If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

January 14, 2021

v No. 345014

Kent Circuit Court

RAMON CATRELL LOGAN II, LC No. 17-011526-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SAWYER, P.J., and MARKEY and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his jury convictions of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317, 

and felony firearm, MCL 750.227b.1 He was sentenced to 38 years to 100 years for the murder 

conviction, and two years for the firearm conviction. We affirm defendant’s convictions and 

sentence for felony firearm, but vacate defendant’s sentence for second-degree murder and remand 

for trial court to articulate its reasons for the extent of the sentencing departure or resentence the 

defendant.

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises from the fatal shooting of Keith Kirkwood on August 22, 2016 at 1645 

College Avenue. In the College Avenue incident, defendant, then 17-years-old, and codefendant 

Mikey Davis,2then 15-years-old, approached Kirkwood and his cousin Ricky Johnson, and asked 

if they wanted to purchase a bike. Johnson and Kirkwood were drinking beer. Johnson tried to 

get defendant and Davis to leave the bike there and return the next day for the money. This offer 

upset defendant and Davis who thought Johnson and Kirkwood were treating them like naïve 

children. After Johnson pulled $25 out of his wallet, defendant and Davis both drew guns, and 

one of them announced that this was now a robbery. Davis pistol whipped Kirkwood and 

 

1 Defendant was acquitted of the charges of felony murder, MCL 750.316, and armed robbery, 

MCL 750.529.

2 Davis is not a party to this appeal.
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defendant hit Johnson in the mouth with the butt of a gun. After Kirkwood repeatedly told 

defendant and Davis that there was no money, Davis and defendant shot Kirkwood multiple times. 

Kirkwood later died from his gunshot wounds. 

Evidence was introduced at trial regarding defendant’s involvement in a second bike 

related shooting two days later on August 24, 2016. This occurred on Dorchester Street and 

resulted in shots fired with no injuries. The testimony was that defendant went to the home of 

some young boys to either retrieve a bicycle that was taken from a younger child or to confront 

the boys about being rude to a younger child. Defendant and the boys argued over the bike. 

Defendant displayed a gun in his waistband and left with the bike. The boys followed and shots 

were later heard from their direction. It was after this second incident that officers executed a 

search warrant at the home defendant lived at with his mother and found a gun and cartridges 

hidden in a backpack in their backyard shed. Analysis of the gun recovered from the home showed 

that it fired the bullets recovered from the scenes of both College Avenue and Dorchester. 

Defendant’s DNA was found on the gun and on the other items found in the backpack.

Defendant’s cousins, his codefendant’s father, his girlfriend, and two confidential 

informants testified that defendant told them that he killed Kirkwood. The cousins and 

codefendant’s father who were incarcerated at the time of trial, as well as the confidential 

informants who were in jail, received plea bargains in exchange for their testimony. There was 

testimony that defendant also confessed to his mother, but she did not testify against him. 

Defendant was charged with felony murder and armed robbery, but acquitted of those charges, and 

found guilty of the lesser offense of second-degree murder and the additional charge of felony 

firearm.

II. DISCOVERY

Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to 

compel the prosecutor to disclose the transcript or recording of Michael (Mikey) Davis’s testimony 

under investigative subpoena. Defendant also argues in his Standard 4 Brief, that the prosecutor’s 

withholding evidence of Davis’s investigative subpoena denied defendant his right to discovery, 

due process, confrontation and a fair trial. While we find that the trial court abused its discretion 

in denying defendant Davis’s investigative subpoena testimony and that plaintiff purposely 

suppressed the evidence, defendant is not entitled to relief where he fails to prove that he was 

prejudiced by the discovery violation and that the investigative subpoena constituted Brady

3

material. 

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s decision regarding a motion for discovery for an abuse of 

discretion. People v Phillips, 468 Mich 583, 587; 663 NW2d 463 (2003). “The trial court abuses 

its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes . . . .” People v Lane, 

308 Mich App 38, 51; 862 NW2d 446 (2014).

 

3 Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, 87; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963).
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Unpreserved claims of evidentiary error are reviewed for plain error affecting the 

defendant’s substantial rights, meaning that the error was outcome determinative. People v Coy, 

258 Mich App 1, 12; 669 NW2d 831 (2003).

“ ‘Interpretation of a court rule is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.’ ” 

People v Buie, 285 Mich App 401, 416; 775 NW2d 817 (2009), quoting Wilcoxon v Wayne Co 

Neighborhood Legal Services, 252 Mich App 549, 553; 652 NW2d 851 (2002).

B. ANALYSIS

Criminal discovery is governed by MCR 6.201. Defendant requested Davis’s investigative 

subpoena testimony under MCR 6.201(B)(3) which provides:

(B) Discovery of Information Known to the Prosecuting Attorney. Upon request, 

the prosecuting attorney must provide each defendant:

* * *

(3) any written or recorded statements, including electronically recorded 

statements, by a defendant, codefendant, or accomplice pertaining to the case, even 

if that person is not a prospective witness at trial;

Plaintiff argued that discovery of Davis’s investigative subpoena testimony was prohibited 

under MCR 6.201(C)(1):

(C) Prohibited Discovery.

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this rule, there is no right to discover 

information or evidence that is protected from disclosure by constitution, statute, 

or privilege, including information or evidence protected by a defendant’s right 

against self-incrimination, except as provided in subrule (2)4. . . .[Emphasis added].

Plaintiff claimed disclosure was protected by MCL 767A.5(6), which provides in relevant 

part, that if a criminal charge is filed by the prosecuting attorney based on information obtained 

pursuant to an investigative subpoena, the trial judge

. . .may direct the prosecuting attorney to furnish to the defendant the testimony any 

witness who will testify at the trial gave the prosecuting attorney pursuant to this 

chapter regarding that crime except those portions that are irrelevant or immaterial, 

or that are excluded for other good cause shown. If the defendant requests the 

testimony of a witness pursuant to this section and the trial judge directs the 

 

4 Subrule (2) states in part, that “[i]f a defendant demonstrates a good-faith belief, grounded in 

articulable fact, that there is a reasonable probability that records protected by privilege are likely 

to contain material information necessary to the defense, the trial court shall conduct an in camera 

inspection of the records.”
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prosecuting attorney to furnish to the defendant a copy of that witness’s testimony, 

the prosecuting attorney shall furnish a copy of the testimony not later than 14 days 

before trial. If the prosecuting attorney fails or refuses to furnish a copy of the 

testimony to the defendant pursuant to this subsection, the prosecuting attorney may 

be barred from calling that witness to testify at the defendant’s trial.

Plaintiff also relied on MCL 767A.8, which states:

Petitions for immunity, orders of immunity, transcripts of testimony delivered to 

witnesses pursuant to grants of immunity, and records, documents, and physical 

evidence obtained by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to an investigation under 

this chapter are confidential and shall not be available for public inspection or 

copying or divulged to any person except as otherwise provided in this chapter. 

Material and information obtained under this act are exempt from disclosure under 

the freedom of information act, Act No. 442 of the Public Acts of 1976, being 

sections 15.231 to 15.246 of the Michigan Compiled Laws.

“[T]he goal of judicial interpretation of a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent 

of the Legislature.” People v Pasha, 466 Mich 378, 382; 645 NW2d 275 (2002). “To ascertain 

that intent, this Court begins with the statute’s language.” People v Stone, 463 Mich 558, 562; 621 

NW2d 702 (2001). “If the statute’s language is clear and unambiguous, we assume that the 

Legislature intended its plain meaning and we enforce the statute as written.” People v Weeder, 

469 Mich 493, 497; 674 NW2d 372 (2004). The same is true when interpreting the language in 

court rules. People v Strong, 213 Mich App 107, 111; 539 NW2d 736 (1995). “When construing 

statutes that are in pari materia, our goal is to further legislative intent by finding an harmonious 

construction of the related statutes, so that the statutes work together compatibly to realize that 

legislative purpose.” People v Izarraras-Placante, 246 Mich App 490, 498; 633 NW2d 18 (2001). 

In other words, “if two statutes lend themselves to a construction that avoids conflict, then that 

construction should control.” Id. “In resolving a conflict between a statute and a court rule, the 

court rule prevails if it governs practice and procedure.” Strong, 213 Mich App at 112 citing Const

1963, art 6, sec 5; MCR 1.104.

Plaintiff’s reliance on Truel v City of Dearborn, 291 Mich App 125, 135; 804 NW2d 744 

(2010), to argue that MCL 767A.5(6) prohibits disclosure of Davis’s investigative subpoena 

testimony is misplaced. In Truel, the defendants, City of Dearborn, sought the investigative 

subpoena statements of four officers from the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office (WCPO) after 

the plaintiff, a Dearborn police officer, sued the defendants for violation of the Whistleblowers’

Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq. The WCPO refused to turn over the requested 

materials because they were “privileged work product,” protected under “the deliberative process 

privilege” and where the “transcripts of the statements and records were confidential under MCL 

767A.8.” Truel, 291 Mich App at 129. The defendant filed a motion to compel that was granted. 

The WCPO appealed by delayed leave granted and this Court reversed. In regard to MCL 767A.8, 

this Court held,

Because transcripts of witness testimony are only available to a criminal defendant 

when the charges result from information obtained through investigative subpoenas 

and (a) the testimony is that of the defendant or (b) the testimony is that of witnesses 
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who will testify at trial, MCL 767A.5(6), defendants here are not entitled to the 

transcripts of statements given by the four police officers. [Id. at 135]. 

Concerning disclosure under the deliberate process privilege, this Court noted that “[b]ecause the 

privilege is qualified rather than absolute, it can be overcome by a sufficient showing of need.” 

Id. at 136. It held that the trial court erred in finding that defendant made a sufficient showing of 

need where, “[w]hatever plaintiff may have reported pursuant to the investigation and any 

evaluation of the truth and credibility of that testimony by the WCPO is irrelevant to a 

determination whether defendants harassed plaintiff, denied him promotions, and accused him of 

misconduct because he participated in a public body’s investigation.” Id. at 139. 

In its interpretation of MCL 767A.5, the Court in Truel did not hold that the defendants 

were not entitled to the transcripts of the four officers because the officers would not be called to 

testify in plaintiff’s WPA action against defendants. The Court’s holding under MCL 767A.8 was 

that the transcripts of witness testimony were only available to a criminal defendant when “(a) the 

testimony is that of the defendant or (b) the testimony is that of witnesses who will testify at trial.”5 

Notably, MCR 6.201 was not implicated because Truel involved a civil matter. 

We find People v Pruitt, 229 Mich App 82; 580 NW2d 462 (1998), to be more on point. 

In Pruitt, the issue was “whether a district court, before the preliminary examination of an 

individual charged with a felony, possesses the authority to compel discovery of witnesses’

statements given to the prosecution pursuant to an investigative subpoena.” Id. at 83-84. There, 

the “defendant, who was charged with a felony, filed a motion for discovery in the district court 

after his district court arraignment but before his preliminary examination.” Id. at 86. Among 

other items, “defendant sought in the district court copies of the statements given by himself and 

by five other individuals pursuant to investigatory subpoenas.” Id. at 91. “The circuit court 

vacated the order, ruling that the district court lacked authority to grant defendant’s motion” 

because the circuit court read “trial judge” in MCL 767A.5(6) as only meaning “circuit judge.” Id. 

at 86. This Court held that,

[t]he trial court in this felony case erred in concluding that the district court lacked 

the authority to order any discovery of information obtained by the prosecutor 

through the use of investigative subpoenas. The criminal discovery procedures of 

MCR 6.201 supersede the statutory procedures in both the district court and the 

circuit court; the court rule mandates that, at any stage of the proceedings, the 

 

5 Only two of 39 cases that cite Truel, reference the case for its holding regarding MCL 767A.8. 

People v Cotton, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued December 19, 

2013 (Docket No. 311956), used the Court’s reasoning in Truel concerning MCL 767A.8 to hold 

that a petition for an investigative subpoena was confidential and not discoverable under MCL 

767A.2(5). Moody v Michigan Gaming Control Bd, unpublished opinion of the United States 

District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, issued June 18, 2013 (Case No. 12-cv-13593) 

cited Truel for the plain interpretation of MCR 6.201, that “[t]ranscripts of investigative subpoenas 

are only available to a criminal defendant when the state proceeds with criminal charges on 

‘information obtained through investigative subpoenas,’ among other requirements.”
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prosecution must turn over exculpatory information and the statements of a 

defendant, codefendant, or accomplice within seven days[6]of a request. [Id. at 88].

The Court ruled that “in felony cases, a district court has the authority to order the production of 

statements made by a defendant, codefendant, or accomplice in response to an investigative 

subpoena, along with any exculpatory information obtained from any witness in response to an 

investigative subpoena[.]” Id. at 84. 

The Court distinguished the discovery procedure in the district court when the defendant 

is charged with a misdemeanor:

If, on the other hand, the “criminal charge” filed by the prosecution is, for some 

reason, a misdemeanor charge rather than the felony originally under investigation, 

the trial would be in the district court. In that instance, the discovery provisions of 

MCR 6.201 would have no application, MRE 6.001(B), and the “trial judge” would 

be a district judge. In the absence of MRE 6.201, the provisions of M.C.L. § 

767A.5(6); M.S.A. § 28.1023A(5)(6) would be triggered, and, therefore, 

misdemeanor defendants would have twenty-one days after their district court 

arraignment in which to seek from the district judge an order for the discovery of 

statements made pursuant to an investigative subpoena by themselves or any other 

witness who will testify at the trial. [Id. at 90].

The Pruitt Court explained that “[o]ne of the purposes behind the Legislature’s enactment 

of [MCL 767A.5(6),] 1995 P.A. 148, for example, was to force reluctant individuals not 

necessarily involved in the crime being investigated to cooperate in the investigation.” Id. 88-89 

citing Senate Analysis, SB 85, August 10, 1995. The Court determined that, “[n]onexculpatory 

statements made by these individuals, that is, persons who are not ‘defendant[s], codefendant[s], 

or accomplice[s],’ are not subject to mandatory discovery under MCR 6.201, but are subject to 

discovery under M.C.L. § 767A.5(6)[.]” Id. at 89 (emphasis added). Thus, the Court concluded

[t]o the extent that M.C.L. § 767A.5(6); M.S.A. § 28.1023A(5)(6) allows a felony 

defendant to seek copies of statements given pursuant to an investigative subpoena 

only during a twenty-one-day period, limits discovery to the statements of the 

defendant and, in the discretion of the court, “any witness who will testify at trial,” 

allows a prosecutor to forestall disclosure of the statements until fourteen days 

before trial, and does not require the prosecutor to turn over other exculpatory 

information, the statute is in direct conflict with MCR 6.201(B)(1), (B)(3), and (F), 

and, under MCR 6.001(E), is superseded by the court rule. [Id. at 88].

Applying the foregoing rules, statutes, and caselaw we conclude that the trial court abused 

its discretion in refusing defendant disclosure of Davis’s investigative subpoena testimony. MCR 

6.201(B)(3)’s grant of discovery to a defendant in a felony matter is broad and allows disclosure 

 

6 The current version of MCR 6.201 states that “the prosecuting attorney must comply with the 

requirements of this rule within 21 days of a request under this rule and a defendant must comply 

with the requirements of this rule within 21 days of a request under this rule.” MCR 6.201(F).
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of “any statements, including electronically recorded statements,” and particular, in that the 

statements be “by a defendant, codefendant, or accomplice pertaining to the case.” While MCR 

6.201(B)(3) does not specifically include or exclude evidence obtained from investigative 

subpoenas. However, if the investigative subpoena procedure results in a statement from the 

defendant, codefendant, or an accomplice pertaining to the case, MCR 6.201(B)(3) applies. See 

e.g. MCR 767A.9 (“A person who makes a false statement under oath in an examination conducted 

under this chapter knowing the statement is false is guilty of perjury . . .”). MCR 6.201(B)(3) also 

mandates disclosure of any statements from the defendant, codefendant, or an accomplice whether 

the defendant, codefendant, or accomplice is expected to testify at trial or not.

MCR 6.201(C)(1), as relevant to this case, prohibits the discovery of evidence that is 

protected from disclosure by statute. Its language begins with “[n]otwithstanding any other court 

rule,” so in spite of any other court rule that would allow disclosure, discovery of the same 

evidence is otherwise prohibited under MCR 6.201(C)(1) if a statute provides that it is protected 

from disclosure. Again, plaintiff relies on MCL 767A.5(6) and MCL 767A.8 to argue that Davis’s 

investigative subpoena testimony is prohibited from disclosure by statute. Neither statute 

however, absolutely prohibits disclosure. Nor does either statute specifically prohibit investigative 

subpoena testimony by a defendant, codefendant, or an accomplice. Importantly, MCL 767A.5(6) 

only concerns discovery of the investigative subpoena testimony of witnesses who will testify at 

trial. Even then, the discovery of this testimony is not prohibited. Rather, MCL 767A.5(6) gives 

1) the trial court the discretion to order investigative subpoena testimony of witnesses who will 

testify at trial to be furnished to the defendant, 2) the prosecutor the authority to refuse to furnish 

that testimony, and 3) a consequence to the prosecutor for refusing to obey the court’s order of 

disclosure. MCL 767A.8 states that “evidence obtained by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to 

an investigation under this chapter are confidential and shall not be available for public inspection 

or copying or divulged to any person except as otherwise provided in this chapter.” “[E]vidence 

obtained by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to an investigation under this chapter” would plainly 

include investigative subpoena testimony. However, the emphasized language “except as 

otherwise provided in this chapter” leads the reader back to MCL 767A.5(6) which does allow for 

evidence obtained pursuant to an investigative subpoena to be disclosed when ordered by the court. 

To the extent that the trial court interpreted MCL 767A.5(6) as to deprive the defendant 

here of the investigative subpoena testimony of “a defendant, codefendant, or accomplice,” the 

court made an error of law. In accord with Pruitt, 229 Mich App at 87-88, “[t]he Michigan court 

rules governing criminal procedure supersede any statutory procedure pertaining to and 

inconsistent with a procedure provided by a court rule.” Further, the plaintiff was incorrect in its 

argument that MCL 767A.5(6) and MCL 767A.8 prohibited disclosure where the statutes 

specifically allow for the disclosure of nonexculpatory statements in the trial court’s discretion and 

as otherwise provided elsewhere in MCL 767A.1 et seq.

Despite the error of law made by the trial court, reversal is not automatic.

No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be granted by 

any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of misdirection of the 

jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for error as to any matter 

of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court, after an examination of 
-8-

the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error complained of has 

resulted in a miscarriage of justice. [MCR 769.26].

“[T]he defendant has the burden to demonstrate that a preserved, nonconstitutional error resulted 

in a miscarriage of justice.” People v Hawthorne, 474 Mich 174, 181; 713 NW2d 724 (2006).7

The error only warrants reversal when it is more probable than not that the error was outcome 

determinative. People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 494-495; 596 NW2d 607 (1999). Defendant fails 

to argue in his attorney brief, that the error was outcome determinative in relation to whether the 

trial court abused its discretion. In his Standard 4 Brief, defendant argues that the investigative 

subpoena was needed to determine whether to call Davis as a witness, for impeachment purposes, 

for trial preparation, and strategy. Still, defendant does not explain in relation to whether the trial 

court abused its discretion how the absence of Davis’s testimony constituted a miscarriage of 

justice. Had Davis been called as a witness, he was likely to invoke his Fifth Amendment right 

against self-incrimination because he was implicated in the offenses with defendant. Also, any 

argument that Davis would have provided information that was helpful to the defense is 

speculative. 

Defendant also argues in his attorney and Standard 4 Briefs that “it is possible that this 

evidence could constitute Brady material.” 

Under Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, “[a] criminal defendant has a due process right of 

access to certain information possessed by the prosecution.” People v Lester, 232 Mich App 262, 

281; 591 NW2d 267 (1998). “This due process requirement of disclosure applies to evidence that 

might lead a jury to entertain a reasonable doubt about a defendant’s guilt.” Id. at 281. To prove 

a Brady violation, the defendant must show that (1) the prosecution suppressed evidence; (2) the 

evidence was favorable to the accused; and (3) viewed in its totality, the evidence is material. 

People v Chenault, 495 Mich 142, 155; 845 NW2d 731 (2014). “Evidence is favorable to the 

defense when it is either exculpatory or impeaching.” Id. at 150. “Exculpatory evidence” is 

“[e]vidence tending to establish a criminal defendant’s innocence.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th 

ed), p 637. “Impeachment evidence as well as exculpatory evidence falls within the Brady rule 

because, if disclosed and used effectively, such evidence ‘may make the difference between 

conviction and acquittal.’ ” Lester, 232 Mich App at 281 (citation omitted). To establish 

materiality, a defendant must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence 

been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable 

probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Chenault, 495 

Mich at 150. 

While plaintiff clearly suppressed the investigative subpoena evidence when it refused on 

the record to produce it based on MCL 767A.5(6), defendant’s Brady claim ultimately fails for 

lack of being able to prove that the evidence was favorable or material. In his attorney brief, 

defendant merely argues that “it is possible that this evidence could constitute Brady material.” In 

his Standard 4 Brief, defendant argues that, “Above all, if the jury would have known what [Davis] 

said and known that it’s a high probability that he committed this crime, the defendant would have 

 

7 A defendant has no constitutional right to discovery in criminal cases. People v Elston, 462 Mich 

751, 758; 614 NW2d 595 (2000).
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a high chance of being acquitted.” Essentially, defendant’s Brady claim rests on Davis admitting 

at the investigative subpoena or at trial that he committed the offenses and defendant did not. This

was very unlikely. The fact that the plaintiff offered defendant a plea deal that included testifying 

against Davis illustrates that Davis had yet to confess to the charges. Further, because Davis was 

implicated in the commission of the offenses with the defendant, he was likely to invoke his Fifth 

Amendment rights if called to testify at defendant’s trial. Defendant’s Brady claim is otherwise 

based on speculation.

III. EVIDENTIARY ERROR

Defendant argues that: (1) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of another shooting 

under MRE 404(b) and (2) he is entitled to a new trial due to the erroneous admission of his 

recorded statements to an informant.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The decision whether to admit evidence falls within a trial court’s discretion and will be 

reversed only when there is an abuse of that discretion.” People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 722; 

835 NW2d 399 (2013), citing People v Gursky, 486 Mich 596, 606; 786 NW2d 579 (2010). “The 

trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes . . 

. .” People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 51; 862 NW2d 446 (2014). “[W]here decisions regarding 

the admission of evidence involve preliminary questions of law such as whether a rule of evidence 

or statute precludes admissibility, our review is de novo.” People v Layher, 464 Mich 756, 761; 

631 NW2d 281 (2001). “A preserved trial error in admitting or excluding evidence is not grounds 

for reversal unless, after an examination of the entire cause, it affirmatively appears that it is more 

probable than not that the error was outcome determinative.” People v King, 297 Mich App 465, 

472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012).

“This Court reviews for clear error findings of fact regarding a motion to suppress 

evidence. However, we review de novo the trial court’s ultimate decision on a motion to suppress.” 

People v Fosnaugh, 248 Mich App 444, 450; 639 NW2d 587 (2001). “Generally, whether a 

defendant’s right to counsel was violated is a constitutional issue that this Court reviews de novo.” 

People v Hieu Van Hoang, 328 Mich App 45, 54-55; 935 N W2d 396 (2019).

B. ANALYSIS

1. MRE 404(B)

Defendant argues that evidence of the Dorchester incident was irrelevant, inadmissible and 

unfairly prejudicial. 

Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of 

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be 

without the evidence.” MRE 401. “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise 

provided by the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of the State of Michigan, these 

rules, or other rules adopted by the Supreme Court. Evidence which is not relevant is not 

admissible.” MRE 402. Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading 
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the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative 

evidence. MRE 403. See People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 75; 537 NW2d 909 mod 450 Mich 1212; 

539 NW2d 504 (1995) (citation omitted) (“Relevant evidence is inherently prejudicial; but it is 

only unfair prejudice, substantially outweighing probative value, which permits exclusion of 

relevant matter under Rule 403[.]).

Generally, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the 

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” MRE 404(b)(1). However, 

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admissible for other purposes, including 

. . .proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in 

doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same 

is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, 

or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case. [MRE 404(b)(1)].

The Dorchester incident was relevant to the defendant’s possession of a weapon within 

days of the instant offense and provided context for his eventual arrest. The Dorchester incident 

occurred on August 24, 2016, two days after the College incident and also involved the defendant 

arguing over a bike, this time with two children, aged 13 and 16. The argument became heated 

when the children refused to turn over the bike and according to Jackson, who was a classmate of 

defendant’s and the cousin of the 13 and 16-year-olds, defendant lifted up his shirt and brandished 

a firearm in his waistband. Defendant eventually left on foot with the bike, but the children 

followed defendant. Jackson’s mother, Belser, tried to catch up with them, but was unsuccessful. 

Gun shots were heard from the direction where defendant and the children had walked. 

Defendant’s next door neighbor, Bacon, heard the gun shots while standing outside smoking a 

cigarette. Twenty or thirty minutes later he saw the defendant walking across their shared 

driveway with no shirt on. Bacon testified that he refused a pink and brown bag that defendant 

tried to give to him and saw the defendant put the same bag in defendant’s backyard shed. Melville 

was asleep in the house when defendant and his mother woke him saying that defendant had just 

shot at someone. Melville saw the gun in defendant’s hand, witnessed defendant wipe it down 

with a t-shirt, place it in a backpack, and take the backpack outside to their backyard shed. Sergeant 

Postma found the backpack with a 9-millimeter Glock pistol, cartridges, and clothing inside during 

the execution of a search warrant at defendant’s Liberty Street home. Crime scene technician 

Curtiss collected five 9-millimeter shell casings at the scene of the College murder. Crime scene 

technician Grant collected seven spent shell casings laying in the roadway on Dorchester. 

Prosecution ballistics expert Crump opined that shell casings found at the College murder scene 

and Dorchester shooting scene were from the same Glock firearm that was seized from defendant’s 

backyard shed. 

“Evidence of a defendant’s possession of a weapon of the kind used in the offense with 

which he is charged is routinely determined by courts to be direct, relevant evidence of his 

commission of that offense.” People v Hall, 433 Mich 573, 580–581; 447 NW2d 580 (1989). In 

both of the incidents, defendant used a Glock 26, 9-millimeter gun. Evidence of the Dorchester 

incident involving defendant was relevant to establish defendant’s connection to the handgun, 

thereby connecting him to the instant offenses. See People v Murphy (On Remand), 282 Mich

App 571, 580; 766 NW2d 303 (2009) (“the appropriate test is not whether sufficient evidence 

existed to convict defendant of constructively possessing the [ ]gun, but whether the circumstances 
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surrounding the gun's discovery tended to establish defendant's connection to it.”). Evidence of 

the Dorchester incident also tended to prove defendant’s identity as one of Kirkwood’s assailants 

by showing his connection to a firearm used in both incidents. See Hall, 433 Mich at 580–581. 

Identity is a proper purpose to admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under MRE 

404(b)(1).

Furthermore, the probative value of this evidence was not substantially outweighed by the 

danger of unfair prejudice under MRE 403. Danger of unfair prejudice exists when “marginally 

probative evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury.” People v Feezel, 486 

Mich 184, 198; 783 NW2d 67 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Unfair prejudice” 

does not mean “damaging.” Bradbury v Ford Motor Co, 123 Mich App 179, 185; 333 NW2d 214 

(1983). Here, the evidence of the prior incident was highly probative to prove defendant’s identity 

as one of the perpetrators of the crimes at issue. Further, the jury was instructed to consider the 

evidence for the limited purpose of whether it showed one of the proper purposes under MRE 

404(b)(1), i.e., proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, system of doing an 

act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, or accident. “Jurors are presumed to follow the 

court's instructions, and instructions are presumed to cure most errors.” People v Mullins, 322 

Mich App 151, 173; 911 NW2d 201 (2017). Hence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying defendant’s motion in limine to exclude the Dorchester evidence. 

2. RECORDED STATEMENTS

Defendant first argues that admission of the wire recorded conversation between himself 

and informant Jacob Blett at trial violated his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination 

when he was not given his Miranda8rights prior to the police sending Blett into his cell with a 

wire. Defendant essentially contends that, although he was 19-years-old at the time his 

conversation with Blett was recorded, he should have been afforded the protections of a minor 

during custodial interrogation. We disagree.

“In Miranda, the United States Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment’s prohibition 

against compelled self-incrimination requires that the accused be given a series of warnings before 

being subjected to ‘custodial interrogation.’ ” People v Elliott, 494 Mich 292, 301; 833 NW2d 

284 (2013) (citation omitted). Miranda defined “custodial interrogation” as “questioning initiated 

by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of 

his freedom of action in any significant way.” Miranda, 384 US at 444 (emphasis added). “That 

atmosphere is said to generate ‘inherently compelling pressures which work to undermine the 

individual’s will to resist and to compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely.’ 

” Illinois v Perkins, 496 US 292, 296; 110 S Ct 2394; 110 L Ed 2d 243 (1990) quoting Miranda, 

384 US at 467. “[I]mprisonment alone is not enough to create a custodial situation within the 

meaning of Miranda.” Howes v Fields, 565 US 499, 511; 132 S Ct 1181, 1184; 182 L Ed 2d 17 

(2012). Whether “incarceration constitutes custody for Miranda purposes ... depends upon 

whether it exerts the coercive pressure that Miranda was designed to guard against—the ‘danger 

of coercion [that] results from the interaction of custody and official interrogation.’ ” Maryland v 

 

8Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
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Shatzer, 559 US 98, 112; 130 S Ct 1213; 175 L Ed 2d 1045 (2010) quoting Perkins, 496 US at 

297.

9

 “Conversations between suspects and undercover agents do not implicate the concerns 

underlying Miranda.” Perkins, 496 US at 296. The Court reasoned:

The essential ingredients of a “police-dominated atmosphere” and compulsion are 

not present when an incarcerated person speaks freely to someone whom he 

believes to be a fellow inmate. Coercion is determined from the perspective of the 

suspect. When a suspect considers himself in the company of cellmates and not 

officers, the coercive atmosphere is lacking. . . .There is no empirical basis for the 

assumption that a suspect speaking to those whom he assumes are not officers will 

feel compelled to speak by the fear of reprisal for remaining silent or in the hope of 

more lenient treatment should he confess. [Id. at 296-297].

According to Perkins, “Miranda was not meant to protect suspects from boasting about their 

criminal activities in front of persons whom they believe to be their cellmates.” Id. at 298. “[M]ere 

strategic deception by taking advantage of a suspect’s misplaced trust in one he supposes to be a 

fellow prisoner” does not violate Miranda. Id. at 297. Neither are “[p]loys to mislead a suspect 

or lull him into a false sense of security that do not rise to the level of compulsion or coercion to 

speak . . . within Miranda’s concerns.” Id. at 297.

Defendant argues that Perkins is distinguishable because the defendant there was an adult. 

This argument is unavailing given that defendant was also an adult, 19-years-old, when Blett 

recorded their conversation. Defendant’s contention that a 19-year-old should be treated as a 

minor is unsupported and contrary to Michigan and federal precedent. The Michigan Supreme 

Court and this Court are bound by the United States Supreme Court’s decisions regarding federal 

constitutional rights. People v Cross, 30 Mich App 326, 333-334; 186 NW2d 398 (1971). We are 

bound by the decision in Miller and because defendant has not successfully refuted the holding in 

Perkins, his Fifth Amendment claim fails.

Defendant next argues that admission of the wire recorded conversation violated his Sixth 

Amendment rights to counsel where Blett elicited statements from defendant about the Dorchester 

incident after defendant had been charged for the Dorchester events and invoked the right to 

counsel in that matter. 

Both the United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right 

to counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, sec 20. “[T]he Sixth Amendment right to counsel 

does not attach until a prosecution is commenced, that is until the initiation of adversary criminal 

proceedings by a formal charge, a preliminary hearing, an indictment, an information, or an 

arraignment.” People v Riggs, 223 Mich App 662, 676; 568 NW2d 101 (1997). Once a suspect 

has been charged with the crime, “the government may not use an undercover agent to circumvent 

the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.” Perkins, 496 US at 299. However, “the Sixth Amendment 

is not violated whenever—by luck or happenstance—the State obtains incriminating statements 

 

9 The transcript of the conversation with Blett did not include any threatening language and 

appeared conversational.
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from the accused after the right to counsel has attached.” Kuhlmann v Wilson, 477 US 436, 459; 

106 S Ct 2616; 91 L Ed 2d 364 (1986) (citations omitted). “[A] defendant does not make out a 

violation of that right simply by showing that an informant, either through prior arrangement or 

voluntarily, reported his incriminating statements to the police.” Id. “Rather, the defendant must 

demonstrate that the police and their informant took some action, beyond merely listening, that 

was designed deliberately to elicit incriminating remarks.” Id. 

There is no dispute that at the time of Blett’s recording, defendant had been charged for 

the shooting on Dorchester and had retained Attorney Kevin Floyd to represent him on that matter. 

However, the circumstances of defendant’s case illustrate that law enforcement did not attempt to 

use Blett to circumvent defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Blett came to the police 

after defendant had already confessed to him that he murdered Kirkwood and shot at some people 

on Dorchester. Law enforcement then instructed Blett to only gather information about 

Kirkwood’s murder at College Avenue. The actual wire recording was twelve hours long or 157 

pages transcribed. During that time, Blett and defendant discussed a variety of topics. At the 

motion hearing, the prosecution stated it would redact those portions of the transcript that 

concerned Dorchester. However, defendant’s statements to Blett concerning Dorchester were later 

properly admitted at trial under MRE 404(b)(1). Given the facts, the police did not act deliberately 

elicit statements from the defendant regarding Dorchester. Kuhlmann, 477 US at 459.

Even if this Court were to conclude that the admission of the recorded statement was an 

abuse of discretion, defendant cannot show the error was outcome determinative where Blett’s 

testimony regarding what defendant told him about the Dorchester incident before Blett was wired 

was still admissible and was consistent with the wired testimony. It is noteworthy that Blett was 

not the only persons to whom defendant admitted the essential facts of the Dorchester incident. 

Defendant confessed to shooting at the children on Dorchester to Shelton and Shykaun Williams, 

Melville, Green, and Cannon. Additionally, as already stated, the details of what happened at 

Dorchester were otherwise properly admitted for their MRE 404(b)(1) use. Thus, defendant would 

not be entitled to reversal of his convictions where the alleged evidentiary error was not outcome 

determinative in his case. King, 297 Mich App at 472.

IV. JUDICIAL IMPARTIALITY

Defendant also argues that the trial court’s comments on his guilt or innocence in front of 

the jury entitles him to a new trial. We disagree.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The question of whether judicial misconduct denies a defendant a fair trial is a question 

of constitutional law that this Court reviews de novo.” People v Stevens, 498 Mich 162; 869 NW2d 

233 (2015).

B. ANALYSIS

A criminal defendant is constitutionally guaranteed the right to a fair trial. US Const, Am 

XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 17. “A trial judge’s conduct deprives a party of a fair trial if a trial 

judge’s conduct pierces the veil of judicial impartiality.” People v Stevens, 498 Mich 162, 170; 

869 NW2d 233 (2015). “A judge’s conduct pierces this veil and violates the constitutional 
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guarantee of a fair trial when, considering the totality of the circumstances, it is reasonably likely 

that the judge’s conduct improperly influenced the jury by creating the appearance of advocacy or 

partiality against a party.” Id. at 171. The inquiry requires a fact-specific analysis where the Court 

considers the cumulative effect of the errors. Id. at 171-172. We note that “[j]udicial misconduct 

may come in myriad forms, including belittling of counsel, inappropriate questioning of witnesses, 

providing improper strategic advice to a particular side, biased commentary in front of the jury, or 

a variety of other inappropriate actions.” Id. at 172-173. “A defendant claiming judicial bias must 

overcome a heavy presumption of judicial impartiality.” People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 

598; 808 NW2d 541 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Defendant argues that the trial court interfered with the presentation of evidence, belittled 

defense counsel, and commented on defendant’s guilt or innocence within earshot of the jury. 

Altogether, defendant argues 17 instances of judicial misconduct.

According to defendant, the first 12 instances involved the court interrupting defense 

counsel’s cross-examination of witnesses. 

The Michigan Code of Judicial Conduct states: “A judge may properly intervene in a trial 

of a case to promote expedition, and prevent unnecessary waste of time, or to clear up some 

obscurity[.]” Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 3(A)(8). Further, a trial court has the authority to 

exercise reasonable control of the proceedings to prevent the needless consumption of time under 

MRE 611(a), which provides: 

The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating 

witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and 

presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless 

consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue 

embarrassment.

The defendant cited numerous instances where the court interrupted defense counsel’s 

questioning. While, perhaps, excessive in number and occasionally sharp in tone, we do not find 

them to be judicial misconduct. None of the instances were belittling or an obstruction to 

defendant receiving a fair trial.

The next claims of judicial misconduct are that the court stated that defense counsel had 

gone over something “ad nauseum” and was acting unprofessionally. The trial court has the 

authority to direct the interrogation of witnesses so as to “promote expedition, and prevent 

unnecessary waste of time[.]” Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 3(A)(8). During defense 

counsel’s cross-examination of Blett, defense counsel repeatedly asked Blett how he first learned 

of Kirkwood being murdered. The court asked defense counsel to move on because counsel had 

asked Blett “five or six questions of the same thing now.” Defense counsel’s response was, “he’s 

pretty slippery, so I just want to be—be clear with my answer.” The prosecutor objected, and the 

trial court stated, “I agree. There’s no reason to be argumentative and name calling here. Let’s be 

a little professional, Mr. Floyd.” The court’s comment did not evidence bias or misconduct. 

The next claims of judicial misconduct are the court’s statements that defense counsel was 

“trying to confuse the jury” and being “misleading.” Here, defense counsel had asked Detective 
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Fannon multiple times how many assailants Johnson reported and their complexions. Detective 

Fannon did not have personal knowledge of what Johnson had reported the complexions of his 

assailants were and defense counsel’s questions for this information were repeatedly objected to 

by the prosecution as improper hearsay testimony. The trial court agreed and had asked defense 

counsel to move on multiple times. The court eventually told counsel that he was “trying to 

confuse the jury” and being “misleading.” This is the kind of statement that is best made outside 

of the jury’s presence but again we cannot label it misconduct.

Defendant’s last claim of judicial misconduct concerns the court’s response to his motion 

for a mistrial and allegation that the court commented on defendant’s guilt or innocence. The court 

did make such an imprudent comment. We note that the judge was not the trier of fact here. While 

the court did accuse defense counsel of being dishonest, the accusation did not occur before the 

jury. “If the jury was not present during the exchange, [the defendant’s] right to a fair and impartial 

jury was not violated.” People v Conley, 270 Mich App 301, 310; 715 NW2d 377 (2006).

The claims of judicial misconduct fail. The jury was instructed to disregard whatever 

opinion the court may have had about the case. “Jurors are presumed to follow the court's 

instructions, and instructions are presumed to cure most errors.” Mullins, 322 Mich App at 173.

V. RESENTENCING

Defendant argues that he was entitled to resentencing because: (1) prior record variable 

(PRV) 7 was scored in error and his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the scoring 

at sentencing, (2) he was sentenced on inaccurate information, and (3) his sentence was 

unreasonable and disproportionate.

1. PRV 7

“The interpretation of the sentencing guidelines and the application of facts to them are 

legal questions that we review de novo.” People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 112; 854 NW2d 

531 (2014). “Under the sentencing guidelines, the circuit court’s factual determinations are 

reviewed for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v 

Hardy, 494 Mich. 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, as found, are adequate to 

satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is a 

question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id. A defendant 

is entitled to resentencing on the basis of a scoring error if the error changes the recommended 

minimum sentence range under the legislative guidelines. People v Francisco, 474 Mich 82, 89 

n8; 711 NW2d 44 (2006).

Defendant argues that the trial court improperly scored PRV 7 and that his counsel was 

ineffective for failing to object to the incorrect scoring at sentencing. We disagree.

PRV 7 concerns subsequent or concurrent felony convictions. Point value is assigned “if 

the offender was convicted of multiple felony counts or was convicted of a felony after the 

sentencing offense was committed.” MCL 777.57(2)(a). Defendant was assigned 10 points for 

having “1 subsequent or concurrent conviction.” MCL 777.57(1)(b). 
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Appellate counsel argues that defendant did not have any subsequent or concurrent felony 

convictions to score PRV 7. Defendant however, acknowledges in his Standard 4 Brief, that he 

pled guilty to “lying to a peace officer-4 yrs or more crime investigation.” “A plea of guilty. . . is 

itself a conviction.” People v Ferguson, 383 Mich 645, 650-651; 178 NW2d 490 (1970) (quotation 

marks and citation omitted). Defendant’s presentence investigation report also reflects that 

defendant pled guilty on July 13, 2017 and was sentenced on September 7, 2017 for this offense. 

MCL 750.479c provides that a person who lies to a police officer while the officer is conducting 

a criminal investigation of a felony punishable by imprisonment for four years or more, “is guilty 

of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than 2 years . . . .” MCL 

750.479c(2)(c). However, MCL 750.479c is considered a felony under the Code of Criminal 

Procedure, which defines “felony” as “a violation of a penal law of this state for which the 

offender, upon conviction, may be punished by imprisonment for more than 1 year or an offense 

expressly designated by law to be a felony.” MCL 761.1(f). Our Supreme Court has also held 

“that the Legislature intended two-year misdemeanors to be considered as misdemeanors for 

purposes of the Penal Code, but as felonies for purposes of the Code of Criminal Procedure's 

habitual-offender, probation, and consecutive sentencing statutes.” People v Smith, 423 Mich 427, 

434; 378 NW2d 384 (1985). Defendant’s July 31, 2017 conviction for lying to a police officer 

came subsequent to his murder of Kirkwood on August 22, 2016. Accordingly, the assignment of 

10 points for PRV 7 was proper.

Defendant’s related ineffective assistance of counsel claim is unpreserved where he neither 

made a motion in the trial court for a new trial or for an evidentiary hearing. People v Sabin, 242 

Mich App 656, 658; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). We review unpreserved ineffective assistance of 

counsel claims for mistakes apparent on the record. People v Williams, 223 Mich App 409, 414; 

566 NW2d 649 (1997). Where defendant’s companion claim of ineffective assistance of counsel 

is premised on PRV 7 having been scored incorrectly, it also fails. “To establish ineffective 

assistance of counsel, ‘the defendant must show that (1) defense counsel’s performance was so 

deficient that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable 

probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have 

been different [.]” Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 

(1984). Defendant claims trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the scoring of PRV 

7 at sentencing however, objecting on this basis would have been futile where, as concluded above, 

PRV 7 was scored correctly. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection 

does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 

793 NW2d 120 (2010).

2. SENTENCE PROPORTIONALITY

We review de novo the trial court’s interpretation and application of the statutory 

sentencing guidelines. People v Jackson, 487 Mich 783, 789; 790 NW2d 340 (2010). We review 

for clear error the trial court’s factual determinations underlying its sentencing decision and such 

facts must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 

835 NW2d 340 (2013). A trial court’s factual determination will be found clearly erroneous only 

if it leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake. People v 

Armstrong, 305 Mich App 230, 242; 851 NW2d 856 (2014).
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“The standard of review to be applied by appellate courts reviewing a sentence for 

reasonableness on appeal is abuse of discretion.” People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 471; 902 

NW2d 327 (2017). “[A] given sentence can be said to constitute an abuse of discretion if that 

sentence violates the principle of proportionality, which requires sentences imposed by the trial 

court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the 

offender.” People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990).

Defendant’s Michigan Department of Corrections recommended sentencing guidelines 

range for his second-degree murder conviction was 225 – 375 months or life. Under the statute, 

MCL 750.317, the trial court had the authority to sentence defendant to life or for any term of 

years. The court departed from the recommended sentence and sentenced defendant to 456 to 

1200 months, or 38 to 100 years’ imprisonment. 

Defendant first argues that the court “did little to nothing to articulate its reasoning for the 

departure and the extent of the departure.” We agree, in part. 

Factors previously considered by Michigan courts in determining whether a given sentence 

is proportional include, among others:

(1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by 

the guidelines; and (3) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the 

relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s misconduct 

while in custody, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, id., and the defendant's 

potential for rehabilitation[.] [People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich App 1, 46; 880 

NW2d 297 (2015), aff’d in part, rev’d in part 500 Mich 453; 902 NW2d 327 (2017) 

(citations omitted).]

The court here explained its reasons for departure at defendant’s sentencing as follows:

You’re 19 years old. You already have one prior felony; two prior misdemeanors; 

a juvenile court record. You’ve had four different jail sentences and you’ve been 

on—placed on probation.

This, in summation, was a situation where you and another individual were simply 

walking down the street with a bicycle. There were two men that were working on 

a porch that you didn’t know, that didn’t have anything to do with you, that weren’t 

causing you any problems, or troubles. There was some discussion about a bicycle. 

And ultimately, one of the gentlemen was hit in the face—you hit—in the face with 

a gun, and the other gentleman stepped forward, and he was shot and killed, and he 

was shot eight times.

There is absolutely no excuse or justification for this. This was clearly a coldblooded murder. During the course of this trial, we heard testimony about how you 

had been involved in another incident where a gun had been fired numerous times. 

We also had—heard from numerous witnesses where you had told them about this 

shooting. In fact, the impression this Court received was that you were bragging 

about it.
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You—today, you’re saying you’re remorseful, but I have not seen or heard that 

during the course of this trial or from the witnesses that talked to you.

Your Sentencing Guidelines in this matter call for a minimum sentence between 

225 months and 375 months. That is a range of somewhere between 18 and threequarters years and 31 and one-quarter year.

However, under People v Lockridge, those Guidelines are only advisable—or 

advisory. And I need to impose a reasonable sentence that is proportionate under 

People v Milbourn. I do not believe the Guidelines take into effect the fact that this 

man was basically slaughtered for no reason at all. That he was shot eight times. 

That you were bragging about this incident. That until today, you’ve shown 

absolutely no remorse whatsoever. And the fact that I am convinced, sir, that you 

cannot conform yourself to society, nor should you be allowed to live in society. I 

think you are a danger to the people of this community and those Guidelines do not 

take that into effect. 

To summarize, the court noted defendant’s age, criminal history, failure to be rehabilitated, 

defendant’s relationship to the victim, the cold-blooded nature of the murder, that defendant was 

bragging about the murder afterward, defendant’s lack of remorse, and defendant’s danger to 

society as reasons for its departure. While a trial judge’s opinion or speculation about a 

defendant’s future dangerousness is not a proper justification for the imposition of a departure 

sentence, People v Anderson, 298 Mich App 178, 189; 825 NW2d 678 (2012); People v Horn, 279 

Mich App 31, 44-45; 755 NW2d 212 (2008), the court’s other cited reasons were legitimate,

Steanhouse, 313 Mich App at 46. A sentencing court may consider the defendant’s conduct before 

and after an arrest, People v Fields, 448 Mich 58, 77; 528 NW2d 176 (1995); the defendant’s lack 

of remorse, People v Wesley, 428 Mich 708; 411 NW2d 159 (1987), and the prior relationship 

between the victim and offender, Milbourn, 435 Mich at 660–661. 

Further, “[w]here there is a departure from the sentencing guidelines, an appellate court’s 

first inquiry should be whether the case involves circumstances that are not adequately embodied 

within the variables used to score the guidelines.” Id. at 659–660. Trial courts are “entitled to 

depart from the guidelines if the recommended ranges are considered an inadequate reflection of 

the proportional seriousness of the matter at hand.” Id. at 661. See also People v Parr, 197 Mich 

App 41, 46; 494 NW2d 768 (1992) (“Departure is appropriate where the guidelines do not 

adequately account for important factors legitimately considered at sentencing.”). Of the eight 

offense variables that defendant was assessed points for,10 none accounted for defendant’s lack of 

remorse, bragging about the offense afterward, or the cold-blooded nature of the crime. 

While the trial court articulated reasons to support a departure, it is unclear whether the 

same reasons also justified the extent of the departure. See People v Smith, 482 Mich 292, 304; 

 

10 OV 1 (aggravated use of a weapon); OV 2 (lethal potential of weapon possessed); OV 3 (physical 

injury to victim); OV 5 (psychological injury to member of victim’s family); OV 6 (offender’s 

intent to kill or injure); OV 9 (number of victims); OV 10 (exploitation of vulnerable victim); and 

OV 13 (continuing pattern of criminal behavior).
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754 NW2d 284 (2008) (“When departing, the trial court must explain why the sentence imposed 

is more proportionate than a sentence within the guidelines recommendation would have been.”).

“[S]entencing courts must justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.” 

People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). Accordingly, we vacate 

defendant's sentence for second-degree murder and we remand this case to the trial court for it to

articulate why the departure was warranted or resentence defendant.

Defendant further argues that his sentence was unreasonable and disproportionate because 

the court did not consider that defendant was a juvenile when he committed the crime nor consider 

his potential for rehabilitation. Defendant argues that the United States Supreme Court observed 

in Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460, 465; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012), that juveniles 

have a lessened culpability and greater capacity for change. Also, that when fashioning a sentence 

for a juvenile offender, the court should consider certain mitigating factors. Id. at 477-478. 

Defendant contends that the facts of his case illustrated an impulsive and unreasoned action akin 

to juvenile behavior, instead of a cold-blooded premeditated murder. He further deduces that the 

jury verdict acquitting him of first-degree felony murder supported that contention. Defendant 

acknowledges that the tenets of Miller only apply in cases where a juvenile is sentenced to life 

without parole, and that he was sentenced to a term of years. See People v Wines, 323 Mich App 

343, 352; 916 NW2d 855 (2018) (“ . . . there is no constitutional mandate requiring the trial court 

to specifically make findings as to the Miller factors except in the context of a decision whether to 

impose a sentence of life without parole.”) Thus, the sentencing court was not required to make 

any of the findings or consideration of mitigating factors under Miller in defendant’s case. 

However, the court otherwise considered defendant’s youth in sentencing. The first fact noted by 

the court was defendant’s age. Defendant’s sentencing judge was also the same judge who had 

presided over his trial and therefore, was aware of defendant’s age at the time of the commission 

of the offense. The court also considered defendant’s capacity for rehabilitation when it recited 

defendant’s criminal history up until this offense and defendant’s potential to be a productive 

member of society in the future. Further, when presiding over defendant’s trial, the court stated in 

a prior motion hearing that, it was “very concerned about this case. This is a murder case with a 

young defendant, who’s looking at a very serious charge here that could affect this young man the 

rest of his [life][.]” 

Defendant additionally faults his trial counsel for not presenting any mitigating evidence 

at his sentencing, including the failure to file a sentencing memorandum or mention defendant’s 

juvenile status. This claim is unpreserved where defendant neither made a motion in the trial court 

for a new trial or for an evidentiary hearing. Sabin, 242 Mich App at 658. We review unpreserved 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims for mistakes apparent on the record. Williams, 223 Mich

App at 414. “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, ‘the defendant must show that (1) 

defense counsel’s performance was so deficient that it fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different [.]” Strickland, 466 US at 694. 

Defendant first argues that defense counsel was ineffective for not arguing information 

regarding the juvenile brain and defendant’s juvenile status as mitigating factors at defendant’s 

sentencing. As mentioned earlier, defendant’s sentencing judge was also his presiding trial judge 

and was therefore already aware of defendant’s age. Counsel was further not ineffective for not 

arguing the specific information regarding the development of the juvenile brain into adulthood 
-20-

that defendant attaches on appeal because the contention is but one in a variety of issues to be 

highlighted at sentencing and would result in this Court assessing counsel’s competence with the 

benefit of hindsight, which this Court will not do. People v Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76-77; 601 

NW2d 887 (1999). Defendant cannot otherwise prove that the absence of this argument at 

sentencing was outcome determinative where the sentencing court was not required to consider 

any mitigating factors for defendant’s term-of-years sentence under Miller. Regardless, defense 

counsel did argue at sentencing that defendant was extremely remorseful, that the court was aware 

of all the facts having sat in the trial, that defendant was “at the very forefront of his life,” that he 

had a daughter, and the offense was a serious matter that would also impact the defendant for the 

rest of his life. Defendant last argues that counsel was ineffective because he failed to file a 

sentencing memorandum. Defendant fails to cite any support that would impose this duty on 

defense counsel such that the failure to do so would place counsel’s performance below an 

objective standard of reasonableness. 

Defendant’s convictions and sentence for felony firearm are affirmed. Defendant’s 

sentence for second-degree murder is vacated and remanded to the trial court for articulation as to 

the reasons for the extent of its departure or resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ David H. Sawyer

/s/ Jane E. Markey

/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens