2015 IL App (1st) 120958 

 FOURTH DIVISION

 June 25, 2015 

No. 1-12-0958 

 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. 

 ) 

v. ) No. 09 C 660659 

 ) 

MARLON MINTER, ) Honorable 

 ) Luciano Panici, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.*

Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justice Cobbs dissented, with opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 After a jury trial, defendant Marlon Minter was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced 

to 23 years' incarceration. Defendant, who was 16 years old at the time of the offense, was 

automatically tried as an adult pursuant to the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 because the charges 

alleged that he was armed with a firearm during the robbery. 705 ILCS 405/5-130(1)(a)(iv) (West 

2008). 

¶ 2 At his trial, defendant did not deny committing the robbery. The sole issue in contention 

was whether defendant's accomplice, a man known as "Breed," was armed at the time of the 

robbery, which, under the law of accountability, would make defendant liable for the firearm as 

well. According to the victim, Markel Williams, and defendant's incriminating statements to the 

police, Breed was armed. Defendant's theory, supported by his own testimony, was that Breed was 

unarmed. 

 * This case was recently reassigned to Justice Ellis.
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¶ 3 On appeal, defendant raises six issues. Three of those issues relate to alleged errors in 

defendant's trial proceedings, while the other three relate to defendant's sentence. For purposes of 

clarity, we first outline defendant's contentions of trial error, then outline his three challenges to his 

sentence. 

¶ 4 Defendant first contends that the trial court violated his right to present a defense by 

preventing him from challenging his incriminating statement and from impeaching the State's only 

eyewitness. For reasons explained more fully below, we conclude that defendant was not deprived 

of his right to present a defense. While several of the trial court's rulings were incorrect, those 

errors did not significantly impact defendant's ability to challenge the State's evidence or present 

his case. 

¶ 5 Defendant's second contention of trial error relates to evidence of his tattoos that was 

presented at trial. Defendant claims that the trial court's rulings regarding his tattoos deprived him 

of a fair trial because they created the possibility that the jury would view him negatively because 

of his tattoos. We disagree that the rulings regarding defendant's tattoos prejudiced defendant's 

right to a fair trial because defendant presented the only evidence regarding the meaning of his 

tattoos, and he provided an innocuous explanation for each one. Moreover, the State's 

cross-examination regarding the tattoos did not uncover any prejudicial images or testimony. 

¶ 6 Defendant's third contention of trial error is that the trial court's improper comments and 

bias deprived him of his right to a fair trial. We conclude that a majority of the allegedly 

objectionable comments by the trial court were not improper; they were responses to defense 

counsel's repetitive questioning. Although we agree that the trial court's comments and rulings 

during closing argument were improper, defendant forfeited review of those errors because he did 

not raise his objection to those actions in his posttrial motion. We reject defendant's arguments that 
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we should relax the forfeiture rule under People v. Sprinkle, 27 Ill. 2d 398 (1963), and we disagree 

that the improper comments constituted plain error.

¶ 7 Along with defendant's three assertions of trial error, defendant also raises three challenges 

to his 23-year sentence. First, defendant asserts that the automatic transfer provision of the 

Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/5-130(1)(a) (West 2008)), which required that he be 

prosecuted as an adult, violated his right to due process of law, the eighth amendment of the United 

States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII), and the proportionate penalties clause of the 

Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). Second, defendant asserts that the 15-year 

firearm enhancement to his sentence was void because it had been ruled unconstitutional at the 

time of the offense. Finally, he asserts that the trial court improperly considered the two pending 

criminal charges against him as aggravating factors increasing his sentence. 

¶ 8 We must reject defendant's constitutional and voidness challenges because the Illinois 

Supreme Court recently issued decisions rejecting identical arguments. People v. Patterson, 2014 

IL 115102; People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122. However, we agree that the trial court erred in 

considering defendant's pending charges in aggravation. We affirm defendant's conviction, vacate 

defendant's sentence, and remand for resentencing.

¶ 9 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 10 A. Trial Testimony and Evidentiary Rulings 

¶ 11 Both Williams and defendant testified that, on March 24, 2009, defendant and Breed 

approached Williams as he was walking home from school. Williams testified that Breed pointed a 

gun at his chest while defendant took Williams's cell phone, driver's license, credit card, and cash 

from his pockets. Defendant testified that neither he nor Breed had a gun or brandished a gun. 

Defendant admitted to taking items from Williams's pockets, including his driver's license.
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¶ 12 Both Williams and defendant testified that defendant told Williams he would "shoot *** 

up" Williams's house if he called the police. After the robbery, Williams went home, told his 

mother what happened, and called the police. Williams did not tell his mother that Breed had a gun 

during the robbery. 

¶ 13 During her cross-examination of Williams, defense counsel asked, "And when you told the 

police officer that you were robbed at gunpoint, you thought that—you told the police officer that 

because you thought that they would be more likely to catch the person?" Williams said, "No," and 

the State then objected to the question, arguing that it "call[ed] for speculation by the police." The 

trial court sustained the objection. Defense counsel then asked Williams, "Did you think the police 

officer would look for the person if they didn't have a gun?" The State again objected, saying that 

the question called for speculation. Defense counsel replied, "Judge, it goes to his state of mind." 

The court sustained the objection and said, "Move on." 

¶ 14 Defense counsel also questioned Williams regarding what he told Detective Manuel 

Escalante at the Harvey police station. Williams denied telling Escalante that Breed pulled out the 

gun after he had already gone through his pockets. 

¶ 15 During her direct examination of defendant, defense counsel asked defendant about the

circumstances surrounding the statements he made to Detective Escalante and Assistant State's 

Attorney (ASA) Desiree Berg. Defendant said that, when he spoke to Escalante and Berg, he 

admitted to taking Williams's property but said that there was no gun involved. Defense counsel 

then asked whether Escalante threatened defendant:

"Q. [Defense counsel:] Now, while you were there speaking with Detective 

Escalante, did he make any threats to you at all?

A. [Defendant:] Yes ma'am.
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 Q. And what were those? 

A. He was telling me to – actually, you know, to say that I did it and that there was 

a gun involved or he was going to put other robberies that was [sic] occurring around 

Harvey, Illinois, on me. 

He was showing me pictures, asking me was this me. And I wasn't never [sic] there 

at the time. I didn't know nothing [sic] about it. 

 Q. So Detective Escalante wanted you to say that there was a gun involved? 

A. Yes, ma'am.

MR. VOLKMAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: Judge, we are going to object to this 

line of questioning. It is hearsay.

 THE COURT: Sustained." 

The parties then held a sidebar, where defense counsel argued that Detective Escalante's 

statements were not being used to prove the truth of the matter asserted in those statements. The 

court sustained the State's hearsay objection and instructed counsel to "[m]ove on." 

¶ 16 Defendant also testified that he told ASA Berg twice that Breed was not armed, but Berg 

told him that there "had to be a gun involved because [he] wouldn't be *** charged with armed 

robbery" if there was not. The State objected to this testimony and the court sustained that 

objection. The court instructed the jury to disregard that testimony. 

¶ 17 Later, defense counsel asked defendant why he would sign a written statement saying that 

Breed was armed if it was not true. Defendant replied, "Because, like the reason I said earlier, I 

didn't want to get charged with any more charges that I had nothing to do with at all." The State did 

not object to that answer. During her redirect examination, defense counsel again asked defendant 

why he signed the portion of the statement saying that Breed was armed. Defendant again 
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responded, without objection from the State, "Because I didn't want to get charged with any more 

cases."

¶ 18 Detective Manuel Escalante of the Harvey police department testified that, on March 24, 

2009, he spoke with Williams at the police station about the incident. The next day, Escalante saw 

defendant at the intersection of 145th Street and Halsted Street. As Escalante approached 

defendant, defendant ran. Escalante chased defendant down and arrested him.

¶ 19 At the police station, Escalante searched defendant and found cannabis and Williams's 

driver's license. Escalante testified that defendant admitted to robbing Williams with Breed, who 

was armed with a gun. Escalante saw ASA Berg reduce defendant's statement to writing in the 

presence of defendant and his mother. Defendant's written statement was introduced as evidence. 

It said that Breed had a gun during the robbery. 

¶ 20 On cross-examination, Escalante said that defendant told him Breed's real first name and 

that Breed lived on 146th Street in Harvey. According to Escalante, 146th Street ran east to west 

across Harvey. Escalante said that, if a gun had been involved, he would try to recover it. He 

acknowledged that the gun Breed allegedly used was never recovered, but he maintained that he 

searched for it.

¶ 21 After defendant finished testifying on the second day of trial, defense counsel noted that 

Detective Escalante was not available to testify regarding Williams's statements to him. Defense 

counsel said that Escalante was necessary to perfect her impeachment of Williams, as he would 

testify that Williams said that Breed went through his pockets, then pulled out the gun. This 

testimony would conflict with Williams's testimony at trial that Breed pulled out a gun first, then 

went through his pockets. The court asked whether Escalante had been served with a subpoena. 

The State said that it had attempted service, but that Escalante had gone on medical leave. The 
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court asked defense counsel, "What do you want to do today?" Defense counsel moved for a 

mistrial and the trial court denied that request. Defense counsel said that she did not "see how he 

could be" present for trial the day before if he was now on medical leave, but the court said, "He 

was released after he was done testifying. You should have foreseen that and you should have 

served him with the subpoena." 

¶ 22 B. Motion In Limine and Evidence Regarding Tattoos 

¶ 23 Before trial, defendant made a motion in limine seeking permission to apply flesh-toned 

makeup to his face in order to cover tattoos he had received since his arrest. Defense counsel 

argued that, since defendant did not have the tattoos at the time of the offense, covering them up 

would not impede any witness's ability to identify him. Defense counsel also argued that the 

tattoos, especially defendant's teardrop tattoos, would be prejudicial because the jury could 

interpret them to be gang tattoos. The trial court denied defendant's request, noting that defendant 

chose to get the tattoos himself and that he should not be allowed to change his appearance. 

Defendant renewed this request in the middle of the trial, but the trial court again denied it. 

¶ 24 During her direct examination, defense counsel asked defendant about his facial tattoos. 

He said that he had one tattoo over his right brow that said, "Ike," which was his younger brother's 

name. Defendant testified that the tattoo over his left eyebrow, which read, "A.T.G.," stood for 

"Achieving Through Goals." Defendant testified that the four teardrop tattoos on his face 

represented the deaths of his father, his twin brother, and his two older brothers. He said that he 

had a spider web tattooed on his face because he liked the image.

¶ 25 On cross-examination, the State asked defendant about the meaning of tattoos on his hands. 

He said that the one reading, "A.T.G.," meant the same thing as the similar tattoo on his face. He 

said that another tattoo, reading " 'Little Man' and 'Laundra,' " was for him and his girlfriend. The 
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State then asked defendant if he had tattoos on his arms. He said he did, and the State asked that 

defendant roll up his sleeves. Defense counsel objected and the court overruled the objection. 

Defense counsel requested a sidebar, and the court replied, "No, objection is overruled." Defense 

counsel again pressed for a sidebar and the court relented. During the sidebar, defense counsel 

argued that the prosecution was exceeding the scope of her direct examination, which focused 

solely on defendant's visible tattoos. The State responded that defense counsel had opened the door 

to questioning about defendant's tattoos. The court overruled defendant's objection. 

¶ 26 After the sidebar concluded, the State instructed defendant to roll up his sleeves. Defendant 

noted a tattoo on one arm that said, "Little Man," which was his nickname. On his other arm, he 

had a tattoo that said, "Chief," and a tattoo of his mother's name. When the State asked what the 

"Chief" tattoo meant, defendant replied, "Chief, you don't know what 'chief' mean[s]?" The State 

did not ask any additional questions regarding defendant's tattoos. 

¶ 27 C. Jury Instructions, Closing Arguments, and Verdict 

¶ 28 During the jury instructions conference, defense counsel proposed four modified versions 

of Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.01 (4th ed. 2000), each of which specifically 

instructed the jury to not consider defendant's tattoos in reaching its verdict. The court denied the 

proposed instructions. 

¶ 29 The State objected to the use of Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.06-3.07 

(4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07), which pertains to the use of a 

defendant's prior statements as evidence. The State argued that, because defendant testified that he 

told Detective Escalante that there was no gun involved, defendant's statements that there was a 

gun were prior inconsistent statements. The State claimed that Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, 

Criminal, No. 3.11 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11), which discusses prior 
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inconsistent statements of a witness, was more appropriate. Defense counsel argued that IPI 

Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 was the correct instruction for defendant's incriminating statement, as 

the State used it as substantive evidence and defendant denied making a portion of the statement. 

The court found that IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 was "more on point" and rejected the use of IPI 

Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07. 

¶ 30 During closing arguments, defense counsel argued that Detective Escalante may not have 

actually believed that a gun was involved in the robbery because he did not recover it despite 

knowing Breed's name and where he lived. The State objected to this argument and the trial court 

sustained that objection. The court said that defense counsel should not opine as to Escalante's 

beliefs. During the State's closing argument, the State asserted that defendant did not know about 

the law of accountability when he admitted that Breed was armed. The State claimed that, after 

consulting with his attorney and learning that he could be held accountable for Breed's being 

armed, defendant decided to testify that a gun was not involved. Defense counsel objected to this 

argument and the trial court overruled that objection, finding that the State drew a reasonable 

inference from the evidence.

¶ 31 After the parties made their closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury. The court 

read part of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11: 

"The believability of a witness may be challenged by evidence that on some former 

occasion he made a statement that was not consistent with his testimony in this case. 

Evidence of this kind ordinarily may be considered by you only for the limited purpose of 

deciding the weight to be given to the testimony you heard from the witness in this 

courtroom. 

However, you may consider a witness's earlier inconsistent statement as evidence 
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without this limitation when the statement narrates, describes or explains an event or 

condition the witness has personal knowledge of. It is for you to determine whether the 

witness made the earlier statement and if so what weight should be given to that statement. 

In determining the weight to be given to an earlier statement, you should consider all of the 

circumstances under which it was made."

¶ 32 During the jury's deliberations, it sent out a note requesting to see "a portion of the 

transcript regarding Det. Escalante on gun search by defense [sic]." The court replied that the 

transcripts were not available and that the jury should continue deliberating. The jury eventually 

found defendant guilty of armed robbery. 

¶ 33 D. Posttrial Motions and Sentencing

¶ 34 Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, asserting that the trial court erred in restricting 

defendant's testimony that his confession was coerced and in precluding him from covering his 

facial tattoos. The trial court denied the motion. 

¶ 35 At defendant's sentencing hearing, the State noted that defendant had two criminal charges 

pending against him, one for possession of contraband in a penal institution and one for aggravated 

battery of a correctional officer. In discussing the aggravating factors applicable to defendant, the 

trial court noted that defendant had two "new charges" and said that those charges "do[ ] not go 

well for him." The court also took note of defendant's juvenile adjudication for battery and the fact 

that he threatened to shoot Williams's house if he called the police. In mitigation, the court took 

note of defendant's youth and the fact that several of his family members had died. The trial court 

sentenced defendant to 23 years' incarceration. The minimum available sentence was 21 years: 6 

years for the armed robbery, plus a mandatory 15-year enhancement because of the use of a 

firearm.
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¶ 36 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider the sentence, which asserted that the trial court 

improperly considered his pending charges in aggravation. Defense counsel argued that the trial 

court conducted no inquiry into the facts underlying those charges and thus could not rely upon 

them in sentencing defendant. The court denied defendant's motion. Defendant appeals. 

¶ 37 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 38 A. Defendant's Right to Present a Defense

¶ 39 Defendant first claims that four errors, both individually and cumulatively, denied him his 

constitutional right to present a defense: 

1. That the trial court incorrectly excluded, as hearsay, defendant's testimony that 

the police detective and assistant State's Attorney who elicited his confession made 

coercive statements;

2. That the trial court failed to give the jury the correct pattern instruction on his 

incriminating statement;

3. That the trial court precluded him from cross-examining Williams on whether 

Williams thought the police would be more likely to investigate the robbery if they 

believed a gun was involved; and 

4. That the trial court failed to order a continuance so that defendant could 

subpoena the detective who interviewed Williams and perfect defendant's impeachment of 

Williams. 

According to defendant, these errors prevented him from challenging his incriminating statement 

and from impeaching Williams. We address each of these alleged errors in turn.

¶ 40 1. Whether Police and Prosecution Comments Were Hearsay
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¶ 41 At trial, the court sustained the State's hearsay objections to defendant's testimony that 

Detective Escalante threatened to frame him for additional armed robberies if he did not confess. 

The court also sustained a hearsay objection to defendant's testimony that ASA Berg refused to 

accept his assertions that Breed did not have a gun. Defendant claims that these rulings were 

erroneous because the testimony was not being used to prove the truth of the matter asserted; it was 

used to prove the effect on defendant and provide a reason why he would falsely admit that Breed 

was armed. See People v. Dunmore, 389 Ill. App. 3d 1095, 1106 (2009) (statements used to prove 

effect on listener's mind are not hearsay). The State replies that defendant forfeited this issue by 

failing to raise it in the trial court, and that the testimony it objected to was hearsay.

¶ 42 To begin, we reject the State's forfeiture argument. Defense counsel sought to elicit the 

testimony from defendant and argued that it was not hearsay because it was not being used to 

prove the truth of the matter asserted. Defendant again raised these arguments in his motion for a 

new trial. That is all defendant was required to do to preserve this issue for our review. People v. 

Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 11. 

¶ 43 The State contends that this was not enough, however, because, at trial, defense counsel did 

not articulate that the comments were being used to prove the effect on defendant's state of mind. 

The State is incorrect. Defense counsel argued that the evidence was not being used to prove the 

truth of the matter asserted. Defendant again argued that the statements were not hearsay in his 

posttrial motion. The trial court thus had ample opportunity to address the same challenge that 

defendant now raises. Defendant did not need to raise his argument in precisely the same way in 

order to preserve it on appeal. See, e.g., People v. Heider, 231 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2008) (finding that 

defendant did not forfeit issue where trial court had opportunity to address issue below and 

defendant did not raise "completely different objection" on appeal); People v. Mohr, 228 Ill. 2d 53, 
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64-65 (2008) (rejecting State's forfeiture argument because defendant did not need to object to jury 

instruction at issue "on identical grounds"; fact that defendant objected to instruction at trial and in 

posttrial motion was sufficient). 

¶ 44 Turning to the substance of defendant's argument, it is clear that defendant intended to use 

these statements to explain why he told the police that Breed was armed, even though he testified 

at trial that Breed was not. The value of the alleged threats was that they tended to show why 

defendant would falsely confess. In other words, they were used to prove the effect on defendant. It 

was irrelevant whether or not the substance of those statements were true (i.e., whether Escalante 

would actually frame defendant); it only mattered that defendant heard the threats and was affected 

by them. Consequently, they were not hearsay. See People v. Theis, 2011 IL App (2d) 091080, 

¶¶ 31, 33, 40 (detective's statements during interrogation, which defendant asserted were coercive, 

were not hearsay because they were used to prove their effect on defendant). 

¶ 45 Having determined that the trial court erred in excluding defendant's testimony, the State 

must establish that this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Mullins, 242 Ill. 

2d 1, 23 (2011) (State must show constitutional errors are harmless beyond reasonable doubt). In 

determining whether an error was harmless, we consider whether the error contributed to the 

conviction, whether the other evidence in the case overwhelmingly supported the conviction, and 

whether the improperly admitted evidence was cumulative or duplicative of the properly admitted 

evidence. People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 428 (2005). 

¶ 46 First, the evidence against defendant was overwhelming. The only issue at trial was 

whether Breed was armed during the robbery. Williams, whose testimony was not significantly 

impeached, testified that Breed was armed. Williams's testimony was corroborated by Detective 

Escalante, who said that defendant admitted that Breed was armed, as well as by defendant's 
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signed statement indicating that Breed was armed. While defendant argues that he would have 

been able to impeach Williams if he had had an opportunity to secure Escalante's testimony after 

the first day of trial (see infra Part I(A)(4)), that impeachment was minor. Even if he had perfected 

defendant's impeachment, Escalante would have simply contradicted Williams's testimony as to 

when Breed pulled out the gun and whether both Breed and defendant, as opposed to just 

defendant, went through his pockets. Neither fact would have undermined the central point of 

Williams's testimony: that defendant and Breed robbed him at gunpoint. It is thus unlikely that 

these minor inconsistencies would have led the jury to reject both Williams's testimony and 

defendant's oral and written confessions. 

¶ 47 Although defendant's trial testimony was not inherently implausible, it would not have 

significantly undermined the strength of the State's evidence, in any event. Defendant was 

significantly impeached by his prior oral and written statements, where he admitted that Breed had 

a gun. Even though defendant testified that those statements were coerced, his prior inconsistent 

statements still served to impeach his testimony that Breed was unarmed during the robbery. When 

contrasted with Williams's testimony, Escalante's testimony, and defendant's written statement, 

defendant's evidence was weak.

¶ 48 Moreover, the evidence at issue was cumulative because defendant was ultimately allowed 

to testify that his statement was coerced. After the trial court had incorrectly sustained the State's 

hearsay objections, defense counsel asked defendant why he would initial the written statement 

saying that Breed was armed if it was not true. Defendant replied, "Because, like the reason I said 

earlier, I didn't want to get charged with any more charges that I had nothing to do with at all." 

During her redirect examination, defense counsel again asked defendant why he signed the

statement and defendant again responded, "Because I didn't want to get charged with any more 
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cases." The State did not object to either of these statements, nor did the court tell the jury to 

disregard them. Because defendant was ultimately able to testify that he was coerced into signing

the statement, the improperly excluded testimony was cumulative. See People v. Seesengood, 266 

Ill. App. 3d 351, 358-59 (1994) (erroneous exclusion of statements used to prove effect on 

defendant's mind was harmless where defendant "was allowed to testify to essentially the same 

matters" in other portions of his testimony). The trial court's error had minimal effect on 

defendant's ability to explain his inculpatory statements.

¶ 49 2. Jury Instructions on Defendant's Confession

¶ 50 Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in giving IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 in lieu of 

IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07. He contends that IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 is necessary 

where, as in this case, the State uses a defendant's incriminating statement as evidence against him, 

and the defendant denies making a part of that statement. The State contends that this issue is 

forfeited, and that defendant suffered no prejudice from the exclusion of IPI Criminal 4th No. 

3.06-3.07 in any event, because the other jury instructions adequately informed the jury of the 

legal principles contained in that instruction. 

¶ 51 We first address the State's forfeiture argument. As the State points out, defendant did not 

include this issue in his posttrial motion. In order to preserve a challenge to jury instructions, a 

defendant must object to the instruction or offer an alternative at trial, as well as raise the issue in a 

posttrial motion. People v. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d 181, 190 (2008). Because defendant did not 

complete that final step, he has forfeited review of this issue.

¶ 52 Defendant acknowledges that he did not include this issue in his posttrial motion but argues 

that he was not required to do so to preserve this issue. Defendant cites People v. Haar, 75 Ill. App. 

3d 770 (1979), and People v. Harris, 72 Ill. 2d 16 (1978), in support of this proposition. In Haar, 
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the court held that the defendant did not forfeit his challenge to an erroneous jury instruction by 

failing to include it in his posttrial motion. Haar, 75 Ill. App. 3d at 773. The court relied on Harris

in reaching this conclusion. Id. In his dissent in Haar, Justice Jones aruged that Harris did not offer 

support for the majority's forfeiture discussion. Id. at 774 (Jones, J., dissenting). 

¶ 53 As Justice Jones accurately recognized in Haar, the Illinois Supreme Court in Harris did 

not hold that a defendant asserting an instructional error is exempt from including that issue in his

posttrial motion. In Harris, the State argued that the defendant had forfeited review of an error in 

his jury instructions because he did not include it in his posttrial motion. Harris, 72 Ill. 2d at 28. 

The court, citing Illinois Supreme Court Rules 615(a) and 451(c), noted that "[p]lain errors" and 

"substantial defects" in jury instructions could be reviewed notwithstanding defendant's forfeiture 

of the issue. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 615; R. 451(c) (eff. Jan. 1, 

1969)). The court in Harris did not hold that the defendant could fail to include an issue in his 

posttrial motion and escape forfeiture; rather, the court held that, despite the defendant's forfeiture,

the instructional error at issue could be considered to determine whether it rose to the level of plain 

error. Id. 

¶ 54 With that understanding of Harris, we find that Haar lacks precedential support and we 

decline to follow it. The Illinois Supreme Court has been steadfast in its application of forfeiture in 

criminal cases: a defendant must raise an objection at trial or in a motion in limine and include the 

issue in a posttrial motion. Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 11; Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at 190. Therefore, 

we adhere to the Illinois Supreme Court's oft-stated rule of forfeiture and find that defendant 

forfeited this issue on appeal by failing to include it in his posttrial motion. 
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¶ 55 Defendant argues that, regardless of his forfeiture, the omission of IPI Criminal 4th No. 

3.06-3.07 was plain error.1 The first step in determining whether an error is plain error is to 

determine whether an error occurred at all. People v. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 189 (2010). We 

apply de novo review to the question of whether the jury instructions accurately conveyed the law. 

People v. Parker, 223 Ill. 2d 494, 501 (2006). 

¶ 56 In this case, the trial court did not deliver IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 in relation to 

defendant's incriminating statements. Instead, the court gave IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, finding 

that it was applicable because defendant's prior statements conflicted with his trial testimony. This 

was error. IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07, entitled, "Statements By Defendant," pertains to a 

defendant's statements, including admissions, confessions, or false exculpatory statements. People 

v. Batinich, 196 Ill. App. 3d 1078, 1086 (1990). By contrast, IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 deals with 

prior inconsistent statements of any witness, not just a defendant, both when they are used for 

impeachment and as substantive evidence. Id. at 1086. Here, the State introduced defendant's 

confessions as substantive evidence. Therefore, the trial court should have given the jury IPI 

Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07. 

¶ 57 However, the trial court's failure to give that instruction was not plain error. Plain error 

occurs in two scenarios: (1) where the evidence at trial was closely balanced, so that the error 

threatened to tip the outcome in the favor of the State; and (2) where the error was so serious that it 

affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and the error threatened the integrity of the judicial 

process. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). In the context of an error relating to jury 

 1 The State contends that defendant also forfeited plain-error review by not raising it in his 

opening brief. The State is incorrect. It is well established that plain error may be raised for the first 

time in a reply brief, as defendant did. People v. Ramsey, 239 Ill. 2d 342, 412 (2010) (citing People 

v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 306, 347-48 (2000)). 
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instructions, the Illinois Supreme Court has enumerated a specific test for second-prong plain 

error: whether the omitted instruction created a serious risk that the jurors incorrectly convicted the 

defendant because they did not understand the applicable law, so as to severely threaten the 

fairness of the trial. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d at 190-91. We first address why the error was not

second-prong plain error, then turn to the first prong. 

¶ 58 Defendant cannot show that the exclusion of the instruction created a serious risk that the 

jury misunderstood the law because the trial court gave a nearly identical instruction to the jury. 

IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 states in full:

"You have before you evidence that [(the) (a)] defendant made [a] statement[s] 

relating to the offense[s] charged in the [(indictment) (information) (complaint)]. It is for 

you to determine [whether the defendant made the statement[s], and, if so,] what weight 

should be given to the statement[s]. In determining the weight to be given to a statement, 

you should consider all of the circumstances under which it was made." 

The court's instruction, which recited a portion of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, was nearly identical

to that instruction:

"[Y]ou may consider a witness's earlier inconsistent statement as evidence without this 

limitation when the statement narrates, describes or explains an event or condition the 

witness has personal knowledge of. It is for you to determine whether the witness made the 

earlier statement and if so what weight should be given to that statement. In determining 

the weight to be given to an earlier statement, you should consider all of the circumstances 

under which it was made." 

¶ 59 Like IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07, the court's instruction informed the jury that it should 

determine whether the witness made the earlier statement and what weight that statement should 
No. 1-12-0958 

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be given. The court's instruction further told the jury to consider "all of the circumstances" under 

which the statement was made in deciding its weight. Moreover, defendant cannot show that the 

jury did not apply the court's instruction to defendant's prior statements. The court's instruction 

applied to "inconsistent statement[s]," such as defendant's prior admissions that Breed was armed. 

Defendant's prior statement described an event of which he had personal knowledge: his robbery 

of Williams. The court further informed the jury that it should treat defendant's testimony like that 

of any other witness. These instructions conveyed the same principles as IPI Criminal 4th No. 

3.06-3.07. 

¶ 60 We find support for this conclusion in People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 599-600 

(2008), where, in the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel argument, the court found that 

the same instructional error did not prejudice the defendant. Like this case, the jury in Johnson

received only IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11. Id. The court concluded that, because IPI Criminal 4th 

No. 3.11 and IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 were essentially identical, the defendant could not 

show that he suffered prejudice from the omission of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07. Id. at 600. 

We find that the rationale of the court in Johnson applies with greater force in this case. Whereas 

the defendant in Johnson—who asserted an ineffective assistance of counsel claim—was simply 

required to show that the omission of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 created a reasonable 

probability that the fairness of his trial was undermined (Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 598), 

defendant in this case must show that the omission of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 created a 

serious risk that the jury misunderstood the applicable law in such a way that the fairness of his 

trial was in jeopardy. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d at 190-91. In light of defendant's higher burden in this 

case, we find Johnson to be persuasive. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 61 Defendant cites People v. Turman, 2011 IL App (1st) 091019, in support of his 

second-prong plain-error argument, but Turman involved a more confusing set of jury 

instructions. In Turman, the jury was given both IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 and IPI Criminal 

4th No. 3.11. Id. ¶¶ 28, 32. However, the version of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 given to the 

jury did not include the portion of the instruction telling the jury that it was for them to decide 

whether the defendant had made the incriminating statement. Id. ¶ 28. The version of IPI Criminal 

4th No. 3.11, on the other hand, did include that language. Id. ¶ 32. Because one instruction told 

the jury that it could decide whether a witness made a prior statement, while the other did not, the 

jury might have incorrectly concluded that it could not determine whether the defendant made his 

statement. Id. ¶ 33. In this case, by contrast, the only instruction given to the jury about witnesses' 

prior statements correctly told the jurors that it was for them to decide whether the witness made 

the statement. The jury did not have to reconcile conflicting instructions. Therefore, the risk that 

the jury would apply differing standards to defendant's statement and other witnesses' prior 

statements was not present in this case. 

¶ 62 Defendant also contends that this error constituted plain error because the evidence at trial 

was closely balanced. However, as we stated above, the evidence against defendant was strong. 

Thus, defendant cannot show that the court's error threatened to tip the balance of the evidence in 

the State's favor. Moreover, the omission of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt because the jury received a nearly identical instruction to IPI Criminal 4th No. 

3.06-3.07. See People v. Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 141 (harmless error "certainly cannot rise to the 

level of plain error"); People v. Pomykala, 203 Ill. 2d 198, 210 (2003) (error in jury instructions 

will be considered harmless if result of trial would not have been different if jury had been 
No. 1-12-0958 

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properly instructed). With instructions laying out the same legal principles as the omitted 

instruction, the result of the trial would have been the same even had the trial court not erred. 

¶ 63 3. Evidence of Williams's Interest in the Police Investigation

¶ 64 Defendant next claims that the trial court erred in sustaining the State's objection to his

questioning Williams about whether Williams thought the police would investigate this case more 

thoroughly if he told them that Breed had a gun. The trial court found that this question called for a 

speculative answer. On appeal, defendant claims that the question was not speculative; it sought to 

provide a reason why Williams would lie about Breed having a gun. The State counters that 

defendant has forfeited this issue, and that the trial court properly excluded testimony that would 

have amounted to Williams speculating on police practice. 

¶ 65 Defendant acknowledges that he forfeited review of this issue by failing to include it in a 

posttrial motion. See Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 11. However, defendant urges us to review this 

error under the first prong of plain error. We begin by determining whether the trial court erred in 

limiting defendant's cross-examination. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d at 189. We apply an abuse of 

discretion standard to this question. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 130 (1998). 

¶ 66 We agree with defendant that the question posed by defense counsel did not call for a 

speculative response. Defense counsel asked Williams two questions about what he thought the 

police would do if he told them Breed had a gun. First, she asked, "[W]hen you told the police 

officer that you were robbed at gunpoint, you thought that—you told the police officer that 

because you thought that they would be more likely to catch the person?" (Emphasis added.) 

Second, she asked, "Did you think the police officer would look for the person if they didn't have a 

gun?" (Emphasis added.) Defense counsel explained that these questions went to Williams's state 

of mind. In other words, they were an attempt to elicit testimony that would suggest that Williams 
No. 1-12-0958 

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had an incentive to lie about the presence of the gun, i.e., that he thought the police would be more 

likely to pursue the robbers if he said they were armed. Defendant did not ask Williams to 

speculate as to whether the police were in fact more likely to investigate robberies committed with 

firearms than those committed without firearms. Thus, the trial court erred in ruling that defense 

counsel's question called for speculation. See, e.g., People v. Morris, 162 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 

1051-52 (1987) (counsel's question asking defendant what he thought victim was going to do to 

him did not call for speculation into victim's intent; it went to defendant's state of mind and 

whether he acted in self-defense). 

¶ 67 However, even though the trial court erred in excluding this evidence, defendant cannot 

establish that it constituted first-prong plain error. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a); Belknap, 2014 IL 

117094, ¶ 48 (first prong of plain error applies where evidence is so closely balanced that error 

threatened to tip scale in favor of State). As we explained above, the evidence against defendant 

was overwhelming. We hold defendant to his forfeiture of this issue. 

¶ 68 We also note that, if defendant had been permitted to continue with this line of questioning, 

it was unlikely that he would have uncovered evidence to support his case. When defense counsel 

first asked Williams whether he told the police that Breed had a gun because he thought it would 

make the police more likely to catch Breed, before the State objected, Williams answered, "No." 

Defense counsel's second question in this line of questioning, which merely rephrased the first 

question, would have likely elicited the same answer. While we cannot be certain whether 

Williams would have provided helpful evidence for the defense, his answer to counsel's first 

question—the only answer we have on the record—suggests otherwise. 

¶ 69 4. Perfecting the Impeachment of Williams
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¶ 70 Defendant's final contention of error relating to his right to present a defense is that the trial 

court erred in preventing him from perfecting his impeachment of Williams. On the first day of

trial, defense counsel asked Williams if he told Detective Escalante that Breed went through his 

pockets and then drew the gun. Williams denied saying that. Those facts would conflict with 

Williams's trial testimony, in which he said that Breed drew the gun at the beginning of the robbery 

and did not go through his pockets. The next day, defense counsel planned to call Escalante to 

testify that Williams did tell him those things. However, Escalante was unavailable because he had 

apparently gone on medical leave. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial because she could not

perfect her impeachment of Williams without Escalante. The trial court denied defense counsel's 

motion because defense counsel had not served Escalante with a subpoena. 

¶ 71 On appeal, defendant for the first time claims that the trial court should have ordered a 

continuance so that defense counsel could secure Escalante's appearance. The State responds that 

defendant forfeited this issue because he did not ask for a continuance below and that the trial court 

had no duty to sua sponte order one. 

¶ 72 We apply an abuse of discretion standard of review to this issue. See People v. Walker, 232 

Ill. 2d 113, 125 (2009) (decision to grant or deny continuance is subject to abuse of discretion 

standard). An abuse of discretion occurs where a trial court's decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or 

unreasonable. People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354, 359 (2004). 

¶ 73 Defendant's argument is undercut by the fact that he never sought the continuance he now 

claims the court should have granted. Instead, at trial, defense counsel sought a mistrial due to 

Escalante's absence. Defendant acknowledges this fact but argues that the trial court should have 

taken it upon itself to order a continuance in the interests of justice. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 74 This court has repeatedly rejected the notion that trial courts possess an obligation to sua 

sponte continue cases, even where the denial of a continuance may prejudice the defendant. E.g., 

People v. Smith, 2012 IL App (4th) 100901, ¶ 138 (trial courts do not have duty to sua sponte

continue case after State amends charging instrument); People v. Wilder, 325 Ill. App. 3d 987, 995

(2001) (trial court not required to sua sponte continue trial for defendant to obtain civilian clothes 

to wear in front of jury); People v. Barnes, 130 Ill. App. 3d 1026, 1030 (1985) (trial court did not 

have duty to sua sponte continue trial to permit defendant to subpoena expert witness to support 

his case). Defendant offers no persuasive reason why we should depart from this principle or why 

defense counsel could not have asked to continue the trial. 

¶ 75 Defendant cites People v. Amos, 204 Ill. App. 3d 75, 83 (1990), but it appears that the 

defendant in that case requested a continuance to locate a witness to perfect the impeachment of 

another witness for the State. Although the court did not expressly say that the defendant had 

requested a continuance, the court in Amos framed the defendant's argument as whether the court 

"abused its discretion in denying the defense a continuance." (Emphasis added.) Id. This suggests 

that the defendant asked for, but was denied, a continuance. Moreover, even if the defendant in 

Amos had not requested a continuance, he represented himself (albeit with standby counsel). Id. at 

80. The trial court's obligations with respect to a pro se defendant may differ from those where, as 

in this case, the defendant is represented by counsel. Here, the trial court did not have a duty to 

request a continuance on defense counsel's behalf. 

¶ 76 We recognize that Detective Escalante's absence precluded defendant from perfecting his 

impeachment of Williams. However, it was incumbent on defense counsel to request a 

continuance in order to secure his presence. Defense counsel did not do that. Instead, she asked for 

a mistrial. Before this court, defendant does not assert that the trial court erred in denying his 
No. 1-12-0958 

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motion for a mistrial, thereby forfeiting that issue. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); 

People v. Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d 277, 294 (2010) (party forfeits review of issue that he does not argue 

on appeal). 

¶ 77 We also note that, even if defendant had received a continuance to secure Escalante's 

presence, the impeachment he would have offered would have been relatively minor. Escalante 

would have simply testified that Williams told him that Breed had gone through his pockets, then 

pulled out a gun. This would contradict Williams's trial testimony, where he said that Breed pulled 

out the gun before going through his pockets. This slight discrepancy in the sequence of events

would not have significantly undermined the major points of Williams's testimony, including the 

crucial fact that Breed had a gun during the robbery. We cannot conclude that the trial court had a 

duty to order a continuance sua sponte, let alone that the failure to do so was an abuse of discretion.

¶ 78 5. Cumulative Error

¶ 79 Finally, defendant contends that, when all of the collective errors at his trial are viewed 

together, he was deprived of his right to present his defense. Defendant is correct that, although 

any individual error may not constitute reversible error, the cumulative impact of errors may 

necessitate a new trial. People v. Speight, 153 Ill. 2d 365, 376 (1992). However, we do not believe 

that this case presents such an instance. 

¶ 80 Viewing the record as a whole, defendant was able to present his defense adequately. He 

testified that Breed did not have a gun and was allowed to explain why he signed a confession 

saying otherwise. Defendant received a jury instruction that, while incorrect in form, correctly 

informed the jury that it should decide whether defendant made his incriminating statement and 

that it should consider all of the circumstances surrounding that statement. Although the trial court 

prevented defendant from inquiring into Williams's possible interest in lying about the presence of 
No. 1-12-0958 

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a gun, that ruling did not constitute first-prong plain error because the evidence at defendant's trial 

was not closely balanced. Finally, the trial court was under no obligation to sua sponte grant 

defendant a continuance. As each of the errors either had a minor impact or no impact at all, 

defendant has not shown that, taking them together, they deprived him of his right to present his 

defense.

¶ 81 The dissent contends that the errors in this case were so numerous that a new trial is 

required. Citing People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99 (2000), the dissent argues that, regardless of the 

strength of the evidence against defendant, there are circumstances where trial errors are so 

numerous and so severe that we must order a new trial in order to preserve the integrity of the 

judicial process. While we do not take issue with the dissent's recitation of the rule in Blue, we do 

not think this is a case where we must invoke that rule. In Blue, the defendant was on trial for 

murdering a police officer. Id. at 105-09. In its case-in-chief, the State introduced the officer's 

uniform, which was covered with blood and brain-matter stains and torn from the paramedics' 

attempts to save the officer's life. Id. at 120. Moreover, the State draped the tattered uniform on a 

mannequin that stood in the courtroom during a large portion of its case-in-chief, and the trial court 

provided the jury with rubber gloves so that they could handle the uniform during deliberations. Id.

at 121. During the State's rebuttal closing argument, it told the jury that the officer's family " 

'need[ed] to hear from [the jury] that they will get justice,' " and that "every police officer" in 

Illinois "need[ed] to hear from [the jury]." Id. at 128. The supreme court held that the "synergistic 

effect" of the uniform and the improper closing argument required a new trial, regardless of the 

strength of the evidence against the defendant. Id. at 139. The court noted that these errors 

"encouraged the jury to return a verdict grounded in emotion" and that the state possessed "an 

intent *** to place the jury's responsibility as citizens on trial." Id. at 139, 140. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 82 No similar appeal to the jury's emotions or passions occurred in this case. Although the trial 

court made several incorrect rulings, they did not deprive defendant of his fundamental right to 

present his defense—he testified that Breed was not armed and that his confession was false—or to 

challenge the State's case. We see no overreaching on the State's part in an attempt to appeal to the 

jury's emotions. While we do not, by any means, condone or encourage the trial court's numerous 

errors, the errors in this case do not rise to the same level as those in Blue, such that reversal is 

required regardless of the strength of the evidence. 

¶ 83 The dissent also takes issue with our characterization of the evidence against defendant as 

"overwhelming," first noting that Williams's testimony was inconsistent with his prior statement to 

his mother. We find no significant inconsistency between the two. While Williams did not 

specifically tell his mother that Breed was armed when he first recounted the robbery to her, 

neither did he tell her that Breed was unarmed; he simply did not discuss the detail of the weapon 

when he first talked to her, before they went to the police. In his words at trial, Williams testified 

that he "didn't come out and exactly say that [to his mother], no." This issue was not further 

developed at trial, so we cannot be sure why Williams omitted that detail when talking with his 

mother. It is also worth reminding that everything else that Williams said at trial—that he was 

robbed, what was stolen, and the fact that defendant and an accomplice were the 

perpetrators—was admitted as true by defendant at trial, and that defendant's statements strongly 

corroborated Williams's testimony that Breed had a gun. 

¶ 84 The dissent's second basis for concluding that the evidence is not overwhelming is that 

Detective Escalante's testimony was inconsistent with ASA Berg's testimony from the pretrial 

suppression hearing, where Berg testified that she did not read defendant's handwritten statements 

to him. But even if Escalante was incorrect in testifying that Berg read the statement to defendant, 
No. 1-12-0958 

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this fact does not render the written statement untrustworthy, especially since defendant's mother 

was present when defendant gave the statement. Moreover, defendant initialed the statement 

where any changes were made, suggesting that defendant had an opportunity to review his 

statement to approve or reject any changes. 

¶ 85 Finally, the dissent notes that we must take defendant's evidence into account when 

deciding whether the evidence was overwhelming. We have. But compared to the State's evidence, 

defendant's case was weak. Defendant's theory of the case breaks down as follows: (1) Williams

lied about the presence of a gun, though he told the truth about everything else; (2) Detective 

Escalante coerced defendant into admitting that his accomplice used a gun during the robbery; and 

(3) defendant never read the statement in which he admitted that his accomplice used a gun, even 

though both he and his mother signed every page of that statement and initialed numerous 

corrections to the statement. None of these propositions create a reasonable doubt that the jury 

could reach a different outcome on retrial. 

¶ 86 It is unreasonable to believe that Williams lied to the police about the presence of a gun

because he thought it would make the police more enthusiastic about catching the perpetrators. 

The dissent does not acknowledge that Williams was asked that very question—whether he 

mentioned a gun because he thought it would make the police "more likely to catch the 

person"—and Williams answered "no" before the judge sustained the objection to the question. 

That aside, given that Williams told the truth, by defendant's admission, about every other aspect 

of the crime, the notion that he lied about this one significant detail based on some hidden agenda 

to motivate the police department is a stretch, to say the least. 

¶ 87 It is even harder to believe that, despite defendant's claim that he insisted that his 

accomplice was unarmed, Escalante coerced defendant into admitting that Breed had a gun and, in 
No. 1-12-0958 

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cahoots with ASA Berg, fabricated defendant's written statement, which defendant and his mother 

initialed and signed in several places without reviewing. It would require a complete suspension of 

disbelief to accept that defendant did not know he was signing a statement confessing to the crime 

and to the presence of a firearm in that crime. His claim that he thought he was signing a "notice of

his rights" is unbelievable, considering that he had already signed a statement clearly marked as a

"Notice of Rights." In fact, he signed that notice of rights twice and initialed it in six places; his 

mother also signed it. His written statement, in contrast, was clearly entitled, "Statement of Marlon 

Minter" and contained five pages of handwritten detail. By our count, defendant signed that 

statement in six separate places and his mother in five; he and his mother each placed their initials 

next to corrections in eight separate places in that statement. The notion that defendant did not 

know what he was signing strains all credibility. Although we reach that conclusion independently 

of anything that took place during the hearing on the motion to suppress defendant's statement, we 

would note parenthetically that the trial court heard this same testimony from defendant at the 

suppression hearing, and the trial court characterized the notion that defendant did not read the 

statement before signing it as "hogwash" and found "no basis whatsoever" for defendant's claim of 

coercion.

¶ 88 When considering defendant's case against Williams's testimony, defendant's oral 

statement to Escalante, and defendant's written statement, each of which was consistent with one 

another, we are left with no reasonable doubt regarding the outcome of defendant's trial. No 

rational jury would have acquitted defendant based on that evidence. 

¶ 89 B. Defendant's Tattoos 

¶ 90 Defendant raises three challenges to the trial court's rulings regarding his tattoos: 
No. 1-12-0958 

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1. That the trial court erred in precluding him from using makeup to cover the 

tattoos on his face; 

2. That the trial court incorrectly permitted the State to cross-examine defendant 

about tattoos on his arms that were not visible to the jury and about which defendant did 

not testify on direct examination; and 

3. That the trial court erred in refusing to give a modified instruction telling the jury 

to disregard defendant's tattoos. 

We address each contention in turn. 

¶ 91 1. Makeup to Cover Tattoos

¶ 92 Defendant first claims that the trial court erred in precluding him from applying flesh-toned 

makeup to conceal the tattoos on his face. Defendant argues that the tattoos were irrelevant to any 

issue in the case because he did not have them at the time of the robbery and, in any event, his 

identity was not at issue. Defendant also claims that his inability to cover his tattoos prejudiced 

him because they "were likely to offend or frighten" the jurors. The State contends that the court 

acted within its discretion in denying defendant's request, and that there was no prejudice to 

defendant because no evidence was introduced linking defendant's tattoos to gangs or other 

criminal activity. 

¶ 93 Before reaching the substance of defendant's argument, we must resolve the parties' 

conflict over the correct standard of review. Defendant, citing People v. Miklos, 393 Ill. App. 3d 

205 (2009), argues that we should apply de novo review because the trial court's ruling deprived 

him of his due process right to a fair trial. However, the issue in Miklos was whether a delay in a 

hearing on the suspension of defendant's driver's license deprived him of due process. Id. at 

209-10. It did not deal with a trial court's ability to regulate the appearance of the defendant or 
No. 1-12-0958 

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witnesses during a trial, an issue to which courts have applied an abuse of discretion standard. E.g., 

People v. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d 261, 267 (1977) (decision to shackle defendant is subject to abuse of 

discretion standard); People v. Bowman, 2012 IL App (1st) 102010, ¶¶ 61-62 (decision to allow 

defense witnesses to testify in civilian clothing or prison attire is subject to abuse of discretion). 

We find that Miklos is inapplicable and apply an abuse of discretion standard. 

¶ 94 Turning to the substance of defendant's argument, neither defendant nor the State cites to 

any relevant Illinois precedent on this issue. We have not uncovered any, either. However, other 

jurisdictions have dealt with this issue. We look to those decisions to inform our analysis. 

¶ 95 In Jackson v. United States, 945 A.2d 621, 623 (D.C. 2008), the defendant claimed that the 

trial court erred in denying his motion to permit him to use cover-up makeup to conceal a teardrop 

tattoo on his face. Defendant argued that the tattoo amounted to other-crimes evidence because " 

'[i]n some circles, the presence of a teardrop tattoo means that the person wearing it has killed 

somebody.' " Id. On appeal, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals rejected the contention that 

the tattoo amounted to other-crimes evidence, finding that the meaning of the tattoo was open to 

interpretation and did not definitively signal criminal behavior. Id. at 626. Though it 

acknowledged the possibility that jurors would interpret the tattoo negatively, the court found that 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant's motion because the defendant 

was not prejudiced. Id. The court also noted that two of the State's witnesses relied upon the tattoo 

in identifying the defendant. Id. at 627. 

¶ 96 In State v. Ross, 2012-0109, p. 9 (La. Ct. App. 4/17/13); 115 So. 3d 616, the trial court 

granted the State's motion in limine to prevent the defendant from covering the teardrop tattoos on 

his face with makeup. The court found that the defendant's tattoos were relevant to establish his 

identity because one of the State's witnesses identified him by the tattoos. Id. at 623. The court also 
No. 1-12-0958 

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found that the jury's being able to see the tattoos did not prejudice the defendant because no 

testimony was elicited regarding their meaning. Id. 

¶ 97 Finally, in State v. Ortiz, 2013 UT App 100, ¶ 1, 300 P.3d 786, the Court of Appeals of 

Utah rejected the defendant's argument that he should have been permitted to cover his facial 

tattoos because they were irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial. The court rejected the fundamental 

premise of the defendant's argument: that his facial tattoos were even evidence that could be 

considered irrelevant or prejudicial. Id. According to the court, the tattoos were simply part of the 

defendant's general appearance and were not subject to the limits of the rules of evidence. Id. ¶ 2. 

The court noted that neither the State nor any of the witnesses referred to the tattoos during his 

trial. Id. ¶ 4. None of the witnesses identified the defendant via his tattoos. Id. ¶ 4, n.2. The court 

also noted that tattoos are not inherently prejudicial in the same way as prison clothing or 

handcuffs. Id.

¶ 98 We can draw several principles from these cases that apply to this case. Like the teardrop 

tattoos at issue in each of these cases, defendant's tattoos were never given a negative meaning. To 

the contrary, defendant attached innocuous meanings to each of his tattoos in his testimony. The 

State introduced no gang evidence to rebut this testimony and made no argument that defendant's 

tattoos should be negatively interpreted. As the court in Ortiz stated, tattoos do not carry the same 

inherently prejudicial effect as prison clothing or handcuffs. While defendant's tattoos did not 

serve a relevant purpose like identification, they were simply a part of his general appearance until 

he elected to explain their meaning. Until that point, defendant's tattoos did not even constitute 

evidence that would be required to meet the standard of relevancy. 

¶ 99 We also reject defendant's contention that the trial court's ruling compelled him to exercise 

his right to testify and waive his right to remain silent. Defendant elected to explain the meaning of 
No. 1-12-0958 

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his tattoos to the jury, fearing that the jury would draw negative inferences from them. However, 

the mere fact that defendant sought to avoid the prejudicial effect of his appearance does not render 

his waiver of his right to silence involuntary. Cf. People v. Poe, 16 Ill. App. 3d 805, 805-07 (1974) 

(proper admission of other-crimes evidence did not compel defendant to testify to dispel 

prejudicial effect of that evidence); People v. Tillman, 116 Ill. App. 2d 24, 32 (1969) (defendant 

was not compelled to testify to explain why he fled after State introduced evidence of flight). As 

the trial court noted, defendant chose to get the tattoos; no one compelled him to. Likewise, no one 

compelled him to explain their meaning in court. 

¶ 100 Defendant cannot show that allowing the jury to see his unaltered physical appearance was 

reversible error. Defendant chose to tattoo his own face and then chose to explain the meaning of 

those tattoos to the jury. The State presented no evidence to give a negative meaning that would 

have necessitated such explanation. We conclude that the trial court did not commit error in 

precluding defendant from covering his facial tattoos with makeup. 

¶ 101 2. State's Cross-Examination About Other Tattoos

¶ 102 Defendant also contends that the trial court erred in permitting the State to order him to roll 

up his sleeves and show the jury additional tattoos that were otherwise not visible. Defendant 

argues that this action exceeded the scope of his direct examination, which focused solely on the 

tattoos that the jury could see. The State contends that defendant opened the door to its 

cross-examination about his other tattoos by testifying as to the meaning of his facial tattoos and 

that, in any event, the tattoos on his arms had no prejudicial effect on this case.

¶ 103 The scope of cross-examination is left to the discretion of the trial court. People v. Stevens, 

2014 IL 116300, ¶ 16. Accordingly, we will only reverse a trial court's decision regarding the 

scope of cross-examination if that decision constituted an abuse of discretion. Id.
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¶ 104 Defendant analogizes his being compelled to display the tattoos on his arms to the 

prosecutor's improper cross-examination in People v. Hernandez, 313 Ill. App. 3d 780 (2000). In 

Hernandez, two eyewitnesses identified the defendant as one of the people fleeing the scene of the 

offense. Id. at 787. They also testified that he was wearing a short-sleeved shirt at the time, but did 

not mention any tattoos on his arms. Id. In an effort to discredit their testimony, the defendant 

presented several witnesses who testified that the defendant had prominent tattoos on his arms. Id.

In cross-examining those witnesses, the State asked whether they were aware that the defendant 

had a tattoo of a devil on his chest. Id. The court found that the State impermissibly exceeded the 

scope of the direct examination of the defense witnesses because the only relevant tattoos were the 

ones that would have been visible during the incident, i.e., the ones on the defendant's arms. Id.

Ultimately, the court concluded that this error was harmless because the evidence against the 

defendant was overwhelming. Id. at 787-88. 

¶ 105 In this case, like Hernandez, the trial court erred in allowing the State to inquire about 

defendant's tattoos that were not visible to the jury. The inquiry went beyond the scope of 

defendant's direct examination, which was limited to an explanation of defendant's visible tattoos.

The State's questions were irrelevant to any issue at trial. 

¶ 106 We further find, however, that this error, like the error in Hernandez, was harmless beyond 

a reasonable doubt. None of the tattoos that defendant was required to show the jury carried any 

obvious negative connotation. To the contrary, defendant's tattoos depicted his nickname, the word 

"Chief," and his mother's name. None of those tattoos are patently prejudicial like the defendant's 

devil tattoo in Hernandez. Moreover, the State did not attempt to draw any negative inferences 

from any of defendant's tattoos in its closing argument.
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 107 While defendant contends that "[i]t is well known that gang leaders are referred to as 

'chief,' " no evidence at defendant's trial provided the jury with that information. Defendant cites 

two cases, People v. Hairston, 46 Ill. 2d 348, 352 (1970), and People v. Barajas, 322 Ill. App. 3d 

541, 549 (2001), in support of his contention, but in both of those cases the State introduced 

evidence that gang leaders are called "chiefs." We cannot simply assume that the jury ascribed that 

meaning to the word "chief" in this case, where there was absolutely no gang evidence presented. 

Thus, even if the court erred in permitting the State to have defendant display his arm tattoos, that 

error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 108 3. Modified Jury Instructions Regarding Tattoos

¶ 109 Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his request to deliver one of four 

modified versions of Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.01 (4th ed. 2000), telling 

the jurors that they should not consider his tattoos in reaching their verdict. We review the trial 

court's decision for an abuse of discretion. People v. Dorn, 378 Ill. App. 3d 693, 698 (2008). For 

many of the reasons we have just given, we find no abuse of discretion. Defendant testified that his 

tattoos had innocuous meanings, in some instances giving testimony about the tattoos' symbolic 

references to his deceased family members that likely painted him in a sympathetic light with the 

jury but, in any event, certainly did not prejudice him. And though the State's cross-examination on 

this topic was overly broad, it did not result in the admission of prejudicial evidence. Thus, 

defendant has not shown that his proposed jury instructions were necessary to alleviate the effects 

of any prejudicial evidence. 

¶ 110 Defendant claims that United States v. Newsom, 452 F.3d 593 (6th Cir. 2006), is persuasive 

in this case. We disagree. In Newsom, the State elicited testimony that the defendant, who was on 

trial for possessing a firearm, had tattoos of firearms on his neck and body. Id. at 597, 599. The trial 
No. 1-12-0958 

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court instructed the jury that it was not to consider the defendant's tattoos as evidence that he 

actually possessed a firearm. Id. at 600. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals found that 

the trial court erred in permitting the State to elicit evidence of the defendant's tattoos, but 

concluded that that error was harmless in part because the trial court instructed the jury to not rely 

on the defendant's tattoos as evidence of his guilt. Id. at 600-05. This case is distinct from Newsom

because this case did not involve the admission of any prejudicial tattoo evidence. Whereas the 

State in Newsom presented evidence that the defendant had a tattoo of the very item he had been 

accused of possessing, the jury in this case heard no prejudicial evidence regarding defendant's 

tattoos. We find no error in the trial court's rejection of defendant's proposed instructions. 

¶ 111 C. Judicial Bias And Hostility

¶ 112 Defendant also claims that the trial court displayed a biased and hostile attitude toward the 

defense throughout the proceedings. He argues that the trial court made improper comments in the 

presence of the jury, threatening his ability to receive a fair trial. 

¶ 113 The State first argues that defendant forfeited review of this issue by failing to include it in 

his posttrial motion. Defendant counters that this court should relax the rules of forfeiture as to this 

issue because it involves the conduct of the trial judge. Defendant's argument relies upon the 

doctrine, first recognized in People v. Sprinkle, 27 Ill. 2d 398, 400-01 (1963), that a trial attorney 

should not be expected to object to the trial judge's comments or conduct during proceedings 

before that same judge. In People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 485-89 (2009), the Illinois 

Supreme Court clarified that the Sprinkle doctrine should be applied only in extraordinary 

circumstances where an objection would have " 'fallen on deaf ears.' " The supreme court 

explained that its application of this rule "closely resemble[d]" the application of second-prong 

plain error, i.e., where an error is so serious that it threatens the integrity of the judicial process. Id.
No. 1-12-0958 

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at 487. Defendant also argues that, even if Sprinkle does not apply, we should excuse his forfeiture 

based upon the first prong of the plain error doctrine because the evidence against him was closely 

balanced. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a); People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 48. 

¶ 114 We first examine whether the trial court's comments constituted error. Then, we turn to 

whether we should relax the forfeiture rule under Sprinkle. Finally, we consider defendant's 

first-prong plain error claim. 

¶ 115 1. Whether the Trial Court's Comments Were Improper

¶ 116 While trial judges have wide discretion in presiding over trials, they may not make 

comments or insinuations showing their opinion on witnesses' credibility or counsel's arguments. 

People v. Tatum, 389 Ill. App. 3d 656, 662 (2009). Moreover, a hostile attitude toward a criminal 

defendant, his witnesses, or his attorney may improperly influence the jury in reaching its verdict, 

resulting in an unfair trial. People v. Eckert, 194 Ill. App. 3d 667, 674 (1990). 

¶ 117 Defendant first takes issue with three of the trial court's comments before his trial began. 

Defendant argues that the trial court twice refused to enter an order letting him make phone calls to 

his mother from Cook County jail even though he was only 17 years old, that the trial court told 

defendant he was "stuck" with a trial date because he demanded a speedy trial, and that the trial 

court made comments suggesting that defendant should be prejudiced by the fact that he had 

received facial tattoos since the offense. 

¶ 118 We disagree that any of these alleged comments affected defendant's trial. First, none of 

them were made in the presence of the jury. Therefore, it is difficult to see how any of these 

comments could have affected the verdict in this case. See People v. Lopez, 2012 IL App (1st) 

101395, ¶¶ 70-71 (comments trial judge made to defense counsel during sidebars held in chambers 

did not affect jury's verdict). 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 119 Second, none of these comments were improper. With respect to the phone calls, the trial 

judge explained that he would not sign orders compelling jail officials to allow defendant to make 

phone calls because defendant had been charged with a new offense while in prison and 

categorized as "high risk" by the jail. As to the trial date, defendant ignores the fact that his 

attorney acquiesced to the trial date. After demanding trial, defense counsel said, "Judge, I think in 

good faith the State can certainly pick any date that they want." Finally, as to the trial court's 

comments about defendant's tattoos, defendant misconstrues the trial court's statements. The trial 

judge did not say that defendant should be prejudiced by his tattoos; the court said that defendant 

was not entitled to put on makeup, potentially obscuring his appearance, simply because he elected 

to get tattoos on his face. We see no impropriety in any of these comments.

¶ 120 Defendant next argues that the trial court made three improper and prejudicial comments 

during defense counsel's cross-examination of Detective Escalante. The first occurred after 

defense counsel elicited testimony from Escalante that ASA Berg's summary of defendant's report 

was not verbatim. Counsel asked Escalante, "[S]he did not write down everything that was said?" 

Defense counsel pressed Escalante for a yes-or-no answer, and the following colloquy occurred: 

 "MR. EVANS [Assistant State's Attorney]: Objection, it has been asked and 

answered[.]

THE COURT: Sustained.

 MS. SNEED [Defense counsel]: I don't think that we got a 'yes' or 'no' answer. 

THE COURT: He said that it was not word for word. Not verbatim means not word 

for word. So obviously that means that there were some words that may have been left out."

¶ 121 The second allegedly improper comment occurred when defense counsel was 

cross-examining Escalante about his search for Breed and the gun that was purportedly used 
No. 1-12-0958 

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during the robbery. Escalante testified that defendant told him that someone named "Breed," who 

had the gun, lived somewhere on 146th Street in Harvey. The trial court sustained the State's 

objection to counsel's follow-up question: "And so you knew a nickname, you knew a first name, 

and you knew an approximate location of where Breed lived?" The court also sustained the State's 

objection to defense counsel's asking Escalante whether he ever arrested Breed. Then, counsel 

began to ask, "Now, you are telling us that you had a name of a person—," when the State objected 

again. The court responded, "Counselor, that is totally sustainable. It has got no basis whatsoever 

as to—based on any cross-examination." 

¶ 122 The third allegedly improper comment was made when defense counsel questioned 

Escalante about his efforts to recover the gun. Defense counsel asked if Escalante took Williams's 

statement that Breed was armed "at face value," and Escalante said he did. Defense counsel then 

asked, "So [Williams] says that there was a gun, you never investigated where—to try to find the 

gun, you just took everything at face value?" The State objected to this question and the court said, 

"Sustained. That's not what he said." Escalante had previously testified that he searched for the gun 

after Williams reported the robbery.

¶ 123 The court's comments during defense counsel's cross-examination of Escalante were not 

improper. Defense counsel persistently tried to inquire as to whether Escalante had arrested or 

tried to arrest Breed, but the court sustained the State's objections to the relevance of that 

questioning. Defense counsel again began the same line of questioning, but the trial court 

admonished counsel, albeit in strong words, to desist. Notably, defendant does not claim that the 

trial court erred in precluding counsel from asking about whether Breed was arrested; he simply 

takes issue with the trial court's phrasing. However, in light of defense counsel's persisting in a line 

of questioning that the court excluded, it was not improper for the court to respond as it did. See 
No. 1-12-0958 

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Lopez, 2012 IL App (1st) 101395, ¶¶ 74-77 (finding that trial court's criticisms of defense counsel 

in its rulings were not improper where defense counsel persisted in making errors in 

cross-examination and trial court's criticisms related to why questions were objectionable). 

¶ 124 Similarly, after counsel misconstrued Escalante's testimony that he took Williams's 

complaint at face value as evidence that the police did not look for the gun, the trial court could 

permissibly sustain the State's objection. The trial court's comment was not improper; it was 

accurate. Escalante had testified, just moments before, that he did look for the gun involved.

Likewise, the trial court permissibly explained the meaning of the word "verbatim" in response to 

defense counsel's repeated questioning about whether ASA Berg took down defendant's statement 

word for word. The trial court simply explained why it had sustained the State's objection; defense 

counsel had already received an answer to her question. The trial court's comments during 

defendant's cross-examination were thus proper attempts to clarify and expedite the trial. See 

People v. Young, 248 Ill. App. 3d 491, 502 (1993) (trial court's efforts to clarify and expedite 

examination of witness are not improper). 

¶ 125 Defendant next challenges two comments made by the court during his own testimony. 

First, defendant argues that the trial court evinced a "lack of respect" by not immediately granting 

defense counsel's request for a sidebar when the State asked him to show the jury the tattoos on his 

arms:

 "Q. [Assistant State's Attorney:] Stand up and roll up your sleeves. 

 MS. SNEED [Defense counsel]: Judge, I am going to object. 

THE COURT: Objection is overruled. 

MS. SNEED: Can I have a side bar?

 THE COURT: No, objection is overruled. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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MS. SNEED: Excuse me. Can I have a side bar, Judge?

MR. VOLKMAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: Stand up and roll of [sic] your 

sleeves up.

MS. SNEED: Can I have a side bar?

THE COURT: Fine, let's have a side bar."

Then, at the sidebar, the court asked defense counsel, "All right. What's your objection this time?"

¶ 126 Defendant does not explain how these comments were improper, especially when the trial 

court granted the sidebar his attorney requested. Although the trial court's question at the sidebar 

was terse, it was not made in the presence of the jury.

¶ 127 Second, defendant takes issue with the trial court's comment after sustaining the State's 

objection to his testimony on redirect examination:

"Q. [Defense counsel:] And even though your weren't manhandled by the police, 

Detective Escalante did threaten to put other cases on you?

MR. VOLKMAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: Objection, leading, asked and 

answered.

THE COURT: Sustained. And it has been asked and answered 7 million times. 

Move on, Counselor." 

¶ 128 This comment, while unnecessarily sarcastic, was otherwise a proper response to defense 

counsel's repeated questioning on the same topic. Just moments before, defendant had testified that 

he agreed to sign the statement prepared by ASA Berg because he did not want to be charged with 

any more cases. Defendant testified to the same facts during his direct examination. The trial 

court's comment was merely an attempt to stop defense counsel from repeating questions. Lopez, 

2012 IL App (1st) 101395, ¶¶ 74-77. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 129 Finally, defendant argues that, during his attorney's closing argument, the trial court 

improperly misconstrued Detective Escalante's testimony. Defense counsel attempted to argue that 

Escalante did not thoroughly investigate whether there was a gun because he did not actually 

believe that a gun was used during the robbery: 

 "But look at it this way. He was a detective for Harvey for 11 years. That's his job, 

to find criminals. [Defendant] told him Breed's nickname, he told him Breed's first name, 

he told him where Breed lived. 

MR. VOLKMAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: Objection. 

 *** 

 THE COURT: Sustained. That's not what he said. 

MS. SNEED [Defense counsel]: He did say Breed lived on 146th Street in Harvey. 

That was the evidence.

THE COURT: That's about two miles long. 

MS. SNEED: It may be two miles long.

THE COURT: That's what he testified to.

MS. SNEED: It may be two miles long, ladies and gentlemen, but Detective 

Escalante is not the only police officer on that force. He has a whole Harvey Police 

Department at his disposal.

If this were a murder, I bet they would have gone those two miles to find that gun or 

find that murder suspect. So it's not out of the realm of possibility that Detective Escalante 

could have found this gun and found this Breed." 
No. 1-12-0958 

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Defendant contends that the trial judge misstated the evidence when he said that Escalante testified 

that 146th Street was two miles long. In actuality, defendant notes, Escalante simply testified that 

146th Street ran across the city of Harvey. 

¶ 130 We agree with defendant that the trial court's statement that 146th Street is "two miles 

long" was improper. The specific length of that street in Harvey was never put into evidence by 

Detective Escalante or anyone else; the detective merely testified that "146th Street runs across the 

City of Harvey from east to west." Moreover, the trial court improperly assumed a prosecutorial 

role in arguing with defense counsel about Detective Escalante's testimony. See People v. Jackson, 

409 Ill. App. 3d 631, 647 (2011) (trial court abuses its discretion when it adopts role of either 

party). The trial court undermined defense counsel's argument by implying that 146th Street was 

too long to meaningfully inform Escalante of Breed's location. Thus, the trial court did not simply 

misstate the evidence; the trial court signaled to the jury that the evidence supporting counsel's 

argument was weak. This comment was error. 

¶ 131 Defendant also argues that the trial court improperly curtailed defense counsel's closing 

argument while simultaneously granting the State substantial leeway in drawing inferences from 

the evidence. During her closing argument, defense counsel attempted to argue that, if Detective 

Escalante believed a gun was involved, he would have more thoroughly searched for Breed and the 

gun: 

"And buried in Detective Escalante's testimony I specifically asked him if he 

thought there were [sic] really a gun involved would he have looked for it, and he said yes. 

So Detective— 

MR. EVANS [Assistant State's Attorney]: Objection. That's not the testimony, 

Judge. 
No. 1-12-0958 

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MS. SNEED [Defense counsel]: I wrote it down. 

 THE COURT: Overruled. It's argument. 

MS. SNEED: That's what he said. So Detective Escalante didn't quite believe that 

there was a gun involved either. 

MR. VOLKMAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: Judge, we're going to object to that 

last one. There's no evidence of that whatsoever. 

THE COURT: Sustained.

What Detective Escalante['s] beliefs were are somewhat personal to him. Unless 

you could read his mind, because he did[n]'t say he did not believe there was a gun 

involved. 

 So the objection is sustained. 

The jury is instructed to disregard the last statement."

Defendant then compares that ruling during defense counsel's closing argument with the trial 

court's ruling allowing the State to argue that defendant fabricated his defense despite the fact that 

there was no evidence to support it: 

"Now, Mr. Minter knows about those consequences now after the 26 months you 

heard him talk about, after 26 months of being able to consult with his attorney and bone up 

on the law a little bit.

MS. SNEED [Defense counsel]: Objection.

 THE COURT: It's argument. Overruled. 

MR. EVANS [Assistant State's Attorney]: Because now he's had the opportunity to 

bone up on the law of armed robbery and accountability. 

 *** 
No. 1-12-0958 

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He didn't know when he told Detective Escalante that he and Breed robbed Mr. 

Williams with that gun about accountability. He didn't know when he told Assistant State's 

Attorney Desiree Berg that he and Breed robbed Markel Williams with a gun about 

accountability. He probably figured hey— 

 MS. SNEED: Judge, I'm going to object. 

THE COURT: Basis?

 MS. SNEED: That's not the evidence. That was not the evidence.

 MR. EVANS: That's a reasonable inference from the evidence. 

THE COURT: Reasonable inference from the evidence, overruled.

MR. EVANS: He didn't know about accountability when he had gave [sic] that five 

page confession to Assistant State's Attorney Desiree Berg on that day, bear in mind with 

his mother in the room, but he knows about it today. 

MS. SNEED: Again, I'm going to object as to what Mr. Minter knew about 

accountability. That was not introduced into evidence. 

 THE COURT: Noted for the record. Overruled." 

¶ 132 Viewing the trial court's rulings during the defense and State closing arguments in concert, 

we agree that the trial court improperly favored the State during its argument. In both instances, 

defense counsel and the State were attempting to undermine the credibility of one of their 

opponent's witnesses. Defense counsel argued that Escalante did not actually think that Breed was 

armed because he would have found the gun if he had. Defense counsel based that inference upon 

Escalante's testimony that he would look for a gun if he believed one was used, as well as the fact 

that no gun was recovered. Even though Escalante testified that he did look for the gun, defense 
No. 1-12-0958 

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counsel was entitled to draw a contrary inference from other evidence. The trial court's ruling 

prevented defendant from so arguing. 

¶ 133 However, as shown above, the trial court let the State make a similar argument, over 

defendant's objection. Arguably, the State's insinuation that defendant fabricated his testimony 

after his attorney told him about the law of accountability was improper in light of the fact that it 

lacked any evidence that defendant did not know of the law of accountability. See People v. 

Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d 502, 549 (2000) (it is improper for prosecution to suggest that defense 

counsel fabricated defense theory unless there is some evidence on which to base those assertions); 

People v. Conley, 187 Ill. App. 3d 234, 250 (1989) (closing argument must be based on evidence 

or reasonable inferences drawn from evidence). However, whether the trial court erred in 

overruling defense counsel's objection is not critical to our analysis. Rather, the trial court's rulings 

during closing argument show that the trial court strictly limited defense counsel's argument while 

simultaneously allowing the State much more leniency. Although the trial court was not obligated 

to provide absolute parity in its rulings, the court must remain impartial and not display prejudice 

or favor toward either party. Tatum, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 662. In light of the inconsistency in its 

treatment of the parties' closing arguments, we find that the trial court erred. See People v. 

Mitchell, 228 Ill. App. 3d 167, 171 (1992) (trial court acted improperly in allowing State to explain 

law of accountability in its closing argument, but precluding defense counsel from arguing law as 

well).

¶ 134 2. Whether the Sprinkle Doctrine Should Apply

¶ 135 Having found that the trial court abused its discretion during closing argument, we must 

still address whether we should excuse defendant's forfeiture of this issue because any objection by 

defense counsel would have fallen on deaf ears. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 487-88. Defendant 
No. 1-12-0958 

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contends that, taken as a whole, the trial court's comments and rulings indicated that the trial court 

held a hostile and biased attitude toward the defense. Thus, according to defendant, he should not 

have been required to object to the trial court's comments.

¶ 136 Defendant cites People v. Mitchell, where this court ordered a new trial because of the trial 

court's displays of bias against, and hostility toward, the defense. Mitchell, 228 Ill. App. 3d at 

169-71. In Mitchell, the trial court interrupted defense counsel's cross-examination of a witness 

who said he was interviewed by someone claiming to be from the " 'District Attorney's Office,' " 

bolstering that witness's testimony by saying that there was, in fact, such a thing as a district 

attorney in Illinois. Id. at 170. The appellate court noted that this not only undermined defense 

counsel's impeachment, but it added evidence in the State's favor. Id. The trial court also injected 

evidence in the State's favor by interrupting defense counsel's cross-examination regarding 

whether the defendant's interrogation was recorded, saying that tape recorders " 'are not used in 

police stations.' " Id. The trial court also "disparag[ed]" defense counsel's questioning regarding 

the State's lack of fingerprint evidence, accused defense counsel of " 'ma[king] up' " impeachment 

evidence, and mocked the defendant's testimony while he was on the stand. Id. at 170-71. The trial 

court also displayed partiality during closing arguments, allowing the State to argue about the law 

but precluding the defense from doing the same. Id. at 171. 

¶ 137 We find that Mitchell is distinguishable from this case. We recognize that, like the trial 

court in Mitchell, the trial court in this case improperly injected evidence during defense counsel's 

closing argument and ruled inconsistently during the parties' closing arguments. However, the 

sheer volume of disparaging remarks, the repeated introduction of evidence favoring the State, and 

clear bias against defense counsel in Mitchell was not present here. Instead, the trial court's 

impropriety was limited to two instances during closing argument. Unlike the trial court in 
No. 1-12-0958 

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Mitchell, the trial court in this case did not display persistent disdain for the defense. Thus, we 

decline to apply Sprinkle based solely on what defendant describes as the trial court's hostility 

toward the defense. 

¶ 138 Moreover, the record suggests that the trial court would not have ignored defense counsel's 

objections, as the rule in Sprinkle requires. We recognize that it would be unreasonable to expect 

defense counsel to further interrupt her own closing argument to object to the trial court's improper 

comments. See People v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 266 (1986) (declining to apply forfeiture to 

issue of whether trial court considered improper factors in sentencing because defense counsel 

should not have been expected to interrupt court in midst of its findings in order to object). But

defendant did not include any mention of these comments in his posttrial motion, either. In the 

same motion, he argued that the trial court's evidentiary rulings and rulings regarding defendant's 

tattoos were improper and deprived defendant of a fair trial. At the hearing on her posttrial motion, 

defense counsel vigorously argued that the trial court's rulings prejudiced defendant. The trial 

court heard these arguments, without interruption, before denying them. Nothing suggests that 

counsel would have been precluded from raising an additional objection regarding the court's 

comments during her closing argument. See People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 612 (2010) 

(declining to apply Sprinkle because nothing in record suggested that trial court would have 

ignored an objection to its questioning of venire); McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 488 (declining to apply 

Sprinkle because nothing suggested that trial court would not have entertained objections to its 

handling of jury notes). Because defendant has not shown that his objection would have fallen on 

deaf ears, we decline to relax the forfeiture rule pursuant to Sprinkle. 

¶ 139 3. Whether the Evidence Was Closely Balanced 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 140 Defendant also argues that, even if the trial court's comments do not justify relaxation of 

the forfeiture rule under Sprinkle, his conviction must be reversed because the evidence was 

closely balanced. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a); Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 48 (first prong of plain error 

applies where evidence is so closely balanced that error threatened to tip the scale in favor of the 

State). However, as we stated above, the State's evidence establishing defendant's guilt was strong. 

Therefore, we do not agree that the trial court's improper comments during closing argument 

threatened to unfairly tip the balance of the evidence against defendant. 

¶ 141 D. Constitutionality of Automatic Transfer 

¶ 142 Defendant next contends that the automatic transfer provision of the Juvenile Court Act of 

1987, which required that he be tried as an adult for this offense (705 ILCS 405/5-130(1)(a)(iv) 

(West 2008)), violates the due process clauses of the United States and Illinois Constitutions, the 

eighth amendment to the United States Constitution, and the proportionate penalties clause of the 

Illinois Constitution. 

¶ 143 Since briefing was completed in this case, the Illinois Supreme Court decided People v. 

Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶¶ 88-111, which rejected the identical challenges that defendant now 

raises. We must apply the holding of Patterson to this case. See People v. Granados, 172 Ill. 2d 

358, 365 (1996) (Illinois Supreme Court decisions apply to all cases pending when decision is 

announced unless supreme court directs otherwise); People v. Gillespie, 2014 IL App (4th) 

121146, ¶¶ 26-31 (applying Patterson because case was pending at time Patterson was decided). 

Although defendant's argument relies upon the United States Supreme Court cases of Miller v. 

Alabama, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010), and 

Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), the Illinois Supreme Court also considered those cases in 

upholding the automatic-transfer statute. Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶¶ 96, 100. We must reject 
No. 1-12-0958 

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defendant's challenges to the constitutionality of the automatic-transfer statute for the reasons 

stated in Patterson. 

¶ 144 E. Voidness of the Armed-Robbery Firearm Enhancement 

¶ 145 In his opening brief, defendant claimed that the 15-year firearm enhancement applied to his 

sentence was void because it had been held unconstitutional in People v. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63, 

86-88 (2007). In his reply brief, defendant concedes that, since filing his opening brief, the Illinois 

Supreme Court held that Public Act 95-688 (eff. Oct. 23, 2007) revived the firearm enhancement. 

People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 27. We must apply Blair to this case. Granados, 172 Ill. 2d at 

365; see also People v. Fields, 2014 IL App (1st) 110311, ¶ 49; People v. McFadden, 2014 IL App 

(1st) 102939, ¶ 34, appeal allowed, No. 117424 (Ill. May 28, 2014) (applying Blair where the case 

was pending at the time Blair was decided). As defendant committed this offense on March 24, 

2009, after the enhancement was revived, the trial court properly applied it to his sentence. 

¶ 146 F. Improper Consideration of Pending Charges in Sentencing

¶ 147 Defendant's final argument is that the trial court improperly considered charges pending 

against him as aggravating factors increasing his sentence. The State responds that the trial court 

did not consider any improper factors; it considered the pending charges as evidence of defendant's 

tendency to recidivate, which is a proper factor in aggravation. For the reasons stated below, we 

agree with defendant.

¶ 148 We review a sentence that falls within statutory limits for an abuse of discretion. People v. 

Jones, 2014 IL App (1st) 120927, ¶ 56. However, when a trial court considers an improper factor 

in aggravation, the trial court abuses its discretion. People v. McAfee, 332 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1096 

(2002). 
No. 1-12-0958 

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¶ 149 The trial court may not rely on bare arrests or pending charges in aggravation of a sentence. 

People v. Johnson, 347 Ill. App. 3d 570, 575 (2004). But the court may rely on evidence of a 

defendant's other criminal activity, even if that conduct has not resulted in a conviction, where the 

trial court finds the evidence to be relevant and accurate. People v. La Pointe, 88 Ill. 2d 482, 

498-99 (1981). A mere list of arrests or charges in a presentence report, unsupported by live 

testimony or other evidence at the sentencing hearing, does not meet those standards. People v. 

Thomas, 111 Ill. App. 3d 451, 454 (1983); see also Johnson, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 576 (trial court 

impermissibly considered bare fact that defendant had been arrested for a sexual assault in 

Arkansas); People v. Wallace, 145 Ill. App. 3d 247, 256 (1986) (trial court improperly considered 

pending rape charge as aggravating factor). 

¶ 150 In this case, the trial court erred in considering defendant's pending possession of 

contraband and aggravated battery charges as aggravating factors. The presentence investigation 

report showed that defendant had been charged with possession of contraband and aggravated 

battery of a peace officer while he was in custody awaiting trial in this case. At defendant's 

sentencing hearing, the State presented no evidence relating to these charges, but argued that they 

showed that defendant had "decided to conduct further acts of violence." In discussing the 

aggravating factors applicable to defendant, the court cited the two charges listed in the 

presentence report. Then, the court found that defendant had "continued" to commit crimes, citing 

his two pending charges and saying that they "do[ ] not go well for him." Clearly, the trial court 

considered the bare fact that defendant had been charged with two offenses while in custody as an 

aggravating factor.

¶ 151 The State claims that the trial court did not consider defendant's charges as an aggravating 

factor; instead, the trial court considered the likelihood that defendant would recidivate, as 
No. 1-12-0958 

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evidenced by the fact that he had been charged with two new offenses. That distinction is 

meaningless. In order to find that defendant was likely to commit more offenses based upon his 

pending charges, the trial court necessarily had to assume that defendant actually committed those 

unproven offenses. Yet the trial court heard no evidence at the sentencing hearing from which he 

could determine whether defendant actually committed a battery or possessed contraband in jail. 

The reason that bare charges—as opposed to convictions—should not be considered is that the 

underlying facts have not yet been proven. People v. Gaines, 21 Ill. App. 3d 839, 846 (1974). Here, 

the trial court had no basis upon which to decide whether defendant actually committed the 

offenses the State claimed he had committed. Thus, the trial court improperly relied on the mere 

fact that defendant had been charged with those offenses to aggravate his sentence.

¶ 152 The State cites People v. Hunzicker, 308 Ill. App. 3d 961, 966 (1999), to support its 

distinction, but the defendant in that case did not argue that the trial court improperly considered 

pending charges. Rather, he argued that, generally, his sentence was excessive. Id. Thus, although 

the trial court considered the defendant's arrest while on bond as aggravating evidence, the 

appellate court was not specifically asked to decide whether that consideration was improper and 

did not do so. Id. at 963, 966; see also People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 323 (2010) (appellate court 

should not consider unraised and unbriefed issues in order to reverse judgment). We do not read

Hunzicker as broadly as the State, particularly when such a reading of that decision would conflict 

with well-established precedent on this issue. See Johnson, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 575; People v. 

Gomez, 247 Ill. App. 3d 68, 73-74 (1993); Wallace, 145 Ill. App. 3d at 256; Thomas, 111 Ill. App. 

3d at 454. 

¶ 153 We must still consider what effect, if any, the trial court's error had on defendant's 

sentence. Where a trial court considers an improper factor in aggravation, we must order 
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resentencing if we cannot determine the weight that the trial court gave to the aggravating factor. 

McAfee, 332 Ill. App. 3d at 1096-97. Conversely, where the trial court appears to place minimal 

emphasis upon an improper factor, a new sentencing hearing is not required. E.g., Gomez, 247 Ill. 

App. 3d at 74 (declining to order resentencing where trial court simply mentioned defendant's 

arrests in passing). 

¶ 154 Here, the trial court sentenced defendant to 23 years' incarceration, two years above the 

statutory minimum. The only aggravating factors the trial court considered, other than defendant's 

two pending charges, was an adjudication of delinquency for battery entered when defendant was 

16 and the fact that defendant had threatened to "shoot *** up" the victim's house if he told the 

police about the robbery. The fact that the trial court found relatively few aggravating factors 

applicable to defendant suggests that the pending charges may have played a role in increasing his 

sentence. Moreover, the trial court twice noted that defendant faced pending charges and stated 

that those charges did not "go well for" defendant. The repetition of the improper factor, coupled 

with the fact that the trial court also said that the charges reflected negatively on defendant, leads 

us to conclude that the charges likely played more than a minimal role in defendant's sentencing.

Consequently, we vacate defendant's sentence and remand for resentencing.

¶ 155 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 156 For the reasons stated above, we affirm defendant's conviction but vacate his sentence and 

remand for resentencing. Defendant was not denied his right to present a defense. He was not 

deprived of a fair trial by virtue of the jury seeing his tattoos. While the trial court erred in making 

improper comments and inconsistent rulings during closing arguments, defendant has not 

established that those errors were plain errors. Defendant's constitutional and voidness challenges 

to his sentence are foreclosed by recent Illinois Supreme Court decisions. However, defendant is 
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entitled to be resentenced because the trial court improperly considered charges pending against 

him at the time he was sentenced.

¶ 157 Conviction affirmed; sentence vacated; remanded for resentencing.

¶ 158 JUSTICE COBBS, dissenting. 

¶ 159 I respectfully dissent. One of the most fundamental principles of our criminal justice 

system has been overlooked in the majority's disposition of this case. “A criminal defendant, 

whether guilty or innocent, is entitled to a fair, orderly, and impartial trial *** conducted according 

to law." People v. Bull, 185 Ill. 2d 179, 214 (1998). Here, the majority identifies a number of 

significant trial errors but, nonetheless, concludes that defendant was not denied a fair trial. 

¶ 160 Our supreme court has admonished that when a defendant alleges that his due process 

rights have been compromised, prejudice to the defendant's case is not the sole issue on review. 

See People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99 (2000). Rather, we must also consider "whether a substantial 

right has been affected to such a degree that we cannot confidently state that defendant's trial was 

fundamentally fair." Id. at 138 (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a)). Even if I could conclude that the trial 

court’s errors, taken individually, did not warrant reversal, mindful of our supreme court’s 

admonishment in Blue, surely, in this case, the cumulative effect of those errors not only created "a 

pervasive pattern of unfair prejudice to defendant's case," but ultimately deprived him of his right 

to a fair trial. Id. at 139. 

¶ 161 To begin, defendant asserts four separate trial court errors in support of his claim that he 

was denied due process. Of the four errors, the majority finds that three have merit. I agree. The 

majority attempts to diminish the severity of these three errors by concluding that either the errors 

had minimal effect on defendant’s presentation of his defense or that, regardless of the errors, the 

evidence against him was overwhelming. I disagree.
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¶ 162 First, the majority concludes that the trial court erred in sustaining the State's objection and 

excluding, as hearsay, defendant’s testimony that Detective Escalante and Assistant State’s 

Attorney (ASA) Berg made coercive statements to him. The majority additionally concludes 

that the trial court erred in sustaining the State's objection and excluding, as hearsay, defendant's 

testimony that ASA Berg refused to accept his assertions that Breed, his co-offender, did not have 

a gun. The majority finds that because the evidence was overwhelming, defendant was not 

prejudiced, and thus, the errors were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 163 The “overwhelming” evidence in this case consists, in sum, of the victim’s testimony 

regarding the offense which, he averred, included the offenders’ use of a gun—a version that 

differed from the version recounted first to his mother, in which he did not mention a gun, and was 

disputed by defendant; Escalante’s testimony concerning his investigation of the 

offense—testimony that included his statement that he did not locate the gun allegedly used by 

Breed in the commission of the offense; and defendant's signed written confession—a confession 

drafted by ASA Berg, who was not available to testify at trial but who had testified at the 

suppression hearing that she did not read the statement to defendant prior to him signing it. 

Defendant's testimony, which also counts as evidence, was to the effect that no gun was used in the 

commission of the offense; that he signed the confession without having fully read it and under 

threat of additional robbery charges; and that he told Escalante that no gun had been used and 

provided Escalante with identifying address information for Breed, the alleged gunman. If we may 

discount the erroneously excluded evidence, then yes, as the majority concludes, the evidence here 

might be considered overwhelming. Therein, however, lies the problem—the trial court's 

erroneous exclusion of defendant's admissible evidence, which happens to challenge the State's 

evidence and which also happens to support defendant's theory of the case. 
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¶ 164 The majority further concludes that defendant's trial testimony, though not implausible, 

would not have significantly undermined the strength of the State's evidence. The State's 

evidence consisted of the victim's testimony—testimony that was disputed by defendant; 

Escalante's testimony—testimony in which he stated that ASA Berg had read the confession to 

defendant, when, in fact, ASA Berg's own testimony was to the contrary; and the confession 

itself—a document based on ASA Berg's interview with the 16-year-old defendant, which 

commenced at about 2 a.m. in the morning, consisting of five handwritten pages (even though 

recording equipment was readily available in the interview room), and which defendant averred 

was an inaccurate product of coercive conduct. Whether defendant's testimony would have been 

fatally undermined by the State's evidence depended entirely on a credibility determination. A 

matter, which we understand, rests within the province of the jury. 

¶ 165 Finally, the majority concludes that the evidence at issue was cumulative because 

defendant was ultimately allowed to testify that his statement was coerced. The cumulative 

evidence consists of two statements during the course of defendant's testimony: One—"[b]ecause, 

like the reason I said earlier, I didn't want to get charged with any more charges that I had nothing 

to do with at all" and two—"[b]ecause I didn't want to get charged with any more cases." The 

majority finds support for its reasoning with reliance on People v. Seesengood, 266 Ill. App. 3d 

351, 358-59 (1994). 

¶ 166 In Seesengood, the court found that the evidence which had been erroneously excluded in 

that case was cumulative because the "[d]efendant fully communicated to the jury the substance of 

his [alleged hearsay] conversation***, as well as its effect on his allegedly innocent state of mind." 

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 359. I am hard-pressed to conclude that the brief testimony permitted 

in this case fully communicated to the jury the substance of defendant's conversations with either 
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Escalante or with ASA Berg, much less its effect on his state of mind. Moreover, as the majority 

notes, with respect to the excluded testimony regarding defendant's statements to ASA Berg, the 

court not only sustained the objection but advised the jury to disregard the testimony as hearsay. 

Further, even if the permitted testimony could be perceived as adequate to convey defendant's 

claims of coercion, that testimony did nothing to address his additional claims that the confession 

contained allegedly false information. Finally, I would note that the alleged hearsay testimony 

was immediately preceded by a number of sustained objections as defense counsel vainly 

attempted to elicit defendant's testimony to support his claim of coercion. We presume, as we 

must, that the jury properly performed its duty and disregarded it. 

¶ 167 Defendant's testimony was apparently the only evidence to support his theory of the case. 

The majority correctly concludes that the trial court improperly sustained each of the State's 

objections to his testimony on the statements of Escalante and Berg as hearsay. The error is 

further exacerbated when, in a sidebar concerning the admissibility of defendant's testimony, 

defense counsel comments on alleged threats made by Escalante and the court responds, "the fact 

that there are these threats, this is the first time that I am hearing about this. It never came out, and 

it is hearsay evidence." Clearly, the trial court's error infringed on defendant's right to present his 

defense; so substantial a right such that our courts find it cognizable as plain error even if not 

properly preserved. See People v. Bean, 137 Ill. 2d 65, 80-81 (1990). In my view, these errors 

alone constituted reversible error. 

¶ 168 Additionally, the trial court's error in limiting defendant's cross-examination of the victim 

regarding whether he had a motive to lie about the involvement of a gun, coupled with the court's 

failure to give defendant's requested proper jury instruction pertaining to his incriminating 

statement, also casts doubt upon the reliability of defendant's conviction. See Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 
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138. The majority focuses heavily on the weight of the State’s evidence against defendant in 

disposing of these issues, but regardless of the strength of the evidence, the law requires that 

defendant be given an opportunity to present his version of the facts and to challenge the State's 

evidence against him. See People v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 90 (2001) (analyzing defendant's right 

to present a defense claim under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine due to the importance 

of the right involved); see also People v. Manion, 67 Ill. 2d 564, 576 (1977) (holding that "an 

accused has 'the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant's version of the facts

as well as the prosecution's to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies' " (quoting Washington 

v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19, 87 (1967)). However, in this case, the jury was permitted to hear the 

State's theory of the case, while defendant was considerably limited in his attempts to respond to 

the charges against him. 

¶ 169 Further, although the wording of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.06-3.07 and IPI Criminal 4th No. 

3.11 is in some ways similar, the wording and the purpose of the two instructions are, in fact, 

different. As the majority notes, the trial court gave only a portion of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, 

the portion that includes the following text: "[Y]ou may consider a witness's earlier inconsistent 

statement as evidence without this limitation when ***." (Emphasis added.) IPI Criminal 4th 

No. 3.11. Having given a portion of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, the text "without this limitation" is 

left unexplained and makes no sense in the context of the cobbled together version given by the 

trial court. Yet, the majority concludes that defendant cannot show any serious risk that the jury 

misunderstood the law because the court gave an instruction nearly identical to IPI Criminal 4th 

No. 3.06-3.07. 

¶ 170 I would note, additionally, that the court in People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585 (2008), 

a case upon which the majority relies for its harmless error finding, held that the error in the court’s 
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failure to give the correct jury instruction there was harmless because, in that case, with the 

exception of including the word “earlier,” the given and requested instructions were similar. 

Significantly, in Johnson, the defendant's confession was videotaped and played to the jury. 

Thus, the majority expressed that the jury was able to make the connection between the "prior 

inconsistent statement" (IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 language) and the defendant as a "witness" (IPI 

Criminal 4th No. 3.11 language). No such video recording of this defendant's confession was 

available to ensure against any confusion in the different wording in the two instructions. In the 

face of the trial court’s erroneous rulings concerning the admissibility of the evidence on coercion, 

including the court’s acknowledgement that it was not aware of threats made to induce the 

confession, the jury instruction error serves as one more error in a series of others that 

compromised defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial. 

¶ 171 Defendant next asserts three separate claims of error with respect to the trial court's rulings 

regarding his tattoos. The majority finds error with respect to two of the three claims but, 

nonetheless, finds the errors harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. I disagree. 

¶ 172 Defendant first claims error in the trial court's denial of his pretrial motion to conceal his 

facial tattoos with flesh-toned makeup. The majority establishes that the standard of review of 

this claimed error is abuse of discretion and I have no cause to disagree. Whether the trial judge 

properly exercised his discretion in ruling on defendant's motion, however, is another matter. 

In any case, I agree with the majority that general regulation of a defendant's appearance is within 

the discretion of the trial court. Unlike the majority, however, I disagree that either Jackson v. 

United States, 945 A. 2d 621 (D.C. 2008), or State v. Ross, 2012-0109 (La. App. 4/17/13); 115 So. 

3d 616, or State v. Ortiz, 2013 UT App 100, 300 P.3d 786 provides any support for the trial court’s 

denial of defendant’s motion to conceal. The majority notes that in Jackson and Ross the court 
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denied defendant's request to conceal his tattoos with makeup because witnesses relied on the 

tattoos for identification purposes. I note additionally the Jackson court's holding that even if the 

court improperly precluded the defendant from concealing his teardrop tattoo, it was "almost 

certain" that he was not prejudiced because the outcome of the trial strongly indicated that the jury 

accepted the defendant's testimony regarding the mitigating circumstances in his case. Jackson,

945 A.2d at 628. Additionally, the majority notes that the Ortiz court upheld the trial court's denial 

of defendant's request to cover his facial tattoos because they were simply part of his general 

appearance and neither the State nor any of the witnesses referred to the tattoos during trial. 

However, the majority fails to mention that the jurors in Ortiz "were specifically asked whether the 

facial tattoos would affect their ability to be fair and impartial and none of the jurors indicated that 

they would." Ortiz, 2013 UT App 100, ¶4 n.2, 300 P.3d 786. 

¶ 173 I gather from these cases that a denial of a motion to cover a defendant's tattoos, while in 

the discretion of the trial court, is most proper when the defendant's tattoos serve a relevant 

purpose, such as identification, or where facts support the conclusion that the appearance of a 

defendant's tattoos had no influence on the jury's verdict. In this case, defendant's facial tattoos 

served no relevant purpose and there is no way to determine whether the tattoos adversely affected 

the jury's perception of defendant. 

¶ 174 It appears from the record that defendant, at the age of 16, was arrested for the commission 

of this offense. At some time during pretrial incarceration, defendant elected to tattoo parts of his 

flesh. Apparently, during voir dire, defendant, without approval from the court, concealed the 

tattoos with flesh-toned makeup. The court, once made aware, commented that it did not notice 

that defendant had on makeup. A request for approval from the court to conceal the tattoos prior 

to trial was met with the following colloquy: 
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“MS. SNEED [Defense Counsel]: Judge, at this time I am asking that the Court to 

allow the public defender's office to apply makeup to Marlon Minter's face in order to 

conceal the tattoos. The makeup, as you see, is flesh tone. It does not change the color of 

his face. It will just help to conceal the tattoo that he has up above his right eye, which is 

initials I-K-E, and also the tattoo above his left eye of A-T-G, along with a spider web. 

And then there is a teardrop dripping from his right eye, teardrop dripping from his left eye, 

two teardrops dripping from his chin next to his—to the right side of his mouth. *** And, 

Judge, we think that it would be prejudicial if the jury were allowed to view those tattoos 

because the jury would have a preconceived notion about the defendant upon viewing 

those tattoos. 

THE COURT: Well, Ms. Sneed, I understand what you are saying. But who 

created that condition? 

MS. SNEED: He did create the condition, however, and he is not trying to–it 

won't conceal how he looked when he was arrested because when he was arrested he did 

not have these tattoos. 

THE COURT: Okay. So he has willfully changed his appearance while he was 

in custody, is that what you are telling me[?]

MS. SNEED: Well, his appearance has changed, yes Judge. But by the same 

token, I believe the prejudicial nature of the tattoos, people have preconceived notions 

about people with tattoos, especially when they have teardrops. *** And I think that it is 

very little for the Court to do to allow us to apply makeup. He wore makeup yesterday, 

and— 

THE COURT: Because I wasn't aware of it. I mean, and you guys did it without 
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getting my permission.

MS. SNEED: We didn't know that we had to have permission, Judge. 

THE COURT: Well, what you are doing is changing–you are bringing 

contraband, stuff into the court system without my permission. 

* * * 

MR. D’ANGELO [Assistant State's Attorney]: *** He is the one who made 

himself look like this. *** His appearance should not be camouflaged. The defendant has 

done this, and the jury has the right to see it. *** 

MS. SNEED: Judge, when people see gang – they associate teardrops with gang 

tattoos. They don't know what those tattoos necessarily mean, but they attach meaning to 

it themselves, whatever those meanings are.

MR. D’ANGELO: *** If you are so concerned that *** the jury is going to be 

confused by what the defendant has done to himself *** put him on the stand and let him 

explain it to the trier of fact. That's his opportunity. 

* * * 

THE COURT: Motion is denied. 

* * * 

THE COURT: I don't even see the tattoos from here. So you are making a 

mountain out of a mole hill. If that's how he looks, that's how he looks. I am not going to 

allow him to put anything on his face that's not how he naturally looks. 

* * * 

MS. SNEED: When he was arrested for this case, *** he did not have tattoos. 

THE COURT: So what? He changed his appearance while he was in custody. I 
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didn't change it. You didn't change it. The State didn't change it. He chose to change it 

himself. That's the way that he is going to appear. The motion is denied. All right."

¶ 175 The circuit court is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that all defendants receive 

a fair trial (People v. Emerson, 189 Ill. 2d 436, 485 (2000)), not the defendant. As the majority 

acknowledges, there is little case law to guide us. However, the guidance found lacking is not 

necessary for resolution of this issue in this case. That is so because I see no suggestion that the 

court properly considered defense counsel's argument with respect to the prejudicial effect of 

defendant's appearance or that the court on its own considered possible prejudice. Instead, the 

court's focus centered largely on the fact that the defendant had, of his own volition, altered his 

appearance. To find no abuse of discretion requires that there have been a proper exercise of that 

discretion. Because I believe that the trial court failed to consider the prejudicial effect of the 

defendant’s tattoos, or how the State would have been prejudiced by permitting the tattoos to be 

concealed, as deferential as the standard is, on the facts of this case, I would find that the court 

abused its discretion. See, e.g., People v. Houser, 305 Ill. App. 3d 384, 390-92 (1999). 

¶ 176 By no means do I sanction defense counsel's prior concealment of defendant's tattoos 

absent the court's approval. However, it occurs to me that the nonvisible appearance of 

defendant's tattoos during voir dire and then the visible appearance of the tattoos during trial might 

actually have been more confusing to the jury. Confusion, not to mention possible prejudice, 

which should have been considered by the trial court. 

¶ 177 The majority next concludes that the trial court erred when it allowed the State to 

cross-examine defendant about his nonvisible tattoos. Yet, the majority finds that the error was 

harmless, reasoning that his tattoos did not carry any obvious negative connotation and the State 

did not attempt to draw any negative inferences from any of the tattoos. I disagree. Defense 
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counsel objected to the line of the questioning by the State regarding the nonvisible tattoos as 

beyond the scope of direct examination. Interestingly, earlier at trial, during defense counsel's 

cross-examination of the victim concerning his observations of the offenders, the State, in 

explaining the basis of its objection to defense counsel's questioning, offered that 

"[c]ross-examination is limited to the direct examination." I believe that each of the trial court's 

rulings regarding defendant's tattoos contributed to the denial of defendant's due process right to a 

fair trial.

¶ 178 In my opinion, the majority fails to sufficiently address defendant's contention that the 

State's irrelevant inquiry, over defense counsel's several objections, may have improperly 

influenced the jury's perception of him. Instead, the majority seemingly dismisses the real

possibility that the State's improper action had any effect on the jury, noting that the State does not 

introduce any evidence to suggest defendant's gang involvement. However, I am not convinced, 

given the overall tenor of the trial proceedings, that the State's action was as harmless as the 

majority concludes. Although the State did not explicitly question defendant regarding whether he 

was involved in a gang, the implication was present, most notably through the State's attempt to 

elicit the meaning of defendant's "Chief" tattoo, which yielded no positive explanation and, thus, 

could have been negatively perceived by the jury. 

¶ 179 Although the majority finds that the State's inquiry into defendant's nonvisible tattoos was 

improper, it nonetheless concludes that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

defendant's request for a cautionary jury instruction. In so concluding, the majority reasons that

defendant testified that his tattoos had innocuous meanings. Defendant argues, and I agree, that 

the appearance of the tattoos themselves gives rise to the potential for prejudice, regardless of the 

meaning that defendant attempted to ascribe to them. The trial court could have easily ensured that 
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tattoos, both visible and nonvisible, would not have any bearing on the jury's decision by simply 

issuing a jury instruction. The court instead rejected defendant's request with no apparent 

reasoning. 

¶ 180 The majority rejects defendant's reliance on United States v. Newsom, 452 F.3d 593 (6th

Cir. 2006). In Newsom, the reviewing court found that the trial court's error in admitting 

defendant's irrelevant tattoos as evidence was cured by the trial court's subsequent instruction to 

the jury not to consider the tattoos in reaching its decision. The majority finds the instant case 

distinguishable from Newsom, concluding that this case did not involve the admission of any 

prejudicial tattoo evidence. 

¶ 181 Although the discussion in Newsom indicated that the content of the defendant’s tattoos 

was unfairly prejudicial, and indeed it was, the court’s finding of error was not based on the 

content of the tattoos, but instead on the fact that any probative value of the tattoo evidence was 

outweighed by the possible prejudicial effect. Id. at 603. Here, although defendant’s 

explanation of the content of many of his tattoos was positive, the State’s, further, improper 

questioning concerning the “Chief” tattoo was not responded to with any positive explanation. 

Defendant’s tattoos were not being offered by the defense as evidence, but instead, to diminish any 

possible prejudice. Clearly, the State’s improper inquiry was for a different purpose. Given that 

the motion to conceal was denied, and that the defense’s testimony regarding the tattoos was not 

offered as any substantive evidence regarding the offense, the prejudicial effect of the State’s 

cross-examination required for its cure an instruction to ensure that the jury's verdict would not 

rest on considerations other than the evidence alone. See Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 140. 

¶ 182 Unfortunately, error in this case was not confined to the evidentiary phase of this trial. 

The majority also finds that the trial court abused its discretion during closing argument. 
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Specifically, the majority finds error in that the court misconstrued Escalante's testimony and then 

argued with defense counsel about the testimony. Additionally, the court strictly limited defense

counsel's argument but allowed the State considerable leeway in drawing reasonable inferences 

from the evidence. However, the majority concludes that defendant forfeited review of this issue

because it was not properly preserved. In my view, because the trial court's actions during closing 

arguments affected defendant's substantial right to a fair and impartial trial, I believe that his claim 

is properly reviewable under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine. People v. Herron, 215 

Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005). The trial court's seeming partiality during the final arguments had the 

potential to leave a lasting impression on the jury. See People v. Lewerenz, 24 Ill. 2d 295, 301 

(1962) (stating that "[j]urors are quick to perceive any leaning of the court and place great reliance 

upon what he says and does, so that his statements and intimations are liable to have the force of 

evidence and be most damaging to an accused"). Further, a number of the court's comments and 

rulings throughout the entire course of the proceedings evidenced a hostile disposition toward 

defendant and ultimately contributed to the denial of his right to a fair and impartial trial. Suffice 

it to say that “the atmosphere in and around the courtroom might be so hostile as to interfere with 

the trial process, even though an examination of the record conformed to the requirements of law: 

the defendant had counsel, the jury members stated they were impartial, the jury was correctly 

charged, and the evidence was legally sufficient to convict.” Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 561 

(1965) (citing Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86, 90-91 (1923)). 

¶ 183 The majority identifies a number of significant trial court errors and improper comments. 

In that regard, I note finally that the majority's decision to vacate defendant's sentence is based on 

yet another improper comment from the trial court regarding defendant's pending charges. "Each 

of the errors *** in and of itself, casts doubt upon the reliability of the judicial process." Blue, 189 
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Ill. 2d at 139. Yet, the majority finds no denial of due process. I disagree. In this case, the

cumulative effect of the trial court's errors created a "synergistic effect" on defendant's trial that

necessitates a reversal of his conviction and remand for a new trial. Id. at 138.