IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 95-CA-00593-SCT

GEORGE DAVID TOKMAN

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND MAY NOT BE CITED,

PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-A

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/09/95

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. L. BRELAND HILBURN, JR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: PRO SE

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: WAYNE SNUGGS

BY: JEFFREY A. KLINGFUSS

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: GLEN WHITE

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - POST CONVICTION RELIEF

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 2/12/98

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 4/3/98

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE SULLIVAN, P.J., BANKS AND MILLS, JJ.

BANKS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

The appellant, George David Tokman, was originally convicted of capital murder and sentenced to

death. That death sentence was reversed and remanded for resentencing. While awaiting

resentencing, Tokman entered a plea agreement with the State, avoiding the possibility of death. He

now assigns as error a double jeopardy violation, involuntary plea bargain agreement, insufficiency of

the evidence, ineffective assistance of counsel, an improper waiver of a statute of limitation violation,

and cumulative error. Because we find that none of these arguments have merit, we affirm the lower

court proceedings.

I.

This Court first became involved with Tokman during the appeal of his original conviction and

sentence for capital murder. See Tokman v. State, 435 So. 2d 664 (Miss. 1983). The instant case
stems primarily from those facts, and we therefore briefly recite them.

On or about August 22, 1980, Tokman and two cohorts, Jerry Fuson and Michael Leatherwood,

were members of the United States Army and were stationed in Fort Polk, Louisiana. The threesome

visited Jackson to obtain Fuson's car that had previously been left in Jackson. After being in Jackson

for about three and a half days, they decided to rob a cab driver as they had no money. According to

Fuson, who testified for the State, Tokman and Leatherwood also decided to kill the cab driver.

Sixty-five-year-old Albert Taylor was dispatched to pick up the three men. They instructed him to

take them to a deserted location where Leatherwood placed a rope around the cab driver's neck and

pulled him into the back seat. Fuson stopped the cab while Tokman got into the driver's seat and

drove the cab to the rear of Meadowbrook Cinema. Fuson then left the group and retrieved his car.

He returned to the scene of the crime shortly after that where he picked up Tokman and

Leatherwood. As they drove away, Leatherwood commented that Tokman stabbed Taylor. Tokman

did not deny the statement. According to Fuson, Tokman later stated that he cut his hand while

stabbing the cab driver. They stole about $11.50, a pistol, wallet, two money bags, and a set of keys

from Taylor.

On August 24, 1980, a Jackson Police Department sergeant found Taylor's body. An autopsy

revealed that he died from blows to the head with a dull blunt object. A fingerprint taken from a

window of the cab matched Tokman's. A nurse from a hospital in Vicksburg testified that at 1:30

a.m. on August 24, three white males came into the emergency room of the Regional Medical Center.

One man identified himself as George David Tokman. He had blood on his clothes and a cut on his

hand. He received five stitches in his right hand. Another witness, who knew Tokman, Fuson, and

Leatherwood from the Army, testified that Tokman told him they killed a cab driver in Jackson,

Mississippi and that Tokman bragged about the murder as he showed him a newspaper article about

the crime.

A jury found Tokman guilty of capital murder, and we affirmed his conviction and sentence of death.

Tokman v. State, 435 So. 2d 664. On October 01, 1984, however, Tokman filed a petition for postconviction relief that contained nineteen claims for relief, including ineffective assistance of counsel.

The State responded that an evidentiary hearing was necessary as the record was insufficient to

determine whether Tokman did, in fact, receive effective assistance of counsel. Therefore, in

Tokman v. State, 482 So. 2d 241 (Miss. 1986), this Court granted his application for leave to

proceed in the trial court on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel.

Following the evidentiary hearing, the trial court concluded that Tokman received constitutionally

effective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase of his trial but not during the sentencing phase.

Thus, his petition was granted in part. Both the State and Tokman appealed the lower court's

decision, and this Court affirmed and remanded for a new sentencing hearing. State v. Tokman, 564

So. 2d 1339 (Miss. 1990).

While awaiting the sentencing hearing, Tokman was moved to the Hinds County Detention Center so

that he could have sufficient opportunity to consult with counsel. On May 21, 1991, he attempted to

escape from the facility. As a result, he was indicted for attempted jail escape, a felony. He initially

pled not guilty, but later he changed his plea to guilty pursuant to a plea bargain agreement and was

sentenced to one year imprisonment for attempted escape.
Also under the agreement, Tokman pled guilty to a charge of kidnapping, which occurred during the

slaying of the cab driver. He waived an indictment on the kidnapping charge and the statute of

limitation bar. In exchange for this plea, Tokman was sentenced to life for the capital murder of

Albert Taylor and a consecutive sentence of thirty years for the kidnapping charge.

After the agreement, Tokman filed a petition for post-conviction relief which was summarily denied

by the trial court. Aggrieved, he appealed to this Court for relief.

II.

At the outset, Tokman argues that his right to be free from double jeopardy was violated when the

trial court allowed him to plead guilty to kidnapping after he had previously been found guilty of

capital murder. In short, Tokman asserts that he pled guilty to kidnapping the same victim whom he

was charged and convicted of robbing and killing. He further argues that under the capital murder

statute all of the underlying felonies merge with the offense of capital murder, thereby prohibiting him

from being convicted of both capital murder and one of the underlying felonies. See Miss. Code Ann.

§ 97-3-19 (1994).

The State counters that the underlying felony which elevated the murder in this case to capital murder

was robbery, not kidnapping. The State's argument is well taken.

In Fuselier v. State, 654 So. 2d 519 (Miss. 1995), the defendant was charged with capital murder.

Burglary was the underlying offense. Pursuant to a plea bargain agreement, the defendant pled guilty

to both capital murder and a separate count of burglary. We vacated the convictions and plea bargain

as violative of double jeopardy because burglary was used as the underlying offense for capital

murder and as a separate crime.

Here, an entirely different situation is presented. Tokman was charged with capital murder committed

during the felony offense of robbery. Pursuant to a plea bargain agreement, he was later charged with

and pled guilty to a distinct and separate felony offense, i.e., kidnapping. There is an obvious

distinction between these facts and Fuselier.

The instant matter is more analogous to Woodward v. State, 533 So. 2d 418, 422-23 (Miss. 1988),

vacated in part on other grounds, 635 So. 2d 805 (Miss. 1993). There, the defendant was charged in

a single indictment with capital murder, kidnapping, and sexual battery. Following convictions on all

three counts and a sentence of death, the defendant appealed, arguing that he "should have been

charged in a single count of only capital murder because the provisions of the statute merged the

crimes of kidnapping, sexual battery and rape into capital murder if murder was committed while the

person was engaged in the commission of those underlying crimes." Id. at 422. There, we

recapitulated the question as whether a defendant "may be convicted of both felony murder and

another felony or felonies which were not used as a basis for the felony murder charge in a multicount indictment arising out of the same transaction or occurrence." Id. Relying upon Blockburger

v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 182, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932), this Court answered

that question affirmatively, concluding that "a criminal defendant may be prosecuted for more than

one statutory offense arising out of a basic set of facts." Id.; Harden v. State, 460 So. 2d 1194, 1199

(Miss. 1984).
Applying this principle to the facts presented in Woodward, we determined that kidnapping and

sexual battery were different offenses from capital murder committed during a rape because each

offense required proof of at least one element the other did not. Moreover, we noted that the

kidnapping and sexual battery charges did not merge into the capital murder - rape offense because

they stemmed from acts separate and distinct from the act which produced the victim's death.

Here, Tokman initially was charged with and convicted of capital murder - robbery. Miss. Code Ann.

§ 97-3-73 (1972) (robbery) provides that:

Every person who shall feloniously take the personal property of another, in his presence or

from his person and against his will, by violence to his person or by putting such person in fear

of some immediate injury to his person, shall be guilty of robbery.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-51 (1972) sets out the elements of kidnapping:

Every person who shall, without lawful authority, forcibly seize and confine any other, or shall

inveigle or kidnap any other with intent to cause such person to be secretly confined . . . or to

cause such other person to be deprived of his liberty, or in any way held to service against his

will . . .

Under the kidnapping statute, the State must prove that a person forcibly seized and confined

someone or that he inveigled or kidnapped the person. To convict Tokman of capital murder, with

robbery as the underlying offense, the State did not have to prove that he forcibly seized and confined

or kidnapped the cab driver. Similarly, it was not necessary to prove that personal property was taken

from the cab driver to sustain the kidnapping charge. Thus, the two offenses, i.e., robbery and

kidnapping, are clearly separate and distinct, each requiring proof of facts the other did not. As such,

Tokman's convictions for capital murder committed during a robbery and his subsequent plea of

guilty to kidnapping did not violate the protections afforded under the Double Jeopardy Clause.

III.

Tokman next argues that the plea bargain agreement was the result of an unknowing, involuntary,

and unintelligent waiver of his fundamental rights. In particular, he argues that the State

"overstepped" its statutory authority by inventing another felony, i.e., kidnapping, eleven years after

the fact to ensure that he received as much prison time as possible. In short, Tokman appears to be

dissatisfied with the terms of the plea agreement and now asserts that he was bulldozed into

accepting the agreement.

He asks us to consider and accept as true non-record evidence. Specifically, he asserts that during the

colloquy with the trial court regarding his decision to plead guilty, he hesitated when the trial judge

informed him that he would have to serve at least ten years of the thirty-year kidnapping sentence

before becoming eligible for parole. His hesitation was purportedly quashed by his attorney who

allegedly "winked" at him in a way which suggested that he "just go ahead and accept Judge

Coleman's explanation of the law; everything will be all right."

It is well settled that a guilty plea "is not binding upon a criminal defendant unless it is entered

voluntarily and intelligently." Alexander v. State, 605 So. 2d 1170, 1172 (Miss. 1992) (citing Myers
v. State, 583 So. 2d 174, 177 (Miss. 1991)). A guilty plea is "voluntary and intelligent" if the

defendant is advised of the nature of the charge against him and the consequences of the plea.

Alexander, 605 So. 2d at 1172 (citing Wilson v. State, 577 So. 2d 394, 396-97 (Miss. 1991)).

Among the many rights the defendant must be informed of, Rule 8.04 of the Uniform Circuit and

County Court Rules requires the trial judge to "inquire and determine" if the defendant understands,

among other things, the maximum and minimum penalties to which he may be sentenced. Alexander,

605 So. 2d at 1172 (Referring to Rule 3.03 of the Uniform Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice

which is now covered by Rule 8.04). A valid guilty plea operates as a waiver of all nonjurisdictional

rights or defects that are incident to trial. Anderson v. State, 577 So. 2d 390, 391 (Miss. 1991)

(citing Ellzey v. State, 196 So. 2d 889, 892 (Miss. 1967)).

One of the factors this Court considers in determining the validity of a guilty plea is the colloquy

between the trial court and the defendant before the acceptance of the guilty plea. See Roland v.

State, 666 So. 2d 747, 750 (Miss. 1995) (concluding that the court's thorough questions to the

defendant at the hearing showed that the plea was voluntary); see also Gardner v. State, 531 So. 2d

805, 809 (Miss. 1988) (citing Sanders v. State, 440 So. 2d 278, 288 (Miss. 1983)) in which this

Court stated that "the thoroughness with which [a defendant is] interrogated by the lower court at the

time his plea [is] tendered is the most significant evidence of all [on the issue of the validity of a guilty

plea]"). Additionally, we have held that "[s]olemn declarations in open court [by a defendant] carry a

strong presumption of verity." Baker v. State, 358 So. 2d 401, 403 (Miss. 1978) (quoting

Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1976)).

In the present case, the colloquy between the trial judge and Tokman was more than thorough. The

trial court explained to Tokman that he was there on three separate charges -- capital murder

(resentencing), kidnapping, and attempted jail escape. Also, the trial court judge informed Tokman of

all of his rights and asked him throughout the discussion whether he understood and desired further

explanation. Regarding the kidnapping charge, the trial court expressly explained to Tokman that the

State would not be able to charge him with kidnapping without the plea bargain agreement as the

statute of limitation had passed. In reply to the question whether anyone had made any threats or

promises to him or had applied any type of force or mental pressure to get him to enter the

agreement, Tokman responded negatively. For each offense, the trial court set out the elements, in

addition to asking Tokman if his attorneys had rendered satisfactory services. Furthermore, the trial

judge informed Tokman of the minimum and maximum sentences for kidnapping and attempted

escape, as well as details about when he would be eligible for parole.

Following the colloquy, Tokman made the following statement:

. . . I would like to say I'm glad this is over with. Now I want -- I want to apologize to Mrs.

Robinson for what happened eleven years ago. And I have a conscience. I haven't lost my

memory. I know what I did. And if I could have traded my life for Albert Taylor's life anytime

over the past eleven years, I would have done it; it would have been worth it. And I am glad the

DA's office let me make this deal to save my life. I am glad my attorneys fought like hell in the

courts because I know half the guys on death row don't have any legal representation

worthwhile. And I never meant the things I did. I really -- I'm sorry. I'm sorry.

This Court concludes, based upon a careful review of the record evidence, that the colloquy between
Tokman and the trial court disproves Tokman's assertions that he entered the plea bargain agreement

involuntarily, unknowingly, and unintelligently. The record indicates that the court informed Tokman

of the nature of the charges against him, the consequences of a guilty plea, including the forfeiture of

the rights and defects incident to trial, and the minimum and maximum punishment he faced.

Additionally, the above-cited quote establishes that Tokman admitted that he did, in fact, commit the

crimes as alleged.

IV.

Tokman further asserts that it was improper for the State to charge him with kidnapping eleven years

after the commission of the crime. Typically, Tokman would be correct; however, the present

situation is atypical. Here, Tokman did not want to be subjected to the possibility of receiving the

death penalty again at the new sentencing hearing. He decided to waive the statute of limitation

violation to avoid that possibility.

It is not improper for an accused to forfeit a colorable claim or violation to receive a more

advantageous or lenient sentence. See Conerly v. State, 607 So. 2d 1153 (Miss. 1992) (establishing

that the statute of limitation is a nonjurisdictional affirmative defense that may be waived via a

voluntary plea of guilty, resulting in the forfeiture of the right to raise the matter in a subsequent

proceeding).

The instant assignment of error is without merit under the rationale of Conerly because the record

evidence shows that Tokman's guilty plea was voluntary.

V.

According to Tokman, the trial court failed to follow Rule 3.03(1) which requires that, before

accepting a guilty plea, the court determine whether there is a factual basis for the plea of guilty to an

offense. Specifically, Tokman argues that the trial court never attempted to elicit the factual basis of

the kidnapping charge, but instead relied upon personal knowledge, i.e., information provided by codefendant Fuson in the previous trial.

The colloquy between Tokman and the trial court demonstrate that the "critical elements" of

kidnapping were provided to Tokman and that he responded that he understood with what he was

being charged. Based upon the facts set out in this Court's previous two opinions involving Tokman,

there was clearly a factual basis for the kidnapping charge. At the initial trial, co-defendant Fuson

testified that a rope was placed around the cab driver's neck and that he was pulled into the back seat.

Tokman admitted that he got into the driver's seat and drove the cab to the scene of the murder. It

cannot be disputed that the three cohorts confined the cab driver against his will under these facts,

and it is apparent that Tokman played an integral role in accomplishing that confinement.

Nevertheless, this Court finds that the trial court did, in fact, improperly rely upon his personal

recollection of the facts from a previous trial to determine whether there was a factual basis for the

kidnapping charge.(2) Such error was harmless, however, because there was ample testimony from

Tokman which provided an independent factual basis for the kidnapping charge. Tokman told the

trial court that he had gone over his petition to plead guilty to kidnapping and that everything

asserted in the petition was true and correct. The petition included the facts and elements of the
kidnapping in this case and was signed by Tokman. Besides the petition to plead guilty, Tokman

admitted that he assisted in the confining and murdering of the cab driver by, at a minimum, driving

the car to the scene of the slaying while his co-defendant forcibly held the cab driver in the backseat.

Hence, this Court concludes -- in light of Tokman's testimony regarding the kidnapping -- that the

trial court' reliance on his personal knowledge in finding a factual basis for kidnapping constituted

error that was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

VI.

According to Tokman, his attorneys and the State's prosecutors threatened that unless he agreed to

accept the plea bargain, he would very likely receive a second death sentence. He posits, "Under such

extraordinary circumstances, how can any plea, with the shadow of the death penalty, not be

threatening and coercive in nature?"

This assignment of error lacks merit because the record is devoid of any proof whatsoever that

Tokman was threatened or coerced in any way. Telling Tokman that he would face the death penalty

if he rejected the plea offer was neither impermissible nor coercive. It was simply a statement of fact.

VII.

Tokman next asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in that his attorneys bulldozed

him into entering the plea bargain agreement and failed to advise him to go to trial instead of pleading

guilty.

To be successful on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the defendant must meet a two-prong

test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d

674, 693 (1984) and adopted by this Court in Knight v. State, 577 So. 2d 392, 394 (Miss. 1991).

The Strickland test requires a showing of (1) deficiency of counsel's performance that is (2) sufficient

to constitute prejudice to the defense. McQuarter v. State, 574 So. 2d 685, 687 (Miss. 1990). The

totality of the circumstances shall be considered when determining whether counsel's performance

was both deficient and prejudicial. Carney v. State, 525 So. 2d 776, 780 (Miss. 1988).

Here, Tokman had previously been found guilty of capital murder. The only issue before the trial

court was a new sentencing hearing. At the new hearing, Tokman would have been faced with the

possibility of death again. The record indicates that Tokman personally thanked the State for allowing

him to enter the plea bargain agreement in lieu of being faced with death. He now argues that he was

bulldozed into the agreement. Such an argument is precarious at most.

There is no proof that Tokman's attorneys provided him with deficient representation. To the

contrary, Tokman bragged about the quality of his legal team; moreover, when asked if his attorneys

coerced him in any way, Tokman answered negatively. Likewise, when asked if his attorneys had

provided him with information that conflicted with what the trial court told him, Tokman again

answered negatively.

Like there is no proof whatsoever of deficient assistance, there is no proof of prejudice or harm

stemming from Tokman's legal representation considering the fact that Tokman could have been

facing death instead of parole eligibility after twenty years' imprisonment.
VIII.

Tokman takes issue with the fact that he forfeited his right to lodge the statute of limitation violation

argument against the kidnapping charge, to which he pled guilty under the terms of the agreement.

The record shows that the trial court explicitly informed Tokman that, if he refused to waive the

statute of limitation violation, the State could not pursue the kidnaping charge in light of the time bar.

Armed with this information, Tokman decided to forfeit his right to apply the bar.

In Conerly, this Court concluded that a statute of limitation violation was nonjurisdictional and

waivable in the face of a voluntary guilty plea. Conerly, 607 So. 2d at 1158. In the present matter,

Tokman forfeited the right to raise the statute of limitation violation. His guilty plea and waiver were

voluntary, intelligent, and knowing. Thus, this point of error lacks merit.

IX.

Lastly, Tokman avers that all of the preceding assignments of error, taken together, show that he was

deprived of a fair and impartial criminal proceeding. It is elementary that there can be no cumulative

error where there were no error with which to begin.

X.

Because the record and arguments brought forth by Tokman fail to disclose error, we affirm the

lower court's judgment in toto.

DENIAL OF POST CONVICTION RELIEF AFFIRMED.

PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., McRAE, ROBERTS, SMITH, MILLS

AND WALLER, JJ., CONCUR.

1. Rule 3.03 is now covered by Rule 8.04 of the Uniform Rules of Circuit and County Court Practice.

2. During the colloquy, the judge stated, "Maybe I should state for the record that I have heard the

testimony involved in this case at least five times, on trial, retrials, and motions for post conviction

relief, and I deliberately did not go into an attempt to elicit the factual basis of the plea because I, as I

said, from the previous testimony I've heard in which the defendant was represented by able counsel

at the post-conviction relief that there is a basis in fact for proof of the elements of kidnapping, and

for that reason, that's the reason why I accept the guilty plea. . . ."