Western Atlantic Shrimps

of the Genus Solenocera

with Description of a New Species

(Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae)

ISABEL PEREZ FARFANTE

and

HARVEY R. BULLIS, JR.

I

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 153
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 15 3

Western Atlantic Shrimps

of the Genus Solenocera

with Description of a New Species

(Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae)

Isabel Perez Farfante

and Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1973
ABSTRACT

P£rez Farfante, Isabel, and Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. Western Atlantic Shrimps of

the Genus Solenocera with Description of a New Species (Crustacea: Decapoda:

Penaeidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 153, 33 pages, 19

figures, 1973.—Five species of the genus Solenocera occur in the western Atlantic,

one of which is described as new: S. acuminata, new species, S. atlantidis, S.

geijskesi, S. necopina, and S. vioscai. A key for their separation, references, disposition of types, locality records, diagnosis, detailed description, and

illustrations for each species are presented; variations of several morphological

and morphometric characters are assessed; and affinities of each species are

indicated. Their geographic distributions and depth-temperature relationships

are discussed; the range of S. vioscai was discovered to be limited to North

American waters; in contrast, that of S. acuminata, new species, its close relative, to be restricted to the Bahamas, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic coast

of northeastern South America. Solenocera necopina is newly reported in the

Caribbean and the South Atlantic, off Uruguay, about 11,000 km southward

of its previously known limit; 5. atlantidis is recorded in the coastal waters of

Sao Paulo, which represents an extension of about 7500 km of the range of the

species southward, and the range of S. geijskesi was found to extend into the

Caribbean as far north as Isla Mujeres, and along the north coast of Brazil to

Ceara.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4819. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Perez Farfante, Isabel, 1916-

W'estern Atlantic shrimps of the genus Solenocera.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 153)

1. Solenocera. 2. Shrimps—Atlantic Ocean. I. Bullis, Harvey R., 1924- joint author. II.

Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 153.

QL1.S54 no. 153 [QL444.D3] 591'.08s [595'.3843] 73-1967

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price 65 cents domestic postpaid or 45 cents GPO Bookstore
Western Atlantic Shrimps

of the Genus Solenocera

with Description of a New Species

(Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae)

Isabel Perez Farfante

and Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.

Introduction

In reviewing the genus Solenocera of the western

Atlantic—part of a long-range study of benthic

panaeid shrimps obtained during cruises of the

Oregon—it became obvious that a collective study

of the species of the genus was needed. Examination of the large collections at our disposal, which

also included many samples taken by fourteen

other exploratory vessels, revealed the presence

of an undescribed species. Furthermore, several

additional features became evident that proved to

be diagnostic for the western Atlantic members

of Solenocera, and it was also found that a greater

range of variation than had been previously suspected exists among many characters currently

utilized in distinguishing the species. The terminology employed for many structures by previous

authors varies, and the literature is so scattered

that there is a real need for uniform descriptions of

the species found in the region.

Isabel Perez Farfante, National Marine Fisheries Service,

Systematic* Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. Harvey

R. Bullis, Jr., National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast

Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida

33149.

Smith (1885) gave the first general account of

the external morphology of western Atlantic

Solenocera. His material consisted of three females

from the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, which he identified as "Solenocera siphonocera Miers" [= S.

membranacea (Risso, 1816)], a widespread species

in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean;

actually one of the specimens is S. atlantidis Burkenroad, and the others are S. acuminata, new

species. Burkenroad (1936) based the original

description of S. vioscai on females only; the male

was treated by him (1939) when he also described

S. atlantidis, based on both males and females, and

S. necopina, of which he had only females. Characters of the male of the latter species were

presented two years later by Lindner and Anderson

(1941). Holthuis (1959) described the fourth western Atlantic species, S. geijskesi, and, recently,

Roberts and Pequegnat (1970) discussed a few

morphological differences between S. vioscai and

S. necopina.

Presented herein is a key for separation of the

five species of Solenocera, which are described in

detail, and for which complete distributional

data are given.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—In addition to the collections in the National Museum of Natural History,

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Smithsonian Institution (under the specimen numbers of the former United States National Museum: USNM), type-material and other specimens

were obtained on loan from the following institutions: American Museum of Natural History

(AMNH), through H. S. Feinberg; Institute of

Marine Sciences, University of Miami (UMML),

through G. L. Voss; Institute of Marine Sciences,

University of North Carolina (UNC-IMS),

through A. B. Williams; Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo (IOUSP), through

M. lwai; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle,

Paris (MNHNP), through J. Forest; National

Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston Biological Laboratory (NMFS-GBL), through R. F. Temple; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University

(YPM), through W. D. Hartman; Universidade

Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), through H.

Rodrigues da Costa. We wish to express our gratitude to the above-mentioned individuals for their

cooperation.

Thanks are also due H. H. Hobbs, Jr., of the

Smithsonian Institution, for invaluable advice and

assistance during the course of the study; L. B.

Holthuis, of the Rijsksmuseum van Natuurlijke

Histoire in Leiden, for generously sharing collections and furnishing suggestions to taxonomic

problems; F. A. Chace, Jr., of the Smithsonian

Institution, and A. B. Williams, of the National

Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory,

for critically reading the manuscript. A. C. Jones,

of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, provided us with photographs of Solenocera acuminata, new species, on

which the description of the color of the species

is based. M. M. Di^guez executed the drawings.

PRESENTATION OF DATA.—The c.l. (carapace

length—linear distance between orbital margin

and midposterior margin of carapace) is measured

to the nearest 0.5 mm. Ratios are given to the

nearest 0.05. Ocean depths have been recorded to

the nearest meter. Scales accompanying the illustrations are in millimeters. Finally, most of the

terminology utilized in the descriptions has been

discussed and illustrated by Perez Farfante (1969).

Genus Solenocera Lucas, 1849

Solenocera Lucas, 1849a: 149 [nomen nudum].

Solenocera Lucas. 1849b:3OO; 1850:219.—Kubo, 1949:223.

[Type-species, by monotypy: Solenocera philippii Lucas,

1849, new name for Peneus siphonoceros Philippi, 1840=

Peneus membranaceous Risso, l8l6=Solenocera membranacea (Risso, 1816). Gender: feminine. Placed on the

Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No.

1444, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966), Opinion 611.]

Parasolenocera Wood-Mason, 1891:276. [Type-species, by

monotypy: Parasolenocera annectens Wood-Mason, 1891.]

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostrum relatively short, strongly

compressed laterally, and armed only with dorsal

teeth. Postorbital, antennal, and hepatic spines

present; pterygostomian or branchiostegal spines

present or absent. Cervical sulcus long, reaching, or

almost reaching, middorsum of carapace; hepatic

sulcus well marked. Abdomen carinate dorsally.

Telson with median sulcus, and usually with conspicuous pair of fixed lateral spines, occasionally

lacking spines. Prosartema present. Antennular

flagella longer than carapace, lamellate, broad

ventral pair forming trough covered by narrower

dorsal flagella, four together constituting respiratory siphon. Mandibular palp two-segmented, distal

segment subtriangular. First maxilla with unsegmented palp. First pereopod with spine on basis

and ischium; second pereopod usually armed with

spine on basis. Exopods on all maxillipeds and pereopods. Petasma with heavily sclerotized lateral

lobe, bearing terminal process on distal extremity

of dorsolateral lobule; endopod of second pleopod

in males bearing appendices masculina and interna,

and with lateral wall of basal sclerite produced

distally into ventrolateral ("posterior") spur. Thelycum of "open type," not enclosing seminal receptacle. Zygocardiac ossicle with two or three

principal teeth, and row of smaller teeth progressively decreasing in size posteriorly. Pleurobranchiae on somites IX to XIV; anterior and posterior

arthrobranchiae on somites VII to XIII, those on

VII rudimentary; podobranchia on second maxilliped; epipods on maxillipeds and four anterior

pairs of pereopods (slightly modified from Kubo,

1949).
NUMBER 153

Key to the American Atlantic Species of Solenocera

1. Rostral + epigastric teeth 8-11, modally 9. Postrostral carina extending almost to posterior

margin of carapace, high and sharp along entire length, and deeply notched at level of

cervical sulcus. Petasma with ventrolateral lobule considerably surpassing distally dorsomedian lobule and produced into subelliptical tongue-like lamella 2

Rostral + epigastric teeth 4-8. Postrostral carina low or absent posterior to cervical sulcus,

if present only slightly depressed, if at all, at level of cervical sulcus 3

2. Stylocerite relatively short, length 0.55-0.65 distance between its proximal end and base of

distolateral spine of antennule, and produced into short to moderately long spine. Paired

thelycal protuberances on sternite XIV convergent, occasionally with mesial margins

subparallel distally s. viOScai Burkenroad, 1934

Stylocerite long, length 0.65-0.75 distance between its proximal end and base of distolateral

spine of antennule, and produced into long spine. Paired thelycal protuberances on sternite

XIV with mesial margins slightly to strongly divergent distally S. acuminata, new species

3. Anterior part of carapace glossy. Scaphocerite long, exceeding antennular peduncle by more

than 10 percent of its own length. Pterygostomian spine relatively large, with broad base,

dorsal margin joining carapace in gentle curve. Petasma with ventrolateral lobule considerably surpassing distally dorsomedian lobule, and ending in broad, subcircular to suboval

lamella. Thelycum with median, longitudinal ridge on anterior part of sternite XIII

S. necopina Burkenroad, 1939

Anterior part of carapace setose. Scaphocerite short, extending only to distal end of antennular peduncle, or exceeding it by not more than 10 percent of its own length. Pterygostomian spine small, with narrow base, dorsal margin joining carapace at about right angle.

Petasma with ventrolateral lobule barely, if at all, surpassing dorsomedian lobule, or if

considerably overreaching it, ending in narrow, pointed lamella. Thelycum lacking median

ridge on anterior part of sternite XIII 4

4. Rostral + epigastric teeth 4-7, modally 6. Prosartema short, not reaching distal end of firs'

antennular segment. Petasma with ventrolateral lobule short, barely, if at all, surpassing

dorsomedian lobule, and lacking distal lamella. Thelycum with posterior part of sternite

XIII, in advance of fourth pereopods, evenly convex or produced to central elevation,

sometimes bearing knob S. atlantidis Burkenroad, 1939

Rostral + epigastric teeth 7-8. Prosartema long, conspicuously surpassing distal end of first

antennular segment. Petasma with ventrolateral lobule considerably exceeding dorsomedian

lobule, and produced into narrow, pointed lamella. Thelycum with posterior part of

sternite XIII, in advance of fourth pereopods, forming strong, transverse ridge, its

anterior wall sloping dorsally, giving rise to median platelike structure

S. geijskesi Holthuis, 1959

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad

FlCURES lA, B, 2, 3, 18, 19

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1934 (part): 65, figs. 1-4

[holotype: 9, AMNH 6698; type-locality: about 5 miles

(8 km) off Pass a L'outre, Louisiana, "15 fathoms" (27

m)].—Burkenroad, 1939:13, figs. 12-15.—Lindner and

Anderson, 1941:186.—Hildebrand, 1954:270.—Voss, 1955:9,

fig. 3.—Springer and Bullis, 1956:8.—Roberts and Pequegnat, 1970:27.—Pequegnat and Roberts, 1971 (part) :

8—Brusher, Renfro, and Neal, 1972:75.—Franks, Christmas, Siler, Combs, Waller, and Burns, 1972:54. [Not

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1936:122.]

MATERIAL.—UNITED STATES. North Carolina: 1

9, USNM, off Cape Lookout, 174-183 m, 13

March 1961, Silver Bay sta 2931.

Florida: 1 $ , USNM, off Flagler Beach, 51 m,

12 January 1965, Oregon sta 5167. 1 3 6 $ , USNM,

off Cocoa Beach, 146 m, 2 February 1961, Silver

Bay sta 2732. 1 9, USNM, S of Dry Tortugas, 110

m, 30 October 1960, Silver Bay sta 2429. 1 $,

USNM, S of Dry Tortugas, 110 m, 30 October 1960,

Silver Bay sta 2429. 1 9 , USNM, S of Fort Walton,

219 m, 15 June 1964, Oregon sta 4945. 2 9 , USNM,

S of Santa Rosa I, 128 m, 1 March 1955, Oregon

sta 1253.

Alabama: 20 «$ , YPM, off Mobile Bay, 128 m, 21

March 1937, At Ian tis sta 2814. 1 $ 5 $, USNM,

oft Mobile Bay, 183 m, 12 December 1963, Oregon

sta 4583.

Louisiana: 10 s 60 9, USNM, E of Mississippi

Delta, 229 m, 26 June 1948, Oregon sta 2203. 1 $,

USNM, E of Mississippi Delta, 46 m, 12 January

1970, Oregon II sta 10864. 1 $ \ 9, USNM, E of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Mississippi Delta, 68 m, 23 August 1950, Oregon

sta 88. 1 $ 1 2 , YPM, E North Pass, 64 m, 9 April

1937, Atlantis sta 2853-3. 1 $ 2 9, YPM, off Pass

a L'outre, 82-88 m, 10 April 1937, Atlantis sta

2853-13. 1 9, YPM, off Pass a L'outre, 138 m, 10

April 1937, Atlantis sta 2853-14. 5^7$ , USNM,

NE of Pass a L'outre, 51 m, 22 October 1953,

Oregon sta 843. 3 2, USNM, off Blind Bay, 75

m, 8 August 1950, Oregon sta 72. 1 2, USNM,

off Blind Bay, 73 m, 3 February 1938, Pelican

sta. 7. 9, holotype, AMNH 6698, about 8

km off Pass a L'outre, "15 fm" [27 m], March

1931, M. D. Burkenroad. 1 2 , paratype, YPM 4389,

off Pass a L'outre, "15 fm" [20 £m=37 m], March

1931, M. D. Burkenroad. 6 2, USNM, 24 km E

of Pass a L'outre, 73 m, May 1956, H. R. Bullis.

2 6 8 2 , YPM, E of Pass a L'outre, 79 m, 10 April

1937, Atlantis sta 2853-7. 6 2, UMML, off Southeast Pass, 91 m, 9 November 1952, Oregon sta 687.

2 ,3 1 2, YPM, off Southeast Pass, 80 m, 10 April

1937, Atlantis sta 2853-6. 3382 , YPM, E of

South Pass, 80-110 m, 9 April 1937, Atlantis sta

2853-5. 1 s 1 2, YPM, E of South Pass, 110-128

m, 10 April 1937, Atlantis sta 2853-11. 1 3 1 9,

YPM, E of South Pass, 55 m, 10 April 1937, Atlantis sta 2853-12. 1 $ , USNM, S of Mississippi

Delta, 155 m, 21 May 1959, Oregon sta 2509. 9 2,

USNM, off Southwest Pass, 79 m, 7 May 1951,

Oregon sta 340. 1 2 , USNM, off Southwest Pass,

79 m, 7 May 1951, Oregon sta 342. 1 2, USNM,

off Southwest Pass, 97 m, 24 October 1953, Oregon

sta 847. 3 2 , USNM, off Shell I, 68 m, 13 September 1950, Oregon sta 107. 4 2 , USNM, S of Grand

Terre Is, 183 m, 23 September 1955, Oregon sta

1421. 5 2 , USNM, S of Timbalier I, 73-70 m, 20

February 1964, Oregon sta 4694. 1 4 1 9, YPM,

S of Isles Dernieres, 51 m, 25 March 1937, Atlantis

sta 2838. 22 $ 14 9 , YPM, S of Caillou Bay, 55

m, 25 March 1937, Atlantis sta 2840. 2 9, USNM,

off Marsh I, 183 m, 6 March 1964, Oregon sta 4750.

1 $ , USNM, off Marsh I, 77-80 ra, 13 September

1962, Oregon sta 3782. 1 9 , USNM, S of Cameron,

91 m, 17 January 1964, Oregon sta 4603.

Texas: 2 9 , USNM, S of Port Aransas, 55 m,

21 May 1961, H. Compton. 1 2 , USNM, off Padre

I, 78 m, 30 January 1939, Pelican sta 112-3. 1 2,

NMFS-GBL, off Texas coast, May 1965, NMFSGBL staff. 1 & , NMFS-GBL, SE of Colorado River,

110 m, 20 December 1961, Belle of Texas.

MEXICO. Tamaulipas: 2 2, USNM, S of Matamoros, 46 m, 25 September 1962, Oregon sta 3932.

1 2 , USNM, NE of Barra Soto La Marina, 73 m,

13 October 1952, Oregon sta 662. 1 2, USNM, off

Tampico, 10 June 1959, E. Ramirez and F. Aguilar.

Tabasco: 1 <j 7 $ , USNM, off Laguna Machona,

64 m, 16 May 1954, Oregon sta 1060. 1 $ 8 9,

USNM, NW of Punta Frontera, 65 m, 8 June 1970,

Oregon II sta 10981. 3 2, USNM, NW of Punta

Frontera, 66 m, 9 June 1970, Oregon II sta 10982.

1 s 4 2, USNM, off Paraiso, 71 m, 7 June 1970,

Oregon II sta 10975.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral + epigastric teeth 8-11, usually 9. Anterior part of carapace naked; postrostral

carina almost reaching posterior margin of carapace, high and notched at level of cervical sulcus.

Stylocerite short, length 0.55-0.65 of distance between its proximal end and base of distolateral

spine, and produced into short spine. Petasma

with ventrolateral lobule distally produced into

subelliptical lamella, considerably overreaching

dorsomedian lobule. Thelycum with high median

ridge on sternite XIII; paired protuberances on

sternite XIV convergent, occasionally with distomesial margins subparallel.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace glabrous except for

elongate patch of setae covering portion of rostrum

immediately dorsal to adrostral carina, and continuing posteriorly to epigastric tooth. Rostrum

reaching as far as distal end of first antennular

segment, horizontal or slightly tilted upward, uniform in height along short basal portion, from

there tapering to apex, with dorsal margin straight,

and ventral margin straight or slightly convex.

Rostral 4- epigastric teeth 8-11, mode 9 (percentage distribution: 8—4, 9—65, 10—30, 11—1;

N=200), teeth progressively smaller and closer

from epigastric to ultimate, latter placed near

apex; fourth tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric located at about posterior 0.3 of distance

from orbital margin to dorsal extremity of cervical

sulcus. Adrostral carina extending obliquely from

orbital margin to level of ultimate or penultimate

tooth; postrostral carina high, long, extending almost to posterior margin of carapace, deeply

notched at level of cervical sulcus. Orbital spine

short, acute; postorbital spine long; antennal spine

relatively small; hepatic spine prominent; pterygostomian spine broad at base, not conspicuously
NUMBER 153

FIGURE 1 Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad. A, Distalmost

portion of the antennular flagella: a, dorsal flagellum; b,

ventral flagellum, $ 23 mm c.l., E of Mississippi Delta,

Louisiana, B, Eye and first segment of the antennular peduncle, $ 25 mm c.l., off Mobile Bay, Alabama, c, Solenocera

acuminata, new species: eye and first segment of the antennular peduncle, $ 31 mm c.l., off Barranquilla, Colombia.

produced, often slightly inclined ventrally. Cervical sulcus deep, broad, and sinuous, anteriorly

convex dorsally, and concave ventrally; cervical

carina sharp; hepatic sulcus almost horizontal posteriorly, merging with depressed area below hepatic

spine, from there turning anteroventrally, and ending at semicircular, pterygostomian pit; latter continuing with narrow anterior sulcus, parallel to

anteroventral margin of carapace.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prosartema extending to distal margin of first

segment; stylocerite (Figure 1B) relatively short,

its length 0.55-0.65 of distance between its proximal end and base of distolateral spine, and produced into relatively short spine; antennular

flagella abruptly tapering distally, each bearing

terminal filament; that of dorsal about 2.5 times

length of ventral (Figure IAO, b); flagella (Figure

2) long, dorsal slightly longer than ventral; ratio

of length of dorsal flagellum (excluding filament)

to length of carapace decreasing from range of 3

to 2.8 in shrimp with 12 mm c.l., to 1.7 in shrimp

with 31 mm c.l.; distolateral spine short, reaching

or barely surpassing distal margin of first segment.

Scaphocerite usually reaching distal end of antennular peduncle, occasionally exceeding it by as

much as 0.1 of its own length; lateral rib ending

distally in acute spine, falling short of distal margin ot lamella; antennal flagella long—although

incomplete in all specimens observed—in one with

longest, 2.5 times total length of shrimp.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle by length of dactyl and 0.5-0.8 that of propodus; first pereopod surpassing carpocerite by as

much as 0.6 length of propodus; second pereopod

exceeding antennular peduncle by about length of

dactyl; third pereopod overreaching antennular

peduncle by length of propodus and as much as

0.5 that of carpus; fourth pereopod extending to

distal end of antennular peduncle or exceeding it

by as much as 0.5 length of dactyl; fifth pereopod

surpassing antennular peduncle by length of dactyl

and about 0.7 that of propodus. Spines on basis

and ischium of first pereopod long, strongly

pointed; second pereopod with long pointed spine

on basis. Coxa of fourth pereopod of females produced into short plate directed posteromesially, its

excavated posterior margin articulating with notch,

located anterior to lateral projection of heavily

sclerotized posterior part of sternite XIII; coxa of

fifth pereopod bearing blunt spine on anteromesial

margin in females, (sometimes barely perceptible

or absent), and on anterolateral margin in males.

Abdomen with sharp and high middorsal carina

from third to sixth somite; low, rounded carina on

posterior half of second somite sometimes present

in large specimens; posterodorsal margin of third

to fifth somites with median incision; sixth somite

bearing sharp spine at posterior end of carina, and

pair of posteroventral small spines. Telson with

median sulcus deep anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly; fixed lateral spines arising about
6

60

50

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DO

C

E 40

oo

CO

JO 30

3

C

0)

c

_ 20

CO

w>

O

Solenocera vioscai • (N = i38)

Solenocera acuminata o (N = i29)

• o

«9

??

o

cP

o

cP

o

^ & cP o

cP A

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

FIGURE 2.—Relationship between length of dorsal antennular flagellum

and carapace length in 5. vioscai and 5. acuminata.

22

0.65 length of telson from anterior margin, their

length 0.45-0.65 basal width of terminal portion

of telson; length of terminal portion 3-3.5 times

width at base; tip reaching or almost reaching

mesial raraus of uropod, lateral ramus slightly

overreaching mesial.

Petasma, appendix masculina, and appendix interna similar to those of Solenocera acuminata described below.

Thelycum (Figure 3A, B) with paired protuberances on anterior part of sternite XIV setose, short

to elongate, subconical or distally flattened, convergent, and inclined posteromesially; in larger females protuberances sometimes meeting, and

occasionally with their distomesial margins extending parallel and contiguous; anterior part of sternite XIII with sharp, high, and setose median ridge

produced into beaklike projection overhanging,

and closely appressed to, posterior margin of sternite XII; posterior extremity of sternite XIII with

conspicuous median emargination, and produced

anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—"In general pale orange interspersed

with many translucent areas; the pigment is particularly concentrated on rostrum and antennules,

and as bands across the posterior parts of the

pleonic terga. There are patches of opaque white

on the outer sides of the legs and pleopods, on the

uropods, and at the posterior margins of the fourth

and fifth pleonic segments" (Burkenroad, 1939).

SIZE.—Males 5-23.5 mm c.l.; females 8-31 mm

c.l.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—Southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, southward

and into the Gulf of Mexico to the Dry Tortugas

Islands (Figure 18). Apparently, it is absent along

the west coast of Florida to Fort Walton, where it

appears again, ranging along the northern and
NUMBER 153

- • • m

• • A • • #

oo

3 0 (J>

^ o o

o <P

0

A

O O O

o o

<X> o o

cP

o A

cP

cP

cP

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

carapace length (mm)

western waters of the Gulf of Mexico, at least to

Tabasco. This species seems to be rare off the

southeastern coast of the United States, the three

records presented here being the first reported from

the area.

Solenocera vioscai has been found at depths of

about 35 to 240 m. Burkenroad (1939) reported

that in the waters off Alabama and Louisiana this

species was present at depths ranging from 37 to

188 m, and was most abundant between 37 to 73

m. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, Hildebrand

(1954) found S. vioscai to be most common between 57 and 68 m. Along the northwestern Gulf,

Brusher et al. (1972) did not catch it at depths of

14 and 27 m, the two shallower stations they investigated, but found it to be abundant at 46 and

64 m, and sparingly present at 82 and 110 m.

Franks et al. (1972) reported that in their investigation of the 9-90 m depth zone off the Mississippi coast, this shrimp was taken only at 90 m.

The samples we have examined, from North Carolina to Tabasco, were obtained at depths of 37 to

239 m, most within the range of 50 to 80 m.

SUBSTRATES.—Mud (Oregon stas 72, 88, 107, 687,

843, and 2203); blue-black mud (Oregon sta 662);

blue mud (Oregon sta 847); gray mud (Oregon sta

1060); gray-green mud (Oregon sta 1253); mud and

sand (Pelican sta 112-3); and shells (Silver Bay

sta 2429).

REMARKS.—Solenocera xnoscai differs from S.

acuminata, new species, in that the stylocerite is

shorter and produced into a less prominent spine

(stylocerite length = 0.55-0.65 of distance between

its proximal end and the base of the distolateral

spine); the distolateral, postorbital, and pterygostomian spines are relatively shorter; and the thelycal protuberances usually smaller and directed

mesially along their entire length. In an occasional
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 3 Solenocera vioscai, thelyca: A, 9 28.5 mm c.L, S. of Grand Terre Is., Louisiana.

B, $ 30 mm cl , off Mobile Bay, Alabama.

specimen the distomesial margins of the protuberances extend parallel and contiguous. Furthermore,

the antennular flagella are considerably longer in

S. vioscai than in S. acuminata. The petasmata of

the two species are virtually identical.

Heegaard (1966) described specimens of two

mysis stages from the eastern coast of Brazil under

the name Solenocera muelleri (Ortmann). He was

convinced that conspecific with them are the larvae from Desterro [Florian6polis], Brazil, referred

by Muller (1863:22, pi. 2: figs. 18-22) to the genus

Cryptopus, and those from off the Bermuda Islands

and the northern coast of Brazil, reported by Ortmann (1893:77, pi. 4: fig. 5). Believing his specimens belonged to the same species as those of Muller, Ortmann named it Opisthocaris muelleri. Heegaard suggested, if only as a possibility, that the

above-mentioned lots of larvae might belong to

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, a species originally

thought to occur in the waters off Louisiana and

Venezuela [Gulf of Paria], The range of S. vioscai

as here restricted, however, is now known to be

limited to eastern North America (including the

Gulf of Mexico), and that of S. acuminata extends from the northern Caribbean south only

as far as French Guiana. Both S. atlantidis,

to which one of the three specimens from Venezuela cited by Burkenroad in the description of S.

vioscai belongs, and S. necopina have ranges that

most nearly approximate that of the larvae grouped

under S. muelleri by Heegaard. Neither the adults

of those two species nor those of any other member of the genus have been recorded from the Bermuda Islands; consequently, correlations of the

larvae studied by Muller, Ortmann, and Heegaard

with adult shrimp must wait further investigations

on the larval development of western Atlantic

Solenocera.

Although Burkenroad (1934) stated that both

the holotype and the paratype were taken at "15

fathoms," on the label for the paratype is written

"20 fms" in the author's handwriting, whereas on

that accompanying the holotype the depth is not

recorded.

Solenocera acuminata, new species

FIGURES 1c, 2, 4-6, 18, 19

Solenocera siphonocera Smith, 1885 (part) :186 [not Solenocera

siphonocera (Philippi, 1840)].

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1934 (part) :65, figs. 1-4.—

Bullis and Thompson, 1959a:33.—Bullis and Thompson,

1959b: 1.—Pequegnat and Roberts, 1971 (part):8.—Naidu
NUMBER 153

and Boerema, 1972:4. [Not Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad,

1936:122.]

(Solenocera vioscae.—Bullis and Thompson, 1965:7.

TYPES.—Holotype: $, 39 mm c.l.; about 140

mm t.l. Other measurements: rostrum length, 11.5

mm; antennular ilagellum length, 39 mm; stylocerite length, 7 mm; proximal extremity of

stylocerite-base ot distolateral spine distance, 10.5

mm. Type-locality: N of Riviere Organabo, French

Guiana, 07° 15' N, 53°35' W, 210 m, Oregon sta

2022, 9 November 1957, USNM 141462.

Allotype: $, 27.5 mm c.l.; about 115 mm t.l.;

antennular fiagellum length, 34 mm, data as in

holotype, USNM 141463.

Paratypes: 6 3 7 $ , collected with the holotype,

USNM 141464.

MATERIAL.—BAHAMA ISLANDS. 1 $ , USNM, NW

Bimini Is, 366-384 m, 2 March 1965, Gerda sta

507.

JAMAICA. 4 9, USNM, off Great Pedro Bluff, 265

m, 7 July 1970, Pillsbury sta 1232. 2 £ , USNM, off

Great Pedro Bluff, 311 m, 16 May 1962, Oregon

sta 3549.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 11 $ 2 9 , USNM, W of

Cabo Isabela, 274-348 m, 14 October 1963, Silver

Bay sta 5161. 1 $, USNM, off Cabo Isabela, 128

m, 14 October 1963, Silver Bay sta 5157. 2 3 1 ?,

USNM, off Puerto Plata, 421-549 m, 15 October

1963, Silver Bay sta 5166.

PUERTO RICO. 1 $ , USNM, between Punta Cerro

Gordo and Punta Fraile, 274-357 m, 8 March 1933,

Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Exped. sta 106. 1

$ , USNM, NE of San Juan, 366-549 m, 2 February

1933, Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Exped. sta 13.

1 9, USNM, NW of Punta Maria, 439-622 m, 2

February 1933, Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Exped. sta 14.

VIRGIN ISLANDS. 2 9, USNM, S of Virgin Gorda,

274 m, 6 October 1959, Oregon sta 2648.

LESSER ANTILLES. Saba: 1 9, USNM, 348 m, 30

September 1959, Oregon sta 2633. St Christopher:

1 $ 4 9 , USNM, 285-249 m, 19 May 1967, Oregon

sta 6700. Aruba: 1 9 , USNM, 177 m, 2 October

1965, Oregon sta 5645.

TRINIDAD. 2 9, USNM, Gulf of Paria, 57 m, 3

February 1884, Albatross sta 2121.

WESTERN CARRIBBEAN. 2 $ , USNM, W of Banco

Quita Suefio, 201-207 m, 12 February 1967, Oregon

sta 6460. 2 «$ 2 9, USNM, E of Cayos de Albuquerque, 192 m, 7 February 1967, Oregon sta 6444.

BRITISH HONDURAS. 2 J 3 9. USNM, off Belize,

183 m, 24 January 1967, Oregon sta 6405.

HONDURAS. 4 i 3 9, USNM, NW of Cabo Camaron, 117-124 m, 2 February 1971, Pillsbury sta

1368. 9^59 , USNM, Puerto Cortes, 106-109 m,

19 March 1968, Pillsbury sta 617. 2 a 2 $,

UMML, Puerto Cortes, 110-112 m, 19 November

1968, Pillsbury sta 618.

NICARAGUA. 2 9, USNM, off Prinzapolca, 190 m,

5 February 1967, Oregon sta 6426.

PANAMA. 2 9, USNM, off Bocas del Toro, 91-97

m, 26 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1313. 1 £ 1 9,

USNM, NE of Code del Norte, 229 m, 29 May

1962, Oregon sta 3590. 1 £ 1 9, USNM, E of

Peninsula Valiente, 247-256 m, 25 May 1962, Oregon sta 3585. 2 9 , USNM, Golfo de los Mosquitos,

366-402 m, 31 May 1962, Oregon sta 3598. 3 £

3 9, USNM, Golfo de los Mosquitos, 183 m, 30

May 1962, Oregon sta 3595.

COLOMBIA. 1 9, USNM, Golfo del Darttn, 183

m, 27 May 1964, Oregon sta 4898. 1 9, USNM, N

of Punta Caribana, 73 m, 2 November 1970, Oregon II sta 11237. 5 9, USNM, off Cartagena, 366

m, 24 May 1964, Oregon sta 4881. 1 9, USNM, off

Cartagena, 357-348 m, 24 May 1964, Oregon sta

4880. 2 $ 2 9, USNM, W of Cartagena, 170-150

m, 1 August 1968, Pillsbury sta 797. 4 a 2 $,

USNM, off Sabanalarga, depth unrecorded, 14 October 1965, Oregon sta 5716. 2 £ 12 9, USNM,

NE of Barranquilla, 183 m, 16 November 1970,

Oregon II sta 11282. 1 9, USNM, SW of Santa

Marta, 402 m, 16 November 1970, Oregon II sta

11283. 5 £ 10 9, USNM, off Barranquilla, 283-

293 m, 19 May 1964, Oregon sta 4860. 4 9 , USNM,

off Barranquilla, 293 m, 19 May 1964, Oregon sta

4858. 6 £ 10 9, USNM, off Ctenaga, 183 m, 19

May 1964, Oregon sta 4856. 1 a 2 9, USNM, off

Cabo de la Aguja, 176-165 m, 31 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 785. 1 <$ 3 9, USNM, off Cabo de San

Juan de Guia, 143-174 m, 31 July 1968, Pillsbury

sta 783. 2 £ 13 9, USNM, NE of Cabo de la

Aguja, 274 m, 5 December 1968, Oregon II sta

10289.

VENEZUELA. 3 9, USNM, off Puerto Cumarebo,

161-187 m, 27 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 757. 1 £

1 9, USNM, off Tucacas, 183 m, 10 October 1963,

Oregon sta 4446. 1 «j 1 9, USNM, off Tucacas,

183 m, 10 October 1963, Oregon sta 4445. 1 £ 1
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

9, USNM, NE of Puerto Cabello, 210 m, 28 September 1965, Oregon sta 5628. 3 $ 3 9, USNM,

off La Guaira, 137-192 m, 22 July 1968, Pillsbury

sta 738. 9 j 12 9, USNM, NE of Punta Araguapiche, 229 m, 3 November 1957, Oregon sta 1983.

SURINAM. 1 $, USNM, NNE of Paramaribo, 183

m, 24 March 1963, Oregon sta 4304. 1 $ 1 9,

USNM, N of Wiawia Bank, 216 m, 16 May 1969,

Oregon II sta 10623.

FRENCH GUIANA. 2 i 2 S, USNM, NW of Riviere

Organabo, 135-126 m, 9 July 1968, Pillsbury sta

658. 1 9 , USNM, NNE of Baie d'Oyapock, 183 m,

4 July 1972, Oregon II sta 12059.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral + epigastric teeth 8-11, usually 9. Anterior part of carapace naked; postrostral

carina almost reaching posterior margin of carapace, high, and notched at level of cervical sulcus.

Stylocerite long, length 0.65-0.75 of distance between its proximal end and base of distolateral

spine, and produced into strongly acuminate spine.

Petasma with ventrolateral lobule distally produced into subelliptical lamella, considerably overreaching dorsomedian lobule. Thelycum with high

median ridge on sternite XIII; paired protuberances on sternite XIV strongly curved laterally

from base or only slightly divergent distally.

DESCRIPTION.—Body glabrous (Figure 4) except

lor elongate patch of setae covering portion of rostrum immediately dorsal to adrostral carina, and

continuing posteriorly to epigastric tooth. Rostrum

reaching as far as distal end of proximal fifth of

second antennular segment, horizontal or slightly

tilted upward, uniform in height along short basal

portion, from there tapering to apex, with dorsal

margin straight and ventral margin almost straight

to markedly convex, sometimes with subapical concavity. Rostral -f epigastric teeth 8-11, mode 9

(percentage distribution: 8—5, 9—75, 10—15,

11—5; N = 120), teeth progressively smaller and

closer from epigastric to ultimate, latter placed

close to apex; fourth or fifth tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric located rather near dorsal

extremity of cervical sulcus, at about posterior 0.3

of distance from orbital margin to sulcus. Adrostral carina extending obliquely from orbital margin

to level of ultimate or penultimate tooth. PostrosFICURE 4 Solenocera acuminata, lateral view, $ 23.5 mm c.l., W of

Cabo Isabela, Dominican Republic.
NUMBER 153 11

tral carina high, long, extending almost to posterior margin of carapace, deeply notched at level

of cervical sulcus. Orbital spine short, acute; postorbital spine long, extending almost to orbital

margin; antennal spine relatively small; hepatic

spine prominent; pterygostomian spine broad at

base, strongly produced, and pointed anteriorly.

Cervical sulcus deep, broad, and sinuous, anteriorly

convex dorsally, and concave ventrally; cervical

carina sharp; hepatic sulcus almost horizontal posteriorly, merging with depressed area below hepatic

spine, from there turning anteroventrally, ending

in roughly semicircular pterygostomian pit; latter

continuing with narrow anterior sulcus, parallel

to anteroventral margin of carapace.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prosartema extending to distal margin of first

segment; stylocerite long (Figure lc), its length

0.65-0.75 of distance between its proximal end and

base of distolateral spine, and strongly produced

distally into long, sharp spine; antennular flagella

abruptly tapering distally, each bearing terminal

filament, that of dorsal about 2.5 times length of

ventral; flagella (Figure 2) short, dorsal slightly

longer than ventral; ratio of length of dorsal flagellum (excluding filament) to length of carapace

decreasing from 1.75 in shrimp with 12 mm c.l.,

to range of 1.0 to 1.3 in shrimp with 31 mm c.l.;

distolateral spine relatively long (Figure lc), conspicuously surpassing proximal margin of second

antennular segment.

Scaphocerite usually reaching to distal end of

antennular peduncle, occasionally exceeding it by

as much as 0.1 of its own length; lateral rib ending

distally in sharply pointed spine, falling short of

distal margin of lamella; antennal flagellum long—

although incomplete in all specimens observed, in

one with longest 2.4 times total length of shrimp.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle

by length of dactyl and by 0.5 to entire length of

propodus; first pereopod surpassing carpocerite by

as much as entire length of propodus; second pereopod exceeding antennular peduncle by at least

length of dactyl, and at most, by entire length of

propodus; third pereopod overreaching antennular

peduncle by as much as length of propodus and

about 0.6 that of carpus; fourth pereopod extending to about distal end of antennular peduncle or

exceeding it by 0.8 lengh of dactyl; fifth pereopod

surpassing antennular peduncle by length of dactyl

and 0.5-0.6 that of propodus. Spines on basis and

ischium of first pereopod long, strongly pointed;

second pereopod with long, acute spine on basis.

Coxa of fourth pereopod of females produced posteromesially into short plate, its conspicuously excavated posterior margin articulating with lateral

notch, anterior to projection of heavily sclerotized

posterior part of sternite XIII; coxa of fifth pereopod bearing blunt spine on anteromesial margin in

females (sometimes barely perceptible or absent),

and on anterolateral margin in males.

Abdomen with sharp and high middorsal carina

from third to sixth somite; low, rounded carina on

posterior half of second somite present on larger

specimens; posterodorsal margin of third to fifth

somites with median incision; sixth somite bearing

sharp spine at posterior end of carina and pair of

posteroventral small spines. Telson with median

sulcus deep anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly; fixed lateral spines arising about 0.65

length of telson from anterior margin, their length

0.45-0.65 basal width of terminal portion of telson;

length of terminal portion 2.35-3 times width at

base; tip reaching, or slightly surpassing mesial raraus of uropod; lateral ramus slightly overreaching

mesial.

Petasma (Figure 5A-C) with lateral lobe and

ventromedian lobule heavily sclerotized distally,

and considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule;

dorsolateral and ventrolateral lobules distally separated by deep, narrow gap; distal part of ventromedian lobule spatulate, and armed with

transverse, marginal spines; distal part of dorsolateral lobule bearing terminal process, campanulate in outline, and margined with spines; distal

part of ventrolateral lobule distally produced into

narrow, tonguelike lamella, projecting beyond

transverse ridge on outer surface, and bearing short,

submarginal row of teeth; ridge turning proximally on ventral margin, ending there in strong

projection, and armed with row of teeth on distal

edge; ventral costa emarginate anterior to midlength, clublike distally; deep, marginal notch present between costa and projection of transverse

ridge; inner surface of costa with row of long, plumose setae proximal to emargination of costa.

Appendix masculina (dorsal or lateral blade)

elongate, with mesial margin strongly concave, and
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 5 Solenocera acuminata: A, Petasma, dorsal view, $ paratype, 26.5 mm c.l., N of

Riviere Organabo, French Guiana, B. Ventral view of left half of same petasma. c, Distalmost

part of left ventrolateral lobule of same petasma. D, Dorsal view of right appendix masculina

and proximal part of endopod, $ 27 mm c.l., NE of Punta Araguapiche, Venezuela, E, Ventral

view of appendices interna and masculina, same specimen.

distal part produced mesially into large lobe; distal part subtriangular in cross section, with convex

distolateral surface (continuing with dorsal surface

of proximal part), and slightly excavated dorsomesial and pronouncedly concave ventrolateral

surfaces; border delimiting dorsolateral surface

armed with closely set setae of various lengths

(Figure 5v>, E). Appendix interna (ventral or mesial blade) slightly shorter and narrower than appendix masculina, and distally bearing marginal

setae, longer ones forming tuft on distolateral portion of margin. Basal sclerite with subvertical lateral wall projecting distally into prominent

ventrolateral ("posterior") spur.

Thelycum (Figure 6A, B) with paired protuberances on anterior part of sternite XIV setose,

elongate, roughly conical, or flattened and subtriangular, and strongly curved laterally from base

or only slightly divergent distally; anterior part of

sternite XIII with sharp, high, setose median ridge

produced into beaklike projection overhanging,

and closely appressed to, posterior margin of sternite XII; posterior extremity of sternite XIII almost straight, with shallow median emargination,

and produced anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—The following notes are based on photographs of freshly caught, although dead, specimens taken north-northeast of Baie d'Oyapock,

French Guiana, at Oregon II sta 12059: Body translucent, brilliantly colored. Upper part of rostrum,

dorsum of carapace, terga of abdomen, and telson

deep pinkish orange, fading ventrally over lower

part of rostrum, anterior part of carapace, and abdominal pleura; hepatic region light cream;

branchiostegite red, with following areas white:

pterygostomian region, vertical posthepatic band,

and longitudinal band merging with large posterior

patch; third to fifth abdominal terga with white

band along posterior margin. Antennular peduncle

light red, flagella somewhat darker; antennae red

basally, rapidly fading and becoming orange dis-
NUMBER 153 13

FIGURE 6.—Solenocera acuminata, thelyca: A, $ 31.5 mm c.l., NE of Cabo de la Aguja, Colombia.

B, $ 31 mm c.l., off Barranquilla, Colombia.

tally; third maxillipeds white proximally and red

distally; pereopods opaque white with conspicuous,

broad, red bands. Basis of pleopods white proximolaterally and pinkish orange distoraesially; endopods and exopods whitish, with mesial margins

pinkish orange, and tips red. Proximal podomere

of uropod opaque white, with dark pinkish orange

lateral area; both rami of uropods red but with

distalmost area white; elongate oval, proximolateral white patch also present on lateral ramus and

mesial one near midlength of mesial ramus.

SIZE.—Males, 10.5-31 mm c.l.; females, 6-39.5

mm c.l.

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin acuminatus

(pointed), referring to the strongly produced,

sharp spine at distal end of the stylocerite.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—Bahamas and Caribbean Sea, from Jamaica to St.

Christopher, and from British Honduras to northeastern Venezuela. Also off the Atlantic coast of

South America, from the Gulf of Paria to French

Guiana (Figure 18). This species has been recorded at depths between 31 m and 622 m; however, most samples were taken below 180 m. Since

many collections have been made in shallow water

through the range of Solenocera acuminata and

only a few specimens have been caught, it seems

probable that this species prefers water deeper than

does S. vinscai, its northern counterpart.

The record of "Solenocera vioscae" from off the

western part of the Great Bahama Bank, at Combat

sta 445, reported by Bullis and Thompson (1965),

in all probability should be applied to this species,

because of the locality and the depth (366 m) in

which the collection was made.

SUBSTRATES.—Information on the substrates occupied by S. acuminata is extremely meager. This

species was found on a mixture of dark slate, coral,

and mud at Albatross sta 2121, and on coral and

sponge at Oregon sta 2633.

REMARKS.—Solenocera acuminata closely resembles S. vioscai from northern waters of the Atlantic

and the Gulf of Mexico, but differs in that the

stylocerite is longer and produced into a more

elongate, strongly pointed spine (stylocerite length

= 0.65-0.75 of distance between its proximal end

and base of the distolateral spine); the distolateral,

postorbital, and pterygostomian spines are more
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

prominent; and the thelycal protuberances on sternite XIV are usually larger, and their distomesial

margins vary from slightly to strongly curved laterally. Too, the antennular flagella are considerably shorter in S. acuminata (Figure 2) than in S.

vioscai; however, in an occasional specimen the

antennular flagella of the former are proportionately as long as those in some specimens of S.

vioscai. Curiously, the very few specimens of S.

acuminata with antennules as long as in S. vioscai

from the Gulf of Mexico (which have the longest

ones) are not from the adjacent Caribbean area,

but from a single locality off Punta Araguapiche,

Venezuela. On the other hand, the few specimens

examined from the Atlantic coast of the United

States possess shorter antennular flagella than do

those from the Gulf; these appendages are actually

intermediate in length between those of the nominal species in the Gulf and those of S. acuminata.

The two species also exhibit marked color differences. Solenocera vioscai has been described by

Burkenroad (1939) as pale orange, bearing bands

of a darker shade along the posterior margins of

all of the abdominal terga except the fourth and

fifth which possess white patches; similar patches

are also present on the lateral sides of the legs.

Solenocera acuminata, in contrast, has a distinct

overall pinkish cast; the antennular flagella are

red; the branchiostegite is red with striking opaque

white markings; furthermore, the pereopods exhibit alternate red and white transverse bands.

Solenocera vioscai and S. acuminata are allopatric, and whereas S. vioscai lives mostly at depths

less than 200 m, S. acuminata is found mainly between 180 and 600 m.

We have examined the three females from the

Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, reported by Smith (1885)

as "Solenocera siphonocera" and by Burkenroad

(1934) as Solenocera vioscai; the two large specimens belong to S. acuminata; the smallest one,

however, is S. atlantidis, as Burkenroad (1939) suggested when he described the latter species.

Solenocera necopina Burkenroad

FIGURES 7-10, 18, 19

Solenocera xrioscai Burkenroad, 1936:122 [not Solenocera

vioscai Burkenroad, 1934].

Solenocera necopina Burkenroad, 1939:7, figs. 1-4 [holotype:

9, YPM 4565; type-locality: off Mobile Bay, Alabama,

29°16'N, 87°54'W, 229 m, Atlantis sta 2377].—Lindner

and Anderson, 1941:186, fig. 1/.—Voss, 1955:9, fig. 5—

Springer and Bullis, 1956:8.—Bullis and Thompson, 1965:

7. Roberts and Pequegnat, 1970:28—Pequegnat and

Roberts, 1971:8.

MATERIAL.—UNITED STATES. North Carolina: 1 $ ,

USNM, off Cape Lookout, 174-183 m, 13 March

1961, Silver Bay sta 2931.

Florida: 2 S , USNM, off Flagler Beach, 229 m,

19 August 1957, Combat sta 491. 1 $, USNM, off

Coronada Beach, 274 m, 11 February 1965, Oregon

sta 5246. 1 $ , USNM, off Cocoa Beach, 165-192

m, 25 July 1964, Pillsbury sta 90. 1 $ 1 9 , USNM,

and 1 £, YPM, off Melbourne Beach, 183 m, 30

March 1940, Pelican sta 205-5. 1 <j 1 9, USNM,

off Hobe Sound, 220-201 m, 30 June 1963, Gerda

sta 173. 2^1$ , USNM, off Miami Beach, 200

m, 31 May 1962, Gerda sta 21. 1 $ 1 9, USNM,

off Biscayne Bay, 172-177 m, 7 July 1967, Gerda

sta 823. 4 ,$ 3 $, USNM, off Biscayne Bay, 174-

183 m, 22 November 1966, Gerda sta 812. 1 $

1 $ , USNM, off Sands Keys, 174-165 m, 22 November 1966, Gerda sta 810. 1 $ , USNM, SW of Marquesas Keys, 165-160 m, 26 April 1969, Gerda sta

1083. 1 $ , USNM, SW of Marquesas Keys, 188 m,

28 November 1964, Gerda sta 431. 1 9, USNM,

SE of Dry Tortugas, 207-247 m, 25 January 1965,

Gerda sta 460. 6 $, USNM, SW of Dry Tortugas,

348 m, 13 April 1954, Oregon sta 1005. 3 $ , USNM,

W of Englewood, 274-320 m, 3 April 1954, Oregon

sta 954. 2 $ 1 $ , USNM, W of Englewood, 274 m,

22 August 1970, Oregon II sta 11181. 9 $ 15 ?,

USNM, S of Cape San Bias, 203 m, 14 March 1885,

Albatross sta 2402. 1 <J 2 $ , USNM, SW of Cape

San Bias, 260 m, 14 March 1885, Albatross sta

2401. 2 9, USNM, SW of Cape San Bias, 201 m,

18 February 1951, Oregon sta 273. 1 9 , USNM, S

of Destin, 366 m, 8 February 1970, Oregon II sta

10906.

Alabama: 9 , holotype, YPM 4565, off Mobile

Bay, 229 m, 24 March 1935, Atlantis sta 2377.

BAHAMA ISLANDS. 1 <$, USNM, S of Settlement

Pt. Northwest Providence Channel, 412-421 m, 29

September 1967, Gerda sta 929. 1 9, USNM, off

Great Isaac I, 311-329 m, 2 March 1965, Gerda sta

509. 1 & , UMML, off Great Stirrup Cay, Berry

Is, 198-223 m, 20 July 1965, Gerda sta 681. 1 $ ,

USNM, Northwest Providence Channel, 311 m, 29

September 1967, Gerda sta 924. 8 $ 17 9 , USNM,
NUMBER 153 15

Santaren Channel, 384-366 m, 6 November 1960,

Silver Bay sta 2468. 1 $, USNM, W of Bimini Is,

458-531 m, 30 January 1964, Gerda sta 242. 1 9,

USNM, NW of Browns Cay, 329 m, 31 March 1964,

Gerda sta 276. 1 $, USNM, W of Browns Cay,

348-256 m, 30 January 1964, Gerda sta 236. 1 9,

USNM, Nicholas Channel, S of Anguila Is, 457 m,

12 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10862. 1 $ 1 9,

YPM, Great Bahama Bank, 274-329 m, 11 March

1938, Atlantis 2282-D. 6 $, USNM, S of Great

Inagua, 287 m, 13 December 1969, Oregon II sta

10851. 1 $ 3 9 , USNM, S of Great Inagua, 329 m,

14 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10852. 3 9,

USNM, S of Great Inagua, 311 m, 13 December

1969, Oregon II sta 10850.

CUBA. 1 9 , USNM, off Las Villas, 516 m, 27 June

1970, Pillsbury sta 1171. 1 9, USNM, off Las Villas, 457 m, 16 July 1965, Oregon sta 1343. 1 $

2 9, USNM, off Las Villas, 457 m, 15 July 1955,

Oregon sta 1340. 1 9 , USNM, off Camaguey, 366-

402 m, 7 November 1961, Silver Bay sta 3511.

VIRGIN ISLANDS. 2 $ , USNM, W of Whale Banks,

274 m, 4 March 1933, Johnson Smithsonian Deep

Sea Exp. sta 100. 1 $ 1 9, USNM, NE of Gorda

Sound, Virgin Gorda, 402 m, 26 September 1959,

Oregon sta 2606.

LESSER ANTILLES. 2 $, USNM, Guadeloupe Passage, 360-421 m, 15 July 1969, Pillsbury sta 944.

1 9 , USNM, S of Barbados, 320 m, 20 September

1964, Oregon sta 5018.

MEXICO (Western Caribbean). Quintana Roo: 2

6, USNM, SE of I Mujeres, 348-357 m, 6 May

1967, Pillsbury sta 580.

WESTERN CARIBBEAN. 1 <j , USNM, NE of Banco

Gorda, 219 m, 9 June 1964, Oregon sta 4933. 1 <J ,

USNM, ESE of Banco Gorda, 249-256 m, 31 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1357. 1^29 , USNM,

NW of Quita Sueno Bank, 296-375 m, 31 January

1971, Pillsbury sta 1356. 3^5? , USNM, W of

Quita Sueno Bank, 192-263 m, 31 January 1971,

Pillsbury sta 1354. 2 9 , USNM, W of Quita Sueno

Bank, 201-207 m, 12 February 1967, Oregon sta

6460. 5 9, USNM, W of Isla de Providencia,

289-274 m, 4 February 1967, Oregon sta 6423. 1

9, USNM, SW of Isla de San Andres, 201-219 m,

4 February 1967, Oregon sta 6424. 1 $, USNM,

SW of Isla de San Andres, 190-199 m, 6 February

1967, Oregon sta 6443. 6 9, USNM, E of Cayos

de Albuquerque, 192 m, 7 February 1967, Oregon

sta 6444.

BRITISH HONDURAS. 9 «j 11 9, USNM, off Belize,

329-274 m, 23 January 1967, Oregon sta 6404.

NICARAGUA. 1 $ 5 9, USNM, NE of Islas del

Maiz, 192-198 m, 7 February 1967, Oregon sta

6448.

PANAMA. 1 9, USNM, Golfo de los Mosquitos,

366 m, 25 May 1962, Oregon sta 3584. 1 $ 10 9,

USNM, off Punta Manzanillo, 421 m, 19 October

1965, Oregon sta 5740.

COLOMBIA. 2 9, USNM, off Isla de Bani, 366 m,

24 May 1964, Oregon sta 4881. 2^5? , USNM,

off Riohacha, 320-348 m, 31 May 1964, Oregon sta

4911. 5 9, USNM, NW of Cabo de la Vela, 375

m, 21 November 1970, Oregon II sta 11290. 2 $

1 9, USNM, W of Cabo de la Vela, 357 m, 20

November 1970, Oregon II sta 11289.

VENEZUELA. 1 9, USNM, off San Juan de los

Cayos, 366 m, 8 October 1963, Oregon sta 4434.

1 9, USNM, NW of Cabo Cordera, 234-280 m, 23

July 1968, Pillsbury sta 739. 2 9 , USNM, NE of

Los Testigos Is, 366-439 m, 24 September 1964,

Oregon sta 5037.

URUGUAY. 2 <? 2 9, IOUSP, off Punta del Palmar, 146-160 m, 27 August 1968, M. Iwai.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral + epigastric teeth 5-8, usually 6. Anterior part of carapace naked; postrostral

carina low or absent posterior to cervical sulcus,

if present only slightly depressed at level of sulcus;

pterygostomian spine with broad base, its dorsal

margin joining carapace in gentle curve. Scaphocerite long, overreaching antennular peduncle by

more than 10 percent of its own length. Petasma

with ventrolateral lobule distally produced into

subcircular to suboval lamella, considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule. Thelycum with high

median ridge on sternite XIII; paired protuberances on sternite XIV elongate, conical, convergent

along entire length, or, occasionally, with apical

portions strongly curved laterally.

DESCRIPTION.—Body glabrous (Figure 7) except

for elongate patch of thickly set setae covering

portion of rostrum dorsal to adrostral carina and

continuing posteriorly from orbital margin to base

of first rostral tooth; short brush of long setae on

dorsal border of pterygostomian pit. Rostrum

reaching almost as far as distal end of first antennular segment, horizontal or uptitlted, with dorsal
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7 Solenocera necopina Burkenroad, anterior region, $ 17 mm c.l., SW of Marquesas Keys, Florida.

margin straight, ventral margin markedly convex

but almost straight subapically, forming gently tapering tip, or with subapical concavity giving rise

to saber-shaped one; tip long, 0.3-0.5 length of

rostrum. Rostral + epigastric teeth 5-8, mode 6

(percentage distribution: 5—15, 6—63, 7—20,

8—2; N = 100), third tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric at about posterior 0.45 of distance

from orbital margin to level of dorsal extremity

of cervical sulcus. Adrostral carina extending

obliquely from orbital margin to about level of

ultimate tooth; postrostral carina low, rounded, extending almost to posterior margin of carapace, although sometimes (mostly in young) only to level

of cervical sulcus, and often depressed there. Orbital angle well marked, but orbital spine lacking;

postorbital spine slender and long; antennal and

hepatic spines relatively short; pterygostomian

spine acute, with broad base, its dorsal margin

joining carapace in gentle curve. Cervical sulcus

rather broad; cervical carina sharp; hepatic sulcus

almost horizontal posteriorly, merging with depressed area below hepatic spine, from there turning anteroventrally and ending at semicircular,

pterygostomian pit; latter continuing with fine, anterior sulcus, parallel to anteroventral margin of

carapace.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prosartema extending almost to distal margin

of first segment; stylocerite relatively short to long,

0.55-0.75 of distance between its proximal end and

base of distolateral spine, and produced into slender spine; antennular flagella relatively short (Figure 8), dorsal slightly longer than ventral; ratio of

length of dorsal flagellum to that of carapace decreasing from range of 1.8 to 1.2 in shrimp with 9

mm c.l., to 1.1 in shrimp with 27 mm c.l.; terminal

filaments long; distolateral spine slightly overreaching base of second antennular segment.

Scaphocerite very elongate, exceeding antennular

peduncle by as much as 0.2 of its own length; lateral rib ending in very elongate spine, reaching, or

40

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North America • (N=25 )

Bahamas-Caribbean o (N = 70)

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carapace length (mm)
NUMBER 155 17

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almost reaching, distal margin of lamella; antennal

flagella broken in all specimens examined.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle

by at least length of dactyl and propodus and, at

most, by length of dactyl, propodus, and 0.2 that

of carpus; first pereopod reaching distal end of carpocerite, or surpassing it by as much as length of

propodus; second pereopod surpassing antennular

peduncle by tip of dactyl, but by as much as length

of entire propodus; third pereopod exceeding

antennular peduncle by length of propodus and

0.1-0.4 that of carpus; fourth pereopod extending

to about mid-length of third antennular segment,

or exceeding peduncle by length of dactyl; fifth

pereopod overreaching antennular peduncle by

dactyl and 0.2-0.7 length of propodus. Spines on

basis and ischium of first pereopod long and

strongly pointed; second pereopod with sharp,

slender spine on basis . Coxa of fourth pereopod in

females produced posteromesially into short subrectangular plate, its excavated posterior margin

articulating with lateral concavity before hornlike

projection of posterior part of sternite XIII; coxa

of fifth pereopod bearing spine on anteromesial

margin in females (sometimes barely perceptible

or absent), and on anterolateral margin in males.

Abdomen with high and sharp middorsal carina

oo

oo

o

o

FIGURE 8.—Relationship between length of dorsal

antennular flagellum and

carapace length in S. necopina.

24 25 26 27

from fourth through sixth somite; low, rounded

carina on posterior 0.65 of third somite usually

present in large specimens; posterodorsal margin

of third to fifth somites with median incision;

sixth somite bearing sharp spine at posterior end

of carina, and pair of posteroventral, small spines.

Telson with median sulcus moderately deep anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly, becoming indistinct before base of terminal portion; fixed

lateral spines relatively long, their length 0.7-1.1

basal width of terminal portion of telson; terminal

portion length 2.50-2.75 times width at base; tip

reaching distal 0.2 length of mesial ramus of uropod; lateral ramus overreaching mesial by about

0.2 of its own length.

Petasma (Figure 9A, B) with lateral lobe and

ventromedian lobule considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule distally; dorsolateral and ventrolateral lobules separated by deep gap; distal part

of ventromedian lobule roughly elongate trapezoidal, broadest distally, and armed with transversely arranged, marginal spinules; dorsolateral

lobule bearing short, subtriangular terminal process, margined with spinules; distal part of ventrolateral lobule bearing subcircular to suboval

lamella (occasionally produced distodorsally),

armed with numerous spinules on distal and lateral

margins; base of lamella delimited on outer surface by transverse, arcuate ridge, latter turning

proximally on ventral (lateral) margin, and ending there in strong projection; ventral costa emarginate at about base of distal third, and bearing

distally small, rounded, prominence; narrow notch

present between prominence and projection of arcuate ridge; inner surface of costa with submarginal

row of long, plumose setae proximal to emargination; row of similar setae present on both inner

and outer surface of dorsolateral lobule, former

longer, extending proximally onto ventrolateral

lobule.

Appendix masculina (Figure 9c) and appendix

interna (Figure 9D) essentially identical with those

described for S. acuminata.

Thelycum (Figure 10) with paired protuberances on anterior part of sternite XIV setose, long,

subconical (sometimes flattened dorsoventrally), or

roughly subreniform, their disposition varying from

convergent, often with distomesial surfaces meeting, to divergent, with tips strongly curved later-
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 9.—Solenocera necopina: A, Petasma, dorsal view, <$ 14.5 mm c.l., Santaren Channel,

Bahamas, B, Ventral view of left half of same petasma. c, Dorsal view of right appendix

masculina and proximal part of endopod of same specimen, D, Ventral view of appendices interna

and masculina, same specimen.

ally; anterior part of sternite XIII with high, sharp,

and setose median ridge produced into toothlike

projection, overhanging, and closely appressed to,

posterior margin of sternite XII; posterior extremity of sternite XIII with median emargination,

and produced anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—According to Burkenroad (1936, under

"Solenocera vioscai"): "An unpatterned translucent

pale orange-red over-all, chiefly produced by small

chromatophores. Eyes reddish-brown with greenish

reflections. Gastric gland brownish-grey with light

yellow-green flecks; gut red (as seen through the

overlying tissues)."

The following color notes were made from living

specimens caught during a 1969 cruise of Oregon

II south of Great Inagua Island, Bahamas: Body

translucent, with very pale salmon suffusion. Antennular peduncle and gnathal appendages dark

pinkish orange. Second to fifth abdominal terga

bearing transverse, opaque white arched marking

parallel to posterior margin; base of telson and

posterolateral projections of sixth abdominal tergum opaque white, together forming transverse

band. Pereopods and pleopods pinkish orange;

proximal podomere of uropod with white, median

spot; lateral ramus with distalmost portion bearing

roughly triangular white spot; mesial ramus with

marginal, broad, white band.

SIZE.—Males, 9-17 mm c.l.; females 6-27 mm c.l.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—From

southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, to

south of Florida, and in the Gulf of Mexico, from

Dry Tortugas to off the Rio Grande, Texas. Also

in the Caribbean—through the West Indies and

from Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, to Islas Los

Testigos, Venezuela—and South Atlantic to Uruguay (Figure 18). The records cited above are the
NUMBER 153 19

FIGURE 10.—Solenocera necopina, thelycum, 9 22.5 mm cl.,

Santaren Channel, Bahamas.

first from the Caribbean, where this species is

not only present but, apparently, abundant, and

the Atlantic of South America. The presence of

S. necopina off the coast of Uruguay not only rep

resents a southward extension of the range of the

species of about 11,000 km, but demonstrates the

presence of the genus considerably farther south

along the western Atlantic that has been previously

reported.

Solenocera necopina lives at depths of about 160

to 550 m, usually below 180 m.

SUBSTRATES.—The various bottoms on which

the species has been reported have been described

as: gray mud (Albatross sta 2402); green mud and

broken shells (Albatross sta 2401); green mud and

shells (Oregon sta 273); gray mud and shells

(Oregon sta 954); green clay and mud (Oregon

sta 1005); sand and shells (Oregon sta 2606); and

fine mud, broken shells, dead coral, and broken seaurchin shells (Pillsbury sta 90).

REMARKS.—This species may be readily distinguished from Solenocera vioscai and S. acuminata by the smaller number of rostral teeth, usually

7 or less, rarely 8; and by the postrostral carina,

which terminates at the level of the cervical sulcus,

or, of extending posteriorly beyond it, is only

slightly depressed at level of the sulcus. Solenocera

necopina can be differentiated from S. atlantidis

and S. geijskesi in that the anterior part of the

carapace is glossy, lacking setae; the pterygostomian spine is larger and its dorsal margin joins the

caparace in a gentle curve; and the scaphocerite

is much longer, overreaching the antennular peduncle by more than 10 percent of its length.

Moreover, the females bear a median ridge on the

anterior part of sternite XIII that is lacking in

the other two species. Finally, S. necopina differs

from all other members of the genus in the region

by lacking an orbital spine, and in its petasma,

which possesses a subcircular or ovate distal lamella

that is armed with minute marginal spines.

The original description of Solenocera necopina

was based on a single young female, 8.8 mm cl.

Burkenroad thus was able to present only the thelycal characters and general features of an animal

not fully grown. Later, Lindner and Anderson

(1941) described the petasma of the species, and

pointed out that in large individuals the postrostral carina reaches almost to the posterior margin

of the carapace, not just to the level of the cervical

sulcus as Burkenroad had stated. They further

indicated that the middorsal carina extends on to

the posterior three-fourths of the third abdominal

somite, instead of only to the fourh somite. One

important feature, however, has apparently remained unnoticed; in females, the median ridge on

the anterior part of sternite XIII overlaps the

posterior margin of sternite XII and does not end

immediately caudal to it, as was originally stated.

It also should be mentioned that the dorsolateral

lobule of the petasma bears on the outer surface

a row of long plumose setae, lacking in the other

western Atlantic Solenocera.

In S. necopina, the range of variation in the

length of the antennular flagella associated with a

given carapace length is similar in animals from

both North American waters and from the Bahamas to northern South America. Variations in

the petasma and the thelycum, too, are within
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

approximately the same limits throughout the

range of the species, except for unique features

exhibited by some members of the southwestern

Caribbean population. The distal lamella of the

ventrolateral lobule of the petasma varies from

subcircular to suboval throughout the range of

the species; however, in occasional males from the

southwestern Caribbean the lamella is produced

distolaterally, becoming irregular in shape. The

thelycal protuberances on sternite XIV vary as

well as in disposition; typically, they are directed

mesially, and, if they meet, their distomesial margins are contiguous and extend parallel to each

other, but again, in the southwestern Caribbean,

females are found in which the protuberances are

curved laterally.

Solenocera atlantidis Burkenroad

FIGURES 11-14, 18, 19

Solenocera siphonocera Smith, 1885 (part) :186 [not Solenocera

siphonocera (Philippi, 1840)].

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1934 (part) :65.

Solenocera atlantidis Burkenroad, 1939:10, figs. 5-10 [holotype: $, YPM 4562; type-locality: off Mobile Bay,

Alabama, 29°45'N, 88°11'W, "19 fathoms" (20 fm, 37 m),

Atlantis sta 281].—Lindner and Anderson, 1941:185, 186.—

Hildebrand, 1955:190.—Voss, 1955:9, fig. 4.—Springer and

Bullis, 1956:8—Holthuis, 1959:54, fig. 3— Bullis and

Thompson, 1965:7.—Williams, 1965:14, fig. 5 Fausto

Filho, 1968a:43.—Fausto Filho, 1968b:70._Brusher et al.,

1972:75.

Solenocera ?geijskesi Nomura and Fausto Filho, 1966:21

[not Solenocera geijskesi Holthuis, 1959].

MATERIAL.—UNITED STATES. North Carolina:

1 i , UNC-IMS, off Oregon Inlet, 33 m, 3 December 1968, Eastward sta 11046. 1 $, off Cape

Lookout, 64 m, 21 June 1957, Combat sta 396. 2 9,

UNC-IMS, S of Diamond Shoals, 84 m, 19 December 1962, M. Gerame-Vivas. 5 <$ 7 9, USNM, off

Cape Lookout, 59 m, 18 October 1885, Albatross

sta 2605. 1 ?, UNC-IMS, SE of Cape Lookout, 35

m, 1 July 1966, Eastward sta 4942. 2 9, USNM,

off Cape Lookout, 73 m, 21 June 1957, Combat

sta 397. 1 9, USNM, Onslow Bay, 27 m, 2 August

1962, Silver Bay sta 4196.

South Carolina: 8 9, USNM, off St Helena

Sound, 42 m, 1 November 1956, Combat sta 167.

Georgia: 1 9, USNM, off Savannah, 68-91 m,

14 December 1961, Silver Bay sta 3658. 1 9,

USNM, off Savannah, 73 m, 12 March 1956, George

M. Bowers sta 54. 1 9, UNC-IMS, E of Cumberland I, 37 m, 31 October 1966, Combat sta 159.

Florida: 1 9 , USNM, off St Augustine, 75 m,

24 April 1966, Oregon sta 6044. 1 $ , USNM, off

St Augustine, 40 m, 5 September 1962, Silver Bay

sta 4340. 1 9, USNM, off Oak Hill, 55 m, 9 May

1961, Silver Bay sta 3147. 1 9 , USNM, N of Melbourne Beach, 64 m, 30 March 1940, Pelican sta

205-3. 1 9, USNM, off Sebastian, 73 m, 28 September 1963, Silver Bay sta 5107. 1 9 , USNM, off

Vero Beach, 37 m, 3 October 1962, Silver Bay sta

4378. 4 9, USNM, SE of Old Rhodes Key, 49 m,

24 October 1960, Silver Bay sta 2354. 1 $ 1 ?,

UMML, off Islamorada, 40-44 m, 26 February 1969,

Gerda sta 1038. 2 £ 9 9, off Islamorada, 37 m,

14 April 1965, Gerda sta 594. 22 £ 28 9, USNM,

off Islamorada, 37-42 m, 26 February 1969, Gerda

sta 1037. 1 £, USNM, off Key West, 82 m, 15

January 1885, Albatross sta 2318. 3 <j 3 9, USNM,

N of Dry Tortugas, 46 m, 7 March 1970, Gerda

sta 1236. 1 9 , USNM N of Dry Tortugas, 46 m,

7 March 1970, Gerda sta 1237. U 4 ?, USNM,

NW of Dry Tortugas, 55 m, 18 June 1956, Oregon

sta 1553. 1 9, USNM, 48 km NE of Loggerhead

Key, Dry Tortugas, 35 m, 3 December 1954, G. H.

Eubank. 1 $, USNM, W of Naples, 44 m, 21

March 1889, Grampus sta 5109. 2 9, USNM, SW

of Sanibel I, 49 m, 19 March 1885, Albatross sta

2412. 4 £ 7 9, USNM, W of Sanibel I, 49 m, 18

March 1885, Albatross sta 2411. 2 9, USNM, off

Englewood, 55-57 m, 5 September 1958, Silver Bay

sta 729. 1 $ 13 9, USNM, off Edgewater, 51-55

m, 24 August 1965, Oregon sta 5603. 3 9, USNM,

S of St George I, 64 m, 7 March 1954, Oregon sta

896. 2 9 , USNM, S of Dog I, 31 m, 8 March 1954,

Oregon sta 898. 1 <j 5 9, USNM, off Gulf Beach,

27 m, 8 December 1953, Oregon sta 872.

Alabama: 7 9, USNM, off Orange Beach, 27 m,

8 December 1953, Oregon sta 871. 9, holotype,

YPM 4562, off Mobile Bay, 20 fm [depth recorded

in the log of the Atlantis], 37 m, 20 March 1937,

Atlantis sta 2813. 168 $ , YPM 4561, 203 9, YPM

4560, and 1 £ 1 9, USNM 76182, paratypes, collected with the holotype.

Texas: 1 9 , NMFS-GBL, SSE Galveston, 27-37

m, 21-22 March 1960, NMFS-GBL staff. 3 9,

USNM, off Galveston I, 46 m, 31 July 1961. 1 9,

NMFS-GBL, SE Freeport, 51 m, 31 May 1960,

NMFS-GBL staff.
NUMBER 153 21

BAHAMA ISLANDS. 1 $ , USNM, NE of Little Bahama Bank, 183 m, 25 October 1961, Silver Bay

sta 3466. 1 s , USNM, off Great Stirrup Cay, 198-

223 m, 20 July 1965, Gerda sta 681. 1 $ , USNM,

W of Great Exuma, 66 m, 12 April 1886, Albatross

sta 2649.

JAMAICA. 3 $, USNM, Pedro Bank, 46-48 m, 14

July 1970, Pillsbury sta 1251.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1 3 , USNM, off Barahona,

48-50 m, 20 July 1970, Pillsbury sta 1294.

LESSER ANTILLES. Saba Bank: 4 9, USNM, 16-18

m, 19 July 1929, Pillsbury sta 963.

TRINIDAD-TOBAGO. Tobago: 1 9, USNM, W of

Plymouth, 70 m, 21 September 1964, Oregon sta

5023. 3 5 , USNM, W of Plymouth, 60 m, 13 March

1966, Oregon sta 5961. 2 $, USNM, E of Scarborough, 68 m, 1 July 1969, Pillsbury sta 842. 3 9,

USNM, W of Canaan, 73-88 m, 21 September 1964,

Oregon sta 5025.

Trinidad: 1 $ , USNM, Gulf of Paria, 57 m, 3

February 1884, Albatross sta 2121.

HONDURAS. 4 $ , USNM, NE of Cayos Viborillas,

101 m, 21 August 1957, Oregon sta 1864.

NICARAGUA. 1 $ 2 9 , USNM, off Punta de Perlas,

27 m, 28 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1335. 1 9,

USNM, off Islas del Mafz, 40-73 m, 2 June 1962,

Oregon sta 3605.

COLOMBIA. 1 $ , USNM, off Cartagena, 64-27 m,

1 August 1968, Pillsbury sta 795. 5 <J 6 9, USNM,

NE of Cartagena, 29-26 m, 1 August 1968, Pillsbury sta 793. 6 $ 12 9, USNM, off Puerto Colombia, 44-42 m, 1 August 1968, Pillsbury sta 791.

1 <? 2 9 , USNM, off Puerto Colombia, 55 m, 22

May 1964, Oregon sta 4864. 1 s , USNM, off Puerto

Colombia 37-40 m, 31 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 790.

1 9, USNM, E of Barranquilla, 64-73 m, 17 May

1964, Oregon sta 4847. 4 9, USNM, NE of Punta

Gallinas, 73 m, 25 September 1963, Oregon sta

4392.

VENEZUELA. 1 9 , USNM, off Islas Los Monjes, 97

m, 6 September 1963, Oregon sta 4400. 1 9 , USNM,

Gulf of Venezuela, 29-35 m, 9 November 1958,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution staff. 1 $ ,

USNM, Gulf of Venezuela, 35 m, 27 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 761. 1 $ 3 9, USNM, NW of Puerto Cabello, 22-26 m, 25 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 750. 2 $

7 9, USNM, off Puerto Cabello, 44-46 m, 26 July

1968, Pillsbury sta 751. 5 $ S 9, USNM, off Puerto

Cabello, 59 m, 25 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 749. 3 $

1 9 , USNM, off Cabo Cordera, 60-73 m, 22 July

1968, Pillsbury sta 737. 1 9, USNM, E of Rio

Chico, 57-60 m, 22 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 731.

1 9 , USNM, NW of Isla de Margarita, 59 m, 20

October 1963, Oregon sta 4476. 8 $ 12 9, USNM,

off Peninsula de Paria, 27-24 m, 19 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 712. 1 9 , USNM, E of Punta Araguapiche,

29-37 m, 30 June 1969, Pillsbury sta 835.

GUYANA. 1 9, USNM, off Georgetown, 64-55 m,

31 August 1958, Oregon sta 2248. 1 «j 5 9,

USNM, off Hackney, 55-49 m, 31 August 1958,

Oregon sta 2249.

SURINAM. 18 s 19 9, USNM, NNE mouth of

Courantyne River, 55-59 m, 14 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 684. 1 9 , USNM, N of Potosi Bank, 53 m,

26 April 1969, Oregon II sta 10525. 1 9 , USNM, N

mouth of Coppename Rivier, 46 m, 2 September

1958, Oregon sta 2267. 5 9, USNM, N of Bear's

Rump, 44 m, 20 June 1957, Coquette sta 26. 1 $

2 9 , USNM, NNE of Bear's Rump, 46 m, 26 June

1957, Coquette sta 281-282. 21 9, USNM, off

Mouth Coppename Rivier, 35 m, 3 September 1958,

Oregon sta 2277. 9 9, USNM, NW of Paramaribo,

42 m, 25 June 1957, Coquette sta 276. 1 $ 8 9,

USNM, NW of Paramaribo 42 m, 25 June 1957,

Coquette sta 274. 4 9 , USNM, NW of Paramaribo,

42 m, 20 June 1957, Coquette sta 260. 3 «J 2 9,

USNM, N of Paramaribo, 64 m, 11 July 1968,

Pillsbury sta 671. 4 9 , USNM, N of Wiawia Kreek,

44 m, 21 July 1957, Coquette sta 353.

FRENCH GUIANA. 2 $ 2 9, USNM, NE of Pointe

Isere, 135-126 m, 9 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 658.

2 s 2 9 USNM, N of lies du Salut, 60 m, 8 July

1968, Pillsbury sta 652. 2 9 , USNM, NE of Cayenne, 64 m, 23 February 1963, Oregon sta 4202.

FIGURE 11 Solenocera atlantidis Burkenroad, anterior region, 9 18.5 mm c.l., off Edgewater, Florida.
22

30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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6 7 8

BRAZIL. Maranhao: 1 $, USNM, N of Paulino

Neves, 66 m, 10 March 1963, Oregon sta 4231.

Ceara: 1 9, USNM, off Camocim, 40 m, 12

March 1963, Oregon sta 4251.

Sao Paulo: 1 $ , USNM, off Cananeia, 97-100

m, 11 December 1961, Calypso sta 138.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral + epigastric teeth 4-7, usually 6. Anterior part of carapace with short setae;

postrostral carina ending at level of cervical sulcus;

pterygostomian spine with narrow base, its dorsal

margin joining carapace at about right angle.

Prosartema extending, at most, to distal end of first

antennular segment. Scaphocerite short, not exceeding antennular peduncle by more than 10 percent of its own length. Petasma with ventrolateral

lobule lacking distal lamella, and extending only

as far as, or only slightly surpassing, dorsomedian

lobule. Thelycum with sternite XIII lacking anteromedian ridge, and with posterior portion, just

in advance of fourth pereopods, forming convex

or pointed elevation; paired protuberances on

sternite XIV widely separated, low, and rounded

to subconical.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace with short setae on anterior part, and brush of long setae on dorsal bor10 11 12

der of pterygostomian pit (Figure 11); elongate

patch of thickly set setae covering portion of rostrum dorsal to adrostral carina, and continuing

posteriorly from orbital margin to epigastric tooth.

Rostrum reaching as far as 0.9 length of first

antennal segment, horizontal, deep, its dorsal margin straight and ventral margin pronouncedly convex, usually with subapical concavity producing

saber-shaped tip; latter rather short, 0.2-0.3 length

of rostrum. Rostral + epigastric teeth 5-7, mode

6 (percentage distribution: 5—6, 6—80, 7—14;

N=200); second rostral tooth at level of orbital

margin; epigastric situated at about posterior 0.35

of distance from orbital margin to level of dorsal

extremity of cervical sulcus, and separated from

first rostral by interval much larger than spaces

between remaining teeth. Adrostral carina extending obliquely from orbital margin to ultimate

tooth; postrostral carina short, extending only to

level of cervical sulcus, sometimes delimited posteriorly by shallow depression. Orbital spine minute; postorbital spine slender and long; antennal

and hepatic spines relatively short; pterygostomian

spine small, with narrow base, its dorsal margin

joining carapace at about right angle, spine someA

A

o

0»

13
NUMBER 15S 23

A

m

o

oo

•

•

oo

•

••o

#

o

1

••

•

A

o

oo

o

••

•

0

o

o

0

1

•

•

•o

oo

o

o

o ••

o

oo •

o

1 1

•

1

FIGURE 12.—Relationship between

length of dorsal antennular flagellum and carapace length in 5.

atlantidis.

14 15 16 17 18

carapace

19 length (mm)

times doubled. Cervical sulcus rather broad, and

ending at postrostral carina without crossing it;

carvical carina sharp; posterior portion of hepatic

sulcus almost horizontal, merging with depressed

area below hepatic spine, from there turning anteroventrally and ending at semicircular pterygostomian pit; latter continuing with narrow, anterior sulcus parallel to anteroventral margin of

carapace.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prosartema relatively short, extending almost

to, but not reaching, distal end of first segment;

stylocerite moderately long, its length 0.60-0.65 of

distance between its proximal end and base of

distolateral spine, and produced into short spine;

antennular flagella moderately long in North

American population, short in West Indian-Central

American-South American population (Figure 12);

ratio of length to dorsal flagellum to length of

carapace in former decreasing from range of 2.1 to

1.9 in shrimp with 7 mm c.l. to 1.5 in shrimp with

16 mm c.l., and in latter this ratio decreasing from

range of 1.9 to 1.5 in shrimp with 7 mm c.l. to

range of 1.4 to 1.1 in shrimp with 16 mm c.l.; terminal filaments short; distolateral spine short, at

most leaching base of second antennular segment.

Staphocerite usually reaching distal end of antennular peduncle, occasionally surpassing it by

at most, 0.1 of its own length; lateral rib ending

distally in slendqr spine, overreached by lamella;

antennal flagellum about 4.5 times total length of

shrimp.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle

by length of dactyl and 0.2-0.5 that of propodus;

first pereopod reaching to distal end of carpocerite,

or surpassing it by as much as length of propodus;

second pereopod exceeding antennular peduncle

by at least length of dactyl, but by as much as

length of propodus and 0.1 that of carpus; third

pereopod surpassing antennular peduncle by length

of propodus and 0.1-0.3 that of carpus; fourth pereopod exceeding carpocerite by 0.5 length of dactyl or by dactyl and 0.3 length of propodus; fifth

pereopod surpassing antennular peduncle by length

of dactyl and 0.3 that of propodus. Spines on basis

and ischium of first pereopod long, and strongly

pointed; second pereopod with slender, acute

spines on basis. Coxa of fourth pereopod in females produced posteromesially into short subrectangular plate; coxa of fifth pereopod bearing
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

prominent spine on anteromesial margin in females and on antereolateral margin in males.

Abdomen with middorsal carina from third

through sixth somites, carina low and rounded on

third, rather high and sharp from fourth posteriorly; posterodorsal margin of third to fifth somites

with median incision; sixth bearing small spine at

posterior end of carina, and pair of posteroventral

minute spines. Telson with median sulcus deep

anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly; fixed

lateral spines variable in length, 0.7-1.3 basal

width of terminal portion of telson; terminal portion rather short, length 2.5-3.3 times width at

base; tip reaching about distal 0.2 of mesial ramus

of uropod; lateral ramus overreaching mesial by

about 0.25 of its own length.

Petasma (Figures 13A-C) with ventrolateral

lobule barely reaching, or only slightly surpassing,

distomedian lobule; dorsolateral and ventromedian

lobules extending distally much beyond dorsomedian lobule; dorsolateral and ventrolateral

separated by deep gap; ventromedian lobule broadened distally, roughly trapezoidal, with distomesial

portion produced into elongate, narrow process,

and distolateral portion produced into rounded

one, both processes bearing marginal spines, and

sometimes reflexed over outer surface; dorsolateral

lobule bearing mushroomlike, terminal process,

reflexed over outer surface, and armed with marginal spines; deep lateral emargination present at

base of process; ventrolateral lobule with distal part

subtriangular, ending in strong, obliquely inclined

ridge, its proximal base joining ventral (lateral)

margin at about right angle; ventral costa subdistally emarginate, forming elongate notch with

base of subtriangular part; submarginal row of

long plumose setae present on inner surface of

costa, immediately proximal to notch.

Thelycum (Figure 14) with paired protuberances

on anterior part of sternite XIV setose, relatively

FIGURE 13. Solenocera atlantidis, petasmata: A, Dorsal view of left half of petasma, $ 8.5 mm

c.l., off Pass a L'outre, Louisiana, B. Dorsal view, <$ 7 mm c.l., E of Maranhao, Brazil, c. Ventral

view of right half of same petasma.
NUMBER 153 25

FIGURE 14 Solenocera atlantidis, thelycum, $ 17 mm c.l.,

off Savannah, Georgia.

low, rounded to subconical, sometimes flattened

dorsoventrally, and occasionally bearing minute

apical tubercle, protuberances subvertical to inclined mesially, and implanted rather far apart,

immediately anterior to conspicuous transverse rib;

anterior part of sternite XIII lacking median

ridge; posterior part, just in advance of coxae of

fourth pereopods, with convex elevation, sometimes

pointed, and occasionally bearing knob; posterior

extremity of same sternite rather deeply emarginate, forming paired convexities produced anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—"On the freshly-captured specimens, the

pigmentation is orange-red; the color is most concentrated as bands across the posterior parts of the

pleonic tergites" (Burkenroad, 1939).

SIZE.—Males 2.2-8.9 mm c.l.; females 3.8-18.5

mm c.l.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—Solenocera atlantidis is found from the latitude of Oregon

Inlet, North Carolina, to southern Florida, and in

the Gulf of Mexico from Dry Tortugas Islands,

along the Gulf coast of the United States and

Mexico to Campeche; also through the waters of

the West Indies and the Caribbean coast of Central

America and South America, and the Atlantic coast

of South America as far as Canane"ia, Sao Paulo

(Figure 18). The previously known southernmost

record for the species was about 2° N, off Cabo

Maguari, Para, originally reported by Nomura and

Fausto Filho (1966) for "Solenocera ? geijskesi

Holthuis"; later Fausto Filho (1968b) indicated

that the specimen on which this record was based

is S. atlantidis. Thus the record from Canane'ia

cited above not only extends the southern limit of

the known range of the species some 7500 km, but

also is the only record of an adult of any member

of the genus Solenocera from the east coast of

Brazil.

Solenocera atlantidis is a shallow-water species;

by far the majority of the specimens were collected

at less than 75 m, and in the extensive collections

available to us, only six were recorded in vessel

logs as taken in water deeper than 125 m.

SUBSTRATES.—The various bottoms on which the

present species has been taken are described as

follows: gray mud and shells; mud; mud, shells,

and coral; mud and fine shells; shells and coral;

mud, sponges, and shells (at Coquette stations;

data from Holthuis, 1959); dark slate, coral, and

mud (Albatross sta 2121); gray mud (Albatross

sta 2318); fine white sand and black specks (Albatross sta 2411); fine gray sand, black specks, and

broken shells (Albatross sta 2412); white sand and

black specks (Albatross sta 2605); coral sand (Albatross sta 2649); mud (Calypso sta 138 and Oregon sta 2267); green mud (Combat sta 119); sand

(Combat stas 396, 397, and Oregon stas 871, 872);

sand and shells, gray mud and coral (Oregon sta

1864); shells, mud, and coral (Oregon sta 2248);

sand and shells (Silver Bay sta 729).

REMARKS.—Solenocera atlantidis and S. geijskesi

share several rather conspicuous features: numerous

setae are present on the anterior part of the carapace; the shape of the pterygostomian spine is

almost identical; and the relative lengths of

the pereopods are similar. Solenocera atlantidis may

be distinguished from S. geijskesi by the shorter

rostrum, which has fewer than 8 teeth, and the

shorter prosartema; neither the rostrum nor the

prosartema extend so far as the distal end of the
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

first antennular segment. The most striking differences between the two species, however, are in the

external genitalia. In S. atlantidis males, the ventrolateral lobule of the petasma reaches, or barely

surpasses, the dorsomedian lobule, and is truncated

distally, lacking a distal lamella; the terminal

process of the dorsolateral lobule is expanded distally, mushroomlike in appearance; and finally,

the mesial process of the ventromedian lobule is

directed distally instead of mesially. In females, the

median posterior part of sternite XIII, (that just

in advance of the coxae of the fourth pereopods)

is raised into a convex or pointed elevation, instead of forming a transverse ridge distinctly delimited from the anterior part of the sternite by a

concavity. Too, the paired protuberances on sternite XIV are usually set far apart, immediately

anterior to a prominent transverse rib which,

although present in S. geijskesi, is rather inconspicuous.

We have found that the population of S. atlantidis along the Atlantic coast of North America and

the Gulf of Mexico tends to have longer antennular flagella than that from the Bahamas to Brazil.

Furthermore, in males of the former population the

spines on the mesial process of the ventromedian

lobule of the petasma are consistently minute

(Figure 13A), whereas in males of the latter the

spines are long (Figure 13B); the variations of

other petasmal as well as thelycal characters in the

two populations overlap.

Solenocera geijskesi Holthuis

FIGURES 15-18

Solenocera geijskesi Holthuis, 1959:56, figs. 4, 5 [holotype:

9, Leiden Museum 11248; type-locality: 32 km off the

coast of Surinam, between the Nickerie and Coppename

Riviers, 27 m, 15-20 April 1957, Coquette].

MATERIAL.—MEXICO (Western Caribbean). Quintana Roo: 1 9 , USNM, SE of I Mujeres, 458-37-

284 m, 23 May 1967, Pillsbury sta 582.

SLRINAM. 1 $, USNM, off Mouth Coppename

Rivier, 35 m, 3 September 1958, Oregon sta 2277.

1 9 , paratype, USNM 103099, NW of Paramaribo,

•12 m, 20 June 1957, Coquette sta 260. 1 $ , paratype, USNM 103100, off Surinam. 1 $, USNM, N

of Metappica Kreek, 18 m, 13 May 1957, Coquette

sta 44. 2 $ , USNM, N of Wiawia Kreek, 31 m, 15

September 1958, Oregon sta 2327.

FRENCH GUIANA. 1 £ 10 9 , USNM, N of lies du

Salut, 60 m, 8 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 652. 1 9,

USNM, N of Cayenne, 60 m, 12 September 1958,

Oregon sta 2311. 1 9, USNM, NE of Cayenne, 64

m, 23 February 1963, Oregon sta 4202.

BRAZIL. Maranhao: 1 $ , USNM, N of Ilhas de

Sao Joao, 44 m, 26 April 1968, Exped. N-NE II sta

1887. 1 i , UFRJ, off Maranhao [?2085 m], 4 April

1968, Exped. N-NE II sta 1883.

Ceara: 2 9, USNM, off Camocim, 40 m, 12

March 1963 Oregon sta 4251.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral -f epigastric teeth 7-8. Anterior part of carapace with short setae; postrostral

carina ending at level of cervical sulcus; pterygostomian spine with narrow base, its dorsal margin

joining carapace at about right angle. Prosartema

long, conspicuously overreaching distal end of first

antennular segment. Scaphocerite short, not exceeding antennular peduncle by more than 10 percent of its own length. Petasma with ventrolateral

lobule distally produced into narrow, pointed

lamella, armed with lateral spines, and considerably

surpassing dorsomedian lobule. Thelycum with

sternite XIII lacking anteromedian ridge, and

with posterior portion, just in advance of coxae of

fourth pereopods, sloping dorsally, giving rise

to median-platelike structure; paired protuberances

on sternite XIV rounded to subelliptical in outline,

and bearing apical tubercle.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace with short setae on anterior part, and few, relatively long setae on dorsal

border of pterygostomian pit (Figure 15); patch of

thickly set setae covering portion of rostrum dorsal

to adrostral carina and continuing posteriorly to

base of first tooth. Rostrum reaching almost to, or

slightly beyond, distal end of first antennular segment, horizontal, moderately deep, its dorsal margin straight and ventral margin pronouncedly

convex, sometimes with subapical concavity; tip

short. Rostral + epigastric teeth 7-8; second rostral tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric

situated at about posterior 0.45 of distance from

orbital margin to dorsal extremity of cervical

sulcus, and separated from first rostral tooth by

interval much larger than spaces between remaining

teeth. Adrostral carina short, extending obliquely

from orbital margin to about level of ultimate

tooth; postrostral carina short, extending only to

level of dorsal extremity of cervical sulcus. Orbital
NUMBER 153 27

FIGURE 15 Solenocera geijskesi Holthuis, anterior region, $ 16 mm c.l., mouth

of Coppename Rivier, Surinam.

spine small; postorbital spine long, pronouncedly

acuminate; antennal and hepatic spines relatively

short; pterygostomian spine small, with narrow

base, its dorsal margin joining carapace at about

right angle. Cervical sulcus ending at postrostral

carina, without crossing it; cervical carina sharp;

posterior portion of hepatic sulcus almost horizontal, merging with depressed area below hepatic

spine, from there turning anteroventrally and ending at pterygostomian pit; anterior sulcus

indistinct.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prostartema relatively long, extending to

proximal part of second segment; stylocerite moderately long, 0.6-0.7 of distance between its

proximal end and base of distolateral spine, and

produced into acute spine; antennular flagella

subequal, moderately long, ratio of length of dorsal

flagellum to length of carapace ranging from 2 in

shrimp with 13.5 mm c.l. to about 1.5 in shrimp

with 18 mm c.l.; terminal filament apparently

short; distolateral spine slender and relatively long,

conspicuously surpassing distal end of first segment.

Scaphocerite almost reaching, or barely surpassing, distal end of antennular peduncle; lateral rib

ending distally in slender spine, overreached by

lamella; antennal flagella broken in all specimens

examined.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle

by length of dactyl or by length of dactyl and 0.2

that of propodus; first pereopod extending to

about distal end of carpocerite or exceeding it by

as much as length of propodus and 0.2 that of

carpus; second pereopod reaching to distal end

of carpocerite or surpassing it by length of propodus and 0.1 that of carpus; third pereopod overreaching antennular peduncle by at least length

of dactyl and at most by length of propodus and

about 0.1 that of carpus; fourth pereopod exceeding antennular peduncle by at least 0.5 length of

dactyl, and by as much as length of dactyl and

0.2 to 0.3 that of propodus; fifth pereopod surpassing antennular peduncle by length of dactyl

and 0.1 to 0.3 that of propodus. Appendages

longer in males than in females. Spines on basis

and ischium of first pereopod long and strongly

pointed; second pereopod with slender, acute spine

on basis. Coxa of fourth pereopod of female produced posteromesially into elongate plate; coxa of

fifth pereopod bearing prominent spine on anteromesial margin in females and on anterolateral

margin in males.

Abdomen with middorsal carina from about anterior 0.35 length of third through sixth somite,

carina low and rounded on third, relatively high

and sharp from fourth posteriorly; posterodorsal

margin of third, fourth, and fifth somites with

median incision, sixth bearing small spine at posterior end of carina, and pair of posteroventral,

minute spines. Telson with median sulcus deep
FIGURE 16 Solenocera geijskesi, petasma: A, Dorsal view,

$ 8.5 mm c.l., N of lies de Sao Joao, Maranhao, Brazil.

B, Ventral view of left half of same petasma.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly;

length of fixed lateral spines 0.6-0.8 basal width of

terminal portion of telson; terminal portion rather

short, length 2.8 to 3 times width at base; tip

reaching about distal 0.2 of mesial ramus uropod;

lateral ramus overreaching mesial by about 0.2 its

own length.

Petasma (Figures 16A, B) with ventrolateral

lobule and ventromedian lobule considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule distally; dorsolateral

and ventrolateral lobules separated by narrow,

deep gap; distalmost part of ventromedian lobule

considerably broadened, strongly produced mesially

into elongate process, and distolaterally into scalelike one, both processes reflexed over outer surface,

and margined with conspicuous spines; dorsolateral

lobule bearing terminal process, bell shaped in outline, reflexed over outer surface, and armed with

marginal spines, deep lateral emargination present

at base of process; distal part of ventrolateral

lobule bearing narrow, pointed lamella, armed

with lateral spines; base of lamella delimited on

outer surface by transverse ridge, latter turning

proximally on ventral (lateral) margin of petasma,

and ending there in subelliptical projection;

ventral costa produced into prominent tooth, followed by small, submarginal scale; tooth forming

base of elongate notch extending to projection of

transverse ridge; inner surface of costa with submarginal row of long, plumose setae, proximal to

notch.

Thelycum (Figure 17) with paired protuberances

on anterior part of sternite XIV setose, rounded,

or elongate and blunt, bearing minute apical tubercle; protuberances implanted rather close to each

other and directly mesially; anterior part of sternite

XIII lacking median ridge; posterior part, just in

advance of fourth pereopods, sloping dorsally, giving rise to posteromedian platelike structure, delimited anteriorly by strong, setose, transverse

ridge; posterior extremity deeply emarginate,

forming paired, strong convexities, and produced

anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—Unknown.

SIZE.—Females, 8-17 mm c.l.; males 7-10 cm c.l.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—Isla

Mujeres, Quintana Roo, to Camocim, Ceara, Brazil

(Figure 18), mostly at depth between 18 and 70 m

(latter depth reported by Holthuis, 1959). The
NUMBER 153 29

:~ri ••*'••)

FIGURE 17 Solenocera geijskesi, thelycum, $ 16 mm c.l.

N of lies du Salut, French Guiana.

record from Isla Mujeres is the first from the Caribbean. For the first time too, S. geijskesi is reported

here off Camocim, which represents an extension

of about 2000 km southeastward of its limit of distribution, recorded previously from French Guiana

(Holthuis, 1959). A single male was taken at a

reported depth of 2085 m off Maranhao, during

the Brazilian Expedition N-NE II, at sta 1883; the

presence of this species in such deep water is doubtful.

SUBSTRATES.—Little is known on the habitats of

this shrimp. It has been found on bottoms described as: mud; mud, shells, and coral (at Coquette stations; from Holthuis, 1959); mud and

shells (Oregon 2327).

REMARKS.—Solenocera geijskesi is a small species like S. atlantidis, its close relative in the western Atlantic. They are the only two species in the

region with setae on the anterior part of the carapace, a pterygostomian spine with its dorsal margin

joining the carapace at about right angle, and a

long scaphocerite, which exceeds the antennular

peduncle by more than 10 percent its length. Solenocera geijskesi, however, may be readily distinguished from S. atlantidis by its somewhat longer

rostrum, which may overreach the distal end of the

first antennular segment and which, moreover, in

about 50 percent of the animals bears 8 teeth, and

by the longer prosartema, which extends as far as

the basal part of the second antennular segment.

Furthermore, in S. geijskesi males the ventrolateral

lobule of the petasma extends considerably beyond

the dorsomedian lobule, bearing a distal lamella,

which is pointed and armed with prominent spines

along the ventral (lateral) margin, and the mesial

process of the ventromedian lobule, which is

strongly produced mesially or even posteromesially.

The females, in turn, possess on the anterior part

of sternite XIII, anterior to the coxae of the fourth

pereopods, a strong, setose transverse ridge, which

gives rise to a platelike structure. Also, the protuberances on sternite XIV are relatively closely

set and are implanted just anterior to a low, or

almost imperceptible, transverse rib.

The tubercle at the apex of each protuberance

is not a unique feature of S. geijskesi, as suggested

by Holthuis in the original description; it is also

often present on S. atlantidis and, occasionally, on

S. necopina.

Solenocera geijskesi is closer to the eastern Pacific S. florea Burkenroad, 1938, than to any western Atlantic member of the genus, and may be

considered its geminate. The differences between

the two were ably presented by Holthuis (1959)

when he described the former species.

Distribution and Abundance of Solenocera in

the Western Atlantic

The areal distribution and temperature-depth

relationships for western Atlantic Solenocera are

presented in Table 1 and Figures 18 and 19.

Solenocera necopina and S. atlantidis are the most

widely distributed species, having been found

throughout the major geographic units of the region. Two other species also live in the Caribbean,

S. acuminata, which ranges southward from the Bahamas through the Caribbean to French Guiana,

and S. geijskesi, with a range extending from the

Caribbean to northeastern Brazil (S. geijskesi with

a depth range of 18 to 70 m, is omitted from Figure

19 as only a single temperature record is available,
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

• S. acuminata

• S. atlantidis

it S. geijskesi

• S. necopina

I

o S. vioscai

30c

20l

10°

o°

10°

20c

30'

90* 80* 70' 60* 50* 40*

FIGURE 18.—Ranges of western Atlantic species of the genus Solenoeera.

30*
NUMBER 153 31

TABLE 1.—Geographic distribution of Solenocera in the Western Atlantic

Locality

SE United States

E Gulf of Mexico

N Gulf of Mexico

W Gulf of Mexico

S Gulf of Mexico

Bahamas

VV Caribbean

S Caribbean

Greater Antilles

Lesser Antilles

Trinidad

NE South America

ESE Brasil

Uruguay

S. atlantidis

X

X

X

X

x

X

X

X

X

x

X

X

S. vioscai

X

X

X

X

X

5. necopina

X

X

X

x

x

x

X

X

X

5. acuminata

x

x

X

X

X

x

X

S. geijskesi

X

X

X

25

20

15

10

£•—-\

/ 5\

- / . \

• OO \ \

•

• o Y"-^^^__

\ o T o

\m " \ o/

— \ • \ /

y

1 1 1

• S. atlantidis

o ^S. vioscai

• £. acuminata

• S. necopina

\2» * • * ^ 7

\L • *^ /

y v •/

\. * * y

i i i i

50 100 150 200 300 350 400 250

depth (m)

FIGURE 19. Depth-temperature relationships for four species of Solenocera in the western

Atlantic (data obtained during cruises of the Oregon).

450

27° at 40 m). Solenocera vioscai is confined to the

southeastern coast of the United States and the

Gulf of Mexico, and it is thus allopatric with S.

acuminata. Solenocera atlantidis is sympatric with

S. vioscai and S. geijskesi, while the latter two species are clearly allopatric. The relationship between S. acuminata and S. necopina is similarly

sympatric in the Caribbean.

During the course of exploratory fishing surveys

conducted by the U. S. Government since 1950,

there has been some interest in the commercial

potential of Solenocera, owing to both good flavor

and the good marketable size reached by S. vioscai

and S. acuminata. However, catches have been

small and on the basis of catch-rate data from 422

localities, it is likely that no significant commercial
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

concentrations of Solenocera occur in the western

north Atlantic region. Experimental commercialscale shrimp trawl catches of five or more pounds

per hour were made at only 18 locations and

reached 10 or more pounds per hour at only four

stations. The largest single catch was only 15

pounds. There have been occasional reports of

shrimpers making occasional and sporadic catches

of "broken back" shrimp, which is the common

name used for Solenocera by the fishermen on the

Gulf of Mexico. Reportedly, these catches have

been as high as several hundred pounds. Unfortunately, no specimens of samples were retained

and attempts to repeat the catches were uniformly

unsuccessful.

Literature Cited

Brusher, H. A., W. C. Renfro, and R. A. Neal

1972. Notes on Distribution, Size, and Ovarian Development of Some Penaeid Shrimps in the Northwestern

Gulf of Mexico, 1961-62. Contributions in Marine

Science, University of Texas, 16:75-87, figures 1, 2.

Btillis, H. R., Jr., and J. R. Thompson

1959a. How's Shrimping off Guianas? Here is FWS Research Report. The Fish Boat, 4(8):33-35, 41, 3

figures.

1959b. Shrimp Exploration by the M/V Oregon along the

Northeast Coast of South America. Commercial

Fisheries Review, 21 (11): 1-9, figures 1-7.

1965. Collections by the Exploratory Fishing Vessels,

Oregon, Silver Bay, Combat, and Pelican Made

During 1956-1960 in the Southwestern North Atlantic. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special

Scientific Report—Fisheries, 510:1-130.

Burkenroad, M. D.

1934. The Penaeidea of Louisiana with a Discussion of

Their World Relationships. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 68 (2) :61—143,

figures 1-15.

1936. The Aristaeinae, Solenocerinae and Pelagic Penaeinae of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection.

Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection,

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