CHORS TM 89-001 

31 March 1989 

BIOOPTICAL VARIABILITY IN THE GREENLAND SEA 

OBSERVED WITH THE 

HULTISPE- AIRBORNE RADIOMETER SYSTEM (MARS) 

(21 MAY - 2 JUNE 1987) 

by 

James L. Mueller* 

Charles C. Trees 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093 

31 March 1989 

Final Technical Report 

NASA Grant NAG-5-1022 

11/1/87 through 10/30/87, 

extended through 30 April 1987 

*Present Affiliation: 

Center for Hydro-Optics and Remote Sensing 

San Diego State University 

6505 Alvarado Road; Suite 206 

San Diego, CA 92128 

(NASA-CR- 18 4856) 

THE GREENLAND SEA OBSEfiVED WITH THE 

MULTISPECTRAL AIRBORNE RADIOHETER SYSTEH 

{PlARS) Final Technical Report, 21 May - 2 

Jun. 1987 [Scripps Institution of 

B IOOPTICAL VARIAEI LIIIY IN Nag -2 47 84 

Unclas 

G3/48 0 198841 
Biooptical Variability in the Greenland Sea 

Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System (MARS) 

Observed with the 

(21 May - 2 June 1987) 

1.0 Introduction and Mission Summary ............................ 1 

2.0 Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System Description ....... 11 

3.0 MARS Atmospheric and Surface Reflection Corrections........l3 

4.0 Chlorophyll-a vs Spectral Reflectance Ratio Algorithm ...... 17 

5.0 Algorithm Adjustments by Comparing MARS Radiance Ratios With 

Reflectance Ratios Measured from the R/V Polarstern........26 

6.0 MARS Trackline and R/V Polarstern Station Locations ........ 29 

7.0 Two-Dimensional Chlorophyll Distributions 

(I1Stick-plott1 Descriptions of Selected MARS Tracklines) .... 38 

8.0 Chlorophyll-a Variability Along MARS Tracklines 

(6-Point Averages) ......................................... 47 

APPENDIX A: High-Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC) 

Measurements of Phytoplankton Pigment Distributions 

in the Greenland Sea (13 May - 19 June 1987) 

APPENDIX B: Optical Variability During Greenland Sea Project 

Cruise (ARK IV/1) On The R/V Polarstern 

APPENDIX C: MARS Post-Mission Calibration and Characterization 

APPENDIX D: Data Formats 
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BIOOPTICAL VARIABILITY in the GREENLAND SEA 

MULTISPECTRAL AIRBORNE RADIOMETER SYSTEM (MARS) 

OBSERVED with the 

(21 May - 2 June 1987) 

1.0 INTRODUCTION and MISSION SUMMARY 

A prototype Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System (MARS) was 

deployed aboard a survey aircraft to measure ocean color 

distributions in the Greenland Sea in conjunction with 

observations aboard the R/V Polarstern (cruise ARK IV/1) between 

21 May and 2 June 1987. Dr. Nancy G. Maynard was the Principal 

Investigator responsible for acquisition and ecological analysis 

of the MARS ocean color data in this experiment, which has been 

supported jointly by NASA and ONR [via a contract with the 

Visibility Laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

(SIO), the University of California, San Diego]. The aircraft 

was a twin-engine Dornier provided and operated by the Alfred 

Wegener Institute (AWI) in West Germany through collaboration 

with Dr. Hans-Juergen Hirche, a Principal Investigator for 

biological investigations aboard the R/V Polarstern. In situ 

spectral irradiance, spectral radiance, and spectral reflectance 

measurements, and phytoplankton pigment concentrations measured 

using the High-Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC) method 

were acquired aboard the R/V Polarstern by Dr. Charles C. Trees 

(of the SI0 Visibility Laboratory), a Principal Investigator 

under a separate ONR contract. 

The ARK IV/1 cruise track of the R/V Polarstern is illustrated in 

Appendix A (Fig. A-2), with the majority of stations concentrated 

in two study sites referred to as the "East Boxt1 and "West Boxvf. 

The date, GMT and geographic location of each R/V Polarstern ARK 

IV/1 station at which spectral reflectance and HPLC pigment 

concentrations were measured by Trees is listed in Table 1-1 and 

locations are illustrated in Figures 1-1 and 1-2. HPLC pigment 

concentration profiles from these stations are tabulated in 

Appendix A, and irradiance attenuation profiles K(488, 2) are 

summarized in Appendix B. 

, 

The West German Dornier aircraft deployed the MARS on eight 

survey flights from the airport at Longyearbyen, Spitzbergen 

during the period between 21 May 1987 and 2 June 1987. The 

flightlines along which MARS data were acquired, together with 

locations of R/V Polarstern biooptical stations occupied within +/- two days of each flight, are discussed and illustrated in 

Section 6 below. 

inertial navigation system (INS) which was available as part of 

the West German Dornier airborne research facility; the MARS data 

Geographic positions were obtained from an 

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acquisition unit clock was synchronized to the INS clock, and 

after each flight, the INS data were downloaded to floppy discs 

on the MARS computer via an RS-232 interface at approximately 1 

sec intervals for post-mission merger with the MARS data files. 

MARS radiometric data were continuously recorded as 

(approximately) 2-second averages during flight over each of the 

tracklines illustrated in Section 6, and during shorter flight 

segments over the Polarstern (some of which are not illustrated). 

Aircraft altitude during MARS data acquisition varied from 

approximately 500 feet to 1500 feet, and was measured with a 

radar altimeter recorded by the INS system for flights after 21 

May 1987. Because'the sun's elevation in the sky was low at this 

site during all flights, sun glint was not observed near nadir 

and the MARS view was directed at nadir (rather than tilted and 

directed away from the sun). Assuming a nominal altitude of 300 

m and groundspeed of 85 m/sec, the spatial footprint associated 

with each MARS spectral radiance data point is an oval measuring 

approximately 160 m in the cross-track direction, and 

approximately 330 m alongtrack. Successive observatians overlap 

by approximately 80 m. The 6-point averages graphed in Section 8 

are therefore associated nominally with a 160 m cross-track by 1 

km alongtrack footprint on the sea surface. 

The present NASA Grant (NAG-5-1022) was initiated by Dr. Maynard 

to provide support for Mueller and Trees to develop a sitespecific ocean color remote sensing algorithm and use it to 

convert MARS spectral radiance measurements to chlorophyll-a 

concentration profiles along each of the aircraft tracklines 

described above. This report describes that analysis and 

presents the results in graphical and/or tabular form. The 

complete MARS calibrated radiance data, together with geolocation 

and aircraft velocity and altitude interpolated from the INS 

files, are provided separately as ASCII files on magnetic tape: 

for each data point not contaminated by clouds or ice 

reflectances, chlorophyll-a concentration (and lat, lon position) 

is provided within a companion ASCII file on the same data tape. 

Data formats of the digital ASCII files, and a table of file 

contents for the MARS GSP-87 Data Tape, are presented in Appendix 

D. 

The program of presentation in this report is as follows. In 

Section 2 we briefly describe the salient characteristics and 

history of development of the MARS instrument, up to the time of 

the observational work presented here. In Section 3 we describe 

our analyses of MARS flight segments over consolidated sea ice, 

with the end result being a set of altitude dependent ratios used 

(over water) to estimate radiance reflected by the surface and 

atmosphere in channels 1 through 9 (408 nm to 680 nm) from total 

radiance measured in channel 10 (725 nm). In Section 4 we 

present optically weighted pigment concentrations (Gordon and 

Clark, 1980) calculated from the profile data in Appendices A and 

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B, and spectral reflectances measured in situ from the Polarstern 

in the top meter of the water column: we then describe our 

analyses of this data to develop an algorithm relating 

chlorophyll-a concentrations to the ratio of radiance 

reflectances at 441 and 550 nm [with a selection of coefficients 

dependent upon whether significant gelvin presence is implied by 

a low ratio of reflectances at 410 and 550 nm]. In Section 5 we 

describe the scaling adjustments which were derived to reconcile 

the MARS upwelled radiance ratios at 410:550 nm and 441:550 nm to 

in situ reflectance ratios measured simultaneously during 

overflights of the R/V Polarstern at six intercomparison 

stations. In Section 6 we graphically present the locations of 

MARS data tracklines and positions of Polarstern stations 

occupied within two days of each flight. 

ltstick-plotsll of MARS tracklines selected to illustrate twodimensional spatial variability within the I1boxtl covered by each 

day's flight. Finally in Section 8, we present curves of 

chlorophyll-a concentration profiles derived from MARS data along 

survey tracklines. 

In Section 7 we present I 

We now briefly summarize the significant results of our 

investigation: 

a. An algorithm was developed to correct MARS radiance 

measurements for atmospheric backscatter and surface 

reflection contributions, based on the assumption that at 

725 nm (MARS channel 10) there is no upwelled radiance 

contribution from beneath the sea surface. This approach 

follows what has become common practice in atmospheric 

corrections to Nimbus-7 CZCS data (Gordon, 1978; Gordon, 

et al., 1983). Because the MARS could not be equipped 

with downwelling (incident) irradiance channels in time 

for the 1987 deployment, we were forced to use a small 

set of MARS radiance measurements over sea ice to 

estimate the spectral quality of the components due to 

atmospheric backscatter and sea-surface reflections in 

spectral radiance measured by MARS over water. 

approach we assumed that the reflectance of sea ice is 

grey, i.e. not wavelength dependent. We also assumed 

that the cloud cover and solar elevation conditions, and 

resultant spectral quality of incident daylight, which 

prevailed during the sea ice reflectance measurements 

were representative of conditions during the entire 

sequence of eight flights on different days. 

recognize that both of these assumptions are suspect, but 

we have no better source of information on which to base 

analyses of the present data set. 

An algorithm for calculating chlorophyll-a concentration 

from the ratio of radiance reflectance R(441) at 441 nm 

to R(550) at 550 nm was developed by regression analyses 

In this 

We 

b. 

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,I of HPLC pigment concentrations on in-situ reflectances 

measured with a Biospherical Instrument Inc. MER-1032 

submersible radiometer. Two separate regression 

equations were derived to separate cases influenced by 

apparently high concentrations of decayed organic 

material in freshly melted sea-ice, as indicated by low 

reflectance ratios R(410):R(550). A classification 

algorithm (to select the appropriate chlorophyll-a vs 

R(441):R(550) coefficients) was derived through separate 

regressions of ratios R(410):R(550) vs R(441):R(550) for 

subsamples of stations known to be unaffected by ice melt 

(ItEast Boxtt stations only), and stations known to be so 

affected (a subset of ItWest Box1' Stations characterized 

by low salinity at 10 m and by obviously low 

R(410):R(550) ratios). When this two-step algorithm 

(classification followed by chlorophyll-a computation) is 

applied to all biooptical stations, the squared 

correlation coefficient is 0.71 (squared correlation 

improves to 0.86 if one apparent outlier - station 168 - 

is excluded, and to 0.91 if stations 168 and 143 are both 

excluded). 

c. Inspection of MARS calibrated radiance spectra over 

both ice and water persistently contain unrealistically 

high relative values of L(410) (channel 1 radiance). 

L(441) (channel 2 radiance) is also persistently greater 

than might be expected, but by a much smaller amount 

(relative to radiances in the other channels) than is 

L(410). The instrument did not display these tendencies 

in calibration tests under laboratory conditions at room 

temperature. We speculate that these two channels, which 

are both at wavelengths where detector sensitivity is low 

and signal to noise ratios are small, may be sensitive to 

ambient operating temperature, but we've not yet had time 

and resources to test the instrument for these 

tendencies. We expect to do so in the near future. We 

also note that the MARS had a new Barium-Sulfate coating 

applied in West Germany during the deployment (see 

Section 2 below), and that the MARS was not recalibrated 

until more that a month later when the instrument was 

returned to San Diego. During the first few weeks after 

application, new coatings tend to age and reduce 

reflectance especially rapidly, and the effect is 

greatest at the shorter wavelengths. This aging tendency 

could explain the anomalously high relative radiance 

levels in these channels (i.e. for a given aperture 

radiance, a higher coating reflectance at the time of the 

field observations whould produce a larger irradiance in 

the sphere than would the same aperture radiance and 

reduced coating reflectance at the time of calibration. 

We can only speculate at this point, however. To allow 

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analysis of the 1987 GSP MARS data, we chose to reconcile 

the MARS water leaving radiance ratio estimates 

Lw(410):Lw(550) and Lw(441):Lw(550) to in situ 

reflectance ratios R(410):R(550) and R(441):R(550) 

respectively at the 6 simultaneous comparison stations 

with the Polarstern. Through a post hoc trial and error 

adjustment, the best agreement between the respective 

MARS radiance and in situ MER reflectance ratios was 

obtained when MARS calibrated radiances were reduced by 

the scale factors 0.83 in channel 1 and 0.95 in channel 

2. 

d. Despite a limited number of simultaneous ground truth 

stations and our post-hoc adjustment*of MARS calibration 

factors in channels 1 and 2 (above), the chlorophyll-a 

distributions calculated from MARS data are plausible and 

agree at least semi-quantitatively with alongtrack 

chlorophyll-a fluorescence measured aboard Polarstern. 

An exhaustive comparison between MARS and Polarstern 

observations, and the associated descriptive 

oceanographic analysis, are beyond the scope of the 

present grant. We offer, however, two brief 

intercomparisons. Chlorophyll-a concentration calculated 

for MARS Trackline B of 23 May 1987 (see also Sections 6, 

7 and 8 for other presentations of this data) is 

illustrated in the upper panel of Figure 1-3. In the 

lower panel are shown graphs of alongtrack values of 

particle counts (2 sizes), sea surface temperature (line 

without symbols), and un-normalized chlorophyll-a 

fluorescence (triangles) measured aboard Polarstern along 

the same transect on 21 May 1987. The two tracklines 

both show the same ocean front near 5.5 E longitude, with 

higher chlorophyll concentrations (approximately 1.5 

ug/l) to the west and lower concentrations (approximately 

0.75 ug/l) to the east. The MARS values agree in 

magnitude with HPLC pigment concentrations measured from 

samples at stations in the two separate water masses, and 

were the fluorescence values also normalized to the 

discrete concentrations, they would also. These patterns 

are representative of the structure and amplitude of 

chlorophyll-a variability observed in the "East Boxm1 by 

MARS (Sections 7 and 8, tracklines from 21, 23 and 25 May 

1987) and at Polarstern stations (Appendix A and Hirche, 

1987). The "West Box1* (Secs. 6, 7 and 8, plots for 29 

May thru 2 June 1987) was characterized by more dramatic 

frontal structure in both the MARS and Polarstern 

chlorophyll-a data, with concentrations ranging from 0.25 

to more than 5.0 ug/l. Figure 1-4 compares the 

alongtrack chlorophyll-a fluorescence (again not 

normalized to concentration) measured aboard Polarstern 

on 31 May 1987 with chlorophyll-a calculated from MARS 

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along the same transect (Trackline A of 31 May 1987). 

The bottom solid curve is MARS chlorophyll concentration, 

and the upper dashed curve (which we transferred by hand 

from Hirche 1987) represents in situ fluorescence. The 

detailed agreement between MARS and in situ fluorescence 

along this trackline is remarkable. Both observations 

show the intense front near 0.5 E longitude with minimum 

chlorophyll-a concentration (< 0.5 ug/l) immediately east 

of the front, high concentrations to the west of the 

front organized in a sharply sharply banded structure, 

and low concentrations increasing weakly with distance 

east of the minimum. Both curves also decrease abruptly 

near 2 W near the marginal ice zone (segment denoted 

lvMIZ1l) and show remarkably similar spatial structures in 

and near the MIZ. 

REFERENCES: 

Gordon, H. R., 1978. Removal of atmospheric effects from 

satellite imagery of the oceans. Applied Optics, 17:1631- 

1636. 

Gordon, H. R. and D. K. Clark, 1980. Remote sensing optical 

properties of a stratified ocean: an improved interpretation. 

Applied Optics, 19:3428-3430. 

Gordon, H. R., et al., 1983. Phytoplankton pigment 

concentrations in the Middle Atlantic Bight: comparison 

between ship determinations and Coastal Zone Color Scanner 

estimates. Applied Optics, 22:20-36. 

Hirche, H-J., 1987. Data Report of RV llPolarsternll Cruise 

ARK IV/l, 1987 to the Arctic and Polar Fronts. Alfred 

Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 

FRG. 228p 

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-7- 
m 

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b 

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9 

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MARS Pigment: 23 May 1987: Trrckllne B 

26.66 see (rpprox 2 kml bin rveragcs 

2.0 

A.ZSlE 9. SIlE 

Figure 1-3: Comparison of chlorophyll-a estimated 

from MARS1 (top) with chl fluorescence 

C SST measured aboard R/V Polarstern 

along an E-W transect in the eastern 

Greenland Sea; "East BOX@@. 

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E * 

E * 

E 

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1 

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77.998N Trackline Distance 

-4.593E 

78. OO~N 

4.007E 

Figure 1-4: Comparison between MARS chlorophyll-a 

concentration (lower solid curve; Trackline A 

of 31 May 1987, see also sections 6,7 and 8) 

and un-normalized raw fluorescence measured 

along the same trackline aboard R/V Polarstern 

on 31 May 1987 (Hirche, 1987). 

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2.0 MULTISPECTRAL AIRBORNE RADIOMETER SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 

The Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System (MARS) is a selfcontained, portable, ten channel radiometer designed to measure 

ocean color from aircraft of opportunity. In flight, the MARS 

views the sea surface through a camera window at fixed nadir and 

azimuth angles, and thus measures a single horizontal profile of 

ocean color along the trackline followed by the aircraft. 

MARS mounting assembly allows the viewing nadir angle to be 

adjusted from 0 to 20 degrees, and the viewing azimuth angle may 

be adjusted through 360 degrees to avoid sun-glint. 

The 

The core of thd, MARS optical assembly is an integrating sphere, 

the interior of which is illuminated through a 50mm f1.2 camera 

lens and a removable field stop. As configured for the Greenland 

Sea mission reported here, the field stop was sized to produce a 

30-degree field-of-view. The interior surface of the sphere is 

coated with Barium-Sulfate, a white material with a reflectance 

of approximately 0.95, to uniformly diffuse light from the 

entrance aperture throughout the cavity. 

within the sphere is therefore proportional to radiance at the 

entrance aperture integrated over the entire field-of-view. 

The uniform irradiance 

Ten silicon photodiode detectors, each covered with an 

interference filter, are mounted to view the interior of the 

integrating sphere through small ports. The wavelengths and 

spectral bandpasses (half-power, full-width) of the 10 MARS 

channels, as configured for the GSP mission, are listed in Table 

2-1. The electronic assembly for amplifying the detector 

signals, analog-to-digital conversion, instrument control, and 

data communication are slightly modified versions of the 

electronics boards in the MER-1015 underwater radiometer 

manufactured by Biospherical Instruments, Inc., of San Diego, CA. 

The electronic boards provide additional channels, four of which 

were intended to be used to measure downwelling irradiance at 

four wavelengths through a cosine collector on top of the 

airplane; unfortunately, time did not permit adding this 

capability to MARS for the 1987 GSP mission. Instrument control 

and data logging are performed by a laptop IBM Personal Computer 

via an RS-232-C interface, using software provided by 

Biospherical Instruments, Inc. (who also aided in adapting it to 

the airborne application). 

The ouput from each of the 10 channels is calibrated to radiance 

at the entrance aperture of the sphere by viewing a diffuse 

reflectance plate illuminated at 45-degrees by a laboratory 

working standard lamp (traceable to an NBS irradiance standard 

lamp through periodic comparison experiments). 

calibrated before the 1987 deployment to Spitzbergen via West 

MARS was 

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Germany, but the original PTFE coating detached from the interior 

of the sphere during shipment to West Germany. The present 

Barium-Sulfate coating was, therefore, applied at a laboratory in 

West Germany before installation aboard the Dornier and 

deployment to Spitzbergen. This instrument modification 

completely invalidated the predeployment calibration. MARS was 

calibrated again immediately following its return to the 

Visibility Laboratory in June 1987, with the results reported in 

Appendix C. 

TABLE 2-1 

I Wavelength Characteristics of MARS Channels 

Channel Center Spectral 

Wavelength Bandpass (HPFW) 

(nm) (nm) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

408.6 

437.5 

486.8 

518.6 

548.8 

586.3 

629.8 

665.6 

679.6 

726.4 

13.9 

11.3 

10.5 

10.0 

9.9 

12.1 

13.0 

13.8 

14.4 

19.0 

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3.0 MARS ATMOSPHERIC and SURFACE REFLECTION CORRECTIONS 

I 

The total radiance measured in each MARS channel represents the 

sum of upwelled radiance leaving the water from beneath the 

surface (as attenuated by the intervening atmosphere) and path 

radiance due to incident daylight reflected from the sea surface 

and backscattered by the intervening atmosphere. Only the water 

leaving radiance is of interest for remotely sensed ocean color 

applications; the path radiance contributions must be estimated 

and removed from each channel. In the present work, the MARS 

data tracklines were flown at low enough altitudes (150 to 500 m) 

that we may safely neglect atmospheric attenuation. However, 

significant path radiance is present due both to atmospheric 

backscatter and surface reflections. 

Following common practice in CZCS algorithms (Gordon, 1978; 

Gordon, et a1 1980), we assume that at a wavelength of 725 nm 

(MARS channel 10) the ocean is black, i.e. that the water leaving 

radiance is zero. Under this assumption, the measured radiance 

L(725) is assumed to be solely due to surface reflectance and 

path radiance. To first order at these low altitudes, the 

combined surface retlectance and path radiance at the shorter 

wavelengths should scale to that at 725 nm in direct proportion 

to the ratio of downwelled irradiances at the wavelengths in 

question, with a small but significant coefficient variation with 

flight altitude. 

irradiance detectors, we could determine the appropriate scale 

factors directly, but as is noted in Section 2, we were unable to 

complete that subsystem of the instrument in time for the GSP 

mission. 

Were the MARS equipped with uplooking 

Substantial subsegments of Trackline A from 29 May 1987 (4 

segments) and of Trackline C from 1 June 1987 (2 segments) were 

identified from the flight logs and channel 10 brightness as 

being over 100% consolidated sea ice. We assume that the 

reflectance of sea ice is spectrally grey (i.e. equal at all 

wavelengths), and that the illumination conditions (as determined 

by cloud cover and solar elevation) during the data runs over the 

ice were representative of conditions throughout the entire set 

of flights. Given these assumptions, which are admittedly 

suspect, we may interpret the ratios of radiances in channels 1 

through 9 (409 nm through 685 nm) relative to radiance in channel 

10 (725 nm) as representing the spectral quality of surface 

reflectance plus path radiance over water. To correct data 

acquired over water, we subtract from radiance in each of 

channels 1 through 9 the product of channel 10 radiance and the 

respective radiance ratio derived from our analysis of the data 

runs over the ice; the residual signal is our estimate of water 

leaving radiance Lw for each channel. 

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The path radiance portion of this correction should increase with 

decreasing wavelength, and in the absence of aerosols would vary 

as the -4th power of wavelength. The spectral ratios of surface 

reflectance plus path radiance relative to 725 nm should, 

therefore, become larger with increasing altitude. By sorting 

the original sea ice segments by altitude, subsegment samples at 

eight different mean altitudes were extracted. The average 

reflectance ratios and altitudes for these segments are listed in 

Table 3-1, together with channel 10 radiance L(725). Least 

squares linear regression coefficients accounting for the 

apparent variation in reflectance with increasing altitude are 

summarized in Table 3-2 below, and the data for channels 1, 2 and 

5 (410, 440 and 550 nm nominal wavelengths respectively) are 

illustrated in Figure 3-1. With the exception of channel 8, the 

slopes decrease monotonically with increasing wavelength, which 

is consistent with the increasing relative contribution of 

atmospheric backscatter to the surface reflection plus path 

radiance correction. We have no explanation for the apparent 

anomalous behaviour of channel 8 (667 nm). 

The coefficients in Table 3-2 may be used to correct radiances in 

channels 1 through 9 for surface reflectance and atmospheric 

backscatter. Given flight altitude H in feet, estimate water 

leaving radiance Lw for each channel as 

Lw(ch) = Lt(ch) - [ a(ch) + b(ch) * H 3 * Lt(lO), 

where Lt(ch) is the calibrated value of MARS radiance in channel 

ch. Based on our post-hoc analysis (Section 5), the calibrated 

radiances in channel 1 should be reduced to 0.83 * Lt(1) and in 

channel 2 to 0.95 * Lt(2) before applying this correction. 

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Table 3-1 

Mean Reflectance Ratios L(ch)/L(10) for Eight MARS Data 

Track Segments over 100% Consolidated Sea Ice 

at Different Flight Altitudes 

ch: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 L(10) Alt 

409nm 438nm 487nm 519nm 549nm 586nm 630nm 666nm 680nm 726nm ft 

* ** 

1.515 1.542 1.667 1.620 1.679 1.565 1.396 1.143 1.209 11.448 443 

1.507 1.533 1.655 1.605 1.664 1.551 1.382 1.139 1.199 9.314 392 

1.540 1.568 1.695 1.647 1.708 1.588 1.411 1.158 1.218 10.834 455 

1.539 1.566 1.690 1.640 1.701 1.584 1.408 1.133 1.216 12.765 405 

1.712 1.717 1.827 1.772 1.835 1.682 1.483 1.298 1.269 6.839 894 

1.660 1.665 1.775 1.725 1.783 1.642 1.455 1.281 1.251 6.563 920 

1.623 1.630 1.740 1.689 1.751 1.617 1.436 1.234 1.239 8.796 823 

1.633 1.640 1.750 1.698 1.758 1.622 1.439 1.247 1.240 8.060 970 

* Reduced by factor 0.83 (Section 5, below). 

** Reduced by factor 0.95 (Section 5, below). 

Table 3-2 

Altitude Dependence of MARS Ice Reflectance Ratios 

from Least Squares Regression 

channel a b (l/feet) 

1.4121 

1.4568 

1.5933 

1.5472 

1.6068 

1.5123 

1.3524 

1.0375 

1.1766 

2.701193-4 

2.275773-4 

1.985163-4 

1.921343-4 

1.932483-4 

1.419023-4 

1.114813-4 

2.514723-4 

0.807883-4 

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4.0 CHLOROPHYLL-A vs SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE RATIO ALGORITHM 

Phytoplankton pigment concentrations were measured aboard the R/V 

Polarstern by C. Trees using HPLC methods (Appendix A). Trees 

also measured in situ profiles of downwelling irradiance Ed at 12 

wavelengths, and of both spectral upwelling irradiance Eu and 

radiance Lu at 8 wavelengths. 

using an MER-1032 underwater radiometer manufactured by 

Biospherical Instruments Inc. of San Diego. Downwelling 

irradiance attenuation coefficient profiles are characterized in 

Appendix B. 

These measurements were made 

Phytoplankton pigment concentration profiles (Appendix A) were 

optically weighted, using K(488) values for each station from 

Appendix B, using the method of Gordon and Clark (1980). The 

optically weighted surface concentrations of the 10 pigments are 

listed in Table 4-1 below. The concentrations listed in table 

4-1 are given in pico-moles per liter. To convert these 

concentrations to micrograms per liter, simply multiply the 

values in table 4-1 by the molecular weight of the pigment in 

question and divide by 10**6. The molecular weights of these 

pigments are given here for convenience as: chlorophyll-a = 

893.48; chlorophyll-b = 907.46; chlorophyll-c = 613.97; 

Fucoxanthin = 658.88; Beta-Carotene = 536.85; Hex. = 773.08; 

Chloropyllide-a = 614.97; Diadino = 582.00; and Peridinin = 

630.00. 

Surface radiance reflectance { Pi * Lu / Ed ) values were 

calculated by averaging all MER-1032 readings from the top 1 m at 

each station. These spectral reflectances (Table 4-2) were then 

paired with optically weighted chlorophyll-a concentrations 

(Table 4-1) to derive an in-water algorithm to estimate 

chlorophyll from remotely sensed ocean color ratios measured by 

the airborne MARS. We follow the now common practice of 

parametrizing ocean color using the ratio 

R(440 nm) : R(550 nm) 

as a color index which is highly sensitive to surface 

chlorophyll-a concentration. On examining the overall scatter of 

data from "East Boxt1 and llWest Boxg1 stations taken as a single 

sample, it became apparent that chlorophyll-a was not uniformly 

correlated with the R(440):R(550) color index over the entire 

data set. In particular, stations taken in the "West BOX" very 

near the sea-ice edge (and presumably influenced by recently 

melted ice) followed a distinctively different scattergram than 

"East Boxg1 stations, which were known to be free of recently 

melted sea ice. 

-17- 
Further examination of stations in the Marginal Ice Zone revealed 

that those stations closest to the ice edge were characterized by 

anomalously low values of the Ityellow index" 

R(410 nm) : R(550 nm) 

which indicated that gelvin (decayed organic matter, whether 

particulate or dissolved) may have been present in significant 

quantities in areas influenced by recently melted sea ice. 

examined CTD profiles from Hirche (1987) and found that stations 

characterized by low ltyellow indices" R(410):R(550) were also 

characterized by depressed salinity at 10 m depth, indicating a 

clear associated with melted sea ice. 

corroborative evidence of elevated concentrations of decayed 

organic matter here, but the combination of low llyellow indicesn1 

and low salinity strongly suggests that decayed organic matter 

had been trapped in the ice and released to the upper water 

column in the MIZ. 

Trees 

-We do not have independent 

We therefore extracted data from the sub-sample of the stations 

occupied in the "East Box1*, where melted sea ice could not 

reasonably have contributed elevated gelvin concentrations. 

data from these stations (which in ueneral evidenced low 

variability) are illustrated in Figure 4-1, together with the 

least-squares linear regression line 

The 

log(chlorophyl1-a) = 0.523 - 0.193 * log( R(440) / R(550) ), (4-1) 

which yields a squared correlation coefficient of 0.71 and 

residual standard deviation of 0.110 log-chl in micro-grams per 

liter. 

A second subset of data from the 6 stations which were obviously 

influenced by melted sea ice was also extracted for a separate 

regression analysis. 

together with the regression line 

These data are illustrated in Figure 4-2, 

log(chlorophyl1-a) = 0.081 - 0.278 * log( R(440) / R(550) ), (4-2) 

which yields a squared correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a 

residual standard deviation of 0.031. 

The coefficients in equations (4-1) and (4-2) have been adjusted 

to reflect multiplication by the molecular weight of 

chlorophyll-a, and thus give the log of chlorophyll-a 

concentration in micro-grams per liter (rather than in pico-moles 

per liter, as given in Table 4-1). 

Clearly the subsamples associated with equations (4-1) and (4-2) 

belong to statistically distinct biooptical water masses. 

provide a basis for classifying a given Greenland Sea station as 

To 

-18- 
belonging to one population or the other, we examined the above 

two subsets of the sample on the basis of correlations between 

the color index R(440):R(550) and the yellow index R(410):R(550). 

These stations are plotted in Figure 4-3, together with the 

regression fits relating the two indices in each population. 

Again, the two subsamples are clearly statistically 

distinguishable, with the "East Boxm1 stations following the 

relationship 

log(R(410) / R(550)) = 1.054 + 0.773 * log(R(440) / R(550)), (4-3) 

with squared correlation 0.789 and residual standard deviation 

0.475, and the "West BOX## llYellow StationsR1 follow the 

relationship 

lOg(R(410) / R(550)) = -0.243 + 0.607 * log(R(440) / R(550)), (4-4) 

with squared correlation 0.936 and residual standard deviation 

0.177. 

For a given station, if the index pair 

falls closer to the line (4-3), we use the algorithm (4-l), and 

if it falls closer to the line (4-4) we use the algorithm (4-2), 

to compute chlorophyll-a concentration from the remotely sensed 

ocean color index R(440):R(550). The application of this 

algorithm to the entire data sample is illustrated in Figure 4-4. 

The squared correlation associated with the composite algorithm 

[classification by distance from (4-3) and (4-4) followed by 

application of (4-1) or (4-2) as appropriate] is 0.71 for all 

stations. Were we to exclude station 168, which is apparently 

misclassified by the [yellow,color] index pair, the squared 

correlation would improve to 0.86, and if we also excluded 

station 143 it would improve to 0.91. Under any of these 

conditions, the algorithm is clearly accurate and robust enough 

to permit useful estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration 

distributions from ocean color indices measured remotely by the 

airborne MARS. 

-19- 
Table 4-1 

OPTICALLY WEIGHTED PIGMENT CONCENTRATIONS 

Sta: chlide-a chl-c 

28 44.44 

30 54.05 

31 23.08 

61 172.76 

63 197.01 

65 294.13 

66 265.43 

67 289.80 

90 132.83 

92 350.12 

94 503.47 

101 99.38 

103 227.82 

105 97.92 

107 84.58 

113 46.01 

117 210.80 

132 72.50 

133 8.10 

135 444.63 

136 186.00 

143 441.33 

149 60.62 

150 219.61 

151 264.16 

157 1050.04 

159 540.14 

168 466.45 

169 464.05 

171 280.90 

174 156.27 

177 129.08 

115.77 

125.75 

125.74 

265.08 

290.99 

467.61 

341.66 

346.55 

312.66 

403.54 

666.73 

171.72 

390.94 

171.51 

243.12 

65.42 

282.08 

102.46 

34.90 

676.58 

427.09 

522.88 

95.19 

424.92 

491.67 

1096.36 

1113.14 

863.30 

804.40 

512.28 

179.62 

383.78 

perid fuco 

6.11 226.76 

7.26 110.36 

0.00 208.64 

37.94- 152.66 

40.55 142.60 

22.50 337.65 

17.36 135.86 

15.10 118.90 

0.00 459.10 

0.00 179.53 

56.98 413.76 

2.36 204.74 

29.46 400.21 

1.18 175.81 

64.23 251.93 

0.00 52.17 

0.00 787.85 

0.00 148.20 

0.00 0.00 

0.00 260.56 

0.00 521.12 

0.00 89.51 

0.00 77.35 

0.00 486.77 

0.00 598.32 

0.00 1196.38 

0.00 1386.13 

0.00 992.92 

0.00 1008.25 

0.00 682.28 

0.00 497.16 

0.00 632.20 

hex pras zea chl-b 

124.29 138.56 139.74 343.16 

147.76 161.76 132.98 371.42 

95.81 195.57 117.24 260.92 

359.77 174.65 112.66 272.04 

545.21 274.78 36.66 312.63 

454.03 270.90 190.02 252.70 

589.83 258.23 0.00 248.53 

674.20 282.73 0.00 390.88 

289.91 256.30 130.86 532.54 

783.36 385.96 0.00 424.24 

777.16 466.92 0.00 343.67 

236.85 203.75 168.60 525.01 

426.13 367.77 51.88 362.10 

219.39 194.44 163.86 474.02 

229.60 293.90 0.00 339.37 

97.92 113.35 0.00 0.00 

136.01 177.58 7.08 244.89 

99.28 0.00 100.74 332.56 

943.39 307.46 0.00 259.54 

449.44 392.60 123.49 477.70 

1126.60 438.55 21.18 438.82 

68.74 12.59 0.00 0.00 

449.33 310.24 198.66 636.62 

487.92 145.06 0.00 493.35 

676.36 271.18 0.00 778.03 

632.63 390.37 0.00 449.17 

388.83 198.26 0.00 312.99 

785.10 333.63 0.00 629.05 

378.06 359.26 0.00 385.13 

63.21 98.81 0.00 0.00 

159.04 286.53 0.00 269.27 

0.00 0.00. 0.00 0.00 

chl-a 

647.42 

689.30 

671.66 

1197.49 

1243.85 

1553.67 

1240.93 

1374.92 

1426.10 

1538.51 

2290.58 

1034.17 

1449.76 

915.77 

999.48 

327.10 

1345.53. 

517.32 

230.44 

1918.48 

1684.01 

3133.06 

335.06 

1759.23 

2053.32 

3499.79 

3060.25 

2169.55 

2396.27 

1759.71 

683.90 

1320.98 

carot 

61.56 

49.99 

58.43 

59.17 

61.95 

78.81 

69.40 

69.48 

70.31 

72.27 

90.87 

79.87 

67.19 

78.59 

72.47 

21.55 

55.49 

41.42 

15.59 

85.81 

104.18 

50.12 

8.92 

106.50 

120.06 

123.18 

157.82 

99.46 

116.88 

84.61 

34.23 

52.00 

-20- 
STA 

28 

61 

63 

65 

66 

67 

90 

92 

94 

101 

103 

105 

107 

113 

117 

132 

133 

135 

143 

149 

150 

151 

157 

159 

168 

169 

171 

174 

177 

Table 4-2 

Radiance Reflectance 

R(wave1ength) = Pi * L(wave1ength) / 

R(410) R(441) R(488) R(520) R(550) 

0.0259 

0.0199 

0.0215 

0.0181 

0.0197 

0.0207 

0.0232 

0.0181 

0.0195 

0.0257 

0.0203 

0.0243 

0.0242 

0.0306 

0.0272 

0.0088 

0.0124 

0.0185 

0.0202 

0.0105 

0.0169, 

0.0163 

0.0096 

0.0142 

0.0187 

0.0145 

0.0177 

0.0066 

0.0106 

0.0246 

0.0176 

0.0186 

0.0151 

0.0166 

0.0180 

0.0212 

0.0154 

0.0169 

0.0245 

0.0182 

0.0227 

0.0215 

0.0317 

0.0260 

0.0111 

0.0154 

0.0156 

0.0169 

0.0132 

0.0154 

0.0130 

0.0078 

0.0128 

0.0195 

0.0131 

0.0162 

0.0091 

0.0110 

0.0244 

0.0175 

0.0179 

0.0154 

0.0163 

0.0171 

0.0213 

0.0145 

0.0172 

0.0242 

0.0189 

0.0232 

0.0215 

0.0279 

0.0247 

0.0137 

0.0182 

0.0155 

0.0161 

0.0158 

0.0163 

0.0138 

0.0082 

0.0142 

0.0213 

0.0158 

0.0177 

0.0123 

0.0141 

0.0166 

0.0124 

0.0125 

0.0121 

0.0123 

0.0122 

0.0159 

0.0105 

0.0135 

0.0166 

0.0149 

0.0160 

0.0146 

0.0142 

0.0159 

0.0099 

0.0111 

0.0126 

0.0127 

0.0108 

0.0140 

0.0122 

0.0088 

0.0134 

0.0163 

0.0164 

0.0144 

0.0092 

0.0122 

-21- 

0.0131 

0.0097 

0.0097 

0.0101 

0.0099 

0.0096 

0.0128 

0.0085 

0.0113 

0.0127 

0.0126 

0.0124 

0.0110 

0.0096 

0.0124 

0.0077 

0.0081 

0.0105 

0.0103 

0.0082 

0.0122 

0.0108 

0.0092 

0.0129 

0.0132 

0.0163 

0.0120 

0.0073 

0.0106 

Ed(wave1ength) 

R( 589) R( 633) 

0.0056 

0.0043 

0.0041 

0.0047 

0.0041 

0.0039 

0.0055 

0.0035 

0.0050 

0.0056 

0.0057 

0.0052 

0.0045 

0.0038 

0.0054 

0.0036 

0.0035 

0.0046 

0.0042 

0.0036 

0.0058 

0.0047 

0.0052 

0.0065 

0.0062 

0.0085 

0.0056 

0.0035 

0.0053 

0.0016 

0.0013 

0.0013 

0.0014 

0. 001.2 

0.0011 

0.0015 

0.0010 

0.0015 

0.0017 

0.0017 

0.0015 

0.0013 

0.0010 

0.0016 

0.0011 

0.0010 

0.0014 

0.0012 

0.0011 

0.0019 

0.0013 

0.0017 

0.0020 

0.0020 

0.0026 

0.0017 

0.0010 

0.0016 

R( 671) 

0.0012 

0.0018 

0.0017 

0.0026 

0.0021 

0.0017 

0.0011 

0.0011 

0.0020 

0.0012 

0.0015 

0.0011 

0.0013 

0.0006 

0.0010 

0.0008 

0.0006 

0.0020 

0.0010 

0.0008 

0.0018 

0.0020 

0.0045 

0.0026 

0.0013 

0.0021 

0.0021 

0.0006 

0.0020 
X 

a, 

0 

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CDCL 

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-22- 

FIGURE 4-1 

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-23- 

FIGURE 4-2 

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FIGURE 4-3 

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-25- 

FIGURE 4-4 

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5.0 ALGORITHM ADJUSTMENTS by COMPARING MARS RADIANCE RATIOS 

with REFLECTANCE RATIOS MEASURED from the RV POLARSTERN 

The in-water remote sensing algorithm (Section 4) determines 

chlorophyll-a concentration in micro-grams per liter as a 

function of the color index R(440)/R(550), after selection of the 

appropriate regression equation by comparing the color index with 

a "yellow index" R( 410)/R( 550). 

After atmospheric correction of radiances Lt(410), Lt(440), and 

Lt(550) [MARS channels 1, 2 and 51 by subtracting the 

appropriat,ely scaled value of Lt(725) [MARS channel 101, we are 

able to fohn estimates of the water leaving radiance ratios 

a "radiance color index", and 

a "radiance yellow index". Were flight level irradiances 

measured at each wavelength, we could estimate the respective 

reflectance ratios as 

R(440)/R(550) = (Ed(550)/Ed(440)) * {Lw(44O)/Lw(550)) 

and 

R(410)/R(550) = {Ed(550)/Ed(410)) * (Lw(410)/Lw(550)). 

Unfortunately, the MARS did not have that capability in 1987. 

An additional uncertainty was introduced by our observation that 

Lt(410) in channel 1 was chronically greater than radiance in any 

of the other channels. This condition is common to radiance 

spectra measured over ice, water and clouds. This spectral 

characteristic is not plausible under any reasonable set of 

assumptions, if only because incident solar flux at 410 nm is 

significantly less than that at either 440 or 550 nm, and 

skylight irradiance is also always less at 410 nm than at 440 nm. 

Channel 1 clearly was more sensitive at the time the MARS 

measurements were made over the Greenland Sea (21 May through 2 

June 1987) than at the time of laboratory calibration following 

the mission (circa 16 June 1987). We have considered two 

possible explanations: 1) these channels of the instrument may 

be sensitive to ambient temperature, a possibility that will be 

explored in laboratory experiments as soon as time permits, or 2) 

a new Barium-Sulfate coating was applied to the interior of the 

sphere during on or about 15 May 1987, and if the coating aged 

-26- 
I 

,I 

11 

significantly during the first month, we would expect to see the 

largest reflectance loss at short wavelengths (where BariumSulfate is least efficient and most susceptible to aging). 

Unfortunately, there is no way to definitively determine the 

cause, and we have had to resort to a post-hoc adjustment to this 

channel based on the limited number of comparisons between the 

MARS and ground truth reflectances measured with the MER-1032 by 

Trees aboard the RV Polarstern. 

We therefore have carefully compared MARS water leaving radiance 

ratios to MER in-water reflectance ratios at the 6 stations where 

the two measurements were nearly simultaneous. We assumed that 

the apparent sensitivity bias of MARS channel 1 (409 nm) [and to 

a lesser extent in channel 2 (439 nm)] was the dominant factor in 

biasing the MARS radiance ratios relative to MER reflectance 

ratios at the wavelengths in question. We assumed also that the 

station to station variation in these comparisons was dominated 

by temporal variability in illumination conditions, primarily due 

to variability in cloud cover: these variations would affect not 

only the local ratio of downwelling irradiances as discussed 

above, but could cause the actual spectral ratios of path 

radiance plus surface reflectance used in atmospheric corrections 

(Section 4 above) to depart severely from those derived from sea 

ice reflectance cases. 

Given these uncertainties and the very limited amount of ground 

truth control data, we felt we could do little more than adjust 

the apparent sensitivities for MARS channels 1 and 2 to reconcile 

the two MARS radiance ratios {Lw(410)/Lw(550) and 

Lw(440)/Lw(550)) into l1reasonable" agreement with MER reflectance 

ratios (R(410)/R(550) and R(440)/R(550)). For each station, we 

computed the mean water leaving radiance estimates from 3 to 5 

separate data runs by the Dornier over the Polarstern, and 

compared the corresponding radiance ratio color and yellow 

indices to MER reflectance ratio color and yellow indices. We 

then arbitrarily adjusted the calibration gain values for 

channels 1 and 2 to yield grand mean (over all 6 stations) ratios 

of radiance:reflectance yellow and color indices respectively to 

approximately 1.0, with the further constraint that these ratios 

at individual stations should be no less than 0.75 and no greater 

than 1.50. This exercise produced the best (admittedly 

subjective) agreement for the 6 intercomparison stations when 

channel 1 gain was reduced by the scale factor 0.83 and when 

channel 2 was reduced by the scale factor 0.95. 

Using these post hoc 0.83 and 0.95 gain reduction factors for 

MARS channels 1 and 2 respectively, the average in-water 

reflectance ratios (averaged over MER readings in the top 1 m at 

each station) and corresponding MARS water leaving radiance 

ratios, and ratios between each, are listed in Table 5-1. 

-27- 
I 

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Table 5-1 

Comparison Between MARS Water Leaving Radiance Ratios 

and In-Water MER Reflectance Ratios 

at Six RV Polarstern Stations in the Greenland Sea 

Sta: R(410):R(550) Lw(410):Lw(550) Lw:R Index Ratio 

92 2.129 2.135 

133 1.531 1.245 

143 1.961 1.504 

151 1.509 2.048 

159 1.101 1.138 

169 0.890 1.280 

1.003 

0.813 

0.767 

1.357 

1.034 

1.438 

MEAN : 1.069 

Sta: R(440):R(550) Lw(440):Lw(550) Lw:R Index Ratio 

92 1.812 1.787 0.986 

133 1.901 1.425 0.750 

143 1.641 1.327 0.809 

151 1.204 1.730 1.437 

159 0.992 1.123 1.132 

169 0.804 1.108 1.378 

MEAN: 1.082 

-28- 
6.0 MARS TRACKLINE and R/V POLARSTERN STATION LOCATIONS 

The attached maps illustrate the tracklines followed by the 

Dornier aircraft during MARS data acquisition. The geographical 

positions were extracted from the MARS data files, following 

merger of the INS navigation data as interpolated to the time of 

each MARS data record. 

Note that the aircraft made turns at the beginning and/or end of 

many of the tracklines. We have not edited these track segments 

from the chlorophyll trackline plots presented in Section 8 

below. 

Short data tracklines over the Polarstern may also contain 

multiple tracklines (see e.g. tracklines A and B on 29 May). The 

plots in Section 8 concatenate these into a single curve (to 

indicate data content, variability, and quality). 

To facilitate future comparisons between MARS data and in situ 

observations, geographic positions of stations occupied by 

Polarstern within two days of each flight are plotted on each 

trackline map. 

-29- 
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7.0 TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHLOROPHYLL DISTRIBUTIONS 

(llStick-plotll Descriptions of Selected MARS Tracklines) 

The following maps display chlorophyll-a concentrations 

calculated from MARS radiance ratios as I1sticks1l perpendicular to 

a straight-line approximation of each trackline. To avoid 

clutter, and yet present a sense of two-dimensional variability 

in chlorophyll-a over the area covered by each flight, we have 

omitted a few of the tracklines (compare with Section 6). 

-38- 
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8.0 CHLOROPHYLL-A VARIABILITY ALONG MARS TRACKLINES 

(6-Point Averages) 

The following graphs depict chlorophyll-a variability along each 

of the MARS tracklines. The abcissa scale in each case is 

relative distance from 0 to loo%, with the western-most endpoint 

always to the left (0%). Turns at the beginning, end, or 

intermediate points within tracklines have not been edited from, 

or otherwise noted, in these curves. Refer to the corresponding 

trackline maps in Section 6 to view the geographic trackline 

pattern associated with each data curve. 

The data in each curve indicate the coverage and extent of data 

contained in the corresponding chlorophyll-a data file. The 

curves are smoothed by averaging over 6 records alongtrack, and 

thus represent approximately 12-second averages, which 

corresponds to an oval spatial footprint approxi3mately 160m 

cross-track by 1 km along-track. The chlorophyll estimates are 

recorded for each valid data record (excluding clouds, ice 

reflectance, and obviously bad data points) in the associated 

ASCII file on magnetic tape. 

-47- 
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APPENDIX A: High-Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC) 

Msasurements of Phytoplankton Pigment Distributions 

in the Greenland Sea (13 May - 19 June 1987) 
I 

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ORIGINAL PAGE 1s 

OF POOR QUALITY 10 March 1985 

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 

Measurements of Phytoplankton Pigment Distributions 

in the Greenland Sea 

I3 May - 9 June 1987 

Charles C. Trees 

Lnstitute of Marine Resources 

Scripps Instituticn of Ocemopphy 

University of California, San Die:o 

LaJolla.CA 92093 USA 

1.0 DTRODUCTION 

Particulates, especially phy:oplankton, signfimtly affect ocean opticd 

propxues by absorbing and sanering 

light and it is the various suite of pigments (chlorophy~s, carotenoids 

phycobiiins) present within the phytoplzikmn that conmbute most to the attex;atic?n of light In coastal ares, 

where dissolved organic material and 

inorganic paniculate concenuations are 

high, pigmenE ;m:e a rzauced influence on the optical propemties. The 

general absorption by the major algal 

pigmencs and the major windows of 

clarity in the water spectrum are shown 

in Figure 1. Chlorophylls (a, b and c) 

and some carotenoids (xanthophyll and 

carotene) have absorption maxima 

betwen 125450 nrn md from 525-575 

nm for other carotenoids (fucoxanthin 

and peridinin) and phycoertmns (red 

and blue-green algal). Between 525- 

650 nm another blue-green algal 

pigment, phycocyanin, has a maximum 

absorption peak. The spectra for the 

chlorophyll degradation products (chlorophyllides, phaeophorbides and phaeophytins) which are nor shown in Figure 

1 have similar absorption maxima 3s 

their associated chlorophylls. 

Until the applic3tion of highperformance liquid chromato-pphy 

(HPLC) 10 phytoplankton pigment 

analysis. it was difficult to qumtiunvely measure these VMOUS pigment 

compounds. HPLC is the sote of the 

art method for the separation and quncification of photosynthetic pignents 

and recent investigations (Gieskes and 

Kray, 1983; Bidigxe et af.. 1986; Tres 

et 01.. 1986) have demonsmted that 

HPLC methods cm be routinely used 

for phytoplankton pigment malysis. 

The use of HPLC minimizes the 

interferences caused by overlapphg 

absorption and fluorescence bands of 

the various pigments, since the pig- 

. .. 

men= are physically sepnted on the 

column wd inLvidudly quantirid by 

absorption andlor fluorescence deuxtxs (Trees e1 01.. 198,s). 

HPLC derived pi-men& dkmbuaons were measured in the upper 75 

ER ABSORPTION 1 II 0 I Y I I! 700 0.01 

400 XK) 6m 

WAVELENGTH (nm) 

Figure 1. Relative pigment absorption and windows of wsur clviery (Yentsch. 1983). 

-1 - 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

<’ 

meters by the Visibility Labontory 

during a cruise on the RV Polarstern 

(13 May - 9 June 1987) in the Greenland Sa. Optical variability (OcOp88t-001) was determined by deploying 

a spectral radiometer. During msccts 

between sntions, some discrete water 

samples were hwn from the shipboard sea chest for HPLC analysis. A 

generalized cruise track is shown in 

Figure 2 with sunon loc3tions being 

summarized in Table 1. 

1.0 HPLC METHODS AND 

IXSTRL’lclESTATION 

Water samples for pigment 

analyses were dmwn from Niskin 

bottles which were spaced throughout 

the wafer column based on fluorescence profiles. At lest one bottle was 

tripped within the phytoplankton 

biomass maximum. Samples were 

then filtered through 0.4 p Nuclepore 

polyester membrane filters and extracted in an organic solvent for 

analysis on board the ship. The 

extraction solvent used was a 40:60% 

solution of dimethyl sulfoxide 

(DMSO) and 90% acetone. The 

advantage of this solvent is its enhanced pigment extraction efficiencies 

for cyanobacteria and green algae. 

The HPLC system shown in 

Figure 3 consisted of a Spcrra Physics 

Exended Range Pump (SP-87OOXR) 

and Organizer Module-Dynamic *Mixer 

(SP-8750) equipped with a reversephase Radial-PAK C” column (10 pn 

particle site, Waters Associates) and 

500 pl sample loop. To facilinte the 

sepmdon of the dephytohted pigments (chlorophyllide u, 

phaeophorbide u and chlorophyll c) 

samples were mixed prior to injection 

with an ion-pairing solution of tetnbutyhmoniurn aceme and ammonium 

aceate (Mantom and Llewellyn. 

1983). Pigments were sepanred on the 

column using a two solvent system [A- 

(80:lO: 10; methano1:ion-pairing 

so1ution:distilled water) and B-(100% 

melhanol)]. Solvent A was pumped for 

three minutes followed by a linear 

gradient elution to 100% B in 9 

minutes and then held at 100% B for 8 

more minutes. At 3 flow rate of 10 ml 

mid the separation of the various 

pigments Equired 20 minutes. As the 

various chlorophylls and carotenoids 

weft eluted off the coiumn their peaks 

were measured using absorption a 

Waters Associates Model 440 Single Figure 3. Simplified xc;?emaric of he I-igh-pcrformmce liquid 

-2- 
3annel Absorbance De:ector equipped Wdght S.W. and S.W. Jeffrey. 1957. 

vith a 436 nm filter assembly. A Mat. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38: 29-7-66. 

ample chromatogam using this 12. Yenuch. C.S. 1983. In Remote Sensing nethod is shown in Figure 4. The Applicstions in Marine Science md 

~u~ut fkom *e detector Brooks. 1986. J. Plankton Res. 8, Technology. A.P. Cracknell (ed.). D. 

Rcidel Pub. Co., pp. 263-297. corded on a Spectn Physics Two 

:hamel Computing Integntor (Si)- 

,270) and pigment concenmdons wen 

dcuhted born calibrarion ubles (conenmtion per pe3jc height or ma) 

vhich wen prepared from Figment 

tandards. 

Tress, C.C., M.C. Kennicua and J.M. 

Brooks. 1985. Mar. Chem. 16: 1- 

Trees, C.C., R3. Bidipre. and J.M. 

447458. 

1.0 D.4TA 

TSe HPLC derived pigment concenZLions for the cruise is listed in 

ippendix A. Nine pigment compounds 

den idenufied and quylufied from rhe 

~mmxo,~s. 

1.0 REFERESCES 

Bidigxe, R.R., T. Fnnk. C. &crow 

and J.M. Brooks. 1986. Deep Sea 

Res. 33,923-937. 

Zieskes, W.W. and G.W. hy. 

1983. Mar. Biol. 75: 179-155. 

Cfmtoura. R.F.C. and CA. LIeweUp 

1983. Anal. Chim. Acu. 151. 

297-314. 

~~ ~ 

‘igurc 4. HPLC 3bsorbance sample c!mmamgrm. 
I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

4 

I 

.. 

Table 1. Station Locations for GSP Cruise (13 May - 9 June 1987) 

Shtion Latitude Longitude 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

34 

61 

63 

65 

66 

67 

71 

87 

90 

92 

94 

101 

103 

105 

107 

113 

115 

117 

132 

133 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

113 

149 

150 

I51 

153 

155 

157 

159 

168 

169 

171 

173 

174 

177 

179 

74.253"N 

74.252"N 

74.253"N 

74.248"N 

74.247"N 

74.248"N 

74.482"N 

74.490"N 

74.498"N 

74.495"N 

74.488"N 

74 SOO" N 

75 .WON 

74.912"N 

74.868"N 

74.833"N 

74.993"N 

75.087"N 

75.1 12"N 

75.163"N 

75.412"N 

75.472"N 

75.582"N 

77.385"N 

77.570"N 

77.743"N 

77.748"N 

77.760"N 

77.778"N 

77.815"N 

77.975"N 

77.978"N 

78.028"N 

78.063 "N 

78 .I 33"N 

78.1 98"N 

78.290"N 

78.337"N 

78.3 1 OON 

78.392"N 

78.522"N 

78.610"N 

78.610"N 

78.670"N 

78.825"N 

5.597'E 

6.327"E 

6.408"E 

6.5 67 " E 

6.748"E 

7.803"E 

9.520"E 

8.435"E 

7308"E 

7.012"E 

6.737"E 

5.077"E 

4.158"E 

5.8 1O"E 

6.682"E 

7.203"E 

6.f43"E 

7.367"E 

6.790"E 

5.975"E 

2.008"E 

O.(X)2"W 

1.993"W 

5.750"W 

3.522"W 

2.080"W 

1.632"W 

1.285"W 

0.903"W 

0.12o"w 

3.193"E 

4.497"W 

3.660"W 

3.138"W 

1.462"W 

0.067"W 

2.1 17"E 

0.993"W 

2.695"W 

1.727"W 

0.207"W 

1.780"E 

3.988"W 

3.178'W 

0.318"W 

-3- 
Appendix A. HPLC Derived Phytoplankton Pigment Concencauons from ARK 4/1 Cruise in he Greenland Sex 

Stuion Data 

Sta. Sa 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

34 

34 

34 

34 

34 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

Depth 

0 

65 

11 

16 

28 

43 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

0 

7 

13 

20 

31 

49 

0 

5 

8 

12 

19 

30 

0 

5 

8 

13 

21 

50 

0 

9 

14 

23 

35 

0 

5 

9 

14 

23 

35 

1 

6 

10 

17 

26 

41 

Chla 

692 

602 

412 

1710 

1140 

1037 

1043 

1141 

n9 

607 

445 

613 

647 

540 

973 

1338 

932 

562 

780 

681 

610 

734 

1296 

261 

38 1 

435 

334 

423 

817 

1361 

587 

rn 

JOO 

514 

123 

1015 

1334 

1151 

2036 

923 

1165 

1620 

1610 

1198 

1132 

1377 

i in 

Chib 

312 

308 

180 

1313 

652 

- 354 

337 

309 

385 

369 

325 

308 

357 

341 

336 

467 

584 

400 

240 

295 

285 

173 

326 

55 1 

201 

279 

329 

280 

268 

355 

310 

273 

112 

274 

235 

324 

167 

303 

315 

529 

301 

360 

358 

386 

33 

165 

344 

chlc 

117 

116 

80 

213 

306 

217 

210 

220 

29 1 

237 

142 

97 

108 

101 

101 

204 

318 

186 

124 

117 

142 

130 

126 

305 

48 

52 

64 

55 

78 

188 

162 

146 

117 

147 

158 

292 

223 

295 

263 

265 

190 

3 13 

364 

333 

319 

293 

304 

X!de a 

38 

45 

32 

123 

177 

231 

157 

144 

200 

163 

95 

74 

45 

39 

46 

96 

146 

163 

36 

0 

39 

40 

0 

110 

0 

0 

37 

24 

30 

107 

UO 

142 

96 

124 

134 

185 

154 

188 

173 

178 

1% 

210 

245 

2?6 

227 

201 

217 

-aPeridinin 

16 

0 

0 

0 

40 

0 

55 

55 

49 

30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

37 

57 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

25 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

29 

0 

18 

0 

0 

45 

3 

47 

32 

34 

0 

44 

47 

56 

34 

0 

68 

Fuco 

264 

132 

425 

807 

801 

67 

56 

129 

137 

130 

144 

107 

91 

74 

171 

269 

376 

198 

216 

m 

193 

206 

356 

55 

0 

68 

52 

77 

273 

41 

62 

56 

40 

0 

165 

127 

1 74 

160 

167 

135 

156 

181 

163 

137 

13 1 

117 

203 

Hex 

106 

120 

n 

439 

360 

237 

002 

3 62 

43? 

347 

208 

83 

135 

121 

13 

226 

307 

169 

87 

110 

109 

103 

0 

272 

n 

109 

133 

89 

102 

212 

411 

297 

220 

292 

309 

416 

qA 

394 

378 

400 

2x3 

559 . 691 

656 

570 

505 

504 

Dladlno 

165 

122 

68 

287 

197 

147 

34 

287 

23.1 

72 

98 

14 

137 

157 

164 

218 

184 

91 

185 

195 

2N 

203 

206 

208 

. 81 

85 

103 

83 

98 

93 

239 

64 

50 

159 

169 

210 

118 

209 

189 

2: 1 

158 

293 

342 

330 

271 

277 

277 

GmtPne 

69 

30 

37 

3 16 

34 

16 

57 

45 

38 

36 

51 

27 

48 

56 

66 

12 

56 

16 

49 

69 

62 

39 

85 

31 

23 

37 

55 

46 

37 

46 

96 

0 

5 

21 

26 

38 

61 

47 

66 

60 

110 

67 

51 

89 

81 

31 

56 

52 
Appendix A. HPLC Derived Phytoplankton Pigment Concentrations from ARK 4il Cruise in the Greenlad Sex 

Station Data 

646 

149 

217 

191 

195 

180 

224 

401 

4% 

432 

708 

44.6 

318 

Sk Sa 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

87 

87 

87 

87 

87 

87 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

92 

92 

92 

92 

92 

92 

w 

w 

w 

w 

w 

w 

291 

665 

926 

84.6 

864 

790 

890 

802 

754 

75 8 

1174 

w 

667 

Depth 

1 

5 

9 

16 

23 

35 

1 

8 

13 

21 

32 

0 

5 

8 

13 

27 

32 

0 

4 

8 

12 

19 

30 

0 

5 

8 

12 

19 

30 

0 

5 

8 

12 

19 

30 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

0 

7 

13 

20 

32 

49 

~ 

Chla 

1787 

1876 

1886 

2586 

2035 

1561 

1523 

1373 

1463 

1536 

1082 

1340 

1413 

1508 

1325 

1076 

1051 

2967 

3456 

1192 

2493 

1960 

2030 

m 

2002 

1940 

1734 

1764 

1490 

14% 

1293 

1562 

1572 

15% 

18u2 

im 

1875 

1566 

1688 

1474 

1857 

235 

2307 

Z38 

3578 

2304 

1665 

Chlb 

293 

323 

287 

369 

402 

.366 

255 

321 

338 

206 

395 

392 

397 

408 

392 

295 

213 

623 

631 

404 

683 

710 

571 

740 

601 

622 

581 

541 

483 

58 1 

494 

554 

494 

508 

555 

370 

495 

416 

408 

402 

452 

325 

361 

342 

492 

379 

371 

ChlC 

550 

575 

563 

675 

606 

345 

398 

402 

390 

44s 

301 

343 

355 

378 

327 

281 

286 

810 

976 

252 

53 1 

432 

432 

3% 

428 

399 

363 

386 

343 

326 

294 

327 

311 

3 14 

326 

348 

469 

43 

450 

384 

426 

688 

6M 

6G 

1036 

668 

480 

chlkk 8 

345 

371 

342 

414 

394 

231 

310 

308 

306 

367 

255 

290 

297 

318 

27 1 

221 

228 

3 14 

398 

78 

104 

125 

130 

170 

178 

166 

144 

150 

162 

138 

132 

139 

117 

123 

160 

299 

410 

389 

395 

339 

374 

515 

' 495 

483 

715 

487 

413 

-5- 

Peridinin 

37 

33 

0 

40 

52 

0 

0 

35 

30 

41 

0 

0 

18 

31 

z2 

.o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

56 

60 

47 

85 

39 

0 

Fuco 

383 

'412 

416 

542 

530 

253 

174 

152 

146 

139 

158 

109 

125 

136 

114 

95 

138 

1596 

1896 

408 

1035 

783 

868 

872 

808 

780 

713 

764 

710 

Hex 

528 

550 

560 

689 

697 

464 

70 1 

683 

680 

?24 

545 

668 

688 

721 

649 

562 

594 

453 

55 8 

220 

376 

347 

299 

303 

317 

311 

284 

290 

254 

443 311 

418 281 

489 

542 273 

564 I 269 

Diadlno 

315 

327 

336 

412 

396 

244 

255 

339 

uo 

290 

227 

288 

291 

292 

214 

204 

444 

504 

122 

301 

2b4 

22 

328 

319 

308 

35 

289 

240 

256 

215 

256 

2a 

253 

21 0 

328 

'454 

429 

370 

317 

278 

467 

468 

461 

569 

335 

230 

m 

Grotene 

a 

111 

85 

109 

59 

n 

76 

84 

85 

w 

74 

74 

60 

74 

82 

46 

110 

13 

I2 

61 

12 

lrJ3 

94 

84 

78 

86 

68 

92 

55 

49 

74 

78 

99 

91 

70 

59 

96 

35 

60 

74 

82 

85 

98 

87 

123 

100 

74 
Appendix A. HPLC Derived Phytoplankton Pigment Concentdons from ARK 1/1 Cruise in rhe Greenland Sea: 

Starion Data 

sta. so. 

101 

101 

101 

101 

101 

101 

103 

103 

103 

103 

103 

103 

105 

105 

105 

105 

105 

105 

IO7 

107 

107 

107 

107 

107 

113 

113 

113 

1l3 

1 i3 

113 

115 

115 

115 

115 

115 

115 

117 

117 

117 

117 

117 

117 

132 

132 

132 

132 

132 

Depth 

0 

10 

20 

2s 

30 

40 

0 

5 

9 

13 

21 

33 

0 

5 

9 

15 

23 

35 

0 

5 

9 

15 

23 

35 

0 

12 

21 

34 

53 

75 

2 

9 

16 

26 

40 

62 

1 

9 

13 

18 

31 

44 

'0 

20 

31 

49 

76 

Chla 

1266 

748 

1197 

1060 

w3 

144 

1694 

668 

1262 

1155 

912 

834 

1007 

997 

887 

1316 

976 

1004 

1028 

994 

loo0 

1015 

358 

314 

282 

349 

621 

522 

I382 

777 

586 

61 1 

465 

696 

2333 

980 

1U26 

845 

142 

1018 

587 

333 

212 

50 

103 

a98 

isn 

- 

Chlb 

647 

407 

436 

36 1 

276 

' 385 

354 

386 

379 

313 

250 

318 

490 

439 

5 14 

477 

41 

406 

333 

350 

341 

359 

217 

528 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

275 

253 

231 

287 

90 

300 

222 

3.8 

290 

258 

266 

327 

w6 

297 

230 

0 

0 

ChJC 

188 

144 

224 

180 

198 

328 

410 

420 

412 

178 

501 

329 

165 

157 

172 

200 

231 

318 

237 

248 

240 

246 

250 

198 

61 

64 

68 

98 

187 

118 

383 

186 

119 

107 

92 

128 

484 

202 

212 

175 

159 

202 

117 

64 

35 

0 

0 

ChlMe a 

107 

86 

126 

134 

196 

311 . 

P2 

216 

219 

120 

333 

285 

98 

93 

97 

106 

114 

234 

81 

83 

p-: 

F. 

1c 2 

103 

47 

43 

45 

64 

150 

112 

267 

107 

63 

49 

58 

75 

463 

78 

89 

80 

i3 

101 

81 

M 

53 

0 

0 

Peridinin 

0 

0 

29 

0 

0 

0 

27 

38 

43 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

n 

56 

56 

74 

69 

54 

47 

0 

0 

-0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Fuco 1 Hex 

P8 

14 

323 

394 

537 

521 

421 

45 1 

4A3 

E6 

364 

296 

in 

140 

188 

Z1 

x5 

439 

25 

267 

252 

207 

261 

231 

43 

44 

84 

75 

2% 

267 

7.19 

M4 

221 

21 8 

146 

208 

1565 

425 

453 

350 

300 

388 

160 

117 

86 

0 

0 

276 

194 

235 

156 

208 

470 

43 

474 

457 

2m 

AT] 

455 

215 

200 

23 

231 

20 1 

297 

3 

237 

225 

23 

166 

187 

w 

91 

110 

137 

13 

4, 

23 

146 

1W 

% 

0 

161 

310 

0 

132 

1% 

153 

2l3 

113 

63 

0 

0 

0 

~ 

Dladlno 

231 

174 

202 

156 

144 

189 

398 

406 

398 

165 

2.u 

121 

215 

193 

198 

177 

118 

128 

292 

313 

302 

285 

13 

60 

125 

139 

0 

20 1 

97 

26 

160 

136 

136 

175 

116 

205 

187 

225 

189 

257 

270 

292 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Zamtene 

107 

54 

58 

34 

38 

58 

n 

70 

79 

37 

4 

35 

86 

70 

86 

82 

54 

54 

63 

75 

82 

73 

57 

69 

33 

16 

16 

0 

22 

P 

48 

0 

42 

46 

30 

46 

74 

63 

39 

58 

56 

71 

40 

21 

22 

0 

0 
Appendix A. HPLC Derived Phytoplvlkurn Pigmmf Concentntions from ARK 4/1 Cruise in the Greenland Sex 

Sration Data 

sta. so. 

132 

133 

133 

133 

133 

133 

115 

135 

135 

135 

135 

135 

135 

136 

136 

136 

136 

136 

136 

136 

137 

137 

137 

137 

137 

137 

138 

138 

138 

138 

138 

138 

139 

139 

139 

139 

139 

139 

143 

143 

143 

143 

143 

143 

143 

149 

Depth 

100 

1 

11 

30 

45 

70 

0 

5 

9 

13 

21 

33 

75 

0 

5 

IO 

13 

20 

32 

74 

0 

8 

14 

22 

35 

56 

0 

6 

10 

16 

25 

38 

0 

5 

9 

15 

23 

35 

0 

5 

8 

12 

19 

30 

75 

0 

Chln 

74 

290 

247 

93 

79 

53 

1820 

1982 

1967 

2110 

2096 

913 

474 

1354 

1747 

2079 

2366 

3145 

1437 

2.86 

n6 

1297 

2122 

2973 

I599 

501 

846 

1359 

l530 

1400 

1917 

704 

1710 

a24 

2664 

2927 

1028 

433 

1481 

1566 

1688 

1915 

1130 

723 

397 

344 

- 

Chlb 

0. 

0 

0 

0 

-0 

0 

1 a2 

215 

510 

627 

582 

385 

120 

296 

543 

650 

798 

949 

807 

223 

396 

415 

796 

974 

718 

141 

360 

450 

498 

497 

n6 

327 

576 

655 

702 

R7 

379 

2.81 

470 

432 

428 

43 8 

293 

P8 

0 

0 

ChlC 

0 

47 

40 

0 

20 

0 

662 

677 

703 

729 

780 

230 

158 

259 

447 

669 

736 

112 

34 

61 

141 

329 

572 

752 

347 

132 

I84 

330 

-410 

398 

506 

186 

416 

798 

916 

1013 

545 

I11 

442 

556 

575 

633 

365 

210 

79 

99 

Chiide a 

0 

19 

0 

0 

0 

0 

424 

419 

470 

523 . 

537 

172 

148 

99 

186 

335 

359 

612 

240 

54 

43 

158 

306 

412 

220 

108 

86 

162 

200 

220 

332 

163 

210 

448 

529 

642. 

402 

81 

365 

460 

487 

574 

327 

193 

83 

64 

-7- 

Peridinin 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

~ ~~ 

Fuco 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

309 

0 

69 1 

913 

1062 

312 

I82 

376 

567 

660 

767 

1278 

433 

88 

136 

333 

675 

947 

440 

166 

170 

280 

335 

454 

664 

251 

373 

757 

946 

1108 

632 

144 

152 

0 

0 

201 

360 

301 

214 

105 

Hex 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

963 

103 

727 

577 

572 

273 

0 

254 

M5 

684 

647 

66 

41 6 

100 

231 

386 

487 

553 

295 

0 

267 

402 

444 

367 

400 

0 

435 

568 

654 

717 

567 

0 

967 

1166 

1309 

I377 

633 

242 

0 

86 

~~ 

Diidlno 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

311 

297 

206 

2i6 

1219 

59 

0 

353 

432 

387 

36 

300 

0 

0 

158 

163 

2:0 

239 

117 

0 

1 a7 

241 

0 

198 

175 

0 

243 

275 

313 

301 

179 

0 

470 

435 

41 

452 

171 

84 

0 

24 

Srutene 

0 

20 

19 

0 

0 

0 

78 

81 

1:3 

1!9 

1cO 

46 

0 

8.4 

111 

114 

174 

174 

75 

17 

58 

18 

1% 

l26 

72 

0 

76 

84 

89 

73 

101 

49 

96 

119 

131 

150 

110 

40 

74 

0 

72 

98 

58 

29 

22 

17 
Appendix A. HPLC Derived Phytoplankton Pigment Concenn~tions from ARK 4/1 Cmise in the G:eenlmd Sea: 

Station Data 

Sh So 

149 

149 

149 

149 

119 

149 

150 

150 

150 

1% 

1% 

150 

150 

151 

151 

151 

151 

151 

15 1 

151 

153 

153 

153 

153 

153 

153 

153 

155 

125 

155 

155 

155 

155 

157 

157 

157 

157 

157 

157 

157 

159 

159 

159 

159 

159 

159 

168 

Depth 

12 

21 

34 

53 

81 

100 

0 

6 

10 

16 

25 

38 

75 

0 

7 

11 

18 

25 

43 

75 

0 

4 

6 

10 

16 

24 

75 

0 

3 

5 

8 

12 

19 

0 

4 

7 

11 

18 

27 

75 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

30 

0 

Chla 

339 

237 

221 

163 

89 

109 

1275 

2215 

2357 

2828 

2475 

1022 

1177 

15% 

2417 

3260 

3091 

2457 

1536 

304 

2765 

3040 

3462 

3379 

2806 

1099 

492 

1472 

2634 

2678 

2287 

221 1 

3047 

3122 

389 1 

3972 

4202 

3932 

3149 

971 

217 

3507 

6380 

21 17 

2587 

734 

1858 

Chlb 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

-0 

616 

660 

640 

712 

830 

470 

75 6 

378 

593 

746 

629 

856 

603 

0 

267 

233 

322 

298 

356 

PO 

108 

245 

74 1 

743 

545 

31 1 

51 1 

808 

75 1 

716 

839 

E4 

622 

295 

508 

362 

554 

169 

377 

274 

424 

chl c 

96 

59 

29 

42 

19 

0 

260 

586 

5% 

729 

706 

287 

218 

360 

598 

825 

871 

549 

390 

93 

865 

968 

934 

1078 

865 

258 

lot 

406 

794 

83 

669 

5% 

8E.r 

95 8 

1233 

1310 

1321 

1210 

869 

222 

6 15 

1437 

27 14 

648 

727 

175 

731 

60 

37 

0 

33 

0 

0 

124 

309 

341 

409 

443 

194 

171 

180 

33 1 

484 

568 

354 

256 

89 

433 

515 

635 

718 

613 

P9 

99 

210 

543 

55.2 

495 

43 1 

896 

970 

1122 

1217 

1407 

1197 

1047 

271 

27s 

704 

1422 

273 

274 

140 

373 

- 

-8- 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

42 

78 

0 

51 

0 

0 

273 

700 

684 

970 

919 

361 

0 

412 

744 

.lo39 

1400 

819 

43 6 

a4 

906 

975 

125 

1369 

1108 

340 

173 

164 

363 

334 

256 

217 

744 

1070 

1326 

1362 

1676 

1455 

1191 

418 

700 

1892 

3z2 

1W 

1331 

251 

908 

Hex 

42 

99 

0 

0 

0 

0 

334 

550 

580 

642 

556 

: -2 

342 

408 

552 

- 693 

6S0 

399 

323 

0 

1070 

1087 

1W 

1116 

901 

384 

96 

164 

15a 

1141 

1163 

1126 

63 

756 

545 

876 

1180 

561 

469 

252 

404 

784 

1351 

392 

546 

154 

3m 

Diadino 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

255 

366 

293 

343 

:OS 

106 

0 

13 

158 

2-23 

176 

97 

96 

0 

410 

2s 6 

3 ZO 

270 

185 

23 

0 

217 

8@l 

675 

561 

5iO 

73 

265 

239 

m 

315 

237 

32 

113 

35 1 

370 

793 

IC4 

151 

0 

m 

Carotene 

0 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

90 

121 

115 

145 

163 

58 

0 

96 

139 

181 

147 

138 

64 

0 

130 

133 

135 

130 

101 

59 

51 

88 

146 

152 

112 

110 

17 

116 

129 

142 

145 

138 

!I2 

65 

155 

139 

31 

1W 

123 

9 

102 
r-. 

Appendlx A. HPLC Derived F’hytoplankmn Pigment Concentrations from ARK 4/1 Cruise in the Greenlmd Sea: 

Station Data ~ 

Sta. Sa 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

169 

169 

169 

169 

169 

169 

17 1 

17 1 

171 

171 

171 

17 1 

173 

173 

173 

173 

173 

174 

174 

174 

174 

174 

174 

177 

177 

177 

177 

in 

in 

179 

179 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Depth 

6 

10 

16 

2s 

38 

75 

0 

5 

10 

15 

25 

40 

0 

5 

8 

19 

30 

50 

0 

5 

12 

19 

30 

0 

12 

21 

34 

53 

81 

0 

7 

11 

18 

28 

43 

0 

4 

7 

11 

18 

n 

Chla 

1936 

3035 

41 15 

141 

850 

306 

Pgq 

2485 

2856 

1174 

7w 

2% 

1797 

2059 

141 1 

1237 

3 12 

143 

1938 

4327 

2276 

1708 

1263 

537 

926 

488 

152 

178 

1450 

1208 

906 

619 

in 

541 

i82 

5 13 

258 

628 

059 

180 

r35 

Chlb 

167 

363 

395 

264 

272 

.o 

680 

560 

634 

377 

282 

0 

432 

401 

357 

186 

204 

0 

536 

837 

568 

441 

305 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

287 

249 

245 

245 

PO 

aa 

51 1 

521 

425 

318 

352 

203 

- 

ChlC 

738 

1290 

1720 

m 

286 

84 

748 

854 

998 

361 

186 

60 

469 

587 

456 

526 

94 

38 

441 

479 

493 

47 

3u 

133 

253 

146 

53 

38 

39 

4c8 

365 

289 

173 

180 

170 

1 297 

1500 

433 

313 

200 

190 

Chlide ; 

398 

732 

1018 

364 

216 

78 

429 

496 

576 

208 

12 

44 

255 

321 

249 

305 

63 

34 

283 

324 

392 

515 

439 

120 

217 

100 

37 

0 

0 

120 

142 

123 

91 

138 

160 

820 

947 

297 

242 

212 

202 

- 

Peridink 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

‘0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

53 

n 

47 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Fuco 

673 

1659 

297 

879 

491 

144 

904 

1104 

1336 

592 

342 

130 

604 

790 

622 

7 12 

158 

0 

502 

552 

564 

627 

5 88 

414 

6-S 

297 

83 

64 

64 

700 

574 

4G6 

2% 

305 

356 

16% 

1866 

780 

599 

457 

411 

Hex 

301 

7c4 

887 

348 

217 

62 

776 

774 

958 

448 

271 

0 

422 

3 14 

488 

157 

85 

0 

452 

442 

427 

298 

213 

0 

152 

106 

54 

39 

30 

170 

1% 

120 

120 

114 

119 

464 

778 

210 

183 

162 

132 

Dladlno 

48 

324 

360 

134 

89 

0 

289 

273 

232 

101 

0 

0 

462 

261 

107 

4.t 

0 

300 

346 

212 

121 

102 

87 

119 

n 

5 

7 

19 

329 

-A 

173 

101 

80 

81 

326 

506 

119 

a3 

73 

52 

377 

Cxotenc 

io 

142 

188 

78 

47 

8 

117 

!:4 

137 

56 

40 

22 

93 

87 

82 

44 

0 

0 

110 

7.58 

112 

50 

38 

28 

44 

30 

0 

0 

17 

60 

43 

40 

M 

27 

27 

109 

165 

48 

51 

45 

31 

-9- 
APPENDIX B: OPTICAL VARIABILITY DURING GREENLAND SEA PROJECT 

CRUISE (ARK IV/1) ON THE RV POLARSTERN 
Technical Memorandum 10 March 1988 

OPTICAL VARIABILITY DURING GREENLAND SEA PROJECT CRUISE (ARK 

IV/l) ON THE RV POLARSTERN 

I I3 Mo~ - 9 JW 1987 

I 

1 

P 

I 

I 

1. 

m 

8 

I 

I 

Charles C. Trees 

Institlrte of Marine Resources 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

University of California, San Diego 

LaJolla,CA 92093 USA 

Cast Ave. Secchi 

Depth K(4S8) Disc 

Sta. *Diffuse Attenuatibn Coefficient (488nm) M,&l (m) to lOOm Depth(m) 

28 

30 

31 

61 

63 

65 

66 

67 

90 

91 

92 

94 

10 1 

103 

105 

107 

113 

I17 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

143 

149 

150 

15 1 

152 

157 

159 

168 

169 

171 

174 

177 

0.069 30 

0.0460/40 

0.0661/31 

0.070214 1 

0.0653/39 

0.0947/24 

0.076214 1 

0.0649/49 

0.0795161 

0.08 13162 

0.0819/52 

0.0890154 

0.0669140 

0.0760117 

0.0619/4 1 

0.0657129 

0.0657/76 

0.078013 1 

0.0640/22 

0.0674/18 

0.1061/44 

1!.0827/16 

0.0808/16 

0.0639/50 

0.1078150 

0.0964P 

0.11 12/10 

0.1 84 ln3 

0.1478B 

0.0906129 

0.1733L27 

0.0866124 

0.0782/22 

0.11 10/13 

0.0738146 

0.0719/56 

0.0285/65 

0.0413/61 

0.0778/50 

0.0750/82 

0.0886i63 

0.1322J39 

0.1076159 

0.053 1/8 1 

0.1406t34 

0.1432129 

0.1468R3 

0.1601/22 

0.1407/49 

0.2100RO 

0.0450f72 

0.0497/49 

0.0499 

0.0409 

0.0868 

0.0376 

0.03 15 

0.0460 

0.04 10 

0.0367 

0.0372 

0.0421 

0.0544 

0.0404 

0.0656 

0.0334 

0.0402 

0.0410 

0.0392 

0.0348 

0.0365 

0.0310 

0.0301 

0.0342 

0.0328 

0.0360 

0.0333 

0.0421 

0.0860145 0.0434 

0.0887/4 1 0.0455 

0.0704 

0.0712l35 0.0326 

0.0350 

0.0350 

0.0369 

0.0490 

0.0321 

two layer with hump 

two layer with hump 

two layer with hump 

two layer with inverse 

two layer with inverse 

tllree layer 

rwo layer 

two layer 

rwo layer 

two layer 

two layer 

three layer 

two layer with hump 

two layer with hump 

two layer with hump 

three layer 

single layer 

two layer 

IWO layer 

two layer 

two layer 

two layer 

two layer with hump 

two layer with hump 

two layer 

two layer 

lthree layer with hump 

Lhree layer with hump 

)three layer 

jthret layer with hump 

lhret layer 

two layer 

two layer 

two layer 

lhree layer 

140 

105 

56 

123 

115 

110 

125 

119 

166 

118 

96 

117 

82 

136 

138 

143 

192 

180 

168 

193 

92 

150 

103 

168 

168 

100 

93 

93 

49 

96 

193 

94 

14 1 

148 

151 

0.0606 

O.oi85 

0.0498 

0.W62 

0.0656 

0.05 56 

0.0:36 

0.06-17 

0.0Wl 

0.0689 

0.0763 

0.0717 

0.0625 

0.06 13 

0.0515 

0.0392 

0.0573 

0.0503 

0.0388 

0.0363 

0.0665 

0.06 19 

0.0560 

0.N93 

0.0753 

0.0724 

0.0749 

0.0703 

0.0562 

0.0737 

0.0493 

0.0556 

0.W8 

24.6 

36.4 

25.7 

24.2 

26.0 

18.0 

22.3 

26.2 

21.4 

20.9 

20.8 

19.1 

25.3 

22.4 

27.5 

25.9 

43.4 

25.9 

21.8 

26.6 

2s -2 

16.0 

20.6 

21.0 

26.6 

15.8 

17.6 

15.2 

9.2 

11.5 

18.8 

9.8 

19.6 

20.5 

. 15.3 
4- E.Box ,-) 

1 f-- W.BOX -D 

40 -I - 

c 

1 

(D 

30 

5 

cn" 20 

1 

- 0 

8 

10 

0 

19 

1 

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 

May ,->e June * 
z 

(a) Two Layer Model 

K 

(c) Two Layer Model with Inverse 

2 

K 

22 

z 

K3 

(b) Two Layer Model with Hump 

z 

K 

K3 

(d) Three Layer Model 

FF K 

(e) Three Layer Model with Hump 

Figure 1. Types of K profiles encountered on GSP Cruise 

I 

8 C-S 
DATA ANALYSIS: 

*Derived K (diffuse anenuation coefficients) profiles computed 6om the cruise data can be characterized as one of 

five general curves. These five typical types of curves are shown in Figure 1 and identified as: 

(a) two layer model 

(b) two layer model with hump 

(c) two layer model with inverse 

(d) three layer model 

(e) three layer model with hump 

The data from any station can be generally categorized by, starting at the surface, giving the surface K value, the 

transition depth, the next K value, the transition depth, etc. 

Secchi disc depths were calculated from the K values in the upper surfaces waters using the formula of 1.7/Secchi 

disc depth = K (Poole and Akns, 1929; J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.). 
APPENDIX C 

MARS POST-MISSION CALIBRATION and CHARACTERIZATION 

The MARS instrument was radiometrically calibrated by viewing a 

flat Barium-Sulfate plate which was illuminated by laboratory 

standard lamp traceable to an NBS standard source. The 

calibration lamp was fixed at a distance of 50 cm from the plate, 

and was surrounded by light baffles to prevent stray 

illumination, e.g. reflected from the walls in the laboratory, 

from reaching the reflectance plate. The source was positioned 

normal to the reflectance plate, t:he MARS viewed irradiance 

reflected from the plate at an angle 45 degrees from the normal, 

and the voltage response in each MARS channel was recorded. 

Given the known value E(ch) of irradiance from the lamp for the 

wavelength of each MARS channel ch, reflectance of the plate 

(0.95), and the voltage response V(ch) of each channel, the 

radiance sensitivity 

F(ch) = PI * V(ch) / [ 0.95 * E(ch) 3 

was calculated. To convert MARS voltage output to radiance 

units, the MARS software divides by F. 

The instrument was calibrated both before and after the Greenland 

Sea deployment in May-June 1987. However, the first calibration 

was done when the sphere was coated with PTFE (halon). During 

air shipment to West Germany, the halon coating detached from the 

interior of the sphere. 

Barium-Sulfate immediately prior to deployment to Spitzbergen, 

thus invalidating the pre-mission calibration. The calibration 

values used in the present analysis were determined in mid-June 

1987, immediately after the instrument was returned to San Diego. 

The gain sensitivity factors F for this calibration are listed in 

Table C-1. 

The sphere was then recoated with 

The spectral bandpass of each channel was obtained by passing the 

illumination from a laboratory standard lamp through a grating 

monochromator, and by recording the MARS output in each channel 

as the monochromator was scanned through the appropriate range of 

wavelengths. The wavelengths of peak response and at the 

positions of half-power response were recorded for each channel 

and used to determine the centroid wavelength and spectral 

bandwidth (full-width half-power), The resulting wavelength 

characterization is also listed in Table C-1. 

The Biospherical Instrument Inc. electronics boards used in the 

MARS feature an autozero function which clamps the output voltage 

to remove dark current biases as determined prior to takeoff on 
each flight. 

during most of the flights to determine any drift in this 

baseline during the flight. The mean values from each of the 

dark-reading data segments were averaged and are listed here in 

Table C-2. These values must be subtracted from the calibrated 

radiance data in the ASCII data files on the 9-track magnetic 

tape which accompanies this report:. 

Additional dark current readings were recorded 

, 

Table C-3. 

MARS Post-Mission Calibration Summary - June 1987 

Greenland Sea Deployment (21 May thru 2 June 1987) 

Performed by: Jack Varah 

Visibility Lahoratory 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093 

Channel F Center Wavelength Spectral Bandpass 

volts/radiance* nm nm (HPFW) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

0.00361 

0.00827 

0.02667 

0.02337 

0.04389 

0.07100 

0.08001 

0.10138 

0.09638 

0.08322 

409 

438 

487 

519 

549 

586 

630 

666 

680 

726 

13.9 

11.3 

10.5 

10.0 

9.9 

12.1 

13.0 

13.8 

14.4 

19.0 

* radiance units are mW/'(cm**2 sr micro-m) 
Date Channel 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

-9 

10 

may2 1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

may25 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Table C-2 

Current Readings in mw/(cm**2 sr pm) 

Dark Radiance 

0.000000e+000 

0.000000e+000 

4.469790e-005 

0.000000e+~000 

6.735909e-005 

3.358008e-006 

0.000000e+000 

0.000000e+000 

1.484241e-006 

5.729839e-007 

0.000000e+0~00 

0.000000e+000 

1.119235e-003 

3.199318e-003 

3.107210e-004 

9.261386e-004 

3.528154e-004 

6.217979e-004 

3.581968e-004 

4.578141e-0104 

3.090856e-003 

0.000000e+000 

1.401726e-OC)3 

7.008711e-003 

2.172874e-005 

1.141723e-004 

8.605836e-0014 

1.767091e-003 

8.188063e-004 

1.652485e-003 
Table C-2 continued 

MARS Dark Current Readings in mw/(cm**2 sr um) 

Date Channel 

may29 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

may30 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

may31 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Dark Radiance 

9.960000e-003 

0.000000e+000 

4.000000e-005 

4.816000e-C103 

8.840000e-C104 

6.550000e-004 

8.950000e-C)04 

4.950000e-004 

1.012000e-C)03 

1.168000e-003 

2.919142e-003 

2.208327e-003 

0.000000e+000 

1.428267e-005 

4.769458e-004 

1.296191e-004 

0.000000e+000 

3.292425e-006 

8.905446e-006 

2.429452e-004 
APPENDIX D 

DATA FOmTS 

The MARS data for each flight segment illustrated in Section 6 

are available as ASCII files on magnetic tape. One copy of of 

the data tape has been furnished to NASA GSFC with this report. 

Additional copies of the MARS GSP data tape may be requested from 

the authors at: 

SDSU CHORS 

6505 Alvarado Rd; Suite 206 

San Diego, CA 92128 

Ph: 619/594-2272 

For each flightline, the MARS data are provided in two files. The 

first file for each trackline contains the calibrated radiances 

(which must, however, be corrected for dark current readings - 

Appendix C; radiance values for channels 1 and 2 should also be 

scaled by factors 0.83 and 0.95 respectively - Section 5). A 

second file contains the estimate of chlorophyll-a concentration 

(micro-grams per liter) calculated by the methods described in 

Sections 3, 4 and 5 for all valid data points (i.e. no clouds or 

ice flagged by a brightness anomaly in channel 10) in each 

trackline. 

The tape contains 82 files, which are identified in Table D-1. 

The file names comprise the month, day and track segment, with 

**.dat** appended to denote calibrated radiance data files, and 

l*.chll* appended to denote estimated chlorophyll-a data files. 

Comments identify files containing sea ice segments and 

Polarstern stations (denoted PS St.a # times = tttttt,. ..), where 

times are in seconds. The times in these data records are GMT + 

4 hrs, which was dictated by the time to which the Dornier's 

Inertial Navigation System was set (we are mystified concerning 

the motive for this choice of time zone, but it's of no 

importance). 

RADIANCE FILE FORMAT (mmmdd-x.dat files - Table D-1): 

The first 41 files on the MARS GSP-87 data tape are calibrated 

radiance files (see Table D-1). 

These files are formatted, fixed-block ASCII files. 

The blocksize is 4590 bytes. 

-1- 
There are 30 logical records, each containing 153 bytes, in each 

block (physical record). Each logical record ends in an ASCII 

newline character '\n'. 

The final block in each file is pi3dded with ASCII blanks ' ' to 

maintain the fixed blocksize at 4590 bytes. 

'The first logical record in each file is an ASCII text label 

which identifies the file type, date of data acquisition, and 

trackline id letter; the record is then padded with blanks and a 

newline to length 153. 

The remaining records in the file are MARS radiance records with 

annotated navigation data. Using FORTRAN conventions, each 

record is given in the following farmat: 

Variable Identification Type Name Format 

Record Number 

A Colon ': ' 

Time in Sec (GMT + 4 hrs) 

MARS RADIANCE (Ch 1..10) 

in mW/(cm**2 sr um) 

Latitude (dec. deg; + => N) 

Longitude (dec deg; + => E) 

Ground Speed (knots) 

Course Angle (degress from 

true North; + clockwise) 

Altitude (feet) 

integer 

character 

real*8 

real*4 

real*4 

real*4 

real*4 

real*$ 

real*4 

REC I5 

C A1 

TIME F9.2 

RAD(10) 10F9.4 

LAT F10.3 

LON F10.3 

SPEED F9.1 

COURSE F9.1 

ALT F9.1 

CHLOROPHYLL FILE FORMAT (mmmdd-x.c!hl file - Table D-1): 

The last 41 files (42..82) contain! chlorophyll-a concentrations 

estimated from the MARS alongtrack: data (see Table D-1). 

These files are formatted, fixed-block ASCII files. 

The blocksize is 3250 bytes. 

-2- 
There are 50 logical records, eaclh containing 65 bytes, in each 

block (physical record). Each logical record ends in an ASCII 

newline character ?\nr. 

The final block in each file is padded with ASCII blanks to 

maintain the fixed blocksize at 3:250 bytes. 

The first logical record in each file is an ASCII text label 

which identifies the file type, date of data acquisition, and 

trackline id letter: the record is then padded with blanks and a 

newline to length 65. 

The remaining records in the file are MARS chloropyll, yellow 

index, and color index records with annotated navigation data. 

Using FORTRAN conventions, each record is given in the following 

format : 

Variable Identification Type Name Format 

Record Number 

Time in Sec (GMT + 4 hrs) 

Ice Flag (0 => open water) 

Latitude (dec. deg; + => N) 

Longitude (dec deg: + => E) 

Chlorophyll-a Conc (ug/l) 

Yellow Index [Lw(410)/Lw(550)] 

Color Index [Lw(440)/Lw(550)] 

integer 

real*8 

integer 

real*4 

real*4 

real*4 

real*4 

real*4 

REC I6 

TIME F10.2 

ICE I3 

LAT F9.3 

LON F9.3 

CHL F7.2 

YELLOW F10.4 

COLOR F10.4 

-3- 
8 

File # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

TABLE D-1 

MARS GSP-87 DATA TAPE CONTENT 

File Name Comments 

junl-a.dat 

junl-b.dat 

junl-c.dat Sea Ice; PS Sta 159 times = 

junl-d.dat 

59405, 59565 & 59735 

PS St:a 159 time = 62766 

junlIe.dat 

junl-f.dat 

junl-g.dat 

jun2-a.dat 

jun2-b.dat 

jun2-c.dat 

jun2-d.dat 

jun2-e.dat PS St.a I__ times = 444, 

may2l-b.dat 

may2l-c.dat 

61661, 61766 & 61842 

59237 , 

551 , 

may2l-d.dat 

may23-a.dat PS Sta 92 times = 57835, 58010 C 58210 

may23-b.dat 

may23-c.dat 

may23-d.dat 

may23-e.dat 

may25-a.dat 

may25-b.dat 

may25-c.dat 

may25jg.dat 

may29-a.dat Includes Sea Ice Segments 

may29-b.dat PS Sta 133 times = 60998, 61100 & 61222 

may29-c.dat 

may29-d.dat 

may29t.dat 

may30-a.dat PS Sta 143 times = 53834, 54014 61 54168 

may30zb.dat 

may30-c.dat 

may30-d.dat 

may30-e.dat 

may3l-a.dat PS St(a 151 times = 57835, 57900 & 58043 

may3l-b.dat 

may3l-c.dat 

may3l-d.dat 

may3l-e.dat 

may3l-f.dat 

may3l-g.dat 

-4- 
TABLE D-1 (Cont'd) 

MARS GSP-87 DATA TAPE CONTENT 

File # File Name Comments 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

79 

80 

81 

48 

78 

a2 

junl-a.ch1 

junl-b.ch1 

junl-c.chl 

junlId.ch1 

junl e.chl 

junlZf.ch1 

junl-g.ch1 

jun2-a.chl 

jun2 - b. chl 

jun2-c.chl 

jun2-d.chl 

jun2-e.chl 

may2lIb.chl 

may2l-c.chl 

may2l-d.chl 

may23 a.chl 

may23-b.chl 

may23-c.chl 

may23Id.chl 

may23 e.chl 

may25-a.chl 

may25b.chl 

may25-c.chl 

may25g. chl 

may29-a.chl 

may29 b.chl 

may29-c.chl 

may29zd. chl 

may29It.chl 

may30-a.chl 

may30Ib.chl 

may30 c.chl 

may30Id.chl 

may30 e.chl 

may31Ia.chl 

may3l-b.chl 

may3l-c.chl 

may3l-d.chl 

may3l-e.chl 

may3l-f.chl 

may3l-g.chl 

-5-