NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0431n.06

No. 19-6235

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

KESHIA TURNER and ROY CHRISTOPHER 

TURNER, individually and as next friends of

RBT and CT (minor children),

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.

DEBORAH LOWEN, M.D.; VANDERBILT 

UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER; 

CHRISTY DUNCAN; TONYA SCOTT,

Defendants - Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

BEFORE: GIBBONS, McKEAGUE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. This case arises from the removal and yearslong separation of two minor children, RBT and CT, from their parents following an erroneous 

determination of child abuse at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (“VUMC”). After a 

Tennessee state court returned RBT and CT to their parents’ custody, the children filed suit in 

federal court, naming VUMC, a pediatrician employed by VUMC, and two social workers from

the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) as defendants. In their complaint, RBT 

and CT assert claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for alleged violations of their Fourth 

Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The district court, acting on the defendants’ 

motions, dismissed the case. It found that the DCS employees were entitled to absolute immunity 
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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and that the physician was entitled to qualified immunity. The district court also found that RBT 

and CT failed to state a claim against VUMC. We agree and affirm.

I.

On December 11, 2014, Keshia Turner took her three-month-old son, RBT, to the 

Emergency Department at Cumberland Hospital after she noticed swelling in his left leg. At the 

Emergency Department, medical staff examined RBT and took x-rays of his leg and torso. They 

then discharged him to his mother and instructed her to follow up with RBT’s pediatrician the next 

day.

On December 12, Mrs. Turner took RBT to his pediatrician’s office. At the office, a nurse 

practitioner examined RBT and informed Mrs. Turner that RBT had multiple rib fractures. She 

instructed Mrs. Turner to take RBT to the Cumberland County Sherriff’s Office. She also provided 

Mrs. Turner with a note addressed to DCS, asking that RBT be taken to East Tennessee Children’s 

Hospital, where RBT was born.

That same day, Mrs. Turner and her husband, Roy Christopher Turner, took RBT to the 

Cumberland County Sherriff’s Office. Mr. and Mrs. Turner were interviewed by a DCS

caseworker, Ivan Hawn, and two investigators from the Sheriff’s Office. During the interview, 

Hawn told Mr. and Mrs. Turner to take RBT to VUMC. When Mrs. Turner protested, explaining 

that VUMC was two-and-a-half hours away and that the staff at East Tennessee Children’s 

Hospital were familiar with RBT’s medical history, Hawn threatened to have RBT removed. The 

parents agreed to take RBT to VUMC.

That evening, Mr. and Mrs. Turner traveled with RBT to Nashville, Tennessee where RBT

was admitted to VUMC. Upon his admission, Mr. and Mrs. Turner consented to a full exam of 

RBT, including several x-rays. The family remained at VUMC overnight. The next day, Mr. and 
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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Mrs. Turner met with Deborah Lowen, a pediatrician at VUMC who specializes in diagnosing 

cases of child abuse.

Lowen is a member of the CARE team at VUMC. The CARE team is a committee of 

medical and nonmedical professionals that reviews cases of suspected child abuse. Lowen is the 

CARE team’s liaison to DCS. The committee also includes members from DCS and local law 

enforcement agencies. In advance of RBT’s arrival at VUMC, Hawn had directly contacted Lowen 

and the CARE team to discuss the facts of RBT’s case.

1

Lowen separated RBT’s parents and interviewed them individually to determine the cause 

of RBT’s injuries. She did not physically examine RBT. Her consultation note, however, reveals

that she reviewed a discharge summary from East Tennessee Children’s Hospital. The discharge 

summary recounts Mrs. Turner’s difficult pregnancy and RBT’s premature birth. Lowen observed 

that RBT had a Vitamin D deficiency but determined that it was unlikely to have caused his 

fractures. She also opined that “premature babies can develop metabolic bone disease” before 

finding that RBT’s x-rays and lab results “reveal[ed] no evidence of that.” DE 52, First Am. 

Compl. (“FAC”), PageID 396.

Lowen ultimately concluded that RBT was a “victim of child physical abuse . . . occurring 

on more than 1 occasion and affecting multiple different bones.” Id. She contacted Hawn with 

her findings and informed him that neither RBT’s medical history nor his parents’ accounts could 

explain the thirty-three fractures in his ribs, legs, and shoulder blade. Lowen urged Hawn that 

RBT needed to “be protected from further harm.” Id. 

1 Lowen and VUMC have other ties to DCS. Lowen, for example, is the medical director for the Our Kids Clinic, a 

group that investigates allegations of child sexual abuse on behalf of DCS. She also regularly serves as an expert 

witness for DCS in child abuse cases. And Lowen is under contract to review near fatalities for Tennessee as part of 

its child death review process. VUMC, likewise, regularly provides medical services to foster children on behalf of 

DCS, receiving over $10 million for services rendered between August 2011 and June 2015. Neither Lowen nor 

VUMC treated RBT while operating in these other capacities.
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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Hawn, upon speaking with Lowen and receiving her report, concluded that RBT met the 

statutory definition of an abused child. He then filed an ex parte petition in the juvenile court 

seeking an emergency order authorizing DCS to take temporary custody of RBT. The juvenile 

court granted the petition and faxed its order to VUMC. After receiving the order, VUMC 

prevented Mr. and Mrs. Turner from leaving with RBT. 

On December 15, RBT was discharged from VUMC. DCS placed RBT in the care of his 

paternal grandfather. A new DCS employee, Christy Duncan, was assigned to manage RBT’s 

custody proceedings, including his care and placement. Duncan granted Mr. and Mrs. Turner

limited visitation of RBT. On January 21, 2015, Mr. and Mrs. Turner asked Duncan if DCS would 

test RBT for “brittle bones.” Id. at 399. Duncan informed them that DCS would perform no 

further testing. A month later, on February 25, Duncan “administratively substantiated” that RBT 

was physically abused by Mrs. Turner. Id.

In May 2015, Lowen was deposed as part of the juvenile court’s ongoing dependency 

proceeding. She stated in her deposition that she had “no doubt” that RBT’s injuries were caused 

by child abuse. Id. at 403. Lowen again addressed possible alternative interpretations of RBT’s 

lab results and medical history but dismissed them as implausible. At the same time, however, she 

acknowledged that “normal handling” of a child with “severe metabolic bone disease” could cause 

fractures. Id. at 401.

On September 4, Mrs. Turner gave birth to a second son, CT. Four days later, a DCS 

employee, Tonya Scott, filed an ex parte petition in the juvenile court seeking an emergency order 

authorizing DCS to take temporary custody of CT. Scott’s petition relied on Lowen’s diagnosis 

of RBT in 2014 and her subsequent deposition testimony in 2015. The juvenile court issued the
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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removal order for CT later that day. DCS placed CT with his paternal grandfather and granted his 

parents limited visitation.

Shortly after CT was removed, Mr. and Mrs. Turner obtained an expert opinion from John 

Galaznik, a physician in Alabama. Galaznik concluded that RBT suffered from a “metabolic bone 

disease” and that his injuries and other skeletal abnormalities were not diagnostic of child abuse. 

Mr. and Mrs. Turner shared this information with Duncan. She took no action in response to the 

additional opinion.

In the fall of 2015, Mrs. Turner obtained a second expert opinion from David Ayoub, a 

radiologist in Illinois. Based in part on x-rays taken at VUMC and the discharge summary from 

East Tennessee Children’s Hospital, Ayoub prepared a report concluding that RBT’s factures and 

other skeletal abnormalities were not diagnostic of child abuse. The report was provided to DCS. 

Ayoub elaborated on his findings at a deposition in February 2016. Duncan took no action in 

response to Ayoub’s report or deposition.

On August 4, 2017, nearly two years after DCS received the expert opinions of Galaznik 

and Ayoub, a Tennessee circuit court returned full custody of RBT and CT to their parents. At the 

final hearing, the judge explained that there are “serious medical conditions that can mimic child 

abuse” and “exonerated” Mr. and Mrs. Turner of “all allegations of abuse.” Id. at 409. In total,

RBT’s custodial separation from his parent lasted nearly three years, and CT’s custodial separation 

lasted just under two years.

RBT and CT filed suit in federal court, naming Lowen, Scott, Duncan, and VUMC as 

defendants.2 They asserted claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for alleged deprivations of their

Fourth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights. RBT and CT’s claims all rest on the same 

2 Mr. and Mrs. Turner also filed suit on their own behalf. Their claims were dismissed by the district court and are 

not at issue in this appeal.
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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premise: Lowen, Scott, and Duncan failed to conduct an adequate “investigation” and withheld

“exculpatory medical information” from the juvenile court, directly causing RBT and CT to be 

seized and then retained without probable cause. Id. at 416. The district court, acting on the 

defendants’ motions, dismissed the case. It found that Scott and Duncan were entitled to absolute 

immunity and that Lowen was entitled to qualified immunity. It also found that RBT and CT 

failed to state a claim against VUMC. RBT and CT timely appealed.

II.

RBT and CT raise three main issues on appeal. First, they argue that the district court erred 

in granting absolute immunity to Scott and Duncan for their roles in the removal and dependency 

process. Second, RBT and CT argue that the district court erred in granting qualified immunity to 

Lowen based on its finding that RBT and CT’s asserted rights were not clearly established at the 

time of their custody proceedings. Finally, RBT and CT argue that the district court erred in 

relying on the pleading standard to dismiss their Monell claims against VUMC. We address each 

issue in turn.3

A.

RBT and CT first argue that the district court erred in granting Scott and Duncan absolute 

immunity. We review a district court’s grant of absolute immunity de novo. Moldowan v. City of 

Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 373–74 (6th Cir. 2009). “The defense of absolute immunity provides a 

shield from liability for acts performed erroneously, even if alleged to have been done maliciously 

or corruptly.” Dean v. Byerley, 354 F.3d 540, 554 (6th Cir. 2004). Social workers, like prosecutors 

3 The district court assumed without deciding that Lowen and VUMC acted under color of state law for the purpose 

of analyzing RBT and CT’s § 1983 claims. To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate not only that 

she was deprived of a federal right, but also that the deprivation occurred “under color of state law.” Blessing v. 

Freestone, 520 U.S. 329, 340 (1997); Carl v. Muskegon County, 763 F.3d 592, 595 (6th Cir. 2014). Because we find 

that RBT and CT’s claims against Lowen and VUMC face other insurmountable obstacles, we do not decide the 

thornier issue of whether Lowen and VUMC acted under color of state law.
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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and probation officers, enjoy absolute immunity when they engage in conduct “intimately 

associated with the judicial process.” Pittman v. Cuyahoga Cty. Dep’t of Children & Family 

Servs., 640 F.3d 716, 725 (6th Cir. 2011). This means that “[s]ocial workers are absolutely 

immune only when they are acting in their capacity as legal advocates.” Holloway v. Brush, 220 

F.3d 767, 775 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “A social worker acts as a legal advocate when initiating 

court proceedings, filing child-abuse complaints, and testifying under oath,” Barber v. Miller, 809 

F.3d 840, 844 (6th Cir. 2015), but not when “performing administrative, investigative, or other 

functions,” Holloway, 220 F.3d at 775.

The scope of immunity enjoyed by social workers is remarkably broad. A social worker, 

for example, is absolutely immune not only from negligent misrepresentations to the court, see

Rippy ex rel. Rippy v. Hattaway, 270 F.3d 416, 422–23 (6th Cir. 2001), but also knowing and 

intentional misrepresentations, Barber, 809 F.3d at 844. The same holds true whether the 

misrepresentation is included as part of a petition for removal, sworn statement, or both.

4

 Brent v. 

Wayne Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 901 F.3d 656, 684–85 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Barber, 809 F.3d 

at 844). And although we have often repeated that the investigative and administrative acts of 

social workers are not shielded, we have interpreted this rule quite narrowly in practice. A 

plaintiff, for instance, cannot sue a social worker for her alleged failure to “properly investigate” 

the facts supporting a petition for removal, even if those facts turn out to be false or incomplete.

Pittman, 640 F.3d at 726. We have also held that a social worker is immune from claims that she

could have facilitated the return of a removed child “had [she] performed an adequate investigation 

4 RBT and CT contend that Young v. Vega, 574 F. App’x 684 (6th Cir. 2014), held that social workers are “not entitled 

to [absolute] immunity for personally vouching for facts which [are] false in seeking a finding of probable cause.” 

CA6 R. 21, Appellant Br., at 34. That is true, see id. at 688–89, but as Brent recognized, Young is “unpublished and 

non-binding, and our later published [decision in Barber] overrides Young’s holding.” 901 F.3d at 684–85. RBT and 

CT repeatedly and inexplicably refer to Barber as an unpublished decision, but it is very much a published decision, 

and Brent expressly recognized its abrogation of Young. Id.
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at any time” between issuance of an initial removal order and the ultimate juvenile dependency 

hearing. Rippy, 270 F.3d at 422 (emphasis added).

These principles squarely control the claims against Scott and Duncan. The claims against 

Scott are based solely on her alleged misrepresentations and omissions in the petition for CT’s

removal. Specifically, RBT and CT allege that Scott failed to conduct an adequate investigation 

and “intentionally omitted” exculpatory evidence when preparing the petition. DE 52, FAC, 

PageID 404. As cases like Brent and Pittman make clear, however, Scott’s representations, as 

well as her decision to rely solely on Lowen’s assessment, were “intimately associated with the 

judicial process.”

5

 The claims against Duncan fare no better. RBT and CT allege that, once RBT 

was removed, Duncan failed to: (1) provide the juvenile court with exculpatory information, or (2) 

adequately investigate the cause of RBT’s injuries. Both failures, they allege, prolonged RBT and 

CT’s separation from their parents. As we explained in Rippy, however, social workers act “in an 

advisory role to the Juvenile Court in recommending [if and when] the child is ready to return 

home.” 270 F.3d at 422. “The function of making such recommendations, including the 

underlying investigation, is . . . intimately related to the judicial phase of the child custody 

proceedings.” Id. at 422–23. RBT and CT thus cannot hold Duncan liable for her investigation

or assessment of the facts underlying her custody recommendations to the juvenile court.

B.

RBT and CT next argue that the district court erred in granting qualified immunity to 

Lowen. We review a district court’s grant of qualified immunity de novo. Moldowan, 578 F.3d 

5 RBT and CT correctly note that the social worker in Brent was denied absolute immunity for his role in “executing 

the removal order” in support of which he had submitted the allegedly false statements. 901 F.3d at 685. But as the 

defendants point out, RBT and CT do not allege that Scott or Duncan participated in executing the removal orders for 

RBT and CT. In fact, the complaint contains no allegations that Scott or Duncan was present when RBT and CT were 

taken into DCS custody.
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at 373–74. To overcome a defendant’s assertion of qualified immunity, a plaintiff must show both 

(1) that the defendant violated a constitutional right, and (2) that the right was clearly established. 

Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). We have “discretion to decide the order in which 

to engage these two prongs.” Tolan v. Cotton, 572 U.S. 650, 656 (2014). Here, RBT and CT 

assert two claims against Lowen: one pursuant to the Fourth Amendment for an unlawful seizure, 

and one pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment for a deprivation of the fundamental right to family

integrity.

6

i.

RBT and CT first argue that Lowen violated their clearly established Fourth Amendment 

right to be free from removal pursuant to an order obtained via knowingly false or incomplete

information. They maintain that Lowen violated this right when she conducted a “negligent 

investigation” of RBT’s injuries and “intentionally withheld” exculpatory information from the 

juvenile court. DE 52, FAC, PageID 416–17. In this way, RBT and CT contend, Lowen caused 

them to be removed pursuant to court orders that were unsupported by probable cause.

6 RBT and CT allude to an additional theory of Fourth Amendment liability. This theory mirrors RBT and CT’s 

unlawful removal claim but accounts for the period after execution of the removal orders. RBT and CT allege that 

the defendants violated this right by withholding exculpatory evidence from the juvenile court and failing to 

investigate obvious alternative explanations for the cause of RBT’s injuries. Specifically, RBT and CT contend that, 

if the defendants had shared this exculpatory evidence with the juvenile court or investigated the alternative theories 

presented by Mr. and Mrs. Turner, it would have “vitiated [the] probable cause” supporting their removal. CA6 R. 

21, Appellant Br., at 39. We interpret these allegations as a Fourth Amendment “continued detention” claim. See

Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 725, 747–50 (6th Cir. 2006). Although RBT and CT do not expressly limit 

the claim to Scott and Duncan, Lowen is never alleged to have participated in RBT and CT’s custody proceedings 

beyond the preparation and filing of the initial removal petitions, nor is she alleged to have later received the competing 

medical opinions that Mr. and Mrs. Turner provided to Scott and Duncan. And only Duncan is alleged to have 

“caus[ed] RBT and CT to remain unlawfully restrained and seized.” DE 52, FAC, PageID 413. Accordingly, even if 

RBT and CT intended to bring a “continued detention” claim against Lowen, they fail to allege facts plausibly 

suggesting that Lowen’s conduct caused this particular constitutional injury. See Thomas v. Nationwide Children’s 

Hosp., 882 F.3d 608, 614 (6th Cir. 2018) (“Section 1983 does not permit individuals to sue state actors in the abstract; 

it requires them to connect alleged constitutional violations of the individuals’ rights to state conduct.”).
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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The right asserted by RBT and CT was not clearly established at the time of their initial

removals. We have long held that law enforcement officials may not submit false statements in 

support of an arrest warrant if those statements are material to a finding of probable cause. Peet 

v. City of Detroit, 502 F.3d 557, 570–71 (6th Cir. 2007) (Holschuh, J., concurring). This includes 

not only “deliberate falsehood[s]” but also statements in “reckless disregard for the truth.” 

Vakilian v. Shaw, 335 F.3d 509, 517 (6th Cir. 2003). But we have never applied that rule to a 

physician who makes false or reckless statements in support of a petition for removal. And, even 

if we assumed that Lowen was in fact acting as a social worker when she reported her suspicions 

of abuse, it was not until 2018 that we applied the same right to a social worker. See Brent, 901 

F.3d at 685. When we did so, moreover, we granted the offending social worker qualified 

immunity because the right had, up until that point, not been clearly established. Id. (citing Barber, 

809 F.3d at 848 (holding, in 2015, that the right to not be removed based on a social worker’s false 

or reckless statements of material fact was not clearly established)). Accordingly, no matter the 

capacity in which Lowen acted, RBT and CT’s asserted right was not clearly established.

ii.

RBT and CT also argue that Lowen violated their clearly established Fourteenth 

Amendment right to family integrity. They again contend that Lowen violated this right when she

withheld “exculpatory medical information” and engaged in “negligent investigation[s].” DE 52, 

FAC, PageID 416. These acts and omissions, RBT and CT maintain, interfered with their familial 

rights by causing their removal. Although RBT and CT do not elaborate on the nature of their

right to family integrity, the Supreme Court has recognized a substantive due process right to 

familial relations. See, e.g., Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 760 (1982) (“[A] child and his 

parents share a vital interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship.”);
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Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978) (“We have recognized on numerous occasions that 

the relationship between parent and child is constitutionally protected.”); see also Bartell v. 

Lohiser, 215 F.3d 550, 557 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he Constitution recognizes . . . a substantive 

fundamental right to raise one’s child.”).

There are two problems with this claim. First, “where another provision of the Constitution 

‘provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection,’ a court must assess a plaintiff’s 

claims under that explicit provision and ‘not the more generalized notion of substantive due 

process.’” Conn v. Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286, 293 (1999) (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 

395 (1989)). Here, the same allegations that support RBT and CT’s Fourth Amendment claim—

namely, that Lowen caused them to be removed in the face of exculpatory evidence—also support 

their Fourteenth Amendment claim. “Because the Fourth Amendment provides an explicit textual 

source of constitutional protection against this sort of . . . governmental conduct, that Amendment, 

not the more generalized notion of ‘substantive due process,’ must be the guide for analyzing these 

claims.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 395; see also Southerland v. City of New York, 680 F.3d 127, 143 

(2d Cir. 2012) (“For child removal claims brought by the child, . . . the [Fourth Amendment]

provides an alternative, more specific source of protection than substantive due process.”).

Second, RBT and CT’s claim fails on the merits. We have repeatedly held that, in states 

where the juvenile court “has the ultimate decisionmaking power with respect to placement and 

custody, [the juvenile court] alone” may deprive a child of his “fundamental right” to familial 

association. Pittman, 640 F.3d at 729; see also Kolley v. Adult Protective Servs., 725 F.3d 581, 

585–86 (6th Cir 2013) (applying Pittman to find that, because the juvenile court retained ultimate 

decision-making authority over placement and custody of the plaintiff, her due process right could 

not have been infringed by the social worker); Barber, 809 F.3d at 848 (same); Teets v. Cuyahoga 
No. 19-6235, Turner, et al. v. Lowen, et al.

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County, 460 F. App’x 498, 502–03 (6th Cir. 2012) (same). “There can be no doubt that Tennessee 

law vest[s] the juvenile court with the ultimate decision making authority [sic] concerning . . . 

orders of immediate removal and temporary placement.” Young, 574 F. App’x at 690, abrogated 

on other grounds by Barber, 809 F.3d at 844. Accordingly, because it was the juvenile court—

not Lowen—that retained ultimate decision-making authority over the custody and placement of 

RBT and CT, Lowen’s conduct “did not violate [RBT and CT’s] substantive due process rights,”

and she is entitled to qualified immunity. Pittman, 640 F.3d at 729.

C.

Finally, RBT and CT argue that the district court erred in dismissing their Monell claim 

against VUMC. As an assumed state actor, VUMC may, like a city or county, be liable for a 

“policy or custom” that was the “moving force” behind a violation of RBT or CT’s constitutional 

rights. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); Johnson v. Karnes, 398 F.3d 868, 

877 (6th Cir. 2005). RBT and CT could show an actionable “policy or custom” in three different 

ways. First, they could allege that a VUMC official with “final policymaking authority” 

committed or directly ordered the deprivation of their rights. City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 

U.S. 112, 123 (1988). Second, they could allege that VUMC had a written policy pursuant to 

which an employee violated their rights. Id. at 121. Finally, RBT and CT could allege that, even 

absent a written policy, an employee violated their rights pursuant to “a widespread practice that . 

. . is ‘so permanent and well settled as to constitute a “custom or usage” with the force of law.’” 

Id. at 127 (quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167–68 (1970)). Under this third 

theory, RBT and CT would need to show “a clear and persistent pattern” of constitutional 

violations—not just “one instance” of unlawful conduct. Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 

426, 432 (6th Cir. 2005).
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RBT and CT fail to meet this standard. They allege that VUMC had a “policy, practice, 

and custom of providing overzealous ‘medical diagnoses’ of child abuse while ignoring other 

feasible explanations” and that this was the “moving force” behind Lowen’s “concealment of 

exculpatory evidence.” DE 52, FAC, PageID 391 (emphasis omitted). There are two problems 

with this theory. First, RBT and CT fail to identify any additional instances of Lowen or other 

VUMC employees engaging in the type of conduct alleged here. They thus fall short of plausibly 

alleging a “clear and persistent pattern” of analogous constitutional violations. Second, RBT and 

CT fail to plausibly allege that Lowen followed an express VUMC policy or was herself an official 

with final policymaking authority. They do not, for instance, provide any information about the 

nature, source, or form of the alleged policy. And aside from the conclusory allegation that Lowen 

was a “policymaker with final authority,” they make no effort to describe the governance structure 

of VUMC or how Lowen fit into that structure. In short, RBT and CT’s allegations are “nothing 

more than a bare recitation of [the] legal standard[].” Osberry v. Slusher, 750 F. App’x 385, 398 

(6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Brown v. Cuyahoga County, 517 F. App’x 431, 436 (6th Cir. 2013)).

They thus fail to state a claim against VUMC.

III.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm.