Dr inking W a ter A c t
T h e S a f e Dr inkin g Wa t e r A c t ( S DWA ) ma n d at es t h at E P A est ab l i s h r e g u l a t i o ns t o p r o t e c t hu ma n he a l t h

f

r o m c o nt a min a n t s in d r ink ing w a t e r . T h e l a w aut h o r i zes E P A t o dev e l o p n a t i o n al dr inkin g wat e rst an dar d s an d t o cr eat e a j o in t F e der a l

- S t at e sy st em t o en sur e co m p l

i a n ce wit h t h ese st an dar d s. T h e SDWA al s o di r ect s E P A t o pr o t ect un der g r o un d s o ur ces o f dr i n k i ng w a t e r b y c o n t r o llin g u n d e r g r o u n d in je c t io n o f liq u i d w a s t e s . T h e E P A h a s dev e l o ped pr imar y an d s e c o nd a r y dr inkin g wat e rs t an dar d s un derit s S D WA aut h o r it y . T h e E P A an d aut h o r i zed S t at es en f o r ce t h e pr imar y dr inkin g wat e rst an dar d s, wh i c h ar e co n t am in an t

- speci f i c c o n c e n t r a t io n limit s t h a t ap p l y t o c e r t a in p u b lic d r ink in g w a t e r s uppl i e s . P r imar y d r ink in g w a t e r s t a n d ar d s c o n s is t o f ma x imu m c o n t a min a n t le v e l g o a l s ( M CL Gs) , wh i c h ar e n o n - en f o r c e a b l e , h eal t h

- b ased go al s, an d ma x im u m c o nt a m in an t l e v e l s ( M CL s) , wh i c h ar e en f o r ceab l e limit s s e t a s c l o s e t o M C L G s a s p o s s i b l e , c o n s id e r in g c o s t a n d fe a s ib ilit y o f a t t a in me n t

. Th e SD WAU n d e rg ro u n d In j e c t i o nC o n t ro l (U IC ) Pro g r a m (4 0 C F RPart s 144- 148) i s a per m it pr o g r a m t h at pr o t ect s un der g r o un d s o ur ces o f dr inkin g w a t e r b y r e g u l a t in g fiv e c l a s s e s o f in je c t io n w e lls

. T h e U I C p e r mit s in c l u d e des i gn , o p er at in g, in s p ect i o n , a nd m o n it o r in g r e qui r e m e n t s . W e ll s us ed t o in

j ect h azar do us wast es m u st al so co m p l

y

wit h RCRA co r r ect i v e a c t i o n st an d ar d s in o r d e rt o b e g r an t e d a RCRA p e r m it an dm u st m e e t ap p li cab l e RCRA l a n d d i s p o s a l r e s t r i c t i o n s s t a n d ar d s . Th e U I C p e r m it p r o g r a m i s pr imar i l y

S t at e- en f o r ced, sin ce E P A h a s aut h o r i zed all b u t a f e w S t at es t o a d min is t e r t h e p r o g r a m. T h e S D WA a l s o p r o v id e s fo r a

F e d e r a lly- imp le me n t e d s o le s o u r c e a q u i fe r p r o g r a m, w h ic h p r o h ib it s F e d e r a l fu n d s fr o m b e in g e x p e n d e d o n p r o j e c t s t h a t ma y c o n t a min a t e t h e s o le o r p r in c i p a l s o u r c e o f d r ink in g w a t e rfo r a

g i v e n ar ea, an d f o ra S t at e- im p l e m e n t ed well h ead pr o t ect i o n pr o g r a m wh i c h i s des i gn ed t o pr o t ect dr inkin g wat e rwell s an d dr inkin g wat e rr ech ar ge ar eas .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 104 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions The E P

A Saf e Dr inking W a ter Hotline, at ( 800) 426- 4791, ans we r s ques tions and dis t r i butes guidance pertaining t o SD W A s tandar ds

. The Hotline oper a tes f r

om 9: 00 a. m. thr ough 5: 30 p. m. E T , excluding F e der a l holidays

. Toxic Subs tances C ontr o l A c t
T h e T o x i c S u b s t a n ces Co n t r o l A c t ( T S C A ) gr an t e d E P A aut h o r it y t o cr eat e a r e gul at o r y f

r am ewo r k t o co ll ect dat a o n ch em i cal s in o r dert o ev al ua t e , assess, m it i g a t e , an d co n t r o l r i sks t h at ma y b e po sed b y t h ei rma nu f act ur e, pr o cessin g , an d use. T S CA pr o v i d es a v ar i et y o f co n t r o l m e t h o d s t o pr ev en t ch em i cal s f r o m po sin g unr easo n ab l e r i sk.
T h e T S CA st an dar d s ma y appl y

at an y po in t dur in g a ch em i cal ’ s l i f

e cy cl e. U n d e r T S C A § 5 , E P A ha s e s t abl i s he d a n inve nt o r y o f c h e m i c a l s u bs t a nc e s . I f

a ch em i cal i s n o t a l r eady o n t h e in v e n t o r y an d h a s n o t b een ex cl uded b y T S CA , a pr emanuf act ur e n o t i ce ( P MN) m u st b e sub m it t e d t o E P A pr i o rt o ma nu f act ur e o rim p o r t

. T h e P M N m u st i d en t i f y

t h e ch em i cal an d pr o v i d e av ai l ab l e in f o r mat i o n o n h eal t h

an d en v i r o n m en t a l ef f ect s. I f av ai l ab l e dat a ar e n o t suf f i ci en t t o ev al uat e t h e ch em i c a l ’ s e f f ect s, E P A can im p o s e r e st r i ct i o n s pen d in g t h e dev e l o p m en t o f in f o r mat i o n o n it s h eal t h

an d en v i r o n m en t a l ef f ect s. T h e E P A ca n a l s o r e st r i ct si gn i f i can t n e w uses o f ch em i cal s b a sed upo n f

act o r s such as t h e pr o j ect ed vo l u m e an d use o f t h e ch em i cal

. Un derT S CA §6, E P A can b a n t h e ma nu f act ur e o rdi st r i b u t i o n in co m m

e r c e o f , limit t h e u s e o f , r e q u i r e lab e lin g fo r , o r p l ace o t h e rr e st r i ct i o n s o n ch em i cal s t h at po se unr easo n ab l e r i sks. A m o n g t h e ch em i cal s E P A r e gul at es un der§6 aut h o r it y ar e asb e st o s , CF Cs, an d P CBs.
The E P

A TSC A A s s i s tance I n

f

o r m ation Ser v ice, at ( 202) 554- 1404, ans we r s ques tions and dis t r i butes guidance pertaining to TSC A s ta ndar d

s . T h e S e r v i c e o p e r a t e s fr o m 8 : 3 0 a . m . th r ough 4 : 3 0 p . m . E T , excl udi ng F e deral holidays

.

C l e a n Ai r Ac t

T h e Cl ean A i rA c t an d it s am en dm en t s , in cl udin g t h e C l ean A i rA c t A m en dm en t s ( C AAA) o f 1990, ar e des i gn ed t o “ p r o t ect an d enh a n ce t h e n a t i o n ' s ai rr e so ur ces so as t o pr o m o t e t h e pub l i c h eal t h an d welf ar e an d t h e p r o duct i v e capacit y o f t h e po pul at i o n . ” T h e CA A co n s i s t s o f sixsect i o n s , kn o w n as t it l es, t h at di r ect E P A t o est ab l i s h n a t i o n al st an dar d s f o ram b i en t ai r qual it y an d f o r E P A an d t h e S t at es t o im p l e m e n t , ma in t a in , an d en f o r ce t h ese s t a n d ar d s t h r o u g h a var i e t y o f m e c h a n i s m s . U n d e r t h e C AAA, ma ny f

a c ilit ie s w ill b e r e q u i r e d t o o b t a in p e r mit s fo r t h e fir s t t ime

. S t a t e a n d lo c a l

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 105 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions
go v e r n m e n t s o v er see, ma n a ge, an d en f o r ce ma n y o f t h e r e qui r e m e n t s o f t h e C AAA. T h e C AA r e g u l a t i o ns ap p e ar a t 4 0C F R P ar t s 5 0

- 9 9

. P u r s u a n t t o T it l e I

o f t h e C A A , E P A h a s e s t ab lis h e d N A A Q S t o limit le v e ls o f c r it e r i a p o ll u t a nt s , in c l u d ing c ar bo n m o no xi d e ( C O ) , l e a d ( P b) , N O 2 , P M , oz on e , S O 2 , an d v o l a t i l e o r gan i c co m p o u n d s ( VOCs)

. Geo g r aph i c ar eas t h at m

eet NA A Q S f o ra gi v e n po ll u t a n t ar e cl assi f i ed as at t a in m e n t ar e a s ; t h o s e t h at do n o t m e e t N AAQS ar e cl as s i f i ed as n o n - at t a in m e n t ar eas . Un der s ect i o n 110 o f t h e CA A , each S t at e m u s t dev e l o p a S t at e I m pl em en t a t i o n P l an ( S I P ) t o i d en t i f y

so ur ces o f ai rpo ll u t i o n an d t o det e r m in e wh at r e duct i o n s ar e r e qui r e d t o m eet F e der a l ai rqual it y s t an dar d s . R e v i s e d N AAQ S f o r par t i c ul at es an d o z o n e wer e pr o p o s ed in 1996 an d ma y go in t o ef f ect as ear l y as l a t e 1997.
T it l e I al so aut h o r i zes E P A t o est ab l i s h n e w so ur ce per f o r ma n ce st an dar d s (N SPS), w h i c h ar e n a t i o n a ll y

un i f o r m e m i s s i o n s t a n dards f o r n e w s t a t i o n ary s o u r c e s fa llin g w i t h in p ar t ic u l arin d u s t r ia l c a t e g o r ie s . N SPS ar e b a s e d o n t h e po ll u t i o n co n t r o l t ech n o l o gy av ai l ab l e t o t h at cat ego r y o f in dust r i a l so ur ce. Un der T it l e I , E P A est ab l i s h e s an d en f o r ces n a t i o n al em i ssi o n st an dar d s f o r h azar do us ai rpo ll u t a n t s ( N E S HA P s ) , wh i c h ar e n a t i o n all y

un i f o r m st an dar d s o r ie n t e d t o w ar d s c o n t r o llin g p ar t ic u l ar H A P s . T i t l e I , s e c t io n 112( c) o f t h e CA A f u r t h e r di r ect ed E P A t o dev e l o p a l i s t o f so ur ces t h at em it an y o f 188 HA P s an d t o dev e l o p r e gul at i o n s f o rt h ese cat ego r i e s o f so ur ces. T o dat e , E P A h a s l i s t e d 174 cat ego r i e s an d dev e l o ped a s c h e dul e f o rt h e es t ab l i s h m en t o f

e mis s i o n s t a n d ar d s . T h e e mis s i o n s t a n d ar d s w ill b e d e v e lo p e d fo r b o t h n e w an d ex i s t in g so ur ces b a sed o n ma x im u m ach i e v ab l e co n t r o l t ech n o l o gy ( M A C T )

. T h e MA CT i s def in e d as t h e co n t r o l t ech n o l o gy achi e v in g t h e ma x imu m d e g r e e o f r e d u c t i o n in t h e e mis s i o n o f t h e H A P s . T i t l e I I o f t h e CA A per t ain s t o m o b i l e so ur ces, such as car s, t r ucks, b u ses , an d pl an es. Ref o r m ul at ed gaso l in e, aut o m o b i l e po ll u t i o n co n t r o l dev i ces, an d v apo rr eco v e r y n o zzl es o n gas pum ps ar e a f e w o f t h e m ech an i s m s E P A uses t o r e gul at e m o b i l e ai rem i ssi o n so ur ces. T it l e I V o f t h e CA A est ab l i s h e s a S O 2 an d NO 2 e m i s s i on s c o n t r o l pr og r a m des i gn ed t o r e du c e t h e f o r mat i o n o f aci d r a in . R e duct i o n o f s u lf urdi o x i d e r e le a s e s w ill b e o b t a in e d b y g r a n t in g t o c e r t a in s o u r c e s limit e d e mis s i o n s all o wan ces , wh i c h , b e gin n in g in 1995, w ill b e s e t b e lo w p r e v io u s le v e ls o f S O 2 s u l f u r

d i o x id e r e le a s e s . R e d u c t i o n o f n it r o g e n w ill b e o b t a in e d b y r e q u i r e d r e duct i o n o f n it r o g en o x i d es f r o m po werpl an t s an d n e w car s. T it l e V o f t h e C A A o f 1990 cr eat ed a per m it pr o g r a m f o r all " maj o r s o ur ces " ( a n d cer t a in o t h e rs o ur ces ) r e gul at ed un dert h e C A A

. O n e pur po s e o f t h e o p e r a t in g p e r mit is t o in c l u d e in a s in g le d o c u me n t a ll a i r e mis s i o n s

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 106 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

r e q u i r e me n t s t h a t ap p l y t o a g i v e n fa c ilit y. S t a t e s ar e d e v e lo p in g t h e p e r mit pr o g r a m s in acco r d an ce wit h gui dan ce an d r e gul at i o n s f r o m E P A

. On ce E P A ap p r o v e s a

S t a t e p r o g r a m t h a t s t a t e w ill is s u e a n d mo n i t o r p e r mit s . T it l e VI o f t h e CA A i s in t e n d ed t o pr o t ect st r a t o sph e r i c o z o n e b y ph asin g o u t t h e ma nu f act ur e o f o z o n e- depl et in g ch em i cal s an d r e st r i ct t h ei r use an d di s t r i b u t i o n . Pr o duct i o n o f C l as s I s u b s t a n c e s , i n c l udin g 15 kin d s o f C F C s an d ch l o r o f o r m , wer e ph as ed o u t ( e x cept f o res s e n t i a l us es ) in 1996.
The E P

A C l ean A i r Technology Ce nter , at ( 919) 541- 0800, pr ovides gener a l as s i s tance and inf o r m ation on C A A s tandar ds

. The S t ra tos pher i c Oz one I

n

f

o r m ation Hotline, at ( 800) 296- 1996, pr ovides gener a l inf o r m ation about r

e gulations pr omulgated under Title V I

of the C A A , and th e E P

A E P C R

A Hotline, at ( 800) 535- 0202, ans we r s ques tions about accidental r e leas e pr evention under CA A §112( r )

. I n addit i o n , t h e Clean A i r T echnology Center ’ s we bs ite includes r ecent CA A r u les , E P

A guidance documents , and updates of E P

A activities ( h ttp: // www. e p a . g o v /ttn the n s e le c t Dir e c t or y and the n C A TC ).
V I . B I ndus try Spe c i f i c R e quir e m e nts Since the 1960s , ther e has been an incr eas ed public awar enes s that indus tr ial growth, as well as its inher e nt need f o rener gy pr oduced us ing f o s s il f u els , is accom p ani e d by t h e r e l ease of pot ent i a l l y har m f u l pol l u t a nt s i n t o t h e environment. Hence, the fossil fuel electric power generation industry has become one of t h e mos thighly r e gulated indus tr ies

. I n addr es s i ng environmental is s u es , the indus tr y has moved f r o m pr o v i ding not only the lowest cos tener gy, to pr oviding the lowes t cos tener gy with an acceptable impact on the envir onment. Airpollution contr o l has been of mos t concer n, with a s i gnif i cant per centage of the cos tof a powerplant going towar d s the purchase of airpollution contr o l equipment. However , contr o l of hazar dous effluent dis c har g es and pr oper management and dis pos al of s o lid was t es have also been key concer ns . T h is s ection s u mmar i zes the cur r e nt major F e der a l regulations affecting the fossil fuel electric power generation industry. National Environmental Policy Act
The National E nvir onmental Policy Act of 1969 ( N E P A) applies to all Federal agencies and to Feder a l actions that may s i gnif i c a n t l y impact the environment. T h e NE PA r e quir e s that all Feder a l agencies pr epar e detailed statements as s e s s i ng the envir onmental impact of , and alter n atives to, major Federal actions that may s i gnif i cantly af f

ect the quality of the human environment. I m plemen t i n g r e gulations ar e is s u ed by the C ouncil on Environmental Quality ( C E Q ) at 4 0 C F RPar t s 1500- 1508. NE PA implementing r e gulations that ar e mos tapplicable to the f o s s il f u el electr i c

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 107 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions
power gener a tion indus tr y can be f ound at 40 C F R Par t 6 ( E PA) and 10 C F R Part 1021 ( DOE )

. E ach gover n ment agency has is s u ed it s own implementing r e gulations underNE PA. T h e types of Feder a l a c t ivities a s s o c i a t e d with fos s il fue l e l e c t ric powe rge ne ra ting fa c ilitie s tha tma y b e subject to NE PA r e quir e ments includ e s iting, cons tr uction, and oper a tions o f

f

e der a lly owned f acilities , f e der a lly is s u ed N P DE S , RCRA, and air permits, and federally issued operation licenses.
Each Feder a l activi t y s u bject to NE PA mus tf o llow cer tain envir onmental review pr ocedur es . I f ther e is enough inf o r m ation to deter mine at the outs e t that the Feder a l action will caus e a s i gnif i cant ef f

ect on the envir onment, then an envir onmental impact s t atement ( E I S ) mus tbe pr epar ed. I f ther e is insufficient inf o r m ation available, an envir onmental as s e s s m ent ( E A) mus t be pr epar ed t o assi st t h e agency i n det e r m i n i ng i f t h e i m p act s ar e si gni f i cant enough to r e quir e an E I S. I f the as s e s s m ent s hows the im p a cts not to be s i g n i f i cant , t h e agency m u stpr epar e a f i ndi ng of no si gni f i cant i m p ac t (FONSI). Furthe r s t a g e s of the Fe de ra l a c tivity ma y the n be e x c l ude d from the NEPA requirements. Clean Air Act
Numerous exis ting s t andar d s and pr ogr ams underthe C l ean AirAct may affect the fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y. T h es e r e gulations and pr ogr ams include T itle I New Sour ce Per f o r m ance Standar d s , T itle I I I National E mis s i ons Standar d s f o rHazar dous Air Pollutants , T itle I V Acid Rain Pr ogr am, and T itle V Oper ating Per mits Pr ogr am. T h e NAAQS under Title I may affect the industry indirectly through permits. National Ambient Air Quality Standards Regulations f o rNAAQS do not dir ectly af f

ect the f o s s il f u el electr i c power generation indus tr y becaus e they ar e not applied to s our ces . Rat h e r , thes e standards ar e applied to the ambient airin a pa r t i c u l arar ea. F o s s il f u el e l e c t r i c powergener a tor s may be indir ectly af f

ected by thes e s t andar d s i f they ar e located in ornearan ar ea with nonattainment s t a t u s . I n meeting NAAQS, States develop and implement SI Ps that pr es cr ibe us e of r eas onably available contr o l technologies ( R AC T s ) f o rmajors our ces . I n addition, as fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities ar e typically one of the lar g es t emitters o f cr iter i a pollutants , they may be tar g eted f o rmor e s t r i ngent controls implemented through operating permits. The NAAQS cur r e n t l y e x is t f o rthe f o llowing cr iter i a pollutants ( 40 C F R
10 , SO 2 , CO, Pb, ozone, and NO Part 50): PM X . On J u ly 16, 1997, n e w a n d / o rr e vis e d s t andar d s f o rpar ticulate matterand ozone wer e pr omulgated. T h e r e gulations r e v i s e t h e cur r e nt pr imar y

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 108 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions standard by adding a new annual PM 2.5 (o r PM " f in e " ) st a n d a r d s e t a t 1 5 micrograms per cubic meter( μ g/m 3 ) an d a n e w 24- h o urPM 2. 5 st an d ar d set at 65 μ g/m 3

. T h ese r e gul at i o n s r e v i se t h e cur r e n t 1- h o urpr imar y st an dar d f o r gr o u n d l e v e l o z o n e b y addin g an 8- h o urs t an dar d s e t at 0. 08 ppm ( t h e 1- h o ur s t a n d ar d w ill e v e n t u a lly b e p h a s e d o u t )

. Among the tools pr opos ed f o rimplementing thes e new ambient s t andar d s is a trading plan for e mis s i ons from utilitie s . T h e ne w s t a ndards will re quire local contr o ls in 2004 f o rozone and 2005 f o rpar ticulate m a t t e r , with compliance by 2007 and 2008, respectively. A gr oup called the Ozone T r ans por t As s e s s m ent Gr oup ( O T AG) was f o r m ed between E P A, the E nvir onmental C ouncil of States , and var i ous indus tr y and e n v i r o nmental gr oups . T h e pr imar y objective of OT AG is the collect i v e assessment of t h e ozone t r anspor tpr obl emand t h e devel opm ent of a st r a t e gy for reducing ozone pollution on a regional scale.
New Source Review and New Source Performance Standards
New s ourc e re vie w (NSR ) re q u i re me nts in 40 C F R§52. 21(b)(1)(I)(a )-(b) apply to all new f acilities and may apply to expans ions of exis ting f acilities or pr oces s modif i cations

. T h e NSR s ar e typically conducted by State agencies i n accor d ance wi t h t h ei r S I P

. S I P s ar e t h e pr i m ar y t ool f o rm eet i n g NAAQS and are administered through State and local agencies.
Prevention of s i gnif i cant deter i or ation ( PSD) r e views ar e per f o r m ed f o r areas meeting NAAQS

. Nonatt a i nment r e views ar e per f o r m ed f o rar eas violating the NAAQS. I n nonattainment a r e a s , per mits may be is s u ed to require new s our ces to meet lowes tachievable emis s i on r a te ( L AE R ) standards. Oper ator s of the new s our ces mus tpr ocur e r e ductions in emis s i on of the s a me pollutants f r o m other s our ces in the nonattainment ar ea in equal or greater amounts to the emis s i ons f r o m the new s our ce. T h es e " e mis s i on offsets" may be banked and tr aded thr ough the State agencies

. I n PSD ar eas , permits r e q u i r e t h e bes tavailable contr o l technology ( B AC T ) , and the operator mus tconduct continuous airmo n i t o r i n g f o rone yearpr iorto the startup of the new s our c e t o deter mine the ef f

ects that the new emis s i ons may have on air quality.
Under NSPS, give n a t40 C F RPar t60, E P A s e ts s t a ndar d s f o r L A E Ra n d BACT f o rthe f o llowing s ubcategor ie s o f the f o s s il f u el electr i c power generation industry:

� Subpart D: S t a n d ards of Pe rforma n c e for Fos s i l

- F u e l

- F i r e d S t e a m Generators f o rWhich C ons tr uction I s C o mmenced Af ter August 17, 1971

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 109 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

� Subpart Da: Standards of Per f o r m ance f o rFo s s i l

- F u e l

- F ir ed Steam Generators f o rWhich C ons tr uction I s C o mmenced Af ter September 18, 1978

� Subpart Db: Standards of Performance for Industrial-CommercialInstitutional Steam Generating Units

� Subpart Dc: Standards of Performance for Small IndustrialCommercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units

� Subpart GG: Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines. The standards in each subcategory apply to units of a specified size and age. Table 36 provides the NSPS.

Table 36: New Source Performance Standards Emission Standards SO 2 General standard for various levels of ng/J (lb/mm Btu) heat input and % reduction, depending on fuel type and sulfur content (see 40 CFR Subparts D, Da, Db, and Dc). For gas turbines, no gases in excess of 0.015% by volume (at 15% O 2 by volume) or with sulfur contents in excess of 0.8% by weight shall be burned. NO X Between 0.2 and 0.8 lb/mm BTU, depending on category of combustion. For gas turbines, NO X standards specified in equation in 60.332(a)(1) or (2) as directed in 60.332(b), (c), and (d). P M Between 0.05 and 0.20 lb/mm BTU, unless a low nitrogen fuel is used, in which case compliance is based on results of performance tests. Opacity 20%. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Current r e gulations at 40 C F RPar t61 pr ovide s t andar d s f o reight s ubs tances identified as airtox i cs : vinyl chlor i de, mer c ur y, ber y llium, r a don, radionuclides, benzene, asbestos, and arsenic. U nde r T itle III of the C A A , EPA is re quire d to ide n tify s ourc e c a t e gorie s o f 188 HAPs or toxic a i r pollutants and then is s u e ( a t 40 C F R P ar t63) M A CT s t andar d s f o reach source categor y accor d ing to a pr es cr ibed s c hedule. T h e s t andar d s ar e to be based on bes tdemons tr ated cont r o l technologies orpr actices within the regulated indus tr y. E i ght year s af tera M A C T is ins t alled on a s our ce, E P A is re q u i r e d t o e v a l ua te the ris k le ve ls re ma ining a tthe fa c ilitie s a n d determine whetheradditional contr o ls ar e n e e d e d to r e duce the r i s k to acceptable levels.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 110 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions The E P A ha s is s u e d a n initia l lis t of c a t e gorie s of ma jor a nd ar e as ourc e s tha t will be s ubject to r e gu l a t i o n underSection 112 ( 57 FR31576)

. T h e lis t contains n u m er ous s our ces f r o m the f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion industry, and s t andar d s ar e cur r e n t l y b e ing developed underthe I ndus tr ial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking (see Section VI.C.). Acid Rain Program
T h e 1990 a m e n d m e n t s t o t h e C A A a d d e d a n e w p r o v i s i o n ( T itle IV) t o control acid depos ition. T itle I V of the C AAA s e ts pr imar y goals to r e duce
2 and NO 2 . annual emissions of both SO Upwards of 20 million tons of SO 2 ar e emitted annually in the United States

. Most of this amount is f r o m the bur ning of f

o s s il f u els by electr i c utilities

. Because acid r a in is a pr oblem, T itle I V r e quir e s E P A t o r e duce S O 2 emissions to 10 million tons below the 1980 level. R e duction in SO 2 will be attained in two phas e s by a mar k etable emis s i on allowance pr ogr am ( 40 C F R Part 73)

. Phas e I , w h i c h became ef f

ective in J a nuar y 1995, r e quir e d 110 power plants to r e duce theiremis s i ons to a level equivalent to the pr oduct of an emis s i ons r a te of 2. 5 pounds ( l bs ) of SO 2 /mmBt u time s a n a v e r a g e o f their 1985- 1987 f u el us e. Plants that us e cer tain contr o l technologies to meet the P h as e I r e duction r e quir e ments r eceived a 2- yearextens i o n of compliance until 1997. T h e new law als o allows f o rs p eci a l allocation of 200,000 annual allowances peryear , in eac h of the 5 year s of Phas e I , to power plants in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
U n d e r the ne w re quire me nts , utilitie s ma y tra d e a llowa nc e s within the i r systems and/orbuy ors e ll allowances to and f r o m other a f f

ected s our ces . Phase I f acilities wer e allocated allowances bas e d on his t or i c f u el consumption and a s p ecif i c emis s i on r a te. One allowance equals the r i ght to emit on e t o n o f S O 2 . Affe c t e d fa c ilitie s ar e re quire d to turn into the E P A one allowance for each ton emitted in a calendar year. Unused allowances may be s o ld, tr aded, orbanked by the f acilities

. Powerplants that do not have s u f f

i cient allowances to coverannual emis s i ons ar e s ubject to f ees and requirements to offset the excess emissions the following year. Power pla n t s t h a t e mit le s s tha n 1. 2 lbs of SO 2 /mmBtu ar e allowed to increase emissions by 20 percent until the year 2000.
Phase I I of the CAAA S O 2 r e duction r e quir e ment becomes ef f

ective J a nuar y 1, 2000, and af f

e c t s all utilities gener a ting at leas t 25 M W of electr i city. These r e quir e ments r e quir e appr oximately 2, 128 electr i c powerutilities to reduce emis s i ons to a level equivalent to the pr oduct of an emis s i ons r a te of 1.2 lbs of SO 2 /mmBtu times the aver age of their 1985- 1987 f u el us e. SO 2 emissions f r o m electr i c utilities will be capped at 8. 95 million tons peryear .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 111 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions Title IV of the CAAA requires a 2 million ton reduction in NO X emissions from 1980 le ve ls

. T h e E P A ha s de ve lope d re gula tions to he lp re duc e NO X emissions that may af f

ect the f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y. As in the SO 2 r e duction pr ogr am, the NO X E mis s i on R e duction Pr ogr am is being implemented in two phas e s f o r t w o c a t egor ies of coal- f i r e d electr i c utility boiler s . T h e NO X p r o g r a m d i ffe rs fro m th e SO 2 progra min tha tit neither " caps " the NO X e mis s i ons , nor utiliz e s a n a llowa nc e tra d ing s y s t e m . P h a s e I of the pr ogr am f o r" G r oup I " boiler s was ef f

ective on J a nuar y 1 , 1996, a n d a ffe c t e d dry-bottom wa ll fire d boile rs a nd ta nge ntia lly fire d boilers that are r e quir e d to meet NO X performance standards (40 CFR Part 7 6 )

. R e gulations f o rPhas e I I of the NO X r e duction pr ogr am wer e promulgated in December1996. T h es e r u les become ef f

ective in the year 2000. T h es e r e gulations s e t loweremis s i on limits f o r Gr oup 1 boiler s . I n addition, the r e gula tion e s tabl i s he s initia l NO X e mis s i on limita tions for Group 2 boiler s . Gr oup 2 b o iler s include boiler s applying cell bur ner technology, cyclone boiler s , wet bottom boiler s , and othertypes of coal- f i r e d boilers.
Facilities cover e d b y t h e Acid R a in Pr ogr am mus tapply f o ran Acid R a in Permit. M o s tutilitie s mus tapply for pe rmits in e ithe rPha s e I or Pha s e II of the pr ogr am. T w o categor ies of utility units may be eligible f o rexemption: small new units bur ning clean f u els and r e tir ed units

. Some cogener a tion units are not covered under the program.
To s uppor t the mandated r e ductions in SO 2 and NO X , the 1990 C AAA als o required E P A to is s u e r e gulations r e quir i n g f acilities to ins t all continuous emissions monitor i ng s y s t ems ( 40 CF R P ar t75)

. F o s s il f u el electr i c power generation units over25 megawatts and new units under25 megawatts that use f u el wi t h a sul f ur cont entgr eat ert h an . 05 per centby wei ghtar e r e qui r e d to measure and report emissions under the Acid Rain Program. Federal/State Operating Permits Programs
T itle V o f t h e C AAA r e quir e s the development of a compr e hens ive permitting program to control air emissions f r o m ma jor s t a tionar y s our c e s . Major s our ces include thos e that emit 100 tons /yearor m o r e of VOC s or criteria pollutants , 10 tons /yearormor e of any s i ngle toxic airpollutant, or 25 tons /yearormor e of a combination of toxic air pollutants

. T h is pr ogr am is modeled af terthe NPDE S pr ogr am underthe C W A a n d s e r v es to br ing together all of the r e quir e me n t s concer ning airemis s i ons that apply to affected s our ces . L i ke the NPDE S pr ogr am, adminis tr ation of the oper a ting permit program is also delegated to States with approved programs. This pr ogr am r e quir e s all s i gnif i cant s our ces of airemis s i ons to obt ain permits. I n ge ne r a l, utility f o s s il f u e l s t e a m e l e c t r i c powe rpla n ts ar e a l l

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 112 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions considered majors our ces , s o they wil l m o s tlikely be r e quir e d to obtain permits. Othe rtype s of f

o s s il f u e l e l e c t r i c powe r ge ne r a tion f a c ilitie s , s u c h a s thos e employing s m all gas tur b ines , may not be cons ider ed a majors our ce and may not be r e quir e d to apply f o ra per mit. Any oper a tional change that increases emis s i ons above s p ecif i ed limits will mos tlikely neces s itate per mit modifications. Pe r mit te r m s ar e de te r mine d by S t a t e r e gula tions f o r delegated programs but may not exceed 5 years. Clean Water Act
Wastewater dis c har g es f r o m f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities released to water s of the United States ar e cover e d underthe C W A. Any point s our ce dis c har g e is r e quir e d to apply f o r , and obtain, an NPDE S per mit (40 C F RPar t122)

. Per mits may be is s u ed by E P A or a S t a t e , d e pending upon whetherthe State has a delegated pr ogr am. T h e NPDE S per mits s e r v e to re gula t e point s ourc e dis c harge s by e s tablis hing polluta nt limita tions a n d other s p ecial conditions

. Facilities dis c har g ing to a POT W may be r e quir e d to obta i n a pe rmit from a POT W tha tha s a n approve d pre t re a tme nt progra m . Current technology- bas e d ef f

l uent limitations guidelines and pr etr eatment standards f o rdis c har g es f r o m the s t eam elect r i c gener a ting point s our ce category wer e pr omulgated in 1982 ( 40 C F R Par t423)

. T h e was t e s t r eams covered and parameters limited are summarized in Table 37 below.
Table 37: Waste Streams and Pollutants Regulated Under National Effluent Limitation Guidelines for the Steam Electric Generating Point Source Category Type of Waste Stream BAT Effluent Limitations Guidelines All discharges pH , PCBs Bottom ash transport waters and low volume waste sources TSS, oil and grease Chemical boiler metal cleaning wastes TSS, oil and grease, iron, and copper Non-chemical metal cleaning wastes Reserved (low volume wastewater limits apply) Fly ash transport water (including economizer ash) No discharge allowed (based on the availability of dry disposal methods and the potential for reuse of fly ash transport water) Once-through cooling water Total residual chlorine (TRC) or free available chlorine (FAC), depending on facility’s generating capacity Cooling tower blowdown FAC, chromium, zinc, other 126 priority pollutants where they are found in chemicals used for cooling tower maintenance Coal pile runoff T S S In gener a l, s t e a m e l ectr i c f acilities built af ter1982 ar e cons ider ed new sources and mus tcomply with the 1982 ef f

l uent limitations

. L e s s s t r i ngent

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 113 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions guidelines may apply f o rf acilities cons tr ucted between 1974 and 1982 ( s ee 1974 guidelines and s t andar d s )

. Steam electr i c gener a ting f acilities that have been repowered are considered new sources.
Steam electr i c f acilities that dis c har g e to a POT W may be r e quir e d to meet pretreatment s t andar d s f o rexis ting s our ces ( PSE S) orf o rnew s our ces (PSNS). Ge ne ra l pre t re a tme nt s t a ndards applying to mos ti ndus trie s disch a r g i n g to a P O T W ar e des c r i bed in 40 C F RP ar t403. P r etr eatment standards applying s p ecif i cally to the s t eam electr i c gener a ting point s our ce category are listed in 40 CFR §§423.16 and 17. Beyond the applicable technology- bas e d ef f

l uent limitations des c r i bed abov e , p e r mits may als o es tablis h technology- bas e d limits f o rother pollutants bas e d on the application of bes tpr o fe s s i onal judgement ( B PJ )

. Permit limits and s p ecial conditions may als o be es tablis hed bas e d on water quality considerations. Thermal limitations are often placed in permits for steam electr i c powerplants bas e d on S ection 316( a) of the C W A and water quality cons ider ations

. Additionally, per mits may r e quir e the per f o r m ance of a demons tr ation s t udy and implementation of contr o l techno l o g i e s to minimize adver s e envir onmental impacts f r o m c o o l ing waterintake structures. Storm wa te rdis c har g e s a s s o c i a t e d with a ny indus tr ia l a c tivity ons ite a ta fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acility ar e cover e d underthe National Storm W a t e rProgra m . Ste a m e l e c t ric powe rge ne ra ting a c tivitie s ar e lis te d a s one of the categor ies of indus tr ial activities s ubject t o t h e s t or m water p e rmit applic a tion re quire me nts (c a t e gory vii). T h e re gula tions a t40 C F R Part 122. 26 r e quir e f acilities dis c har g ing s t or m waterf r o m 1 o f the 11 categories of indus tr ial activities to apply f o ra s t or m waterper mit if the storm waterdis c har g es to water s of the United States

. I n mos t p e r mits , facilities ar e r e quir e d to develop and implement a s t or m waterpollution prevention plan. However, limitations and other special conditions may be i n c l ude d on a c a s e - by-c a s e ba s i s . Some pe rmits ma y inc l ude th e n u m e r i c effluent limitation guideline f o r c o a l pile r unof f

. Stor m waterdis c har g es associated with otheri n d u s t r i al activities at f o s s il f u el electr i c power generation facilities are typically not subject to numeric limits, however. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act The 1980 Solid Was te Dis pos al A c t Amendments conditionally exempted from re gula tion unde r Subtitl e C l arge volume wa s t e s , inc l uding fly a s h waste, bottom as h was t e, boilers l ag was t e, and f l ue gas emis s i o n contr o l waste gener a ted pr imar ily f r o m the combus tion of coal or other f o s s il f u els (RCRA §3001)

. S ect i on 8002( n) of RCRA di r ect ed E P A t o s t udy t h es e wastes.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 114 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions In 1993, E P A is s u ed a r e gulator y deter mination addr es s i ng lar g e volume wastes ( f l y ash, bot t o mash, boi l e rash, boi l e rsl ag, and f l ue gas em i ssi on control wa s t e s ) ge ne r a te d by c o a l

- f i r e d utility powe rpla n ts , inc l uding independent powerpr oducer s not engaged in any oth e r i ndus t r i a l a c t i v i t y . The r e gulator y deter mination s t ated that thes e was t es s hould not be r e gulated a s Subtitle C wa s t e s whe n the y ar e ma na ge d s e para te ly from othe r wa s t e s . A s imilar de te rmina tion for othe r large volume fos s il fue l c o mbus tion wa s t e s and co-managed wastes was deferred pending additional studies. Wastes exempt f r o m hazar dous was t e r e gulation ( c ur r e ntly all was t es f r o m fossil f u el combus tion) ar e addr e s s e d b y S ubtitle D of RCRA ( f o r nonhazardous s o lid was t es )

. T h er e ar e cur r e ntly no F e der a l nonhazar dous waste r e gulations

. As a r e s u lt, f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion was t e management is addr es s e d s o lely by the States , eitherthr ough theirgener a l industrial s o lid was t e pr ogr ams orthr ough s p ecif i c pr ogr ams f o rf o s s il f u el combustion wastes. These State programs vary considerably.
Subtitle I of RCRA has s t r i ngent r e quir e ments f o r under g r ound petr oleum and hazar dous s ubs tances s t or age tank ( U S T ) s y s t ems with 110- g a llon or greater capacity. Any s t or age of f u els in UST s ons ite at a f o s s il f u el electr i c power gener a tion f acility would be cover e d un d e r thes e r e gulations at 40 CFR Part 280.
Subtitle C of RCRA pr ovides f o ra compr e hens ive cr adle to gr ave s y s t em of management f o rhazar dous was t e and includes r u les gover n ing was t e disposal on land; r ecycling and gener a tor s ; and t r e a tment, s t or age, or disposal f acilities ( T SDFs )

. L o w volume f o s s il f u el combus tion was t es not co-managed with as h, s l ag, orf l ue gas des u lf ur ization w a s t e s a nd other wastes that ar e not dir ectly as s o ciated with the combus tion pr oces s ar e not e x e m pted f r o m hazar dous was t e r e gulation. As s u ch, they ar e hazar dou s wastes if they ar e lis ted as hazar dous was t es f r o m non- s p ecif i c s our ces ( e . g . , spent s o l v ent s ) ori f t h ey exhi bi tone orm o r e of t h e RCRA hazar dous was t e character i s t ics of toxicity, cor r o s i vity, r eactivity, and ignitability. T h e identification of s p ecif i c lis ted was t es and the def i nitions of the hazar dous waste characteristics are listed in 40 CFR Part 261.
Fossil f u el electr i c power gener a ting plants do not typically gener a te lar g e quantities of hazar dous was t e. F u r t her m or e, the r e q u i r e m e nts and cos t s of operating an ons ite hazar dous was t e T S DF ar e extens ive. T h er ef or e, mos t electric powergener a ting f acilities s e nd any gen e r a ted hazar dous was t e to offsite RCRA-permitted commercial TSDFs for permanent disposal.
Some s t eam electr i c powergener a ting plants co- f i r e t h e i r boiler s with hazardous was t es ( e . g . , s p ent s o lvents ) , along with their pr imar y f o s s il f u el source. Such facilities are subject to RCRA regulation under the B I F R u le (40 CFR Part 266, Subpart H). T h e B I F R u le inc l ude s ope r a ting c ondition

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 115 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions requirements, as well as tes ting r e quir e ments , f o rairemis s i ons and r e s i duals to ensure adequate destruction of toxic constituents. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
I n a r ecent r u lemaking ( 62 F R23834, M a y 1, 1997) , E P A ex pan d ed t h e l i s t o f

in dus t r y gr o ups s u b j ect t o r e po r t in g r e qui r e m e n t s un derSect i o n 313 o f E P C R A ( 61 F R33587)

. T h e ex pan d ed l i s t o f in dus t r y gr o ups in cl udes e l e c t r i c u t ilit ie s c l a s s i fie d in t h e fo llo w in g S I C c o d e s : 4911 E l ect r i c Ser v i ces , 4931 E l ect r i c an d Ot h e r Ser v i ces C o m b in ed, an d 4939 C o m b in at i o n Ut ilit ie s , No t E l s e wh er e C l as s i f i ed. E P C R A Section 313 now r e q u i r e s electr i c generating f acilities that combus t c o a l and/oroil f o rthe pur pos e of generating electr i city f o rdis t r i bution in commer ce to evaluate theirchemical use and managemen t activities to deter mine potential r e por ting responsibi litie s . S e c t i o n 313 es tablis hes annual r e quir e ments f o ramounts released and other w is e managed of " s ection 313 chemicals " ( a lis t of mor e than 650 chemicals and chemical categories).
For each Section 313 chemical orchemical categor y, cover e d f acilities mus t report tota l routine a n d acci d e n t a l a m ounts enter i ng each envir onmental media, as well as on s ite was t e management via, and of f s ite tr ans f er s f o r , disposal, was t e tr eatment, ener gy r ecover y and r ecycling, and ons ite s our ce reduction activities

. T h is inf o r m ation is s ubmitted on the T R I r e por ting form called For mRif the f acility has met orexceeded cer tain thr e s holds

. The f i r s t p e r i o d o f r e por ting f o rthis indus tr y will be on orbef o r e J u ly 1, 1999, f o rthe per i od f r o m J a nuar y 1 to December 31, 1998. R e por ting will be r e quir e d annually ther eaf ter

. Foradditional inf o r m ation on thes e new TRI re porting re quire me nts , c onta c tthe E m e r ge nc y Pla nning a nd R i ght-toKnow Hotline at ( 800) 535- 0202 ( i n Vir g inia and Alas ka ( 703) 412- 9877; TDD (800) 553-7672). VI.C Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Hazar do us A i rP o ll u t a n t s I n

r e s p o n s e t o r e qui r e m e n t s un derSect i o n 112 o f t h e C A A as well as Sect i o n 129, E P A i s dev e l o pin g a un i f i e d s e t o f F e der a l ai rem i s s i o n r e gul at i o n s f o r in d u s t r ia l c o mb u s t i o n s o u r c e s . T h is r u le mak in g e ffo r t is b e i n g c a l le d t h e I n d u s t r i a l Co m b u s t i o n Co o r d in a t e d Ru l e mak in g ( I CCR)

. T h e I CCR w ill c o v e r s o u r c e s fr o m in d u s t r ia l/ in s t it u t io n a l/ c o mme r c ia l b o ile r , p r o c e s s h e a t e r s , in d u s t r ia l/ c o mme r c ia l a n d o t h e r s o lid w a s t e ( n o t in c l u d in g h azar do us, m e di cal , o r l ar g e m u n i ci pal ) in cin e r a t o r s , st at i o n ar y gas t u r b in es,

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 116 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

a n d s t a t io n ar y in t e r n a l c o mb u s t i o n e n g in e s . T h e s e s o u r c e s ar e n o t limit e d t o use o f f

o s s i l f

u el s an d h a v e t h e po t e n t i a l t o em i t b o t h HA P s an d cr it er i a p o llu t a n t s . T h is r u le mak in g e ffo r t w ill p r o d u c e ap p r o x ima t e ly s e v e n s e p ar a t e r e gul at i o n s , s ix o f wh i c h ar e ex pect ed t o b e f in a l i zed b y No v e m b er2000. F o r ad d it i o n al in f o r mat i o n o n t h e I CCR, co n t act F r edP o r t er , U. S

. E P A Of f i ce o f A i ran d R a di at i o n , at ( 919) 541- 5251.
Sect i o n 112( n ) r e qui r e s t h at E P A per f o r m s t udi es t o ev al uat e t h e h eal t h

r i s k s a s s o c i a t e d w it h e mis s i o n s o f t o x i c a i r p o llu t a n t s fr o m e l e c t r i c u t ilit y s t e a m g e ne r a t ing u n it s . E l e c t r i c u t ilit y s t e a m g e ne r a t ing u n it s ar e d e f ine d a s a n y f o ssi l f

u el

- f i r ed co m b ust i o n un it o f m o r e t h an 25 MW el ec t r i c t h at ser v es a gen e r a t o rt h at pr o duces el ect r i cit y f

o rs a l e . C o gen e r a t o r s t h at s uppl y

m o r e t h an o n e- t h i r d o f t h ei rp o t e n t i a l el ect r i c o u t put capacit y an d m o r e t h an 25 M W o u t p u t t o a n y u t ilit y p o w e r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m fo r s a le w ill a l s o b e c o v e r e d

. A p r e limin ar y s t u d y h a s b e e n c o mp le t e d a n d w a s is s u e d a s a n in t e r im f

in a l in Oct o b e r1996. A ddit i o n al s t udi es w ill b e p e r f o r me d , a s w e ll as an in - d ept h st udy o f po t e n t i a l pub l i c h eal t h

co n cer n s due t o m e r c ur y e mis s i o n s fr o m u t ilit ie s . T h e s e fin d in g s w ill b e p u b lis h e d in a r e p o r t t o Co n g r e ss at a l a t e rdat e an d wi ll in cl ude co st s an d t ech n o l o gi es av ai l ab l e t o co n t r o l t h ese em i ssi o n s an d r eco m m

e n d at i o n s as t o wh et h e rr e gul at i o n s ar e n eeded f o rai rt o x i cs em i ssi o n s f r o m t h i s in dust r y . F o r addit i o n al in f o r mat i o n o n t h is s t u d y , c o n t a c t B ill M a x w e ll, U

. S

. E P A O ffic e o f A i r a n d R a d i a t io n , a t ( 919) 541- 5430.
C l e an W a te r A c t
E fflu e n t L imit a t io n s G u id e lin e s a n d S t a n d ar d s a n d P r e t r e a t me n t S t a nd ar d s fo r t h e S t eam E l ect r i c P o in t S o ur ce Cat e go r y T h e e x is t in g 1 9 8 2 e fflu e n t limit a t io n s g u i d e lin e s a n d s t a n d ar d s a n d pr et r e a t m e n t st an dar d s f o rwast ewat erdi sch ar g es f r o m t h e S t eam E l ect r i c P o in t S o ur ce Cat e go r y ar e cur r e n t l y

b e in g r e v i ewed b y t h e Of f i ce o f W a t e r . A

p r e limin ar y s t u d y h a s b e e n c o mp le t e d b y t h e O ffic e o f W a t e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e g u id e lin e s a n d s t a n d ar d s b a s e d o n c u r r e n t t e c h n i c a l fe a s ib ilit y, e n v i r o n m e n t a l fa c t o r s , e c o n o mic imp a c t s , a n d u t ilit y t o p e r mit w r it e r s . T h e st udy was per f o r m e d b ecause t h e st eam el ect r i c po wer gen e r a t in g in dust r i a l cat ego r y i s co n s i d er ed as a can di dat e f o rpo ssi b l e r e gul at o r y r e v i si o n s in t h e f u t u r e . F o rad d i t i o n al in f o r mat i o n , co n t act Jo e Dal y , U. S

. E P A Of f i ce o f W a t e r , at ( 202) 260- 7186.
C o o l in g W a t e rI n t ake St r u ct ur e R e gul at i o n s Se c t i o n 316(b ) o f t h e C l e a nW a t e r A c t re qui re s t h a t “ ...a n y s t a n dard e s t ab l i s h e d purs u a n t t o Se c t i o n 301 o r306... a n d appl i c ab l e t o a po in t s o urc e sh all r e qui r e t h a t t h e l o cat i o n , desi gn co n s t r uct i o n , an d capacit y o f co o l in g

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 117 Sept em b e r1997F o s s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion Se c t ion V I . F e de r a lStatute s and R e gul a tions

w a t e rin t ak e s t r u c t u r e s r e fle c t t h e b e s t t e c h n o lo g y a v a ilab l e fo rmin imiz in g adv e r s e en v i r o n m en t a l im p act

. ” S in ce f o ssi l f

u el e l e c t r i c po wergen e r a t o r s wit h st eam t u r b in es wit h dr aw b y f

art h e gr eat est quan t it y o f co o l in g wat e r o f a n y s in g le in d u s t r ia l s e c t o r , it is e x p e c t e d t h a t t h is in d u s t r y w ill b e t h e mo s t af

f ect ed b y t h i s r e qui r e m e n t

. A l t h o ugh s o m e E P A r e gi o n s a nd St at es h a v e d e v e lo p e d p r o g r a ms t o min imiz e imp a c t s fr o m c o o lin g w a t e r s t r u c t u r e s , n o u n ifo r m n a t i o n a l s t a n d ar d s o r imp le me n t in g r e g u l a t io n s ar e c u r r e n t ly in fo r c e . A s set f o r t h in a co n s en t decr ee ( C r onin v. B r ow ner ) , E P A h a s in it ia t e d t h e in f o r mat i o n co l l e ct i o n act i v it i e s n eeded t o dev e l o p pr o p o s ed r e gul at i o n s t o addr es s im p act s f r o m t h e in t ake o f co o l in g wat e r b y 1999. F in a l E P A act i o n i s s c he d u l ed f o rt h e y ear2001. F o raddi t i o n al in f o r mat i o n o n t h e Sect i o n 316( b ) r u l e makin g ef f o r t , co n t act Deb o r a h Nagl e, U. S. E P A Of f i ce o f W a t e r , at ( 202) 260- 2656.
R e s our ce C ons er vation and R ecover y A c t A

r e g u l a t o r y d e t e r min a t io n o n w h e t h e rlar g e v o lu me w a s t e s a t u t ilit y o il- fir e d , n o nu t ilit y c o a l

- a n d o il- fir e d , a n d flu i d i z e d b e d c o mb u s t i o n p o w e r p l a n t s a n d c o - ma n a g e d lar g e v o lu me w a s t e s a t a ll u t ilit y a n d n o nu t ilit y c o a l

- a n d o il- fir e d e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n f a c ilit ie s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d h azar do us wast es un der Sub t it l e C i s ex pect ed t o b e f in a l i zed in 1998, pen d in g addit i o n al dat a co ll ect i o n . F o raddit i o n al in f o r mat i o n , co n t act Den n i s R uddy , U. S. E P A Of f i ce o f So l i d W a s t e, at ( 703) 308- 8430.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 118 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry VI I . COM P LI ANCE AND ENF O RCEM E NT HI S T ORY
Un t i l r ecen t l y , E P A h a s f o cused m u ch o f it s at t e n t i o n o n m easur in g co m p l

i a n ce wit h speci f i c en v i r o n m en t a l s t a t ut es. T h i s appr o ach all o ws t h e E P A t o t r ack co m p l

i a n ce wit h CA A , RCRA , CWA , an do t h e r en v i r o n m en t a l s t at ut es . Wit h in t h e l a s t s e v e r a l y ear s , t h e E P A h a s b e gun t o s uppl em en t s in g le

- m e d ia c o mp lia n c e in d i c a t o r s w it h fa c ilit y- s p e c i fic , mu lt ime d i a in d i c a t o r s o f c o mp lia n c e . I n d o in g s o , E P A is in a

b e t t e r p o s it i o n t o t r a c k c o mp lia n c e w it h a ll s t a t u t e s a t t h e fa c ilit y le v e l a n d w it h in s p e c i fic in d u s t r ia l sect o r s. A

ma jo r s t e p in b u ild in g t h e c ap a c it y t o c o mp ile mu lt ime d i a d a t a fo rin d u s t r ia l sect o r s was t h e cr eat i o n o f E P A ' s I D E A sy st em . T h e I D E A h a s t h e capacit y t o "r ead in t o " E P A ’ s sin g l e - m edi a dat ab a ses, ex t r act co m p l

i a n ce r eco r d s, an d ma t c h t h e r e c o r d s t o in d i v i d u a l fa c ilit ie s . T h e I D E A s y s t e m c a n ma t c h a i r , wat er , w a s t e , t o x i cs/ p est i ci des/E P CRA , T R I , an d en f o r cem en t do cket r eco r d s fo r a

g i v e n fa c ilit y a n d g e n e r a t e a lis t o f h i s t o r ic a l p e r mit , in s p e c t io n , a n d e n fo r c e m e n t a c t iv it y . I D E A a l s o h a s t h e c ap ab ilit y t o a n a l yz e d a t a b y g e o g r aph i c ar ea an d co r p o r at e h o l d er . A s t h e capaci t y

t o gen e r a t e mu lt ime d i a c o mp lia n c e d a t a imp r o v e s , E P A w ill mak e a v a ilab l e mo r e in

- d e p t h co m p l

i a n ce an d en f o r cem en t in f o r mat i o n . A ddit i o n all y , se ct o r - s peci f i c m

easur es o f success f o rco m p l

i a n ce assi st an ce ef f o r t s ar e b e in g dev e l o ped.
C

o mpliance and E n

f

o r cement P r of

ile Des c r i ption
Usin g in spect i o n , v i o l at i o n an d en f o r cem en t dat a f

r o m t h e I D E A sy st em , t h i s s e c t i o n pr o v i d es in f o r mat i o n r e gar d in g t h e h i st o r i cal co m p l

i a n ce and e n fo r c e m e n t a c t iv it y o f t h is s e c t o r . I n o r d e r t o mir r o r t h e f a c ilit y u n iv e r s e r e po r t ed in t h e T o x i c Ch em i cal P r o f i l e , t h e dat a r e po r t ed wit h in t h i s sect i o n co n s i s t o f r eco r d s o n l y

f

r o m t h e T R I r e po r t in g un i v er se. Wit h t h i s deci si o n , t h e sel ect i o n cr it er i a ar e co n s i s t e n t acr o ss sect o r s wit h cer t a in ex cept i o n s. F o r t h e s e c t o r s t h a t d o n o t n o rma ll y

re p o rt t o t h e TR I p r o g ra m , d a t ah a v e b e e n p r o v id e d fr o m E P A ' s F a c ilit y I n d e x in g S y s t e m ( F I N D S ) w h ic h t r a c k s fa c ilit ie s in a ll me d i a d a t ab a s e s . P l e a s e n o t e , in t h is s e c t io n , E P A d o e s n o t a t t e mp t t o d e fin e t h e a c t u a l nu mb e r o f fa c ilit ie s t h a t fa ll w it h in each sect o r . I n st ead, t h e sect i o n po r t r a y s t h e r eco r d s o f a sub s et o f f

aci l i t i e s w i t h in t h e sect o rt h at ar e well def in e d wit h in E P A dat ab a ses. A s a ch eck o n t h e r e l a t i v e si ze o f t h e f u ll sect o run i v er se , m o s t no t e b o o k s c o n t a in a n e s t ima t e d nu mb e r o f fa c ilit ie s w i t h in t h e s e c t o r acco r d in g t o t h e B u r e a u o f Cen s us. F o rt h e f o ssi l f

u el el ect r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in dust r y , s t a t i s t i c s ab o u t t h e in d u s t r y ar e c o ll e c t e d b y t h e D O E EIA (s e e Se c t i o n II). Wit h sect o r s d o m in at edb y small b u sin e sses, su ch as m e t a l f

in i sh er s an d p r in t e r s , t h e r e p o r t in g u n iv e r s e w i t h in E P A d a t ab a s e s ma y b e s ma ll in

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 119 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry

co m p ar i s o n t o Cen s us dat a . Ho wev e r , t h e gr o up sel ect ed f o r in cl usi o n in t h i s d a t a a n a l ys is s e c t io n s h o u ld b e c o n s is t e n t w it h t h is s e c t o r ' s g e n e r a l mak e - u p . F o ll o win g t h i s in t r o duct i o n i s a l i s t def in in g each d a t a co l u m n

pr esen t e d wit h i n t h i s sect i o n . T h ese v a l u es r e pr esen t a r e t r o s pect i v e sum mar y o f in spect i o n s an d en f o r cem en t act i o n s , an d r e f l ect so l e l y

E P A , S t at e, an d l o cal co m p l

i a n ce assur a n ce act i v it i e s t h at h a v e b een en t e r e d in t o E P A dat ab a ses. T o i d en t i f y

an y ch an ges in t r en ds, t h e E P A r a n t w o dat a quer i es: o n e f o rt h e pas t f i v e cal en dar y ear s ( A pr i l 1, 1992, t o M ar c h 31, 1997) an d t h e o t h e rf o r t h e m o s t r ecen t 12- m o n t h per i o d ( A pr i l 1, 1996, t o M ar c h 31, 199 7 )

. T h e 5- y earan al y s i s gi v e s an ave r a g e l e vel o f act i v it y f o rt h at per i o d f o r co m p ar i s o n t o t h e m o r e r ecen t act i v it y . Because m o st in spect i o n s f o cus o n sin g l e - m edi a r e qui r e m e n t s, t h e dat a quer i es pr esen t e d in t h i s sect i o n ar e t aken f r o m sin g l e m e di a dat ab a ses. T h ese dat ab a ses do n o t pr o v i d e dat a o n wh et h e rin spect i o n s ar e st at e/ l o cal o r l e d b y E P A

. Ho wev e r , t h e t ab l e b r eakin g do wn t h e un i v er se o f v i o l at i o n s do es gi v e a cr ude m easur em en t o f E P A ' s an d S t at es' ef f o r t s wit h in each m e di a pr o g r a m . T h e p r e s e n t e d d a t a illu s t r a t e t h e v ar i a t io n s a c r o s s E P A r e g i o n s fo r c e r t a in sect o r s. a T h i s v ar i at i o n ma y b e at t r i b ut ab l e t o st at e/ l o cal dat a en t r y v ar i a t io n s , s p e c i fic g e o g r ap h ic c o n c e n t r a t io n s , p r o x imit y t o p o p u l a t io n cen t e r s , sen s it i v e eco sy st em s, h i gh l y

t o x i c ch em i cal s used in pr o duct i o n , o r hi s t o r ic a l no nc o m p l

i a nc e . H e nc e , t h e e xhi bit e d d a t a d o no tr a nk r e g i o n a l per f o r ma n ce o rn ecessar i l y

r e f l ect wh i c h r e gi o n s ma y h a v e t h e m o st c o mp lia n c e p r o b le ms . Co m p l

i a n ce an d E n f o r cem en t Dat a Def in i t i o n s Fa c i l i ty I nde x i ng Sys t e m - T h is s y s t e m a s s i g n s a

c o mmo n fa c ilit y nu mb e r t o E P A sin g l e - m edi a per m it r eco r d s. T h e F I N D S i d en t i f i cat i o n nu m b er all o ws E P A t o co m p i l e an d r e v i ew all per m i t , co m p l

i a n ce, en f o r cem en t , an d p o llu t a n t r e le a s e d a t a fo r a n y g i v e n r e g u l a t e d fa c ilit y. I n t e gr at ed Dat a f o r E n f o r cem ent Anal ys is - T h is d a t a in t e g r a t io n s y s t e m c a n r e t r ie v e in fo r ma t io n fr o m t h e ma jo r E P A p r o g r a m o ffic e d a t ab a s e s . I D E A uses t h e F I NDS i d en t i f i cat i o n nu m b ert o l ink separ a t e dat a r eco r d s f r o m E P A ’ s d a t ab a ses. T h i s all o w s r e t r i e v a l o f r eco r d s f r o m acr o ss m e d i a o r

s t a t u t e s fo r a n y g i v e n fa c ilit y, t hu s c r e a t in g a � ma s t e rlis t ”o f r e c o r d s fo r t h a t fa c ilit y. S o me o f t h e d a t a s y s t e m s accessi b l e t h r o ugh I D E A ar e: A I RS ( O f f i ce o f A i ran d Rad i at i o n ) , P C S ( O f f i ce o f W a t e r ) , RCRI S ( R eso u r c e

a E P A R

e g io n s in c l u d e th e f

o llo w i n g s t at e s : I (C T, M A , M E , R I , N H , V T ); II (NJ , N Y , P R , V I); III (D C , D E , M D , P A , V A , W V ) ; I V ( AL , FL , GA , K Y , M S , N C , S C , T N ) ; V ( I L , I N , M I , M N , O H , W I ) ; V I ( A R , L A , NM , O K , TX ); V II (IA , K S , M O , NE ); V III (C O , M T , N D , S D , U T , W Y ); IX (AZ , C A , H I , N V , P a c i f i c Tr us tTer r i t or i e s ); X ( AK, I D , OR , W A )

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 120 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry Co n s er v a t i o n an d Reco v e r y I n f o r mat i o n S y st em , Of f i ce o f S o l i dW a st e) , NCDB ( N at i o n a l Co m p l

i a n ce Dat a Base, Of f i ce o f P r ev en t i o n , P e st i c i d es, an d T o x i c S u b s t a n c e s ) , C E R C L I S ( C o m p r e h e n s i v e E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d L i ab ilit y In f o rma t i o n Sy s t e m , Su p e rf u n d ) , a n d TR IS (To x i c R e l e a s e In v e n t o r y S y st em )

. I D E A al so co n t ain s in f o r mat i o n f

r o m o u t s i d e so ur ces such as Dun an d Br adst r eet an d t h e Occupat i o n al S a f e t y an d Heal t h

A d m in i s t r at i o n ( O SHA )

. M o s t dat a quer i es di s p l a y e d in Sect i o n s I V an d VI I o f t h i s n o t e b o o k wer e co n duct e d us in g I D E A

. D a t a T ab l e C o lu mn H e a d in g D e fin i t i o n s F a ci l i t i es i n S e ar ch ar e b a sed o n t h e un i v er se o f T R I r e po r t er s w i t h in t h e l i s t e d S I C c o d e ra n g e . F o r in d u s t r i e s n o t c o v e re d u n d e r TR I re p o rt in g r e q u i r e me n t s ( m e t a l min in g , n o n m e t a llic min e r a l min in g , e l e c t r i c p o w e r g e n e r a ti on , g r ou n d tr a n s p or ta ti on , w a te rtr a n s p or ta ti on , a n d d r y c l e a n in g ) , or in d u s t r ie s in w h ic h o n ly a v e r y s ma ll fr a c t io n o f fa c ilit ie s r e p o r t t o T R I ( e . g . , pr in t in g ) , t h e n o t e b o o k uses t h e F I NDS un i v er se f o rex ecut in g dat a quer i es. T h e S I C c o de r a n g e sel ect ed f o reach sear ch i s def in e d b y each n o t e b o o k ' s sel ect ed S I C co de co v e r a ge descr i b e d in S ect i o n I I

. F a ci l i t i es In sp ect ed in di cat es t h e l e v e l o f E P A an d st at e agen cy in spect i o n s fo r t h e fa c ilit ie s in t h is d a t a s e ar c h

. T h e s e v a lu e s s h o w w h a t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e fa c ilit y u n iv e r s e is in s p e c t e d in a

o n e - ye ar o rfiv e - y e ar p e r i o d

. Nu m b er of In sp ect i o n s m easur es t h e t o t a l nu m b er o f in spect i o n s co n duct e d in

t h i s sect o r . A n i n s p e c t i o n ev en t i s co un t e d each t im e it i s en t e r e d in t o a s in g le me d i a d a t ab a s e . Aver age Ti m e B e t w een In sp ect i o n s pr o v i d es an av er age l e n g t h o f t im e , e x p r e s s e d in mo n t h s , b e t w e e n c o mp lia n c e in s p e c t io n s a t a

fa c ilit y w i t h in t h e def in e d un i v er s e . F a ci l i t i es wi t h O n e or M o r e En f o r cem en t Act i on s ex pr esses t h e nu m b er o f fa c ilit ie s t h a t w e r e t h e s u b j e c t o f a t le a s t o n e e n fo r c e m e n t a c t io n w it h in t h e d e fin e d t ime p e r i o d

. T h is c a t e g o r y is b r o k e n d o w n fu r t h e rin t o fe d e r a l a n d s t a t e a c t io n s . D a t a ar e o b t a in e d fo r a d min is t r a t iv e , c i v il/ ju d i c i a l , a n d c r imin a l en f o r cem en t act i o n s . A d m in i s t r at i v e act i o n s in cl ude No t i ces o f Vi o l at i o n ( NOVs )

. A f ac ilit y w it h mu lt ip le e n fo r c e m e n t a c t io n s is o n ly c o u n t e d o n c e in

t h is c o lu mn , e . g . , a fa c ilit y w it h t h r e e e n fo r c e m e n t a c t i o n s c o u n t s a s o n e fa c ilit y. T o ta l E n f o r c e m e n t A c tio n s descr i b e s t h e t o t a l nu m b ero f enf o r cem en t act i o n s i d en t i f i ed f o r an in dust r i a l sect o racr o ss all en v i r o n m en t a l st at ut es. A fa c ilit y w it h mu lt ip le e n fo r c e m e n t a c t io n s i s c o u n t e d mu lt ip le t ime s , e . g . , a fa c ilit y w it h t h r e e e n fo r c e m e n t a c t io n s c o u n t s a s t h r e e .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 121 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry St at e L e ad Act i ons sh o w s wh at per cen t a ge o f t h e t o t a l en f o r cem en t act i o n s ar e t aken b y st at e an d l o cal en v i r o n m en t a l agen ci es. Var yin g l e v e l s o f use b y s t a t e s o f E P A d a t a s y s t e m s ma y limit t h e v o lu me o f a c t io n s r e c o r d e d a s s t a t e en f o r cem en t act i v it y . S o m e st at es ex t e n s i v el y

r e po r t en f o r cem en t act i v it i e s in t o E P A d a t a sy st em s, w h i l e o t h e rst at es ma y u s e t h ei r o w n d a t a sy st em s. F e der a lL e ad Act i ons sh o w s wh at per cen t a ge o f t h e t o t a l en f o r cem ent act i o n s ar e t aken b y t h e Un it ed S t at es E n v i r o n m en t a l P r o t ect i o n A g en cy . T h i s v a l u e in cl udes r e f e r r a l s f r o m st at e agen ci es. Man y o f t h ese act i o n s r e sul t f r om c oor d in a te d or j o in t s t a t e / f e d e r a le f f o r t s . En f o r cem en tt o In sp ect i o n R a t e i s a r a t i o o f en f o r cem en t act i o n s t o in spect i o n s , an d i s pr esen t e d f o r co m p ar at i v e pur po ses o n l y . T h i s r a t i o i s a r o ugh in di cat o ro f t h e r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w een in spect i o n s an d en f o r cem en t

. I t r e l a t e s t h e nu m b ero f en f o r cem en t act i o n s an d t h e nu m b er o f in spect i o n s t h at o ccur r e d w i t h i n t h e o n e- y earo rf i v e - y earper i o d

. T h i s r a t i o in cl udes t h e in spect i o n s an d en f o r cem en t act i o n s r e po r t ed un dert h e CWA , CA A , an d RCRA

. I n sp e c t i o n s an d act i o n s f r o m t h e T S CA /F I F RA / E P CRA d a t ab a se ar e n o t f act o r ed in t o t h i s r a t i o b ecause m o st o f t h e act i o n s t aken un dert h ese p r o g r a ms ar e n o t t h e r e s u lt o f fa c ilit y in s p e c t io n s . A l s o , t h is r a t i o d o e s n o t acco un t f o ren f o r cem en t act i o n s ar i s in g f r o m n o n - in spect i o n co m p l

i a n c e m

o n it o rin g a c t i v it i e s (e .g ., s e lf -re p o rt e d w a t e r d i s c h arg e s ) t h a t c a n re s u l t in en f o r cem en t act i o n wit h in t h e CA A , CWA , an d RCRA

. F a ci l i t i es wi t h O n e or M o r e Vi ol at i o n s Id en t i f i ed in di cat es t h e per cen t a ge o f in s p e c t e d fa c ilit ie s h a v in g a

v i o l a t io n id e n t i fie d in o n e o f t h e fo llo w in g d a t a cat ego r i e s: I n Vi o l at i o n o rS i gn i f i can t Vi o l at i o n S t at us ( C A A ) ; Repo r t ab l e No n c o m pl

i a n ce, Cur r e n t YearNo n c o m pl

i a n ce, S i gn i f i can t No n c o m p l i a n c e ( C WA ) ; No n c o m pl

i a n ce an d S i gn i f i can t No n c o m pl

i a n ce ( F I F RA , T S CA , an d E P CRA ) ; Unr e so lv ed V i o l at i o n an d Unr e so lv ed Hi gh P r i o r it y Vi o l at i o n ( RCRA )

. T h e v a l u es p r esen t e df o rt h i s co l u m n

r e f l ect t h e ex t e n t o f n o n c o m pl

i a n ce wit h in t h e m e a s u r ed t im e f r am e, b u t do n o t di st in gui sh b e t w een t h e sev e r it y o f t h e n o n c o m pl

i a n ce. Vi o l at i o n st at us ma y b e a pr ecur s o r t o an en f o r cem en t act i o n , b u t do es n o t n ecessar i l y

in di cat e t h at an e n fo r c e m e n t a c t io n w ill o c c u r . M e dia B r eak d own of E n f o rc e m ent Act i ons and I n s p ect ions -- f o u r co l u m n s i d en t i f y

t h e pr o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l in spect i o n s an d en f o r cem en t act i o n s wit h in E P A ai r , wat e r , wast e, an d T S CA /F I F RA /E P CRA dat ab a ses. E ach co l u m n

i s a per c en t a ge o f eit h ert h e � T o t a l I n spect i o n s , ” o rt h e � To t a l A c t i o n s ”c o lu mn .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 122 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry V I I . A F os s i l F u e l E l e c t ri c P o w e r Ge ne r a tion I ndus try C o m p l i anc e His tory This s ection examines the his t or ical enf o r cement and compliance data on the fossil f u el electr i c powergener a tion s ector

. As noted ear lier , thes e data wer e obtained f r o m E P A’ s I D E A s y s t em. T h e f i ve exhibits within this s ection provide both a 5- yearand a 1- yearr e view of the data f r o m the s ectorand also provide data f r o m others ector s f o rcompar is on pur pos es . I t s hould be noted that th e data ar e acces s e d in the I D E A databas e s y s t em thr ough S I C codes. T h er ef or e, only thos e f acilities whos e pr imar y SI C codes indicate the potential f o rpowergener a tion activities can be acces s e d ( s ee Sec t i on II). This means that the data r e tr ieved f r o m I D E A may be mor e inclus ive ( e . g . , include tr ans mis s i on and dis t r i bution f acilities )

. Other indus tr y f acilities that have as s o ciated power g e ner a tion activities cannot be identif ied becaus e their primary SIC codes do not indicate power generation.
T ab l e 38 pr o v i d es an o v er v i ew o f t h e r e po r t ed co m p l

i a n ce an d en f o r cem en t dat a f

o rt h e f o ssi l f

u el el ect r i c po wer gen e r a t i o n s sect o r o v er t h e past 5 y ear s ( A pr i l 1992 t o A p r i l 1997)

. T h es e dat a ar e al s o b r o k en o u t b y E P A R e gi o n s t h er eb y per m it t in g geo g r aph i cal co m p ar i s o n s. A f

e w po in t s ev i d en t f r o m t h e dat a a r e l i s t e d b e l o w. As s hown, 3, 270 f acilities wer e identif ied thr ough IDEA with SIC c ode s tha tindic a t e powe rge ne ra tion ma y be oc c u rring (s e e d i s c us s i on above)

. Of thos e, appr oximately 66 per cent ( 2 , 166) w e r e inspected in the last 5 years. Other points of interest include:

� 14,210 ins p ections wer e conduc t e d o v e rthe las t5 year s . Of the 3, 166 facilities ins p ected, on aver age, each r eceived over6 ins p ections in the pas t 5-year period.

� The 14, 210 ins p ections r e s u lted in 403 f acilities having enf o r cement actions taken agains t them. At thos e 403 f a c ilitie s , t h e r e w e r e a t o t a l o f 7 8 9 enforcement actions ; ther ef or e, each f acility aver aged near ly 2 enf o r cement actions over the 5-year period.

� The a v e r a g e e n forc e m e n t to ins p e c tion ra te is 0. 06, with the ra te a c r os s the regions r a nging f r o m 0

. 02 to 0. 13. T h er e appear s to be no cor r e lation between S t ate ver s us F e der a l lead on the ins p ections and the enf o r cement to inspection rate.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 123 Sept em b e r1997Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect F o ssi l F u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i onTable38:Five-YearEnforcement and ComplianceSummaryfortheFossilFuelElectricPowerIndustryABCDEFGHIJRegionFacilitiesinSearchFacilitiesInspectedNumber ofInspectionsAverageMonthsBetweenInspectionsFacilitieswith1orMoreEnforcementActionsTotalEnforcementActionsPercentStateLeadActionsPercentFederalLeadActionsEnforcementto InspectionRateI25014066423365584%16%0.08II2691991,455117518784%16%0.13III3052211,99795713087%13%0.07IV5593533,03911458482%18%0.03V5523442,287147613469%31%0.06VI3152221,07918306154%46%0.06VII4092591,17021222836%64%0.02VIII1349164313153560%40%0.05IX273251162210385784%16%0.04X204862544891861%39%0.07TOTAL3,2702,16614,2101440378976%24%0.06

124 S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en t H i s t o ry

Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry V I I . B C om pari s o n of E n f o r c e m e n t A c tivity B e tw e e n Se l e c t e d I ndus trie s T ab l es 39 an d 40 all o w t h e co m p l

i a n ce h i st o r y o f t h e f o ssi l f

u el el ect r i c po wer gen e r a t i o n sect o rt o b e co m p ar ed t o t h e o t h e rin dust r i e s co v e r e d b y t h e in du st r y sect o r n o t e b o o k s. Co m p ar i s o n s b e t w eenT ab l es 39 an d 40 per m it t h e i d en t i f i cat i o n o f t r e n d s i n co m p l

i a n ce an d en f o r cem en t r eco r d s o f t h e v ar i o u s in dus t r i e s b y co m p ar in g dat a co v e r in g t h e l a s t 5 y ear s ( A pr i l 1992 t o A

p r i l 1997) t o t h at o f t h e pas t y ear ( A pr i l 1996 t o A p r i l 1997)

. As s hown in the data, the 3, 270 f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities is the s i xth largest numberof f ac iliti e s i d e n t i f i e d t h r ough I D E A , with gr ound transportation having the mos tf acilities with 7, 786. H o w e v e r , w h i l e approximately 66 per cent of the f o s s i l f u el electr i c powergener a tion facilities have been ins p ected in the pas t5 y ear s , only 41 per cent of the ground tr a n s por ta tion f a c ilitie s ha ve be e n ins p e c t e d

. Othe rpoints of inte r e s t from the 5-year summary include:

� The numb e r o f i n s p e c tions ove r the pa s t5 ye ar s for fos s il fue l e l e c t ric power gener a tion f acilities ( 14, 210) is mor e than 3 times the amount conducted in most other sectors.

� The enforcement to ins p e c tion ra te of 0. 06 ove r the pa s t5 ye ar s is one of the lower rates of the listed sectors. Points of interest from the 1-year summary include:

� The 1, 318 f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities ins p ect e d i n the past yearp l aces this s ectoramong the top f ours ector s f o rnumberof facilities inspected.

� The total numberof ins p ections in this s ector is 2, 430 which compar es with the number of ins p ections per f o r m ed in the gr ound tr ans por tation and nonme ta llic mi n i n g s e c t o r s , b u t i s 1

. 5 t o 1 7 time s more tha n the othe r s e c t o r s which range from 1,436 down to 141.

� The enf o r cement to ins p ection r a te of 0. 06 is about aver age among all the sectors, with the lowes tbeing 0. 01 ( d r y cleaning) and the highes tbeing 0. 23 (petroleum r e f i ning)

. T h is is r e latively cons tant with the 5- yearaver age f o r the fossil fuel electric power generation sector.
Tables 41 and 42 pr ovide a mor e in- d epth compar is on between the f o s s il f u el electric powergener a tion s ectorand other s by or ganizing ins p e c t i on and enforcement data by envir onmental s t atute. A s in t h e pr ev i o us T ab l es ( T ab l e s 39 an d 40) , t h e dat a co v e rt h e l a st 5 y ear s ( T ab l e 41) an d t h e l a st

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 125 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ryTable 39:Five-Year Enforcementand Compliance Summaryfor Selected IndustriesJEnforcementtoInspectionRate0.070.040.050.050.060.100.040.100.060.080.090.100.110.080.250.060.080.070.080.110.080.060.070.130.060.090.100.060.02IPercentFederalLeadActions47%11%21%23%10%30%19%20%12%26%24%20%35%26%32%18%25%29%29%22%25%20%18%16%16%39%12%24%5%HPercentStateLeadActions53%89%79%77%90%70%81%80%88%74%76%80%65%74%68%82%75%71%71%78%75%80%82%84%84%61%88%76%95%GTotalEnforcementActions111132309622832659147842823521912246810276327627730519117460025141332774709778966FFacilitieswith1or MoreEnforcementActions6388149385531346515023889933515347124178971211136836515025320375364840355EAverageMonthsBetweenInspections4652462515151364698861232511516722171393638271495DNumber ofInspections1,6003,7486,07112,8261,4652,7672,3794,6307,6913,0872,4301,2014,2941,2933,0814,3833,4744,4762,5351,6407,9144,5005,91224312,90481697314,2103,813CFacilitiesInspected3787411,9022,8032674733864302,0922862631293551641489813882754241611,858863927373,2631922312,1662,360BFacilitiesinSearch1,2323,2564,6765,2563557124994845,8624413291644252631561,8186153496692032,9061,2501,260447,7865144443,2706,063AIndustry SectorMetalMiningCoalMiningOilandGasExtractionNon-MetallicMineral MiningTextilesLumberandWoodFurniturePulpandPaperPrintingInorganicChemicalsResinsandManmadeFibersPharmaceuticalsOrganicChemicalsAgriculturalChemicalsPetroleumRefiningRubberandPlasticStone,Clay,GlassandConcreteIronandSteelMetalCastingsNonferrousMetalsFabricatedMetalProductsElectronicsAutomobileAssemblyShipbuildingandRepairGroundTransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossilFuelElectricPowerDryCleaning

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 126 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ryTable 40:OneYear Enforcementand Compliance Summaryfor Selected IndustriesHEnforcementtoInspectionRate0.050.030.030.040.040.100.020.090.040.060.090.070.070.050.230.050.040.040.060.090.060.060.040.080.040.080.080.060.01GTotalEnforcementActions102234911252117453313614561113241273426288343474103111213516FFacilitieswith1ormoreEnforcementActionsPercent*6%6%3%5%6%16%4%14%3%10%15%10%16%5%44%7%7%11%10%16%7%6%7%14%5%12%8%8%1%Number92026731044943281926842558331922241763273538510810012EFacilitieswith1orMoreViolationsPercent*72%25%15%26%56%69%54%78%65%78%88%105%94%97%98%83%59%88%103%91%94%96%85%86%43%63%72%61%25%Number10290127384961921362485771551528424310212938915117424098796402431196815369804314DNumber ofInspections2117651,1732,4512955074597881,3635484192098372065657916788664333101,3777801,058512,4991411512,4301,436CFacilitiesInspected1423628741,48117227925431789220017380259105132466255197234108849420507221,58584961,3181,234BFacilitiesinSearch1,2323,2564,6765,2563557124994845,8624413291644252631561,8186153496692032,9061,2501,260447,7865144443,2706,063AIndustry SectorMetalMiningCoalMiningOilandGasExtractionNon-MetallicMineral MiningTextilesLumberandWoodFurniturePulpandPaperPrintingInorganicChemicalsResinsandManmadeFibersPharmaceuticalsOrganicChemicalsAgriculturalChemicalsPetroleumRefiningRubberandPlasticStone,Clay,GlassandConcreteIronandSteelMetalCastingsNonferrousMetalsFabricatedMetalElectronicsAutomobileAssemblyShipbuildingandRepairGroundTransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossilFuelElectricPowerDryCleaning

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 127 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ryTable 41:Five-Year Inspection and EnforcementSummarybyStatute for Selected IndustriesFIFRA/TSCA/EPCRA/Other% ofTotalActions17%1%3%3%6%16%14%4%4%5%6%5%6%11%7%11%4%8%14%10%13%7%9%3%3%4%0%5%0%%ofTotalInspections1%1%0%0%2%1%1%2%1%1%4%5%4%5%2%2%1%1%2%1%2%2%2%5%1%1%0%1%0%RCRA% ofTotalActions12%8%18%4%14%31%43%10%29%30%23%20%28%30%21%34%30%31%31%31%43%50%43%47%45%33%48%10%71%%ofTotalInspections8%4%8%3%18%44%34%15%35%34%38%45%44%28%36%35%31%28%32%33%45%47%43%42%29%37%48%11%41%CleanWaterAct% ofTotalActions52%28%14%13%25%6%0%28%3%21%28%25%25%20%13%11%9%26%10%17%11%11%9%25%11%34%20%26%6%%ofTotalInspections52%38%16%14%22%6%3%32%5%27%23%15%16%24%20%12%13%26%11%18%12%13%8%14%12%23%27%32%3%CleanAirAct% ofTotalActions19%64%65%81%54%47%42%59%64%44%43%49%42%39%59%44%57%35%44%43%33%32%39%25%41%29%32%59%23%%ofTotalInspections39%57%75%83%58%49%62%51%60%38%35%35%37%43%42%51%56%45%55%48%40%38%47%39%59%39%25%57%56%TotalEnforcementActions111132309622832659147842823521912246810276327627730519117460025141332774709778966TotalInspections1,6003,7486,07112,8261,4652,7672,3794,6307,6913,0872,4301,2014,2941,2933,0814,3833,4744,4762,5351,6407,9144,5005,91224312,90481697314,2103,813FacilitiesInspected3787411,9022,8032674733864302,0922862631293551641489813882754241611,858863927373,2631922312,1662,360Industry SectorMetalMiningCoalMiningOilandGasExtractionNon-MetallicMineral MiningTextilesLumberandWoodFurniturePulpandPaperPrintingInorganicChemicalsResinsandManmadeFibersPharmaceuticalsOrganicChemicalsAgriculturalChemicalsPetroleumRefiningRubberandPlasticStone,Clay,GlassandConcreteIronandSteelMetalCastingsNonferrousMetalsFabricatedMetalElectronicsAutomobileAssemblyShipbuildingandRepairGroundTransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossilFuelElectricPowerDryCleaning

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 128 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ryTable 42:OneYearInspectionandEnforcementSummary by StatuteforSelectedIndustriesFIFRA/TSCA/EPCRA/Other% ofTotalActions30%0%0%0%0%40%9%1%0%6%5%0%0%9%10%0%0%0%0%7%0%5%0%0%1%9%0%0%0%%ofTotalInspections0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%RCRA% ofTotalActions30%5%24%2%8%25%45%7%23%25%5%14%34%36%15%23%30%24%35%30%57%53%47%50%44%45%25%5%38%%ofTotalInspections8%4%9%3%17%44%32%14%33%39%38%45%47%30%34%35%28%26%30%41%43%43%41%35%26%38%57%9%30%CleanWaterAct% ofTotalActions40%14%9%9%17%5%0%19%0%9%38%14%13%0%8%13%7%29%8%20%2%5%6%50%10%36%42%21%6%%ofTotalInspections40%40%10%10%17%6%2%32%4%26%24%11%13%22%17%10%10%23%10%15%11%14%7%11%11%24%15%32%1%CleanAirAct% ofTotalActions0%82%68%89%75%30%45%73%77%59%51%71%54%55%67%64%63%47%58%43%41%37%47%0%46%9%33%73%56%%ofTotalInspections52%56%82%87%66%51%66%54%63%35%38%43%40%48%49%55%62%52%60%44%46%44%53%54%64%38%28%59%69%TotalEnforcementActions102234911252117453313614561113241273426288343474103111213516TotalInspections2117651,1732,4512955074597881,3635484192098372065657916788664333101,3777801,058512,4991411512,4301,436FacilitiesInspected1423628741,48117227925431789220017380259105132466255197234108849420507221,58584961,3181,234Industry SectorMetalMiningCoalMiningOilandGasExtractionNon-MetallicMineral MiningTextilesLumberandWoodFurniturePulpandPaperPrintingInorganicChemicalsResinsandManmadeFibersPharmaceuticalsOrganicChemicalsAgriculturalChemicalsPetroleumRefiningRubberandPlasticStone,Clay,GlassandConcreteIronandSteelMetalCastingsNonferrousMetalsFabricatedMetalElectronicsAutomobileAssemblyShipbuildingandRepairGroundTransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossilFuelElectricPowerDryCleaning

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 129 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry

o n e ye ar ( T ab le 4 2 ) t o fa c ilit a t e t h e id e n t i fic a t io n o f r ecen t t r en ds. P o i n t s of interest from the 5-year summary include:

� Compared to other sectors, the fossil fuel electric power generation sector has one of t h e hi gherper cent a ges of CAA i n spect i ons ( 57% ) and one of t h e lower per centages of RCRA ins p ections ( 11% ) , when meas ur ed agains t the total number of inspections conducted. As a r e s u lt, it has one of the higher percentages of C A A e n f o r c e m e n t a c t i o n s ( 5 9 % ) a n d o n e o f the lowes t p e r cen t a g e s o f RCRA en f o r cem en tact i o n s ( 1 0 % ) , wh en m easu r ed ag a i n s t total enforcement actions. The 1-ye arins p e c tion a nd e n forc e m e n t s u mmary re fle c t s s imilar numbe rs to those from the past 5 years. No notable exceptions are apparent.
VI I . C R eview of M a j o r L e galAct i ons M a

jor C a s e s /

Supplemental En vir onmental P r ojects
T h is s e c t i o n p r o v id e s s u mmar y in fo r ma t io n ab o u t ma jo r c a s e s t h a t h a v e af

f ect ed t h i s s ect o r , an d a l i s t o f Suppl em en t a l E n v i r o n m en t a l Pr o j ect s ( S E P s )

. VI I . C. 1 R eview of M a j o r Cas e s As s hown in the pr evious tables , the numberof enf o r cement actions t a k e n over the pas t5 year s , w h e n c o mpar ed to the numberof ins p ections conducted, is minimal. E v en though ther e have been 871 total enf o r cement actions, majorcas es involving f o s s il f u el electr i c powergener a tion f acilities are r ar e . Since 1992, however , ther e have been at le a s t 1 3 a c tions agains t such facilities.
The 13 cases were broken out as follows:

� 6 cas es underthe C AA ( a s b es tos NE SHAPs , NO X monitor i ng violations , and SO 2 violations)

� 2 cases under the CWA (NPDES permit violation, wetlands)

� 2 cases under TSCA (PCBs)

� 2 cases under EPCRA (release in excess of reportable quantities)

� 1 multimedia case (CWA, EPCRA, and TSCA).
T h e aver age penal t y associ at ed wi t h t h ese cases was j u st m o r e t h a n $150,000. In a ddition, two SE Ps we re a s s o c i a t e d with the 13 c a s e s . T hos e are discussed in more detail in the following section.
The two mos ts i gnific a n t c a s e s a g a i ns t fos s il fue l e l e c t ric powe r ge ne ra tion facilities included C W A violations by Potomac E l ectr i c P o werC o mpany (PEPCO) and CAA violations by Public Service E l e c t ric & Ga s (PSE &G). In the PE PC O cas e, the violations occur r e d f r o m 1988 to 1993, dur ing which

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 130 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry time a s ite s uper v is oreitherpumped orover s aw t h e p u m ping of polluted water f r o m holding ponds into an adjacent s w amp. P E P C O dis c over e d the illegal dis c har g e and inf o r m ed E P A. T h e c o n s e n t decr ee pr ovides f o ra penalty of $975,000. Because the viola tion wa s s e lf

- d is c l os e d , no c r imina l charges were brought against the company or its officers.
In United States v. P ublic Ser v ice E l ectr i c & Gas , PSE &G wa s c h ar ge d with v i ola ting the C AA, s p e c i fic a lly the a s be s t os NE SHAP. W h ile c o mmutin g home from w o rk, a n off-duty E P A ins p e c t or notic e d a pile o f old pipe s laying in a yar d

. A s ubs equent ins p ection of the old gas

- cr acking oper a tion revealed the NE SHAP violations

. T h e PSE &G was r e quir e d to pay a civil penalty of $230, 000 and complete an extens ive wor k ertr a i ning and notification program.
V I I . C . 2 Suppl e m e n tary E n vir o nm e n tal P r oje c t s (SE P s )
S E P s ar e c o mp l i a n c e a g r e e m e n t s t h a t r e d u c e a fa c ilit y' s n o n - c o mp lia n c e pen a l t y

in r e t u r n f

o ran en v i r o n m en t a l pr o j ect t h at ex ce e d s t h e v a l u e o f t h e r e duct i o n . Of t e n , t h ese pr o j ect s f u n d po ll u t i o n pr ev en t i o n act i v it i e s t h at can r e d u c e t h e fu t u r e p o llu t a n t lo a d in g s o f a fa c ilit y. I n fo r ma t io n o n S E P c a s e s can b e accessed v i a t h e in t e r n et at E P A’ s E n v i r o $en $ e web s it e: h t t p ://e s . in e l

. g o v /s e p . As mentioned above, ther e wer e two SE Ps a t f o s s i l f u el electr i c power g e ne ra tion fa c ilitie s . T h e SE Ps we re ne gotia te d with IE S Utilit i e s , Incorporated, of C e dar R apids , Iowa , a nd C ons ume r s Powe r C o mpa ny of West Olive, Michigan.
The c a s e a g a i ns t IE S Utilitie s , Inc o rpora t e d , wa s the f i r s t a c i d ra in administrative penalty action in the countr y . T h e complaint alleged I E S failed to complet e time ly c e r t i f i c a t i o n t e s t i n g o f t h e a c i d r a i n c o n t i nuous emission monitor s r e quir e d f o rS O 2 , N O X , C O 2 , and volumetr i c f l o w a t several of its gener a ting s t ations

. As par t of the s e ttlement, I E S agr eed to a SEP involving the purchase and permanent surrender by the utility to E P A of 589 SO 2 a llowa nc e s . E a c h a llowa nc e c ons titute s a n a u thoriz a tion to e mit during or a f te r as p e c i fie d c a l e ndar ye arone to n o f S O 2 . T h e value of the allowances permanently removed from the market was $76,570 at the time of the s e ttlement. I E S was als o r e quir e d to pay a penalty of $25, 630 to s e ttle the claims.
I n t h e Consum er s P o werCom p any case, t h e c o m p any agr eed t o car r y out three SE Ps at a total es timated cos tof $247, 742. T h e p r o j e c t s include ( 1 ) converting heat exchanger s f r o m ethylene glycol to pr opylene glycol, which is 300 times less toxic, ( 2 ) s e nding inf o r m ation on E P C R A r e quir e ments to an es timated 3, 000 f aciliti e s in M i chigan, and ( 3 ) conducting an outr each program on the E P C R A Se c tion 302 notific a tion re quire me nt to rura l

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 131 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n VII. Com p l i an ce an d En f o r cem en tH i s t o ry communities. T h e company mus tals o cer tif y its compliance with E P C R A

. In its c o mpla int, E P A a lle ge d tha tthe c o mpa ny fa i l e d to notify a u thoritie s about an accidental release of 1,400 pounds of sodium hypochlorite.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 132 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s VIII. CO M P LIANCE AS S URANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES
T h is s e c t i o n h i g h lig h t s t h e a c t iv it ie s u n d e r t ak e n b y t h is in d u s t r y s e c t o r a n d pub l i c agen ci es t o v o l u n t ar i l y

im p r o v e t h e sect o r 's e n v i r o n m en t a l p e r f o r ma n c e . T h e s e a c t iv it ie s in c l u d e t h o s e in it ia t e d in d e p e n d e n t l y b y in dust r i a l t r ade asso ci at i o n s . I n t h i s sect i o n , t h e n o t e b o o k al so co n t ain s a l i s t in g an d descr i pt i o n o f n a t i o n al an d r e gi o n al t r ade asso ci at i o n s . V III. A . S ect o r - r el a t ed En v i r o n m en t a lPr o g r a m s a n d A c t i v i t i es Clean Air Power Initiative The goa l of the C l e a n Air Powe r Initia tive (C API) is to improve a i r pollution control efforts within the electric power gener a ting indus tr y by developing an inte gra t e d re gula t ory s t ra te gy for thre e ma jor polluta nts e mitte d by electric powergener a tor s : SO 2 , N O X , and airtoxics ( s pecif i cally, mer c ur y)

. T h e pr o j ect was in it i a t e d in 1995 b y E P A ’ s A s s i s t an t A d mi n i s t r at o rf o rA i r a n d R a di at i o n . T h r o ugh t h e I n it i a t i v e , E P A h o pes t o pr o v i d e t h e el e c t r i c p o w e rin d u s t r y w it h g r e a t e r r e g u l a t o r y fle x ib ilit y a n d c o s t s a v in g s w h ile ach i e v in g en v i r o n m en t a l go al s f o ro z o n e, f in e par t i c l e s, r e g i o n al h aze, an d t o x i c s . T h e I n it ia t i v e w ill u s e e x is t in g C A A a u t h o r it y w h e r e p o s s i b l e , al

t h o ugh ul t ima t e l y n e w co n g r e s s i o n al aut h o r it y ma y b e r e qui r e d. T h e E P A b e lie v e s fo c u s in g o n r e g i o n a l r e d u c t i o n s o f t h e p o llu t a n t s a n d imp le me n t in g a “ cap an d t r ade” appr o ach f

o rso m e po ll u t a n t s, such as NO X , S O 2 , a n d m

e r c ur y , wo ul d b e m o st ef f ect i v e. T h e E P A i s m eet in g wit h r e pr esen t a t i v e s o f

t h e po werin dust r y , S t at e an d l o c a l o f f i ci al s, en v i r o n m en t a l gr o ups, an d p o llu t i o n c o n t r o l v e n d o r s t o o b t a in t h e i r v i e w s a n d inp u t fo r t h e r e g u la t o r y f r am ewo r k f o rt h e I n it i a t i v e . ( C o n t act : L in d a R e i d t C r it ch f i el d, at ( 202) 233- 9087. W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. epa. go v / capi )

. EPA Regional Compliance And Enforcement Activities
The EPA R e gion V III ha s foc u s e d on e n forc e m e n t a nd c o mplia nc e a c tivitie s for c o a l -fire d powe rpla n ts

. T h is indus tria l s e c t or wa s t a r g e t e d by R e gion VIII becaus e they have 38 s i gnif i cant oper a ting plants ( i

. e . , gener a te gr eater than 25 M W electr i city)

. T h e r e gion has exper i enced ongoing compliance issues r e l a t e d t o t h e new Aci d R a i n P r ogr am , i m p act s f r o mpl ant s i n P S D Class I ar eas , and impacts in nonattainment ar eas . T h e goal of this E P A region a l c o mplia nc e a nd e n f o r c e m e n t initia tive is to c o mpr e he ns ive l y evaluate the compliance s t atus of the f acilities

. T h e r e gion is als o evaluating any environmental jus tic e is s u e s due to the loc a tion of the f a c ilitie s . Sta t e s in R e gion V III ar e partic ipa ting in the s e c t or initia tive by pe rforming a nnua l air progra m a nd NPDE S pe rmit ins p e c tions on a ye ar ly ba s i s . South Dakota has conducted multimedia inspections at two coal-fired power plants.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 133 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s Department of Energy Environmental Research Programs
The DOE maintains numerous laboratories and f i e l d f a c ilitie s tha t pe r f o r m research and development type ac t i v itie s . T h e f o l l o w i n g f a c ilitie s ar e of interest to the f o s s i l f u el electr i c powergener a tion indus tr y and environmental compliance:

� Argonne Nat i onal L a borat o ry: T h e Ar gonne National L abor ator y ( ANL ) conducts applied r e s ear ch and en g i n e er ing development in ener gy and environmental technologi e s , high per f o r m ance computing, and s c ientif ic research in phys ical and lif e s c iences

. T h e E n er gy Sys t ems Divis i on of ANL focuses its exper tis e on c ontr o lling envir onmental impacts of indus tr ial energy us e. T h e divis i on is committed to a r e vitalized competitivenes s in the national economy. (Website: http:\\www.anl.gov).

� Oak Ridge National L a bor a t o r y : T h e Oak R i dge National L abor ator y performs r e s ear ch on a br oad r a nge of ener gy- r e lated pr oblems and pr ovides technical information and assistance on energy research for State and local governments and the pr ivate s ector

. Ar eas of r e s ear ch include was t e management, f o s s il, f u el powergener a t i o n technology, nuclear power generation technologies , f u s i on technology, cons er vation, and envir onment. (Website: http:\\www.ornl.gov).

� Federal E n e r gy T echnology Cent er: T h e Feder a l E n er gy T echnology Center ( F E T C ) , one of the gover n ment’ s pr incipal f o s s il f u el ener gy r e s ear ch centers, is r e s pons ible f o rr e s ear ch and dev e l o p m e n t pr ogr ams in the technical and adminis tr ation management of f o s s il ener gy. T h e FE T C is par t of the B r uceton R e s ear ch C e nter , which is the Nation’ s lar g es t gover n mental lab devoted to coal r e s ear ch and development. T h e ce n t e r ’ s pr ogr am responsibilities include clean coal technology, coal pr epar ation, combus tion technology, alter n ative f u els utilization, f l ue gas cleanup, coal liquef action, advanced r e s ear ch and technology develop m e n t in dir ect utilization and liquefaction, and solids transport. (Website: http:\\www.fetc.doe.gov).
V III. B E PA V o l u n t a ry Pr o g r a m s En vir onmental Leader s h ip P r ogr am T h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l L e a d e r s h ip P r o g r a m ( E L P ) is a n a t i o n a l in it ia t i v e d e ve l o p e d by E P A t h a tf o c u s e s o n im p r o ving e nvi r o nm e n t a l p e r f o r ma n c e , e n c o u r a g in g v o lu n t ar y c o mp lia n c e , a n d b u ild in g w o r k in g r e la t i o n s h ip s w it h s t akeh o l der s . E P A in it i a t e d a o n e y ear pi l o t pr o g r a m in 1995 b y s e l ect in g 12 p r o j e c t s a t in d u s t r ia l fa c ilit ie s a n d fe d e r a l i n s t a lla t i o n s t h a t d e mo n s t r a t e t h e pr in ci pl es o f t h e E L P pr o g r a m . T h ese pr in ci pl es in cl ude: en v i r o n m e n t a l ma n a g e me n t s y s t e m s , m u lt ime d i a c o mp lia n c e a s s u r a n c e , t h ir d

- p ar t y v e r i f i cat i o n o f co m p l

i a n ce, pub l i c m easur es o f acco un t ab ilit y, p o llu t i o n

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 134 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s pr ev en t i o n , co m m

u n i t y

in v o lv em en t , an d m e n t o rpr o g r a m s . I n r e t u r n f

o r par t i c i p at in g, pil o t par t i c i p an t s r eceiv e d pub l i c r eco gn i t i o n an d wer e giv e n a per i o d o f t im e t o co r r ect an y v i o l at i o n s di sco v er ed dur in g t h ese ex per im e n t al p r o j e c t s . F o u rfo s s il fu e l e l e c t r i c p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n fa c ilit ie s p r o p o s a l s w e r e acc e p t e d a n d ar e l i s t e d in T ab l e 43. P r o g r e ss r e po r t s an d f act sh eet s f r o m t h ese pi l o t pr o g r a m s ar e n o w av ai l ab l e f r o m E P A o ro f f t h e web

.
T a bl e 43: L i s t of P o wer P l ant s T h at P a r t icipat ed in t h e E n vir o nm ent a lL e ader s h ip P r ogr am F o r 1995 and 1996

1

. A r iz o n a P u b lic S e r v ic e , D e e r V a lle y F a c ilit y ( P h o e n ix , AZ )
2. Duke Po werR i v e r b en d St eam St at i o n ( M t

. Ho ll y , NC )
3. Ocean S t at e P o wer( B ur r illv ille , R I )
4

. S a l t R i v e r P r o j e c t (P h o e n ix , AZ )

E P A i s makin g pl an s t o l a un ch it s f u ll

- scal e E n v i r o n m en t a l L eader sh i p Pr o g r a m in 1997. T h e f u ll

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6

- ye ar p ar t ic ip a t io n c y c l e . F a c ilit ie s t h a t me e t c e r t a in r e q u i r e me n t s w ill b e e lig ib le t o par t i c i p at e, such as h a v in g a co m m

u nit y o u t r each / e m p l o y ee in v o lv em en t pr o g r a m s an d an en v i r o n m en t a l ma n a gem e n t sy st em ( E MS ) in pl ace f o r2 y e ar s . ( C on ta c t : D e b b yT h oma s , E L P D e p u t yD i r e c t or , ( 202) 564- 5041. W e b s it e : h t t p ://e s . in e l

. g o v /e l p ).
P r oj ect X L
Pr o j ect XLwas in it i a t e d in M ar c h 1995 as a par t o f Pr es i d e n t C l in t o n ’ s R e inv e n ting En v i r o n m e n tal R e gulation in it i a t i v e . T h e pr o j ect s seek t o ach i e v e co st ef f ect i v e en v i r o n m en t a l b e n e f i t s b y pr o v i d in g par t i c i p an t s r e g u l a t o r y fle x ib ilit y o n t h e c o n d it io n t h a t t h e y p r o d u c e g r e a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e fit s . E P A a n d p r o g r a m p ar t ic ip a n t s w ill n e g o t i a t e a n d s i g n a

F in a l P r o j e c t A g r e e m e n t , d e t a ilin g s p e c i fic e n v i r o n m e n t a l o b je c t iv e s t h a t t h e r e g u l a t e d e n t it y s h a ll s a t i s f y. E P A w ill p r o v id e r e g u l a t o r y fle x ib ilit y a s a n in c e n t i v e fo r t h e par t i c i p an t s ’ super i o ren v i r o n m en t a l per f o r m a n ce. P ar t i c i p an t s ar e en co ur aged t o s eek s t akeh o l der s uppo r t f r o m l o cal go v e r n m e n t s , b u s in e s s e s , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l g r o u p s . E P A h o p e s t o imp le me n t fift y p ilo t p r o j e c t s in fo u r c a t e g o r ie s , in c l u d in g in d u s t r ia l fa c ilit ie s , c o mmu n it i e s , a n d g o v e r n me n t fa c ilit ie s r e g u l a t e d b y E P A

. A p p lic a t io n s w ill b e accept e d o n a r o llin g b a s i s . F o raddit i o n al in f o r mat i o n r e gar d in g XLpr o j ect s , in cl ud i n g a ppl i cat i o n pr o cedur es an d cr it er i a , s ee t h e M a y 23, 1995 F e der a l R e gi s t erNo t i ce. ( C o n t act : F a x - o n - D eman d Ho t l in e 202- 260- 8590, o r C h r i s t o p h e rK n o p es at

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 135 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s E P A ’ s Of f i ce o f Po l i c y , Pl an n in g a n d E v al uat i o n ( 202) 260- 9298. W e b s it e: W e b : h t t p ://www. epa. go v / P r o j ect XL ) Climate Wise Recognition Program
The C limate C h ange Action Plan was initiated in r e s pons e to the U. S. commitment to r e duce gr e e nhous e gas emis s i ons in accor d ance with the Climate C h ange C onvention of the 199 0 E a r t h Summit. As par tof the Climate C h ange Action Plan, the C limate Wis e R ecog n i t i o n P r ogr am is a partnership initiative r un jointly by E P A and DOE

. T h e pr ogr am is des i gned to r e duce gr eenhous e gas emis s i ons by encour aging r e d u c t i ons acr os s all sectors of the economy, encour aging par ticipation in the f u ll r a nge of Climate C h ange Action Plan initiatives , and f o s t er ing innovation. Pr ogr am participants ar e r e quir e d to identif y and commit to actions that r e duce greenhouse gas emissions. The program, in turn, gives organizations early recognition f o rtheirr e duction commitments ; pr ovides technical as s i s t ance through cons ulting s e r v ices , wor k s hops , and guides ; and pr ovides acces s to the pr ogr am’ s centr a l i z ed inf o r m ation s y s t em. At E P A, the pr ogr am is operated by the Airand E n er gy Policy Divis i on within the Of f

i ce of Policy Planning and E v aluation. ( C ontact: Pamela Her m an, ( 202) 260- 4407

. Website: http://www.oit.doe.gov/Access/climate).
Gr een Lights P r ogr am E P A ’ s Gr een L i gh t s pr o g r a m was in it i a t e d in 1991 and ha s t h e go al o f pr ev en t in g po ll u t i o n b y en co ur agin g U. S

. in st it ut i o n s t o use en er gy - e f f i ci en t l i g ht in g t e c hno l o g i e s . T h e p r o g r a m s a ve s mo ne y f o rbu s ine s s e s a n d o r gan i zat i o n s an d cr eat es a cl ean eren v i r o n m en t b y r e ducin g po ll u t a n t s r e l eas ed in t o t h e at m o s p h e r e . T h e pr o g r a m h a s o v er2, 345 par t i c i p an t s wh i c h in c l u d e ma jo r c o r p o r a t io n s , s ma ll a n d me d i u m s i z e d b u s in e s s e s , fe d e r a l, s t a t e an d l o cal go v e r n m e n t s, n o n - pr o f i t gr o ups, sch o o l s, un i v er sit i es, an d h eal t h c ar e fa c ilit ie s . E a c h p ar t ic ip a n t is r e q u i r e d t o s u r v e y t h e i r f a c ilit ie s a n d upgr ade l i g h t in g wh er ev erit i s pr o f it ab l e . A s o f M ar c h 1997, par t i c i p an t s h a d lo w e r e d t h e i r e l e c t r i c b ills b y $289 millio n a n nu a lly. E P A p r o v id e s t e c h n i c a l as s i s t an ce t o t h e p ar t i c i p an t s t h r o ugh a deci s i o n s uppo r t s o f t war e package, wo r k sh o p s an d ma nu al s, an d an in f o r mat i o n h o t l in e. E P A ’ s Of f i ce o f A i ran d Radi at i o n i s r e spo n si b l e f o ro p er at in g t h e Gr een L i gh t s P r o g r a m . ( C o n t act : Gr een L i gh t /E n er gy St arHotl i n e at 1- 888- ST A R YE S o rM ar i a T i ko f f Var g ar , E P A P r o g r a m D i r e c t o r , at ( 202) 233- 9178. We bs i t e : h t t p ://www. epa. go v / gr een l i g h t s . h t m l )

.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 136 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s W

a s t eW i$e P r ogr am T h e W a s t eWi $ e Pr o g r a m was s t ar t e d in 1994 b y E P A ’ s Of f i ce o f So l i d W a s t e a n d E m e r g e n c y R e s p o n s e . T h e p r o g r a m is a ime d a t r e d u c in g mu n i c i p a l s o lid wast es b y pr o m o t in g wast e p r e v en t i o n , r ecy cl in g co ll ect i o n an d t h e ma nu f act ur in g an d pur ch as e o f r ecy cl ed pr o duct s . A s o f 1997, t h e pr o g r a m h a d ab o u t 500 co m p an i e s as m e m b er s , o n e t h i r d o f wh o m ar e F o r t un e 1000 co r p o r at i o n s . M e m b er s agr ee t o i d en t i f y

an d im p l e m e n t act i o n s t o r e duce t h ei rs o l i d was t es s e t t i ng was t e r e duct i o n go al s an d pr o v i d in g E P A wi t h ye ar ly p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s . T o me mb e r c o mp a n ie s , E P A , in t u r n , p r o v id e s t ech n i cal assi st an ce, pub l i cat i o n s , n e t w o r kin g o ppo r t un i t i e s, an d n a t i o n al an d r e gi o n al r eco gn it i o n . ( C o n t act : W a s t eWi $ e Ho t l in e at 1- 80 0

- 3 72- 9473 o r J o an n e Ox l e y , E P A Pr o g r a m M a n a ger , ( 703) 308- 0199. Website: http://www.epa.gov /epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/wstewise/ index.html)
NI CE 3
T h e U

. S

. D e p ar t me n t o f E n e r g y is

a d min is t e r in g a

g r a n t p r o g r a m c a lle d T h e Nat i o n al I n dust r i a l Co m p et it i v en ess t h r o ugh E n er gy , E nvi r o n m en t , an d Ec o n o m i c s (N IC E 3 )

. B y pr o v i d in g gr an t s o f up t o 45 per cen t o f t h e t o t a l pr o j ect co st , t h e pr o g r a m en co ur ages in dust r y t o r e duce in dust r i a l wast e at i t s so ur ce an d b eco m e m o r e en er gy - e f f i ci en t an d co st

- c o m pet it i v e t h r o ugh wast e m

in im i zat i o n ef f o r t s. Gr an t s ar e used b y in dust r y t o desi gn , t e st , an d dem o n s t r at e n e w pr o ces s e s an d/o requi pm en t wit h t h e po t e n t i a l t o r e duce po ll u t i o n an d in cr ease en er gy ef f i c i e n c y . T h e pr o g r a m i s o p en t o all in d u s t r ie s ;h o w e v e r , p r io r it y is g i v e n t o p r o p o s a l s fr o m p ar t ic ip a n t s in t h e f o r e st pr o duct s , ch em i cal s, pet r o l eum r e f in in g , st eel , al um inum , m e t a l cast in g an d gl as s ma nu f act ur in g s ect o r s . ( C o n t act : C h r i s Si f r i , DOE , ( 303) 275- 4723 o r E r i c Has s , DOE , ( 303) 275- 4728. W e b s i t e: h t t p //www. o it

. do e. go v / acces s / n i ce3)

. V III. C T r a d e A sso ci a t i o n / I ndus try Spons or e d A c tivity
T r ade asso ci at i o n s , in co n j un ct i o n wi t h

t h ei rin dust r y m e m b er s, s p o n so r a c t iv it ie s t h a t s e r v e t o fu r t h e r r e g u l a t o r y c o mp lia n c e in it ia t i v e s . T h is s e c t io n descr i b e s a ma j o r en v i r o n m en t a l co m p l

i a n ce assi st an ce pr o g r a m b e in g s p o n s o r e d b y t h e u t ilit ie s in t h e fo s s il fu e l e l e c t r i c p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n in d u s t r y, as well as so m e o f t h e ma j o r t r ade asso ci at i o n s ser v in g t h e f o ssi l f

u el el ect r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in dus t r y .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 137 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s V III. C . 1 En v i r o n m en t a lPr o g r a m s C limate C hallenge P r ogr am T h e C lima t e C h a lle n g e P r o g r a m is a

jo in t in it ia t i v e o f D O E a n d t h e e l e c t r i c u t ilit y in d u s t r y t o r e d u c e g r e e nh o u s e g a s e mi s s i o n s . E l e c t r i c u t ilit ie s v o lu n t ar ily c o mmit t o u n d e r t ak e a c t io n s t o r e d u c e , a v o i d , o r s e q u e s t e rmo r e t h a n 4 7 millio n me t r ic t o n s o f c ar b o n e q u i v a le n t b y t h e ye ar 2000. T h e s e c o mmit me n t s ar e fo r ma liz e d in in d i v i d u a l u t ilit y p ar t ic ip a t io n acco r d s f o r

l ar g e u t i l it i e s , a n d le t t e r s o f p ar t ic ip a t io n fo r u t ilit ie s w it h le s s t h a n 5 0 , 0 0 0 c u s t o m e r s . U t ilit ie s r e p o r t g r e e nh o u s e g a s e mis s i o n s d a t a a n d s u b mit a n nu a l r e p o r t s , w h ic h d e s c r i b e t h e i r a c h ie v e me n t s , t o D O E

. T h e C lima t e C h a lle n g e O p t i o n s W o r k b o o k d e s c r i b e mo r e t h a n 5 0 o p t i o n s fo r u t ilit ie s t o imp le me n t t o me e t t h e i r p ar t ic ip a t io n c o mmit me n t s . T h e w o r k b o o k w a s jo in t l y dev e l o ped b y t h e el ect r i c po werin dus t r y an d DOE

. ( C o n t act : L ar r y M a n s uet i , P r o g r a m D i r e c t o r , O ffic e o f U t ilit y T e c h n o lo g i e s , E E

- 1 0 , U

. S

. D O E , 1000 I n depen d en ce A v enue SW , W a s h in gt o n , DC 20585. W e b s it e: h t t p ://b ej in g. di s. an l

. go v / ee- cgi

- b in / ccap. p l )
T h e u t ilit y in d u s t r y h a s a l s o d e v e lo p e d a

s e t o f in it ia t i v e s t o h e lp u t ilit ie s me e t t h e i r c o mmit me n t s . T h e s e in c l u d e :

� E n vir o T e c h I n ve s t m e nt F und , w h ic h fu n d in v e s t s in c o mp a n ie s fo c u s in g o n r e gen e r a t in g en er gy t ech n o l o gi es t h at ar e m o r e en er gy ef f i ci en t t h an t h o s e c u r r e n t ly in u s e .

� In t e r n at i o n a lUt i l i t y Ef f i ci en cy P r oj ect s t h at s uppo r t en er gy dev e l o pm en t in

a way t h at i s en v i r o n m en t a ll y

b e n e f i ci al

.

� Ut il it y F o r e s t Carb on M a nagem e nt P r ogr am , w h ic h c o mp r i s e s d o me s t ic a n d in t e r n a t io n a l fo r e s t r y p r o j e c t s t o ma n a g e C O 2 em i ssi o n s. V III. C . 2 S u mma ry o f Tr a d e A sso ci a t i o n s T r ade asso c i a t i o ns an d pr o f essi o n al o r gan i zat i o n s t h at ser v e t h e f o ssi l f

u el el e c t r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in dust r y ar e nu m e r o us an d v ar i ed in t h ei rf o cus. T h e y r a n g e fr o m s e r v in g a r e la t i v e l y s ma ll p o r t io n o f t h e in d u s t r y ( e . g . , in depen d en t po werpr o ducer s ) t o s e r v in g t h e in dus t r y as a wh o l e. T h i s sect i o n b r i e f l y

descr i b e s so m e ma j o rt r ade an d pr o f essi o n al o r gan i zat i o n s f o r t h is in d u s t r y.

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 138 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s
A m er i can Co al A s h A sso ci at i o n ( A CA A ) 2760 E i s e nh o werA v enue, Suit e 304 A l ex an dr i a , VA 22314 Ph o n e: ( 703) 317- 2400 F a x : ( 703) 317- 2409 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. acaa- us a. o r g Mem b er s: 1 1 0 S t a ff: 5 Co n t act : S a m u el S

. T y so n

F o un ded in 1968, A C A A ’ s m i s s i o n i s t o adv a n ce t h e ma n a gem e n t an d us e o f Co al Co m b u s t i o n P r o duct s ( CCP s) in way s t h at ar e t ech n i call y

so un d, c o mme r c ia lly c o mp e t it iv e , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a lly s a fe

.
A m er i can P u b l i c P o werA sso ci at i o n (A PPA ) 2301 M St r eet , NW W a s h in gt o n , DC 20037 Ph o n e: ( 202) 467- 2900 F a x : ( 202) 467- 2910 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. appa. o r g / M e m b er s : 2, 000 S t a ff: 6 0 Co n t act : A l an H. Ri ch ar ds

F o un ded in 1940, A PPA ’ s m e m b er s in cl ude pub l i c ut ilit y s y s t e m s , S t a t e - a n d co un t y - o wn ed el ect r i c sy st em s, an d r u r a l co o p er at i v es. T h e A P P A ma in t a in s a l i b r ar y o n t h e el ect r i c po werin dust r y an d pub l i s h e s a b im o n t h l y

ma gazin e . T h e AP P A al so co n duct s r e sear ch pr o g r a m s , co m p i l e s st at i s t i cs, an d o f f e r s u t ilit y e d u c a t io n c o u r s e s in e l e c t r i c p o w e r . T h e a s s o c i a t io n h o ld s a n a n nu a l co n f er en ce an d wo r k sh o p s.
A sso ci at i o n o f E n er gy E n gin eer s ( A E E ) 4025 Pl eas an t v ille R o a d

. , S u it e 4 2 0 A t l a n t a, GA 30340 Ph o n e: ( 770) 447- 5083 F a x : ( 770) 446- 3969 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. aeecen t e r . o r g/ M e m b er s : 8, 500 S t a ff: 9 Co n t act : Ru t h M. Ben n e t t

F o un ded in 1977, t h e m e m b er s o f t h e A E E ar e en gin eer s , ar ch it ect s , an d o t h e r pr o f essi o n al s in t e r e st ed in en er gy ma n a gem e n t an d co gen e r a t i o n . T h e A E E pr o m o t es adv a n cem en t o f t h e pr o f essi o n an d co n t r i b u t e s t o t h e pr o f essi o n al d e v e lo p m e n t o f it s me mb e r s h ip

. T h e A E E p r o v id e s s c h o lar s h i p s fo r s t u d e n t s i n e n er gy en gin eer in g, s uppo r t s t h e Nat i o n al E n er gy Po l i c y C o un ci l , and spo n so r s t h e C o g e ner a t i o n an d Co m p et it i v e P o werI n st it ut e, a r e sear ch o r gan i zat i o n . T h e A E E p u b l i s hes j o ur n a l s an d n e ws l e t t e r s an d s p o n s o r s sev e r a l t ech n i cal an d ma n a ger i al co n g r e sses each y ear .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 139 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s
Ed i s o n El e c t ri c In s t it u t e (EEI) 701 Pen n s ylv a n i a A v enue, NW W a s h in gt o n , DC 20004- 2696 Ph o n e: ( 202) 508- 5000 F a x : ( 202) 508- 5360 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. eei

. o r g / Mem b er s: 2 0 2 St af f

: 262 Co n t act : T h o mas K u h n , P r esi d en t

F o un ded in 1933, E E I m e m b er s ar e in v e s t o r - o wn ed el ect r i c ut ilit y c o mp a n ie s o p e r a t in g in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s . S o me a ffilia t e d me mb e r s ar e fr o m C a n a d a , Mex i co , an d Cen t r a l an d S o ut h A m er i ca. T h e E E I act s as a r e pr esen t a t i v e f o r t h e sh ar eh o l der

- o wn ed el ect r i c po werin dust r y o n sub j ect s o f pub l i c in t e r e st an d pr o v i d es a m e di um f o r t h e ex ch an ge o f i d eas an d in f o r mat i o n wit h in t h e e l e c t r i c p o w e rin d u s t r y. T h e in s t it u t e ma in t a in s a

lib r ar y a n d d a t ab a s e a n d c o mp il e s s t a t is t i c s . T h e E E I p r o v id e s e d u c a t io n a l p r o g r a ms a n d p u b lis h e s sur v ey s, wh i c h pr o v i d e st at i s t i cal an d f act ual in f o r mat i o n ab o u t o p er at i o n , r a t e s, r e gul at i o n , an d en v i r o n m en t a l pr act i ces.
E l ect r i c P o werResear ch I n st it ut e ( E P R I ) 3412 H illv ie w R o a d Pal o A l t o , C A 94303 Ph o n e: ( 415) 855- 2000 F a x : ( 415) 855- 2041 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. epr i

. c o m / Mem b er s: 7 0 0 St af f

: 500 Co n t act : K u r t Yeager , E x ec. Of f i cer

T h e E P R I was f o un ded in 1972 an d s e r v es al l s ect o r s o f t h e el ect r i c ut ilit y in d u s t r y . T h e E P RI m i ssi o n i s t o co n duct a b r o a d eco n o m i call y

an d en v i r o n m en t a ll y

accept ab l e pr o g r a m o f r e sear ch an d dev e l o pm en t in t ech n o l o gi es f o rel ect r i c po werpr o duct i o n , di st r i b u t i o n , t r an sm i ssi o n , a n d ut i l i zat i o n . T h e E P RI pr imar y r e sear ch ar eas ar e ad va nced po wersy st em s, co al co m b ust i o n sy st em s, el ect r i cal sy st em s, en er gy an al y s i s , an d en v i r o n m en t a n d e n e r g y ma n a g e me n t a n d u t iliz a t io n . T h e in s t it u t e ma in t a in s a lib r ar y a n d a dat ab a se o f cur r e n t an d co m p l e t e d r e sear ch in t h e el ect r i c po werin dust r y . T h e in s t i t ut e al s o pub l i s h e s a gui de an d a j o ur n a l

.
E l ect r i c Po werSuppl y

A s s o ci at i o n (EPSA ) 1401 H St r eet NW , Suit e 760 W a s h in gt o n , DC 20005 Ph o n e: ( 202) 789- 7200 F a x : ( 202) 789- 7201 Mem b er s: 9 0 S t a ff: 1 2

T h e E P S A was f o r m ed b y a m e r g er o f t w o f o r m ert r ade asso ci at i o n s : t h e E l e c t r i c Gen e r a t in g A sso ci at i o n an d t h e Nat i o n al I n depen d en t E n er g y P r o ducer s ( N I E P )

. ( T h e E l ect r i c Gen e r a t i o n A sso ci at i o n was f o r m ed b y t h e m

e r g ero f t h e I n d e p e n d en t P o werP r o ducer s W o r k in g Gr o up an d t h e

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 140 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s Co gen e r a t i o n a n d I n depen d en t P o werCo al i t i o n o f A m er i ca. ) T h e E P S A m

i ssi o n i s t o adv a n ce t h e in t e r e st s o f i t s m e m b er s: co m p et it i v e gen e r a t o r s , po wermar k et er s, an d o t h e r s u p p l i e r s . T h e E P S A adv o cat es do m e st i c an d in t e r n a t io n a l p o lic ie s t h a t w ill r e s u lt in a fu ll y c o m p e t it iv e e l e c t r i c p o w e r s uppl y

mar k et pl ace. T h e E P S A s uppo r t s t h e dev e l o pm en t o f a mar k et in w h ic h e x is t in g c o mmit me n t s , s u c h a s in d e p e n d e n t p o w e r c o n t r a c t s , ar e h o n o r e d an d in wh i c h all cust o m e r s ha ve a ch o i ce o f el ect r i c suppl i e r s b y a c e r ta in d a te

.

Nat i o n al Rur a l E l ect r i c Co o p er at i v e A sso ci at i o n ( N RE CA ) 4301 Wi l s o n B o ul ev ar d A

r l

in gt o n , VA 22203 Ph o n e: ( 703) 907- 5500 F a x : ( 703) 907- 5521 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. n r eca. o r g/ M e m b er s : 1000 S t a ff: 6 0 0 C o nt a c t : G l e nn E n g l i s h

T h e NR E C A , f o un ded in 1942, r e pr es en t s r u r a l el ect r i c co o p er at i v es , pub l i c p o w e r d i s t r i c t s , a n d p u b lic u t ilit y d i s t r i c t s in 4 6 S t a t e s . T h e N R E C A is a n adv o cat e f o ren er gy an d o p er at i o n a l i ssues, as w e l l as r u r a l el ect r i c dev e l o pm en t

. T h e as s o ci at i o n ma in t a in s a l i b r ar y o f 20, 000 v o l u m e s , h o l d s pr o f essi o n al co n f er en ces, an d pub l i s h e s a m a g azin e an d n e wsl e t t e r . Ot h e r act i v i t i e s in cl ude l e gi sl at i v e r e pr esen t a t i o n ; en er gy , r e gul at o r y , an d l e gal e x p e r t is e ; in d u s t r y p ub l i c

r e la t i o n s ; ma n a g e me n t in s t it u t e s ;t r a in in g a n d e n e r g y r e sear ch an d dev e l o pm en t co n s ul t in g ser v i ces; in sur a n ce an d saf e t y pr o g r a m s ; wage an d sal ar y sur v ey s; an d an in t e r n at i o n a l pr o g r a m .
N o r t h A m e r ic a n E l e c t r i c R e liab ilit y Co u n ci l ( N E RC) P r in c e t o n F o r r e s t a l V illa g e 116- 390 V illa g e B o u l e v ar d Pr in cet o n , NJ 08540- 5731 Ph o n e: ( 609) 452- 9550 F a x : ( 609) 452- 7669 W e b s it e: h t t p ://www. n e r c . c o m / Mem b er s: 9 Reg i o n al C o u n c ils Co n t act : Mi ch eh l R. Gen t

T h e N E R C i s a no np r o f itc o m p a n y o w ne d by nine r e g i o n a l c o u n c i l s . T h e me mb e r s o f t h e r e g i o n a l c o u n c ils a n d o n e a ffilia t e ar e in d i v i d u a l u t ilit ie s r e p r e s e n t in g a ll o w n e r s h i p

c a t e g o r ie s o f t h e e l e c t r i c u t ilit y in d u s t r y, in c l u d in g in v e st o r - o wn ed, m u n i ci pal , r u r a l el ect r i c co o p er at i v es, F e der a l , in depen d en t po werpr o ducer s , po wermar k et er s , an d po wer br o k er s . T h e pr in ci pal p u r p o s e o f N E R C is t o c o o r d in a t e , p r o m o t e , a n d c o mmu n i c a t e t h e r e liab ilit y o f

N o r t h A m e r i c a n e l e c t r i c u t ilit ie s . T h e o r g a n i z a t io n a n nu a lly r e v i e w s t h e r e liab ilit y a n d a d e q u a c y o f t h e b u lk e l e c t r i c it y s y s t e m s in N o r t h A m e r ic a a n d ma in t a i n s s e v e r a l d a t ab a s e s . I n a d d it i o n , t h e o r g a n i z a t io n fa c ilit a t e s

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 141 Sept em b e r1997Fo ssi lFu elEl ect ri c Po w e r G e n e r a t i o n S ect i o n V III. C o mp l i a n ce A c t i v i t i es a n d In i t i a t i v e s d e v e lo p m e n t o f r e liab ilit y- r e la t e d p l a n n in g a n d o p e r a t in g c r it e r ia a n d s t an dar d s , an d pub l i s h e s r e po r t s an d r e f e r e n ce do cum e n t s .
U t ilit y A i r R e g u l a t o r y G r o u p (U A R G ) c \ o H u n t o n & Willia ms 1900 K St r eet NW W a s h in gt o n , DC 20460 Ph o n e: ( 202) 955- 1500 F a x : ( 202) 778- 2201 Mem b er s: 7 4

T h e UA RG i s a v o l u n t ar y , n o np r o f i t , un in co r p o r at ed, ad h o c gr o up o f 74 e l e c t r i c u t ilit ie s , t h e E E I , t h e N R E C A , a n d t h e A P P A

. T h e U A R G ’ s p u r p o s e is

t o p ar t ic ip a t e o n b e h a lf o f it s me mb e r s c o lle c t iv e l y in F e d e r a l a i r p o llu t i o n c o n t r o l r e g u l a t o r y a c t iv it ie s a n d in r e la t e d lit ig a t io n .
U t ilit y S o lid W a s t e A c t i v i t i e s Gr o up ( U SWA G ) c \ o EEI 701 Pen n s ylv a n i a A v e. NW W a s h in gt o n , DC 20004 Ph o n e: ( 202) 508- 5645 F a x : ( 202) 508- 5150 Mem b er s: 8 3 Co n t act : Jim Ro ewer

T h e US WA G i s an in f o r mal co n s o r t i um o f t h e E E I , t h e A P P A , t h e NRE C A a n d ap p r o x ima t e ly 8 0 e l e c t r i c u t ilit y c o mp a n ie s . T o g e t h e r , U S WA G me mb e r s r e pr esen t m o r e t h an 85 per cen t o f t h e t o t a l el ect r i c gen e r a t in g capaci t y

o f t h e Un it ed S t at es an d ser v i ce m o r e t h an 95 per cen t o f t h e Nat i o n ’ s co n s um er s o f el ect r i cit y . T h e m i ssi o n o f US WA G i s t o h e l p m e m b erco m p an i e s ma n a ge all u t ilit y w a s t e s a n d b y p r o d u c t s in a ma n n e r t h a t is p r o t e c t iv e o f hu ma n h e a l t h an d t h e en v i r o n m en t an d i s o f r easo n ab l e co st

.
U t ilit y W a t e r A c t G r o u p (U WA G ) c \ o H u n t o n & Willia ms 1900 K St r eet NW W a s h in gt o n , DC 20460 Ph o n e: ( 202) 955- 1500 F a x : ( 202) 778- 2201 Mem b er s: 7 8 Co n t act : Jo h n ( J ack) F

. Macken zi e, Ch ai r P aci f i c Gas an d E l ect r i c Co

. Ph o n e: ( 415) 973- 6901 F a x : ( 415) 973- 9201

T h e U WA G is a n a s s o c i a t io n o f 7 5 in d i v i d u a l u t ilit ie s a n d t h r e e n a t i o n a l t r a d e a s s o c i a t io n s o f e l e c t r i c u t ilit ie s - - t h e E E I , t h e N R E C A , a n d t h e A P P A

. T h e U WA G p u r p o s e is t o p ar t ic ip a t e o n b e h a lf o f it s me mb e r s in E P A ’ s r u le mak in g s u n d e r t h e C WA a n d in lit ig a t io n ar is in g fr o m t h o s e r u le mak in g s .

Sect o rNo t e b o o k Pr o j ect 142 Sept em b e r1997F o ssi lF u elEl ect ri c P o wer G e n e r a t i on S ect i o n IX. Con t act s / A ck n o wl ed gm en t s / R esou r ces I X . C ONTACTS / ACK NOWLEDGM ENTS /RES OURCE M A TERI A LS
F o rf u r t h e rin f o r mat i o n o n sel ect ed t o pi cs wit h in t h e f o ssi l f u el el ect r i c po wergen e r a t i o n in dust r y a l i s t o f co n t act s an d pub l i cat i o n s ar e pr o v i d ed b e l o w. Contacts

Name Organization Telephone Subject Rafael Sanchez EPA/OECA/METD (202) 564-7028 Compliance assistance Chris Oh EPA/OECA/METD (202) 564-7004 Compliance assistance Joe Daly EPA/OST/EAD (202) 260-7186 Steam Electric Effluent Guidelines Acknowledgments The contacts lis ted below have pr ovided valuable backgr ound inf o r m ation and comments dur ing the development of this document. E P A appr eciates this s uppor t and acknowledges that the individuals listed do not necessarily endorse all statements made within this sector notebook

. Joseph Daly - EPA/Office of Water (EPA/OW) Raf ael S a n c h ez - E P A / Of f i ce o f E n f o r cem en t an d Co m p l

i a n ce A ssur a n ce ( E P A / O E C A ) B ill M a x w e ll - E P A / O ffic e o f A i r Q u a lit y S t a n d ar d s a n d P l a n n in g ( E P A / O A Q S P ) S a m u el S

. T y so n - A m er i can Co al A s h A sso ci at i o n ( A CA A ) B ill W e mh o ff - A m e r ic a n P u b lic P o w e r A s s o c i a t io n ( A P P A ) K ar a M. Do wn ey - A r i z o n a E l ect r i c P o werCo o p er at i v e, I n c. ( A E P C) Rut h M. Ben n e t t - A sso ci at i o n o f E n er gy E n gin eer s ( A E E ) A l i ce Mey e r- E d i s o n E l ect r i c I n st it ut e ( E E I ) Ri ch ar d W

. S t er n b e r g - Nat i o n al Rur a l E l ect r i c Co o p er at i v e A sso ci at i o n ( N RE CA ) A n t h o n y Ri ai - E P A / Of f i ce o f E n f o r cem en t an d Co m p l

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