Clearwing Moths of Australia

and New Zealand

(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

m

W. DONALD DUCKWORTH

and

THOMAS D. EICHLIN

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 180
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 18 0

Clearwing Moths of Australia

and New Zealand

(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

W. Donald Duckworth

and Thomas D. Eichlin

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1974
ABSTRACT

Duckworth, W. Donald, and Thomas D. Eichlin. Clearwing Moths of Australia

and New Zealand (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 180, 45 pages, 50 figures, 6 maps, 1974.—The family Sesiidae in

Australia and New Zealand is revised and one new species is described. The

history, biology, geographical distribution, morphology, and classification of the

family are discussed in detail. All the species are reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, distribution, identity, and morphology. A key to species and

higher categories is provided. Distribution maps, photographs of adults, illustrations of the male and female genitalia, wing venation, and other aspects of

morphology are included.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5129. SERIES COVER

DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Duckworth, W. Donald

Clearwing Moths of Australia and New Zealand (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 180)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27: 180.

1. Aegeriidae. 2. Insects—Australia. 3. Insects—New Zealand. I. Eichlin, Thomas D., 1938-

joint author. II. Title. HI. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to

zoology, no. 180.

QL1.S54 no. 180 [QL561.A34] 591'.08s [595.7'81] 74-6058

For sale by the Superintendent of Document!), U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.15 (paper cover)
Contents

Page

Introduction \

History 2

Morphology 3

Biology 5

Geographical Distribution 6

Classification 8

Taxa Transferred to Other Families 9

Family Stathmopodidae 9

Genus Dolophrosyne Durrant 9

Dolophrosyne balteata Durrant 9

Family Glyphipterygidae 9

Genus Sagalassa Walker 9

Sagalassa homotona (Swinhoe)7 new combination 9

Checklist 9

Family Sesiidae 10

Key to the Species and Higher Categories 11

Subfamily Tinthiinae LeCerf 12

Tribe Pennisetiini Naumann 12

Genus Pennisetia Dehne 12

Pennisetia igniflua (Lucas), new combination 12

Pennisetia eusphyra (Turner), new combination 14

Tribe Tinthiini LeCerf 15

Genus Tinthia Walker 15

Tinthia xanthospila Hampson 15

Subfamily Paranthreninae Niculescu 16

Tribe Paranthrenini Niculescu 16

Genus Albuna Edwards 16

Albuna carulifera (Hampson), new combination 16

Albuna isozona (Meyrick), new combination 18

Albuna oberthuri (LeCerf), new combination 19

Albuna zoniota (Turner), new combination 21

Subfamily Sesiinae Boisduval 21

Tribe Melittini LeCerf 22

Genus Melittia Hubner 22

Melittia amboinensis Felder 22

Melittia chalybescens Miskin 24

Tribe Synanthedonini Niculescu . . 25

Genus Synanthedon Hubner 25

Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) . 25

Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin) 26

Genus Carmenta Edwards 28

Carmenta chrysophanes (Meyrick), new combination 28

Carmenta commoni, new species . . 30

Carmenta xanthogyna (Hampson), new combination 31

Literature Cited 32

iii

Clearwing Moths of Australia

and New Zealand

(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

W. Donald Duckworth

and Thomas D. Eichlin

Introduction

The Sesiidae (= Aegeriidae) is a well-defined

family, worldwide in distribution. Consisting of

over 1000 described species, the adult members of

this family are primarily diurnal and highly mimetic in both appearance and behavior. The degree to which species in this family have become

modified structurally and behaviorally to resemble

their models, primarily bees and wasps, is truly

remarkable. The wings are narrow and, in most

instances, partially devoid of scales; the abdomen

is commonly banded with orange or yellow and

narrowed basally either by actual constriction or

scaled so as to create an illusion of constriction.

In addition, the legs are usually modified to resemble those of the model even to the extent, in

some groups, of scale tufts tipped in yellow to

simulate the pollen-gathering devices of certain

bees.

The larvae are primarily borers in the trunks,

bark, stems, or roots of trees, shrubs, and vines or

in the stems and roots of herbaceous plants. Some

species are inquiline borers in galls on woody and

herbaceous plants. Although a great deal of biological data is known for species that occur in temW. Donald Duckworth, Department of Entomology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Thomas D. Eichlin, Laboratory Services/

Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California 958N.

perate regions, particularly the Nearctic and Palearctic, the life histories of species in tropical and

subtropical areas are still very incompletely known.

The present study is an outgrowth of research

currently underway by the authors on the Western

Hemisphere sesiids and represents the first detailed

account of all the species known to occur in Australia and New Zealand. As presently defined, the

sesiid fauna of this area consists of 14 species in 6

genera, of which one species is described as new,

and one, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), is an

introduced species from Europe. In addition, two

species, Balataea homotona Swinhoe and Dolophrosyne balteata Durrant, previously assigned to the

family have been found to be improperly placed

and are herein transferred to other families.

Throughout the course of this study we have

been handicapped by the small number of specimens available for study. This is a fairly general

situation for the sesiids throughout the world and

is undoubtedly due, in large part, to the diurnal

flight period and fugitive behavior of the adults,

coupled with the endophagous boring habit of the

larvae. As a result, most collections are sorely

lacking in sufficient material to adequately support

modern systematic studies. It is our hope that this

paper will serve to stimulate Australian biologists

to focus more attention on this unique family of

moths.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The authors wish to acknowledge with gratitude the cooperation and assist1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ance of the following individuals and institutions

that, through their support and encouragement,

have materially aided the present study: Dr. I. F. B.

Common, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organization, Canberra, Australia; Dr.

Gordon F. Gross, South Australian Museum, Adelaide; Mr. A. Neboiss, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Dr. C. N. Smithers,

Australian Museum, Sydney; Mr. J. S. Dugdale,

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Nelson, New Zealand; Mr. Paul E. S. Whalley, Dr.

Klaus Sattler, British Museum (Natural History);

Mr. I. Lansbury, Hope Department of Zoology,

University of Oxford; Dr. P. Viette, Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for lending for

study types and other specimens in their charge.

We wish to particularly acknowledge our gratitude to Dr. Ian F. B. Common, CSIRO, whose willingness to share with us his extensive knowledge

of Australian Lepidoptera, both through prompt

response to our numerous inquiries by mail and

directly during a brief visit by one of the authors

(Duckworth) to Australia, significantly contributed to the completion of the project.

The authors also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. George Venable, departmental illustrator, for the illustrations and maps; Mrs. Vera

Milbank, technician, for bibliographic assistance;

Mr. Timothy P. Friedlander, undergraduate fellow,

for assistance in all phases of the study; and the

National Museum of Natural History Photographic Laboratory for the photographs.

This study was aided in part by a grant from the

Secretary's Fluid Research Fund, Smithsonian Research Foundation number 112-715, and a Travel

Grant from The Entomological Society of America.

History

As one might expect, considering the limited

number of species and infrequency of capture, the

previous literature concerning the Australian and

New Zealand sesiids is anything but profuse. The

initial documentation of the family for this region

was by Meyrick (1886) and consisted of the description of two new species (Sesia isozona and Sesia

chrysophanes) from Australia, and Synanthedon

tipuliformis (Clerck) listed as an introduced

species in New Zealand.

Turner (1917), in a paper describing a number

of new Australian species in various families, presented a summary of the family Aegeriidae

(= Sesiidae) noting that "the known species are

of Indo-Malayan origin." Five years later Turner

(1922) summarized the family once again in order

to include new taxa from Australia resulting from

the publication of intervening papers by LeCerf

(1917) and Hampson (1919). Although both of

the latter papers were primarily concerned with

other faunal areas, both included species from Australia and, even more important, higher category

concepts of significance to the Australian region.

With the publication of Turner's paper, the

known sesiid fauna consisted of 15 species in 7

genera, all (except the introduced S. tipuliformis)

from Queensland and northern Australia.

In contrast to Turner's figures, Dalla Torre and

Strand (1925) list 17 species in 11 genera as occurring in Australia, and Gaede (1933) lists 14 species

in 8 genera. These publications were worldwide

treatments of the family and illustrate the inconsistencies inherent in such ambitious undertakings.

Attempts at family definition for the Australian

sesiids were provided by Tillyard (1926) and

Common (1970). In both instances only a family

level treatment was intended and no more than a

few selected species were included.

In addition to the works previously cited, it is

important to note a number of publications which,

although they have not necessarily included data

directly pertaining to the Australian fauna, are of

considerable significance in the development of

our overall knowledge of the family. Beutenmuller

(1901) provided the first comprehensive review

of the family in North America, including a systematic review of the literature. In addition, an

attempt was made to present all the known biological information concerning the included species.

This tradition was continued and expanded by

Engelhardt (1946), whose later revision of the

family for North America greatly expanded our

knowledge of the life histories and habits of the

group.

More recently, the publications of Niculescu

(1964) and Naumann (1971) have contributed

significantly to the higher category concepts within the family and have aided in the clarification

of several nomenclatural problems of long standing.

Little information has been published regarding
NUMBER 180

the systematics of the immature stages of sesiids,

thus MacKay's (1968) revision of the North American species, based on late instar larvae, provides

a vital resource for comparison of higher category

concepts as well as for elucidation of larval

morphology and species identification.

Morphology

It is not our intention to deal in great detail

with the comparative morphology of the Sesiidae

in the present paper. The limited nature of the

Australian-New Zealand sesiid fauna, together

with the lack of significant morphological divergence from patterns observed for the family in

other parts of the world, makes it more desirable

to present a detailed analysis of character trends

as a part of our studies on the Western Hemisphere portion of the family. The family description included in the present study provides a

complete summation of structural characteristics

for the group and is based on an extensive worldwide survey of the family.

In general, the sesiids are a remarkably homogeneous group morphologically. They are readily

recognized superficially by their narrow and more

or less transparent wings, clavate or filiform antennae, and the generally elongate, slender abdomen,

which is tapered posteriorly and terminated by a

more or less prominent anal tuft of scales. The

mimetic nature of the group is generally apparent

by the pattern and scaling of the wings, by the abdomen being frequently banded or striped with

yellow or orange, and by the legs being usually

long and variously tufted with scales.

While family recognition is relatively easy, characterization of taxa below the family level requires

careful examination of various character systems

(e.g., wing venation, genitalia, legs, head, etc.), for

the distinguishing differences are frequently quite

subtle. The keys provided in the present study are

designed to facilitate identification through utilization of easily observed characters; however, they

have been correlated with additional characters

derived from intensive study of adult morphology

as well as data derived from other life stages and

biologies, whenever possible.

One portion of sesiid morphology displays

unique modifications worthy of particular emphasis. The wings of sesiids are, as mentioned previously, very narrow. It is presumed this reduction

has resulted from selection favoring hymenopterous

mimicry; however, as the wings become more narrow the mechanisms found in most Lepidoptera

for coupling the fore and hindwing during flight

become less efficient, especially for the typically

rapid flight exhibited by most sesiids. Thus, in the

family a number of modifications in the wingcoupling structures have occurred that serve to insure synchronous action of the fore and hindwings.

In most moths the mechanism for wing-coupling

consists of a single-spined frenulum arising from

the costal sclerite at the base of the hindwing in

males and a several-spined (usually three) frenulum in the females. The frenulum is secured to the

underside of the forewing by varying devices, generally termed the retinaculum. In the Sesiidae

both males and females have developed a singlespined frenulum (two-spined in some females),

which is secured by an overfold of subcosta that

projects to near the wing membrane. Also, there

is a row of scales from the radius, directed anteriorly, which aid in holding the frenulum more

firmly in place. The development of a single-spined

frenulum and a subcostal retinaculum is generally

considered an advanced specialization in moths

and one which is generally confined to the males

(Braun, 1924). The attainment of this condition

by both sexes in sesiids suggests, at least in this one

character, a highly derived condition. To our

knowledge, no other family of moths has achieved

this degree of specialization in this character

thoughout its component taxa.

In addition to the advanced frenulumretinaculum device, the sesiids have further

strengthened wing-coupling through the interlocking of the dorsal edge of the forewing with the

costal edge of the hindwing. This is accomplished

by the rolling downward of the dorsal margin of

the forewing and locking firmly into nearly the

entire length of the costal margin of the hindwing,

which is similarly rolled upward. Each of these

margins bears a series of interlocking, recurved

spines, which further serve to secure the attachment.

The firm bond attained through the two methods

described above has provided the sesiids with the

most effective wing-coupling mechanism found in

Lepidoptera and undoubledly enhances the swift
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and evasive flight behavior typically observed in

the family. In addition, the ability to fly rapidly

would appear to be a necessary trait if hymenopterous mimicry is to be extended to flight behavior.

That this transition has been accomplished by

many species of sesiids is readily demonstrated by

the numbers of specimens inadvertently captured

by collectors of Hymenoptera.

It should be noted in connection with the wingmargin coupling mechanism that it is not possible

at this time to adequately evaluate the potential

phylogenetic implications of this development in

sesiids. Braun (1919), in her study of the wing

structure of Lepidoptera, comments as follows:

"The possession of the row of costal spines by

many of the Trichoptera and by more primitive

Lepidoptera indicates that it is a persistent primitive character, and as such indicates common descent of the two groups. The preservation of these

spines in many frenate Lepidoptera is one of the

few connecting links between them and the Micropterygidae." This would suggest the possibility

that the recurved spines which function in the

wing-margin coupling mechanism in sesiids are

derived from the costal spines, at least in part, and

as such represent an evolutionary line in wingcoupling mechanisms based on a persistent ancestral character. However, Braun goes on to say:

"The series of costal hooks—the hamuli—which

have developed in the more specialized families of

Trichoptera as a means of locking the fore and

hindwing together, is a specialization not found

in the Lepidoptera." Thus, if the recurved wing

spines in sesiids are viewed as homologous with

hamuli in Trichoptera, a view apparently held by

Forbes (1923), then their presence would appear

to be most likely due to parallelism. Additional

studies of the development of wing-coupling mechanisms in the Lepidoptera are needed to resolve

questions of this nature.

The reduction in wing width in sesiids, especially in the forewing, and the interlocking fore

and hindwing margins have influenced the venation patterns of the wings in several ways. There is

a great reduction in the anal area of the forewing

and an unusual lack of reduction in the anal area

of the hindwing. In the forewing there is a reduction in the number of veins in many species and

the anal area is so reduced that, of the anal veins,

only 2A remains and it is frequently reduced. By

contrast, the anal area of the hindwing is expansive with patterns that include four anal veins, an

extremely significant factor phylogenetically in

that the presence of 4A is considered an ancestral

condition lost in most of the Lepidoptera. In addition, the anal area of the hindwing, in our

opinion, reflects in its venational patterns the

three major lines of development in the family

and provides characters of value in distinguishing

the three subfamilies. The Tinthiinae appear

ancestral in retaining 1A (lost and represented by

a wing fold in most derived groups of Lepidoptera)

but have the other three anals coalescent with 2A.

In both the Paranthreninae and Sesiinae, 1A is absent and represented only by a line of scales on

the wing fold. In Paranthreninae, 2A and 3A are

coalescent, except at the base, and 4A is present.

The Sesiinae have 2A, a portion of 3A, and 4A is

present.

There is also a unique contrast in the development of the media vein in the fore and hindwing

of sesiids. In the forewing the stem of media is lost,

as it is in most groups of advanced Lepidoptera.

In the hindwing, however, the stem of media is

present and has shifted in position toward the

costal margin. The three veins normally prominent along the costal margin (Sc, R^ R.) are

greatly reduced, closely parallel, and concealed

within the upfolded costal edge. This condition

led early workers to erroneously conclude that

these veins were missing in the hindwings of sesiids.

The venation patterns in the wings of sesiids

have proved to be of value in delimiting taxa at

virtually every level within the family and are detailed in the descriptions of these taxa in the

taxonomic portion of this study. However, the

homogeneity alluded to earlier in this discussion

prevails also in wing morphology and was perhaps

best summarized by Comstock (in Beutenmuller,

1901): "Although the members of this family in

the course of their evolution have progressed far

from the primitive type of the order, they have

kept closely together; there is much less variation

in the structure of the wings than one would expect

to find in a group so highly specialized." Based on

our studies of the family to this point, much the

same may be said for most character systems found

in sesiids.
NUMBER 180

Biology

Host-plant associations and other biological data

are largely lacking for Australian sesiids. However,

our current knowledge of seemingly general habits

within the family, coupled with biological data

accumulated for species in other parts of the world

belonging to genera which occur in Australia, is

such that certain patterns may be noted and some

extrapolation made. Specific information for each

Australian species, when known, is included in the

descriptive portion of this study.

ADULT.—The most obvious and significant characteristic of clearwing moths is their structural and

behavioral modifications related to mimetic associations. While this obvious adaptation is readily

recognized by researchers, both past and present,

virtually no investigations of a serious nature have

been conducted on specific mimic-model relationships within the family. Thus, it is not possible to

detail the biological implications of clearwing

moth mimicry in other than speculative terms.

This area of sesiid biology offers numerous opportunities for productive research on mimicry,

adaptive aspects of behavior, and other related

phenomena of broad biological significance and,

hopefully, will become more widely investigated

as the taxonomy of the family is clarified.

In general, clearwing moths are diurnal in adult

activity periods, possess behavioral patterns associated with their models, primarily bees and wasps,

and do not appear to disperse far from their hostplants. Previous studies on the behavior of selected

species in North America (Girault, 1907; Gossard

and King, 1918; Nielsen and Balderston, 1973)

indicate that chemical sex attractants are utilized

by sesiids for mate location. In addition, Nielsen

and Balderston (1973) reported evidence for intergeneric sex attraction among sesiids, suggesting

that more than one species may utilize the same

pheromone(s) for locating mates. This finding,

in turn, suggests that additional behavioral, visual,

or chemical stimuli, which selects against nonconspecific mates, must come into play once physical

proximity is achieved.

Once mating is accomplished, oviposition begins

immediately, the eggs generally being deposited

singly on or near the host-plant. The eggs are

ovate, disc-shaped with flat bottoms, brown in

color, with the surfaces weakly sculptured with

minute shagreening in hexagonal designs. The

time required for incubation varies considerably

between species and is probably dependent upon

temperature. Upon hatching, the larvae bore into

the host-plant directly or after migrating to

another area of the plant.

LARVA.—Insofar as is known all sesiid larvae are

true borers and, consequently, exhibit the lack of

body color and pattern characteristic of lepidopterous larvae with this habit. The time required for

development and the number of instars varies considerably, with three years and seven instars being

the maximum period and number recorded for a

given species. Many species in North America are

univoltine and overwinter as late instar larvae,

either in the plant or in chambers in the soil.

Host-plant specificity also varies considerably within the family. Some species and/or genera exhibit

rather narrow host preferences, while others appear

to exploit a broad range of plants. While available

data are sketchy, Australian sesiids appear to follow the same pattern. For example, the genus

Melittia Hubner occurs worldwide and is, so far as is

known, host specific on plants in the family Cucurbitaceae. Although the two Australian species, Melittiachalybescens Miskin and Melittia amboinensis

Felder, have not been reared in Australia as yet,

the latter species has been reported from cucurbitaceous plants in India (David and Subramaniam,

1962), and it seems reasonable to assume the same

association will be found to occur in Australia

when appropriate rearings are accomplished. By

contrast, Carmenta chrysophanes is capable of

utilizing a number of different host-plants, which

may explain, at least in part, the fact that it is the

only native species of the family that is distributed

into the more temperate area of Australia.

PUPA.—Pupation occurs in most species of Sesxidae in the larval gallery. Prior to pupation the

larva generally tunnels to the surface, leaving only

a thin exterior covering, then retreats some distance and prepares a pupal case of bits of plant

material and frass. At the time of emergence the

pupa moves up the gallery, penetrates the thin

covering, extrudes up to two-thirds its length from

the gallery, and in this position the adult emerges.

This process is facilitated by the retention of freedom of movement in abdominal segments 3 to 7 in

the male pupa and 3 to 6 in the female pupa, and

by the presence of special structures on the head
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and abdomen. The head is heavily sclerotized anteriorly and usually has many ridges and projections.

The clypeus often bears a chisel-like projection

that is utilized to penetrate the exit region. Movement through the gallery and anchoring during

emergence are aided by transverse rows of dorsal

spines on abdominal segments 2 to 7 in the males

and 2 to 6 in the females, the females having a single row on segment 7 and both sexes having single

rows on segments 8, 9, and 10. There are also large

spines ventrad on segment 10 and the cremaster

is lacking.

NATURAL ENEMIES.—Records of parasites of

sesiids are not abundant and those which have

been documented are generally in relation to

species of economic concern to man. To date, there

are no records concerning parasites, predators, or

diseases of Australian sesiids. From other areas of

the world, however, data indicate parasites in the

orders Hymenoptera and Diptera; birds, robberflies (Asilidae), ants, and rodents as predators; and

several fungal diseases.

Geographical Distribution

The dearth of collecting records for species of

Australian sesiids makes any attempt to analyze

distribution patterns both hazardous and tentative.

The absence of life-history data, especially hostplant relationships, adds to the problem, as does

the lack of precise knowledge concerning the sesiid

fauna of adjacent areas (e.g., New Guinea), which

has undoubtedly played a significant role in the

development of the Australian sesiid fauna. In

spite of these restrictive factors, examination of

available data suggests certain probabilities worthy

of mention at this point.

Spencer (1896) provided the most generally

accepted framework of faunal provinces for the

Australian mainland and adjacent Tasmania.

These provinces are illustrated in Map 1 and can

be generally characterized both faunistically and

ecologically (see Keast et al., 1959; Mackerras,

1970). The Torresian, covering northern Australia,

eastern Queensland, and northeastern New South

Wales, has a wet to moist, tropical to subtropical

climate, patches of rain forest, a general vegetation ranging from wet sclerophyll forest to open

grassland, and a fauna that especially reflects

northern elements. The Bassian, extending over

southeastern New South Wales, Victoria, southeastern South Australia, southwestern Australia,

and Tasmania, has a moist-temperate climate, vegetation ranging from southern rain and wet

sclerophyll forest to alpine herb fields, and a fauna

frequently reflecting a southern element. The

Eyrean, consisting of the more arid interior of the

continent within the 500 mm isohyet, has a xerophytic flora and a generally impoverished fauna,

frequently reflecting derivation from other provinces through progressive adaptation. As is true

with any such faunal scheme, it is necessarily arbitrary, especially at the boundaries, and must be

viewed as it relates to the group being studied.

The generalized distribution of Australian sesiids in relation to the faunal provinces is illustrated

in Map 1. It is immediately apparent that the

family occurs primarily in the Torresian area, the

only exceptions being Carmenta chrysophanes

(Map 6) and Synanthedon tipuliformis (Map 5).

The latter species is a European introduction into

Australia and New Zealand and, consequently,

does not relate to the present discussion. Thus,

within Australia the sesiids display a distinctly

tropical and subtropical distribution with virtually

no natural penetration of the other faunal provinces. Obviously, considering the limited records,

this is not a definitive picture; however, it seems

unlikely that future studies will significantly alter

the overall pattern. In fact, the northern and

northwestern portions of Australia have only been

minimally sampled for Microlepidoptera thus far,

which suggests that the major amount of new information on sesiids could be expected to come from

the Torresian region.

The presently known distribution of sesiids in

Australia indicates a definite relationship with the

Indo-Malayan area and would appear to be a part

of a northern faunal element as summarized by

Mackerras (1970). This portion of the Australian

fauna includes organisms with ancient ties to the

Oriental region, as well as those that have arrived

more recently and relate more directly to New

Guinea and the Indonesian chain. Common (1970)

included the Sesiidae (= Aegeriidae) among those

groups which have reached Australia more recently, and our investigations support that determination. The limited penetration of other than

the northern tropical and subtropical areas,
NUMBER 180

coupled with biological attributes (endophagous

boring, hymenopterous mimicry, etc.) that have

in other regions allowed radiation into more arid

environments, seems a clear indication of recent

dispersal into Australia. In the absence of fossil

records it is not possible to provide documentation,

but it seems to us most likely that the sesiids

entered Australia in association with their hostplants during the Indo-Malayan invasion of the

late Tertiary. Probable routes of spread during

this period are diagrammatically illustrated by

Holloway and Jardine (1968, fig. 21), and the geographical and chronological pattern of this incursion has been repeated in numerous publications

dealing with many different organisms (Evans,

in Keast, et al., 1959). If this view of sesiid dispersal is valid, it suggests that endemism at the generic

level and above should prove minimal and that

many, possibly most, of the Australian species will

ultimately be found to occur also in New Guinea

and adjacent areas, or at least closely related

species.

AUSTRALIA

Eyrean Region

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 1.—Distribution of the Family Sesiidae in Australia and New Zealand.
8

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Unfortunately, as mentioned at the outset of

this discussion, the lack of information concerning

the sesiid fauna of New Guinea and islands in the

Indonesian chain seriously restricts any judgments

concerning extra-Australian relationships. As a

result, we are unable to draw more than tentative

conclusions concerning endemism at the species

level in the Australian sesiids. At the generic level

and above, however, no endemism is known to

occur. In addition, it is our opinion, based on the

examination of available material from the Oriental Region, that few, if any, of the species currently known only from Australia are in fact truly

endemic. One Australian species, Melittia amboinensis, occurs throughout the Indo-Malayan area

to India, and while such an extensive range may

prove exceptional, it does provide some evidence

in support of our position.

As mentioned previously, the only sesiid known

to occur in New Zealand is Synanthedon tipuliformis, introduced along with its hostplant from

Europe. First discovered in New Zealand in the

late nineteenth century, it now occurs throughout

Tasmania and the coastal areas of New South

Wales and Victoria in Australia. The absence

of other sesiids in New Zealand lends additional

support to our contention that the family is a

recent arrival in the Australia-New Zealand area.

Classification

During the course of revisionary studies on the

Western Hemisphere Sesiidae over the past few

years, the authors have attempted to develop a

system of higher categories within the family that

not only adequately reflects phylogenetic relationships, as we perceive them, within the faunal

area of primary concern, but also encompasses the

entire family on a world basis. The results of these

efforts are, in part, indicated by the system of

classification used in this study. In fact, the present

study is an outgrowth of a desire to test our higher

classification concepts, utilizing a portion of the

family far removed from the Western Hemisphere.

The limited number of taxa in the Australian

sesiid fauna, coupled with the probability of little

or no direct relationship with the Western Hemisphere sesiids, seemed to provide a suitable, albeit

limited, opportunity for comparison.

In the development of our classification, we

have utilized to great benefit three recent works

which have also treated this subject in some detail

(Niculescu, 1964; MacKay, 1968; Naumann, 1971).

Each of these studies has incorporated new data

sources to expand and refine previous concepts,

and our efforts have followed a similar pattern.

Although it is not our intention to present a detailed account of concepts of higher classification

of sesiids in the present paper, a few comments of

a general nature seem appropriate.

Without question the most important single

work to appear on the family in recent years is that

of Naumann (1971). In it Naumann provides a

detailed account of previous systems of classification proposed for the family and compares them

at some length with his higher category scheme

based on an application of Hennig's principles and

methods of phylogenetic systematics. Naumann's

classification is based on a detailed study of genitalia features and wing venation of the type-species

of the Holarctic genera and, to a certain degree,

of other species in the Palearctic region. In addition, a great deal of nomenclatural clarification

and type-species validation is provided for genera

worldwide. As a result of these studies, Naumann

proposes a monophyletic origin of obscure derivation for the Sesiidae and subdivides the Holarctic

sesiid fauna into two subfamilies, Tinthiinae and

Sesiinae, recognized phylogenetically as two sister

groups. In our studies a broad range of characters

including comparative structural morphology of

virtually every portion of the adult anatomy, comparative biological data, and larval morphology,

where available, have been utilized for the Western Hemisphere sesiids and a significant number

of taxa from other parts of the world. As a result

of these studies we propose a subdivision of the

family into three subfamilies, Tinthiinae, Paranthreninae, and Sesiinae. Obviously, this change in

subfamily classification reflects changes at the tribal and generic levels as well; however, the overall

picture is quite similar to Naumann's arrangement

in most instances. In our opinion the classification

utilized in this study, due primarily to its basis on

a broader range of characters derived from a

greater representation of the overall family, provides the most effective arrangement for expressing

the relationships of the included taxa.

As mentioned previously, a detailed presenta-
NUMBER 180

tion of the higher categories and phylogeny of the

family is intended for inclusion with our studies

on the Western Hemisphere sesiids. In the present

study all taxa are defined, generally with brief

additional comments, in the systematic portion to

follow.

One additional observation concerning sesiid

classification should be made at this point. Certainly the most surprising aspect encountered in

this study was the discovery that all the species

of Australian sesiids belong to genera well

established in other parts of the world, including

the Western Hemisphere. This fact, coupled with

data from other studies, tends to reinforce our belief that the enormous number of generic names

currently applied to sesiids in some areas of the

world (e.g., approximately 186 species in 60 genera

for the Ethiopian region) bears little or no relation

to reality. While the world sesiid fauna is still too

poorly known, especially the tropical portion, to

make more than tentative observations concerning

generic-level endemism, evidence to date suggests

that many of the genera are more widely distributed than has been previously recognized. Moreover, this situation has no doubt been further

aggravated by the tendency of some previous

workers to describe newly discovered species

in new genera, thereby eliminating the timeconsuming necessity of determining whether or not

they represent new species in previously described

genera.

Taxa Transferred to Other Families

During the course of the present study, two taxa

were determined to be incorrectly placed in the

family Sesiidae. One, a monobasic genus, is transferred to the Stathmopodidae; the other is a

species assigned to an appropriate genus in the

family Glyphipterygidae.

Family STATHMOPODIDAE

Genus Dolophrosyne Durrant

Dolophrosyne Durrant, 1919:120 [type-species: Dolophrosyne

balteata Durrant, 1919].

Dolophrosyne balteata Durant

Dolophrosyne balteata Durrant, 1919:121.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Queensland, Australia.

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History).

DISCUSSION.—This genus and its single included

species is here transferred to the family Stathmopodidae. The type-specimen was studied and

proved not to be a sesiid. Although precise placement must await careful study of the family Stathmopodidae, the species appears nearest the genera

Snellenia and Pseudaegeria.

Family GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE

Genus Sagalassa Walker

Sagalassa Walker, 1856:8 [type-species: Sagalassa robusta

Walker, 1856].

Sagalassa homotona (Swinhoe), new combination

Balataea homotona Swinhoe, 1892:36.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Australia.

TYPE.—Holotype male, University Museum,

Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford,

England.

DISCUSSION.—This species is here transferred to

the genus Sagalassa in the family Glyphipterygidae.

Examination of the type-specimen clearly indicates

that the species was improperly placed in the

Sesiidae. Turner (1922:59) indicated in a footnote to his tabulation of Australian sesiids that

this species belonged in the genus Miscera Walker

(= Sagalassa Walker); however, this transfer

apparently went unnoticed and the species has

continued to be included in the family until the

present time.

Checklist

Family Sesiidae

Subfamily Tinthiinae

Tribe Pennisetiini

Pennisetia Dehne

= Anthrenoptera Swinhoe

= Lophocnema Turner

= Diapyra Turner
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

P. igniflua (Lucas)

P. eusphyra (Turner)

Tribe Tinthiini

Tinthia Walker

T. xanthospila Hampson

Subfamily Paranthreninae

Tribe Paranthrenini

Albuna Edwards

= Harmonic Edwards

= Parharmonia Beutenmuller

A. carulifera (Hampson)

= coracodes Turner

A. isozona (Meyrick)

A. oberthuri (LeCerf)

= terrible Turner

A. zoniota (Turner)

Subfamily Sesiinae

Tribe Melittiini

Melittia Hubner

= Poderis Boisduval

Af. atnboinensis Felder

= doddi LeCerf

= thaumasia Turner

Af. chalybescens Miskin

= proserpina Hampson

Tribe Synanthedonini

Synanthedon Hubner

S. tipuliformis (Clerck)

5. cupreifascia (Miskin)

Carmen ta Edwards

C. chrysophanes (Meyrick)

= melanocera Hampson

= panyasis Druce

= caieta Druce

C. commoni Duckworth and Eichlin

C. xanthogyna Hampson

Family SESHDAE

SESIIDAE Boisduval, 1828:29 [Sesiariae; type-genus: Sesia

Fabricius, 1775].

AECERIIDAE Stephens, 1829:34.—Naumann, 1971:9 [synonymy].

[Refer to Dalle Torre and Strand, 1925:1-3, for detailed

bibliography.]

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Small to fairly large

moths, forewing length 5-30 mm. Head: Eyes relatively large compared to width and length of head;

naked, ringed with short yellow or white scales.

Ocelli present. Pilifers with rather strong, spinelike setae of varying length. Mandibles small, flattened, and somewhat hatchet-shaped. Proboscis

most often elongate and functional but may be

rudimentary and nonfunctional in some species.

Maxillary palpus small, 1- to 3-segmented, most

species with two segments. Labial palpus 3-

segmented, upcurved. Antenna of most species

clavate, tapered to point apically, terminated by

small scale tuft; males of all but few species with

setae ventrally, pectinate in some groups. Thorax:

Dorsoanterior region of preepimeron with hollow,

weakly sclerotized, baglike protuberance on all

species except those in the Tinthiinae. Abdomen:

Generally elongate, slender, tapering posteriorly,

often narrowed at base with anal scale tuft most

developed on males. Legs: Generally elongate,

slender; first tarsal segment of hindleg elongate,

about one-half length of tibia; tibia with scale

tufts near spurs. Forewing: Elongate, narrow,

varying from mostly hyaline to entirely opaque.

Veins: R generally with five branches, R4 and

R-, most often stalked; M lost in cell, often with

three branches; Cu with two branches. Dorsal margin of wing folded down, interlocking with upfolded costal margin of hindwing (see discussion

of wing-locking mechanism). Hindwing: Elongate

narrow, somewhat broader than forewing, varying

from hyaline to opaque depending on the species.

Frenulum single in both sexes. R veins combined

(Rs), often hidden in fold; M veins separate; M3

and Cuj joined before or after crossvein. Anal

Veins: 1A usually degenerate, present in primitive

species; 2A present; 3A either short, fused to base

of 2A or absent; 4A most often present, absent in

primitive species. Male Genitalia: Uncus simple

in few groups, more often modified and/or fused

with tegumen, with lateral setaceous pads or with

elongate, paired socii clothed with specialized bifurcate setae; gnathos absent or present in various

forms; tegumen simple, reduced, or modified and

fused with uncus; vinculum somewhat ring-shaped,

extended anteriorly as saccus of varying length

and thickness; valva varies from small and quadrangular to elongate and slender, with either simple setae or combination of simple setae of varying

shapes and sizes and arrangements of bifurcate or

multi-furcate setae; specialized saccular ridge present or absent. Aedeagus generally elongate, very

slender, slightly bulbous at base. Female Genitalia:

Papillae anales generally small and narrow; ostium

bursae situated ventrally between sclerites of abdominal segment 8, or in intersegmental membrane

between 7 and 8, or on posterior margin of abdominal segment 7; ductus bursae most often elongate,

narrow, with sclerotization for the most part con-
NUMBER 180 11

Key to the Species and Higher Categories

1. Antennae filiform, without apical scale tuft (Tinthiinae) 2

Antennae clavate, with apical scale tuft 4

2. Hindwing with vein M3 arising from Cux well basad of crossvein (Tinthiini)

Tinthia xanthospila

Hindwing with veins M3 and CUj long-stalked distad of crossvein (Pennisetiini: Pennisetia) 3

3. Forewing opaque, dorsally with at least some orange Pennisetia igniflua

Forewing with hyaline area apically, dorsally with some straw-yellow and tan, without

orange Pennisetia eusphyra

4. Hindwing with vein M3 arising from Cux basad of crossvein; vein 3A absent; forewing with

stalk of vein R4 plus R5 more than one-half total length of R< or R5 (Paranthreninae:

Paranthrenini: Albuna) 5

Hindwing with vein M3 arising from Cut distad of crossvein, or if basad of crossvein then

vein 3A present; forewing with stalk of vein R4 plus R5 not more than one-half total

length of R4 or R5 (Sesiinae) 8

5. Forewing mostly or entirely opaque with at least some blue iridescence dorsally

Albuna carulifera

Forewing mostly hyaline or if mostly opaque, then orange, without blue iridescence 6

6. Abdomen dorsally with one narrow white band; head with front white with brown-black;

labial palpus white with brown-black Albuna zoniota

Abdomen dorsally with two or more yellow or yellow-orange bands; head with front yellow;

labial palpus yellow or orange with brown-black 7

7. Head with vertex roughened posteriorly, labial palpus strongly roughened laterally (males)

or ventrally (females); thorax with collar yellow; female with cell opaque on forewing,

discal spot orange or not defined; abdomen dorsally with yellow narrowly banded on

segment 4 and mostly yellow on 6, ventrally without yellow Albuna oberthuri

Head with vertex smooth, labial palpus mostly smooth; thorax with collar brown-black

with some yellow-orange laterally; female with cell hyaline on forewing, discal spot

brown-black; abdomen dorsally with broad yellow-orange bands on segments 2, 4, and 6,

ventrally with all segments broadly banded yellow-orange Albuna isozona

8. Hindwing with vein M3 arising from Cux well basad of crossvein; scale-plate present beneath

scape of antenna; hindlegs very strongly tufted (Melittiini: Melittia) 9

Hindwing with vein Ms arising from Cux distad of crossvein; scale-plate beneath scape

absent; hindlegs untufted or with slight tufting confined primarily to region of tibial

spurs (Synanthedonini: Carmenta and Synanthedon) 10

9. Forewing at least one-half opaque, with broad apical margin and broad discal spot; abdomen

white or solid brown-black ventrally; tufts of hindlegs without orange

Melittia chalybescens

Forewing mostly hyaline, with narrow apical margin and discal spot; abdomen yellow or

yellow and orange ventrally; tufts of hindlegs strongly orange laterally

Melittia amboinensis

10. Forewing with vein R2 missing Carmenta commoni

Forewing with vein R2 present, often very close to R,, occasionally fused apically 11

11. Head with antennae mostly orange, front mostly white, labial palpus flattened ventrally,

orange with white; forewing with discal spot mostly orange Synanthedon cupreifascia

Head with antennae not orange, front brown-black with some white laterally, labial palpus

not flattened ventrally, yellow with brown-black; forewing with discal spot brown-black .12

12. Abdomen brown-black ventrally, occasionally some yellow on posterior margin of segment

4 Synanthedon tipuliformis

Abdomen mostly or entirely yellow ventrally 13

13. Forewing mostly hyaline between veins R» and Rs Carmenta xanthogyna

Forewing opaque between veins R4 and R3 Carmenta chrysophanes
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

fined to posterior portion; ductus seminalis originates from various points along ductus bursae, most

often toward posterior end; corpus bursae generally

small, obovate and membranous with convolutions or signa in some species. Eggs: Generally pale

brown to chestnut brown, ovate, disc-shaped, flat,

or slightly concave ventrally; surface weakly sculptured with minute shagreening in hexagonal designs. Larvae: Pale, color restricted to head and

prothoracic shield; ocelli I to IV arranged in

trapezoid and remote from V and VI; crochets

uniordinal in two transverse rows. Pupae: Dorsal

abdominal spines in double rows on segments 2 to

7 on male and 2 to 6 on female, single row on 7 in

female, both sexes with single rows on 8 to 10;

large spines ventrad on 10; cremaster absent; abdominal segments freely movable; head sometimes

modified with cutting device, somewhat chisel-like.

Subfamily TINTHHNAE LeCerf

TINTHIINAE LeCerf, 1917:48 [type-genus: Tinthia Walker,

1864].

BEMBECIINAE Niculescu, 1964:42 Naumann, 1971:47 [synonymy].

ZENODOXINAE MacKay, 1968:5.—Naumann, 1971:47 [synonymy].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with maxillary

palpus (Figure If) 1-segmented; antennae filiform

(Figure \b), never clavate, without terminal scale

tuft. Forewing (Figures 2 and 3) with veins R4

and Rr, stalked or unstalked; Cu2 absent or very

short. Hindwing with 1A nearly or entirely developed, 2A present, 3A and 4A absent. Male

genitalia with valva having only simple setae, without saccular ridges; anellus well developed, sleevelike; base of saccus and vinculum broad, thick;

tegumen simple; uncus a simple projection or reduced to pair of setose knobs; gnathos absent.

DISCUSSION.—This subfamily is represented in

the Australian fauna by three species in two genera

of two tribes, Pennisetiini and Tinthiini. The Tinthiinae, in our opinion, is the least specialized subfamily of the Sesiidae based on the retention of

certain structures, such as 1A in the hindwing, and

the absence of many specializations and modifications which occur in the other two subfamilies.

The subfamily appears to be best represented, on

a world basis, in eastern Asia.

Tribe PENNISETIINI Naumann

PENNISETIINI Naumann, 1971:55 [new name for Bembeciini

Niculescu; type-genus: Pennisetia Dehne, 1850].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with maxillary

palpus 1-segmented; antennae of male with long

cilia ventrally (strongly bipectinate on species in

other faunal regions). Forewing with stalk of veins

R4 and R5 less than one-half total length of either

vein; Cu2 absent. Hindwing with veins M3 and

Cui long-stalked distad of crossvein.

DISCUSSION.—This tribe is represented in the

Australia-New Zealand area by two species in the

genus Pennisetia.

Genus Pennisetia Dehne

Pennisetia Dehne, 1850:28 [type-species: Pennisetia anomala

Dehne, 1850, a synonym of Sesia hylaeiformis Laspeyres,

1801].

Anthrenoptera Swinhoe, 1892:35 [type-species: Sphecia contracta Walker, 1856] Naumann, 1971:56 [synonymy].

Lophocnema Turner, 1917:78 [type-species: Lophocnema

eusphyra Turner, 1917]. [New synonymy.]

Diapyra Turner, 1917:79 [type-species: Sesia igniflua Lucas,

1894]. [New synonymy.]

Pennisetia igniflua (Lucas), new combination

FIGURES \b, If, 2, 9, 19, 29, 30; MAP 2

Sesia igniflua Lucas, 1894:133.

Diapyra igniflua (Lucas) Turner, 1917:79; 1922:62.

Glossecia igniflua (Lucas) Hampson, 1919:113.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe brown-black, white laterally; antennae

brown-black; front gray-black; labial palpus dorsoventrally flattened, white, third segment brownblack. Thorax mostly brown-black, with narrow,

subdorsal, orange stripes on posterior one-half of

mesothorax; strongly white beneath wings; lateral

tufts of metathorax white. Abdomen somewhat

dorsoventrally flattened, widest at segment 4 and

tapered to blunt point posteriorly; dorsally brownblack with white laterally on segment 4, and with

median tuft on segment 3; ventrally mostly white;

anal tuft undeveloped. Legs with coxae and femora

mostly white; tibiae laterally mostly brown-black,

strongly spined medially and distally; hindtibia

with basal one-half white, spurs mostly white;
NUMBER 180 13

tarsi mostly brown-black with white basally on

most segments, and strongly spined distally on

first segment. Forewing opaque; brown-black,

strongly orange on basal one-half, and orange

forming large spot in apical one-third; ventrally

without orange; fringe tipped with white. Hindwing mostly hyaline; margin variously suffused,

brown-black; no discal spot; brown-black scales

on veins raised, strongest on Cu veins; ventrally

with some white powdering apically; fringe brownblack with white at base of scales. Wing length of

male, 6 mm. Male genitalia (Figure 9) with valva

simple, somewhat truncate apically, produced and

expanded basally, clothed on apical one-half with

simple setae; saccus elongate; anellus elongate,

tubular, somewhat sclerotized ventrally; uncus

broad, terminating as two lateral setose knobs;

subscaphium broad, platelike; aedeagus elongate,

slender, only slightly thicker at base, as long as

valva and saccus combined.

FEMALE.—Differs from the male by the following:

mesothorax solid orange dorsomedially; abdomen

1. Penm'setia eusphyra

2. P. Igniflua

3. Tinthia xanthospila

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 2
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

dorsally with segment 4 mostly white except for

brown-black medially, narrowly white on anterior

margin of segment 3, often also on segment 2, some

white variously on other segments; forewing dorsally with basal two-thirds mostly orange, apical

orange spot more extensive than on male, white

on tornus; wing length of female, 6-7 mm. Female

genitalia (Figure 19) with ostium bursae a small

circular opening ventromedially on posterior edge

of segment 7; initial short section of ductus bursae

slightly sclerotized to origin of ductus seminalis,

then slightly expanded, continuing as membranous, elongate tube to obovate corpus bursae; signum of corpus bursae ribbon-like, about two-thirds

length of corpus bursae, well sclerotized and

pigmented.

TYPE.—The following two syn types from the

South Australian Museum were examined: (1)

"B"; "S. A. Museum Specimens" (female). (2)

"B"; "TYPE $"; "S. A. Museum Specimens,"

(female). Lucas (1894) in the original description of this species wrote: " $ $ 14-15 mm."; "Brisbane; in scrub."; "Dr. Turner succeeded in capturing seven specimens this year and has courteously

given me a pair." Accompanying above-listed

syntypes is a single label, "Diapyra igniflua

Lucas, 114869, Brisbane, Type." Lucas apparently

thought the smaller of the two specimens, syntype

I, was the male of the pair to which he referred,

when in fact both specimens are females. Without

additional information to the contrary, it is our

opinion that the above-listed syntypes represent

the original type-series. The better of the two

specimens, the first female syntype listed above

from the South Australian Museum, has been selected, labeled, and is presently designated the

lectotype.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

HOST PLANT.—Elaeocarpus grandis (Elaeocarpaceae).

DISCUSSION.—All 10 specimens examined were

from Brisbane. Both Lucas (1894) and Turner

(1917) indicated the host of this species as Elaeocarpus grandis; however, Tillyard (1926) reported

the host-plant to be Santalum acuminatum. We

have found no record in the literature which

verifies this statement and assume the confusion

stems from the fact that the two species of plants

are both commonly called "quandong trees." The

common name was mentioned by Lucas along with

the scientific name in the initial publication, and

since both Lucas and Turner indicated that the

species they were rearing from was Elaeocarpus

grandis, we consider Tillyard's record in error.

Although P. igniflua is only known from Brisbane, the distribution of its known host-plant

suggests that it will ultimately be found to occur

in rain-forest areas in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Pennisetia eusphyra (Turner), new combination

FIGURES 8, 28; MAP 2

Lophocnema eusphyra Turner, 1917:79.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black, some

straw-yellow laterally; occipital fringe brown-black,

white laterally; antennae brown-black, strongly

powdered tan dorsally; front brown-black, tan

laterally and ventrally; labial palpus dorsoventrally

flattened, tan with white ventrad. Thorax brownblack with straw-yellow surrounding wing base,

extending dorsolaterally to metathorax; ventrally

brown-black with tan mixed; metathorax with

lateral tufts brown-black. Abdomen dorsally brownblack with segments 4 and 7 golden-yellow, segment 1 white anteriorly, medial tufts on segments

3 to 6 tan except for straw-yellow on 4; ventrally

with white on segments 2 to 4; anal tuft goldenyellow dorsally, tan ventrally. Legs tan, with much

brown-black on coxae and femora; foretibia

strongly roughened; dorsally midtibia strongly

tufted basad and distad with paler, spinelike

scales; hindtibia very strongly tufted from middle

spurs to apex of tibia dorsomedially, broadly fanshaped at apical spurs; first tarsal segment tufted

distad. Forewing opaque except for hyaline area

distad of discal spot, extending from vein R4+r,

to nearly M3; brown-black mixed with strawyellow and tan, plus few pale blue scales medially,

and some orange apically; forewing ventrally

mostly brown-black. Hindwing hyaline with very

narrow, brown-black margins; scales on veins

raised as on P. igniflua, brown-black; no discal

spot. Wing length of male, 6 mm. Male genitalia

(Figure 8) similar to P. igniflua, but with aedeagus longer than combined length of saccus and

valva; saccus shorter, and valva more rounded

apically than for P. igniflua.
NUMBER 180 15

FEMALE.—Generally larger, with more pale

orange on forewing apically, tibiae not as strongly

tufted, otherwise the same as for the male. Wing

length of female, 8-9 mm. Female genitalia much

the same as P. igniflua, but apparently lacking

the signum on the corpus bursae.

TYPE.—The following two syntypes from the

Australian National Insect Collection were examined: (1) "Lophocnema eusphyra Turn., TYPE";

"Cairns dist., F. P. Dodd"; "LECTOTYPE. Lophocnema eusphyra Turner, 1917, designated by";

"Aust, Nat. Ins. Coll."; "Genitalia Slide By T. D.

Eichlin, USNM 76095 $" (male). (2) "Cairns

dist., F. P. Dodd"; "PARALECTOTYPE, Lophocnema eusphyra Turner, 1917, designated by";

"Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll."; "Genitalia Slide By T. D.

Eichlin, USNM 76096 9" (female). In the original description Turner (1917) wrote, "N. Q. Kuranda near Cairns; two specimens received from

Mr. F. P. Dodd." He described both sexes. Another

pair of specimens examined from the National

Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, was labeled,

"Cairns dist., F. P. Dodd", but it is our opinion

that the first pair listed above is the actual syntypic series indicated by Turner. The male syntype listed above from the Australian National

Insect Collection has been selected, labeled, and

is presently designated as the lectotype.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Kuranda, Queensland, Australia, near Cairns.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—Only four specimens of this species

were available for study. Morphologically this

species is very similar to P. igniflua but may be

easily distinguished by differences in the maculation of the wings, legs, and abdomen, which have

been detailed above. Turner (1917) placed the

two species in separate genera based primarily on

the erroneous observation that the males of P.

eusphyra lack a proboscis. In fact, though tightly

coiled on some specimens, both sexes of each

species have a well-developed proboscis. Nothing

is known of the biology of P. eusphyra; however,

considering the similarities with P. igniflua, it

seems likely that the species will ultimately be

found on one or more of the numerous species of

Elaeocarpus found throughout the rain-forest areas

from northern New South Wales north along the

coast of Queensland.

Tribe TINTHHNI LeCerf

TINTHIINI LeCerf, 1917:148 [type-genus: Tinthia Walker,

1864].

ZENODOXINI MacKay, 1968:5.—Naumann, 1971:49 [synonymy].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with maxillary

palpus 1-segmented; antennae of male ciliate ventrally; eyes comparatively smaller than other

species of Sesiidae. Forewing with veins R4 and

R5 short-stalked (unstalked on most species elsewhere); Cu2 absent or very short. Hindwing with

vein M3 arising from Cux well basad of crossvein.

DISCUSSION.—Only one species in this tribe, a

member of the genus Tinthia, is known to occur

in the Australian and New Zealand fauna.

Genus Tinthia Walker

Tinthia Walker, 1864:23 [type-species: Tinthia varipes

Walker, 1864].

Tinthia xanthospila Hampson

FIGURE 3; MAP 2

Tinthia xanthospila Hampson, 1919:115.

Tinthia xanthopila [sic] Hampson, Dalla Torre, and Strand,

1925:183.

MALE.—Head with vertex orange posteriorly,

brown-black anteriorly; occipital fringe orange;

antennae brown-black (broken); front brownblack; labial palpus smooth, dorsoventrally flattened, orange. Thorax brown-black; collar orange,

tegulae mostly orange; metathorax orange. Abdomen missing. Legs with foreleg orange except

dorsally on tibia; midleg mostly orange with

brown-black dorsally on femur, dorsally and distally on tibia, and all of first tarsal segment; hindleg like midleg but tarsal segments mostly brownblack. Forewing opaque, brown-black with orange

spot centered on distal one-half; ventrally orange,

also strongly powdered basally. Hindwing hyaline,

brown-black, margins narrow though slightly diffuse. Wing length of male, 7 mm. Male genitalia

unknown.

FEMALE.—Unknown.

TYPE.—Holotype: Male in the British Museum

(Natural History): "Cedar Bay, Queensland,

Meek, 1894, Rthschld. 17775"; "Tinthia xanthospila Hmpsn., type $ "; "Type" (abdomen missing).
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cedar Bay, Queensland, Australia.

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from

the type-specimen, which is in imperfect condition.

A more detailed characterization of the species

must await the acquisition of additional specimens and, hopefully, data concerning its life

history.

Subfamily PARANTHRENINAE Niculescu

PARANTHRENINAE Niculescu, 1964:38 [type-genus: Paranthrene

Hubner, 1819].

SESIINAE Boisduval, Naumann, 1971:58 [in part].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with maxillary

palpus (Figure Id) 2-segmented, second segment

large, often indented in middle; antennae (Figure

la) clavate with terminal tuft of scales, ciliate

ventrally on male (often bipectinate on species of

other faunal areas); eyes proportionately larger

than for species of Tinthiinae. Forewing (Figure

4) with veins R4 and R5 long-stalked, stalk longer

than one-half total length of R4 or R5; Cu2 present, often as long as Cux. Hindwing with vein

M3 arising from Cuj just basad of crossvein; 1A

degenerate (to observe, scales must be removed),

2A and 3A coincident except at base, 4A present.

Male genitalia with valva having scales multifurcate dorsally and setaceous ventrally and apically,

with median area unsealed or with thick, dark

scales in saccular region; tegumen reduced;

gnathos small, rounded or bifurcate, often with

teethlike processes on ventral margin; uncus wide,

elongate, about three to five times longer than

tegumen, clothed lateroapically with long setaceous scales, mostly bilobed apically; vinculum

narrow, saccus relatively short.

DISCUSSION.—Included in this subfamily for

Australia-New Zealand are four species of Albuna

in the tribe Paranthrenini. The subfamily Paranthreninae occurs worldwide with its greatest diversity appearing in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Tribe PARANTHRENINI Niculescu

PARANTHRENINI Niculescu, 1964:38 [type-genus: Paranthrene

Hubner, 1819] .

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Refer to description

given for subfamily. The data provided for the

subfamily will suffice for distinguishing the nominal tribe since no other tribes are represented in

the fauna under consideration.

DISCUSSION.—This tribe in the area under study

contains one genus, Albuna, with four included

species.

Genus Albuna Edwards

Albuna Edwards, 1881:186 [type-species: Aegeria hylotomif or mis Walker, 1856, now considered a synonym of Aegeria

pyramidalis Walker, 1856].

Harmonia Edwards, 1882:54 [type-species: Harmonia morrisoni Edwards, 1882, now considered a synonym of Carmenta fraxini Edwards, 1881].

Parharmonia Beutenmuller, 1894:89 [new name for Harmonia

Edwards].

DISCUSSION.—This genus is closely related to

Paranthrene, but may be differentiated by the following characters: antennae of male ciliate ventrally but not pectinate; forewing with bases of

vein R3 and stalk of veins R4 and R5 connected

by a crossvein, not connate; male genitalia with

gnathos having spinelike processes on ventral margin, and with lateral portions of uncus naked or

sparsely clothed with setaceous scales (Australian

species).

Albuna carulifera (Hampson), new combination

FIGURES 10, 20, 31, 32; MAP 3

Paranthrene carulifera Hampson, 1919:108.

Paranthrene caerulifera Hampson Turner, 1922:62 [invalid

emendation].

Trochilium coracodes Turner, 1922:61. [New synonymy.]

Conopia coracodes (Turner).—Dalla Torre, and Strand, 1925:

109.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe brown-black dorsally, white laterally; antennae brown-black, scape white; front brown-black

with white laterally; labial palpus broadly

roughened, brown-black, strongly mixed with

white dorsally and ventrally. Thorax brown-black,

mixed with white beneath wings and laterally

above wings. Abdomen brown-black, lightly powdered pale yellow and white, scattered laterally

and ventrally on each segment; anal tuft narrowly

edged with white laterally. Legs brown-black;
NUMBER 180 17

tibiae white mixed with brown-black, roughened,

especially on hindlegs; tibial spurs mostly white;

tarsi with some white at joints. Forewing mostly

opaque with hyaline streaks basally, brown-black

with iridescent blue medially, lightly powdered

with few white scales on discal spot and costal margin toward base; ventrally with some white near

base. Hindwing hyaline, well-developed discal

spot, veins and narrow margins brown-black. Wing

length of male, 11 mm. Male genitalia (Figure 10)

with valva bluntly pointed apically, thick, dark,

multifurcate scales on costal portion, setaceaous

scales apically, dense cluster of dark, spinelike

scales on saccular ridge near base of valva; gnathos

bifurcate, each lobe with about three or four spinelike processes along margin; saccus short, somewhat pointed apically; aedeagus short; otherwise

typical of species of Paranthrenini.

FEMALE.—Differs from the male by the following:

thorax without white mixed beneath and laterally

above wings, but with small white spot laterally on

anterior margin; abdomen entirely brown-black,

4. Albuna carulifera

5. A.

6. A.

7. A.

Isozoni

oberthuri

zonfota

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 3
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

anal tuft fairly elongate relative to females of most

species of Sesiidae, truncate apically; legs entirely

brown-black, foretibia tufted on posterior edge;

forewing entirely opaque, with blue iridescence

medially as on male; hindwing broadly opaque,

brown-black with blue iridescence from costa to

vein 2A, but with broad hyaline band along apical

and anal margins, and small hyaline areas at wing

base. Wing length of female, 13 mm. Female genitalia (Figure 20) with ductus bursae elongate,

slender, membranous with narrow sclerotized ring

near ostium bursae; ductus seminalis arising just

anterior to sclerotized ring; corpus bursae obovate,

without signum.

TYPES.—Holotype: Female, in the British Museum (Natural History): "Type"; "Kuranda,

QUEENSLAND, 31.1.1905, Dodd, 13025"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427, 13025"; "Paranthrene caerulifera Hmpsn., type 9 "; "Genitalia Slide

by T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76150 $ " (A. carulifera).

Holotype: Male, in the Austalian National Insect

Collection: "Trochilium coracodes Turn.";

"HOLOTYPE, Trochilium coracodes Turner,

1922"; "Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll."; "Toowoomba, Q.,

27/2/21, Bernard"; "Genitalia Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76087 $" (A. coracodes).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Kuranda, Queensland (A.

carulifera); Toowoomba, Queensland (coracodes).

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—Turner (1922) mentions two specimens of A. coracodes, one of which is the abovelisted male. The other, supposedly a female, could

not be located. He apparently described only the

male. After examining the types of both names,

it is our conclusion that they are conspecific,

Hampson's Paranthrene carulifera having priority

over Turner's more recently described Trochilium

coracodes. This species probably occurs throughout the western coastal regions of Queensland.

The types were collected in late January and

February.

AJbuna isozona (Meyrick), new combination

FIGURES 4, 11, 33; MAP 3

Sesia isozona Meyrick, 1886:689.

Trochilium isozonum (Meyrick).—Turner, 1917:80.

Paranthrene isozona (Meyrick).—Hampson, 1919:104.

MALE.—Head with vertex smooth, brown-black,

yellow-orange anteriorly; occipital fringe pale

yellow dorsally, white laterally; antennae brownblack; front yellow; labial palpus relatively smooth,

pale yellow with some brown-black near apex.

Thorax with collar brown-black dorsally, yelloworange laterally; large yellow patches anteriorly

and subdorsally; yellow patches beneath wings;

metathorax yellow. Abdomen brown-black; dorsally with segments 2, 4, 6, and 7 very broadly

banded yellow; ventrally with all segments broadly

banded yellow on posterior one-half; anal tuft fanshaped, brown-black, strongly mixed with yellow

scales. Legs with coxae and femora brown-black;

tibiae brown-black, strongly yellow medially and

dorsally; tarsi brown-black with some yellow at

joint. Forewing mostly hyaline; costal margin,

anal margin, well-developed discal spot, and apical

margin brown-black; Cu strongly powdered yellow,

distal edge of discal spot and veins to apical area

powdered yellow. Hindwing hyaline; very narrow

brown-black margins; fairly strong discal spot

brown-black with pale yellow posteriorly. Wing

length of male, 10-11 mm. Male genitalia (Figure

11) much like A. coracodes, but with gnathos

rounded, not bilobed, with 10-12 spinelike processes on ventral edge; valva with multifurcate

scales not extending as far apically, and not as

many spinelike scales in saccular region; aedeagus

relatively larger and somewhat differently shaped.

FEMALE.—Quite different from male: head with

occipital fringe orange dorsally, pale yellow laterally; antennae brown-black dorsally, orange ventrally; labial palpus relatively smooth, orange.

Thorax much like male. Abdomen dorsally brownblack with segments 2, 4, and 6 broadly banded

yellow-orange; ventrally with all segments broadly

banded yellow-orange on posterior one-half of segments; anal tuft shorter than male, yellow-orange

with brown-black laterally. Legs essentially like

male. Forewing mostly opaque with relatively

broad margins and discal spot brown-black; remaining opaque areas orange; hyaline area in cell

and just distad of discal spot; fringe brown-black,

tipped with orange. Hindwing hyaline; narrow

margins, veins, and well-developed discal spot

brown-black, with some orange at wing base, on

discal spot, and on tips of fringe; ventrally with

more orange basally and discal spot orange. Wing

length of female 11 mm. The genitalia were completely destroyed by fungi or insects on the only
NUMBER 180 19

female specimen examined. The abdomen was

examined carefully but no remnants of the genitalia could be found. The entire specimen was in

such poor condition that no photograph is provided of the female.

TYPE.—The following specimens were examined:

(1) "Paratype"; "Maryborough, Queensland, G.M.";

"Paranthrene isozona Meyr., 1/1, E. Meyrick

det. in Meyrick Coll."; "isozona Meyr."; "Meyrick

Coll. B.M. 1938-290" (male, in British Museum

[Natural History]). (2) "Sesia isozona Meyr.,

Queensland" (handwritten but not believed to be

that of Meyrick); "Queensland"; "Aus. Nat. Ins.

Coll."; "On permanent loan from MaCleay Museum, University of Sydney" (male, in Austalian

National Insect Collection). (3) "Wide Bay,

Queensland"; "Austr. Mus. Collection" (female,

in Australian Museum, Sydney, abdomen removed). Meyrick (1886) in the original description wrote, "Maryborough, Queensland; eight

specimens (Australian Museum and Coll. Masters)." Most of the syntypes mentioned could not

be located. Of the three specimens listed above

as possible syntypes, the first one, a male in the

British Museum (Natural History), has labels

indicating to us that it is most likely a valid syntype. For this reason the male syntype in the British Museum (Natural History) has been selected,

labeled, and is presently designated as the

lectotype.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Maryborough, Queensland.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species, at least superficially,

resembles A. oberthuri LeCerf (compare to description of latter species). If the two species are

closely related, A. isozona may be found to be a

borer in some species of native vine as was indicated for a specimen of A. oberthuri. Other than

the fact that all specimens examined were taken

in January, nothing else is known of the biology

of A. isozona. One male was examined from

Bowen, Queensland.

Albuna oberthuri (LeCerf), new combination

FICURES la, Id, 12, 21, 34, 35; MAP 3

Phlogothauma oberthuri LeCerf, 1916:251.

Paranthrene oberthuri (LeCerf).—Hampson, 1919:104.

Sciapteron terrible Turner, 1917:81; 1922:61 [synonymy].

Phlogothauma oberthuri LeCerf.—Dalla Torre and Strand,

1925:171.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black, with long

setaceous scales on posterior margin, which may be

chaetosemae; occipital fringe white; antennae

brown-black; front yellow; labial palpus broadly

roughened laterally, flattened ventrally, yellow

with brown-black laterally and apically. Thorax

with collar yellow; mesothorax brown-black with

yellow around wing bases dorsally, yellow narrowly

on posterior margin. Abdomen dorsally brownblack with segments 2, 4, 6, and 7 banded yellow;

ventrally mostly yellow; anal tuft fan-shaped,

brown-black. Legs with forecoxa brown-black,

orange laterally; femur brown-black; foretibia

broadly tufted laterally, with some orange on basal

one-half; midtibia with orange on basal one-half

and at distal spurs; hindtibia with orange at spurs,

dorsally roughened; tarsi brown-black laterally,

some pale yellow mesally. Forewing mostly hyaline; discal spot oblique, brown-black, outlined

with pale yellow; veins, costal margin, and narrow

apical margin brown-black with some pale yellow

at apex, suffuse brown-black between Cu veins extending somewhat basad below cell. Hindwing

hyaline with very narrow brown-black margins.

Wing length of male, 11-12 mm. Male genitalia

(Figure 12) much like A. isozona but differs by the

following: valva shorter, more broadly rounded

apically, with much broader margin of setaceous

scales apically, margin of scales extending almost

to middle of valva, basal projection of sacculus

broader; gnathos with only four spinelike processes on ventroapical margin.

FEMALE.—Differs considerably from male. Head

with vertex yellow, roughened posteriorly; occipital fringe yellow dorsally, white laterally; antennae

yellow-orange, brown-black apically; front yellow;

labial palpus strongly tufted ventrally on segments

1 and 2, segment 1 brown-black, 2 and 3 yellow.

Thorax with collar yellow; mesothorax dorsally

mostly yellow with brown-black medially on anterior one-half as narrow subdorsal stripes, and

brown-black ventrally; metathorax brown-black.

Abdomen dorsally brown-black, with segment 4

narrowly banded yellow on posterior margin, segment 6 solid yellow; ventrally brown-black; anal

tuft truncate, yellow with some brown-black laterally. Legs with foreleg having coxa and femur

brown-black, tibia brown-black with broad lateral

tuft and extensive area of orange; mid and hindlegs with coxae yellow, femora brown-black, mid-
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

tibia orange on basal two-thirds and dorsally, hindtibia orange at median spurs and dorsally; tarsi

brown-black with orange ventrally and often distally. Forewing mostly opaque, orange, with small

oblong hyaline spot between veins M3 and Cui,

sometimes extending just above M3; margins and

veins brown-black dorsally, less so ventrally. Hindwing hyaline, with very narrow brown-black margins; crossveins and costa orange; orange at base

on anal margin. Wing length of female, 12—14 mm.

Female genitalia (Figure 21) with posterior section of ductus bursae relatively broad, at least

twice as wide as anterior portion of ductus bursae,

slightly sclerotized, remainder of ductus bursae

slender, membranous, at least four times as long

as posterior section; ductus seminalis arises about

midpoint of slender portion of ductus bursae; corpus bursae small, obovate, without signum.

TYPES.—The following syntypes of A. oberthiiri

were examined; 9 (1-5 in Museum National

D'Histoire Naturelle; 6-9 in British Museum

[Natural History]): (1) "LECTOTYPE";

"TYPE"; "Australle, Port-Darwin, Recu de Dodd,

en Decembre 1909"; "Phlogothauma oberthiiri

LeCerf, <J Type, Et. Lep. comp. XII fig. 3141,

XIV p. 251, F LE CERF det. 1917"; "Ex Collection Ch. Oberthur acquise en IV-1925 par R.

Biedermann" (male). (2) "Allotype"; "Australle,

Port-Darwin, Recu de Dodd, en Decembre 1909";

"Phlogothauma oberthiiri Le Cerf, 9 Type, Et.

Lep. comp. XII fig. 3142, XIV p. 251, F. LE CERF

det. 1917"; "Ex Collection Ch. Oberthur acquise

in IV-1925 par R. Biedermann" (female). (3)

"Australle, Port-Darwin, Recu de Dodd, en Decembre 1909"; "Pholgothauma oberthuri Le Cerf, $

Type, Et. Lep. comp. XII fig. 3141, XIV p. 251, F LE

CERF det. 1917"; "Ex Collection Ch. Oberthur

acquise en IV-1925 par R. Biedermann'; "Genitalia Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76136 $ "

(male) (4) "Australle, Port-Darwin, Recu de

Dodd, en Decembre 1909"; "Phlogothauma oberthuri Le Cerf, 9 Type, Et. Lep. comp. XII fig.

3142, XIV p. 251, F LE CERF det. 1917"; "Ex

Collection Ch. Oberthur acquise en IV-1925 par

R. Biedermann" (female). (5) Same as # 4

above, female, abdomen missing. (6) "Port Darwin, N. Australia, F.P.D.-10" (male). (7) Same

as #6 above, male. (8) "Port Darwin, N. Australia, F.P.D.-10" (female). (9) Same as # 8

above, female. Le Cerf (1914) in the original

description wrote, "Types: 5 $, 69 . Kuranda,

Queensland (Australie), ex Dodd; Collections Ch.

Oberthur et F. Le Cerf." Later LeCerf (1916: PI

376, Figs, 3141, 3142) wrote, "Phlogothauma

oberthuri $ 9 nov. sp. Australie, Port-Darwin;

ex Dodd (1909-1910)." Apparently, the correct

locality is Port Darwin as corrected by LeCerf in

1916 and not Kuranda as originally stated in 1914.

The first male syntype listed above from the Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle has been selected, labeled, and is presently designated as the

lectotype. The following syntypes of Sciapteron

terrible were examined: 8 (all in Australian National Insect Collection): (1) "Port Darwin, F. P.

Dodd"; "Sciapteron terrible Turn., $ TYPE"

(male). (2) "P. Darwin, Jan. 09, F. P. Dodd";

"PARALECTOTYPE, Sciapteron terrible Turner,

1917, designated by"; "Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll."

(male). (3) "Port Darwin, F. P. Dodd"; "PARALECTOTYPE, Sciapteron terrible Turner, 1917,

designated by"; "Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll." (female).

(4) "Port Darwin, F. P. Dodd"; "PARALECTOTYPE, Sciapteron terrible Turner, 1917, designated by"; "Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll."; "Genitalia

Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76085 <5 " (male).

(5) "Port Darwin, F. P. Dodd" (female). (6) "P.

Darwin, Jan. 09, F. P. Dodd"; "Sciapteron terrible

Turn., 9 TYPE" (female). (7) "P. Darwin, Jan.

09, F. P. Dodd" (male). (8) "P. Darwin, Jan. 09,

F. P. Dodd" (female). Turner (1917) describes

both sexes and further states, "N.A. Port Darwin

in January: eight specimens received from Mr.

F. P. Dodd. Melville Island; one specimen from

Mr. S. F. Hill, who informs me that it was bred

from a gall-like swelling on the stem of a native

vine." The syntype from Melville Island was not

found. There are other specimens available with

much the same labeling as those listed above,

which makes it difficult to determine exactly which

specimens are actually valid syntypes. However,

we are fairly certain that the first male syntype

listed above from the Australian National Insect

Collection has Turner's label on it, and therefore,

has been selected, labeled, and is presently designated as the lectotype.
NUMBER 180 21

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Port Darwin, Northern Territory (A. oberthiiri and S. terrible).

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—Apparently, Dodd collected several

specimens from the same locality in 1909 and 1910,

sending portions of the series to various collections.

Le Cerf first and then Turner described as new

that portion of the series which each had at his

disposal for examination. In all, we examined 48

specimens from several museum collections. Although the host-plant is not known, the syntype

from Melville Island was reported to be from the

stem of a native vine. It should be possible to spot

the gall-like swellings and successfully document

the host-plant by rearing the insect.

Albuna zoniota (Turner), new combination

FIGURES 22, 36; MAP 3

Paranthrene zoniota Turner, 1922:62

Paranthrene zonionota [sic] Turner, Dala Torre, and Strand,

19251,169.

MALE.—Unknown.

FEMALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital fringe white, brown-black dorsally; antennae

brown-black; front mostly white, some brown-black

medially; labial palpus smooth, mostly white but

with brown-black at base and apex, also dorsally

and laterally on distal one-half of segment 2. Thorax brown-black with very narrow subdorsal white

stripes, and white laterally on collar. Abdomen

brown-black; dorsally with segment 4 banded white

on posterior margin; ventrally with some white

on posterior margin of each segment; anal tuft

brushlike, brown-black. Legs mostly brown-black

with white on coxa and femur of foreleg, on tibial

tufts, and at joints of tarsal segments. Forewing

mostly hyaline, but with apical margin fairly

broad, discal spot well developed, slightly oblique,

margins, discal spot, and veins brown-black. Hindwing hyaline with brown-black on narrow margins,

rectangular discal spot, and veins. Wing length

of female, 11 mm. Female genitalia (Figure 22)

with ductus bursae sclerotized near ostium bursae,

gradually expanding in anterior one-half to elongate, relatively narrow corpus bursae.

TYPE.—Holotype: Female, in National Museum

of Victoria, Melbourne: "Claudie R., 28.12.14";

"Paranthrene zoniota Turn., Type"; "Type, T4460."; "Gentialia Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM

76149 $."

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Claudie River [Cape York

Peninsula], Queensland.

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from

the female holotype, which lacks accompanying

biological data. The month and the sex on the

above specimen do not agree with the data given

in the original description, but this specimen is

the only one known to us, is from the correct

locality, has Turner's type-label affixed, and is

deposited in the museum to which Turner referred. It is our opinion that the two discrepancies

are errors, and the above-listed specimen is in fact

the holotype of Turner.

Subfamily SESIINAE Boisduval

SESIINAE Boisduval, 1828:29 [type-genus: Sesia Fabricus, 1775].

AECERIINAE sensu LeCerf, 1917:148.—Naumann, 1971:58 [synonymy].

SESIINAE Boisduval Naumann, 1971:58 [in part].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with maxillary

palpus (Figure le) 2-segmented, second segment

much reduced in most species; antennae clavate

with terminal scale tuft, with short cilia ventrally

on male, pectinate only on certain species of Melittiini and Sesiini (not on species in this study);

eyes average proportionately larger than species

of Paranthreninae and Tinthiinae. Forewing (Figures 5, 6, and 7) generally with stalk of veins R4

and R5 one-half or less than one-half the total

length of R4 or R5; Cu2 as in the Paranthreninae.

Hindwing with vein M3 and Cux short-stalked

distad of crossvein except in the Melittiini, which

has M3 arising from Cut well basad of crossvein

as in Tinthiini; 1A degenerate, its prior position

indicated by a line of scales on wing fold, 2A, 3A,

and 4A present. Male genitalia generally with tegumen and uncus fused, with exact limits of each

difficult to determine; gnathos most often well

developed; socii present, varying; subscaphium
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

present; vinculum narrow, saccus often elongate;

valva variously modified, often with specialized

scales.

DISCUSSION.—The Sesiinae contain the largest

number of species by a wide margin when the

family is viewed on a world basis. Within the area

of the present study, there are seven species in

three genera, representing two tribes, Melittiini

and Synanthedonini.

This highly successful group is, in our opinion,

the most advanced subfamily in the Sesiidae, being

more highly evolved in morphological specializations and behavioral adaptations. The various

tribes of Sesiinae are quite diverse; however, within each tribe the species display a great deal of

structural homogeneity.

Tribe MELITTIINI LeCerf

MEJUTTIINI LeCerf, 1917:148 [type-genus: Melittia Hubner,

1819].

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head with second segment of maxillary palpus nearly as large as first

segment; antennae strongly clavate, short cilia

ventrally on male (pectinate on some species in

other parts of the world). Hindwing with vein M3

arising from Cux well basad of crossvein as in

species of Tinthiini. Male genitalia with valva

thick, well sclerotized, mostly naked at least on

basal one-half, simple spinelike scales concentrated

into dense dark patches apically; saccus thick,

often long, as long as valva in some species; uncus

most often bifurcate apically with socii generally

represented by dense dark pads of short spinelike

scales on mesal surface.

DISCUSSION.—In Australia this tribe consists of a

single genus, Melittia, with two known species.

The group is distributed worldwide, its range

undoubtedly influenced by the evolution and dispersal of its principal host-plants, species of the

family Cucurbitaceae.

Genus Melittia Hubner

Melittia Hubner, 1819:128 [type-species: Melittia anthedoniformis Hubner, 1819, now considered a synonym of Sphinx

bombiliformis Cramer, 1782].

Poderis Boisduval, 1874:433 [type-species: Melittia anthedoniformis Hubner, 1819].

DISCUSSION.—This easily recognized genus contains some of the largest and most colorful species

of sesiids. The genus Melittia in eastern andsoutheastern Asia south to Australia is comprised

of a complex of closely related species, some highly

variable in maculation. Apart from those characters mentioned above for the tribe Melittiini and

those described in detail later for the species, the

following structures are unique to Melittia: head

and eyes proportionately larger than most other

species of Sesiidae, with plate of broad flat scales

projecting from beneath scape of antenna over

middle of eye; hindleg with tibia and tarsi most

often very strongly tufted, particularly mesally

and dorsally.

Melittia amboinensis Felder

FIGURES 5, 13, 23, 37, 38, 39; MAP 4

Melittia amboinensis Felder, 1861:28.

Melittia doddi LeCerf, 1916, figs. 3119, 3120.

Melittia amboinensis var. doddi LeCerf, 1917:196.

Melittia thaumasia Turner, 1917:81; 1922:61 [synonymy].

MALE.—Head with vertex roughened, gray-black

with some white around ocelli; occipital fringe

white with brown-black mixed dorsally; antennae

brown-black, orange ventrally with pale yellow

on porterior edge and some white powdering dorsally and anteriorly; front gray-black, white laterally and ventrally; labial palpus roughened, dorsolaterally flattened, brown-black with white ventrally and mixed mesally; scale-plate beneath

scape of antenna brown-black. Thorax dorsally

brown-black with much yellow-orange mixed on

collar, on anterior margin, above wing bases, and

on posterior one-half of thorax, including metathorax and lateral tufts; ventrally mostly white.

Abdomen dorsally brown-black with each segment

narrowly banded yellow or orange on posterior

edge, often with yellow or orange powdering

especially on segments 3 and 5; ventrally and laterally yellow or yellow and orange. Legs with

coxae and femora brown-black with white on margins; midtibia brown-black, variously banded

white laterally, mid tarsi brown-black, first segment

white at base; hindtibia with tufts white dorsally,

strongly orange laterally, brown-black ventrally,

tarsal tufts mostly brown-black with some orange

laterally. Forewing mostly hyaline, with narrow
NUMBER 180 23

margins, discal spot, and veins brown-black, some

white powdered on apical margin; anal margin

at wing base brown-black with yellow. Hind-wing

hyaline, with very narrow brown-black margins.

Wing length of male, 12-14 mm. Male genitalia

(Figure 13) with valva somewhat expanded

apically; apical margin nearly straight, oblique,

though slightly expanded ventrally; distal onehalf of the valva densely covered, except for narrow

area apically near ventral margin, with simple

spinelike dark scales, directed basad, forming

broad, very thick dark patch on distal one-fourth

of valva dorsad of somewhat differentiated scale

area on ventral margin, valva on mediobasal onehalf with concave area outlined dorsally by thin

sclerotized ridge; saccus less than one-half length

of valva, relatively broadly expanded apically;

uncus more narrow than tegumen, bilobed apically

with dense dark scale pads on mesal surfaces;

aedeagus elongate, narrow on apical one-half, expanded on basal one-half.

FEMALE.—Essentially exhibits same patterns and

8. Melittia amboinensis

9. M. chalybescens

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 4
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

variations of maculation as male, often with more

orange on thorax, tufts of hind-tibia, and powdered on some abdominal segments dorsally.

Wing length of female, 13-14 mm. Female genitalia (Figure 23) with ostium bursae near posterior

margin of segment 7; ductus bursae with very

narrow sclerotized ring on posterior end, then

membranous, elongate, very narrow, with ductus

seminalis arising on posterior one-fourth; corpus

bursae relatively small, ovate, with many folds,

signum consisting of broad rugose area, pigmented

on folds.

TYPES.—Unknown (Af. amboinensis). The following two syntypes of Af. doddi from the Museum

National D'Histoire Naturelle were examined: (1)

"TYPE"; "Melittia amboinensis Feld. s. sp. Doddi

LeCerf, $ Type, Et. Lep. comp. XII fig. 3119,

XIV p. 196, F LE CERF det. 1917"; "Australie,

Kuranda (Queensland) Dodd, 1907"; "[fig.

3119]" (male). (2) "Allotype"; "Australie, Queensland, Kuranda, Dodd, 1913"; "Et. Lep. comp.

XII fig. 3120, XIV p. 196, F LE CERF det. 1917";

"[fig. 3120]" (female). The original description of

Le Cerf (1916) consisted of two figures, a male and

a female. In the subsequent text volume (1917),

LeCerf considered Af. doddi as a variation of Af.

amboinensis and wrote, "Types: 3 $ $ , 2 9 , Australia, Kuranda (Queensland) ex Dodd (1907-

1913), Coll. Ch. Oberthur." Despite the later publication, the type-series should consist of only the two

specimens figured, and thought by us to be those

listed above as syntypes. The male syntype from the

Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle has been

selected, labeled, and is presently designated as the

lectotype. The following two syntypes of Af. thaumasia from the Australian National Insect Collection were examined: (1) "Kuranda, F. P. Dodd"

(male). (2) "Kuranda, N.Q., F.P.D." (sex undetermined, abdomen missing). Turner (1917) wrote,

"N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in January; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd." The male

syntype in the Australian National Insect Collection has been selected, labeled, and is presently

designated as the lectotype.

TYPE-LOCALITIES.—Amboina Island (Af. amboinensis); Kuranda, Queensland (Af. doddi and Af.

thaumasia).

HOST-PLANTS.—Cucurbitaceae: Trichosanthes anguina (snake gourd) and Cephalandra indica

(these hosts recorded for Af. amboinensis in India).

DISCUSSION.—Based on our current knowledge

of this complex, we do not believe the numerous

color variations throughout the extensive range of

Af. amboinensis can be construed as representing

subspecies. The descriptions presented here refer

to the color form "doddi" LeCerf from the northern coast of Queensland. The species Af. amboinensis occurs from India through the islands to

Australia. The following biological information

was extracted from published accounts of Af. amboinensis on snake gourd in India (David and

Subramaniam, 1962:192-193). The boring of the

larva in the main stem or vine results in elongated

galls two to three inches long and up to threefourths inch thick. Attack by this insect causes the

plant to become stunted with poor foliage. The

mature larva leaves the gall and pupates in the

soil in a specially prepared earthen cocoon, emerging as an adult in about three weeks.

Melittia chalybescens Mislrfn

FIGURES 14, 40, 41; MAP 4

Melittia chalybescens Miskin, 1892:59.

Melittia proserpina Hampson, 1919:92. [New synonymy.]

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black, much

white mixed; occipital fringe white, brown-black

dorsally; antennae brown-black, often lightly powdered white with some pale yellow apically and

orange ventrally; front brown, white laterally;

labial palpus roughened, dorsoventrally flattened,

brown-black with much white mixed; scale plate

beneath antennae brown. Thorax brown-black

with some olive mixed; mesothorax with lateral

tufts brown-black and white mixed. Abdomen dorsally brown-black with some steel-blue on posterior

margin of segments 2, 4, 6, and 7, deeper black on

posterior edge of each segment and on anal tuft;

ventrally mostly white. Legs mostly brown-black;

foreleg with coxa white mesad, tarsi with white or

pale yellow on most segments; midleg with some

pale blue on tibia and first tarsae, segment dorsad;

hindleg with tibia and tarsi strongly tufted dorsally

and mesally, white mixed dorsally on tibia, and

with red-brown spinelike scales mixed on dorsal

edge and on distal end, lateral spurs tufted white;

white spot laterally on tarsi. Forewing about onehalf opaque; margins, discal spot, and veins brownblack, with white powdering on very broad apical
NUMBER 180 25

margin and on some veins; hyaline area distad of

discal spot somewhat triangular, from vein Cu

narrowing to R4*5; hyaline in cell basad of very

broad discal spot and hyaline below Cu to wing

base. Wing length of male, 14—15 mm. Male genitalia (Figure 14) very much like M. amboinensis,

but differs from latter mainly by having apex of

valva broadly rounded.

FEMALE.—Similar to male except for following:

abdomen dorsally and ventrally solid brown-black,

anal tuft tipped with white; forewing more

opaque, cell with only narrow hyaline streak, wing

length of female, 16 mm. The female genitalia on

the only known specimen were found to be in very

poor condition upon dissection, lacking the corpus

bursae and most of the ductus bursae, and, therefore, have not been described or illustrated.

TYPES.—Holotype: Male in South Australian

Museum: "Melittia chalybescens Miskin, 2527";

"MacKay, 2527"; "S. A. Museum Specimen";

"Genitalia Slide By T.D. Eichlin USNM 76102 «$ "

(M. chalybescens). Holotype: Female in British

Museum (Natural History): "Type"; "Kuranda,

QUEENSLAND IV.1907, Dodd, 13024"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427 13024"; "Melittia

proserpina Hmpsn., type 9" (M. proserpina).

TYPE-LOCALITIES—Mackay, Queensland (M. chalybescens); Kuranda, Queensland (M. proserpina).

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—It is our opinion that M. proserpina is conspecific with M. chalybescens, the differences in maculation being well within the expected range of sexually dimorphic variation

observed for sesiids in continuing studies by the

authors on this family on a world basis. Only two

males and one female could be found for examination. This species is much like a species from

southern China in maculation and both form part

of a closely related complex of species including

the many forms of M. amboinensis, separable

mainly on structures of the genitalia.

Tribe SYNANTHEDONINI Niculescu

SYNANTHEDONINI Niculescu, 1964:40 [type-genus: Synanthedon

Hubner, 1819].

AEGERIINI Stephens, 1829:34 [Aegeriidae].

SYNANTHEDONINI Niculescu.—MacKay, 1968:5 [in part; Synanthedontini, emended by MacKay, 1969].

AEGERIINI Stevens.—Naumann, 1971:81. [New synonymy.]

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.—Head small but with

eyes proportionately large; maxillary palpus with

segment 2 greatly reduced; antennae clavate, often

weakly so, male with short ventral cilia, apparently

never pectinate; labial palpus often smoothly

scaled. Hindwing with M3 and Cux short-stalked

distad of crossvein. Male genitalia with valva

mostly clothed with special bifurcate scales, most

often with saccular ridge present; saccus narrow;

juxta generally somewhat triangular with elongate

lateral processes on membranous anellus; gnathos

well developed, platelike, usually with median

ventral extension; socii most often elongate,

tapered to point apically, clothed with special bifurcate scales.

DISCUSSION.—This tribe is represented in Australia by five species in two genera, Synanthedon

and Carmenta. The Synanthedonini is a very large

group of fairly homogeneous species and, in our

opinion, represents the most advanced and actively

evolving group of species in the family.

Genus Synanthedon Hubner

Synanthedon Hubner, 1819:129 [type-species: Sphinx oestriformis Rottemburg, 1775, now considered a synonym of

Sphinx vespiformis Linnaeus, 1761].

DISCUSSION.—This genus and Carmenta conform

to the structural features described for the tribe.

The two genera are separable from each other by

a combination of male and female genitalia features. The male genitalia of Synanthedon species

have the saccular ridge either much expanded and

modified, absent, or, as on most species, a small,

oblique ridge, relatively straight with variously

modified scales, and the saccus is generally very

short, less than one-third as long as the valva.

The females of both genera have a long slender

ductus bursae; however, on species of Synanthedon the ductus bursae is generally membranous

with sclerotization confined most often to the posterior one-third or less, and the ductus seminalis

rises from the ductus bursae nearer the posterior

end, most often on the posterior one-third.

Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck)

FIGURES \C, \e, 15, 25, 43, 44; MAP 5

Sphinx tipuliformis Clerck, 1759:9, figs. 1, 2.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck).—Staudinger, 1901:401.

[Refer to Dalle Torre and Strand, 1925:50-55, for a detailed

bibliography.]

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe yellow, some brown-black mixed dorsally;

antennae brown-black; front brown-black, white

laterally; labial palpus smooth, yellow with broad

brown-black band laterally. Thorax brown-black;

dorsally with very narrow subdorsal yellow stripes,

and large patch of yellow beneath wing. Abdomen

dorsally brown-black, with segments 2, 4, 6, and 7

very narrowly banded yellow on posterior margin,

yellow laterally on segments 1 and 2; ventrally

brown-black; anal tuft fan-shaped, brown-black.

Legs yellow mesally; mostly brown-black laterally,

with yellow laterally on forecoxa; tibiae with spurs

yellow and yellow bands around tibiae at both

pairs of spurs; tarsi ringed with yellow at joints.

Forewing mostly hyaline; relatively broad apical

margin, large discal spot, veins and other margins

brown-black with yellow powdered variously between veins and on anal margin; ventrally yellow

powdering more extensive. Hindwing hyaline;

narrow margin and veins brown-black; costal margin yellow, and fringe near wing base pale yellow;

discal spot small, triangular, brown-black. Wing

length of male, 7-8 mm. Male genitalia (Figure

15) with valva having basal one-half of sacculus

devoid of scales and without saccular ridge; remainder of elongate valva clothed with bifurcate

scales except for patch of dark simple scales on

ventral margin medially; saccus very short; socii

relatively long.

FEMALE.—Similar to male except: abdomen with

yellow banding dorsally only on segments 2, 4,

and 6, anal tuft shorter, brushlike; forewing dorsally often with more yellow powdering on apical

margin between veins. Wing length of female, 8-9

mm. Female genitalia (Figure 25) with ostium

bursae at bottom of sclerotized U-shaped pocketlike area; initial posterior section of ductus bursae

short, somewhat sclerotized, very narrow, tubular,

with ductus seminalis arising at anterior end of

this section, remaining anterior portion of ductus

bursae elongate, slender, membranous, expanding

somewhat to obovate corpus bursae.

TYPE.—Unknown.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Unknown.

HOST-PLANTS.—Currant, gooseberry, and raspberry.

DISCUSSION.—The so-called "current borer" is a

cosmopolitan species in temperate regions of the

world where its host-plants have been introduced

from Europe. It occurs in New Zealand, particularly on South Island, throughout Tasmania, and

coastal regions of New South Wales, and Victoria.

Apparently, specimens were first identified as S.

tipuliformis from New Zealand in an article by

Thomson (1884). It has been known from Tasmania since 1917, and first collected in continental

Australia in October and November 1926, in suburban gardens around Melbourne, Victoria (Pescott, 1935). The female moth deposits 20 to 60

eggs on young wood near the buds on the hostplant. The newly hatched larva bores into the

plant, feeding and maturing within the pith as it

migrates downward in the cane. The cream-white

larva with brown head reaches a maximim size of

about 13-15 mm in length, overwintering just

prior to reaching this stage within the cane a short

distance above ground level. After some feeding

in the spring of the year, the mature larva cuts a

small, circular exit hole nearly through the bark

and pupates. The mobile pupa works itself out

of the exit hole at the time of adult emergence.

Frequently, the pupal exuviae can be found

protruding from canes of infected bushes.

Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin)

FIGURES 6, 24, 42; MAP 5

Trochilium cupreifascia Miskin, 1892:58.

Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin).—Hampson, 1919:61.

MALE.—Unknown.

FEMALE.—Head with vertex brown-black, some

orange laterally; occipital fringe white laterally

with brown-black and straw-yellow mixed dorsally;

antennae orange, some brown-black apically;

front white, some brown-black dorsally and ventrally; labial palpus flattened ventrally, orange,

white ventrally. Thorax brown-black with orange

on anterior and posterior margins of mesothorax;

some orange at wing base dorsally; white variously

beneath wing. Abdomen mostly brown-black, segments 1 and 2 banded orange on posterior onehalf, segments 4, 5, and 6 with narrower orange

bands on posterior margin; segment 7 narrow;

ventrally with pale yellow bands on posterior margin of each segment. Legs with forecoxa brown-
NUMBER 180 27

black with pale yellow and orange laterad; femora

brown-black with orange or pale yellow distad;

tibiae brown-black with orange dorsally and on

distal tuft, pale yellow laterally on middle onethird, tufted brown-black mesally; tarsi brownblack with orange mesad. Forewing mostly hyaline

with very narrow margins and veins brown-black;

discal spot mostly orange with brown-black on

basal margin, and some orange powdering on

margins and veins, powdering much stronger

ventrally; venation of holotype aberrant on both

forewings with only remnants of R5 present, but

second specimen has typical Synanthedon venation. Hindwing hyaline, veins and very narrow

margins brown-black with some orange powdering

ventrally. Wing length of female, 11 mm. Female

genitalia (Figure 24) with ductus bursae elongate,

slender, membranous except for sclerotized, short

posterior end, which is refolded over itself forming short, sclerotized sleevelike section; ductus

seminalis arises posteriorly near sclerotized section;

corpus bursae obovate, without signum.

10. Synanthedon cuprdfascia

11. S. tipuUfpnnis

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 5
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE.—Holotype: Female, in South Australian

Museum, Adelaide: "Trochilium cupreifascia

Miskin, 2528"; "2528, Mackay"; "S. A. Museum

Specimens" (abdomen missing).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Mackay, Queensland.

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from

the type and one additional female specimen in

the British Museum (Natural History), both from

Mackay. There is no biological information available on S. cupreifascia.

Genus Carmenta Edwards

Carmenta Edwards, 1881:184 [type-species: Aegeria pyralidiformes Walker, 1856].

DISCUSSION.—As distinguished from Synant hedon, species of Carmenta have the following genitalic characters: male with saccular ridge having

terminal portion downcurved toward ventral margin of valva, this portion often being only a remnant of a longer ridge, and saccus most often long,

at least one-third as long as valva; female with

ductus bursae often sclerotized for at least onehalf its length, with ductus seminalis arising midway between posterior end and corpus bursae or

nearer to the latter. Unfortunately, no single character or combination of characters has been found

externally that would permit placement of species

into either Carmenta or Synanthedon without

examination of the genitalia.

Carmenta chrysophanes (Meyrick),

new combination

FIGURES 7, 16, 26, 48, 49, 50; MAP 6

Sesia chrysophanes Meyrick, 1886:689.

Synanthedon chrysophanes (Meyrick).—LeCerf, 1917, figs.

S942, 3943.

Trochilium chrysophanes (Meyrick).—Turner, 1917:80.

Conopia melanocera Hampson, 1919:71. [New synonymy.]

Conopia chrysophanes (Meyrick).—Hampson, 1919:71.

Aegeria panyasis Druce, 1889:201.—Hampson, 1919:71 [synonymy].

Aegeria caieta Druce, 1899:202.—Hampson, 1919:71 [synonymy].

Trochilium chrysophanes (Meyrick).—Turner, 1922:60.

Conopia panyasis (Druce).—Dalle Torre and Strand, 1925:

115.

Trochilium chrysophanes (Meyrick).—Tillyard, 1926:423.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe yellow with brown-black mixed dorsally;

antennae brown-black with or without pale yellow or white spot apically, scape yellow; front

brown-black, white laterally; labial palpus smooth,

yellow with brown-black dorsoapically. Thorax

brown-black, with subdorsal yellow stripes; ventrally mostly yellow; metathorax yellow, lateral

tufts yellow. Abdomen dorsally brown-black, with

segments 4 and 6 mostly yellow or yellow-orange,

segment 2 narrowly yellow in posterior margin;

ventrally mostly yellow except segment 7 with

brown-black; anal tuft narrow, brown-black with

yellow laterally. Legs with forecoxa mostly yellow

with brown-black mesad; femora brown-black; fore

and midtibiae yellow with some brown-black lateroapically, hindtibia laterally brown-black with yellow at spurs, which also are yellow; tarsi brownblack, yellow ventrally and at joints. Forewing

mostly hyaline; margins, discal spot, and veins

brown-black with yellow variously between veins

on somewhat broad apical margin and lightly

powdered yellow on costal margin, yellow more

extensive ventrally. Hindwing hyaline; very narrow margins brown-black; discal spot very small,

triangular, brown-black; costal margin ventrally

mostly yellow; fringe yellow toward wing base.

Wing length of male, 7-8 mm. Male genitalia

(Figure 16) with valva elongate, relatively narrow;

saccular ridge apically downturned nearly to ventral

edge of valva, expanded, clothed with spinelike

simple scales, main portion of saccular ridge with

bifurcate scales; socii and lateral extensions of juxta

elongate; saccus short, about one-fourth to one-fifth

length of valva, unique for known species of

Carmenta; aedeagus elongate, narrow, somewhat

bulbous basad.

FEMALE.—Differs from male by following: head

with occipital fringe completely yellow; abdomen

dorsally with yellow or orange on all segments,

but only on posterior margin of segments 2 or 3,

anal tuft brushlike, yellow or orange with brownblack laterally; legs with more yellow, hindtibia

entirely yellow; wing length of female, 7-10 mm.

Female genitalia (Figure 26) with posterior onehalf to one-third of ductus bursae lightly sclerotized, straight, remaining anterior portion membranous, slightly broader, widest near corpus bursae;

ductus seminalis arises from ductus bursae at

juncture of membranous section with sclerotized
NUMBER 180 29

section; corpus bursae relatively small, without

signum, shaped as figured.

TYPES.—The following syntype of C. chrysophanes was selected by J. D. Bradley in 1956 as a

lectotype, but he apparently did not publish this

selection. This specimen in the British Museum

(Natural History) has the following label: "Bowen,

N. Queensland, A.S./90." Meyrick (1886) in the

original description wrote, "Bowen, Queensland;

three specimens taken by Mr. A. Simson (Coll.

Raynor and Masters)." Since the data on the label

of the above specimen agrees with that given for

the type-series, and in the absence of additional

syntypes, it is our conclusion that the "90" probably does not refer to the year 1890, which would

therefore, postdate Meyrick's description of the

species. We agree with Bradley's selection of this

specimen, and thereby designate it as the lectotype. The following three syntypes of C. melanocera from the British Museum (Natural History)

were examined: (1) "Type"; "Mulgrave River,

N. QUEENSLAND, soft wood tree, ex 24 IX 1899,

12. Carmenta chrysophanes

13. C. commoni

14. C. xanthogyna

NEW ZEALAND

MAP 6
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Dodd, 13057"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427,

13057"; "Conopia melanocera Hmpsn., type $ ";

"B.M. Genitalia slide $, IFBC, 1397" (male). (2)

"Type"; "Mulgrave River, N. Queensland, soft

wood tree, ex 29.IX.1899, Dodd, 13058"; "Conopia

melancera Hmpsn., type 2 " (female). (3) "Mulgrave River, N. Queensland, soft wood tree, ex

20.IX.1899, Dodd, 13059"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427., 13059" (male). Hampson (1919)

wrote, "Queensland, Kuranda (Dodd), 3 $ Johnson R. (Dodd) 2^,1 2 type, bred from a softwooded tree, Walsingham Coll. Exp. 20 mill."

Apparently, there were six specimens in the typeseries, five males and one female. The above-listed

specimens represent the two males and one female

from "Johnson R.," an apparent misspelling of

"Johnstone River," which is on the Mulgrave

River. The three syntypes from Kuranda were not

located. The first male syntype listed above from

the British Museum (Natural History) has been

selected, labeled, and is presently designated as

the lectotype. The following holotype male of

C. panyasis in the British Museum (Natural History) was examined: "TYPE"; "Taylor Range,

Brisbane, Queensland, F. P. Dodd"; "Brisbane,

10.10.97"; "Aegeria panyasis Druce, Type"; "66";

"Presented by J. J. Jocey Esq., Brit. Mus.

1931-291"; "B. M. Genitalia slide No. 4454, $ ."

The following holotype female of A. caieta in the

British Museum (Natural History) was examined:

"Type"; "Taylor Range, Brisbane, Queensland

F. P. Dodd"; "Ex. coll. Druce"; "Aegeria caieta

Druce, Type"; " = panyasis Dree., 9 ,F. Le Cerf

det."; "67"; "B.M. Genitalia slide No. 4467, 9."

TYPE-LOCALITIES.—Bowen, Queensland (Carmenta chrysophanes); Kuranda and Johnstone

River, Queensland (Conopia melanocera); Taylor

Range, Brisbane, Queensland (Aegeria panyasis

and A. caieta).

HOST-PLANTS.—Alphitonia excelsa, galls on Exocarpos species (Santalaceae), and specimens from

Brisbane that had been reared from fig branches

were examined.

DISCUSSION.—This is apparently a common,

wide ranging, somewhat variable species with the

ability to utilize a variety of host-plants. Specimens

in the northern portions of the range, with some

exceptions, tend to be orange, while specimens in

the southern regions are yellow. The presence or

absence of white spots on the antennae is characteristic of specimens in both portions of the

range. The genitalia of all specimens examined

demonstrated little or no variation. Illidge (1900)

reported discovering larvae of this species beneath

a decayed portion of bark at the juncture of a

dead branch with the main trunk of Alphitonia

excelsa in early September. The adults had all

emerged within a month of the discovery of the

larvae. In the same article it was mentioned that

adults had been captured flying about flowers overhanging a small creek. The series of specimens

from galls on Exocarpos species were reared from

their host in Canberra.

Carmenta commoni, new species

FIGURES 17, 45; MA P 6

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe yellow with brown-black mixed dorsally;

antennae (broken) brown-black, scape yellow ventrally; front brown-black, white laterally; labial

palpus smooth, yellow with brown-black apically.

Thorax brown-black with narrow subdorsal yellow

stripes; large yellow spot beneath wings extending

more narrowly to collar; metathorax with yellow

spot dorsomedially, lateral tufts yellow. Abdomen

dorsally brown-black with pale yellow or white

band on posterior one-half of segment 4 and narrowly on posterior margin of segment 7; ventrally

brown-black; anal tuft somewhat wedge-shaped

with sides turned downward, yellow-orange dorsally and ventrally, and brown-black laterally. Legs

mostly brown-black with yellow on forecoxa, on

ventral margin of femora, and on most of tibiae

(hindlegs missing). Forewing with vein R2 missing; mostly hyaline; margins, veins, and discal

spot brown-black with some yellow powdered between veins on apical margin; ventrally with

more yellow on apical margin, and yellow on

costal margin, distal edge of discal spot and at

wing base. Hindwing hyaline; very narrow margins, tiny triangular discal spot and veins brownblack; fringe yellow at wing base; ventrally with

yellow on costal margin. Wing length of male,

8.5 mm. Male genitalia (Figure 17) with saccular

ridge of valva broadly expanded, clothed with long

spinelike simple scales, apically downcurved to

ventral margin on which scales much shorter,

then divided with one portion of ridge projected

basad, other portion projected distad and with-
NUMBER 180 31

out scales, both latter portions of ridge being

parallel to ventral edge of valva; saccus more than

one-third length of valva; gnathos with ventromedial plate expanded laterally; aedeagus with

twelve or more minute cornuti on vesica.

FEMALE.—Unknown.

TYPE.—Holotype: Male in the British Museum

(Natural History): "Holotype"; "Type"; "Toowoomba, Brisbane distr."; "Asynedon brisbanica

Le Cf., $ Holotype, F. LE CERF det." [manuscript name]; "Tring Ms. 406"; "Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1"; "Genitalia Slide By T. D.

Eichlin, USNM 76155 $ "; "Holotype $ , Carmenta

commoni Duckworth & Eichlin, 1973" (male).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Toowoomba, Queensland.

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from

the unique male type. Its placement in the genus

Carmenta is somewhat tentative and will need to

be verified through an examination of the female

genitalia. The male genitalia, while exhibiting

some characters of typical Carmenta species, have

some structures similar to certain species of Synanthedon, these species having been heretofore

placed in the genus Thamnosphecia Spuler. The

loss of vein R2 on the forewing is also characteristic of a few species of Carmenta from North

America. We take pleasure in dedicating this

species to Dr. I. F. B. Common, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.

Carmenta xanthogyna (Hampson),

new combination

FICURES 18, 27, 46, 47; MA P 6

Lepidopoda xanthogyna Hampson, 1919:54.

MALE.—Head with vertex brown-black; occipital

fringe yellow, brown-black mixed dorsally; antennae dorsally brown-black with green-blue iridescence, yellow apically; front brown-black with

white laterally, labial palpus smooth, yellow,

broadly banded brown-black laterally to apex.

Thorax brown-black with green-blue iridescence;

narrow subdorsal yellow stripes and some yellow

anteriorly at wing base; ventrally mostly yellow;

metathorax with some yellow, lateral tufts mixed

with yellow. Abdomen brown-black with greenblue iridescence; segments 2 to 7 narrowly banded

pale yellow on posterior margin, faintly indicated

on segment 1, and with broad yellow patch laterally on segments 1 and 2; ventrally brown-black

with varying medial pale yellow stripe; anal tuft

narrowly fan-shaped, brown-black with some yellow medially and white laterally. Legs mostly

brown-black with green-blue iridescence; foreleg

yellow with some brown-black on tibia and tarsi;

midleg yellow mesally, and yellow on dorsal and

apical tufts of tibia; hindleg with tibia yellow

mesally, and slightly mixed dorsally on apical tuft

of tibia and mesally at tarsal joints, first tarsal

segment tufted dorsally and ventrally. Forewing

mostly hyaline; apical margin abruptly interrupted by hyaline area between veins R4 and R5;

margins, veins, and elongate, narrow discal spot

brown-black, lightly powdered yellow on apical

and costal margins between veins, more strongly

powdered on costa ventrally. Hindwing hyaline;

very narrow margins, tiny discal spot and veins

brown-black; ventrally with costal margin mostly

yellow. Wing length of male, 11 mm. Male genitalia (Figure 18) with valve relatively elongate,

tapered to point apically, with saccular ridge

downcurved and elevated apically, terminating on

ventral edge at middle of valva, elevated portion

of ridge clothed with simple spinelike scales; saccus

nearly one-third length of valva; slender processes

of juxta elongate, extending nearly to gnathos;

gnathos relatively small for species of Carmenta,

but with well-developed ventromedial plate; socii

elongate; aedeagus elongate, slender with several

minute cornuti on vesica.

FEMALE.—Differs considerably from the male by

the following: antennae without yellow apically;

less brown-black on labial palpus; thorax mostly

yellow except for brown-black of mesothorax, on

collar dorsally, on tegulae, patch posteriorly and

patch near center dorsomedially; abdomen dorsally mostly yellow with some brown-black on anterior margin of each segment, ventrally yellow, and

anal tuft short, yellow with some brown-black

mixed laterally; and legs mostly yellow. Wing

length of female, 15 mm. Female genitalia (Figure 27) with ductus bursae well sclerotized on

most of posterior one-half, slightly expanded and

membranous on anterior one-half; ductus seminalis arises from ductus bursae just anterior to

sclerotized portion; corpus bursae relatively small,

ovate, without signum.

TYPES.—The following four syntypes all from
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

the British Museum (Natural History) were examined: (1) "TYPE" "Kuranda, QUEENSLAND,

7-1-1906, Dodd 13053"; "Walsingham Collection,

1910-427, 13053"; "Lepidopoda xanthogyna

Hmpsn., type $ "; "Genitalia Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76151 $ " (male). (2) "Type"; "Kuranda, Queensland, 18.1.1906, Dodd, 13054"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427., 13054"; "Lepidopoda xanthogyna Hmpsn., Type 2" (female). (3)

"Co-type";

"Kuranda, Queensland, 12.1.1906, Doss, 13055";

"Walsingham Collection, 1910-427., 13055", "Lepidopoda xanthogyna Hmpsn., Paratype $ "; "Genitalia Slide By T. D. Eichlin, USNM 76152 9 "

(female). (4) "Kuranda, Queensland, 20.1.1906,

Dodd, 13056"; "Walsingham Collection, 1910-427,

13056"; "Lepidopoda xanthogyna Hmpsn."; "Rothschild Bequest, B. M. 1939-1" (female). Data as given

by Hampson (1919) in the original description included, "Queensland, Kuranda (Dodd), 1 5,3 $

type; Walsingham Coll. Exp. $ 30, 9 36 mill."

The male syntype listed above from the British

Museum (Natural History) has been selected,

labeled, and is presently designated as the lectotype.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Kuranda, Queensland.

HOST-PLANT.—Unknown.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from

the four excellent specimens of the type-series.

Consequently, nothing is known of its biology

other than that the above specimens were collected

in mid-January.

Literature Cited

Beutenmuller, W.

1894. Studies of Some Species of North American Moths.

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural

History, 6:87-89.

1901. Monograph of the Sesiidae of America, North of

Mexico. Memoirs of the American Museum of

Natural History, 1:217-315.

Boisduval, J. A.

1828. Europaeorum Lepidopterorum, index methodicus.

103 pages. Paris.

1874. Species ge'neYal des L^pidopteres H£teYoceres

Volume 1 in Roret, Collection des Buffon. iv +

568 pages, 11 plates. Paris.

Braun, Annette F.

1919. Wing Structure of Lepidoptera and the Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Value of Certain Persistent

Trichopterous Characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 12 (4):349-367.

1924. The Frenulum and Its Retinaculum in the Lepidoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America, 17(3):234-257.

Clerck, C.

1759. Icones Insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum

trivialibus, locisque e C. Linnaei . . . Systema

Naturae allegatis. Part 1, pages 1-16. Holmiae.

Common, I. F. B.

1970. Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In The Insects of Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organization. Canberra, Australia: Melbourne University Press.

Cramer, P.

1782. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du Monde,

I'Asie, I'Afrique, et I'Amerique. Volume 4, 252

pages. Amsterdam: S. J. Baalde.

Dalla Torre, K-, and E. Strand

1925. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Aegeriidae. Volume 31,

202 pages. Berlin.

David, B. Vasantharaj, and T. R. Subramaniam

1962. A Note on the Occurrence of the Lepidopterous

Borer on Snake Gourd Vines. Madras Agricultural

Journal, 49 (6): 192-193.

Dehne

1850. Beschreibung einer neuen Setia (Sesia Fabr.) mit

Federfuhlern, Pennisetia anomala m. Stettin Entomologische Zeitung, 11:28-29.

Druce, H.

1899. Descriptions of Some New Species of Heterocera.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7,

4(21):200-205.

Durrant, J. H.

1919. Three New Genera of Tineina Resembling Aegeriidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 26:120-122.

Edwards, H.

1881. New Genera and Species of the Family Aegeridae.

Papilio, 1:179-208.

1882. Notes on N. American Aegeridae, with Descriptions

of New Forms. Papilio, 2:52-57.

Engelhardt, George P.

1946. The North American Clear-Wing Moths of the

Family Aegeriidae. United States National Museum

Bulletin, 190: vi + 222 pages.

Fabricius, J. C.

1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes,

ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis,

descriptionibus, observationibus. 832 pages. Korte:

Flensburgi et Lipsiae.

Felder, C.

1861. Lepidopterorum Amboinensium a Dre. L. Dole-
NUMBER 180

schall annis 1856-58 collectorum species navae diagnosibus collustratae a Dre. C. Felder, II Heterocera.

Sitzungsherichte der Kaiserlichen Akadamie der

Wissenschaften, 43 (l):25-44.

Fereday, R. W.

1869. Sesia tipuliformis in New Zealand. The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, 6:146.

Forbes, W. T. M.

1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring

States, part 1. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, 68:3-729.

Gaede, M.

1933. Family: Aegeriidae. Volume 10 in Seitz, Die GrossSchmetterlinge der Erde. Pages 775-802.

Girault, A. A.

1907. The Lesser Peach Tree Borer. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology

Bulletin, 68 (4): 31-48.

Gossard, H. A., and J. L. King

1918. The Peach Tree Borer. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 329:55-87.

Hampson, G. F.

1919. A Classification of the Aegeriadae of the Oriental

and Ethiopian Regions. Novitates Zoologicae, 26:

46-119.

Holloway, J. D., and N. Jardine

1968. Two Approaches to Zoogeography: A Study Based

on the Distributions of Butterflies, Birds, and Bats

in the Indo-Australian Area. Proceedings of the

Linnean Society of London, 179(2):153-188.

Hubner, J.

1819. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic]. 431

pages. Augsburg [1816-1827].

Illidge, R.

1900. Miscellanea Entomologica: Or Odd Notes on the

History and Transformations of Various Insects.

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15:133-136.

Keast, A., R. L. Crocker, and C. S. Christian (eds.)

1959. Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. Monographiae Biologica, 8:1-640.

Laspeyres, J. H.

1801. Sesiae Europae, inconibus et descriptionibus illustratae. Pages 1-31. Berolini.

LeCerf, F.

1916. Page 8 in Volume 12 (page 251 in Volume 14) in

Oberthur, Etudes de L^pidopte'rologie comparee.

Figures 3119, 3120.

1917. Pages 137-388 in Volume 14 in Oberthur, Contributions a l'e"tude des Aegeriidae, description et

iconographie d'especes et de formes nouvelles ou

peu connues. In £tudes de Lepidopterologie comparie.

Linnaeus, C.

1761. Fauna Svecica. Editio altera, volume 2. Stock -

holmiae.

Lucas, T. P.

1894. Description of New Australian Lepidoptera, with

Additional Localities for Known Species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South' Wales,

series 2, 8:133-166.

MacKay, M. R.

1968. The North American Aegeriidae (Lepidoptera): A

Revision Based on Late-Instar Larvae. Memoirs of

the Entomological Society of Canada, 58:3-112.

MacKay, M. R.

1969. Correction. The Canadian Entomologist, 101 (4):

424.

Mackerras, I. M.

1970. Composition and Distribution of the Fauna. In

The Insects of Australia. Commonwealth Scientific

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Meyrick, E.

1886. Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of

the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1:685-802.

Miskin, W. H.

1892. New Species of Australian Macro-Lepidoptera

(Heterocera). Proceedings of the Royal Society of

Queensland, 8:58-59.

Naumann, C. M.

1971. Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Phylogenese

der Holarktischen Sesiiden (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

Bonner Zoologische Monographies no. 1, Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Koenig. 190

pages. Bonn, West Germany.

Niculescu, E. V.

1964. Les Aegeriidae: Systematique et phylogenie. Linneana Belgica, 3:34-45.

Nielsen, D. G., and C. P. Balderston

1973. Evidence for Intergeneric Sex Attraction among

Aegeriids. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America, 66(l):227-228.

Prescott, R. T. M.

1935. The Currant Borer Moth (Aegeria tipuliformis

Clerck). Journal of the Department of Agriculture

(Victoria), 35:497-498.

Rottemburg, S. A. von

1775. Anner Kungen zu den Hufnagelischen Tabellen der

Schmetterlinge. Der Naturforscher, 6:105-111.

Spencer, W. B.

1896. Summary of the Zoological, Botanical, and Geological Results of the (Horn) Expedition. Report

of the Horn Expedition, 1:139-199.

Staudinger, O., and H. Rebel

1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Edition 3, part 1, 411 pages. Berlin.

Stephens, J. F.

1829. Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. Part 2, 388

pages. London.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Swinhoe, Charles

1892. Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera

Heterocera in the Collection of the Oxford University Museum, Part 1: Sphinges & Bombyces. Volume

8, 324 pages, 8 plates.

Thomson, G. M.

1884. General Notes: Introduced Moths in New Zealand.

New Zealand Journal of Science (Dunedin), 2:229-

230.

Tillyard, R. J.

1926. The Insects of Australia and New Zealand, xi +

560 pages, 44 plates. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.

Turner, A. J.

1917. Lepidopterological Gleanings. Proceedings of the

Royal Society of Queensland for 1917, 29:70-106.

1922. Studies in Australian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of

the Royal Society of Victoria, 35 (N.S.):26-62.

Walker, F.

1856. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in

the Collection of the British Museum. Part 8, 271

pages. London: British Museum.

1864. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in

the Collection of the British Museum. Part 81, 321

pages. London: British Museum.
FIGURES 1-5.—Head morphology, wing venation: la, head of Albuna oberthuri (Le Cerf), frontal

view, scales removed; b, antenna of Pennisetia igniflua (Lucas); c, antenna of Synanthcdon

tipuliformis (Clerck); d, maxilla of A. oberthuri; e, maxilla of S. tipuliformis; f, maxilla of

P. igniflua; 2, wing venation of P. igniflua; 3, wing venation of Tinthia xanthospila Hampson;

4, wing venation of Albuna isozona (Meyrick); 5, wing venation of Melittia amboinensis Felder.
36

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 6-9.—Wing venation, male genitalia: 6, wing venation of Synanthedon cupreifascia

(Miskin); 7, wing venation of Carmenta chrysophanes (Meyrick); 8, lateral view of male genitalia

of Pennisetia eusphyra (Turner) (left valva, aedeagus removed); 9, lateral view of male genitalia

of P. igniflua (Lucas) (left valva, aedeagus removed).
NUMBER 180 37

FIGURES 10-14.—Ventral view of male genitalia (left valva, aedeagus removed; lateral view of

aedeagus): 10, Albuna carulifera (Turner); 11, A. isozona (Meyrick); 12, A. oberthuri (LeCerf);

13, Melittia amboinensis Felder; 14, M. chalybescens Miskin.
38

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 15—18.—Ventral view of male genitalia (left valva, aedeagus removed; lateral view of

aedeagus): 15, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck); 16, Carmenta chrysophanes (Meyrick); 17,

C. commoni n. sp.; 18, C. xanthogyna (Hampson).
NUMBER 180 39

21

FICURES 19-21,—Female genitalia: 19, lateral view of Pennisetia igniflua (Lucas); 20, ventral

view of Albuna carulifera (Turner); 21, ventral view of A. oberthuri (LeCerf).
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

22

24

FIGURES 22-24.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 22, Albuna zoniota (Turner); 23, Melittia

amboinensis Felder; 24, Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin).
NUMBER 180 41

25

FIGURES 25-27.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 25, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck); 26,

Carmenta chrysophanes (Meyrick); 27, C, xanthogyna (Hampson).
42

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

30

FIGURES 28-33.—Left wings and bodies: 28, Pennisetia eusphyra (Turner), male; 29, P. igniflua

(Lucas), male; 30, P. igniflua, female; 31, Albuna carulifera (Turner), male; 32, A. carulifera,

female; 33, A. isozona (Meyrick), male.
NUMBER 180 43

36

FIGURES 34-39.—Left wings and bodies: 34, Albuna oberthuri (LeCerf), male; 35, A. oberthuri,

female; 36, A. zoniota (Turner), female; 37, Melittia amboinensis Felder, male; 38, Af.

amboinensis, female; 39, M. amboinsis, female.
44

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

44

FIGURES 40-44.—Left wings and bodies: 40, Melittia chalybescens Miskin, male; 41, Af. chalybescens, female; 42, Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin), female; 43, S. tipuliformis (Clerck), male;

44, S. tipuliformis, female.
NUMBER 180 45

47

FICURES 45-50. Left wings and bodies: 45, Carmenta commoni, new species, male; 46, C.

xanthogyna (Hampson), male; 47, C. xanthogyna, female; 48, C. chrysophanes (Meyrick), male;

49, C. chrysophanes, female; 50, C. chrysophanes, female.

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