United States

Department ofAgricultureForest ServiceNorthernResearch StationGeneral TechnicalReport NRS-96

Manual Herbicide Application Methods for Managing Vegetation in Appalachian Hardwood ForestsJeffrey D. KochenderferJames N. KochenderferGary W. Miller
The Authors

JEFFREY D. KOCHENDERFER is a forester with the U.S. Forest Service’s Monongahela National Forest at Petersburg, WV.JAMES N. KOCHENDERFER is a retired research forester with the U.S. Forest Service’s Northern Research Station at Parsons, WV.GARY W. MILLER is a research forester with the U.S. Forest Service’s Northern Research Station at Morgantown, WV.Cover photosFront cover: Stem injection on a cull tree using the hack-and-squirt method. Photo by James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.).Back cover: Four primary application methods used in the central Appalachians. Clockwise from upper left: stem injection, foliar spray, cut-stump treatment, and basal spray. Upper left, upper right, and lower right photos by James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.). Lower left photo by Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service.

This publication/database reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended
Manual Herbicide Application 

Methods for Managing Vegetation 

in Appalachian Hardwood Forests

Jeffrey D. KochenderferJames N. KochenderferGary W. Miller
Manuscript received for publication 12 July 2011
CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Section I: Stem Injection Summary 6

Section II: Basal Spray Summary 22

Section III: Cut-Stump Treatment Summary 28

Section IV: Foliar Spray Summary 42

Acknowledgments 50

Sources of Information 50

Appendix 54

INTRODUCTIONForestry herbicides are a versatile, cost-eff ective tool that can be used in a variety of ways to help manage forest vegetation. Managing forests to grow selected crop trees is similar to growing agriculture crops: there are usually undesirable plants or weeds present that interfere with desirable crop plants. In agriculture, weeds are controlled by various vegetation management practices, including the use of herbicides, to increase the availability of site resources for desirable crops. In forestry, herbicides can also be used to control undesirable plants so that sunlight, soil moisture, and nutrients are concentrated on desirable crop trees.Species composition is a key consideration in hardwood forests because the value of individual tree species often varies widely. High-value timber species might represent a relatively low percentage of trees in a forest stand yet a very high percentage of total stand value. A crop tree fi eld guide that discusses timber, wildlife, and aesthetic values for 16 common tree species has been developed for central Appalachian forests to help land managers make more informed decisions 
crop trees to help off set management costs and to enhance long-term returns on their investment.Forestry herbicides can be used in a variety of ways to manage forest vegetation to provide a competitive advantage to selected desirable trees or seedlings that will enable them to grow into valuable crop trees. Th ey can also be used to prepare sites for planting or natural regeneration and to reduce competition around newly planted seedlings to increase their growth and survival. Controlling interfering understory and midstory vegetation with herbicides to promote desirable regeneration like black cherry and northern red oak is becoming more widespread in the Appalachians. Other opportunities for herbicide use include managing vegetation on forest roads and creating and maintaining wildlife habitat. However, timber stand improvement operations involving the release of existing crop trees from similar sized competing trees and controlling large cull trees left from previous harvests probably provide the greatest opportunities to use herbicides in Appalachian hardwood forests. A wealth of research information indicates that crop tree release is a cost-eff ective way to increase the future value of hardwood stands

Th e 
biochemical pathways that are specifi c to plants. Commonly used and recommended forestry herbicides are very low in animal toxicity and do not bioaccumulate. Because of their low toxicities and minimal environmental hazards, most herbicides used in forestry operations are classifi ed as “nonrestricted use,” meaning they are available to the general public and no license is required for landowners to buy them and apply them on their own land. Normally only small amounts of forestry herbicides are applied during treatments with long time intervals (years) between applications. Research has shown that herbicides used in forestry biodegrade relatively fast after application. According to monitoring studies, leaving untreated buff er zones around water sources insures that they will be protected. Herbicide labels, which contain a description of the herbicides, safety recommendations, and detailed use information, are the user’s primary source of information regarding the safe and legal use of herbicides. Always read and follow all of the label instructions.Manual herbicide application methods are especially suited for the small forest ownerships in the rugged Appalachians, where the use of mechanical methods is often limited by steep 
correct manual herbicide application techniques requires minimal training and equipment, landowners can often perform herbicide applications on their own property. Using herbicides in timber stand improvement operations has some decided advantages over mechanical methods. Applying herbicide treatments to control individual trees is safer for most people to do than mechanical methods like girdling or chainsaw felling. Th e boles of treated trees controlled with herbicides are not structurally weakened as much by herbicide treatments as they are by girdling. Th e branches and twigs of the dead trees usually fall gradually, minimizing stand damage, while the boles often stand for long periods and provide valuable habitat for wildlife. Cutting and girdling will not control stump and root sprouts and often stimulate their development, thus making competition worse.Th e purpose of this manual is to provide practical information that will enable forest landowners and others to correctly and safely use some common herbicides to manage forest vegetation in the central Appalachians. Most vegetation management problems in Appalachian hardwood forests can be addressed by using a small number of herbicides and 
Th e herbicides described in this fi eld manual are produced by a variety of manufacturers. Trade names are used throughout the text for clarity, although generic formulations with identical effi cacy may be available. Th e trade names used in this manual with the manufacturer in parentheses are as follows: Accord® (Dow Agro Sciences, Indianapolis, IN), 

Arsenal® (BASF Specialty Chemicals, Research Triangle Park, 

NC), Cide-Kick® (Brewer International, Vero Beach, FL), 

Garlon® (Dow Agro Sciences, Indianapolis, IN), Glyphomate®

(PBI/Gordon Corp., Kansas City, MO), Oust® (DuPont, 

Wilmington, DE), Razor® Pro (Nufarm Specialty Products, 

Burr Ridge, IL), and Roundup Pro® (Monsanto, St. Louis, MO).Th e following four sections contain a series of photographs and tables that illustrate fi eld procedures and provide information on the use of the four primary manual application methods used in the central Appalachians: 1) stem injection, 2) basal spray, 3) cut-stump, and 4) foliar spray.
SECTION I: STEM INJECTION SUMMARY

• Use 38-percent solution of Accord® Concentrate in a 

water carrier.

• Use 50-percent solution of Garlon® 3A, Roundup Pro®, 

Glyphomate®, or Razor® Pro in a water carrier.

• Use 6-percent solution of Arsenal® or 3-percent 

solution of Arsenal® AC in a water carrier.

• Arsenal® herbicide is very eff ective on maple (Acer spp.).• Make one incision per inch of diameter at breast 

height (d.b.h.) spaced evenly around the stems.

• Apply 1.5 milliliters (ml) (0.05 oz.) of solution per 

incision.

• Treatment is applicable to stems ≥1.0 inch d.b.h.• Th e “cut stub” treatment (Figure 14) is very eff ective 

on stems smaller than 1.0 inch d.b.h.

• Treatment is best applied from June 1 to November 1.• Do not apply during periods of heavy sap fl ow 

(February through May).

• Treatment costs $50

$75 per acre (chemical and 
Figure 1.—Mixing herbicide solutions for a crop tree release operation. This worker is wearing personal protective equipment listed on the herbicide label. Other useful tools include a pocket calculator, graduated cylinder, and funnel.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.) James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. For
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 8.—Tree injection in a yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) stand using a 50-percent solution of Garlon® 3A in a water carrier to 

release a yellow-poplar crop tree from other competing yellow-poplar trees. Since functional root grafts are often formed between roots of the same species, Garlon® 3A was used because triclopyr, the active ingredient, is 

not translocated well in plants and will not impact nearby yellow-poplar trees. However, injecting competing trees attached to the same stump as crop trees is not recommended. A 5-foot buffer between crop trees and treated trees of the same species is recommended with use of 

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 11.—A research plot in a northern hardwood stand showing results of treatment of beech trees with Arsenal®. Understory and midstory beech 

trees 1 to 10 inches d.b.h. (fl agged trees) were injected using a 6-percent solution of Arsenal® in a water carrier, which is equivalent to a 3-percent 

solution of Arsenal® AC, to promote the establishment of desirable regeneration. This treatment controlled a majority of untreated beech root sprouts. All of the injected stems were controlled and no desirable overstory trees were damaged by this treatment. Restricting treatment to only beech stems precluded herbicide transmission to other species by root grafts

Response to Arsenal® herbicide treatments is delayed; 

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 12.—A northern hardwood stand where beech understory stems 1 to 11 inches d.b.h. were injected 3 years ago with a 50-percent solution of Razor® Pro in a water carrier to regenerate shade-intolerant black cherry. 

Treatment efficacy was similar to that observed in the Arsenal® treatment 

shown in Figure 11. However, the Arsenal® treatment would be the best 

option when there is a signifi cant component of striped maple in the understory.

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
Figure 13.—Underplanted eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) released from overtopping hardwoods using the hack-and-squirt procedure and a 3-percent solution of Arsenal® AC in a water carrier.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
erbicide solutions for stem injection vegetation control treatments

al name

t active ingredient)

Herbicide

component

Carrier

component

All

Componentsa Reference

sate

ercent a.i.)

1,438 ml (49 oz.) 

chemical

2,347 ml (79 oz.)

 water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 7

sate

ercent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 6

sate

ercent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 5

sate

ercent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 4, 

9, 12

r

ercent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 8

yr

ercent a.i.)

227 ml (8 oz.)

chemical

3,558 ml (120 oz.)

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 10, 11

yr

ercent a.i.)

114 ml (4 oz.)

chemical

3,671 ml (124 oz.)

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 10, 

11, 13
FIELD NOTES FOR STEM INJECTION
SECTION II: BASAL SPRAY SUMMARY

• Use 10- to 20-percent mixture of Garlon® 4 in an oil 

carrier (10-percent mixture on thin-bark species).

• See herbicide label for recommended oil carriers.• Spray completely around stems 12-15 inches above 

groundline to point of runoff .

• Treatment is applicable to stems <6.0 inches d.b.h. 

and treatments involving <1,000 stems per acre.

• Apply any time of the year stems are dry.• Treatment costs $80-$125 per acre depending on the 

number of stems treated (chemical and labor).
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
Figure 16.—Beech understory basal sprayed with a 10-percent mixture of Garlon® 4 and oil. Garlon® 4 basal spray treatments 

are effective only on treated stems; triclopyr is not translocated to untreated stems. Basal spraying large numbers of small stems is costly and generally not recommended.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.) James N. Kochenderfer, U.S
Figure 18.—Fifteen-foot tall clumps of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) 2 weeks after basal spraying with a 10-percent solution of Garlon® 4 and oil. Tall shrubs that grow in clumps like autumn olive and 

witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) are difficult to inject or foliar spray but lend themselves well to this treatment.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
erbicide solutions for basal spray vegetation control treatments

cal name

nt active 

ient)

Herbicide

component

Carrier

component

All

components

Reference

pyr

percent a.i.)

379 ml (13 oz.) 

chemical

3,406 ml (115 oz.) oil 3,785 ml or

1 gallon

Figures 15, 16, 

17, 18

pyr

percent a.i.)

757 ml (26 oz.) 

chemical

3,028 ml (102 oz.) oil 3,785 ml or

1 gallon
FIELD NOTES FOR BASAL SPRAY
SECTION III: CUT-STUMP TREATMENT SUMMARY

• Use 50- to 100-percent glyphosate herbicide product 

in a water carrier.

• Use 3-percent Arsenal® AC or 6-percent Arsenal® in a 

water carrier.

• Treat stumps as soon as possible after cutting, 

although treatment can be eff ective on beech in the central Appalachians up to 4 days after cutting.

• Spray outer 2 inches of stump surface.• Treatment is eff ective on all sizes of stumps.• Root sprout mortality is greater around larger stumps.• Do not use this treatment when stumps and nearby 

desirable trees are the same species.

• Treatment is best applied from June 1 to November 1.• Do not apply during heavy sap fl ow (February 

through May).

• Treatment costs $40-$60 per acre (chemical and labor).
Figure 19.—A dense beech understory that will interfere with the regeneration of high-value species. The cut-stump treatment can be used as a site preparation treatment to promote the establishment and development of desirable species and to release established regeneration.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 20.—Beech root sprouts attached to a beech parent tree root. Most beech regeneration originates from root sprouts. Glyphosate® herbicides 

are readily translocated from the surfaces of freshly cut beech stumps to attached root sprouts via parent root systems.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 22.—Applying the cut-stump treatment using a spray bottle to dispense herbicide on a freshly cut beech stump. Although it is usually recommended that this treatment be applied to stump surfaces as quickly as possible after cutting, recent research indicates that waiting up to 4 days after partial cutting before treating beech stumps with a 50-percent solution of Razor® Pro in a water carrier did not signifi cantly reduce root sprout or 

stump sprout efficacy in a partially cut Appalachian stand.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 23.—Stumps after treatment with a glyphosate herbicide. They turn yellow within 1 hour after treatment.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.) James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service 
Figure 25.—Untreated beech stumps showing uncontrolled beech root sprouts and the development of new beech root sprouts stimulated by a timber harvest.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 26.—Beech root sprout mortality around beech stumps treated with a 50-percent solution of Roundup Pro® herbicide in a water carrier to 

promote the establishment and development of desirable regeneration. Garlon® 3A and Garlon® 4 are not recommended for the cut-stump 

treatment on root-sprouting species because triclopyr, the active ingredient in these herbicides, is not translocated well to attached sprouts. Do not use the cut-stump treatment if desirable trees of the same species being treated are nearby (within 50 feet) because transmission of herbicide through root grafts could occur.

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
Figure 27.—Northern red oak seedlings being planted in the spring among beech stumps that were treated the previous fall with a cut-stump treatment using a 50-percent solution of Glyphomate® herbicide in a water carrier.

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
Figure 28.—Live white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and northern red oak saplings surrounded by dead beech root sprouts. Treating large numbers of individual small stems with herbicides can be very costly. The cutstump treatment enables large numbers of small stems to be controlled by treating one large stem. Since glyphosate herbicides have no soil activity and the cut-stump treatment affects only the same species as that being treated, existing advance regeneration of other desirable species is not impacted by this treatment.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 29.—Stump sprouts developing on an untreated beech stump. Spraying the exposed bark on cut stumps with Garlon® 4 in an oil carrier 

will control stump sprouting.

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
Figure 30.—Control of stump sprouts on a beech stump after cut-stump treatment. This treatment will control stump sprouts on many species. It is especially effective on root-sprouting species such as beech, black gum, sassafras (Sassafras albidum Nutt. Nees), and tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), where it controls both stump and root sprouts. Spraying the outer 2 inches of freshly cut stump surfaces with water-soluble herbicides containing the active ingredients glyphosate or imazapyr, which are both readily translocated to attached root sprouts, will provide good control of both stump and root sprouts

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
us herbicide solutions for cut-stump vegetation control treatments

hemical name

ercent active 

gredient)

Herbicide

component

Carrier

component

All

components Reference

yphosate

1.0-percent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 26, 

28, 30

yphosate

1.0-percent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 27, 

28, 30

yphosate

1.0-percent a.i.)

1,893 ml (64 oz.) 

chemical

1,892 ml (64 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figures 21, 

22, 28, 30

mazapyr

8.7-percent a.i.)

227 ml (8 oz.)

chemical

3,558 ml (120 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 30

mazapyr

3.1-percent a.i.)

114 ml (4 oz.)

chemical

3,671 ml (124 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 30

clopyr

0.5-percent a.i.)

379 ml (13 oz.) 

chemical

3,406 ml (115 oz.) 

water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 29
FIELD NOTES FOR CUT-STUMP TREATMENT
SECTION IV: FOLIAR SPRAY SUMMARY

• Use 1-percent or 2-percent solution of a glyphosate 

product that contains a surfactant, or add a surfactant.

• Use 1-percent or 2-percent solution of Arsenal® AC 

and add a surfactant.

• Use 2-percent solution of Arsenal® and add a 

surfactant.

• See herbicide label for recommended surfactants.• Use minimum sprayer pressure to control drift.• Mix with clean water.• Treatment is applicable to target stems less than 6 feet 

tall.

• Completely wet foliage.• Apply during rain-free periods.• Best results are obtained in late summer while foliage 

is still green.

• Add Oust® (sulfometuron-methyl) for better control 

of herbaceous weeds and grass.T

$150

$200 

(

h

i

l 

d 
Figure 31.—Tubed northern red oak seedlings planted on the edge of a skidroad with a heavy grass cover. A backpack sprayer was used to spray a 3-foot radius circle around the seedlings. A spray mixture containing a 2-percent solution of Glyphomate®, which contained a surfactant and 

the equivalent of 2 ounces of Oust® XP (sulfometuron-methyl) per acre 

(approximately 0.25 oz. per 3 gallons of solution), in a water carrier was used. Including Oust® XP in the spray mixture adds longevity to the 

treatment because Oust® XP has preemergent activity that helps prevent 

grass and herbaceous seeds from germinating.

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service
James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 33.—Foliar spraying a fern bed using a backpack sprayer and a 2-percent solution of Razor® Pro with the equivalent of 2 ounces of Oust®

XP per acre in a water carrier.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 34.—A mixture of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) that has been foliar sprayed with a 3-percent solution of Garlon® 4 and a 0.5-percent solution of Cide-Kick®

II, a spray adjuvant, in a water carrier using a backpack sprayer. Use of a surfactant is very important because the waxy leaf cuticle on these plants is considered difficult to penetrate with foliar sprays. In dense thickets, using the higher labeled rate of 5-percent solution of Garlon® 4 and 

completely wetting the foliage but minimizing runoff are recommended.

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
Figure 35.—Direct spraying a clump of autumn olive using a backpack sprayer to thoroughly wet leaves to the point of runoff (but not causing runoff) with a 2-percent solution of Arsenal® AC plus 0.5 percent by 

volume nonionic surfactant in a water carrier. Nonnative invasive plants are especially difficult to control; thus follow-up treatments will probably be necessary. Since Arsenal® AC has soil activity, avoid treating areas where 

the roots from desirable plants are present. It is difficult to foliar spray vegetation taller than 6 feet with a backpack sprayer. Foliar spraying tall vegetation increases the possibility of drift, which can damage nontarget vegetation

James N. Kochenderfer, U.S. Forest Service (ret.)
erbicide solutions for foliar spray vegetation control treatments

mical name

rcent active 

edient)

Herbicide

component

Carrier

component

Other

component

All

components Reference

phosate

0-percent a.i.)

76 ml (3 oz.) 

chemical

3,709 ml (125 

oz.) water

0.08 oz. Oust® 

XPa

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 31

phosate

0-percent a.i.)

76 ml (3 oz.) 

chemical

3,709 ml (125 

oz.) water

0.08 oz. Oust®

XPa

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 33

phosate

8-percent a.i.)

76 ml (3 oz.) 

chemical

3,709 ml (125 

oz.) water

19 ml (0.6 oz.) 

surfactant

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 32

phosate

0-percent a.i.)

76 ml (3 oz.) 

chemical

3,709 ml (125 

oz.) water

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

zapyr

1-percent a.i.)

76 ml (3 oz.)

chemical

3,709 ml (125 

oz.) water

19 ml (0.6 oz.) 

surfactant

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 35

opyr

5-percent a.i.)

114 ml (4 oz.) 

chemical

3,671 ml (124 

oz.) water

19 ml (0.6 oz.) 

Cide-Kick® IIb

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 34

opyr

5-percent a.i.)

189 ml (7 oz.) 

chemical

3,596 ml (121 

oz.) water

19 ml (0.6 oz) 

Cide-Kick® IIb

3,785 ml or

 1 gallon

Figure 34

ent a.i.) 
FIELD NOTES FOR FOLIAR SPRAY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSHelpful review comments were provided by Wayne Clatterbuck, Peter Smallidge, James Miller, and Juergen Wildman. Special thanks go to Toni Jones for help with the preparation of the fi gures and tables.SOURCES OF INFORMATIONBrose, P.H.; Gottschalk, K.W.; Horsley, S.B.; Knopp, P.D.; 

Kochenderfer, J.N.; McGuinness, B.J.; Miller, G.W.; Ristau, T.E.; Stoleson, S.H.; Stout, S.L. 2008. Prescribing regeneration treatments for mixed-oak forests in the mid-Atlantic region. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-33. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 90 p.

Clatterbuck, W.K.: Armel, G.R. 2010. Site preparation 

for natural regeneration of hardwoods. Professional Hardwood Notes. Publication PB1799. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Extension, Institute of Agriculture. 12 p. Available at www.sref.info/resources/publication/ 
Jackson, D.R.; Finley, J.C. 2005. Herbicides and forest 

vegetation management. Controlling unwanted trees, brush, and other competing forest vegetation. CAT UH174. University Park, PA: Th e Pennsylvania State University. 31 p.

Kochenderfer, J.D.; Kochenderfer J.N. 2008. Effi cacy of stem 

injection treatments on striped maple in central West Virginia. Field Note. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 25: 106-108.

Kochenderfer, J.D.; Kochenderfer J.N.; Miller G.W. 2006. 

Controlling beech root and stump sprouts using the cutstump treatment. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 23: 155-165.

Kochenderfer, J.D.; Kochenderfer J.N.; Warner, D.A.; Miller 

G.W. 2004. Preharvest manual herbicide treatments for controlling American beech in central West Virginia. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 21: 40-49.

Kochenderfer

J

D

; Zedaker

S

M

; Johnson

J

E

; Smith
Miller, G.W.; Kochenderfer, J.N.; Gottschalk, K.W. 2004. 

Eff ect of pre-harvest shade control and fencing on northern red oak seedling development in the central Appalachians. In: Spetich, M.A., ed. Upland oak ecology symposium: history, current conditions, and sustainability. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-73. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 182-189.

Miller, J. H. 2003. Nonnative invasive plants of southern 

forests: a fi eld guide for identifi cation and control. Revised. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93 p.

Munns, E.N.; Hoerner, T.G.; Clements, V.A. 1935. (1965 

version.) Converting factors and tables of equivalents used in forestry. Misc. Pub. No. 225. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Offi ce. 48 p.

Perkey

A

W

; Wilkins

B

L

2001

Crop tree fi eld guide
Perkey, A.W.; Wilkins, B. L.; Smith, H.C. 1994. Crop tree 

management in eastern hardwoods. NA-TP-19-93. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry. 58 p.

U.S. Forest Service. 1994. Pest and pesticide management on 

southern forests. Manage. Bull. R8-MB60. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region. 46 p.

Weed Science Society of America. 2002. Herbicide 

handbook. 8th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of 

America. 493 p.

Zedaker, S. M. 1986. Herbicides and application techniques 

for managing immature hardwoods. In Smith, H.C.; Eye, M.C., eds. Guidelines for managing immature Appalachian hardwood stands. SAF Publ. 86-02. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Books: 240-250.
Concentration Comparisons

a variety of concentrations of active ingredients (a.i.). For example, 

as 41.0-percent a.i. (glyphosate), while undiluted Accord® Concentrate is 

sate). Use the following procedure to determine the equivalent herbicide 

g from a familiar herbicide product and a standard solution mixture to a 

h a diff erent concentration of active ingredient. In this example, assume you 

andard mixture of Glyphomate® and you wish to change to an equivalent 

e.

bout the familiar herbicide product, the desired standard solution mixture, 

t: Glyphomate® 41.0 percent-a.i. (glyphosate)

e: 50 percent

mixing instructions: Add 64 ounces (50 percent of 1 gallon) of 

s of water for a total of 128 ounces or 1 gallon.
t concentration of the new or unfamiliar herbicide product and the new 

dard solution mixture = Equivalent concentration

t a.i. (glyphosate) × 50 percent = 38.1 percent

8-percent a.i. (glyphosate)

f Accord® Concentrate is equivalent to a 50-percent solution of 

mixing instructions: Add 49 ounces (38.1 percent of 1 gallon) of 

9 ounces of water for a total of 128 ounces or 1 gallon.
Cost Comparisons

s in cost for undiluted forms of herbicides. Th e important point to 

cide solution that will be applied for a given treatment. Th e following 

m injection solution costs ($ per gallon) for a 3-percent solution of Arsenal®

f Glyphomate®.

 for a 3-percent solution of Arsenal® AC:

 $150 per gallon.

s (ml)

396 per ml 

ution of Arsenal® AC contains 114 ml (0.03 x 1 gal x

e. 

rcent solution of Arsenal® AC =  

$0.0396 114 ml $4.51 per gallon 1 ml
 for a 50-percent solution of Glyphomate®:

ts $26 per gallon.

069 per ml 

olution of Glyphomate® contains 1,893 ml (0.50 x 1 gal x

e. 

ercent solution of Glyphomate® = $0.0069 1 ,893 ml $13.06 per gallon 1ml

 
d in forest management

3 teaspoons (tsps.) 15 ml

2 tbsp. 30 ml

8 oz. 237 ml

2 cups 473 ml

2 pints 946 ml

4 quarts 3,785 ml

33.8 fl . oz. 1,000 ml or 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc)

128 fl . oz. 3.785 liters

32 fl . oz. 0.946 liters

16 oz. 453.6 grams (g)

2.2 lb. 1,000 g

2.54 cm. 25.4 millimeters (mm)

3.28 feet (ft.) 0.001 kilometers (km)

5,280 ft. 1.61 km

66 ft. 20.1 m

43,560 square feet 10 square chains

2.471 ac. 10,000 square meters

640 ac. 2.59 square kilometers (km2)
nformation

g.Active

ingredient

(%)

Herbicide

costc

($)

Treatment Soil

activity

Carrier Solution

conc.

(%)

24 53.8 $23/gal. Foliard

 spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump

No Water 2-100

6 41.0 $17/gal. Foliar spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump

No Water 2-100

5 41.0 $50/gal. Foliar spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump

No Water 2-100

7 41.0 $26/gal. Foliar spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump

No Water 2-100

7 44.4 $72/gal. Stem injection, cut-stump No Water 50-100

27 60.5 $91/gal. Foliar and basal spray No Water-Oil 3-20

28.7 $119/gal. Foliard

 spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump 

Yes Water 2-6

53.1 $150/gal. Foliard

 spray, stem 

injection, cut-stump 

Yes Water 1-3

75.0 $83/lb. Foliar Yes Water 2-5 oz./ac.

ient name)

istributors in 2010

Labels can be downloaded at http://www.cdms.net

PLEASE READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL.
Kochenderfer, Jeffrey D.; Kochenderfer, James N.; Miller, Gary W. 

2012. Manual herbicide application methods for managing vegetation in Appalachian hardwood forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS 96. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 59 p.

Four manual herbicide application methods are described for use in Appalachian hardwood forests. Stem injection, basal spray, cut-stump, and foliar spray techniques can be used to control interfering vegetation and promote the development of desirable reproduction and valuable crop trees in hardwood forests. Guidelines are presented to help the user select the appropriate technique and herbicide for various forest management goals. Instructions for preparing appropriate herbicide concentrations are also provided. Photos illustrate the various application methods and the tools needed to apply herbicides safely and effectively, depending on the target plants to be controlled.KEY WORDS: herbicides, Appalachian hardwoods, stem injection, basal spray, cut-stump treatment, foliar spray, silviculture

Th

U

S

D

f A

i

l

(USDA) 

hibi

di

i

i

i

i

ll i
Stem injection Foliar spray