FOURTH DIVISION

DOYLE, P. J.,

MILLER and DILLARD, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

November 12, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A0832. LINGO v. THE STATE. DO-031

DOYLE, Presiding Judge.

James Lingo appeals his conviction for robbery,

1

arguing that the trial court

erred by admitting evidence of his gang affiliation. We agree, but nevertheless affirm

because Lingo has failed to establish harm.

On appealfroma criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict and an appellant no longer enjoys the

presumption of innocence. This Court determines whether the evidence

is sufficient under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia,

2

and does not

weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility. Any conflicts or

inconsistencies in the evidence are for the jury to resolve. As long as

there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support

1

 OCGA §16-8-40 (a) (1).

2

 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
each fact necessary to make out the State’s case, we must uphold the

jury’s verdict.

3

So viewed, the record shows that on January 14, 2012, middle schoolers

Richard Dominguez and Donovan Martinez were approached at a Gwinnett County

car wash by three males who asked to borrow a phone. One of the males pointed a

knife at Dominguez and demanded his phone, another grabbed it, and then all three

assailantsran. According to Dominguez, the man with the knife was white, wore a red

and black varsity school jacket and a black baseball cap, had on a ski mask that

covered the bottom half of his face, and had a centimeter long “open” star mark on

his face below his left eye. Dominguez described the other two assailants as black

males wearing gray hooded jackets. Martinez testified that two of the men were black

and the third man, who wielded the knife, was white, wore a black ski mask over his

mouth, a red varsity jacket, and a red hat, and had a star under one of his eyes. 

Police showed Dominguez a photographic lineup, which contained a

photograph of Lingo taken before he got his tattoo

4

; Dominguez was unable to

3

(Citation omitted.) Rankin v. State, 278 Ga. 704, 705 (606 SE2d 269) (2004).

4 At trial, an officer testified that when creating a photographic lineup, police

intentionally either digitally remove distinguishing features, such as visible tattoos,

from a suspect’s photograph or select other individuals for the lineup who have the

2
identify him. At a February 29, 2012 hearing, Dominguez initially identified Lingo,

who was sitting at the defense table, as the white assailant, but clarified that he was

not sure of his identification; at trial, however, Dominguez testified that Lingo was

the white assailant. Martinez identified Lingo at trial as the assailant who wielded a

knife during the robbery. 

On January 25, 2012, teenager Patrick Reed was walking through the parking

lot of the Club Lakes apartment complex in Gwinnett County when a male grabbed

him from behind and put him in a choke hold. Another man approached, and the two

began punching Reed, threw him to the ground, and kicked him. One of the men

directed the other to get Reed’s phone and check his pockets. One of the men took

money from Reed, but the assailants fled when someone came out of his or her home

before the assailants could wrestle Reed’s phone from him. According to Reed, the

man who initially grabbed him was white, wore a red hat, red jacket, and green tennis

shoes, and he had a star tattoo under his left eye; the other man was black and wore

a navy blue jacket. A police officer investigating a separate incident in the late

afternoon on January 25, 2012, saw Lingo in the Club Lakes apartment complex

wearing a red jacket and a red baseball cap. Reed was unable to identify the assailants

same feature. 

3
from a photograph lineup, but he identified Lingo as one of the assailants in a

subsequent court proceeding in February 2012. 

On January 27, 2012, Reed’s sister was driving through the Club Lakes

apartment complex when she saw two men matching the description Reed gave of the

men who assaulted him two days before. After calling Reed and confirming his

description, she called the police, and followed the two men to a nearby market,

where police arrived. Lingo, who was one of the men pointed out by Reed’s sister,

had a small tattoo under his left eye and was wearing red pants, red and black shoes,

and a red Atlanta Braves cap. Lingo’s co-defendant, Ralik Jones, was also present.

5

Police searched Lingo’s apartment and found a red and gray sweatshirt;

6

green Nike

shoes; a black, white, and red varsity jacket; and a blue and gray jacket. 

Lingo was charged with armed robbery and aggravated assault in connection

with the January 12 incident involving Martinez and Dominguez; Lingo and codefendant Jones were charged with robbery in connection with the January 25

5

 Jones was not tried with Lingo. 

6 A police officer testified at trial that Reed stated that the white male who

assaulted him was wearing a red sweatshirt with a gray center. 

4
incident involving Reed.

7 Lingo made an oral motion in limine before trial to exclude

any evidence regarding his participation in a gang. After hearing argument, the trial

court denied the motion, permitting the State to introduce testimony from an officer

regarding Lingo’s gang membership for the purpose of showing identity, concluding

that the probative value of the evidence outweighed its prejudicial effect.

8

During the trial, Investigator Kevin Sipple testified that on May 13, 2010,

Lingo advised that he was a two-star general in the Black P Stone Nation gang and

that the gang’s predominant colors are black and red, with green as an associate color.

Sipple also testified that Lingo’s co-defendant, Jones, was a member of the same

gang, and the gang members all predominantly wore the gang colors.

With regard to the charges involving Martinez and Dominguez, the trial court

directed a verdict of acquittal as to the aggravated assault charge, and the jury found

Lingo not guilty of armed robbery. With regard to the charges involving Reed, the

7 Lingo and Jones were also charged with criminal attempt to commit burglary

of two separate residences on January 27, 2012, but the State entered a nolle prosequi

as to those charges. 

8 The trial court instructed the jury that the evidence was admitted for a the sole

purpose of establishing identity. 

5
jury found Lingo not guilty of armed robbery, but guilty of robbery,

9

and Lingo was

sentenced to twenty years, to serve eight in confinement. 

Lingo appeals the denial of his subsequent motion for new trial, arguing that

the trial court erred by admitting the evidence of his gang affiliation. We agree, but

affirm for the reasons that follow.

“As a general rule, admission of evidence is a matter resting within the sound

discretion of the trial court, and appellate courts will not disturb the exercise of that

discretion absent evidence of its abuse.”10

Lingo’s trial began on March 11, 2013, after the effective date of Georgia’s

new Evidence Code, which applies to trials commenced on or after January 1, 2013.

“The new Code adopted, in large measure, the Federal Rules of Evidence, and its

sections are comparable to corresponding federal rules. Because of this similarity, it

is proper that we give consideration and great weight to constructions placed on the

Federal Rules by the federal courts.”11

9

 Lingo was tried separately from Jones. 

10

(Punctuation omitted.) Williams v. State, ___ Ga. App. ___, ___ (1) (Case

No. A14A0986, decided Aug. 26, 2014).

11

(Footnotes and punctuation omitted.) Jones v. State, 326 Ga. App. 658, 660

(1) (757 SE2d 261) (2014).

6
OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) provides in relevant part:

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to

prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity

therewith.It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,

but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.

“Thus, if the evidence of other acts is relevant for some other purpose than to show

a probability that the defendant committed the crime because he is a man of criminal

character, the evidence is admissible despite incidentally placing the defendant’s

character in issue.”12

The [Eleventh] Circuit utilizes a three-part test for evidence of other

crimes or acts to be admissible pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence

404 (b): (1) it must be relevant to an issue other than defendant’s

character; (2) there must be sufficient proof to enable a jury to find by

a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the act(s)

in question; and (3) the probative value of the evidence cannot be

substantially outweighed by undue prejudice, and the evidence must

satisfy Federal Rule of Evidence 403.

13

12

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Washington v. State, 294 Ga. 560, 563

(2) (755 SE2d 160) (2014).

13

Jones, 324 Ga. App. at 660 (1), citing United States v. Edouard, 485 F3d

1324, 1344 (II) (C) (11th Cir. 2007); United States v. Delgado, 56 F3d 1357, 1365

(III) (B) (11th Cir.1995).

7
OCGA § 24-4-403, which tracks FederalRule 403, providesthat “[r]elevant evidence

may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations

of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

In this case, there was no evidence whatsoever that the robberies were gangrelated. Although gang affiliation may be admissible to show motive,14

that was not

the purpose of the admission of the evidence in this case, and there was no evidence

that Lingo’s gang membership was in any way related to his motive for committing

the crimes. And although the Supreme Court of Georgia and this Court have

previously affirmed the admission of evidence regarding a defendant’s prior gang

affiliation as res gestae,15here, because the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation was

14 See, e.g., Wolfe v. State, 273 Ga. 670, 674 (4) (a) (544 SE2d 148) (2001)

(gang membership was key to the defendant’s motive to commit the crimes, which he

did at the request of gang members and pursuant to gang’s code of conduct, which

required himto participate or to suffer repercussions); Johnson v. State, 277 Ga. App.

499, 507 (4) (627 SE2d 116) (2006) (evidence of defendant’s gang membership was

admissible and “relevant to show how the defendants knew one another, and to

provide a context and motive for the defendants’ joint participation in the robbery”).

15 See, e.g., Corza v. State, 273 Ga. 164, 166 (2) (539 SE2d 149) (2000); Morey

v. State, 312 Ga. App. 678, 684-685 (1) (b) (719 SE2d 504) (2011). Similarly, the

Eleventh Circuit has held that “[e]vidence, not part of the crime charged but

pertaining to the chain of events explaining the context, motive, and set-up of the

crime, is properly admitted if linked in time and circumstances with the charged

8
unrelated to the crimes, it was not res gestae. Moreover, Lingo’s prior gang affiliation

had minimal probative value with regard to identity. The fact that Lingo was wearing

gang colors – red and black – at the time the crimes were committed is not enough in

itself to establish a probative connection between the crimes alleged and his gang

affiliation, particularly given that others who were involved in the robberies were not

wearing gang colors.

16 Similarly, the fact that Lingo’s co-defendant was also a

member of the same gang was of limited probative value, considering that they were

apprehended together and in the absence of any evidence that the crimes were gangrelated. Thus, the evidence of Lingo’s gang membership two years before the crimes

in the case was of minimal, if any, probative value.

In the absence of a charge of violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism

and Prevention Act,

17

evidence of a defendant’s gang affiliation is highly

crime, or forms an integral and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary

to complete the story of the crime for the jury.” Edouard, 485 F3d at 1344 (II) (C).

16 Compare Johnson v. State, 261 Ga. App. 98, 104 (5) (c) (581 SE2d 715)

(2003).

17

 OCGA § 16-15-1 et seq.

9
prejudicial.

18 And in this case, the unfairly prejudicial effect of the evidence of

Lingo’s gang affiliation substantially outweighed its minimal probative value.19

Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence of Lingo’s

gang membership.

20

Nevertheless, “it is fundamental that harm as well as error must be shown for

reversal.”

21

In this case, the victim identified Lingo in court; a police officer saw

Lingo in the same apartment complex where the crimes occurred on the day of

18 See Jones v. State, 292 Ga. 656, 662 (2) (740 SE2d 590) (2013) (“it was

highly prejudicial for the prosecuting attorney to argue that [the defendant] had been

involved in a prior gang shooting”).

19 The Eleventh Circuit has described Federal Rule of Evidence 403 “as ‘an

extraordinary remedy which the courts should invoke sparingly, and the balance

should be struck in favor of admissibility.’” Flading v. State, 327 Ga. App. 346, 351-

352 (2) (759 SE2d 67) (2014), quoting United States v. Sumner, 522 Fed.Appx. 806,

810 (11th Cir. 2013). The Eleventh Circuit has also explained, however, that “[t]he

major function of Rule 403 is to exclude evidence ‘of scant or cumulative probative

force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect,’” within which

category the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation falls in this case. United States v.

Aguila–Urbay, 480 Fed.Appx. 564, 567 (11th Cir. 2012). 

20

 See e.g., Jones, 326 Ga. App. at 666 (1).

21

(Punctuation omitted.) O’Neal v. State, 288 Ga. 219, 223 (2) (702 SE2d 288)

(2010), quoting Matthews v. State, 268 Ga. 798, 803 (4) (493 SE2d 136) (1997). See

also Williams, ___ Ga. App. ___, ___ (1) (erroneous admission of evidence under

OCGA § 24-4-403 is subject to harmless error analysis).

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commission; Lingo was apprehended two days after the robbery in the same

apartment complex wearing a red hat and red jacket matching that described by the

victim; and the police discovered in Lingo’s home clothing matching the description

of that worn by both assailants on the day of the robbery. Given this evidence and that

the jury acquitted Lingo of the armed robbery of Dominguez, we conclude that the

trial court’s erroneous admission of the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation was

harmless and does not require reversal.

Judgment affirmed. Miller, J., concurs. Dillard, J., concurs in judgment only.

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A14A0832. LINGO v. THE STATE

DILLARD, Judge, concurring in judgment only.

I concur in judgment only because I do not agree with all that is said in the

majority opinion. As such, the majority’s opinion decides only the issues presented

in the case sub judice and may not be cited as binding precedent. See Court of

Appeals Rule 33 (a).