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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

JAMES FARRIS, Next Friend of KEAGAN 

FARRIS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

FOR PUBLICATION

May 17, 2018

v No. 337366

Antrim Circuit Court

JOHN H. MCKAIG, III, LC No. 2016-009053-NM

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and O’BRIEN, JJ.

SHAPIRO, P.J. (dissenting).

I respectfully dissent. 

Each side has presented a reasonable construction of the two statutes. Appellee points to 

the protections given to GALs at the time the LGAL statute was passed, and argues that in 

adopting the latter, the legislature already knew that the GTLA provided immunity and so there 

was no need to do so within the LGAL statute itself. Appellant points to the same statutory 

history but argues if the legislature wanted LGALs to have immunity it would have explicitly 

done so in the LGAL statute or at least made reference therein to the immunity provided in the 

GTLA.1 Each side has set forth a principled way to determine the statutory construction and 

relied on proper principles of statutory construction. Accordingly, it should be our task, if 

possible to resolve the question in a manner that is consistent with both constructions.

The duties of an LGAL are far broader and more extensive than that of a GAL. The 

duties of a GAL are set forth in MCR 5.121(C) in relevant part as follows, “Before the date set 

for hearing the guardian ad litem . . . shall conduct an investigation and shall make a report in 

open court or file a written report of the investigation and recommendations. MCR 5.121(E) 

goes on to state that if the person appointed as GAL is an attorney, “that appointment does not 

create an attorney-client relationship” and that the GAL’s communications with the child “are 

not subject to the attorney-client privilege.” 

 1 Each also present credible argument about the significance of the fact that when the GTLA was 

adopted, there was no such thing as a LGAL.
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The duties of an LGAL are set forth in MCL 712A.17d: 

(1) A lawyer-guardian ad litem's duty is to the child, and not the court. 

The lawyer-guardian ad litem's powers and duties include at least all of the 

following:

(a) The obligations of the attorney-client privilege.

(b) To serve as the independent representative for the child's best interests, 

and be entitled to full and active participation in all aspects of the litigation and 

access to all relevant information regarding the child.

(c) To determine the facts of the case by conducting an independent 

investigation including, but not limited to, interviewing the child, social workers, 

family members, and others as necessary, and reviewing relevant reports and 

other information. The agency case file shall be reviewed before disposition and 

before the hearing for termination of parental rights. Updated materials shall be 

reviewed as provided to the court and parties. The supervising agency shall 

provide documentation of progress relating to all aspects of the last court ordered 

treatment plan, including copies of evaluations and therapy reports and 

verification of parenting time not later than 5 business days before the scheduled 

hearing.

(d) To meet with or observe the child and assess the child's needs and 

wishes with regard to the representation and the issues in the case in the following 

instances:

(i) Before the pretrial hearing.

(ii) Before the initial disposition, if held more than 91 days after the 

petition has been authorized.

(iii) Before a dispositional review hearing.

(iv) Before a permanency planning hearing.

(v) Before a post-termination review hearing.

(vi) At least once during the pendency of a supplemental petition.

(vii) At other times as ordered by the court. Adjourned or continued 

hearings do not require additional visits unless directed by the court.

(e) The court may allow alternative means of contact with the child if 

good cause is shown on the record.

(f) To explain to the child, taking into account the child's ability to 

understand the proceedings, the lawyer-guardian ad litem's role.
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(g) To file all necessary pleadings and papers and independently call 

witnesses on the child's behalf.

(h) To attend all hearings and substitute representation for the child only 

with court approval.

(i) To make a determination regarding the child's best interests and 

advocate for those best interests according to the lawyer-guardian ad litem's 

understanding of those best interests, regardless of whether the lawyer-guardian 

ad litem's determination reflects the child's wishes. The child's wishes are relevant 

to the lawyer-guardian ad litem's determination of the child's best interests, and 

the lawyer-guardian ad litem shall weigh the child's wishes according to the 

child's competence and maturity. Consistent with the law governing attorneyclient privilege, the lawyer-guardian ad litem shall inform the court as to the 

child's wishes and preferences.

(j) To monitor the implementation of case plans and court orders, and 

determine whether services the court ordered for the child or the child's family are 

being provided in a timely manner and are accomplishing their purpose. The 

lawyer-guardian ad litem shall inform the court if the services are not being 

provided in a timely manner, if the family fails to take advantage of the services, 

or if the services are not accomplishing their intended purpose.

A review of the court rule and the statute demonstrate that an LGAL has many duties that 

a GAL does not have, some of which flow from the attorney-client relationship and some from 

the more specific requirements in MCL 712A.17d that are not within the scope of MCR 5.121. I 

would therefore, conclude that whether or not immunity applies to an LGAL turns on whether 

the action or omission complained of was one that fell within the more limited duties of a GAL 

or only within the broader statutory of an LGAL. While the question of immunity is confusing 

when focusing only on the actor’s title, i.e. GAL or LGAL, they are not confusing when viewed 

through the lens of the scope of action authorized to, and required of, each.

Accordingly, I would hold that when a LGAL is sued for a violation of a duty, the court 

must determine whether that duty is one also performed also by a GAL. If it is, the Legislature 

intended to protect the party performing that duty whether called a GAL or an LGAL. If it is 

not, then the Legislature did not intend to immunize the LGAL. 

Determination of whether immunity applies in this case, and if so to what extent, involves 

a fuller understanding of plaintiff’s claims than we can discern simply from the complaint. I 

would therefore reverse the grant of summary disposition and remand the case to the trial court 

to allow it, after permitting what it finds to be necessary discovery, to determine which if any of 

plaintiff’s claims are directed to duties and authority not possessed by a GAL but possessed by 

an LGAL. Actions or omissions complained of that arise out of the authority of a GAL should 

be dismissed on the grounds of immunity. Actions or omissions that flow solely from the duties 

and authority of an LGAL should not be dismissed as they are not subject to immunity. 

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro