12 April 2001

(As Amended Through

23 January 2002)

Department of Defense

Dictionary of

Military and Associated

Terms

Joint Publication 1-02
PREFACE

i

1. Scope

The Department of Defense Dictionary

of Military and Associated Terms (short

title: Joint Pub 1-02 or JP 1-02) sets forth

standard US military and associated

terminology to encompass the joint activity

of the Armed Forces of the United States in

both US joint and allied joint operations, as

well as to encompass the Department of

Defense (DOD) as a whole. These military

and associated terms, together with their

definitions, constitute approved DOD

terminology for general use by all components

of the Department of Defense. The Secretary

of Defense, by DOD Directive 5025.12, 23

August 1989, Standardization of Military and

Associated Terminology, has directed the use

of JP 1-02 throughout the Department of

Defense to ensure standardization of military

and associated terminology.

2. Purpose

This publication supplements standard

English-language dictionaries with standard

terminology for military and associated use.

However, it is not the intent of this publication

to restrict the authority of the joint force

commander (JFC) from organizing the force

and executing the mission in a manner the JFC

deems most appropriate to ensure unity of

effort in the accomplishment of the overall

mission.

3. Application — DOD and

NATO Activities

JP 1-02 is promulgated for mandatory use

by the Office of the Secretary of Defense,

Military Departments, Joint Staff, combatant

commands, Defense agencies, and any other

DOD components. DOD terminology herein

is to be used without alteration unless a

distinctly different context or application is

intended. To provide a common interpretation

of terminology at home and abroad, US

officials, when participating in the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or

dealing with NATO matters, will use NATO

terminology. When a NATO standard for a

term or definition does not exist, applicable

DOD terminology (if any) may be used.

Note concerning DOD-NATO Standardization:

The United States is a signatory to NATO

Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 3680,

which ratifies the NATO Glossary of Terms

and Definitions (English and French) (short

title: AAP-6). Under the provisions of

STANAG 3680, AAP-6 is established as the

primary glossary for NATO. The United

States carries out its obligation to implement

STANAG 3680 in the following manner: (a)

English-language entries approved for AAP-6

may be proposed by DOD elements for

inclusion in JP 1-02 as DOD-NATO entries.

The purpose of such proposals is to increase

multinational standardization. After

DOD-wide staffing by the US NATO

Military Terminology Group (USNMTG),

terminology so approved for inclusion in JP

1-02 and DOD-wide use will appear, along

with DOD-only entries, in JP 1-02 with an

asterisk in parentheses after the term to denote

DOD-NATO standardization of terminology,

referred to as “alignment” in NATO. (b) As

stated in paragraph 3, US officials will adhere

to NATO terminology when engaged in

NATO matters, provided that applicable

terminology exists. (c) An electronic copy of

AAP-6 is provided under “Other Publications”

at the internet address cited in paragraph 7.

4. Criteria for Terms

The following criteria are used to determine

the acceptability of terminology for inclusion

in JP 1-02:
ii

Preface

JP 1-02

a. Inadequate coverage in a standard,

commonly accepted dictionary, e.g., by

Merriam-Webster.

b. Terminology should be of general

military or associated significance. Technical

or highly specialized terms may be included

if they can be defined in easily understood

language and if their inclusion is of general

military or associated significance.

c. Terms for weaponry are limited to

generic weapon systems.

d. Unless there are special reasons to the

contrary, terms and definitions are not to

consist of or contain abbreviations or other

shortened forms, e.g., acronyms.

e. Only UNCLASSIFIED terminology

will be included.

f. Dictionary entries will not be provided

for prowords, code words, brevity words, or

NATO-only terms.

g. Dictionary entries will not be Servicespecific or functionality-specific unless they

are commonly employed by US joint forces

as a whole.

h. Dictionary entries will not consist of

components or sub-components contained in

missiles, aircraft, equipment, weapons, etc.

5. Other DOD Dictionaries

Other dictionaries or glossaries for DOD

use will be published ONLY AFTER

coordination with the USNMTG and approval

by the Director for Operational Plans and Joint

Force Development (J-7), Joint Staff.

6. Publication Format

This edition of JP 1-02 has been published

in two basic parts:

a. Main Body. This part of the dictionary

contains all terms and definitions approved

for use within the Department of Defense, to

include those terms and definitions that are

approved for both DOD and NATO use. Each

entry approved for both DOD and NATO

appears with an asterisk in parentheses, i.e.,

(*), after the term to denote DOD-NATO

acceptance.

Note: In rare instances, a term may have a

combination of DOD-only definitions and

DOD-NATO definitions. In these instances,

though an asterisk will appear after the term

to denote DOD-NATO standardization, DODonly definitions will be preceded by “DOD

only” in parentheses.

b. Appendix A. Appendix A contains a

listing of current abbreviations and acronyms

in common use within the Department of

Defense. This is by no means a complete list

of DOD abbreviations and acronyms. Rather,

it serves as a guide to current DOD usage in

abbreviations and acronyms.

7. JP 1-02 on the Internet

JP 1-02 is accessible on-line at the following

internet address:

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict
iii

Preface

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

As changes are approved for JP 1-02, they

are added to the internet version, making the

internet version of JP 1-02 more up-to-date

than any printed edition. The internet version

thus provides the latest changes worldwide

between regular printed editions.

S. A. FRY

Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy

Director, Joint Staff
iv

Preface

JP 1-02

Intentionally Blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS

v

PAGE

MAIN BODY.................................................................................................................. 1

APPENDIX

A Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................... A-1

B Terminology Points of Contact .......................................................................... B-1

C Administrative Instructions ............................................................................... C-1
vi

Table of Contents

JP 1-02

Intentionally Blank
1

A

abort — (*) 1. To terminate a mission for

any reason other than enemy action. It may

occur at any point after the beginning of

the mission and prior to its completion. 2.

To discontinue aircraft takeoff or missile

launch.

above-the-line publications — The upper

level publications in the hierarchy of joint

publications which includes capstone,

keystone, and other key joint doctrine

publications that the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff signs and are intended to be

used by combatant commanders, subunified

commanders, joint task force commanders,

Service Chiefs, and Joint Staff directors.

See also below-the-line publications;

capstone publication; joint publication;

keystone publications. (JP 1-01)

absolute altimeter — (*) A type of altimeter

which measures vertical distance to the

surface below, using radio, radar, sonic,

laser, or capacitive technology.

absolute dud — A nuclear weapon which,

when launched at or emplaced on a target,

fails to explode.

absolute filter — (*) A filter capable of

cutting off 100% by weight of solid particles

greater than a stated micron size.

absolute height — (*) The height of an

aircraft directly above the surface or terrain

over which it is flying. See also altitude.

absorbed dose — (*) The amount of energy

imparted by nuclear (or ionizing) radiation

to unit mass of absorbing material. The unit

is the rad.

acceptability — Operation plan review

criterion. The determination as to whether

the contemplated course of action is worth

the cost in manpower, materiel, and time

involved; is consistent with the law of war;

and is militarily and politically supportable.

See also adequacy; feasibility.

access to classified information — The

ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge

of classified information. Persons have

access to classified information if they are

permitted to gain knowledge of the

information or if they are in a place where

they would be expected to gain such

knowledge. Persons do not have access to

classified information by being in a place

where classified information is kept if

security measures prevent them from

gaining knowledge of the information.

accidental attack — An unintended attack

which occurs without deliberate national

design as a direct result of a random event,

such as a mechanical failure, a simple

human error, or an unauthorized action by

a subordinate.

accompanying supplies — Unit supplies that

deploy with forces.

accountability — The obligation imposed by

law or lawful order or regulation on an

officer or other person for keeping accurate

record of property, documents, or funds.

The person having this obligation may

or may not have actual possession of

the property, documents, or funds.

Accountability is concerned primarily with

records, while responsibility is concerned

primarily with custody, care, and

safekeeping. See also responsibility.

accounting line designator — A

five-character code, consisting of the target

desired ground zero designator and the

striking command suffix, to indicate a

specific nuclear strike by a specified

weapon delivery system on a target

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
2 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

objective to the operation plan. Also called

ALD.

accuracy of fire — (*) The precision of fire

expressed by the closeness of a grouping

of shots at and around the center of the

target.

accuracy of information — See evaluation.

acoustical surveillance — Employment of

electronic devices, including sound-recording,

-receiving, or -transmitting equipment, for

the collection of information.

acoustic circuit — A mine circuit which

responds to the acoustic field of a target.

See also mine.

acoustic intelligence — (*) Intelligence

derived from the collection and processing

of acoustic phenomena. Also called

ACINT.

acoustic jamming — The deliberate radiation

or reradiation of mechanical or

electroacoustic signals with the objectives

of obliterating or obscuring signals that the

enemy is attempting to receive and of

disrupting enemy weapons systems. See

also barrage jamming; electronic

warfare; jamming; spot jamming.

acoustic mine — (*) A mine with an acoustic

circuit which responds to the acoustic field

of a ship or sweep. See also mine.

acoustic minehunting — (*) The use of a

sonar to detect mines or mine-like objects

which may be on or protruding from the

seabed, or buried.

acoustic warfare — (*) Action involving

the use of underwater acoustic energy to

determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent

hostile use of the underwater acoustic

spectrum and actions which retain friendly

use of the underwater acoustic spectrum.

Also called AW. There are three divisions

within acoustic warfare. 1. acoustic

warfare support measures. That aspect

of acoustic warfare involving actions to

search for, intercept, locate, record, and

analyze radiated acoustic energy in water

for the purpose of exploiting such

radiations. The use of acoustic warfare

support measures involves no intentional

underwater acoustic emission and is

generally not detectable by the enemy. Also

called AWSM. 2. acoustic warfare

countermeasures. That aspect of acoustic

warfare involving actions taken to prevent

or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the

underwater acoustic spectrum. Acoustic

warfare countermeasures involve

intentional underwater acoustic emissions

for deception and jamming. Also called

AWCM. 3. acoustic warfare countercountermeasures. That aspect of acoustic

warfare involving actions taken to ensure

friendly effective use of the underwater

acoustic spectrum despite the enemy’s use

of underwater acoustic warfare. Acoustic

warfare counter-countermeasures involve

anti-acoustic warfare support measures and

anti-acoustic warfare countermeasures, and

may not involve underwater acoustic

emissions. Also called AWCCM.

acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures

— See acoustic warfare Part 3.

acoustic warfare countermeasures — See

acoustic warfare Part 2.

acoustic warfare support measures — See

acoustic warfare Part 1.

acquire — 1. When applied to acquisition

radars, the process of detecting the presence

and location of a target in sufficient detail

to permit identification. 2. When applied

to tracking radars, the process of positioning

a radar beam so that a target is in that beam

to permit the effective employment of

weapons. See also target acquisition.
3

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

acquire (radar) — See acquire.

acquisition — See collection (acquisition).

acquisition and cross-servicing agreement

— Agreements negotiated on a bilateral

basis with US allies or coalition partners

that allow US forces to exchange most

common types of support, including food,

fuel, transportation, ammunition, and

equipment. Authority to negotiate these

agreements is usually delegated to the

combatant commander by the Secretary of

Defense. Authority to execute these

agreements lies with the Secretary of

Defense, and may or may not be delegated.

Governed by legal guidelines, these

agreements are used for contingencies,

peacekeeping operations, unforeseen

emergencies, or exercises to correct logistic

deficiencies that cannot be adequately

corrected by national means. The support

received or given is reimbursed under the

conditions of the acquisition and crossservicing agreement. Also called ACSA.

See also cross-servicing; servicing.

(JP 4-07)

action agent — In intelligence usage, one

who has access to, and performs actions

against, the target.

action deferred — Tactical action on a

specific track is being withheld for better

tactical advantage. Weapons are available

and commitment is pending.

action information center — See air

defense control center; combat

information center.

action phase — In an amphibious operation,

the period of time between the arrival of

the landing forces of the amphibious force

in the operational area and the

accomplishment of their mission. See also

amphibious force; amphibious operation;

landing force; mission. (JP 3-02)

activation — Order to active duty (other than

for training) in the Federal service. See also

active duty; federal service. (JP 4-05)

activation detector — (*) A device used to

determine neutron flux or density by virtue

of the radioactivity induced in it as a result

of neutron capture.

active air defense — Direct defensive action

taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the

effectiveness of hostile air and missile

threats against friendly forces and assets.

It includes the use of aircraft, air defense

weapons, electronic warfare, and other

available weapons. See also air defense.

(JP 3-01)

active communications satellite — See

communications satellite.

active defense — The employment of limited

offensive action and counterattacks to deny

a contested area or position to the enemy.

See also passive defense.

active duty — Full-time duty in the active

military service of the United States. This

includes members of the Reserve

Components serving on active duty or

full-time training duty, but does not include

full-time National Guard duty. Also called

AD. See also active duty for training;

inactive duty training.

active duty for special work — A tour of

active duty for reserve personnel authorized

from military and reserve personnel

appropriations for work on active or reserve

component programs. This includes annual

screening, training camp operations,

training ship operations, and unit

conversion to new weapon systems when

such duties are essential. Active duty for

special work may also be authorized to

support study groups, training sites and

exercises, short-term projects, and doing

administrative or support functions. By
4 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

policy, active duty for special work tours

are normally limited to 179 days or less in

one fiscal year. Tours exceeding 180 days

are accountable against active duty end

strength.

active duty for training — A tour of active

duty which is used for training members of

the Reserve Components to provide trained

units and qualified persons to fill the needs

of the Armed Forces in time of war or

national emergency and such other times

as the national security requires. The

member is under orders that provide for

return to non-active status when the period

of active duty for training is completed.

This includes annual training, special tours

of active duty for training, school tours, and

the initial duty for training performed by

nonprior service enlistees. Also called

ADT.

Active Guard and Reserve — National

Guard and Reserve members who are on

voluntary active duty providing full-time

support to National Guard, Reserve, and

Active Component organizations for the

purpose of organizing, administering,

recruiting, instructing, or training the

Reserve Components. Also called AGR.

(JP 1-03.17)

active homing guidance — (*) A system of

homing guidance wherein both the source

for illuminating the target and the receiver

for detecting the energy reflected from the

target as the result of the illumination are

carried within the missile.

active material — (*) Material, such as

plutonium and certain isotopes of uranium,

which is capable of supporting a fission

chain reaction.

active mine — (*) A mine actuated by the

reflection from a target of a signal emitted

by the mine.

active public affairs policy — Open

dissemination of information to inform the

news media and public about an issue or

activity. An active approach is

characterized by announcing the event or

addressing the issue through news media

advisories, news releases, personal contacts,

news conferences, or other forms of public

presentation. Such a policy encourages and

supports news media coverage. See also

public affairs. (JP 3-61)

active sealift forces — Military Sealift

Command active, common-user sealift and

the afloat pre-positioning force, including

the required cargo handling and delivery

systems as well as necessary operating

personnel. See also afloat pre-positioning

force; common-user sealift; Military

Sealift Command. (JP 4-01.2)

active status — Status of all Reserves except

those on an inactive status list or in the

Retired Reserve. Reservists in an active

status may train for points and/or pay and

may be considered for promotion.

activity — 1. A unit, organization, or

installation performing a function or

mission, e.g., reception center,

redistribution center, naval station, naval

shipyard. 2. A function, mission, action,

or collection of actions. Also called ACT.

See also establishment.

act of mercy — In evasion and recovery

operations, assistance rendered to evaders

by an individual or elements of the local

population who sympathize or empathize

with the evaders’ cause or plight. See also

evader; evasion; evasion and recovery;

recovery; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

actual ground zero — (*) The point on the

surface of the Earth at, or vertically below

or above, the center of an actual nuclear

detonation. See also desired ground zero;

ground zero.
5

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

actuate — (*) To operate a mine-firing

mechanism by an influence or a series of

influences in such a way that all the

requirements of the mechanism for firing,

or for registering a target count, are met.

acute radiation dose — (*) Total ionizing

radiation dose received at one time and over

a period so short that biological recovery

cannot occur.

adequacy — Operation plan review criterion.

The determination as to whether the scope

and concept of a planned operation are

sufficient to accomplish the task assigned.

See also acceptability; feasibility.

adjust — An order to the observer or spotter

to initiate an adjustment on a designated

target.

administrative airlift service — The airlift

service normally provided by specifically

identifiable aircraft assigned to

organizations or commands for internal

administration.

administrative control — Direction or

exercise of authority over subordinate or

other organizations in respect to

administration and support, including

organization of Service forces, control of

resources and equipment, personnel

management, unit logistics, individual and

unit training, readiness, mobilization,

demobilization, discipline, and other

matters not included in the operational

missions of the subordinate or other

organizations. Also called ADCON.

(JP 0-2)

administrative escort — A warship or

merchant ship under naval control, carrying

a convoy commodore and staff, and serving

as a platform for simultaneous

communication with an operational control

authority and a coastal convoy.

administrative landing — An unopposed

landing involving debarkation from vessels

that have been administratively loaded. See

also administrative loading;

administrative movement; logistics

over-the-shore operations.

administrative lead time — The interval

between initiation of procurement action

and letting of contract or placing of order.

See also procurement lead time.

administrative loading — (*) A loading

system which gives primary consideration

to achieving maximum utilization of troop

and cargo space without regard to tactical

considerations. Equipment and supplies

must be unloaded and sorted before they

can be used. Also called commercial

loading. See also loading.

administrative map — A map that contains

graphically recorded information pertaining

to administrative matters, such as supply

and evacuation installations, personnel

installations, medical facilities, collecting

points for stragglers and enemy prisoners

of war, train bivouacs, service and

maintenance areas, main supply roads,

traffic circulation, boundaries, and other

details necessary to show the administrative

situation. See also map.

administrative movement — (*) A

movement in which troops and vehicles are

arranged to expedite their movement and

conserve time and energy when no enemy

interference, except by air, is anticipated.

administrative order — (*) An order

covering traffic, supplies, maintenance,

evacuation, personnel, and other

administrative details.

administrative shipping — Support shipping

that is capable of transporting troops and

cargo from origin to destination, but that
6 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

cannot be loaded or unloaded without nonorganic personnel and/or equipment (e.g.,

cargo handling personnel, stevedores, piers,

barges, cranes, materials handling

equipment, vessels, etc.). See also

administrative loading; administrative

movement.

advanced base — A base located in or near

an operational area whose primary mission

is to support military operations.

advanced operations base — In special

operations, a small temporary base

established near or within a joint special

operations area to command, control, and/

or support training or tactical operations.

Facilities are normally austere. The base

may be ashore or afloat. If ashore, it may

include an airfield or unimproved airstrip,

a pier, or an anchorage. An advanced

operations base is normally controlled and/

or supported by a main operations base or

a forward operations base. Also called

AOB. See also forward operations base;

main operations base. (JP 3-05.3)

advance force — (*) A temporary

organization within the amphibious task

force which precedes the main body to the

objective area. Its function is to participate

in preparing the objective for the main

assault by conducting such operations as

reconnaissance, seizure of supporting

positions, minesweeping, preliminary

bombardment, underwater demolitions, and

air support.

advance guard — Detachment sent ahead

of the main force to ensure its uninterrupted

advance; to protect the main body against

surprise; to facilitate the advance by

removing obstacles and repairing roads and

bridges; and to cover the deployment of the

main body if it is committed to action.

advance guard reserve — Second of the two

main parts of an advance guard, the other

being the advance guard support. It protects

the main force and is itself protected by the

advance guard support. Small advance

guards do not have reserves.

advance guard support — First of the two

main parts of an advance guard, the other

being the advance guard reserve. It is made

up of three smaller elements, in order from

front to rear, the advance guard point, the

advance party, and the support proper. The

advance guard support protects the advance

guard reserve.

adverse weather — Weather in which

military operations are generally restricted

or impeded. See also marginal weather.

adverse weather aerial delivery system —

The precise delivery of personnel,

equipment, and supplies during adverse

weather, using a self-contained aircraft

instrumentation system without artificial

ground assistance or the use of ground

navigational aids. Also called AWADS.

(JP 3-17)

advisory area — (*) A designated area

within a flight information region where air

traffic advisory service is available.

aerial picket — See air picket.

aerial port — An airfield that has been

designated for the sustained air movement

of personnel and materiel as well as an

authorized port for entrance into or

departure from the country where located.

Also called APORT. See also port of

debarkation; port of embarkation.

aerial port control center — The agency

responsible for the management and control

of all aerial port resources and for the receipt

and dissemination of all airlift requirements

received from the airlift coordination cell

as the joint force commander’s agent. Also

called APCC. (JP 3-17)
7

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

aerial port squadron — An Air Force

organization that operates and provides the

functions assigned to aerial ports, including

processing personnel and cargo, rigging for

airdrop, packing parachutes, loading

equipment, preparing air cargo and load

plans, loading and securing aircraft, ejecting

cargo for inflight delivery, and supervising

units engaged in aircraft loading and

unloading operations.

aerodynamic missile — (*) A missile which

uses aerodynamic forces to maintain its

flight path. See also ballistic missile;

guided missile.

aeromedical evacuation — The movement

of patients under medical supervision to and

between medical treatment facilities by air

transportation. Also called AE.

aeromedical evacuation control officer —

An officer of the air transport force or air

command controlling the flow of patients

by air.

aeromedical evacuation coordination

center — A coordination center within the

joint air operations center’s airlift

coordination cell that monitors all activities

related to aeromedical evacuation (AE)

operations execution. It manages the

medical aspects of the AE mission and

serves as the net control station for AE

communications. It coordinates medical

requirements with airlift capability, assigns

medical missions to the appropriate AE

elements, and monitors patient movement

activities. Also called AECC. See also

aeromedical evacuation; aeromedical

evacuation system; aeromedical

evacuation unit. (JP 4-01.1)

aeromedical evacuation system — A system

that provides: a. control of patient

movement by air transport; b. specialized

medical aircrew, medical crew augmentees,

and specialty medical attendants and

equipment for inflight medical care; c.

facilities on or in the vicinity of air strips

and air bases for the limited medical care

of intransit patients entering, en route via,

or leaving the system; and d.

communication with originating,

destination, and en route medical facilities

concerning patient transportation. Also

called AES. See also aeromedical

evacuation. (JP 4-02.2)

aeromedical evacuation unit — An

operational medical organization concerned

primarily with the management and control

of patients being transported via an

aeromedical evacuation system or system

echelon. See also forward aeromedical

evacuation.

aeronautical chart — A specialized

representation of mapped features of the

Earth, or some part of it, produced to show

selected terrain, cultural and hydrographic

features, and supplemental information

required for air navigation, pilotage, or for

planning air operations.

aeronautical information overprint — (*)

Additional information which is printed or

stamped on a map or chart for the specific

purpose of air navigation.

aeronautical plotting chart — (*) A chart

designed for the graphical processes of

navigation.

aerosol — A liquid or solid composed of

finely divided particles suspended in a

gaseous medium. Examples of common

aerosols are mist, fog, and smoke. (JP 3-11)

aerospace — Of, or pertaining to, Earth’s

envelope of atmosphere and the space

above it; two separate entities considered

as a single realm for activity in launching,

guidance, and control of vehicles that will

travel in both entities.
8 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

aerospace defense — 1. All defensive

measures designed to destroy or nullify

attacking enemy aircraft and missiles and

also negate hostile space systems. 2. An

inclusive term encompassing air defense,

ballistic missile defense, and space defense.

See also air defense; space defense.

(JP 3-01.1)

affiliation training — Military training based

on allied and/or coalition, joint, and/or

Service doctrine or tactics, techniques, and

procedures, as applicable, to prepare

personnel or units for multinational

operations. Usually conducted between US

and non-US forces. May also be referred

to as multinational training. See also

command post exercise; exercise; field

training exercise; maneuver.

afloat pre-positioning force — Shipping

maintained in full operational status to

afloat pre-position military equipment and

supplies in support of combatant

commanders’ operation plans. The afloat

pre-positioning force consists of the three

maritime pre-positioning ships squadrons

and the afloat pre-positioning ships. Also

called APF. See also afloat prepositioning ships; maritime prepositioning ships. (JP 4-01.2)

afloat pre-positioning operations — Prepositioning of ships, preloaded with

equipment and supplies (including

ammunition and petroleum) that provides

for an alternative to land-based programs.

This concept provides for ships and onboard

force support equipment and supplies

positioned near potential crisis areas that

can be delivered rapidly to joint airlifted

forces in the operational area. Afloat prepositioning in forward areas enhances a

force’s capability to respond to a crisis,

resulting in faster reaction time. See also

operation. (JP 4-01.6)

afloat pre-positioning ships — Forward

deployed merchant ships loaded with

tactical equipment and supplies to support

the initial deployment of military forces.

Also called APS. See also merchant ship.

(JP 4-01.2)

afloat support — (*) A form of logistic

support outside the confines of a harbor in

which fuel, ammunition, and supplies are

provided for operating forces either

underway or at anchor. See also floating

base support.

afterwinds — Wind currents set up in the

vicinity of a nuclear explosion directed

toward the burst center, resulting from the

updraft accompanying the rise of the

fireball.

agency — (*) In intelligence usage, an

organization or individual engaged in

collecting and/or processing information.

Also called collection agency. See also

agent; intelligence cycle; source.

agent — In intelligence usage, one who is

authorized or instructed to obtain or to assist

in obtaining information for intelligence or

counterintelligence purposes.

agent authentication — The technical

support task of providing an agent with

personal documents, accoutrements, and

equipment which have the appearance of

authenticity as to claimed origin and which

support and are consistent with the agent’s

cover story.

agent net — An organization for clandestine

purposes that operates under the direction

of a principal agent.

aggressor forces — 1. Forces engaged in

aggressive military action. 2. In the context

of training exercises, the “enemy” created
9

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

to add realism in training maneuvers and

exercises.

air — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire

support, a spotting, or an observation, by a

spotter or an observer to indicate that a burst

or group of bursts occurred before impact.

air alert — See airborne alert; air defense

warning conditions; alert; ground alert.

air and space expeditionary task force —

A deployed numbered air force (NAF) or

command echelon immediately subordinate

to a NAF provided as the US Air Force

component command committed to a joint

operation. Also called AETF. See also air

expeditionary force; air expeditionary

wing. (JP 3-33)

air apportionment — See apportionment

(air). (JP 3-56.1)

air assault — The movement of friendly

assault forces (combat, combat support, and

combat service support) by rotary-wing

aircraft to engage and destroy enemy forces

or to seize and hold key terrain. See also

assault. (JP 3-18)

air attack — 1. coordinated — A

combination of two or more types of air

attack (dive, glide, low-level) in one strike,

using one or more types of aircraft. 2.

deferred — A procedure in which attack

groups rendezvous as a single unit. It is

used when attack groups are launched from

more than one station with their departure

on the mission being delayed pending

further orders. 3. divided — A method of

delivering a coordinated air attack which

consists of holding the units in close tactical

concentration up to a point, then splitting

them to attack an objective from different

directions.

airborne — 1. In relation to personnel, troops

especially trained to effect, following

transport by air, an assault debarkation,

either by parachuting or touchdown. 2. In

relation to equipment, pieces of equipment

that have been especially designed for use

by airborne troops during or after an assault

debarkation. It also designates some

aeronautical equipment used to accomplish

a particular mission. 3. When applied to

materiel, items that form an integral part of

the aircraft. 4. The state of an aircraft, from

the instant it becomes entirely sustained by

air until it ceases to be so sustained. A

lighter-than-air aircraft is not considered to

be airborne when it is attached to the

ground, except that moored balloons are

airborne whenever sent aloft. Also called

ABN. See also air transportable unit.

airborne alert — (*) A state of aircraft

readiness wherein combat-equipped aircraft

are airborne and ready for immediate action.

See also fighter cover. (DOD only) It is

designed to reduce reaction time and to

increase survivability. See also combat air

patrol; fighter cover; ground alert.

airborne assault — See assault phase, Part 2.

airborne assault weapon — An unarmored,

mobile, full-tracked gun providing a mobile

antitank capability for airborne troops. Can

be airdropped.

airborne battlefield command and control

center — A United States Air Force aircraft

equipped with communications, data link,

and display equipment; it may be employed

as an airborne command post or a

communications and intelligence relay

facility. Also called ABCCC.

airborne command post — (*) A suitably

equipped aircraft used by the commander

for the control of his or her forces.

airborne early warning — The detection of

enemy air or surface units by radar or other

equipment carried in an airborne vehicle,
10 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

and the transmitting of a warning to friendly

units. Also called AEW.

airborne early warning and control — (*)

Air surveillance and control provided by

airborne early warning aircraft which are

equipped with search and height-finding

radar and communications equipment for

controlling weapon systems. Also called

AEW & C. See also air picket.

airborne force — (*) A force composed

primarily of ground and air units organized,

equipped, and trained for airborne

operations. See also force(s).

airborne interception equipment — (*) A

fire control system, including radar

equipment, installed in interceptor aircraft

used to effect air interception.

airborne lift — The total capacities expressed

in terms of personnel and cargo that are, or

can be, carried by available aircraft in one

trip.

airborne mission commander — The

commander serves as an airborne extension

of the executing component’s rescue

coordination center (RCC) and coordinates

the combat search and rescue (CSAR) effort

between the combat search and rescue task

force (CSARTF) and the RCC (or joint

search and rescue center) by monitoring the

status of all CSARTF elements, requesting

additional assets when needed, and ensuring

the recovery and supporting forces arrive

at their designated areas to accomplish the

CSAR mission. The airborne mission

commander (AMC) may be designated by

the component RCC or higher authority.

The AMC appoints, as necessary, an onscene commander. Also called AMC. See

also combat search and rescue; combat

search and rescue task force; rescue

coordination center. (JP 3-50.21)

airborne operation — An operation

involving the air movement into an

objective area of combat forces and their

logistic support for execution of a tactical,

operational, or strategic mission. The

means employed may be any combination

of airborne units, air transportable units, and

types of transport aircraft, depending on the

mission and the overall situation. See also

assault; assault phase.

airborne order — A command and

authorization for flight when a

predetermined time greater than five

minutes is established for aircraft to become

airborne.

airborne radio relay — Airborne equipment

used to relay radio transmission from

selected originating transmitters.

airborne sensor operator — An individual

trained to operate sensor equipment aboard

aircraft and to perform limited

interpretations of collected information

produced in flight.

airborne troops — Those ground units

whose primary mission is to make assault

landings from the air. See also troops.

air-breathing missile — A missile with an

engine requiring the intake of air for

combustion of its fuel, as in a ramjet or

turbojet. To be contrasted with the rocket

missile, which carries its own oxidizer and

can operate beyond the atmosphere.

airburst — (*) An explosion of a bomb or

projectile above the surface as distinguished

from an explosion on contact with the

surface or after penetration. See also types

of burst.

air-capable ship — All ships other than

aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers, nuclear;
11

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

amphibious assault ships, landing platform

helicopter; general purpose amphibious

assault ships; or general purpose

amphibious assault ships (with internal

dock) from which aircraft can take off, be

recovered, or routinely receive and transfer

logistic support. See also aviation ship.

(JP 3-04.1)

air cargo — (*) Stores, equipment or

vehicles, which do not form part of the

aircraft, and are either part or all of its

payload.

Air Carrier Initiative Program — Mutual

assistance program with signatory

commercial air carriers to assist in illegal

drug detection and detection of internal

conspiracies. (JP 3-07.4)

air cartographic camera — (*) A camera

having the accuracy and other

characteristics essential for air survey or

cartographic photography. Also called

mapping camera.

air cartographic photography — (*) The

taking and processing of air photographs

for mapping and charting purposes.

air control operations — The employment

of air forces, supported by ground and naval

forces, as appropriate, to achieve military

objectives in vital airspace areas. Such

operations include destruction of enemy air

and surface-to-air forces, interdiction of

enemy air operations, protection of vital air

lines of communication, and the

establishment of local military superiority

in areas of air operations. See also

operation. (JP 3-18)

air corridor — (*) A restricted air route of

travel specified for use by friendly aircraft

and established for the purpose of

preventing friendly aircraft from being fired

on by friendly forces.

aircraft — See inactive aircraft inventory;

program aircraft; reserve aircraft;

supporting aircraft; unit aircraft.

aircraft arresting barrier — (*) A device,

not dependent on an aircraft arresting hook,

used to stop an aircraft by absorbing its

forward momentum in an emergency

landing or an aborted takeoff. Also called

barricade; emergency barrier. See also

aircraft arresting system.

aircraft arresting cable — (*) That portion

of an aircraft arresting system which spans

the runway surface or flight deck landing

area and is engaged by the aircraft arresting

hook. Also called aircraft arresting wire.

aircraft arresting gear — (*) A device used

to engage hook-equipped aircraft to absorb

the forward momentum of a routine or

emergency landing or aborted takeoff. See

also aircraft arresting system.

aircraft arresting hook — (*) A device fitted

to an aircraft to engage arresting gear. Also

called tail hook. See also aircraft

arresting system.

aircraft arresting system — (*) A series of

components used to stop an aircraft by

absorbing its momentum in a routine or

emergency landing or aborted takeoff. See

also aircraft arresting barrier; aircraft

arresting gear; aircraft arresting hook.

aircraft arresting wire — See aircraft

arresting cable. See also aircraft

arresting system.

aircraft arrestment — (*) Controlled

stopping of an aircraft by external means.

aircraft block speed — True airspeed in

knots under zero wind conditions adjusted

in relation to length of sortie to compensate

for takeoff, climbout, letdown, instrument

approach, and landing.
12 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

aircraft captain — See aircraft commander.

aircraft carrier — A warship designed to

support and operate aircraft, engage in

attacks on targets afloat or ashore, and

engage in sustained operations in support

of other forces. Designated as CV or CVN.

CVN is nuclear powered.

aircraft commander — (*) The aircrew

member designated by competent authority

as being in command of an aircraft and

responsible for its safe operation and

accomplishment of the assigned mission.

Also called AC.

aircraft control and warning system — A

system established to control and report the

movement of aircraft. It consists of

observation facilities (radar, passive

electronic, visual, or other means), control

center, and necessary communications.

aircraft cross-servicing — (*) Services

performed on an aircraft by an organization

other than that to which the aircraft is

assigned, according to an established

operational aircraft cross-servicing

requirement, and for which there may be a

charge. Aircraft cross-servicing has been

divided into two categories: a. Stage A

cross-servicing: The servicing of an aircraft

on an airfield/ship which enables the aircraft

to be flown to another airfield/ship. b.

Stage B cross-servicing: The servicing of

an aircraft on an airfield/ship which enables

the aircraft to be flown on an operational

mission. See also aircraft transient

servicing.

aircraft loading table — A data sheet used

by the airlift commander containing

information as to the load that actually goes

into each aircraft.

aircraft mission equipment — (*)

Equipment that must be fitted to an aircraft

to enable it to fulfill a particular mission or

task. Also called aircraft role equipment.

aircraft modification — (*) A change in

the physical characteristics of aircraft,

accomplished either by a change in

production specifications or by alteration

of items already produced.

aircraft monitoring and control — That

equipment installed in aircraft to permit

monitoring and control of safing, arming,

and fuzing functions of nuclear weapons

or nuclear weapon systems.

aircraft piracy — Any seizure or exercise of

control, by force or violence, or threat of

force or violence or by any other form of

intimidation and with wrongful intent, of

an aircraft within the special aircraft

jurisdiction of the United States. (JP 3-07.2)

aircraft role equipment — See aircraft

mission equipment.

aircraft scrambling — (*) Directing the

immediate takeoff of aircraft from a ground

alert condition of readiness.

aircraft store — (*) Any device intended

for internal or external carriage and

mounted on aircraft suspension and release

equipment, whether or not the item is

intended to be separated in flight from the

aircraft. Aircraft stores are classified in two

categories as follows. a. expendable store

— An aircraft store normally separated

from the aircraft in flight such as a missile,

rocket, bomb, nuclear weapon, mine,

torpedo, pyrotechnic device, sonobuoy,

signal underwater sound device, or other

similar items. b. nonexpendable store —

An aircraft store which is not normally

separated from the aircraft in flight such as

a tank (fuel and spray), line-source

disseminator, pod (refueling, thrust

augmentation, gun, electronic attack, data
13

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

link, etc.), multiple rack, target, cargo drop

container, drone, or other similar items. See

also payload.

aircraft tiedown — Securing aircraft when

parked in the open to restrain movement

due to the weather or condition of the

parking area.

aircraft transient servicing — (*) Services

performed on an aircraft by an organization

other than that to which the aircraft is

assigned and for which there may be a

financial charge. This activity is separate

from the established aircraft cross-servicing

program and requires that the transient

aircrew supervise the correct application of

ground crew procedures. See also aircraft

cross-servicing.

aircraft utilization — Average numbers of

hours during each 24-hour period that an

aircraft is actually in flight.

aircraft vectoring — (*) The directional

control of in-flight aircraft through

transmission of azimuth headings.

air cushion vehicle — A vehicle capable of

being operated so that its weight, including

its payload, is wholly or significantly

supported on a continuously generated

cushion or “bubble” of air at higher than

ambient pressure. Also called ACV. (Note:

NATO uses the term “ground effect

machine.”)

air defense — All defensive measures

designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft

or missiles in the Earth’s envelope of

atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the

effectiveness of such attack. Also called

AD. See also active air defense; aerospace

defense; passive air defense.

air defense action area — (*) An area and

the airspace above it within which friendly

aircraft or surface-to-air weapons are

normally given precedence in operations

except under specified conditions. See also

air defense operations area.

air defense area — 1. overseas — A

specifically defined airspace for which air

defense must be planned and provided. 2.

United States — Airspace of defined

dimensions designated by the appropriate

agency within which the ready control of

airborne vehicles is required in the interest

of national security during an air defense

emergency.

air defense artillery — Weapons and

equipment for actively combatting air

targets from the ground. Also called ADA.

air defense battle zone — A volume of

airspace surrounding an air defense fire unit

or defended area, extending to a specified

altitude and range, in which the fire unit

commander will engage and destroy targets

not identified as friendly under criteria

established by higher headquarters.

air defense control center — (*) The

principal information, communications, and

operations center from which all aircraft,

antiaircraft operations, air defense artillery,

guided missiles, and air warning functions

of a specific area of air defense

responsibility are supervised and

coordinated. Also called air defense

operations center. See also combat

information center.

air defense direction center — An

installation having the capability of

performing air surveillance, interception,

control, and direction of allocated air

defense weapons within an assigned sector

of responsibility. It may also have an

identification capability.

air defense division — A geographic

subdivision of an air defense region. See

also air defense sector.
14 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

air defense early warning — See early

warning.

air defense emergency — An emergency

condition, declared by the Commander in

Chief, North American Air Defense

Command, that exists when attack upon the

continental United States, Alaska, Canada,

or United States installations in Greenland

by hostile aircraft or missiles is considered

probable, is imminent, or is taking place.

Also called ADE.

air defense ground environment — (*) The

network of ground radar sites and command

and control centers within a specific theater

of operations which are used for the tactical

control of air defense operations.

air defense identification zone — Airspace

of defined dimensions within which the

ready identification, location, and control

of airborne vehicles are required. Also

called ADIZ. See also air defense

operations area.

air defense operations area — An area and

the airspace above it within which

procedures are established to minimize

mutual interference between air defense and

other operations. It may include designation

of one or more of the following: air defense

action area, air defense area; air defense

identification zone, and/or firepower

umbrella. See also air defense action area;

air defense identification zone; positive

identification and radar advisory zone.

(JP 3-52)

air defense operations center — See air

defense control center.

air defense operations team — A team of

United States Air Force ground

environment personnel assigned to certain

allied air defense control and warning units/

elements.

air defense readiness — An operational

status requiring air defense forces to

maintain higher than ordinary preparedness

for a short period of time.

air defense region — (*) A geographical

subdivision of an air defense area.

air defense sector — (*) A geographical

subdivision of an air defense region. See

also air defense division.

air defense suppression — In air operations,

actions taken to degrade fixed and mobile

surface-based components of enemy air

defense systems so that offensive air forces

may effectively attack a target.

air defense warning conditions — A degree

of air raid probability according to the

following code. The term air defense

division/sector referred to herein may

include forces and units afloat and/or

deployed to forward areas, as applicable.

Air defense warning yellow — attack by

hostile aircraft and/or missiles is probable.

This means that hostile aircraft and/or

missiles are en route toward an air defense

division/sector, or unknown aircraft and/or

missiles suspected to be hostile are en route

toward or are within an air defense division/

sector. Air defense warning red — attack

by hostile aircraft and/or missiles is

imminent or is in progress. This means that

hostile aircraft and/or missiles are within

an air defense division/sector or are in the

immediate vicinity of an air defense

division/sector with high probability of

entering the division/sector. Air defense

warning white — attack by hostile aircraft

and/or missiles is improbable. May be

called either before or after air defense

warning yellow or red. The initial

declaration of air defense emergency will

automatically establish a condition of air

defense warning other than white for

purposes of security control of air traffic.
15

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

air delivery — See airdrop; air landed; air

movement; air supply.

air delivery container — A sling, bag, or

roll, usually of canvas or webbing, designed

to hold supplies and equipment for air

delivery.

air delivery equipment — Special items of

equipment (such as parachutes, air delivery

containers, platforms, tie downs, and related

items) used in air delivery of personnel,

supplies, and equipment.

air direct delivery — The strategic air

movement of cargo or personnel from an

airlift point of embarkation to a point as

close as practicable to the user’s specified

final destination, thereby minimizing

transshipment requirements. Air direct

delivery eliminates the traditional Air Force

two step strategic and theater airlift

transshipment mission mix.

airdrop — The unloading of personnel or

materiel from aircraft in flight. See also

airdrop platform; air movement; free

drop; free fall; high velocity drop; low

velocity drop.

airdrop platform — A base upon which

vehicles, cargo, or equipment are loaded for

airdrop. See also airdrop.

air employment/allocation plan — The

means by which subordinate commanders

advise the joint force commander of

planned employment/allocation of organic

or assigned assets, of any expected excess

sorties, or of any additional air support

requirements.

air expeditionary force — Deployed US Air

Force wings, groups, and squadrons

committed to a joint operation. Also called

AEF. See also air and space

expeditionary task force. (JP 3-33)

air expeditionary wing — A wing or wing

slice placed under the administrative control

of an air and space expeditionary task force

or air and space task force by Department

of the Air Force orders for a joint operation.

Also called AEW. See also air and space

expeditionary task force. (JP 3-33)

air facility — An installation from which air

operations may be or are being conducted.

See also facility.

airfield — An area prepared for the

accommodation (including any buildings,

installations, and equipment), landing, and

takeoff of aircraft. See also alternate

airfield; departure airfield; landing area;

landing point; landing site; main airfield;

redeployment airfield. (DOD Note: In all

entries involving “airfield” or “aerodrome,”

the US uses “airfield,” and NATO uses

“aerodrome.” The terms are synonymous.)

airfield traffic — (*) All traffic on the

maneuvering area of an airfield and all

aircraft flying in the vicinity of an airfield.

air fire plan — A plan for integrating and

coordinating tactical air support of ground

forces with other fire support.

Air Force Component Headquarters —

The field headquarters facility of the Air

Force commander charged with the overall

conduct of Air Force operations. It is

composed of the command section and

appropriate staff elements.

Air Force special operations base — A base,

airstrip, or other appropriate facility that

provides physical support to Air Force

special operations forces (AFSOF). The

facility may be used solely to support

AFSOF or may be a portion of a larger base

supporting other operations. As a

supporting facility, it is distinct from the

forces operating from or being supported

by it. Also called AFSOB. (JP 3-05)
16 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Air Force special operations component —

The Air Force component of a joint force

special operations component. Also called

AFSOC. See also Army special

operations component; Navy special

operations component. (JP 3-05.5)

Air Force special operations detachment

— A squadron-size headquarters that could

be a composite organization composed of

different Air Force special operations assets.

The detachment is normally subordinate to

an Air Force special operations component,

joint special operations task force, or joint

task force, depending upon size and

duration of the operation. Also called

AFSOD. (JP 3-05)

Air Force special operations element — An

element-size Air Force special operations

headquarters. It is normally subordinate to

an Air Force special operations component

or detachment, depending upon size and

duration of the operation. Also called

AFSOE. (JP 3-05)

Air Force special operations forces — Those

Active and Reserve Component Air Force

forces designated by the Secretary of

Defense that are specifically organized,

trained, and equipped to conduct and

support special operations. Also called

AFSOF. (JP 3-05)

air ground operations system — (*) An

Army/Air Force system providing the

ground commander with the means for

receiving, processing and forwarding the

requests of subordinate ground

commanders for air support missions and

for the rapid dissemination of information

and intelligence.

airhead — (*) 1. A designated area in a

hostile or threatened territory which, when

seized and held, ensures the continuous air

landing of troops and materiel and provides

the maneuver space necessary for projected

operations. Normally it is the area seized

in the assault phase of an airborne operation.

2. A designated location in an area of

operations used as a base for supply and

evacuation by air. See also beachhead;

bridgehead.

airhead line — A line denoting the limits of

the objective area for an airborne assault.

The airhead line is bounded by assault

objectives that are operationally located to

ensure that enemy fires cannot be brought

to bear on the main objective and for

friendly forces to conduct defensive

operations in depth. See also airhead;

assault phase; objective area. (JP 3-18)

air intercept control common — A tactical

air-to-ground radio frequency, monitored

by all air intercept control facilities within

an area, that is used as a backup for other

discrete tactical control frequencies.

air interception — To effect visual or

electronic contact by a friendly aircraft with

another aircraft. Normally, the air intercept

is conducted in the following five phases:

a. climb phase — Airborne to cruising

altitude. b. maneuver phase — Receipt

of initial vector to target until beginning

transition to attack speed and altitude. c.

transition phase — Increase or decrease

of speed and altitude required for the attack.

d. attack phase — Turn to attack heading,

acquire target, complete attack, and turn to

breakaway heading. e. recovery phase

— Breakaway to landing. See also closecontrolled air interception.

air intercept zone — A subdivided part of

the destruction area in which it is planned

to destroy or defeat the enemy airborne

threat with interceptor aircraft.

air interdiction — (*) Air operations

conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay

the enemy’s military potential before it can

be brought to bear effectively against
17

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

friendly forces at such distance from

friendly forces that detailed integration of

each air mission with the fire and movement

of friendly forces is not required.

air landed — (*) Moved by air and

disembarked, or unloaded, after the aircraft

has landed or while a helicopter is hovering.

See also air movement.

air landed operation — An operation

involving air movement in which personnel

and supplies are air landed at a designated

site for further deployment of units and

personnel and further distribution of

supplies. (JP 3-17)

air-launched ballistic missile — A ballistic

missile launched from an airborne vehicle.

air liaison officer — An officer (aviator/pilot

or naval flight officer) attached to a ground

unit who functions as the primary advisor

to the ground commander on air operation

matters. Also called ALO. See also liaison.

(JP 3-09.1)

airlift capability — The total capacity

expressed in terms of number of passengers

and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo

that can be carried at any one time to a given

destination by available airlift. See also

airlift requirement; allowable load;

payload.

airlift coordination cell — A cell within the

air operations center which plans,

coordinates, manages, and executes theater

airlift operations in the area of responsibility

or joint operations area. Normally consists

of an airlift plans branch, an airlift

operations branch, and an airlift support

branch. Also called ALCC. See also air

operations center; area of responsibility;

joint operations area. (JP 3-17)

airlift mission commander — A commander

designated when airlift aircraft are

participating in airlift operations specified

in the implementing directive. The airlift

mission commander is usually designated

by the commander of the deployed airlift

unit, but may be selected by the Air Force

component commander or joint force air

component commander depending on the

nature of the mission. See also joint force

air component commander. (JP 3-17)

airlift requirement — (*) The total number

of passengers and/or weight/cubic

displacement of cargo required to be carried

by air for a specific task. See also airlift

capability.

airlift service — The performance or

procurement of air transportation and

services incident thereto required for the

movement of persons, cargo, mail, or other

goods.

air logistic support — Support by air landing

or airdrop, including air supply, movement

of personnel, evacuation of casualties and

enemy prisoners of war, and recovery of

equipment and vehicles.

air logistic support operation — (*) An air

operation, excluding an airborne operation,

conducted within a theater to distribute and

recover personnel, equipment, and supplies.

airmiss — See near miss.

air mission — See mission, Part 3.

air mission intelligence report — A detailed

report of the results of an air mission,

including a complete intelligence account

of the mission.

airmobile forces — (*) The ground combat,

supporting, and air vehicle units required

to conduct an airmobile operation.

airmobile operation — (*) An operation in

which combat forces and their equipment
18 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

move about the battlefield by aircraft to

engage in ground combat.

airmobility — (*) A capability of airmobile

forces which permits them to move by air

while retaining the ability to engage in

ground combat.

Air Mobility Command — The Air Force

component command of the US

Transportation Command. Also called

AMC.

air mobility division — The division within

the air operations center responsible for

planning, coordinating, tasking, and

management of air mobility missions. Also

called AMD. See also air operations

center; division. (JP 4-01.8)

air mobility element — The air mobility

element is an extension of the Air Mobility

Command tanker airlift control center

deployed to a theater when requested by

the geographic combatant commander. It

coordinates strategic airlift operations with

the theater airlift management system and

collocates with the air operations center

whenever possible. Also called AME. See

also air operations center; tanker airlift

control center. (JP 3-17)

air movement — Air transport of aircraft,

units, personnel, supplies, equipment, and

materiel. See also airdrop; air landed;

free drop;high velocity drop;low velocity

drop.

air movement column — In airborne

operations, the lead formation and the

serials following, proceeding over the same

flight path at the same altitude.

air movement table — (*) A table prepared

by a ground force commander in

coordination with an air force commander.

This form, issued as an annex to the

operation order: a. indicates the allocation

of aircraft space to elements of the ground

units to be airlifted; b. designates the

number and type of aircraft in each serial;

c. specifies the departure area, time of

loading, and takeoff.

air observation — See air observer.

air observation post — See observation post.

air observer — (*) An individual whose

primary mission is to observe or take

photographs from an aircraft in order to

adjust artillery fire or obtain military

information.

air observer adjustment — The correcting

of gunfire from an aircraft. See also spot.

air offensive — Sustained operations by

strategic and/or tactical air weapon systems

against hostile air forces or surface targets.

air operations center — The principal air

operations installation from which aircraft

and air warning functions of combat air

operations are directed, controlled, and

executed. It is the senior agency of the Air

Force Component Commander from which

command and control of air operations are

coordinated with other components and

Services. Also called AOC. (JP 3-56.1)

air photographic reconnaissance — (*) The

obtaining of information by air

photography, divided into three types: a.

Strategic photographic reconnaissance; b.

Tactical photographic reconnaissance; and

c. Survey/cartographic photography-air

photography taken for survey/

cartographical purposes and to survey/

cartographic standards of accuracy. It may

be strategic or tactical.

air picket — (*) An airborne early warning

aircraft positioned primarily to detect,

report, and track approaching enemy

aircraft or missiles and to control intercepts.
19

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Also called aerial picket. See also

airborne early warning and control.

air plot — (*) 1. A continuous plot used in

air navigation of a graphic representation

of true headings steered and air distances

flown. 2. A continuous plot of the position

of an airborne object represented

graphically to show true headings steered

and air distances flown. 3. Within ships, a

display that shows the positions and

movements of an airborne object relative

to the plotting ship.

airport — See airfield.

air portable — (*) Denotes materiel which

is suitable for transport by an aircraft loaded

internally or externally, with no more than

minor dismantling and reassembling within

the capabilities of user units. This term must

be qualified to show the extent of air

portability. See also load.

airport surface detection equipment —

Short-range radar displaying the airport

surface. Aircraft and vehicular traffic

operating on runways, taxiways, and ramps,

moving or stationary, may be observed with

a high degree of resolution.

airport surveillance radar — Radar

displaying range and azimuth that is

normally employed in a terminal area as an

aid to approach- and departure-control.

airport traffic area — Unless otherwise

specifically designated, that airspace within

a horizontal radius of five statute miles from

the geographic center of any airport at

which a control tower is operating,

extending from the surface up to, but not

including, an altitude of 3,000 feet above

the elevation of the airport. Also called

ATA.

air position — (*) The calculated position

of an aircraft assuming no wind effect.

air priorities committee — (*) A committee

set up to determine the priorities of

passengers and cargo.

air raid reporting control ship — (*) A

ship to which the air defense ship has

delegated the duties of controlling air

warning radar and air raid reporting.

air reconnaissance — The acquisition of

information by employing visual

observation and/or sensors in air vehicles.

air reconnaissance liaison officer — An

Army officer especially trained in air

reconnaissance and imagery interpretation

matters who is attached to a tactical air

reconnaissance unit. This officer assists and

advises the air commander and staff on

matters concerning ground operations and

informs the supported ground commander

on the status of air reconnaissance requests.

air refueling — The capability to refuel

aircraft in flight, which extends presence,

increases range, and serves as a force

multiplier. Also called AR.

air refueling control point — During

refueling operations, the geographic point

where the receiver arrives in the observation

or precontact position with respect to the

tanker. Also called ARCP.

air refueling control time — During

refueling operations, the time the receiver

and tanker arrive at the air refueling control

point. Also called ARCT.

air refueling initiation point — During

refueling operations, a point located

upstream from the air refueling control

point (inbound to the air refueling control

point) where the receiver aircraft initiates

the rendezvous. Also called ARIP.

air request net — A high frequency, single

sideband, nonsecure net monitored by all
20 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

tactical air control parties (TACPs) and the

air support operations center (ASOC) that

allows immediate requests to be transmitted

from a TACP at any Army echelon directly

to the ASOC for rapid response. (JP 3-01.4)

air route — (*) The navigable airspace

between two points, identified to the extent

necessary for the application of flight rules.

air route traffic control center — The

principal facility exercising en route control

of aircraft operating under instrument flight

rules within its area of jurisdiction.

Approximately 26 such centers cover the

United States and its possessions. Each has

a communication capability to adjacent

centers.

air smuggling event — In counterdrug

operations, the departure of a suspected

drug smuggling aircraft, an airdrop of drugs,

or the arrival of a suspected drug smuggling

aircraft. (JP 3-07.4)

air sovereignty — A nation’s inherent right

to exercise absolute control and authority

over the airspace above its territory. See

also air sovereignty mission.

air sovereignty mission — The integrated

tasks of surveillance and control, the

execution of which enforces a nation’s

authority over its territorial airspace. See

also air sovereignty.

airspace control — See airspace control in

the combat zone. (JP 3-52)

airspace control area — Airspace that is

laterally defined by the boundaries of the

operational area. The airspace control area

may be subdivided into airspace control

sectors.

airspace control authority — (*) The

commander designated to assume overall

responsibility for the operation of the

airspace control system in the airspace

control area. Also called ACA. See also

airspace control; airspace control area;

airspace control system; control;

operation.

airspace control boundary — (*) The lateral

limits of an airspace control area, airspace

control sub-area, high density airspace

control zone, or airspace restricted area.

airspace control center — The airspace

control authority’s primary airspace control

facility, including assigned Service

component, host-nation, and/or allied

personnel and equipment. (JP 3-52)

airspace control facility — Any of the

several Service component, host nation, or

allied facilities that provide airspace control

in the combat zone. (JP 3-52)

airspace control in the combat zone — A

process used to increase combat

effectiveness by promoting the safe,

efficient, and flexible use of airspace.

Airspace control is provided in order to

prevent fratricide, enhance air defense

operations, and permit greater flexibility of

operations. Airspace control does not

infringe on the authority vested in

commanders to approve, disapprove, or

deny combat operations. Also called

airspace control; combat airspace

control. (JP 3-52)

airspace control order — An order

implementing the airspace control plan that

provides the details of the approved requests

for airspace control measures. It is

published either as part of the air tasking

order or as a separate document. Also

called ACO. (JP 3-52)

airspace control plan — The document

approved by the joint force commander that

provides specific planning guidance and

procedures for the airspace control system
21

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

for the joint force area of responsibility and/

or joint operations area. Also called ACP.

See also airspace control system; area of

responsibility; joint force commander;

joint operations area. (JP 3-52)

airspace control sector — A subelement of

the airspace control area, established to

facilitate the control of the overall area.

Airspace control sector boundaries

normally coincide with air defense

organization subdivision boundaries.

Airspace control sectors are designated in

accordance with procedures and guidance

contained in the airspace control plan in

consideration of Service component, hostnation, and allied airspace control

capabilities and requirements. See also

airspace control area. (JP 3-52)

airspace control system — (*) An

arrangement of those organizations,

personnel, policies, procedures, and

facilities required to perform airspace

control functions. Also called ACS.

airspace coordination area — A

three-dimensional block of airspace in a

target area, established by the appropriate

ground commander, in which friendly

aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly

surface fires. The airspace coordination

area may be formal or informal. Also called

ACA. (JP 3-09.3)

airspace management — The coordination,

integration, and regulation of the use of

airspace of defined dimensions.

airspace reservation — The airspace located

above an area on the surface of the land or

water, designated and set apart by Executive

Order of the President or by a state,

commonwealth, or territory, over which the

flight of aircraft is prohibited or restricted

for the purpose of national defense or for

other governmental purposes.

airspace restrictions — (*) Special

restrictive measures applied to segments of

airspace of defined dimensions.

air space warning area — See danger area.

airspeed — The speed of an aircraft relative

to its surrounding air mass. The unqualified

term “airspeed” can mean any one of the

following. a. calibrated airspeed —

Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument

installation error. b. equivalent airspeed

— Calibrated airspeed corrected for

compressibility error. c. indicated airspeed

— The airspeed shown by an airspeed

indicator. d. true airspeed — Equivalent

airspeed corrected for error due to air

density (altitude and temperature).

airspeed indicator — (*) An instrument

which displays the indicated airspeed of the

aircraft derived from inputs of pitot and

static pressures.

air staging unit — (*) A unit situated at an

airfield and concerned with reception,

handling, servicing, and preparation for

departure of aircraft and control of

personnel and cargo.

air station — (*) In photogrammetry, the

point in space occupied by the camera lens

at the moment of exposure.

air strike — An attack on specific objectives

by fighter, bomber, or attack aircraft on an

offensive mission. May consist of several

air organizations under a single command

in the air.

air strike coordinator — The air

representative of the force commander in a

target area, who is responsible for directing

all aircraft in the target area and

coordinating their efforts to achieve the

most effective use of air striking power.
22 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

air strip — (*) An unimproved surface which

has been adapted for takeoff or landing of

aircraft, usually having minimum facilities.

See also airfield.

air superiority — (*) That degree of

dominance in the air battle of one force over

another which permits the conduct of

operations by the former and its related

land, sea, and air forces at a given time and

place without prohibitive interference by

the opposing force.

air supply — (*) The delivery of cargo by

airdrop or air landing.

air support — (*) All forms of support given

by air forces on land or sea. See also close

air support; immediate air support;

preplanned air support; tactical air

support.

air support operations center — (*) An

agency of a tactical air control system

collocated with a corps headquarters or an

appropriate land force headquarters, which

coordinates and directs close air support and

other tactical air support. Also called

ASOC. See also air support; close air

support; operation; tactical air control

center. (JP 4-01.8)

air support request — A means to request

preplanned and immediate close air support,

air interdiction, air reconnaissance,

surveillance, escort, helicopter airlift, and

other aircraft missions. Also called

AIRSUPREQ. (JP 3-56.1)

air supremacy — (*) That degree of air

superiority wherein the opposing air force

is incapable of effective interference.

air surface zone — (*) A restricted area

established for the purpose of preventing

friendly surface vessels and aircraft from

being fired upon by friendly forces and for

permitting antisubmarine operations,

unrestricted by the operation of friendly

submarines. See also restricted area.

air surveillance — (*) The systematic

observation of airspace by electronic, visual

or other means, primarily for the purpose

of identifying and determining the

movements of aircraft and missiles, friendly

and enemy, in the airspace under

observation. See also satellite and missile

surveillance; surveillance.

air surveillance officer — (*) An individual

responsible for coordinating and

maintaining an accurate, current picture of

the air situation within an assigned airspace

area.

air survey camera — See air cartographic

camera.

air survey photography — See air

cartographic photography.

air target chart — A display of pertinent air

target intelligence on a specialized graphic

base. It is designed primarily to support

operations against designated air targets by

various weapon systems. Also called ATC.

Air Target Materials Program — A

Department of Defense program under the

management control of the National

Imagery and Mapping Agency established

for and limited to the production of

medium- and large-scale map, chart, and

geodetic products, that supports worldwide

targeting requirements of the unified and

specified commands, the Military

Departments, and allied participants. It

encompasses the determination of

production and coverage requirements,

standardization of products, establishment

of production priorities and schedules, and

the production, distribution, storage, and

release/exchange of products included

under it.
23

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

air target mosaic — A large-scale mosaic

providing photographic coverage of an area

and permitting comprehensive portrayal of

pertinent target detail. These mosaics are

used for intelligence study and in planning

and briefing for air operations.

air tasking order — A method used to task

and disseminate to components,

subordinate units, and command and

control agencies projected sorties,

capabilities and/or forces to targets and

specific missions. Normally provides

specific instructions to include call signs,

targets, controlling agencies, etc., as well

as general instructions. Also called ATO.

(JP 3-56.1)

air tasking order/confirmation — A

message used to task joint force

components; to inform the requesting

command and the tasking authority of the

action being taken; and/or to provide

additional information about the mission.

The message is used only for preplanned

missions and is transmitted on a daily basis,

normally 12 hours prior to the start of the

air tasking day or in accordance with

established operation plans for the

operational area. Also called ATOCONF.

(JP 3-56.1)

air terminal — A facility on an airfield that

functions as an air transportation hub and

accommodates the loading and unloading

of airlift aircraft and the intransit processing

of traffic. The airfield may or may not be

designated an aerial port.

air-to-air guided missile — (*) An

air-launched guided missile for use against

air targets. See also guided missile.

air-to-surface guided missile — (*) An

air-launched guided missile for use against

surface targets. See also guided missile.

air traffic control and landing system —

Department of Defense facilities, personnel,

and equipment (fixed, mobile, and

seaborne) with associated avionics to

provide safe, orderly, and expeditious

aerospace vehicle movements worldwide.

Also called ATCALS.

air traffic control center — (*) A unit

combining the functions of an area control

center and a flight information center. Also

called ATCC. See also area control

center; flight information region.

air traffic control clearance — (*)

Authorization by an air traffic control

authority for an aircraft to proceed under

specified conditions.

air traffic control facility — Any of the

component airspace control facilities

primarily responsible for providing air

traffic control services and, as required,

limited tactical control services. (JP 3-52)

air traffic controller — An air controller

especially trained for and assigned to the

duty of airspace management and traffic

control of airborne objects.

air traffic control service — (*) A service

provided for the purpose of: a. preventing

collisions: (1) between aircraft; and (2) on

the maneuvering area between aircraft and

obstructions; and b. expediting and

maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

air traffic identification — The use of

electronic devices, operational procedures,

visual observation, and/or flight plan

correlation for the purpose of identifying

and locating aircraft flying within the

airspace control area.

air traffic section — The link between the

staging post and the local air priority
24 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

committee. It is the key to the efficient

handling of passengers and cargo at a

staging post. It must include load control

(including Customs and Immigrations

facilities), freight, and mail sections.

air transportable unit — (*) A unit, other

than airborne, whose equipment is adapted

for air movement. See also airborne;

airborne operation.

air transported operations — The

movement by aircraft of troops and their

equipment for an operation.

air transport group — A task organization

of transport aircraft units that provides air

transport for landing force elements or

provides logistic support. (JP 3-02)

airway — (*) A control area or portion

thereof established in the form of a corridor

marked with radio navigational aids.

airways station — A ground communication

installation established, manned, and

equipped to communicate with aircraft in

flight, as well as with other designated

airways installations, for the purpose of

expeditious and safe movements of aircraft.

These stations may or may not be located

on designated airways.

air weapons controller — An individual

especially trained for and assigned to the

duty of employing and controlling air

weapon systems against airborne and

surface objects.

alert — (*) 1. Readiness for action, defense

or protection. 2. A warning signal of a

real or threatened danger, such as an air

attack. 3. The period of time during which

troops stand by in response to an alarm. 4.

To forewarn; to prepare for action. See also

airborne alert. 5. (DOD only) A warning

received by a unit or a headquarters which

forewarns of an impending operational

mission. 6. (DOD only) In aviation, an

aircraft and aircrew that are placed in an

increased state of readiness so that they may

be airborne in a specified period of time

after a launch order is received. See also

air defense warning conditions; ground

alert; warning order.

alert force — Specified forces maintained in

a special degree of readiness.

alerting service — (*) A service provided

to notify appropriate organizations

regarding aircraft in need of search and

rescue aid, and assist such organizations as

required.

alert order — 1. A crisis action planning

directive from the Secretary of Defense,

issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff, that provides essential guidance

for planning and directs the initiation of

execution planning for the selected course

of action authorized by the Secretary of

Defense. 2. A planning directive that

provides essential planning guidance and

directs the initiation of execution planning

after the directing authority approves a

military course of action. An alert order

does not authorize execution of the

approved course of action. See also course

of action; crisis action planning;

execution planning. (JP 5-0)

all appropriate action — Action taken in

self-defense that is reasonable in intensity,

duration, and magnitude, based on all the

facts known to the commander at the time.

alliance — An alliance is the result of formal

agreements (i.e., treaties) between two or

more nations for broad, long-term

objectives that further the common interests

of the members. See also coalition;

multinational. (JP 5-0)

allocation — In a general sense, distribution

of limited resources among competing
25

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

requirements for employment. Specific

allocations (e.g., air sorties, nuclear

weapons, forces, and transportation) are

described as allocation of air sorties,

nuclear weapons, etc. See also allocation

(air); allocation (nuclear); allocation

(transportation); apportionment.

allocation (air) — The translation of the air

apportionment decision into total numbers

of sorties by aircraft type available for each

operation or task. See also allocation.

(JP 3-17)

allocation (nuclear) — The apportionment

of specific numbers and types of nuclear

weapons to a commander for a stated time

period as a planning factor for use in the

development of war plans. (Additional

authority is required for the actual

deployment of allocated weapons to

locations desired by the commander to

support the war plans. Expenditures of

these weapons are not authorized until

released by proper authority.)

allocation request — A message used to

provide an estimate of the total air effort,

to identify any excess and joint force

general support aircraft sorties, and to

identify unfilled air requirements. This

message is used only for preplanned

missions and is transmitted on a daily basis,

normally 24 hours prior to the start of the

next air tasking day. Also called

ALLOREQ. (JP 3-56.1)

allocation (transportation) —

Apportionment by designated authority of

available transport capability to users.

allotment — The temporary change of

assignment of tactical air forces between

subordinate commands. The authority to

allot is vested in the commander having

combatant command (command authority).

See also combatant command (command

authority).

allowable cabin load — The maximum

payload that can be carried on an individual

sortie. Also called ACL. (JP 3-17)

allowable load — (*) The total load that an

aircraft can transport over a given distance,

taking into account weight and volume. See

also airlift capability; airlift requirement;

load; payload.

allowable stacking weight — The amount

of weight that can be stacked on corner

posts of a container when subjected to 1.8

times the force of gravity. (JP 4-01.7)

all-source intelligence — 1. Intelligence

products and/or organizations and activities

that incorporate all sources of information,

most frequently including human resources

intelligence, imagery intelligence,

measurement and signature intelligence,

signals intelligence, and open-source data

in the production of finished intelligence.

2. In intelligence collection, a phrase that

indicates that in the satisfaction of

intelligence requirements, all collection,

processing, exploitation, and reporting

systems and resources are identified for

possible use and those most capable are

tasked. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

all-weather air defense fighter — (*) A

fighter aircraft with equipment and weapons

which enable it to engage airborne targets

in all weather conditions, day and night.

alongside replenishment — The transfer at

sea of personnel and/or supplies by rigs

between two or more ships proceeding side

by side.

alphabet code — See phonetic alphabet.

alternate airfield — (*) An airfield specified

in the flight plan to which a flight may

proceed when it becomes inadvisable to

land at the airfield of intended landing. An
26 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

alternate airfield may be the airfield of

departure.

alternate command authority — One or

more predesignated officers empowered by

the commander through predelegation of

authority to act under stipulated emergency

conditions in the accomplishment of

previously defined functions.

alternate command post — Any location

designated by a commander to assume

command post functions in the event the

command post becomes inoperative. It may

be partially or fully equipped and manned

or it may be the command post of a

subordinate unit.

alternate headquarters — An existing

headquarters of a component or subordinate

command that is predesignated to assume

the responsibilities and functions of another

headquarters under prescribed emergency

conditions.

alternative — See variant.

altitude — (*) The vertical distance of a level,

a point or an object considered as a point,

measured from mean sea level. See also

density altitude; drop altitude; elevation;

minimum safe altitude; pressure

altitude; transition altitude; true

altitude.

altitude acclimatization — (*) A slow

physiological adaptation resulting from

prolonged exposure to significantly reduced

atmospheric pressure.

altitude chamber — See hypobaric

chamber.

altitude datum — (*) The arbitrary level

from which vertical displacement is

measured. The datum for height

measurement is the terrain directly below

the aircraft or some specified datum; for

pressure altitude, the level at which the

atmospheric pressure is 29.92 inches of

mercury (1013.2 m.bs); and for true

altitude, mean sea level. See also altitude.

altitude delay — (*) Synchronization delay

introduced between the time of

transmission of the radar pulse and the start

of the trace on the indicator, for the purpose

of eliminating the altitude hole on the plan

position indicator-type display.

altitude height — See altitude datum.

altitude hole — (*) The blank area at the

origin of a radial display, on a radar tube

presentation, the center of the periphery of

which represents the point on the ground

immediately below the aircraft. In

side-looking airborne radar, this is known

as the altitude slot.

altitude separation — See vertical separation.

altitude slot — See altitude hole.

ambient temperature — Outside

temperature at any given altitude, preferably

expressed in degrees centigrade. (JP 3-04.1)

ambulance exchange point — A location

where a patient is transferred from one

ambulance to another en route to a medical

treatment facility. This may be an

established point in an ambulance shuttle

or it may be designated independently. Also

called AXP. See also medical treatment

facility. (JP 4-02.2)

American National Standards Institute —

The United States standards organization

that establishes procedures for the

development and coordination of voluntary

American national standards.

ammunition — See munition.
27

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

ammunition and toxic material open space

— (*) An area especially prepared for

storage of explosive ammunition and toxic

material. For reporting purposes, it does

not include the surrounding area restricted

for storage because of safety distance

factors. It includes barricades and

improvised coverings. See also storage.

ammunition controlled supply rate — In

Army usage, the amount of ammunition

estimated to be available to sustain

operations of a designated force for a

specified time if expenditures are controlled

at that rate. It is expressed in terms of

rounds per weapon per day for ammunition

items fired by weapons, and in terms of

units of measure per organization per day

for bulk allotment ammunition items.

Tactical commanders use this rate to control

expenditures of ammunition during tactical

operations at planned intervals. It is issued

through command channels at each level.

It is determined based on consideration of

the required supply rates submitted by

subordinate commanders and ammunition

assets available.

ammunition lot — (*) A quantity of

homogeneous ammunition, identified by a

unique lot number, which is manufactured,

assembled, or renovated by one producer

under uniform conditions and which is

expected to function in a uniform manner.

ammunition supply point — See

distribution point.

amphibian — A small craft, propelled by

propellers and wheels or by air cushions

for the purpose of moving on both land and

water. (JP 4-01.6)

amphibious assault — The principal type of

amphibious operation that involves

establishing a force on a hostile or

potentially hostile shore. See also assault;

assault phase. (JP 3-02)

amphibious assault area — See landing

area.

amphibious assault bulk fuel system — The

petroleum, oils, and lubricants discharge

system used to support US Marine Corps

amphibious assaults and maritime prepositioning force operations. It consists of

5,000 or 10,000 feet of buoyant 6-inch hose

deployed from a landing ship, tank in

amphibious assaults, or a maritime prepositioning ship in maritime pre-positioning

force operations. See also amphibious

assault; petroleum, oils, and lubricants.

(JP 4-01.6)

amphibious assault landing — See

amphibious operation, Part e.

amphibious assault ship (general purpose)

— A naval ship designed to embark, deploy,

and land elements of a landing force in an

assault by helicopters, landing craft,

amphibious vehicles, and by combinations

of these methods. Designated as “LHA”

or with internal dock as “LHD.”

amphibious aviation assault ship — An

amphibious assault ship, landing platform

helicopter; general purpose amphibious

assault ship; or general purpose amphibious

assault ship (with internal dock). (JP 3-04.1)

amphibious chart — (*) A special naval

chart designed to meet special requirements

for landing operations and passive coastal

defense, at a scale of 1:25,000 or larger, and

showing foreshore and coastal information

in greater detail than a combat chart.

amphibious command ship — (*) A naval

ship from which a commander exercises

control in amphibious operations.

Designated as LCC.

amphibious construction battalion — A

permanently commissioned naval unit,

subordinate to the Commander, Naval
28 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Beach Group, designed to provide an

administrative unit from which personnel

and equipment are formed in tactical

elements and made available to appropriate

commanders to operate pontoon

causeways, transfer barges, warping tugs,

and assault bulk fuel systems, and to meet

salvage requirements of the naval beach

party. Also called PHIBCB. (JP 3-02)

amphibious control group — (*) Personnel,

ships, and craft designated to control the

waterborne ship-to-shore movement in an

amphibious operation.

amphibious demonstration — (*) A type

of amphibious operation conducted for the

purpose of deceiving the enemy by a show

of force with the expectation of deluding

the enemy into a course of action

unfavorable to him.

amphibious force — An amphibious task

force and a landing force together with other

forces that are trained, organized, and

equipped for amphibious operations. Also

called AF. See also amphibious

operation; amphibious task force;

landing force. (JP 3-02)

amphibious group — A command within the

amphibious force, consisting of the

commander and staff, designed to exercise

operational control of assigned units in

executing all phases of a division-size

amphibious operation. (JP 3-02.2)

amphibious lift — (*) The total capacity of

assault shipping utilized in an amphibious

operation, expressed in terms of personnel,

vehicles, and measurement or weight tons

of supplies.

amphibious objective area — A

geographical area (delineated for command

and control purposes in the order initiating

the amphibious operation) within which is

located the objective(s) to be secured by

the amphibious force. This area must be of

sufficient size to ensure accomplishment of

the amphibious force’s mission and must

provide sufficient area for conducting

necessary sea, air, and land operations. Also

called AOA. See also amphibious force;

mission. (JP 3-02)

amphibious objective study — A study

designed to provide basic intelligence data

of a permanent or semipermanent nature

required for planning amphibious

operations. Each study deals with a specific

area, the selection of which is based on

strategic location, susceptibility to seizure

by amphibious means, and other

considerations.

amphibious operation — A military

operation launched from the sea by an

amphibious force, embarked in ships or

craft with the primary purpose of

introducing a landing force ashore to

accomplish the assigned mission. See also

amphibious force; landing force;

mission; operation. (JP 3-02)

amphibious planning — The process of

planning for an amphibious operation,

distinguished by the necessity for

concurrent, parallel, and detailed planning

by all participating forces. The planning

pattern is cyclical in nature, composed of a

series of analyses and judgments of

operational situations, each stemming from

those that have preceded. (JP 3-02.2)

amphibious raid — (*) A type of

amphibious operation involving swift

incursion into or temporary occupation of

an objective followed by a planned

withdrawal. See also amphibious

operation.

amphibious reconnaissance — (*) An

amphibious landing conducted by minor

elements, normally involving stealth rather

than force of arms, for the purpose of
29

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

securing information, and usually followed

by a planned withdrawal.

amphibious reconnaissance unit — A unit

organized, equipped, and trained to conduct

and support amphibious reconnaissance

missions. An amphibious reconnaissance

unit is made up of a number of amphibious

reconnaissance teams.

amphibious shipping — Organic Navy ships

specifically designed to transport, land, and

support landing forces in amphibious

assault operations and capable of being

loaded or unloaded by naval personnel

without external assistance in the

amphibious objective area.

amphibious squadron — (*) A tactical and

administrative organization composed of

amphibious assault shipping to transport

troops and their equipment for an

amphibious assault operation. Also called

PHIBRON.

amphibious striking forces — Forces

capable of projecting military power from

the sea upon adjacent land areas for

initiating and/or conducting operations in

the face of enemy opposition.

amphibious task force — A Navy task

organization formed to conduct amphibious

operations. The amphibious task force,

together with the landing force and other

forces, constitutes the amphibious force.

Also called ATF. See also amphibious

force; amphibious operation; landing

force. (JP 3-02)

amphibious tractor — See amphibious

vehicle.

amphibious transport dock — A ship

designed to transport and land troops,

equipment, and supplies by means of

embarked landing craft, amphibious

vehicles, and helicopters. Designated as

LPD.

amphibious transport group — A

subdivision of an amphibious task force

composed primarily of transport ships. The

size of the transport group will depend upon

the scope of the operation. Ships of the

transport group will be combat-loaded to

support the landing force scheme of

maneuver ashore. A transport unit will

usually be formed to embark troops and

equipment to be landed over a designated

beach or to embark all helicopter-borne

troops and equipment. (JP 3-02.2)

amphibious vehicle — (*) A wheeled or

tracked vehicle capable of operating on both

land and water. See also landing craft.

amphibious vehicle availability table — A

tabulation of the type and number of

amphibious vehicles available primarily for

assault landings and for support of other

elements of the operation.

amphibious vehicle employment plan — A

plan showing in tabular form the planned

employment of amphibious vehicles in

landing operations, including their

employment after the initial movement to

the beach.

amphibious vehicle launching area — (*)

An area, in the vicinity of and to seaward

of the line of departure, to which landing

ships proceed and launch amphibious

vehicles.

amphibious withdrawal — A type of

amphibious operation involving the

extraction of forces by sea in ships or craft

from a hostile or potentially hostile shore.

See also amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

analysis and production — See intelligence

cycle. (JP 2-0)
30 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

anchorage — A specified location for

anchoring or mooring a vessel in-stream or

offshore. (JP 4-01.6)

anchor cable — (*) In air transport, a cable

in an aircraft to which the parachute static

lines or strops are attached.

anchor line extension kit — (*) A device

fitted to an aircraft equipped with

removable clamshell doors to enable

paratroopers to exit from the rear.

annex — A document appended to an

operation order or other document to make

it clearer or to give further details.

annotated print — (*) A photograph on

which interpretation details are indicated by

words or symbols.

annotation — (*) A marking placed on

imagery or drawings for explanatory

purposes or to indicate items or areas of

special importance.

annual screening — One day of active duty

for training required each year for

Individual Ready Reserve members so the

Services can keep current on each member’s

physical condition, dependency status,

military qualifications, civilian

occupational skills, availability for service,

and other information.

annual training — The minimal period of

training reserve members must perform

each year to satisfy the training

requirements associated with their Reserve

Component assignment. Also called AT.

antemortem identification media —

Records, samples, and photographs taken

prior to death. These include (but are not

limited to) fingerprints, dental x-rays, body

tissue samples, photographs of tattoos, or

other identifying marks. These “predeath”

records would be compared against records

completed after death to help establish a

positive identification of a remains. See

also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06)

antenna mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a contact mine fitted with antennae which,

when touched by a steel ship, sets up

galvanic action to fire the mine. See also

mine.

antiarmor helicopter — (*) A helicopter

armed primarily for use in the destruction

of armored targets. Also called antitank

helicopter.

anticountermining device — (*) A device

fitted in an influence mine designed to

prevent its actuation by shock.

antideficiency violations — The incurring

of obligations or the making of expenditure

(outlays) in excess of amounts available in

appropriations or funds. (JP 1-06)

anti-G suit — A device worn by aircrew to

counteract the effects on the human body

of positive acceleration.

antilift device — A device arranged to

detonate the mine to which it is attached,

or to detonate another mine or charge

nearby, if the mine is disturbed.

antimateriel agent — (*) A living organism

or chemical used to cause deterioration of,

or damage to, selected materiel.

antimateriel operation — (*) The

employment of antimateriel weapons or

agents in military operations.

antipersonnel mine (land mine warfare) —

A mine designed to cause casualties to

personnel. See also mine.

antiradiation missile — (*) A missile which

homes passively on a radiation source. Also

called ARM. See also guided missile.
31

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

antirecovery device — (*) In naval mine

warfare, any device in a mine designed to

prevent an enemy discovering details of the

working of the mine mechanism.

antisubmarine action — An operation by

one or more antisubmarine-capable ships,

submarines, or aircraft (or a combination

thereof) against a particular enemy

submarine.

antisubmarine air distant support —

Antisubmarine air support at a distance

from, but directly related to, specific

convoys or forces.

antisubmarine air search attack unit — The

designation given to one or more aircraft

separately organized as a tactical unit to

search for and destroy submarines.

antisubmarine barrier — (*) The line

formed by a series of static devices or

mobile units arranged for the purpose of

detecting, denying passage to, or destroying

hostile submarines. See also

antisubmarine patrol.

antisubmarine close air support — Air

operations for the antisubmarine warfare

protection of a supported force.

antisubmarine operation — Operation

contributing to the conduct of

antisubmarine warfare.

antisubmarine patrol — (*) The systematic

and continuing investigation of an area or

along a line to detect or hamper submarines,

used when the direction of submarine

movement can be established. See also

antisubmarine barrier.

antisubmarine screen — (*) An

arrangement of ships and/or aircraft for the

protection of a screened unit against attack

by a submarine.

antisubmarine search — (*) Systematic

investigation of a particular area for the

purpose of locating a submarine known or

suspected to be somewhere in the area.

Some types of search are also used in

locating the position of a distress incident.

antisubmarine support operation — (*) An

operation conducted by an antisubmarine

force in the area around a force or convoy,

in areas through which the force or convoy

is passing, or in defense of geographic areas.

Support operations may be completely

coordinated with those of the force or

convoy, or they may be independent

operations coordinated only to the extent

of providing operational intelligence and

information.

antisubmarine warfare — (*) Operations

conducted with the intention of denying the

enemy the effective use of submarines.

Also called ASW.

antisubmarine warfare forces — Forces

organized primarily for antisubmarine

action. May be composed of surface ships,

aircraft, submarines, or any combination of

these, and their supporting systems.

antisurface air operation — (*) An air

operation conducted in an air/sea

environment against enemy surface forces.

antisweep device — (*) Any device

incorporated in the mooring of a mine or

obstructor, or in the mine circuits to make

the sweeping of the mine more difficult.

antisweeper mine — (*) A mine which is

laid or whose mechanism is designed or

adjusted with the specific object of

damaging mine countermeasures vessels.

See also mine.

antitank helicopter — See antiarmor

helicopter.
32 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

antitank mine — (*) A mine designed to

immobilize or destroy a tank. See also

mine.

antiterrorism — Defensive measures used

to reduce the vulnerability of individuals

and property to terrorist acts, to include

limited response and containment by

local military forces. Also called AT. See

also antiterrorism awareness;

counterterrorism; proactive measures;

terrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

antiterrorism awareness — Fundamental

knowledge of the terrorist threat and

measures to reduce personal vulnerability

to terrorism. See also antiterrorism.

antiwatching device — A device fitted in a

moored mine which causes it to sink should

it show on the surface, so as to prevent the

position of the mine or minefield being

disclosed. See also watching mine.

any Service member mail — Mail sent by

the general public to an unspecified Service

member deployed on a contingency

operation, as an expression of patriotic

support. (JP 1-0)

apogee — The point at which a missile

trajectory or a satellite orbit is farthest from

the center of the gravitational field of the

controlling body or bodies.

apparent horizon — (*) The visible line of

demarcation between land/sea and sky.

apparent precession — (*) The apparent

deflection of the gyro axis, relative to the

Earth, due to the rotating effect of the Earth

and not due to any applied force. Also

called apparent wander.

appendix — A document appended to an

annex of an operation order, operation plan,

or other document to clarify or to give

further details.

applicable materiel assets — That portion

of the total acceptable materiel assets that

meets the military or other characteristics

as defined by the responsible Military

Service and that is in the right condition

and location to satisfy a specific military

requirement.

application — 1. The system or problem to

which a computer is applied. Reference is

often made to an application as being either

of the computational type (arithmetic

computations predominate) or of the data

processing type (data handling operations

predominate). 2. In the intelligence

context, the direct extraction and tailoring

of information from an existing foundation

of intelligence and near real time reporting.

It is focused on and meets specific, narrow

requirements, normally on demand. (JP 2-0)

apportionment — In the general sense,

distribution for planning of limited

resources among competing requirements.

Specific apportionments (e.g., air sorties

and forces for planning) are described as

apportionment of air sorties and forces for

planning, etc. See also allocation;

apportionment (air).

apportionment (air) — The determination

and assignment of the total expected effort

by percentage and/or by priority that should

be devoted to the various air operations for

a given period of time. Also called air

apportionment. See also apportionment.

(JP 3-0)

approach clearance — Authorization for a

pilot conducting flight in accordance with

instrument flight rules to commence an

approach to an airport.

approach control — A control station in an

air operations control center, helicopter

direction center, or carrier air traffic control

center, that is responsible for controlling air

traffic from marshal until hand-off to final
33

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

control. See also helicopter direction

center; marshal. (JP 3-04.1)

approach end of runway — (*) That end of

the runway nearest to the direction from

which the final approach is made.

approach lane — An extension of a boat lane

from the line of departure toward the

transport area.

approach march — (*) Advance of a combat

unit when direct contact with the enemy is

imminent. Troops are fully or partially

deployed. The approach march ends when

ground contact with the enemy is made or

when the attack position is occupied.

approach schedule — The schedule that

indicates, for each scheduled wave, the time

of departure from the rendezvous area, from

the line of departure, and from other control

points and the time of arrival at the beach.

approach sequence — (*) The order in

which two or more aircraft are cleared for

an approach.

approach time — The time at which an

aircraft is expected to commence approach

procedure.

approval authority — A representative

(person or organization) of the

Commandant, US Coast Guard, authorized

to approve containers within terms of the

International Conference for Safe

Containers. See also International

Convention for Safe Containers. (JP 4-01.7)

apron — A defined area on an airfield

intended to accommodate aircraft for

purposes of loading or unloading

passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or

maintenance.

archipelagic sea lanes passage — The

nonsuspendable right of continuous and

expeditious transit through archipelagic

waters in the normal mode through and over

routes normally used for navigation and

overflight.

architecture — A framework or structure that

portrays relationships among all the

elements of the subject force, system, or

activity. (JP 3-05)

archive — When used in the context of

deliberate planning, the directed command

will remove the referenced operation plan,

operation plan in concept format, and any

associated Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System automated data

processing files from its library of active

plans. All material will be prepared for

shipment to appropriate archive facilities

in accordance with appropriate command

directives. See also maintain; retain.

area air defense commander — Within a

unified command, subordinate unified

command, or joint task force, the

commander will assign overall

responsibility for air defense to a single

commander. Normally, this will be the

component commander with the

preponderance of air defense capability and

the command, control, and communications

capability to plan and execute integrated air

defense operations. Representation from

the other components involved will be

provided, as appropriate, to the area air

defense commander’s headquarters. Also

called AADC. (JP 3-52)

area assessment — The commander’s

prescribed collection of specific

information that commences upon

employment and is a continuous operation.

It confirms, corrects, refutes, or adds to

previous intelligence acquired from area

studies and other sources prior to

employment. (JP 3-05)
34 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

area bombing — (*) Bombing of a target

which is in effect a general area rather than

a small or pinpoint target.

area command — (*) A command which is

composed of those organized elements of

one or more of the Armed Services,

designated to operate in a specific

geographical area, which are placed under

a single commander. See also command.

area control center — (*) A unit established

to provide air traffic control service to

controlled flights in control areas under its

jurisdiction. See also air traffic control

center; flight information region.

area damage control — (*) Measures taken

before, during, or after hostile action or

natural or manmade disasters, to reduce the

probability of damage and minimize its

effects. See also damage control; disaster

control.

area of influence — (*) A geographical area

wherein a commander is directly capable

of influencing operations by maneuver or

fire support systems normally under the

commander’s command or control.

area of intelligence responsibility — An area

allocated to a commander in which the

commander is responsible for the provision

of intelligence within the means at the

commander’s disposal. See also area of

interest; area of responsibility.

area of interest — That area of concern to

the commander, including the area of

influence, areas adjacent thereto, and

extending into enemy territory to the

objectives of current or planned operations.

This area also includes areas occupied by

enemy forces who could jeopardize the

accomplishment of the mission. Also called

AOI. See also area of influence. (JP 2-03)

area of limitation — A defined area where

specific limitations apply to the strength and

fortifications of disputing or belligerent

forces. Normally, upper limits are

established for the number and type of

formations, tanks, antiaircraft weapons,

artillery, and other weapons systems in the

area of limitation. Also called AOL. See

also line of demarcation; peace

operations. (JP 3-07.3)

area of militarily significant fallout — (*)

Area in which radioactive fallout affects the

ability of military units to carry out their

normal mission.

area of northern operations — A region of

variable width in the Northern Hemisphere

that lies north of the 50 degrees isotherm

— a line along which the average

temperature of the warmest 4-month period

of the year does not exceed 50 degrees

Fahrenheit. Mountain regions located

outside of this area are included in this

category of operations provided these same

temperature conditions exist.

area of operations — An operational area

defined by the joint force commander for

land and naval forces. Areas of operation

do not typically encompass the entire

operational area of the joint force

commander, but should be large enough for

component commanders to accomplish

their missions and protect their forces. Also

called AO. See also area of responsibility;

joint operations area; joint special

operations area. (JP 5-0)

area of responsibility — The geographical

area associated with a combatant command

within which a combatant commander has

authority to plan and conduct operations.

Also called AOR. See also combatant

command. (JP 3-0)
35

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

area of separation — See buffer zone. Also

called AOS. See also peace operations.

(JP 3-07.3)

area operations — (*) In maritime usage,

operations conducted in a geographical area

and not related to the protection of a specific

force.

area oriented — Personnel or units whose

organizations, mission, training, and

equipping are based on projected

operational deployment to a specific

geographic or demographic area. (JP 3-05)

area radar prediction analysis — Radar

target intelligence study designed to provide

radar-significant data for use in the

preparation of radar target predictions.

area search — Visual reconnaissance of

limited or defined areas.

area target — (*) A target consisting of an

area rather than a single point.

armament delivery recording — Motion

picture, still photography, and video

recordings showing the delivery and impact

of ordnance. This differs from

reconnaissance imagery in that it records

the act of delivery and impact and normally

is done by the weapon system delivering

the ordnance. Armament delivery

recording is used primarily for evaluating

strike effectiveness and for combat crew

training. It is also one of the principal

sources of over-the-target documentation

in force employments, and may be used for

public affairs purposes. Also called ADR.

armed forces — The military forces of a

nation or a group of nations. See also

force(s).

armed forces censorship — The examination

and control of personal communications to

or from persons in the Armed Forces of the

United States and persons accompanying

or serving with the Armed Forces of the

United States. See also censorship.

armed forces courier — An officer or

enlisted member in the grade of E-7 or

above, of the US Armed Forces, assigned

to perform Armed Forces Courier Service

duties and identified by possession of an

Armed Forces Courier Service

Identification Card (ARF-COS Form 9).

See also courier.

Armed Forces Courier Service — A joint

service of the Departments of the Army, the

Navy, and the Air Force, with the Chief of

Staff, US Army, as Executive Agent. The

courier service provides one of the available

methods for the secure and expeditious

transmission of material requiring

protected handling by military courier.

armed forces courier station — An Army,

Navy, or Air Force activity, approved by

the respective military department and

officially designated by Headquarters,

Armed Forces Courier Service, for the

acceptance, processing, and dispatching of

Armed Forces Courier Service material.

Armed Forces of the United States — A

term used to denote collectively all

components of the Army, Navy, Air Force,

Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also

United States Armed Forces.

Armed Forces Radio and Television Service

— A worldwide radio and television

broadcasting organization that provides US

military commanders overseas and at sea

with sufficient electronic media resources

to effectively communicate theater, local,

Department of Defense, and Service-unique

command information to their personnel

and family members. Also called AFRTS.

(JP 3-61)
36 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

armed helicopter — (*) A helicopter fitted

with weapons or weapon systems.

armed mine — (*) A mine from which all

safety devices have been withdrawn and,

after laying, all automatic safety features

and/or arming delay devices have operated.

Such a mine is ready to be actuated after

receipt of a target signal, influence, or

contact.

armed reconnaissance — A mission with the

primary purpose of locating and attacking

targets of opportunity, i.e., enemy materiel,

personnel, and facilities, in assigned general

areas or along assigned ground

communications routes, and not for the

purpose of attacking specific briefed targets.

armed sweep — (*) A sweep fitted with

cutters or other devices to increase its ability

to cut mine moorings.

arming — As applied to explosives, weapons,

and ammunition, the changing from a safe

condition to a state of readiness for

initiation.

arming delay device — A device fitted in a

mine to prevent it being actuated for a preset

time after laying.

arming lanyard — See arming wire.

arming pin — (*) A safety device inserted

in a munition, which until its removal,

prevents the unintentional action of the

arming cycle. Also called safety pin. See

also safety device.

arming system — That portion of a weapon

that serves to ready (arm), safe, or re-safe

(disarm) the firing system and fuzing

system and that may actuate devices in the

nuclear system.

arming wire — (*) A cable, wire or lanyard

routed from the aircraft to an expendable

aircraft store in order to initiate the arming

sequence for the store upon release from

the aircraft, when the armed release

condition has been selected; it also prevents

arming initiation prior to store release and

during safe jettison. Also called arming

lanyard. See also safety wire.

armistice — In international law, a

suspension or temporary cessation of

hostilities by agreement between belligerent

powers. (JP 3-07.3)

armistice demarcation line — A

geographically defined line from which

disputing or belligerent forces disengage

and withdraw to their respective sides

following a truce or cease fire agreement.

Also called cease fire line in some United

Nations operations. Also called ADL. See

also armistice; cease fire; cease fire line;

peace operations. (JP 3-07.3)

arm or de-arm — Applies to those

procedures in the arming or de-arming

section of the applicable aircraft loading

manual or checklist that places the ordnance

or explosive device in a ready or safe

condition i.e., rocket launchers, guided

missiles, guns — internal and pods,

paraflares — (external and SUU-44/25

dispenser). (NOTE: The removal or

installation of pylon or bomb rack safety

pins from a nonordnance-loaded station is

considered a function requiring certification

within the purview of this publication.) See

also arming; de-arming; ordnance.

(JP 3-04.1)

armored personnel carrier — A lightly

armored, highly mobile, full-tracked

vehicle, amphibious and air-droppable,

used primarily for transporting personnel

and their individual equipment during

tactical operations. Production

modifications or application of special kits

permit use as a mortar carrier, command

post, flame thrower, antiaircraft artillery
37

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

chassis, or limited recovery vehicle. Also

called APC.

arms control — A concept that connotes: a.

any plan, arrangement, or process, resting

upon explicit or implicit international

agreement, governing any aspect of the

following: the numbers, types, and

performance characteristics of weapon

systems (including the command and

control, logistics support arrangements, and

any related intelligence-gathering

mechanism); and the numerical strength,

organization, equipment, deployment, or

employment of the Armed Forces retained

by the parties (it encompasses

disarmament); and b. on some occasions,

those measures taken for the purpose of

reducing instability in the military

environment.

arms control agreement — The written or

unwritten embodiment of the acceptance of

one or more arms control measures by two

or more nations.

arms control agreement verification — A

concept that entails the collection,

processing, and reporting of data indicating

testing or employment of proscribed

weapon systems, including country of

origin and location, weapon and payload

identification, and event type.

arms control measure — Any specific arms

control course of action.

Army Air Defense Command Post — The

tactical headquarters of an Army air defense

commander.

Army air-ground system — The Army

system which provides for interface

between Army and tactical air support

agencies of other Services in the planning,

evaluating, processing, and coordinating of

air support requirements and operations. It

is composed of appropriate staff members,

including G-2 air and G-3 air personnel,

and necessary communication equipment.

Also called AAGS.

Army and Air Force Exchange Service

imprest fund activity — A militaryoperated retail activity, usually in remote

or forward sites, when regular direct

operations exchanges cannot be provided.

It is a satellite activity of an Army and Air

Force Exchange Service (AAFES) direct

operation. The supported unit appoints the

officer in charge of an imprest fund activity,

who is issued an initial fund by AAFES to

purchase beginning inventory. Money

generated from sales is used to replenish

the merchandise stock. See also imprest

fund. (JP 1-0)

Army base — A base or group of installations

for which a local commander is responsible,

consisting of facilities necessary for support

of Army activities including security,

internal lines of communications, utilities,

plants and systems, and real property for

which the Army has operating

responsibility. See also base complex.

Army corps — A tactical unit larger than a

division and smaller than a field army. A

corps usually consists of two or more

divisions together with auxiliary arms and

services. See also field army.

Army service area — The territory between

the corps rear boundary and the combat

zone rear boundary. Most of the Army

administrative establishment and service

troops are usually located in this area. See

also rear area.

Army special operations component — The

Army component of a joint force special

operations component. Also called

ARSOC. See also Air Force special

operations component; Navy special

operations component. (JP 3-05.3)
38 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Army special operations forces — Those

Active and Reserve Component Army

forces designated by the Secretary of

Defense that are specifically organized,

trained, and equipped to conduct and

support special operations. Also called

ARSOF. (JP 3-05)

Army tactical data link 1 — See tactical

digital information link.

arresting barrier — See aircraft arresting

barrier.

arresting gear — See aircraft arresting

gear.

arrival zone — In counterdrug operations,

the area in or adjacent to the United States

where smuggling concludes and domestic

distribution begins. By air, an airstrip; by

sea, an offload point on land, or transfer to

small boats. See also transit zone. (JP 3-07.4)

artificial horizon — See attitude indicator.

artillery fire plan table — (*) A presentation

of planned targets giving data for

engagement. Scheduled targets are fired

in a definite time sequence. The starting

time may be on call, at a prearranged time,

or at the occurrence of a specific event.

artillery survey control point — (*) A point

at which the coordinates and the altitude

are known and from which the bearings/

azimuths to a number of reference objects

are also known.

assault — 1. The climax of an attack, closing

with the enemy in hand-to-hand fighting.

2. In an amphibious operation, the period

of time between the arrival of the major

assault forces of the amphibious task force

in the objective area and the

accomplishment of the amphibious task

force mission. 3. To make a short, violent,

but well-ordered attack against a local

objective, such as a gun emplacement, a

fort, or a machine gun nest. 4. A phase of

an airborne operation beginning with

delivery by air of the assault echelon of the

force into the objective area and extending

through attack of assault objectives and

consolidation of the initial airhead. See also

assault phase; landing attack.

assault aircraft — (*) A powered aircraft

that moves assault troops and/or cargo into

an objective area.

assault area — In amphibious operations, that

area that includes the beach area, the boat

lanes, the lines of departure, the landing ship

areas, the transport areas, and the fire

support areas in the immediate vicinity of

the boat lanes. (JP 3-02)

assault area diagram — A graphic means

of showing, for amphibious operations, the

beach designations, boat lanes, organization

of the line of departure, scheduled waves,

landing ship area, transport areas, and the

fire support areas in the immediate vicinity

of the boat lanes.

assault craft — (*) A landing craft or

amphibious vehicle primarily employed for

landing troops and equipment in the assault

waves of an amphibious operation.

assault craft unit — A permanently

commissioned naval organization,

subordinate to the commander, naval beach

group, that contains landing craft and crews

necessary to provide lighterage required in

an amphibious operation. Also called

ACU. (JP 3-02)

assault echelon — In amphibious operations,

the element of a force comprised of tailored

units and aircraft assigned to conduct the

initial assault on the operational area. Also

called AE. See also amphibious

operation. (JP 3-02)
39

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assault fire — 1. That fire delivered by

attacking troops as they close with the

enemy. 2. In artillery, extremely accurate,

short-range destruction fire at point targets.

assault follow-on echelon — In amphibious

operations, that echelon of the assault

troops, vehicles, aircraft, equipment, and

supplies that, though not needed to initiate

the assault, is required to support and sustain

the assault. In order to accomplish its

purpose, it is normally required in the

objective area no later than five days after

commencement of the assault landing. Also

called AFOE.

assault phase — (*) 1. In an amphibious

operation, the period of time between the

arrival of the major assault forces of the

amphibious task force in the objective area

and the accomplishment of their mission.

2. In an airborne operation, a phase

beginning with delivery by air of the assault

echelon of the force into the objective area

and extending through attack of assault

objectives and consolidation of the initial

airhead. See also assault.

assault schedule — See landing schedule.

assault shipping — (*) Shipping assigned

to the amphibious task force and utilized

for transporting assault troops, vehicles,

equipment, and supplies to the objective

area.

assault wave — See wave.

assembly — (*) In logistics, an item forming

a portion of an equipment, that can be

provisioned and replaced as an entity and

which normally incorporates replaceable

parts or groups of parts. See also

component; subassembly.

assembly anchorage — (*) An anchorage

intended for the assembly and onward

routing of ships.

assembly area — (*) 1. An area in which a

command is assembled preparatory to

further action. 2. In a supply installation,

the gross area used for collecting and

combining components into complete units,

kits, or assemblies.

assessment — 1. Analysis of the security,

effectiveness, and potential of an existing

or planned intelligence activity. 2.

Judgment of the motives, qualifications, and

characteristics of present or prospective

employees or “agents.”

asset (intelligence) — Any resource —

person, group, relationship, instrument,

installation, or supply — at the disposition

of an intelligence organization for use in

an operational or support role. Often used

with a qualifying term such as agent asset

or propaganda asset.

assign — (*) 1. To place units or personnel

in an organization where such placement is

relatively permanent, and/or where such

organization controls and administers the

units or personnel for the primary function,

or greater portion of the functions, of the

unit or personnel. 2. To detail individuals

to specific duties or functions where such

duties or functions are primary and/or

relatively permanent. See also attach.

assistance mechanism — Individuals,

groups of individuals, or organizations

(together with materiel and/or facilities in

position, or that can be placed in position

by appropriate US or multinational

agencies), used to accomplish or support

evasion and recovery operations. See also

evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery;

recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

assisted recovery — The return of an evader

to friendly control as the result of assistance

from an outside source. See also evader;

source. (JP 3-50.3)
40 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assumed azimuth — The assumption of

azimuth origins as a field expedient until

the required data are available.

assumed grid — A grid constructed using

an arbitrary scale superimposed on a map,

chart, or photograph for use in point

designation without regard to actual

geographic location. See also grid.

assumption — A supposition on the current

situation or a presupposition on the future

course of events, either or both assumed to

be true in the absence of positive proof,

necessary to enable the commander in the

process of planning to complete an estimate

of the situation and make a decision on the

course of action.

astern fueling — (*) The transfer of fuel at

sea during which the receiving ship(s)

keep(s) station astern of the delivering ship.

asymmetrical sweep — (*) A sweep whose

swept path under conditions of no wind or

cross-tide is not equally spaced either side

of the sweeper’s track.

atmospheric environment — The envelope

of air surrounding the Earth, including its

interfaces and interactions with the Earth’s

solid or liquid surface.

at my command — (*) In artillery and naval

gunfire support, the command used when

it is desired to control the exact time of

delivery of fire.

atomic air burst — See airburst.

atomic defense — See nuclear defense.

atomic demolition munition — A nuclear

device designed to be detonated on or below

the ground surface, or under water as a

demolition munition against material-type

targets to block, deny, and/or canalize the

enemy.

atomic underground burst — See nuclear

underground burst.

atomic underwater burst — See nuclear

underwater burst.

atomic warfare — See nuclear warfare.

atomic weapon — See nuclear weapon.

at priority call — (*) A precedence applied

to the task of an artillery unit to provide

fire to a formation/unit on a guaranteed

basis. Normally observer, communications,

and liaison are not provided. An artillery

unit in “direct support” or “in support” may

simultaneously be placed “at priority call”

to another unit or agency for a particular

task and/or for a specific period of time.

at sea — Includes the following maritime

areas: foreign internal waters, archipelagic

waters, and territorial seas; foreign

contiguous zones; foreign exclusive

economic zones; the high seas; and USexclusive economic zone, territorial sea,

and internal waters.

attach — 1. The placement of units or

personnel in an organization where such

placement is relatively temporary. 2. The

detailing of individuals to specific functions

where such functions are secondary or

relatively temporary, e.g., attached for

quarters and rations; attached for flying

duty. See also assign.

attachment — See attach.

attack assessment — An evaluation of

information to determine the potential or

actual nature and objectives of an attack for

the purpose of providing information for

timely decisions. See also damage

estimation.

attack cargo ship — A naval ship designed

or converted to transport combat-loaded
41

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

cargo in an assault landing. Capabilities as

to carrying landing craft, speed of ship,

armament, and size of hatches and booms

are greater than those of comparable cargo

ship types. Designated as LKA.

attack group — (*) A subordinate task

organization of the navy forces of an

amphibious task force. It is composed of

assault shipping and supporting naval units

designated to transport, protect, land, and

initially support a landing group.

attack heading — 1. The interceptor heading

during the attack phase that will achieve

the desired track-crossing angle. 2. The

assigned magnetic compass heading to be

flown by aircraft during the delivery phase

of an air strike.

attack helicopter — (*) A helicopter

specifically designed to employ various

weapons to attack and destroy enemy

targets.

attack origin — 1. The location or source

from which an attack was initiated. 2. The

nation initiating an attack. See also attack

assessment.

attack pattern — The type and distribution

of targets under attack. Also called target

pattern. See also attack assessment.

attack position — The last position occupied

by the assault echelon before crossing the

line of departure.

attack timing — The predicted or actual time

of bursts, impacts, or arrival of weapons at

their intended targets.

attenuation — (*) 1. Decrease in intensity

of a signal, beam, or wave as a result of

absorption of energy and of scattering out

of the path of a detector, but not including

the reduction due to geometric spreading,

i.e., the inverse square of distance effect.

2. In mine warfare, the reduction in

intensity of an influence as distance from

the source increases. 3. In camouflage and

concealment, the process of making an

object or surface less conspicuous by

reducing its contrast to the surroundings

and/or background. Also called tone down.

attenuation factor — (*) The ratio of the

incident radiation dose or dose rate to the

radiation dose or dose rate transmitted

through a shielding material. This is the

reciprocal of the transmission factor.

attitude — (*) The position of a body as

determined by the inclination of the axes

to some frame of reference. If not otherwise

specified, this frame of reference is fixed

to the Earth.

attitude indicator — (*) An instrument

which displays the attitude of the aircraft

by reference to sources of information

which may be contained within the

instrument or be external to it. When the

sources of information are self-contained,

the instrument may be referred to as an

artificial horizon.

attrition — (*) The reduction of the

effectiveness of a force caused by loss of

personnel and materiel.

attrition minefield — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a field intended primarily to cause

damage to enemy ships. See also

minefield.

attrition rate — (*) A factor, normally

expressed as a percentage, reflecting the

degree of losses of personnel or materiel

due to various causes within a specified

period of time.

attrition reserve aircraft — Aircraft

procured for the specific purpose of
42 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

replacing the anticipated losses of aircraft

because of peacetime and/or wartime

attrition.

attrition sweeping — (*) The continuous

sweeping of minefields to keep the risk of

mines to all ships as low as possible.

augmentation forces — Forces to be

transferred from a supporting commander

to the combatant command (command

authority) or operational control of a

supported commander during the execution

of an operation order approved by the

National Command Authorities. (JP 5-0)

authenticate — A challenge given by voice

or electrical means to attest to the

authenticity of a message or transmission.

authentication — 1. A security measure

designed to protect a communications

system against acceptance of a fraudulent

transmission or simulation by establishing

the validity of a transmission, message, or

originator. 2. A means of identifying

individuals and verifying their eligibility to

receive specific categories of information.

3. Evidence by proper signature or seal that

a document is genuine and official. 4. In

evasion and recovery operations, the

process whereby the identity of an evader

is confirmed. See also evader; evasion;

evasion and recovery; recovery

operations; security. (JP 3-50.3)

authenticator — A symbol or group of

symbols, or a series of bits, selected or

derived in a prearranged manner and

usually inserted at a predetermined point

within a message or transmission for the

purpose of attesting to the validity of the

message or transmission.

autocode format — An abbreviated and

formatted message header used in

conjunction with the mobile cryptologic

support facility (MCSF) to energize the

automatic communications relay functions

of the MCSF, providing rapid exchange of

data through the system.

automated data handling — See automatic

data handling.

automated identification technology — A

suite of tools for facilitating total asset

visibility (TAV) source data capture and

transfer. Automated identification

technology (AIT) includes a variety of

devices, such as bar codes, magnetic strips,

optical memory cards, and radio frequency

tags for marking or “tagging” individual

items, multi-packs, equipment, air pallets,

or containers, along with the hardware and

software required to create the devices, read

the information on them, and integrate that

information with other logistic information.

AIT integration with logistic information

systems is key to the Department of

Defense’s TAV efforts. Also called AIT.

See also total asset visibility. (JP 4-01.8)

automatic approach and landing — A

control mode in which the aircraft’s speed

and flight path are automatically controlled

for approach, flare-out, and landing. See

also ground-controlled approach

procedure.

automatic data handling — (*) A

generalization of automatic data processing

to include the aspect of data transfer.

automatic data processing — 1. Data

processing largely performed by automatic

means. 2. That branch of science and

technology concerned with methods and

techniques relating to data processing

largely performed by automatic means.

automatic flight control system — (*) A

system which includes all equipment to

control automatically the flight of an aircraft
43

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

or missile to a path or attitude described by

references internal or external to the aircraft

or missile. Also called AFCS.

automatic message processing system —

Any organized assembly of resources and

methods used to collect, process, and

distribute messages largely by automatic

means.

automatic resupply — A resupply mission

fully planned before insertion of a special

operations team into the operations area that

occurs at a prearranged time and location,

unless changed by the operating team after

insertion. See also emergency resupply;

on-call resupply. (JP 3-50.3)

automatic search jammer — (*) An

intercept receiver and jamming transmitter

system which searches for and jams signals

automatically which have specific radiation

characteristics.

Automatic Secure Voice Communications

Network — A worldwide, switched, secure

voice network developed to fulfill DOD

long-haul, secure voice requirements. Also

called AUTOSEVOCOM.

automatic supply — A system by which

certain supply requirements are

automatically shipped or issued for a

predetermined period of time without

requisition by the using unit. It is based

upon estimated or experience-usage factors.

automation network — The automation

network combines all of the information

collection devices, automatic identification

technologies, and the automated

information systems that either support or

facilitate the joint reception, staging,

onward movement, and integration process.

See also automated identification

technology; joint reception, staging,

onward movement, and integration.

(JP 4-01.8)

autonomous operation — In air defense, the

mode of operation assumed by a unit after

it has lost all communications with higher

echelons. The unit commander assumes full

responsibility for control of weapons and

engagement of hostile targets.

availability date — The date after notification

of mobilization by which forces will be

marshalled at their home station or

mobilization station and available for

deployment. See also home station;

mobilization; mobilization station. (JP 4-05)

available payload — The passenger and/or

cargo capacity expressed in weight and/or

space available to the user.

available-to-load date — A date specified

for each unit in a time-phased force and

deployment data indicating when that unit

will be ready to load at the point of

embarkation. Also called ALD.

avenue of approach — An air or ground

route of an attacking force of a given size

leading to its objective or to key terrain in

its path. Also called AA.

average speed — (*) The average distance

traveled per hour, calculated over the whole

journey, excluding specifically ordered

halts.

aviation combat element — The core

element of a Marine air-ground task force

(MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct

aviation operations. The aviation combat

element (ACE) provides all or a portion of

the six functions of Marine aviation

necessary to accomplish the MAGTF’s

mission. These functions are antiair

warfare, offensive air support, assault

support, electronic warfare, air

reconnaissance, and control of aircraft and

missiles. The ACE is usually composed

of an aviation unit headquarters and various

other aviation units or their detachments.
44 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

It can vary in size from a small aviation

detachment of specifically required aircraft

to one or more Marine aircraft wings. The

ACE itself is not a formal command. Also

called ACE. See also combat service

support element; command element;

ground combat element; Marine airground task force; Marine expeditionary

force; Marine expeditionary force

(forward); Marine expeditionary unit;

special purpose Marine air-ground task

force; task force.

aviation life support equipment — See life

support equipment.

aviation medicine — (*) The special field

of medicine which is related to the

biological and psychological problems of

flight.

aviation ship — An aircraft carrier. See also

air-capable ship; aircraft; amphibious

aviation assault ship. (JP 3-04.1)

avoidance — Individual and/or unit measures

taken to avoid or minimize nuclear,

biological, and chemical (NBC) attacks and

reduce the effects of NBC hazards. (JP 3-11)

axial route — A route running through the

rear area and into the forward area. See

also route.

axis of advance — A line of advance assigned

for purposes of control; often a road or a

group of roads, or a designated series of

locations, extending in the direction of the

enemy.

azimuth — Quantities may be expressed in

positive quantities increasing in a clockwise

direction, or in X, Y coordinates where

south and west are negative. They may be

referenced to true north or magnetic north

depending on the particular weapon system

used.

azimuth angle — (*) An angle measured

clockwise in the horizontal plane between

a reference direction and any other line.

azimuth guidance — (*) Information which

will enable the pilot or autopilot of an

aircraft to follow the required track.

azimuth resolution — (*) The ability of

radar equipment to separate two reflectors

at similar ranges but different bearings from

a reference point. Normally the minimum

separation distance between the reflectors

is quoted and expressed as the angle

subtended by the reflectors at the reference

point.
B

45

backfill — Reserve Component units and

individuals recalled to replace deploying

active units and/or individuals in the

continental United States and outside the

continental United States. See also Reserve

Components. (JP 4-05.1)

background count — The evidence or effect

on a detector of radiation caused by

background radiation. In connection with

health protection, the background count

includes but is not limited to radiations

produced by naturally occurring

radioactivity and cosmic rays.

background radiation — (*) Nuclear (or

ionizing) radiations arising from within the

body and from the surroundings to which

individuals are always exposed.

back-haul airlift — The rearward movement

of personnel and materiel from an air

terminal in forward deployed areas back to

a staging base (either in-theater or out) after

the normal forward delivery. See also

staging base. (JP 3-17)

backscatter — Refers to a portion of the laser

energy that is scattered back in the direction

of the seeker by an obscurant. See also

laser. (JP 3-09.1)

back-scattering — Radio wave propagation

in which the direction of the incident and

scattered waves, resolved along a reference

direction (usually horizontal), are

oppositely directed. A signal received by

back-scattering is often referred to as

“back-scatter.”

backshore — The area of a beach extending

from the limit of high water foam lines to

dunes or extreme inland limit of the beach.

(JP 4-01.6)

back tell — (*) The transfer of information

from a higher to a lower echelon of

command. See also track telling.

back-up — (*) In cartography, an image

printed on the reverse side of a map sheet

already printed on one side. Also the

printing of such images.

backwash — An even layer of water that

moves along the sea floor from the beach

through the surf zone and caused by the pileup of water on the beach from incoming

breakers. (JP 4-01.6)

balance — A concept as applied to an arms

control measure that connotes: a.

adjustments of armed forces and armaments

in such a manner that one state does not

obtain military advantage over other states

agreeing to the measure; and b. internal

adjustments by one state of its forces in such

manner as to enable it to cope with all

aspects of remaining threats to its security

in a post arms control agreement era.

balanced stock(s) — 1. That condition of

supply when availability and requirements

are in equilibrium for specific items. 2. An

accumulation of supplies in quantities

determined necessary to meet requirements

for a fixed period.

balance station zero — See reference

datum.

bale cubic capacity — (*) The space

available for cargo measured in cubic feet

to the inside of the cargo battens, on the

frames, and to the underside of the beams.

In a general cargo of mixed commodities,

the bale cubic applies. The stowage of the

mixed cargo comes in contact with the cargo

battens and as a general rule does not extend

to the skin of the ship.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
46 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

balisage — (*) The marking of a route by a

system of dim beacon lights enabling

vehicles to be driven at near day-time speed,

under blackout conditions.

ballistic missile — (*) Any missile which

does not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces

to produce lift and consequently follows a

ballistic trajectory when thrust is

terminated. See also aerodynamic missile;

guided missile.

ballistic missile early warning system —

An electronic system for providing

detection and early warning of attack by

enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Also called BMEWS.

ballistics — (*) The science or art that deals

with the motion, behavior, appearance, or

modification of missiles or other vehicles

acted upon by propellants, wind, gravity,

temperature, or any other modifying

substance, condition, or force.

ballistic trajectory — (*) The trajectory

traced after the propulsive force is

terminated and the body is acted upon only

by gravity and aerodynamic drag.

ballistic wind — That constant wind that

would have the same effect upon the

trajectory of a bomb or projectile as the

wind encountered in flight.

balloon barrage — See barrage, Part 2.

balloon reflector — In electronic warfare, a

balloon-supported confusion reflector to

produce fraudulent radar echoes.

bandwidth — The difference between the

limiting frequencies of a continuous

frequency band expressed in hertz (cycles

per second). The term bandwidth is also

loosely used to refer to the rate at which

data can be transmitted over a given

communications circuit. In the latter usage,

bandwidth is usually expressed in either

kilobits per second or megabits per

second.

bank angle — (*) The angle between the

aircraft’s normal axis and the Earth’s

vertical plane containing the aircraft’s

longitudinal axis.

bar — A submerged or emerged embankment

of sand, gravel, or mud created on the sea

floor in shallow water by waves and

currents. A bar may be composed of

mollusk shells. (JP 4-01.6)

bare base — A base having minimum

essential facilities to house, sustain, and

support operations to include, if required,

a stabilized runway, taxiways, and aircraft

parking areas. A bare base must have a

source of water that can be made potable.

Other requirements to operate under bare

base conditions form a necessary part of

the force package deployed to the bare base.

See also base. (JP 3-05.3)

barge — A flat-bed, shallow-draft vessel with

no superstructure that is used for the

transport of cargo and ships’ stores or for

general utility purposes. See also

watercraft. (JP 4-01.6)

barometric altitude — (*) The altitude

determined by a barometric altimeter by

reference to a pressure level and calculated

according to the standard atmosphere laws.

See also altitude.

barrage — 1. A prearranged barrier of fires,

except that delivered by small arms,

designed to protect friendly troops and

installations by impeding enemy

movements across defensive lines or areas.

2. A protective screen of balloons that is

moored to the ground and kept at given

heights to prevent or hinder operations by

enemy aircraft. This meaning also called

balloon barrage. 3. A type of electronic
47

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

attack intended for simultaneous jamming

over a wide area of frequency spectrum.

See also barrage jamming; electronic

warfare; fires.

barrage fire — (*) Fire which is designed to

fill a volume of space or area rather than

aimed specifically at a given target. See

also fire.

barrage jamming — Simultaneous

electromagnetic jamming over a broad band

of frequencies. See also jamming.

barricade — See aircraft arresting barrier.

barrier — A coordinated series of obstacles

designed or employed to channel, direct,

restrict, delay, or stop the movement of an

opposing force and to impose additional

losses in personnel, time, and equipment

on the opposing force. Barriers can exist

naturally, be manmade, or a combination

of both. (JP 3-15)

barrier combat air patrol — One or more

divisions or elements of fighter aircraft

employed between a force and an objective

area as a barrier across the probable

direction of enemy attack. It is used as far

from the force as control conditions permit,

giving added protection against raids that

use the most direct routes of approach. See

also combat air patrol.

barrier forces — Air, surface, and submarine

units and their supporting systems

positioned across the likely courses of

expected enemy transit for early detection

and providing rapid warning, blocking, and

destruction of the enemy.

barrier, obstacle, and mine warfare plan

— A comprehensive, coordinated plan that

includes responsibilities; general location

of unspecified and specific barriers,

obstacles, and minefields; special

instructions; limitations; coordination; and

completion times. The plan may designate

locations of obstacle zones or belts. It is

normally prepared as an annex to a

campaign plan, operation plan, or operation

order. (JP 3-15)

bar scale — See graphic scale; scale.

base — (*) 1. A locality from which

operations are projected or supported. 2.

An area or locality containing installations

which provide logistic or other support. See

also establishment. 3. (DOD only) Home

airfield or home carrier. See also base of

operations; facility.

base cluster — In base defense operations, a

collection of bases, geographically grouped

for mutual protection and ease of command

and control. (JP 3-10)

base cluster commander — In base defense

operations, the senior officer in the base

cluster (excluding medical officers,

chaplains, and commanders of transient

units), with responsibility for coordinating

the defense of bases within the base cluster

and for integrating defense plans of bases

into a base cluster defense plan. (JP 3-10)

base cluster operations center — A

command and control facility that serves

as the base cluster commander’s focal point

for defense and security of the base cluster.

Also called BCOC. (JP 3-10.1)

base command — An area containing a

military base or group of such bases

organized under one commander. See also

command.

base commander — In base defense

operations, the officer assigned to command

a base. (JP 3-10)

base complex — See Army base;

installation complex; Marine base; naval
48 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

base; naval or Marine (air) base. See also

noncontiguous facility.

base defense — The local military measures,

both normal and emergency, required to

nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy

attacks on, or sabotage of, a base, to ensure

that the maximum capacity of its facilities

is available to US forces.

base defense forces — Troops assigned or

attached to a base for the primary purpose

of base defense and security as well as

augmentees and selectively armed

personnel available to the base commander

for base defense from units performing

primary missions other than base defense.

(JP 3-10.1)

base defense operations center — A

command and control facility established

by the base commander to serve as the focal

point for base security and defense. It plans,

directs, integrates, coordinates, and controls

all base defense efforts and coordinates and

integrates into area security operations with

the rear area operations center/rear tactical

operations center. Also called BDOC.

(JP 3-10.1)

base defense zone — An air defense zone

established around an air base and limited

to the engagement envelope of short-range

air defense weapons systems defending that

base. Base defense zones have specific

entry, exit, and identification, friend or foe

procedures established. Also called BDZ.

(JP 3-10.1)

base development (less force beddown) —

The acquisition, development, expansion,

improvement, and construction and/or

replacement of the facilities and resources

of an area or location to support forces

employed in military operations or

deployed in accordance with strategic plans.

(JP 4-04)

base development plan — A plan for the

facilities, installations, and bases required

to support military operations.

base element — See base unit.

base line — 1. (surveying) A surveyed line

established with more than usual care, to

which surveys are referred for coordination

and correlation. 2. (photogrammetry)

The line between the principal points of two

consecutive vertical air photographs. It is

usually measured on one photograph after

the principal point of the other has been

transferred. 3. (radio navigation systems)

The shorter arc of the great circle joining

two radio transmitting stations of a

navigation system. 4. (triangulation) The

side of one of a series of coordinated

triangles the length of which is measured

with prescribed accuracy and precision and

from which lengths of the other triangle

sides are obtained by computation.

baseline environmental survey — A multidisciplinary site survey conducted prior to

or in the initial stage of a joint operational

deployment. The survey documents

existing deployment-area environmental

conditions, determines the potential for

present and past site contamination (e.g.,

hazardous substances, petroleum products,

and derivatives), and identifies potential

vulnerabilities (to include occupational and

environmental health risks). Surveys

accomplished in conjunction with joint

operational deployments that do not involve

training or exercises (e.g., contingency

operations) should be completed to the

extent practicable consistent with

operational requirements. See also civil

engineering; survey. (JP 4-04)

base map — (*) A map or chart showing

certain fundamental information, used as a

base upon which additional data of

specialized nature are compiled or
49

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

overprinted. Also, a map containing all the

information from which maps showing

specialized information can be prepared.

See also chart base; map.

base of operations — An area or facility from

which a military force begins its offensive

operations, to which it falls back in case of

reverse, and in which supply facilities are

organized.

base period — That period of time for which

factors were determined for use in current

planning and programming.

base section — An area within the

communications zone in an operational area

organized to provide logistic support to

forward areas.

base surge — (*) A cloud which rolls out

from the bottom of the column produced

by a subsurface burst of a nuclear weapon.

For underwater bursts the surge is, in effect,

a cloud of liquid droplets which has the

property of flowing almost as if it were a

homogeneous fluid. For subsurface land

bursts the surge is made up of small solid

particles but still behaves like a fluid.

base unit — Unit of organization in a tactical

operation around which a movement or

maneuver is planned and performed.

baseline costs — The continuing annual costs

of military operations funded by the

operations and maintenance and military

personnel appropriations. (JP 1-06)

basic cover — Coverage of any installation

or area of a permanent nature with which

later coverage can be compared to discover

any changes that have taken place.

basic encyclopedia — A compilation of

identified installations and physical areas

of potential significance as objectives for

attack. Also called BE.

basic intelligence — Fundamental

intelligence concerning the general

situation, resources, capabilities, and

vulnerabilities of foreign countries or areas

which may be used as reference material in

the planning of operations at any level and

in evaluating subsequent information

relating to the same subject.

basic load — (*) The quantity of supplies

required to be on hand within, and which

can be moved by, a unit or formation. It is

expressed according to the wartime

organization of the unit or formation and

maintained at the prescribed levels.

basic military route network — (*) Axial,

lateral, and connecting routes designated in

peacetime by the host nation to meet the

anticipated military movements and

transport requirements, both Allied and

national.

basic psychological operations study — A

document that describes succinctly the

characteristics of a country, geographical

area, or region which are most pertinent to

psychological operations, and which can

serve as an immediate reference for the

planning and conduct of psychological

operations. Also called BPS.

basic research — Research directed toward

the increase of knowledge, the primary aim

being a greater knowledge or understanding

of the subject under study. See also

research.

basic stocks — (*) Stocks to support the

execution of approved operational plans for

an initial predetermined period. See also

sustaining stocks.

basic stopping power — (*) The probability,

expressed as a percentage, of a single

vehicle being stopped by mines while

attempting to cross a minefield.
50 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

basic tactical organization — The

conventional organization of landing force

units for combat, involving combinations

of infantry, supporting ground arms, and

aviation for accomplishment of missions

ashore. This organizational form is

employed as soon as possible following the

landing of the various assault components

of the landing force.

basic undertakings — The essential things,

expressed in broad terms, that must be done

in order to implement the commander’s

concept successfully. These may include

military, diplomatic, economic,

informational, and other measures. See also

strategic concept.

basis of issue — Authority that prescribes the

number of items to be issued to an

individual, a unit, a military organization,

or for a unit piece of equipment.

bathymetric contour — See depth contour.

battalion landing team — In an amphibious

operation, an infantry battalion normally

reinforced by necessary combat and service

elements; the basic unit for planning an

assault landing. Also called BLT.

battery — (*) 1. Tactical and administrative

artillery unit or subunit corresponding to a

company or similar unit in other branches

of the Army. 2. All guns, torpedo tubes,

searchlights, or missile launchers of the

same size or caliber or used for the same

purpose, either installed in one ship or

otherwise operating as an entity.

battery center — (*) A point on the ground,

the coordinates of which are used as a

reference indicating the location of the

battery in the production of firing data. Also

called chart location of the battery.

battery (troop) left (right) — A method of

fire in which weapons are discharged from

the left (right), one after the other, at five

second intervals.

battle damage assessment — The timely and

accurate estimate of damage resulting from

the application of military force, either

lethal or non-lethal, against a predetermined

objective. Battle damage assessment can

be applied to the employment of all types

of weapon systems (air, ground, naval, and

special forces weapon systems) throughout

the range of military operations. Battle

damage assessment is primarily an

intelligence responsibility with required

inputs and coordination from the operators.

Battle damage assessment is composed of

physical damage assessment, functional

damage assessment, and target system

assessment. Also called BDA. See also

combat assessment. (JP 2-0)

battle damage repair — (*) Essential repair,

which may be improvised, carried out

rapidly in a battle environment in order to

return damaged or disabled equipment to

temporary service. Also called BDR.

battlefield coordination detachment — An

Army liaison provided by the Army

component or force commander to the air

operations center (AOC) and/or to the

component designated by the joint force

commander to plan, coordinate, and

deconflict air operations. The battlefield

coordination detachment processes Army

requests for air support, monitors and

interprets the land battle situation for the

AOC, and provides the necessary interface

for exchange of current intelligence and

operational data. Also called BCD. See

also air operations center; liaison. (JP 3-01.4)

battlefield illumination — (*) The lighting

of the battle area by artificial light, either

visible or invisible to the naked eye.

battlefield psychological activities — (*)

Planned psychological activities conducted
51

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

as an integral part of combat operations and

designed to bring psychological pressure

to bear on enemy forces and civilians under

enemy control in the battle area, to assist in

achievement of operational and tactical

objectives.

battlefield surveillance — (*) Systematic

observation of the battle area for the purpose

of providing timely information and combat

intelligence. See also surveillance.

battle force — A standing operational naval

task force organization of carriers, surface

combatants, and submarines assigned to

numbered fleets. A battle force is

subdivided into battle groups.

battle reserves — Reserve supplies

accumulated by an army, detached corps,

or detached division in the vicinity of the

battlefield, in addition to unit and individual

reserves. See also reserve supplies.

battlespace — The environment, factors, and

conditions that must be understood to

successfully apply combat power, protect

the force, or complete the mission. This

includes the air, land, sea, space, and the

included enemy and friendly forces;

facilities; weather; terrain; the

electromagnetic spectrum; and the

information environment within the

operational areas and areas of interest. See

also electromagnetic spectrum;

information environment; joint

intelligence preparation of the

battlespace.

beach — 1. The area extending from the

shoreline inland to a marked change in

physiographic form or material, or to the

line of permanent vegetation (coastline). 2.

In amphibious operations, that portion of

the shoreline designated for landing of a

tactical organization.

beach capacity — (*) An estimate, expressed

in terms of measurement tons, or weight

tons, of cargo that may be unloaded over a

designated strip of shore per day. See also

clearance capacity; port capacity.

beach group — See naval beach group;

shore party.

beachhead — A designated area on a hostile

or potentially hostile shore that, when

seized and held, ensures the continuous

landing of troops and materiel, and provides

maneuver space requisite for subsequent

projected operations ashore. (JP 3-02)

beach landing site — A geographic location

selected for across-the-beach infiltration,

exfiltration, or resupply operations. Also

called BLS. (JP 3-05)

beach marker — A sign or device used to

identify a beach or certain activities thereon

for incoming waterborne traffic. Markers

may be panels, lights, buoys, or electronic

devices.

beachmaster — The naval officer in

command of the beachmaster unit of the

naval beach group. Also called BM.

beachmaster unit — A commissioned naval

unit of the naval beach group designed to

provide to the shore party a Navy

component known as a beach party, which

is capable of supporting the amphibious

landing of one division (reinforced). Also

called BMU. See also beach party; naval

beach group; shore party. (JP 4-01.6)

beach minefield — (*) A minefield in the

shallow water approaches to a possible

amphibious landing beach. See also

minefield.

beach organization — In an amphibious

operation, the planned arrangement of
52 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

personnel and facilities to effect movement,

supply, and evacuation across beaches and

in the beach area for support of a landing

force.

beach party — The naval component of the

shore party. See also beachmaster unit;

shore party.

beach party commander — The naval

officer in command of the naval component

of the shore party.

beach photography — Vertical, oblique,

ground, and periscope coverage at varying

scales to provide information of offshore,

shore, and inland areas. It covers terrain

that provides observation of the beaches and

is primarily concerned with the geological

and tactical aspects of the beach.

beach reserves — (*) In an amphibious

operation, an accumulation of supplies of

all classes established in dumps in

beachhead areas. See also reserve supplies.

beach support area — In amphibious

operations, the area to the rear of a landing

force or elements thereof, established and

operated by shore party units, which

contains the facilities for the unloading of

troops and materiel and the support of the

forces ashore; it includes facilities for the

evacuation of wounded, enemy prisoners

of war, and captured materiel. Also called

BSA.

beach survey — The collection of data

describing the physical characteristics of a

beach; that is, an area whose boundaries

are a shoreline, a coastline, and two natural

or arbitrary assigned flanks.

beach width — The horizontal dimensions

of the beach measured at right angles to the

shoreline from the line of extreme low water

inland to the landward limit of the beach

(the coastline).

beam rider — A missile guided by an

electronic beam.

beam width — The angle between the

directions, on either side of the axis, at

which the intensity of the radio frequency

field drops to one-half the value it has on

the axis.

bearing — The horizontal angle at a given

point measured clockwise from a specific

datum point to a second point. See also

grid bearing; relative bearing; true

bearing.

beaten zone — The area on the ground upon

which the cone of fire falls.

begin morning civil twilight — The period

of time at which the sun is halfway between

beginning morning and nautical twilight

and sunrise, when there is enough light to

see objects clearly with the unaided eye.

At this time, light intensification devices

are no longer effective, and the sun is six

degrees below the eastern horizon. Also

called BMCT.

begin morning nautical twilight — The start

of that period where, in good conditions and

in the absence of other illumination, enough

light is available to identify the general

outlines of ground objects and conduct

limited military operations. Light

intensification devices are still effective and

may have enhanced capabilities. At this

time, the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern

horizon. Also called BMNT.

beleaguered — See missing.

below-the-line publications — The lower

level publications in the hierarchy of joint

publications which includes supporting

joint doctrine and joint tactics, techniques,

and procedures publications that are signed

by the Director, Joint Staff and contain

specific mission-area guidance for the joint
53

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

community. Included in this level are

reference publications and those describing

joint personnel, intelligence support,

operations, logistic support, planning, and

command, control, communications, and

computer systems support. See also abovethe-line publications; capstone

publication; joint publication; keystone

publications. (JP 1-01)

berm, natural — The nearly horizontal

portion of a beach or backshore having an

abrupt fall and formed by deposition of

material by wave action. A berm marks

the limit of ordinary high tide. For air

cushion vehicles, berms (constructed) are

required to protect materials handling

equipment operations. See also backshore.

(JP 4-01.6)

besieged — See missing.

bight — A bend in a coast forming an open

bay or an open bay formed by such a bend.

(JP 4-01.6)

bilateral infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure

which concerns only two NATO members

and is financed by mutual agreement

between them (e.g., facilities required for

the use of forces of one NATO member in

the territory of another). See also

infrastructure.

bill — A ship’s publication listing operational

or administrative procedures. (JP 3-04.1)

billet — 1. Shelter for troops. 2. To quarter

troops. 3. A personnel position or

assignment that may be filled by one person.

binary chemical munition — (*) A

munition in which chemical substances,

held in separate containers, react when

mixed or combined as a result of being fired,

launched, or otherwise initiated to produce

a chemical agent. See also munition.

binding — (*) The fastening or securing of

items to a movable platform called a pallet.

See also palletized unit load.

bin storage — Storage of items of supplies

and equipment in an individual

compartment or subdivision of a storage

unit in less than bulk quantities. See also

bulk storage; storage.

biographical intelligence — That component

of intelligence that deals with individual

foreign personalities of actual or potential

importance.

biological agent — A microorganism that

causes disease in personnel, plants, or

animals or causes the deterioration of

materiel. See also biological operation;

biological weapon; chemical agent.

biological ammunition — (*) A type of

ammunition, the filler of which is primarily

a biological agent.

biological defense — (*) The methods, plans,

and procedures involved in establishing and

executing defensive measures against

attacks using biological agents.

biological environment — (*) Conditions

found in an area resulting from direct or

persisting effects of biological weapons.

biological half-time — See half-life.

biological operation — Employment of

biological agents to produce casualties in

personnel or animals or damage to plants.

See also biological agent; biological

threat. (JP 3-11)

biological threat — A threat that consists of

biological material planned to be deployed

to produce casualties in personnel or

animals or damage plants. See also

biological agent; biological ammunition;
54 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

biological defense; biological

environment; chemical, biological, and

radiological operation; contamination;

contamination control. (JP 3-11)

biological warfare — See biological

operation.

biological weapon — (*) An item of materiel

which projects, disperses, or disseminates

a biological agent including arthropod

vectors.

black — In intelligence handling, a term used

in certain phrases (e.g., living black, black

border crossing) to indicate reliance on

illegal concealment rather than on cover.

black list — An official counterintelligence

listing of actual or potential enemy

collaborators, sympathizers, intelligence

suspects, and other persons whose presence

menaces the security of friendly forces.

black propaganda — Propaganda that

purports to emanate from a source other

than the true one. See also propaganda.

blast effect — Destruction of or damage to

structures and personnel by the force of an

explosion on or above the surface of the

ground. Blast effect may be contrasted with

the cratering and ground-shock effects of a

projectile or charge that goes off beneath

the surface.

blast line — A horizontal radial line on the

surface of the Earth originating at ground

zero on which measurements of blast from

an explosion are taken.

blast wave — A sharply defined wave of

increased pressure rapidly propagated

through a surrounding medium from a

center of detonation or similar disturbance.

blast wave diffraction — (*) The passage

around and envelopment of a structure by

the nuclear blast wave.

bleeding edge — (*) That edge of a map or

chart on which cartographic detail is

extended to the edge of the sheet.

blind transmission — Any transmission of

information that is made without

expectation of acknowledgement. (JP 3-05)

blister agent — (*) A chemical agent which

injures the eyes and lungs, and burns or

blisters the skin. Also called vesicant

agent.

blocking and chocking — (*) The use of

wedges or chocks to prevent the inadvertent

shifting of cargo in transit.

blocking position — A defensive position

so sited as to deny the enemy access to a

given area or to prevent the enemy’s

advance in a given direction.

block shipment — A method of shipment of

supplies to overseas areas to provide

balanced stocks or an arbitrary balanced

force for a specific number of days, e.g.,

shipment of 30 days’ supply for an average

force of 10,000 individuals.

block stowage loading — (*) A method of

loading whereby all cargo for a specific

destination is stowed together. The purpose

is to facilitate rapid off-loading at the

destination, with the least possible

disturbance of cargo intended for other

points. See also loading.

blood agent — (*) A chemical compound,

including the cyanide group, that affects

bodily functions by preventing the normal

utilization of oxygen by body tissues.
55

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

blood chit — A small sheet of material

depicting an American flag and a statement

in several languages to the effect that

anyone assisting the bearer to safety will

be rewarded. See also evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3)

blood chit (intelligence) — See blood chit.

blowback — (*) 1. Escape, to the rear and

under pressure, of gases formed during the

firing of the weapon. Blowback may be

caused by a defective breech mechanism, a

ruptured cartridge case, or a faulty primer.

2. Type of weapon operation in which the

force of expanding gases acting to the rear

against the face of the bolt furnishes all the

energy required to initiate the complete

cycle of operation. A weapon which

employs this method of operation is

characterized by the absence of any

breech-lock or bolt-lock mechanism.

Blue Bark — US military personnel, US

citizen civilian employees of the

Department of Defense, and the dependents

of both categories who travel in connection

with the death of an immediate family

member. It also applies to designated

escorts for dependents of deceased military

members. Furthermore, the term is used to

designate the personal property shipment

of a deceased member.

boat diagram — In the assault phase of an

amphibious operation, a diagram showing

the positions of individuals and equipment

in each boat.

boat group — The basic organization of

landing craft. One boat group is organized

for each battalion landing team (or

equivalent) to be landed in the first trip of

landing craft or amphibious vehicles.

boat lane — (*) A lane for amphibious

assault landing craft, which extends

seaward from the landing beaches to the

line of departure. The width of a boat lane

is determined by the length of the

corresponding beach.

boat space — The space and weight factor

used to determine the capacity of boats,

landing craft, and amphibious vehicles.

With respect to landing craft and

amphibious vehicles, it is based on the

requirements of one person with individual

equipment. The person is assumed to weigh

224 pounds and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet

of space. See also man space.

boattail — (*) The conical section of a

ballistic body that progressively decreases

in diameter toward the tail to reduce overall

aerodynamic drag.

boat wave — See wave.

bomb disposal unit — See explosive

ordnance disposal unit.

bomber — See intermediate-range bomber

aircraft; long-range bomber aircraft;

medium-range bomber aircraft.

bomb impact plot — A graphic

representation of the target area, usually a

pre-strike air photograph, on which

prominent dots are plotted to mark the

impact or detonation points of bombs

dropped on a specific bombing attack.

bombing angle — (*) The angle between

the vertical and a line joining the aircraft to

what would be the point of impact of a

bomb released from it at that instant.

bombing run — (*) In air bombing, that

part of the flight that begins, normally from

an initial point, with the approach to the

target, includes target acquisition, and ends

normally at the weapon release point.

bomb release line — (*) An imaginary line

around a defended area or objective over

which an aircraft should release its bomb
56 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

in order to obtain a hit or hits on an area or

objective.

bomb release point — (*) The point in space

at which bombs must be released to reach

the desired point of detonation.

bona fides — Good faith. In evasion and

recovery operations, the use of verbal or

visual communication by individuals who

are unknown to one another to establish

their authenticity, sincerity, honesty, and

truthfulness. See also evasion; evasion and

recovery; recovery; recovery operations.

(JP 3-50.3)

bonding — (*) In electrical engineering, the

process of connecting together metal parts

so that they make low resistance electrical

contact for direct current and lower

frequency alternating currents. See also

earthing.

booby trap — (*) An explosive or

nonexplosive device or other material,

deliberately placed to cause casualties when

an apparently harmless object is disturbed

or a normally safe act is performed.

booster — (*) 1. A high-explosive element

sufficiently sensitive so as to be actuated

by small explosive elements in a fuze or

primer and powerful enough to cause

detonation of the main explosive filling. 2.

An auxiliary or initial propulsion system

which travels with a missile or aircraft and

which may or may not separate from the

parent craft when its impulse has been

delivered. A booster system may contain,

or consist of, one or more units.

boost phase — That portion of the flight of a

ballistic missile or space vehicle during

which the booster and sustainer engines

operate. See also midcourse phase;

reentry phase; terminal phase.

border — (*) In cartography, the area of a

map or chart lying between the neatline and

the surrounding framework.

border break — (*) A cartographic

technique used when it is required to extend

a portion of the cartographic detail of a map

or chart beyond the sheetlines into the

margin.

border crosser — (*) An individual, living

close to a frontier, who normally has to cross

the frontier frequently for legitimate

purposes.

boresafe fuze — (*) Type of fuze having an

interrupter in the explosive train that

prevents a projectile from exploding until

after it has cleared the muzzle of a weapon.

bottom mine — (*) A mine with negative

buoyancy which remains on the seabed.

Also called ground mine. See also mine.

bound — (*) 1. In land warfare, a single

movement, usually from cover to cover,

made by troops often under enemy fire.

2. (DOD only) Distance covered in one

movement by a unit that is advancing by

bounds.

boundary — A line that delineates surface

areas for the purpose of facilitating

coordination and deconfliction of

operations between adjacent units,

formations, or areas. See also airspace

control boundary. (JP 3-0)

bouquet mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine in which a number of buoyant mine

cases are attached to the same sinker, so

that when the mooring of one mine case is

cut, another mine rises from the sinker to

its set depth. See also mine.

bracketing — (*) A method of adjusting fire

in which a bracket is established by
57

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

obtaining an over and a short along the

spotting line, and then successively splitting

the bracket in half until a target hit or desired

bracket is obtained.

branch — 1. A subdivision of any

organization. 2. A geographically separate

unit of an activity which performs all or

part of the primary functions of the parent

activity on a smaller scale. Unlike an annex,

a branch is not merely an overflow addition.

3. An arm or service of the Army. 4. The

contingency options built into the basic

plan. A branch is used for changing the

mission, orientation, or direction of

movement of a force to aid success of the

operation based on anticipated events,

opportunities, or disruptions caused by

enemy actions and reactions. See also

sequel. (JP 3-0)

breakaway — (*) 1. The onset of a condition

in which the shock front moves away from

the exterior of the expanding fireball

produced by the explosion of a nuclear

weapon. 2. (DOD only) After completion

of attack, turn to heading as directed.

breakbulk cargo — Any commodity that,

because of its weight, dimensions, or

incompatibility with other cargo, must be

shipped by mode other than military van

or SEAVAN. See also breakbulk ship.

(JP 4-01.7)

breakbulk ship — A ship with conventional

holds for stowage of breakbulk cargo,

below or above deck, and equipped with

cargo-handling gear. Ships also may be

capable of carrying a limited number of

containers, above or below deck. See also

breakbulk cargo. (JP 4-01.7)

breaker — A wave in the process of losing

energy where offshore energy loss is caused

by wind action and nearshore energy loss

is caused by the impact of the sea floor as

the wave enters shallow (shoaling) water.

Breakers either plunge, spill, or surge. See

also breaker angle. (JP 4-01.6)

breaker angle — The angle a breaker makes

with the beach. See also breaker. (JP 4-01.6)

breakoff position — (*) The position at

which a leaver or leaver section breaks off

from the main convoy to proceed to a

different destination.

break-up — (*) 1. In detection by radar, the

separation of one solid return into a number

of individual returns which correspond to

the various objects or structure groupings.

This separation is contingent upon a number

of factors including range, beam width, gain

setting, object size and distance between

objects. 2. In imagery interpretation, the

result of magnification or enlargement

which causes the imaged item to lose its

identity and the resultant presentation to

become a random series of tonal

impressions. Also called split-up.

brevity code — (*) A code which provides

no security but which has as its sole purpose

the shortening of messages rather than the

concealment of their content.

bridgehead — An area of ground held or to

be gained on the enemy’s side of an

obstacle. See also airhead; beachhead.

bridgehead line — (*) The limit of the

objective area in the development of the

bridgehead. See also objective area.

briefing — (*) The act of giving in advance

specific instructions or information.

brigade — A unit usually smaller than a

division to which are attached groups and/

or battalions and smaller units tailored to

meet anticipated requirements. Also called

BDE.
58 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

broach — When a water craft is thrown

broadside to the wind and waves, against a

bar, or against the shoreline. (JP 4-01.6)

buffer distance — (*) In nuclear warfare: 1.

The horizontal distance which, when added

to the radius of safety, will give the desired

assurance that the specified degree of risk

will not be exceeded. The buffer distance

is normally expressed quantitatively in

multiples of the delivery error. 2. The

vertical distance which is added to the

fallout safe-height of burst in order to

determine a desired height of burst which

will provide the desired assurance that

militarily significant fallout will not occur.

It is normally expressed quantitatively in

multiples of the vertical error.

buffer zone — 1. A defined area controlled

by a peace operations force from which

disputing or belligerent forces have been

excluded. A buffer zone is formed to create

an area of separation between disputing or

belligerent forces and reduce the risk of

renewed conflict. Also called area of

separation in some United Nations

operations. Also called BZ. See also area

of separation; line of demarcation; peace

operations. 2. A conical volume centered

on the laser’s line of sight with its apex at

the aperture of the laser, within which the

beam will be contained with a high degree

of certainty. It is determined by the buffer

angle. See also laser. (JP 3-07.3)

bug — 1. A concealed microphone or

listening device or other audiosurveillance

device. 2. To install means for

audiosurveillance.

bugged — Room or object that contains a

concealed listening device.

building systems — Structures assembled

from manufactured components designed

to provide specific building configurations

(e.g., large steel arch structures, large span

tension fabric structures, panelized

buildings, and pre-engineered buildings).

See also civil engineering. (JP 4-04)

buildup — (*) The process of attaining

prescribed strength of units and prescribed

levels of vehicles, equipment, stores, and

supplies. Also may be applied to the means

of accomplishing this process.

bulk cargo — That which is generally

shipped in volume where the transportation

conveyance is the only external container;

such as liquids, ore, or grain.

bulk petroleum product — (*) A liquid

petroleum product transported by various

means and stored in tanks or containers

having an individual fill capacity greater

than 250 liters.

bulk storage — 1. Storage in a warehouse

of supplies and equipment in large

quantities, usually in original containers, as

distinguished from bin storage. 2. Storage

of liquids, such as petroleum products in

tanks, as distinguished from drum or

packaged storage. See also bin storage;

storage.

bullseye — An established reference point

from which the position of an object can be

referenced. See also reference point. (JP 3-60)

burn notice — An official statement by one

intelligence agency to other agencies,

domestic or foreign, that an individual or

group is unreliable for any of a variety of

reasons.

burnout — (*) The point in time or in the

missile trajectory when combustion of fuels

in the rocket engine is terminated by other

than programmed cutoff.
59

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

burnout velocity — (*) The velocity attained

by a missile at the point of burnout.

burn-through range — The distance at

which a specific radar can discern targets

through the external interference being

received.
60 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
C

61

cache — In evasion and recovery operations,

source of subsistence and supplies, typically

containing items such as food, water,

medical items, and/or communications

equipment, packaged to prevent damage

from exposure and hidden in isolated

locations by such methods as burial,

concealment, and/or submersion, to support

evaders in current or future operations. See

also concealment; evader; evasion;

evasion and recovery; recovery; recovery

operations. (JP 3-50.3)

calibrated focal length — (*) An adjusted

value of the equivalent focal length, so

computed as to equalize the positive and

negative values of distortion over the entire

field used in a camera.

call fire — Fire delivered on a specific target

in response to a request from the supported

unit. See also fire.

call for fire — (*) A request for fire

containing data necessary for obtaining the

required fire on a target.

call sign — (*) Any combination of

characters or pronounceable words, which

identifies a communication facility, a

command, an authority, an activity, or a unit;

used primarily for establishing and

maintaining communications. Also called

CS. See also collective call sign; indefinite

call sign; international call sign; net call

sign; tactical call sign; visual call sign;

voice call sign.

camera axis — (*) An imaginary line

through the optical center of the lens

perpendicular to the negative photo plane.

camera axis direction — (*) Direction on

the horizontal plane of the optical axis of

the camera at the time of exposure. This

direction is defined by its azimuth expressed

in degrees in relation to true/magnetic north.

camera calibration — (*) The determination

of the calibrated focal length, the location

of the principal point with respect to the

fiducial marks and the lens distortion

effective in the focal plane of the camera

referred to the particular calibrated focal

length.

camera cycling rate — (*) The frequency

with which camera frames are exposed,

expressed as cycles per second.

camera nadir — See photo nadir.

camouflage — (*) The use of natural or

artificial material on personnel, objects, or

tactical positions with the aim of confusing,

misleading, or evading the enemy.

camouflage detection photography — (*)

Photography utilizing a special type of film

(usually infrared) designed for the detection

of camouflage.

camouflet — (*) The resulting cavity in a

deep underground burst when there is no

rupture of the surface. See also crater.

campaign — A series of related military

operations aimed at accomplishing a

strategic or operational objective within a

given time and space. See also campaign

plan.

campaign plan — A plan for a series of

related military operations aimed at

accomplishing a strategic or operational

objective within a given time and space.

See also campaign; campaign planning.

(JP 5-0)

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
62 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

campaign planning — The process whereby

combatant commanders and subordinate

joint force commanders translate national

or theater strategic and operational concepts

through the development of campaign

plans. Campaign planning may begin

during deliberate planning when the actual

threat, national guidance, and available

resources become evident, but is normally

not completed until after the National

Command Authorities select the course of

action during crisis action planning.

Campaign planning is conducted when

contemplated military operations exceed

the scope of a single major joint operation.

See also campaign; campaign plan. (JP 5-0)

canalize — To restrict operations to a narrow

zone by use of existing or reinforcing

obstacles or by fire or bombing.

cannibalize — To remove serviceable parts

from one item of equipment in order to

install them on another item of equipment.

cannot observe — (*) A type of fire control

which indicates that the observer or spotter

will be unable to adjust fire, but believes a

target exists at the given location and is of

sufficient importance to justify firing upon

it without adjustment or observation.

cantilever lifting frame — Used to move

Navy lighterage causeway systems on to

and off of lighter aboard ship (LASH)

vessels. This device is suspended from the

Morgan LASH barge crane and can lift one

causeway section at a time. It is designed

to allow the long sections to clear the rear

of the ship as they are lowered into the

water. Also called CLF. See also

causeway; lighterage. (JP 4-01.6)

capability — The ability to execute a

specified course of action. (A capability

may or may not be accompanied by an

intention.)

capacity load (Navy) — The maximum

quantity of all supplies (ammunition;

petroleum, oils, and lubricants; rations;

general stores; maintenance stores; etc.)

which each vessel can carry in proportions

prescribed by proper authority. See also

wartime load.

capstone publication — The top group of

joint doctrine publications in the hierarchy

of joint publications. Capstone publications

link joint doctrine to national strategy and

the contributions of other government

agencies, alliances, and coalitions. See also

above-the-line publications; below-theline publications; joint publication;

keystone publications. (JP 1-01)

capstone requirements document — A

document that contains performance-based

requirements to facilitate development of

individual operational requirements

documents by providing a common

framework and operational concept to guide

their development. Also called CRD.

capsule — (*) 1. A sealed, pressurized cabin

for extremely high altitude or space flight

which provides an acceptable environment

for man, animal, or equipment. 2. An

ejectable sealed cabin having automatic

devices for safe return of the occupants to

the surface.

captive firing — (*) A firing test of short

duration, conducted with the missile

propulsion system operating while secured

to a test stand.

captured — See missing.

cardinal point effect — (*) The increased

intensity of a line or group of returns on the

radarscope occurring when the radar beam

is perpendicular to the rectangular surface

of a line or group of similarly aligned

features in the ground pattern.
63

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

caretaker status — A nonoperating condition

in which the installations, materiel, and

facilities are in a care and limited

preservation status. Only a minimum of

personnel is required to safeguard against

fire, theft, and damage from the elements.

cargo classification (combat loading) —

The division of military cargo into

categories for combat loading aboard ships.

cargo increment number — A sevencharacter alphanumeric field that uniquely

describes a non-unit-cargo entry (line) in

the Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System time-phased force and deployment

data.

cargo outturn message — A brief message

report transmitted within 48 hours of

completion of ship discharge to advise both

the Military Sealift Command and the

terminal of loading of the condition of the

cargo, including any discrepancies in the

form of overages, shortages, or damages

between cargo as manifested and cargo as

checked at time of discharge.

cargo outturn report — A detailed report

prepared by a discharging terminal to record

discrepancies in the form of over, short, and

damaged cargo as manifested, and cargo

checked at a time and place of discharge

from ship.

cargo sling — (*) A strap, chain, or other

material used to hold cargo items securely

which are to be hoisted, lowered, or

suspended.

cargo tie-down point — A point on military

materiel designed for attachment of various

means for securing the item for transport.

cargo transporter — A reusable metal

shipping container designed for worldwide

surface and air movement of suitable

military supplies and equipment through the

cargo transporter service.

carpet bombing — (*) The progressive

distribution of a mass bomb load upon an

area defined by designated boundaries, in

such manner as to inflict damage to all

portions thereof.

carrier air wing — Two or more aircraft

squadrons formed under one commander

for administrative and tactical control of

operations from a carrier.

carrier battle group — A standing naval task

group consisting of a carrier, surface

combatants, and submarines as assigned in

direct support, operating in mutual support

with the task of destroying hostile

submarine, surface, and air forces within

the group’s assigned operational area and

striking at targets along hostile shore lines

or projecting fire power inland. Also called

CVBG. (JP 3-33)

carrier striking force — A naval task force

composed of aircraft carriers and supporting

combatant ships capable of conducting

strike operations.

cartel — An association of independent

businesses organized to control prices and

production, eliminate competition, and

reduce the cost of doing business. (JP 3-07.4)

CARVER — A special operations forces

acronym used throughout the targeting and

mission planning cycle to assess mission

validity and requirements. The acronym

stands for criticality, accessibility,

recuperability, vulnerability, effect, and

recognizability. (JP 3-05.5)

case — 1. An intelligence operation in its

entirety. 2. Record of the development of

an intelligence operation, including

personnel, modus operandi, and objectives.
64 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

casual — See transient.

casualty — Any person who is lost to the

organization by having been declared dead,

duty status – whereabouts unknown,

missing, ill, or injured. See also casualty

category; casualty status; casualty type;

duty status – whereabouts unknown;

hostile casualty; nonhostile casualty.

casualty category — A term used to

specifically classify a casualty for reporting

purposes based upon the casualty type and

the casualty status. Casualty categories

include killed in action, died of wounds

received in action, and wounded in action.

See also casualty; casualty status;

casualty type; duty status - whereabouts

unknown; missing.

casualty evacuation — The movement of

casualties. It includes movement both to

and between medical treatment facilities.

Any vehicle may be used to evacuate

casualties. Also called CASEVAC. See

also casualty; evacuation; medical

treatment facility. (JP 4-02)

casualty receiving and treatment ship —

In amphibious operations, a ship designated

to receive, provide treatment for, and

transfer casualties. (JP 3-02)

casualty status — A term used to classify a

casualty for reporting purposes. There are

seven casualty statuses: (1) deceased; (2)

duty status - whereabouts unknown; (3)

missing; (4) very seriously ill or injured;

(5) seriously ill or injured; (6) incapacitating

illness or injury; and (7) not seriously

injured. See also casualty; casualty

category; casualty type; deceased; duty

status - whereabouts unknown;

incapacitating illness or injury; missing;

not seriously injured; seriously ill or

injured; very seriously ill or injured.

casualty type — A term used to identify a

casualty for reporting purposes as either a

hostile casualty or a nonhostile casualty.

See also casualty; casualty category;

casualty status; hostile casualty;

nonhostile casualty.

catalytic attack — An attack designed to

bring about a war between major powers

through the disguised machinations of a

third power.

catalytic war — Not to be used. See catalytic

attack.

catapult — (*) A structure which provides

an auxiliary source of thrust to a missile or

aircraft; must combine the functions of

directing and accelerating the missile during

its travel on the catapult; serves the same

functions for a missile as does a gun tube

for a shell.

categories of data — In the context of

perception management and its constituent

approaches, data obtained by adversary

individuals, groups, intelligence systems,

and officials. Such data fall in two

categories: a. information — A compilation

of data provided by protected or open

sources that would provide a substantially

complete picture of friendly intentions,

capabilities, or activities. b. indicators —

Data derived from open sources or from

detectable actions that adversaries can piece

together or interpret to reach personal

conclusions or official estimates concerning

friendly intentions, capabilities, or

activities. (Note: In operations security,

actions that convey indicators exploitable

by adversaries, but that must be carried out

regardless, to plan, prepare for, and execute

activities, are called “observables.”) See

also operations security.
65

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

causeway — A craft similar in design to a

barge, but longer and narrower, designed

to assist in the discharge and transport of

cargo from vessels. See also barge;

watercraft. (JP 4-01.6)

causeway launching area — An area located

near the line of departure but clear of the

approach lanes, where ships can launch

pontoon causeways. (JP 3-02)

caveat — A designator used with a

classification to further limit the

dissemination of restricted information.

(JP 3-07.4)

C-day — See times.

CEASE BUZZER — An unclassified term

to terminate electronic attack activities,

including the use of electronic warfare

expendables. See also electronic attack;

electronic warfare. (JP 3-51)

cease fire — 1. A command given to any

unit or individual firing any weapon to stop

engaging the target. See also call for fire;

fire mission. 2. A command given to air

defense artillery units to refrain from firing

on, but to continue to track, an airborne

object. Missiles already in flight will be

permitted to continue to intercept.

cease fire line — See armistice demarcation

line. See also armistice; cease fire.

(JP 3-07.3)

ceiling — The height above the Earth’s

surface of the lowest layer of clouds or

obscuration phenomena that is reported as

“broken,” “overcast,” or “obscured” and not

classified as “thin” or “partial.”

celestial guidance — The guidance of a

missile or other vehicle by reference to

celestial bodies.

celestial sphere — (*) An imaginary sphere

of infinite radius concentric with the Earth,

on which all celestial bodies except the

Earth are imagined to be projected.

cell — Small group of individuals who work

together for clandestine or subversive

purposes.

cell system — See net, chain, cell system.

censorship — See armed forces censorship;

civil censorship; field press censorship;

national censorship; primary

censorship; prisoner of war censorship;

secondary censorship.

center of burst — See mean point of impact.

centers of gravity — Those characteristics,

capabilities, or sources of power from

which a military force derives its freedom

of action, physical strength, or will to fight.

Also called COGs. See also capability;

decisive point. (JP 3-0)

centigray — (*) A unit of absorbed dose of

radiation (one centigray equals one rad).

central control officer — The officer

designated by the amphibious task force

commander for the overall coordination of

the waterborne ship-to-shore movement.

The central control officer is embarked in

the central control ship. Also called CCO.

(JP 3-02.2)

centralized control — (*) In air defense, the

control mode whereby a higher echelon

makes direct target assignments to fire units.

See also decentralized control.

centralized receiving and shipping point —

Actual location where containers with cargo

must be sorted before transshipment to the

appropriate supply support activity or
66 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

owning unit. Single consignee cargo and

ammunition will not pass through the

centralized receiving and shipping point.

Cargo will be shipped directly to the owner

with the movement organization

maintaining visibility, and ammunition will

go directly to the appropriate ammunition

storage facility. Also called CRSP.

(JP 4-01.7)

centrally managed item — An item of

materiel subject to inventory control point

(wholesale level) management.

central procurement — The procurement of

materiel, supplies, or services by an

officially designated command or agency

with funds specifically provided for such

procurement for the benefit and use of the

entire component or, in the case of single

managers, for the Military Departments as

a whole.

chaff — Radar confusion reflectors,

consisting of thin, narrow metallic strips

of various lengths and frequency responses,

which are used to reflect echoes for

confusion purposes. Causes enemy radar

guided missiles to lock on to it instead of

the real aircraft, ship, or other platform. See

also deception; rope.

chain — See net, chain, cell system.

chain of command — (*) The succession of

commanding officers from a superior to a

subordinate through which command is

exercised. Also called command channel.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Instruction — A replacement document

for all types of correspondence containing

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

(CJCS) policy and guidance that does not

involve the employment of forces. An

instruction is of indefinite duration and is

applicable to external agencies or both the

Joint Staff and external agencies. It remains

in effect until superseded, rescinded, or

otherwise canceled. CJCS Instructions,

unlike joint publications, will not contain

joint doctrine and/or joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures. Terminology

used in these publications will be consistent

with JP 1-02. Also called CJCSI. See also

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Manual. (JP 1-01)

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Manual — A document containing

detailed procedures for performing specific

tasks that do not involve the employment

of forces. A manual is of indefinite duration

and is applicable to external agencies or

both the Joint Staff and external agencies.

It may supplement a Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff Instruction or stand alone

and remains in effect until superseded,

rescinded, or otherwise canceled. Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manuals, unlike

joint publications, will not contain joint

doctrine and/or joint tactics, techniques, and

procedures. Terminology used in these

publications will be consistent with JP 1-02.

Also called CJCSM. See also Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction.

(JP 1-01)

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

memorandum of policy — A statement

of policy approved by the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff and issued for the

guidance of the Services, the combatant

commands, and the Joint Staff.

Chairman’s program assessment —

Provides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff’s personal appraisal on alternative

program recommendations and budget

proposals to the Secretary of Defense for

consideration in refining the defense

program and budget in accordance with 10

United States Code. The Chairman’s

program assessment comments on the risk

associated with the programmed allocation

of Defense resources and evaluates the
67

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

conformance of program objective

memoranda to the priorities established in

strategic plans and combatant commanders’

priority requirements. Also called CPA.

Chairman’s program recommendations —

Provides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff’s personal recommendations to the

Secretary of Defense for the programming

and budgeting process before publishing the

Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) in

accordance with 10 United States Code.

The Chairman’s program recommendations

articulates programs the Chairman deems

critical for the Secretary of Defense to

consider when identifying Department of

Defense (DOD) priorities and performance

goals in the DPG and emphasizes specific

recommendations that will enhance joint

readiness, promote joint doctrine and

training, improve joint warfighting

capabilities, and satisfy joint warfighting

requirements within DOD resource

constraints and within acceptable risk

levels. Also called CPR.

chalk commander — (*) The commander

of all troops embarked under one chalk

number. See also chalk number; chalk

troops.

chalk number — (*) The number given to a

complete load and to the transporting

carrier. See also chalk commander; chalk

troops.

chalk troops — (*) A load of troops defined

by a particular chalk number. See also

chalk commander; chalk number.

challenge — (*) Any process carried out by

one unit or person with the object of

ascertaining the friendly or hostile character

or identity of another. See also

countersign; password.

chancery — The building upon a diplomatic

or consular compound which houses the

offices of the chief of mission or principal

officer.

change of operational control — The date

and time (Coordinated Universal Time) at

which a force or unit is reassigned or

attached from one commander to another

where the gaining commander will exercise

operational control over that force or unit.

Also called CHOP. See also operational

control. (JP 0-2)

channel airlift — Common-user airlift

service provided on a scheduled basis

between two points. There are two types

of channel airlift. A requirements channel

serves two or more points on a scheduled

basis depending upon the volume of traffic;

a frequency channel is time-based and

serves two or more points at regular

intervals.

characteristic actuation probability — In

naval mine warfare, the average probability

of a mine of a given type being actuated by

one run of the sweep within the

characteristic actuation width.

characteristic actuation width — In naval

mine warfare, the width of path over which

mines can be actuated by a single run of

the sweep gear.

characteristic detection probability — In

naval mine warfare, the ratio of the number

of mines detected on a single run to the

number of mines which could have been

detected within the characteristic detection

width.

characteristic detection width — In naval

mine warfare, the width of path over which

mines can be detected on a single run.

charged demolition target — (*) A

demolition target on which all charges have

been placed and which is in the states of

readiness, either state 1--safe, or state
68 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

2--armed. See also state of readiness--

state 1--safe; state of readiness--state

2--armed.

chart base — (*) A chart used as a primary

source for compilation or as a framework

on which new detail is printed. Also called

topographic base.

chart index — See map index.

chart location of the battery — See battery

center.

chart series — See map; map series.

chart sheet — See map; map sheet.

check firing — In artillery, mortar, and naval

gunfire support, a command to cause a

temporary halt in firing. See also cease fire;

fire mission.

checkout — (*) A sequence of functional,

operational, and calibrational tests to

determine the condition and status of a

weapon system or element thereof.

checkpoint — (*) 1. A predetermined point

on the surface of the Earth used as a means

of controlling movement, a registration

target for fire adjustment, or reference for

location. 2. Center of impact; a burst center.

3. Geographical location on land or water

above which the position of an aircraft in

flight may be determined by observation

or by electrical means. 4. A place where

military police check vehicular or

pedestrian traffic in order to enforce

circulation control measures and other laws,

orders, and regulations.

check sweeping — (*) In naval mine warfare,

sweeping to check that no moored mines

are left after a previous clearing operation.

chemical agent — Any toxic chemical

intended for use in military operations. See

also chemical ammunition; chemical

defense; chemical dose; chemical

environment; chemical warfare; riot

control agent. (JP 3-11)

chemical agent cumulative action — The

building up, within the human body, of

small ineffective doses of certain chemical

agents to a point where eventual effect is

similar to one large dose.

chemical ammunition — (*) A type of

ammunition, the filler of which is primarily

a chemical agent.

chemical ammunition cargo — Cargo such

as white phosphorous munitions (shell and

grenades).

chemical, biological, and radiological

operation — (*) A collective term used

only when referring to a combined

chemical, biological, and radiological

operation.

chemical contamination — See

contamination. (JP 3-11)

chemical defense — (*) The methods, plans,

and procedures involved in establishing and

executing defensive measures against attack

utilizing chemical agents. See also nuclear,

biological, and chemical defense.

chemical dose — (*) The amount of chemical

agent, expressed in milligrams, that is taken

or absorbed by the body.

chemical environment — (*) Conditions

found in an area resulting from direct or

persisting effects of chemical weapons.

chemical horn — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine horn containing an electric battery,

the electrolyte for which is in a glass tube

protected by a thin metal sheet. Also called

Hertz Horn.
69

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

chemical monitoring — (*) The continued

or periodic process of determining whether

or not a chemical agent is present. See also

chemical survey.

chemical operation — (*) Employment of

chemical agents to kill, injure, or

incapacitate for a significant period of time,

man or animals, and deny or hinder the

use of areas, facilities, or materiel; or

defense against such employment.

chemical survey — (*) The directed effort

to determine the nature and degree of

chemical hazard in an area and to delineate

the perimeter of the hazard area.

chemical warfare — All aspects of military

operations involving the employment of

lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents

and the warning and protective measures

associated with such offensive operations.

Since riot control agents and herbicides are

not considered to be chemical warfare

agents, those two items will be referred to

separately or under the broader term

“chemical,” which will be used to include

all types of chemical munitions/agents

collectively. Also called CW. See also

chemical agent; chemical defense;

chemical dose; chemical environment;

chemical weapon; riot control agent.

(JP 3-11)

chemical weapon — Together or separately,

(a) a toxic chemical and its precursors,

except when intended for a purpose not

prohibited under the Chemical Weapons

Convention; (b) a munition or device,

specifically designed to cause death or other

harm through toxic properties of those

chemicals specified in (a), above, which

would be released as a result of the

employment of such munition or device;

(c) any equipment specifically designed for

use directly in connection with the

employment of munitions or devices

specified in (b), above. See also chemical

agent; chemical defense; chemical dose;

chemical environment; chemical

warfare; riot control agent. (JP 3-11)

chief Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine

Corps censor — An officer appointed by

the commander of the Army, Navy, Air

Force, or Marine Corps component of a

unified command to supervise all

censorship activities of that Service.

chief of mission — A chief of mission (COM)

(normally the ambassador) is the principal

officer in charge of a diplomatic facility of

the United States, including any individual

assigned to be temporarily in charge of such

a facility. The COM is the personal

representative of the President to the

country of accreditation. The COM is

responsible for the direction, coordination,

and supervision of all US Government

executive branch employees in that country

(except those under the command of a US

area military commander). The security of

the diplomatic post is the COM’s direct

responsibility. Also called COM.

chief of staff — The senior or principal

member or head of a staff, or the principal

assistant in a staff capacity to a person in a

command capacity; the head or controlling

member of a staff, for purposes of the

coordination of its work; a position that in

itself is without inherent power of command

by reason of assignment, except that which

is invested in such a position by delegation

to exercise command in another’s name.

chronic radiation dose — A dose of ionizing

radiation received either continuously or

intermittently over a prolonged period of

time. A chronic radiation dose may be high

enough to cause radiation sickness and

death but, if received at a low dose rate, a

significant portion of the acute cellular

damage may be repaired. See also acute

radiation dose; radiation dose; radiation

dose rate.
70 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

chuffing — (*) The characteristic of some

rockets to burn intermittently and with an

irregular noise.

CINC’s required date — The original date

relative to C-day, specified by the

combatant commander for arrival of forces

or cargo at the destination; shown in the

time-phased force and deployment data to

assess the impact of later arrival. Also

called CRD.

CINC’s strategic concept — Final

document produced in step 5 of the concept

development phase of the deliberate

planning process. The CINC’s strategic

concept is used as the vehicle to distribute

the CINC’s decision and planning guidance

for accomplishing Joint Strategic

Capabilities Plan or other Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) taskings. CJCS

approval of the strategic concept becomes

the basis of the plan for development into

an operation plan or operation plan in

concept format. Also called CSC. (JP 5-0)

cipher — Any cryptographic system in which

arbitrary symbols (or groups of symbols)

represent units of plain text of regular

length, usually single letters; units of plain

text are rearranged; or both, in accordance

with certain predetermined rules. See also

cryptosystem.

circular error probable — An indicator of

the delivery accuracy of a weapon system,

used as a factor in determining probable

damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle

within which half of a missile’s projectiles

are expected to fall. Also called CEP. See

also delivery error; deviation; dispersion

error; horizontal error.

civic action — See military civic action.

civil administration — An administration

established by a foreign government in (1)

friendly territory, under an agreement with

the government of the area concerned, to

exercise certain authority normally the

function of the local government; or (2)

hostile territory, occupied by United States

forces, where a foreign government

exercises executive, legislative, and judicial

authority until an indigenous civil

government can be established. Also called

CA administration. (JP 3-57)

civil affairs — Designated Active and

Reserve component forces and units

organized, trained, and equipped

specifically to conduct civil affairs activities

and to support civil-military operations. See

also civil affairs activities; civil-military

operations. Also called CA. (JP 3-57)

civil affairs activities — Activities performed

or supported by civil affairs that (1) enhance

the relationship between military forces and

civil authorities in areas where military

forces are present; and (2) involve

application of civil affairs functional

specialty skills, in areas normally the

responsibility of civil government, to

enhance conduct of civil-military

operations. See also civil affairs; civilmilitary operations. (JP 3-57)

civil affairs agreement — An agreement that

governs the relationship between allied

armed forces located in a friendly country

and the civil authorities and people of that

country. See also civil affairs.

civil augmentation program — Standing,

long-term contacts designed to augment

Service logistic capabilities with contract

support in both preplanned and short notice

contingencies. Examples include US Army

Logistics Civilian Augmentation Program,

US Air Force Contract Augmentation

Program, and US Navy Construction

Capabilities Contract. See also

contingency. (JP 4-07)
71

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

civil censorship — Censorship of civilian

communications, such as messages, printed

matter, and films entering, leaving, or

circulating within areas or territories

occupied or controlled by armed forces. See

also censorship.

civil damage assessment — An appraisal of

damage to a nation’s population, industry,

utilities, communications, transportation,

food, water, and medical resources to

support planning for national recovery. See

also damage assessment.

civil defense — All those activities and

measures designed or undertaken to: a.

minimize the effects upon the civilian

population caused or which would be

caused by an enemy attack on the United

States; b. deal with the immediate

emergency conditions that would be created

by any such attack; and c. effectuate

emergency repairs to, or the emergency

restoration of, vital utilities and facilities

destroyed or damaged by any such attack.

civil defense emergency — See domestic

emergencies.

civil defense intelligence — The product

resulting from the collection and evaluation

of information concerning all aspects of the

situation in the United States and its

territories that are potential or actual targets

of any enemy attack including, in the

preattack phase, the emergency measures

taken and estimates of the civil populations’

preparedness. In the event of an actual

attack, the information will include a

description of conditions in the affected area

with emphasis on the extent of damage,

fallout levels, and casualty and resource

estimates. The product is required by civil

and military authorities for use in the

formulation of decisions, the conduct of

operations, and the continuation of the

planning processes.

civil disturbance — (*) Group acts of

violence and disorder prejudicial to public

law and order. See also domestic

emergencies.

civil disturbance readiness conditions —

Required conditions of preparedness to be

attained by military forces in preparation

for deployment to an objective area in

response to an actual or threatened civil

disturbance.

civil engineering — Those combat support

and combat service support activities that

identify, design, construct, lease, or provide

facilities, and which operate, maintain, and

perform war damage repair and other

engineering functions in support of military

operations. See also civil engineering

support plan; combat service support;

combat support. (JP 4-04)

civil engineering support plan — An

appendix to the logistics annex or separate

annex of an operation plan that identifies

the minimum essential engineering services

and construction requirements required to

support the commitment of military forces.

Also called CESP. See also civil

engineering; operation plan. (JP 4-04)

civilian internee — 1. A civilian who is

interned during armed conflict or

occupation for security reasons or for

protection or because he or she has

committed an offense against the detaining

power. 2. A term used to refer to persons

interned and protected in accordance with

the Geneva Convention Relative to the

Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of

War, 12 August 1949 (Geneva Convention).

Also called CI. See also prisoner of war.

civilian internee camp — An installation

established for the internment and

administration of civilian internees.
72 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

civil-military operations — The activities of

a commander that establish, maintain,

influence, or exploit relations between

military forces, governmental and

nongovernmental civilian organizations and

authorities, and the civilian populace in a

friendly, neutral, or hostile operational area

in order to facilitate military operations, to

consolidate and achieve operational US

objectives. Civil-military operations may

include performance by military forces of

activities and functions normally the

responsibility of the local, regional, or

national government. These activities may

occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other

military actions. They may also occur, if

directed, in the absence of other military

operations. Civil-military operations may

be performed by designated civil affairs, by

other military forces, or by a combination

of civil affairs and other forces. Also called

CMO. See also civil affairs; operation.

(JP 3-57)

civil-military operations center — An ad

hoc organization, normally established by

the geographic combatant commander or

subordinate joint force commander, to assist

in the coordination of activities of engaged

military forces, and other United States

Government agencies, nongovernmental

organizations, and regional and

international organizations. There is no

established structure, and its size and

composition are situation dependent. Also

called CMOC. See also civil affairs

activities; civil-military operations;

operation. (JP 3-57)

civil nuclear power — A nation that has the

potential to employ nuclear technology for

development of nuclear weapons but has

deliberately decided against doing so.

civil requirements — The necessary

production and distribution of all types of

services, supplies, and equipment during

periods of armed conflict or occupation to

ensure the productive efficiency of the

civilian economy and to provide to civilians

the treatment and protection to which they

are entitled under customary and

conventional international law.

civil reserve air fleet — A program in which

the Department of Defense uses aircraft

owned by a US entity or citizen. The

aircraft are allocated by the Department of

Transportation to augment the military

airlift capability of the Department of

Defense. These aircraft are allocated, in

accordance with DOD requirements, to

segments, according to their capabilities,

such as International Long Range and Short

Range Cargo and Passenger sections,

National (Domestic and Alaskan sections)

and Aeromedical Evacuation and other

segments as may be mutually agreed upon

by the Department of Defense and the

Department of Transportation. Also called

CRAF. See also reserve.

civil transportation — The movement of

persons, property, or mail by civil facilities,

and the resources (including storage, except

that for agricultural and petroleum

products) necessary to accomplish the

movement. (Excludes transportation

operated or controlled by the military as

well as petroleum and gas pipelines.)

clandestine operation — An operation

sponsored or conducted by governmental

departments or agencies in such a way as

to assure secrecy or concealment. A

clandestine operation differs from a covert

operation in that emphasis is placed on

concealment of the operation rather than on

concealment of the identity of the sponsor.

In special operations, an activity may be

both covert and clandestine and may focus

equally on operational considerations and

intelligence-related activities. See also

covert operation; overt operation. (JP 3-05.3)
73

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

classes of supply — There are ten categories

into which supplies are grouped in order to

facilitate supply management and planning.

I. Rations and gratuitous issue of health,

morale, and welfare items. II. Clothing,

individual equipment, tentage, tool sets, and

administrative and housekeeping supplies

and equipment. III. Petroleum, oils, and

lubricants. IV. Construction materiels. V.

Ammunition. VI. Personal demand items.

VII. Major end items, including tanks,

helicopters, and radios. VIII. Medical. IX.

Repair parts and components for equipment

maintenance. X. Nonstandard items to

support nonmilitary programs such as

agriculture and economic development.

See also ammunition; petroleum, oils,

and lubricants. (JP 4-09)

classification — The determination that

official information requires, in the interests

of national security, a specific degree of

protection against unauthorized disclosure,

coupled with a designation signifying that

such a determination has been made. See

also security classification.

classification of bridges and vehicles — See

military load classification.

classified contract — Any contract that

requires or will require access to classified

information by the contractor or the

employees in the performance of the

contract. (A contract may be classified even

though the contract document itself is not

classified.)

classified information — Official

information that has been determined to

require, in the interests of national security,

protection against unauthorized disclosure

and which has been so designated.

classified matter — (*) Official information

or matter in any form or of any nature which

requires protection in the interests of

national security. See also unclassified

matter.

clean aircraft — 1. An aircraft in flight

configuration (versus landing

configuration); i.e., landing gear and flaps

retracted, etc. 2. An aircraft that does not

have external stores.

cleansing station — See decontamination

station.

clear — 1. To approve or authorize, or to

obtain approval or authorization for: a. a

person or persons with regard to their

actions, movements, duties, etc.; b. an

object or group of objects, as equipment or

supplies, with regard to quality, quantity,

purpose, movement, disposition, etc.; and

c. a request, with regard to correctness of

form, validity, etc. 2. To give one or more

aircraft a clearance. 3. To give a person a

security clearance. 4. To fly over an

obstacle without touching it. 5. To pass a

designated point, line, or object. The end

of a column must pass the designated

feature before the latter is cleared. 6. a. To

operate a gun so as to unload it or make

certain no ammunition remains; and b. to

free a gun of stoppages. 7. To clear an

engine; to open the throttle of an idling

engine to free it from carbon. 8. To clear

the air to gain either temporary or

permanent air superiority or control in a

given sector.

clearance capacity — An estimate expressed

in terms of measurement or weight tons per

day of the cargo that may be transported

inland from a beach or port over the

available means of inland communication,

including roads, railroads, and inland

waterways. The estimate is based on an

evaluation of the physical characteristics of

the transportation facilities in the area. See

also beach capacity; port capacity.
74 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

clearance rate — (*) The area which would

be cleared per unit time with a stated

minimum percentage clearance, using

specific minehunting and/or minesweeping

procedures.

clearing operation — An operation designed

to clear or neutralize all mines and obstacles

from a route or area. (JP 3-15)

clock code position — The position of a target

in relation to an aircraft or ship with

dead-ahead position considered as 12

o’clock.

close air support — Air action by fixed- and

rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets

that are in close proximity to friendly forces

and that require detailed integration of each

air mission with the fire and movement of

those forces. Also called CAS. See also

air interdiction; air support; immediate

mission request; preplanned mission

request. (JP 3-0)

close-controlled air interception — (*) An

interception in which the interceptor is

continuously controlled to a position from

which the target is within visual range or

radar contact. See also air interception.

closed area — (*) A designated area in or

over which passage of any kind is

prohibited. See also prohibited area.

close support — (*) That action of the

supporting force against targets or

objectives which are sufficiently near the

supported force as to require detailed

integration or coordination of the

supporting action with the fire, movement,

or other actions of the supported force. See

also direct support; general support;

mutual support; support.

close support area — Those parts of the

ocean operating areas nearest to, but not

necessarily in, the objective area. They are

assigned to naval support carrier battle

groups, surface action groups, surface

action units, and certain logistic combat

service support elements. (JP 3-02)

closure — In transportation, the process of a

unit arriving at a specified location. It

begins when the first element arrives at a

designated location, e.g., port of entry and/

or port of departure, intermediate stops, or

final destination, and ends when the last

element does likewise. For the purposes of

studies and command post exercises, a unit

is considered essentially closed after 95

percent of its movement requirements for

personnel and equipment are completed.

closure minefield — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a minefield which is planned to

present such a threat that waterborne

shipping is prevented from moving.

closure shortfall — The specified movement

requirement or portion thereof that did not

meet scheduling criteria and/or movement

dates.

cloud amount — (*) The proportion of sky

obscured by cloud, expressed as a fraction

of sky covered.

cloud chamber effect — See condensation

cloud.

cloud top height — The maximal altitude to

which a nuclear mushroom cloud rises.

cluster bomb unit — (*) An aircraft store

composed of a dispenser and submunitions.

Also called CBU.

clutter — Permanent echoes, cloud, or other

atmospheric echo on radar scope; as contact

has entered scope clutter. See also radar

clutter.
75

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

coalition — An ad hoc arrangement between

two or more nations for common action.

See also alliance; multinational. (JP 5-0)

coalition action — Multinational action

outside the bounds of established alliances,

usually for single occasions or longer

cooperation in a narrow sector of common

interest. See also alliance; coalition;

multinational operations. (JP 5-0)

coalition coordination cell — An ad hoc

unified or sub-unified staff organization

composed of staff elements required to

integrate coalition contributions (forces and

capabilities) into a contingency operation.

Also called CCC.

coarse mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

relatively insensitive influence mine.

coassembly — With respect to exports, a

cooperative arrangement (e.g., US

Government or company with foreign

government or company) by which finished

parts, components, assemblies, or

subassemblies are provided to an eligible

foreign government, international

organization, or commercial producer for

the assembly of an end-item or system. This

is normally accomplished under the

provisions of a manufacturing license

agreement per the US International Traffic

in Arms Regulation and could involve the

implementation of a government-togovernment memorandum of understanding.

coastal convoy — (*) A convoy whose

voyage lies in general on the continental

shelf and in coastal waters.

coastal frontier — A geographic division of

a coastal area, established for organization

and command purposes in order to ensure

the effective coordination of military forces

employed in military operations within the

coastal frontier area.

coastal refraction — (*) The change of the

direction of travel of a radio ground wave

as it passes from land to sea or from sea to

land. Also called land effect or shoreline

effect.

coastal sea control — The employment of

forces to ensure the unimpeded use of an

offshore coastal area by friendly forces and,

as appropriate, to deny the use of the area

to enemy forces. (JP 3-10)

code — 1. Any system of communication in

which arbitrary groups of symbols represent

units of plain text of varying length. Codes

may be used for brevity or for security. 2.

A cryptosystem in which the cryptographic

equivalents (usually called “code groups”),

typically consisting of letters or digits (or

both) in otherwise meaningless

combinations, are substituted for plain text

elements which are primarily words,

phrases, or sentences. See also

cryptosystem.

code word — (*) 1. A word that has been

assigned a classification and a classified

meaning to safeguard intentions and

information regarding a classified plan or

operation. 2. A cryptonym used to identify

sensitive intelligence data.

cold war — A state of international tension

wherein political, economic, technological,

sociological, psychological, paramilitary,

and military measures short of overt armed

conflict involving regular military forces

are employed to achieve national objectives.

collaborative purchase — A method of

purchase whereby, in buying similar

commodities, buyers for two or more

departments exchange information

concerning planned purchases in order to

minimize competition between them for

commodities in the same market.
76 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

collapse depth — (*) The design depth,

referenced to the axis of the pressure hull,

beyond which the hull structure or hull

penetrations are presumed to suffer

catastrophic failure to the point of total

collapse.

collate — 1. The grouping together of related

items to provide a record of events and

facilitate further processing. 2. To compare

critically two or more items or documents

concerning the same general subject;

normally accomplished in the processing

and exploitation phase in the intelligence

cycle. See also intelligence cycle. (JP 2-0)

collateral damage — Unintentional or

incidental injury or damage to persons or

objects that would not be lawful military

targets in the circumstances ruling at the

time. Such damage is not unlawful so long

as it is not excessive in light of the overall

military advantage anticipated from the

attack. (JP 3-60)

collateral mission — A mission other than

those for which a force is primarily

organized, trained, and equipped, that the

force can accomplish by virtue of the

inherent capabilities of that force. (JP 3-05.3)

collection — See intelligence cycle, Subpart b.

collection (acquisition) — The obtaining of

information in any manner, including direct

observation, liaison with official agencies,

or solicitation from official, unofficial, or

public sources.

collection agency — Any individual,

organization, or unit that has access to

sources of information and the capability

of collecting information from them. See

also agency.

collection asset — A collection system,

platform, or capability that is supporting,

assigned, or attached to a particular

commander. See also capability;

collection. (JP 2-01)

collection coordination facility line number

— An arbitrary number assigned to

contingency intelligence reconnaissance

objectives by the Defense Intelligence

Agency collection coordination facility to

facilitate all-source collection.

collection management — In intelligence

usage, the process of converting intelligence

requirements into collection requirements,

establishing priorities, tasking or

coordinating with appropriate collection

sources or agencies, monitoring results, and

retasking, as required. See also collection;

collection requirement; collection

requirements management; intelligence;

intelligence cycle. (JP 2-0)

collection management authority —

Constitutes the authority to establish,

prioritize, and validate theater collection

requirements, establish sensor tasking

guidance, and develop theater collection

plans. Also called CMA. See also

collection manager; collection plan;

collection requirement. (JP 2-01)

collection manager — An individual with

responsibility for the timely and efficient

tasking of organic collection resources and

the development of requirements for theater

and national assets that could satisfy

specific information needs in support of the

mission. Also called CM. See also

collection; collection management

authority. (JP 2-01)

collection operations management — The

authoritative direction, scheduling, and

control of specific collection operations and

associated processing, exploitation, and

reporting resources. Also called COM. See

also collection management; collection

requirements management. (JP 2-0)
77

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

collection plan — (*) A plan for collecting

information from all available sources to

meet intelligence requirements and for

transforming those requirements into orders

and requests to appropriate agencies. See

also information; information

requirements; intelligence cycle.

collection planning — A continuous process

that coordinates and integrates the efforts

of all collection units and agencies. See

also collection. (JP 2-0)

collection point — A point designated for

the assembly of personnel casualties,

stragglers, disabled materiel, salvage, etc.,

for further movement to collecting stations

or rear installations.

collection requirement — An established

intelligence need considered in the

allocation of intelligence resources to fulfill

the essential elements of information and

other intelligence needs of a commander.

collection requirements management —

The authoritative development and control

of collection, processing, exploitation, and/

or reporting requirements that normally

result in either the direct tasking of assets

over which the collection manager has

authority, or the generation of tasking

requests to collection management

authorities at a higher, lower, or lateral

echelon to accomplish the collection

mission. Also called CRM. See also

collection; collection management;

collection operations management. (JP 2-0)

collection resource — A collection system,

platform, or capability that is not assigned

or attached to a specific unit or echelon

which must be requested and coordinated

through the chain of command. See also

collection management. (JP 2-01)

collective call sign — (*) Any call sign which

represents two or more facilities,

commands, authorities, or units. The

collective call sign for any of these includes

the commander thereof and all subordinate

commanders therein. See also call sign.

collective nuclear, biological, and chemical

protection — (*) Protection provided to a

group of individuals in a nuclear, biological,

and chemical environment which permits

relaxation of individual nuclear, biological,

and chemical protection.

collective self-defense — Collective selfdefense is the act of defending other

designated non-US forces. Only the

National Command Authorities may

authorize US forces to exercise the right of

collective self-defense.

collocation — (*) The physical placement

of two or more detachments, units,

organizations, or facilities at a specifically

defined location.

colored beach — That portion of usable

coastline sufficient for the assault landing

of a regimental landing team or similar sized

unit. In the event that the landing force

consists of a single battalion landing team,

a colored beach will be used and no further

subdivision of the beach is required. See

also numbered beach. (JP 3-02)

column formation — (*) A formation in

which elements are placed one behind the

other.

column gap — (*) The space between two

consecutive elements proceeding on the

same route. It can be calculated in units of

length or in units of time measured from

the rear of one element to the front of the

following element.

column length — (*) The length of the

roadway occupied by a column or a convoy

in movement. See also road space.
78 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

combat air patrol — (*) An aircraft patrol

provided over an objective area, the force

protected, the critical area of a combat zone,

or in an air defense area, for the purpose of

intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft

before they reach their targets. Also called

CAP. See also airborne alert; barrier

combat air patrol; patrol; rescue combat

air patrol.

combat airspace control — See airspace

control in the combat zone. (JP 3-52)

combat and operational stress — The

expected and predictable emotional,

intellectual, physical, and/or behavioral

reactions of Service members who have

been exposed to stressful events in war or

military operations other than war. Combat

stress reactions vary in quality and severity

as a function of operational conditions, such

as intensity, duration, rules of engagement,

leadership, effective communication, unit

morale, unit cohesion, and perceived

importance of the mission. (JP 4-02)

combatant command — A unified or

specified command with a broad continuing

mission under a single commander

established and so designated by the

President, through the Secretary of Defense

and with the advice and assistance of the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Combatant commands typically have

geographic or functional responsibilities.

See also specified command; unified

command. (JP 5-0)

combatant command (command

authority) — Nontransferable command

authority established by title 10 (“Armed

Forces”), United States Code, section 164,

exercised only by commanders of unified

or specified combatant commands unless

otherwise directed by the President or the

Secretary of Defense. Combatant

command (command authority) cannot be

delegated and is the authority of a

combatant commander to perform those

functions of command over assigned forces

involving organizing and employing

commands and forces, assigning tasks,

designating objectives, and giving

authoritative direction over all aspects of

military operations, joint training, and

logistics necessary to accomplish the

missions assigned to the command.

Combatant command (command authority)

should be exercised through the

commanders of subordinate organizations.

Normally this authority is exercised through

subordinate joint force commanders and

Service and/or functional component

commanders. Combatant command

(command authority) provides full

authority to organize and employ

commands and forces as the combatant

commander considers necessary to

accomplish assigned missions. Operational

control is inherent in combatant command

(command authority). Also called

COCOM. See also combatant command;

combatant commander; operational

control; tactical control. (JP 0-2)

combatant commander — A commander in

chief of one of the unified or specified

combatant commands established by the

President. Also called CINC. See also

combatant command. (JP 0-2)

combat area — A restricted area (air, land,

or sea) that is established to prevent or

minimize mutual interference between

friendly forces engaged in combat

operations. See also combat zone.

combat assessment — The determination of

the overall effectiveness of force

employment during military operations.

Combat assessment is composed of three

major components: (a) battle damage

assessment; (b) munitions effectiveness

assessment; and (c) reattack

recommendation. Also called CA. See also

battle damage assessment; munitions
79

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

effectiveness assessment; reattack

recommendation. (JP 3-60)

combat camera — Visual information

documentation covering air, sea, and

ground actions of the Armed Forces of the

United States in combat or combat support

operations and in related peacetime training

activities such as exercises, war games, and

operations. Also called COMCAM. See

also visual information; visual

information documentation.

combat cargo officer — An embarkation

officer assigned to major amphibious ships

or naval staffs, functioning primarily as an

adviser to and representative of the naval

commander in matters pertaining to

embarkation and debarkation of troops and

their supplies and equipment. Also called

CCO. See also embarkation officer.

combat chart — A special naval chart, at a

scale of 1:50,000, designed for naval

surface fire support and close air support

during coastal or amphibious operations

and showing detailed hydrography and

topography in the coastal belt. See also

amphibious chart.

combat control team — A small task

organized team of Air Force parachute and

combat diver qualified personnel trained

and equipped to rapidly establish and

control drop, landing, and extraction zone

air traffic in austere or hostile conditions.

They survey and establish terminal airheads

as well as provide guidance to aircraft for

airlift operations. They provide command

and control, and conduct reconnaissance,

surveillance, and survey assessments of

potential objective airfields or assault zones.

They also can perform limited weather

observations and removal of obstacles or

unexploded ordinance with demolitions.

Also called CCT. (JP 3-17)

combat engineering — Those engineering

tasks that assist the tactical and/or

operational commander to “shape” the

battlespace by enhancing mobility, creating

the space and time necessary to generate

mass and speed while protecting the force

and denying mobility and key terrain to the

enemy. These tasks include breaching,

bridging, and emplacement of obstacles to

deny mobility to the enemy. (JP 3-34)

combat forces — Those forces whose

primary missions are to participate in

combat. See also operating forces.

combat information — Unevaluated data,

gathered by or provided directly to the

tactical commander which, due to its highly

perishable nature or the criticality of the

situation, cannot be processed into tactical

intelligence in time to satisfy the user’s

tactical intelligence requirements. See also

information.

combat information center — (*) The

agency in a ship or aircraft manned and

equipped to collect, display, evaluate, and

disseminate tactical information for the use

of the embarked flag officer, commanding

officer, and certain control agencies.

Certain control, assistance, and

coordination functions may be delegated by

command to the combat information center.

Also called action information center;

CIC. See also air defense control center.

combat intelligence — That knowledge of

the enemy, weather, and geographical

features required by a commander in the

planning and conduct of combat operations.

combat loading — (*) The arrangement of

personnel and the stowage of equipment

and supplies in a manner designed to

conform to the anticipated tactical operation

of the organization embarked. Each
80 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

individual item is stowed so that it can be

unloaded at the required time. See also

loading.

combat power — (*) The total means of

destructive and/or disruptive force which a

military unit/formation can apply against

the opponent at a given time.

combat readiness — Synonymous with

operational readiness, with respect to

missions or functions performed in combat.

combat search and rescue — A specific task

performed by rescue forces to effect the

recovery of distressed personnel during war

or military operations other than war. Also

called CSAR. See also search and rescue.

(JP 3-50.2)

combat search and rescue mission

coordinator — The designated person or

organization selected to direct and

coordinate support for a specific combat

search and rescue mission. Also called

CSAR mission coordinator. See also

combat search and rescue; component

search and rescue controller; search and

rescue; search and rescue mission

coordinator. (JP 3-50.2)

combat search and rescue task force — All

forces committed to a specific combat

search and rescue operation to search for,

locate, identify, and recover isolated

personnel during wartime or contingency

operations. This includes those elements

assigned to provide command and control

and protect the recovery vehicle from

enemy air or ground attack. Also called

CSARTF. See also combat search and

rescue; search; search and rescue.

(JP 3-50.21)

combat service support — The essential

capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks

necessary to sustain all elements of

operating forces in theater at all levels of

war. Within the national and theater logistic

systems, it includes but is not limited to that

support rendered by service forces in

ensuring the aspects of supply,

maintenance, transportation, health

services, and other services required by

aviation and ground combat troops to

permit those units to accomplish their

missions in combat. Combat service

support encompasses those activities at all

levels of war that produce sustainment to

all operating forces on the battlefield. Also

called CSS. See also combat support.

(JP 4-0)

combat service support area — An area

ashore that is organized to contain the

necessary supplies, equipment,

installations, and elements to provide the

landing force with combat service support

throughout the operation. Also called

CSSA. (JP 3-02)

combat service support element — The core

element of a Marine air-ground task force

(MAGTF) that is task-organized to provide

the combat service support necessary to

accomplish the MAGTF mission. The

combat service support element varies in

size from a small detachment to one or more

force service support groups. It provides

supply, maintenance, transportation,

general engineering, health services, and a

variety of other services to the MAGTF.

The combat service support element itself

is not a formal command. Also called

CSSE. See also aviation combat element;

command element; ground combat

element; Marine air-ground task force;

Marine expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine

expeditionary unit; special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

combat service support elements — Those

elements whose primary missions are to

provide service support to combat forces

and which are a part, or prepared to become
81

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a part, of a theater, command, or task force

formed for combat operations. See also

operating forces; service troops; troops.

combat support — Fire support and

operational assistance provided to combat

elements. Also called CS. See also combat

service support. (JP 4-0)

combat support elements — Those elements

whose primary missions are to provide

combat support to the combat forces and

which are a part, or prepared to become a

part, of a theater, command, or task force

formed for combat operations. See also

operating forces.

combat support troops — Those units or

organizations whose primary mission is to

furnish operational assistance for the

combat elements. See also troops.

combat surveillance — A continuous,

all-weather, day-and-night, systematic

watch over the battle area in order to

provide timely information for tactical

combat operations.

combat surveillance radar — Radar with

the normal function of maintaining

continuous watch over a combat area.

combat survival — (*) Those measures to

be taken by Service personnel when

involuntarily separated from friendly forces

in combat, including procedures relating to

individual survival, evasion, escape, and

conduct after capture.

combatting terrorism — Actions, including

antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to

reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and

counterterrorism (offensive measures taken

to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism),

taken to oppose terrorism throughout the

entire threat spectrum. Also called CBT.

See also antiterrorism; counterterrorism.

combat vehicle — A vehicle, with or without

armor, designed for a specific fighting

function. Armor protection or armament

mounted as supplemental equipment on

noncombat vehicles will not change the

classification of such vehicles to combat

vehicles.

combat visual information support center

— A visual information support facility

established at a base of operations during

war or military operations other than war

to provide limited visual information

support to the base and its supported

elements. Also called CVISC.

combat zone — 1. That area required by

combat forces for the conduct of operations.

2. The territory forward of the Army rear

area boundary. See also combat area;

communications zone.

combination influence mine — (*) A mine

designed to actuate only when two or more

different influences are received either

simultaneously or in a predetermined order.

Also called combined influence mine. See

also mine.

combination mission/level of

effort-oriented items — Items for which

requirement computations are based on the

criteria used for both level of effort-oriented

and mission-oriented items.

combined — Between two or more forces or

agencies of two or more allies. (When all

allies or services are not involved, the

participating nations and services shall be

identified, e.g., combined navies.) See also

joint.

combined airspeed indicator — (*) An

instrument which displays both indicated

airspeed and mach number.
82 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

combined arms team — The full integration

and application of two or more arms or

elements of one Military Service into an

operation. (JP 3-18)

combined force — A military force

composed of elements of two or more allied

nations. See also force(s).

combined influence mine — See

combination influence mine.

combined operation — (*) An operation

conducted by forces of two or more Allied

nations acting together for the

accomplishment of a single mission.

combustor — (*) A name generally assigned

to the combination of flame holder or

stabilizer, igniter, combustion chamber, and

injection system of a ramjet or gas turbine.

command — 1. The authority that a

commander in the Armed Forces lawfully

exercises over subordinates by virtue of

rank or assignment. Command includes the

authority and responsibility for effectively

using available resources and for planning

the employment of, organizing, directing,

coordinating, and controlling military

forces for the accomplishment of assigned

missions. It also includes responsibility for

health, welfare, morale, and discipline of

assigned personnel. 2. An order given by

a commander; that is, the will of the

commander expressed for the purpose of

bringing about a particular action. 3. A

unit or units, an organization, or an area

under the command of one individual. Also

called CMD. See also area command;

base command; combatant command;

combatant command (command

authority). (JP 0-2)

command and control — The exercise of

authority and direction by a properly

designated commander over assigned and

attached forces in the accomplishment of

the mission. Command and control

functions are performed through an

arrangement of personnel, equipment,

communications, facilities, and procedures

employed by a commander in planning,

directing, coordinating, and controlling

forces and operations in the

accomplishment of the mission. Also called

C2. (JP 0-2)

command and control system — The

facilities, equipment, communications,

procedures, and personnel essential to a

commander for planning, directing, and

controlling operations of assigned forces

pursuant to the missions assigned.

command and control warfare — The

integrated use of operations security,

military deception, psychological

operations, electronic warfare, and physical

destruction, mutually supported by

intelligence, to deny information to,

influence, degrade, or destroy adversary

command and control capabilities, while

protecting friendly command and control

capabilities against such actions. Command

and control warfare is an application of

information operations in military

operations. Also called C2W. C2W is

both offensive and defensive: a.

C2-attack. Prevent effective C2 of

adversary forces by denying information to,

influencing, degrading, or destroying the

adversary C2 system. b. C2-protect.

Maintain effective command and control of

own forces by turning to friendly advantage

or negating adversary efforts to deny

information to, influence, degrade, or

destroy the friendly C2 system. See also

command and control; electronic

warfare; information operations;

intelligence; military deception;

operations security; psychological

operations. (JP 3-13.1)
83

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

command axis — (*) A line along which a

headquarters will move.

command center — A facility from which a

commander and his or her representatives

direct operations and control forces. It is

organized to gather, process, analyze,

display, and disseminate planning and

operational data and perform other related

tasks. Also called CC.

command channel — See chain of

command.

command chaplain — The senior chaplain

assigned to or designated by a commander

of a staff, command, or unit. See also

command chaplain of the combatant

command; lay leader or lay reader;

religious ministry support; religious

ministry support plan; religious ministry

support team; Service component

command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

command chaplain of the combatant

command — The senior chaplain assigned

to the staff of, or designated by, the

combatant commander to provide advice

on religion, ethics, and morale of assigned

personnel and to coordinate religious

ministries within the commander’s area of

responsibility. The command chaplain of

the combatant command may be supported

by a staff of chaplains and enlisted religious

support personnel. See also command

chaplain; lay leader or lay reader;

religious ministry support; religious

ministry support plan; religious ministry

support team; Service component

command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

command, control, communications, and

computer systems — Integrated systems

of doctrine, procedures, organizational

structures, personnel, equipment, facilities,

and communications designed to support a

commander’s exercise of command and

control across the range of military

operations. Also called C4 systems. See

also command and control; tactical

command, control, communications, and

computer system(s). (JP 6-0)

command controlled stocks — (*) Stocks

which are placed at the disposal of a

designated NATO commander in order to

provide him with a flexibility with which

to influence the battle logistically. “Placed

at the disposal of” implies responsibility for

storage, maintenance, accounting, rotation

or turnover, physical security, and

subsequent transportation to a particular

battle area.

command destruct signal — (*) A signal

used to operate intentionally the destruction

signal in a missile.

command detonated mine — (*) A mine

detonated by remotely controlled means.

command ejection system — See ejection

systems.

command element — The core element of a

Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF)

that is the headquarters. The command

element is composed of the commander,

general or executive and special staff

sections, headquarters section, and requisite

communications support, intelligence, and

reconnaissance forces necessary to

accomplish the MAGTF mission. The

command element provides command and

control, intelligence, and other support

essential for effective planning and

execution of operations by the other

elements of the MAGTF. The command

element varies in size and composition.

Also called CE. See also aviation combat

element; combat service support

element; ground combat element;

Marine air-ground task force; Marine

expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine
84 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

expeditionary unit; special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

commander, amphibious task force — The

Navy officer designated in the order

initiating the amphibious operation as the

commander of the amphibious task force.

Also called CATF. See also amphibious

operation; amphibious task force;

commander, landing force. (JP 3-02)

commander, landing force — The officer

designated in the order initiating the

amphibious operation as the commander of

the landing force for an amphibious

operation. Also called CLF. See also

amphibious operation; commander,

amphibious task force; landing force.

(JP 3-02)

commander’s concept — See concept of

operations.

commander’s critical information

requirements — A comprehensive list of

information requirements identified by the

commander as being critical in facilitating

timely information management and the

decisionmaking process that affect

successful mission accomplishment. The

two key subcomponents are critical friendly

force information and priority intelligence

requirements. Also called CCIR. See also

critical information; information;

information requirements; intelligence;

priority intelligence requirements. (JP 5-00.2)

commander’s estimate of the situation —

A logical process of reasoning by which a

commander considers all the circumstances

affecting the military situation and arrives

at a decision as to a course of action to be

taken in order to accomplish the mission.

A commander’s estimate that considers a

military situation so far in the future as to

require major assumptions is called a

commander’s long-range estimate of the

situation.

commander’s intent — A concise expression

of the purpose of the operation and the

desired end state that serves as the initial

impetus for the planning process. It may

also include the commander’s assessment

of the adversary commander’s intent and

an assessment of where and how much risk

is acceptable during the operation. See also

assessment; end state. (JP 5-00.1)

command guidance — (*) A guidance

system wherein intelligence transmitted to

the missile from an outside source causes

the missile to traverse a directed flight path.

command information — Communication

by a military organization with Service

members, civilian employees, retirees, and

family members of the organization that

creates an awareness of the organization’s

goals, informs them of significant

developments affecting them and the

organization, increases their effectiveness

as ambassadors of the organization, and

keeps them informed about what is going

on in the organization. Also called internal

information. See also command;

information; public affairs. (JP 3-61)

commanding officer of troops — On a ship

that has embarked units, a designated officer

(usually the senior embarking unit

commander) who is responsible for the

administration, discipline, and training of

all embarked units. Also called COT.

(JP 3-02.2)

command net — (*) A communications

network which connects an echelon of

command with some or all of its subordinate

echelons for the purpose of command and

control.

command post — (*) A unit’s or subunit’s

headquarters where the commander and the

staff perform their activities. In combat, a

unit’s or subunit’s headquarters is often

divided into echelons; the echelon in which
85

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

the unit or subunit commander is located

or from which such commander operates

is called a command post. Also called CP.

command post exercise — An exercise in

which the forces are simulated, involving

the commander, the staff, and

communications within and between

headquarters. Also called CPX. See also

exercise; maneuver.

command relationships — The interrelated

responsibilities between commanders, as

well as the operational authority exercised

by commanders in the chain of command;

defined further as combatant command

(command authority), operational control,

tactical control, or support. See also chain

of command; combatant command

(command authority); command;

operational control; support; tactical

control. (JP 0-2)

command select ejection system — See

ejection systems.

command-sponsored dependent — A

dependent entitled to travel to overseas

commands at Government expense and

endorsed by the appropriate military

commander to be present in a dependent’s

status.

commercial items — Articles of supply

readily available from established

commercial distribution sources which the

Department of Defense or inventory

managers in the Military Services have

designated to be obtained directly or

indirectly from such sources.

commercial loading — See administrative

loading.

commercial vehicle — A vehicle that has

evolved in the commercial market to meet

civilian requirements and which is selected

from existing production lines for military

use.

commission — 1. To put in or make ready

for service or use, as to commission an

aircraft or a ship. 2. A written order giving

a person rank and authority as an officer in

the armed forces. 3. The rank and the

authority given by such an order. See also

constitute.

commit — The process of committing one

or more air interceptors or surface-to-air

missiles for interception against a target

track.

commodity loading — (*) A method of

loading in which various types of cargoes

are loaded together, such as ammunition,

rations, or boxed vehicles, in order that each

commodity can be discharged without

disturbing the others. See also combat

loading; loading.

commodity manager — An individual

within the organization of an inventory

control point or other such organization

assigned management responsibility for

homogeneous grouping of materiel items.

commonality — A quality that applies to

materiel or systems: a. possessing like and

interchangeable characteristics enabling

each to be utilized, or operated and

maintained, by personnel trained on the

others without additional specialized

training; b. having interchangeable repair

parts and/or components; and c. applying

to consumable items interchangeably

equivalent without adjustment.

common control (artillery) — Horizontal

and vertical map or chart location of points

in the target area and position area, tied in

with the horizontal and vertical control in

use by two or more units. May be

established by firing, survey, or
86 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

combination of both, or by assumption. See

also control point; ground control.

common infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure

essential to the training of NATO forces or

to the implementation of NATO operational

plans which, owing to its degree of common

use or interest and its compliance with

criteria laid down from time to time by the

North Atlantic Council, is commonly

financed by NATO members. See also

infrastructure.

common item — 1. Any item of materiel

that is required for use by more than one

activity. 2. Sometimes loosely used to

denote any consumable item except repair

parts or other technical items. 3. Any item

of materiel that is procured for, owned by

(Service stock), or used by any Military

Department of the Department of Defense

and is also required to be furnished to a

recipient country under the grant-aid

Military Assistance Program. 4. Readily

available commercial items. 5. Items used

by two or more Military Services of similar

manufacture or fabrication that may vary

between the Services as to color or shape

(as vehicles or clothing). 6. Any part or

component that is required in the assembly

of two or more complete end-items.

common operating environment —

Automation services that support the

development of the common reusable

software modules which enable

interoperability across multiple combat

support applications. This includes

segmentation of common software modules

from existing applications, integration of

commercial products, development of a

common architecture, and development of

common tools for application developers.

Also called COE. See also global grid;

node/command, control, communications,

and computers node. (JP 4-0)

common operational picture — A single

identical display of relevant information

shared by more than one command. A

common operational picture facilitates

collaborative planning and assists all

echelons to achieve situational awareness.

Also called COP. (JP 3-0)

common servicing — That function

performed by one Military Service in

support of another Military Service for

which reimbursement is not required from

the Service receiving support. See also

servicing.

common supplies — Those supplies

common to two or more Services.

common use — Services, materiel, or

facilities provided by a Department of

Defense agency or a Military Department

on a common basis for two or more

Department of Defense agencies, elements,

or other organizations as directed.

common use alternatives — Systems,

subsystems, devices, components, and

materials, already developed or under

development, that could be used to reduce

the cost of new systems acquisition and

support by reducing duplication of research

and development effort and by limiting the

addition of support base.

common-use container — Any Department

of Defense-owned, -leased, or -controlled

20- or 40-foot International Organization

for Standardization container managed by

US Transportation Command as an element

of the Department of Defense common-use

container system. See also componentowned container; Service-unique

container. (JP 4-01.7)

common-user airlift service — The airlift

service provided on a common basis for all
87

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Department of Defense agencies and, as

authorized, for other agencies of the US

Government.

common-user item — An item that is in

common use by two or more nations or

services of a nation.

common-user logistics — Materiel or service

support shared with or provided by two or

more Services, Department of Defense

(DOD) agencies, or multinational partners

to another Service, DOD agency, non-DOD

agency, and/or multinational partner in an

operation. Common-user logistics is

usually restricted to a particular type of

supply and/or service and may be further

restricted to specific unit(s) or types of units,

specific times, missions, and/or geographic

areas. Also called CUL. See also common

use. (JP 4-07)

common-user military land transportation

— Point-to-point land transportation

service operated by a single Service for

common use by two or more Services.

common-user network — A system of

circuits or channels allocated to furnish

communication paths between switching

centers to provide communication service

on a common basis to all connected stations

or subscribers. It is sometimes described

as a general purpose network.

common-user ocean terminals — A military

installation, part of a military installation,

or a commercial facility operated under

contract or arrangement by the Military

Traffic Management Command that

regularly provides for two or more Services

terminal functions of receipt, transit storage

or staging, processing, and loading and

unloading of passengers or cargo aboard

ships.

common-user sealift — The sealift services

provided on a common basis for all

Department of Defense agencies and, as

authorized, for other agencies of the US

Government. The Military Sealift

Command, a transportation component

command of the US Transportation

Command, provides common-user sealift

for which users reimburse the transportation

accounts of the Transportation Working

Capital Fund. See also Military Sealift

Command; transportation component

command. (JP 3-35)

common-user transportation —

Transportation and transportation services

provided on a common basis for two or

more Department of Defense (DOD)

agencies and, as authorized, non-DOD

agencies. Common-user assets are under

the combatant command (command

authority) of the Commander in Chief, US

Transportation Command, excluding

Service-unique or theater-assigned

transportation assets. See also common

use.

communicate — To use any means or method

to convey information of any kind from one

person or place to another. (JP 6-02)

communication deception — Use of

devices, operations, and techniques with the

intent of confusing or misleading the user

of a communications link or a navigation

system.

communication operation instructions —

See signal operation instructions.

communications center — (*) An agency

charged with the responsibility for handling

and controlling communications traffic.

The center normally includes message

center, transmitting, and receiving facilities.

Also called COMCEN. See also

telecommunications center.

communications intelligence — Technical

information and intelligence derived from
88 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

foreign communications by other than the

intended recipients. Also called COMINT.

communications intelligence database —

The aggregate of technical information and

intelligence derived from the interception

and analysis of foreign communications

(excluding press, propaganda, and public

broadcast) used in the direction and

redirection of communications intelligence

intercept, analysis, and reporting activities.

communications mark — An electronic

indicator used for directing attention to a

particular object or position of mutual

interest within or between command and

control systems.

communications net — (*) An organization

of stations capable of direct

communications on a common channel or

frequency.

communications network — An

organization of stations capable of

intercommunications, but not necessarily

on the same channel.

communications satellite — (*) An orbiting

vehicle, which relays signals between

communications stations. There are two

types: a. active communications satellite

— A satellite that receives, regenerates, and

retransmits signals between stations; b.

passive communications satellite — A

satellite which reflects communications

signals between stations. Also called

COMSAT.

communications security — The protection

resulting from all measures designed to

deny unauthorized persons information of

value that might be derived from the

possession and study of

telecommunications, or to mislead

unauthorized persons in their interpretation

of the results of such possession and study.

Also called COMSEC. Communications

security includes: cryptosecurity,

transmission security, emission security,

and physical security of communications

security materials and information. a.

cryptosecurity — The component of

communications security that results from

the provision of technically sound

cryptosystems and their proper use. b.

transmission security — The component

of communications security that results

from all measures designed to protect

transmissions from interception and

exploitation by means other than

cryptanalysis. c. emission security — The

component of communications security that

results from all measures taken to deny

unauthorized persons information of value

that might be derived from intercept and

analysis of compromising emanations from

crypto-equipment and telecommunications

systems. d. physical security — The

component of communications security that

results from all physical measures necessary

to safeguard classified equipment, material,

and documents from access thereto or

observation thereof by unauthorized

persons.

communications security equipment —

Equipment designed to provide security to

telecommunications by converting

information to a form unintelligible to an

unauthorized interceptor and by

reconverting such information to its original

form for authorized recipients, as well as

equipment designed specifically to aid in

(or as an essential element of) the

conversion process. Communications

security equipment is cryptoequipment,

cryptoancillary equipment, cryptoproduction

equipment, and authentication equipment.

communications security material — All

documents, devices, equipment, or

apparatus, including cryptomaterial, used

in establishing or maintaining secure

communications.
89

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

communications security monitoring —

The act of listening to, copying, or recording

transmissions of one’s own circuits (or

when specially agreed, e.g., in allied

exercises, those of friendly forces) to

provide material for communications

security analysis in order to determine the

degree of security being provided to

those transmissions. In particular, the

purposes include providing a basis for

advising commanders on the security risks

resulting from their transmissions,

improving the security of communications,

and planning and conducting manipulative

communications deception operations.

communications terminal — Terminus of a

communications circuit at which data can

be either entered or received; located with

the originator or ultimate addressee. Also

called CT.

communications zone — Rear part of a

theater of war or theater of operations

(behind but contiguous to the combat

zone) which contains the lines of

communications, establishments for supply

and evacuation, and other agencies required

for the immediate support and maintenance

of the field forces. Also called COMMZ.

See also combat zone; line of

communications; rear area; theater of

operations; theater of war. (JP 4-0)

community relations — 1. The relationship

between military and civilian communities.

2. Those public affairs programs that

address issues of interest to the general

public, business, academia, veterans,

Service organizations, military-related

associations, and other non-news media

entities. These programs are usually

associated with the interaction between US

military installations and their surrounding

or nearby civilian communities. Interaction

with overseas non-news media civilians in

a wartime or contingency theater will be

handled by civil-military operations with

public affairs support as required. See also

public affairs.

community relations program — That

command function that evaluates public

attitudes, identifies the mission of a military

organization with the public interest, and

executes a program of action to earn public

understanding and acceptance.

comparative cover — (*) Coverage of the

same area or object taken at different times,

to show any changes in details. See also

cover.

compartmentation — 1. Establishment and

management of an organization so that

information about the personnel, internal

organization, or activities of one component

is made available to any other component

only to the extent required for the

performance of assigned duties. 2. Effects

of relief and drainage upon avenues of

approach so as to produce areas bounded

on at least two sides by terrain features such

as woods, ridges, or ravines that limit

observation or observed fire into the area

from points outside the area. (JP 3-05.3)

compass rose — (*) A graduated circle,

usually marked in degrees, indicating

directions and printed or inscribed on an

appropriate medium.

complaint-type investigation — A

counterintelligence investigation in which

sabotage, espionage, treason, sedition,

subversive activity, or disaffection is

suspected.

complete round — A term applied to an

assemblage of explosive and nonexplosive

components designed to perform a specific

function at the time and under the

conditions desired. Examples of complete

rounds of ammunition are: a. separate

loading, consisting of a primer, propelling

charge and, except for blank ammunition,
90 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a projectile and a fuze; b. fixed or

semifixed, consisting of a primer, propelling

charge, cartridge case, a projectile and,

except when solid projectiles are used, a

fuze; c. bomb, consisting of all component

parts required to drop and function the

bomb once; d. missile, consisting of a

complete warhead section and a missile

body with its associated components and

propellants; and e. rocket, consisting of

all components necessary to function.

complex contingency operations — Largescale peace operations (or elements thereof)

conducted by a combination of military

forces and nonmilitary organizations that

combine one or more of the elements of

peace operations which include one or more

elements of other types of operations such

as foreign humanitarian assistance, nation

assistance, support to insurgency, or support

to counterinsurgency. See also operation;

peace operations. (JP 3-57)

component — 1. One of the subordinate

organizations that constitute a joint force.

Normally a joint force is organized with a

combination of Service and functional

components. 2. In logistics, a part or

combination of parts having a specific

function, which can be installed or replaced

only as an entity. Also called COMP. See

also functional component command;

Service component command. (JP 0-2)

component (materiel) — An assembly or

any combination of parts, subassemblies,

and assemblies mounted together in

manufacture, assembly, maintenance, or

rebuild.

component-owned container — A 20- or

40-foot International Organization for

Standardization container procured and

owned by a single Department of Defense

component. May be either on an individual

unit property book or contained within a

component pool (e.g., Marine Corps

maritime pre-positioning force containers).

May be temporarily assigned to the

Department of Defense common-use

container system. Also called Serviceunique container. See also common-use

container. (JP 4-01.7)

component search and rescue controller —

The designated search and rescue

representative of a component commander

of a joint force who is responsible for

coordinating and controlling that

component’s search and rescue forces. See

also combat search and rescue; combat

search and rescue mission coordinator;

search and rescue; search and rescue

mission coordinator. (JP 3-50.2)

composite air photography — Air

photographs made with a camera having

one principal lens and two or more

surrounding and oblique lenses. The

several resulting photographs are corrected

or transformed in printing to permit

assembly as verticals with the same scale.

composite warfare commander — The

officer in tactical command is normally the

composite warfare commander. However

the composite warfare commander concept

allows an officer in tactical command to

delegate tactical command to the composite

warfare commander. The composite

warfare commander wages combat

operations to counter threats to the force

and to maintain tactical sea control with

assets assigned; while the officer in tactical

command retains close control of power

projection and strategic sea control

operations. (JP 3-02)

composite wing — An Air Force wing that

operates more than one type of weapon

system. Some composite wings are built

from the ground up and designed to put all

resources required to meet a specific

warfighting objective in a single wing under

one commander at one location. Other
91

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

composite wings need not be built from the

ground up but combine different weapon

systems operating at the same base into a

single wing.

compression chamber — See hyperbaric

chamber.

compromise — The known or suspected

exposure of clandestine personnel,

installations, or other assets or of classified

information or material, to an unauthorized

person.

compromised — (*) A term applied to

classified matter, knowledge of which has,

in whole or in part, passed to an

unauthorized person or persons, or which

has been subject to risk of such passing.

See also classified matter.

computed air release point — (*) A

computed air position where the first

paratroop or cargo item is released to land

on a specified impact point.

computer intrusion — An incident of

unauthorized access to data or an automated

information system.

computer intrusion detection — The

process of identifying that a computer

intrusion has been attempted, is occurring,

or has occurred.

computer modeling — See configuration

management; independent review;

validation; verification.

computer network attack — Operations to

disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy

information resident in computers and

computer networks, or the computers and

networks themselves. Electronic attack

(EA) can be used against a computer, but it

is not computer network attack (CNA).

CNA relies on the data stream to execute

the attack while EA relies on the

electromagnetic spectrum. An example of

the two operations is the following: sending

a code or instruction to a central processing

unit that causes the computer to short out

the power supply is CNA. Using an

electromagnetic pulse device to destroy a

computer’s electronics and causing the

same result is EA. Also called CNA. See

also computer network defense;

electronic attack; offensive information

operations. (JP 3-51)

computer network defense — Defensive

measures to protect and defend information,

computers, and networks from disruption,

denial, degradation, or destruction. Also

called CND. See also computer network

attack. (JP 3-51)

computer security — The protection

resulting from all measures to deny

unauthorized access and exploitation of

friendly computer systems. Also called

COMPUSEC. See also communications

security. (JP 6-02)

computer simulation — See configuration

management; independent review;

validation; verification.

concealment — (*) The protection from

observation or surveillance. See also

camouflage; cover; screen.

concentration area — (*) 1. An area, usually

in the theater of operations, where troops

are assembled before beginning active

operations. 2. A limited area on which a

volume of gunfire is placed within a limited

time.

concept of intelligence operations — A

verbal or graphic statement, in broad

outline, of a Intelligence Directorate’s

assumptions or intent in regard to

intelligence support of an operation or series

of operations. The concept of intelligence

operations, which complements the
92 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

commander’s concept of operations, is

contained in the intelligence annex of

operation plans. The concept of intelligence

operations is designed to give an overall

picture of intelligence support for joint

operations. It is included primarily for

additional clarity of purpose. See also

concept of operations. (JP 2-0)

concept of logistic support — A verbal or

graphic statement, in a broad outline, of how

a commander intends to support and

integrate with a concept of operations in an

operation or campaign. (JP 4-0)

concept of operations — A verbal or graphic

statement, in broad outline, of a

commander’s assumptions or intent in

regard to an operation or series of

operations. The concept of operations

frequently is embodied in campaign plans

and operation plans; in the latter case,

particularly when the plans cover a series

of connected operations to be carried out

simultaneously or in succession. The

concept is designed to give an overall

picture of the operation. It is included

primarily for additional clarity of purpose.

Also called commander’s concept or

CONOPS.

concept plan — An operation plan in concept

format. Also called CONPLAN. See also

operation plan.

condensation cloud — A mist or fog of

minute water droplets that temporarily

surrounds the fireball following a nuclear

(or atomic) detonation in a comparatively

humid atmosphere. The expansion of the

air in the negative phase of the blast wave

from the explosion results in a lowering of

the temperature, so that condensation of

water vapor present in the air occurs and a

cloud forms. The cloud is soon dispelled

when the pressure returns to normal and the

air warms up again. The phenomenon is

similar to that used by physicists in the

Wilson cloud chamber and is sometimes

called the cloud chamber effect.

condensation trail — A visible cloud streak,

usually brilliantly white in color, which

trails behind a missile or other vehicle in

flight under certain conditions. Also called

CONTRAIL.

condition — Those variables of an

operational environment or situation in

which a unit, system, or individual is

expected to operate and may affect

performance. See also joint missionessential tasks; standard.

conducting staff — See exercise directing

staff.

configuration management — A discipline

applying technical and administrative

direction and surveillance to: (1) identify

and document the functional and physical

characteristics of a configuration item; (2)

control changes to those characteristics; and

(3) record and report changes to processing

and implementation status.

confirmation of information (intelligence)

— An information item is said to be

confirmed when it is reported for the second

time, preferably by another independent

source whose reliability is considered when

confirming information.

conflict — An armed struggle or clash

between organized groups within a nation

or between nations in order to achieve

limited political or military objectives.

Although regular forces are often involved,

irregular forces frequently predominate.

Conflict often is protracted, confined to a

restricted geographic area, and constrained

in weaponry and level of violence. Within

this state, military power in response to

threats may be exercised in an indirect

manner while supportive of other

instruments of national power. Limited
93

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

objectives may be achieved by the short,

focused, and direct application of force.

(JP 3-0)

confusion agent — An individual who is

dispatched by the sponsor for the primary

purpose of confounding the intelligence or

counterintelligence apparatus of another

country rather than for the purpose of

collecting and transmitting information.

confusion reflector — (*) A reflector of

electromagnetic radiations used to create

echoes for confusion purposes. Radar

confusion reflectors include such devices

as chaff, rope, and corner reflectors.

connecting route — (*) A route connecting

axial and/or lateral routes. See also route.

connectivity — The ability to exchange

information by electronic means. (JP 3-18)

consecutive voyage charter — A contract

by which a commercial ship is chartered

by the Military Sealift Command for a series

of specified voyages. (JP 3-02.2)

consequence management — Those

measures taken to protect public health and

safety, restore essential government

services, and provide emergency relief to

governments, businesses, and individuals

affected by the consequences of a chemical,

biological, nuclear, and/or high-yield

explosive situation. For domestic

consequence management, the primary

authority rests with the States to respond

and the Federal Government to provide

assistance as required. Also called CM.

See also nuclear, biological, and chemical

defense. (JP 3-0)

console — (*) A grouping of controls,

indicators, and similar electronic or

mechanical equipment, used to monitor

readiness of, and/or control specific

functions of, a system, such as missile

checkout, countdown, or launch operations.

consolidated vehicle table — A summary

of all vehicles loaded on a ship, listed by

types and showing the units to which they

belong.

consolidation — The combining or merging

of elements to perform a common or related

function.

consolidation of position — (*) Organizing

and strengthening a newly captured position

so that it can be used against the enemy.

consolidation psychological operations —

Psychological operations conducted in

foreign areas inhabited by an enemy or

potentially hostile populace and occupied

by United States forces, or in which United

States forces are based, designed to produce

behaviors by the foreign populace that

support United States objectives in the area.

See also overt peacetime psychological

operations programs; psychological

operations. (JP 3-53)

constitute — To provide the legal authority

for the existence of a new unit of the Armed

Services. The new unit is designated and

listed, but it has no specific existence until

it is activated. See also commission.

constructive presence — Doctrine of

constructive presence allows a coastal State

to exercise jurisdiction over a foreign flag

vessel that remains seaward of coastal State

waters but acts in concert with another

vessel (contact vessel) or aircraft that

violates coastal State laws in waters over

which the coastal State may exercise

jurisdiction. In order to exercise jurisdiction

over a “mothership” located seaward of

coastal State waters, the contact vessel must

be physically present in coastal State waters

or be subject to coastal State jurisdiction
94 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

under the doctrine of hot pursuit. Once

pursuit of the mothership has legitimately

commenced, it may proceed until it ceases

to be continuous or until the mothership

enters foreign territorial waters. Cases

potentially involving the doctrine of

constructive presence can be complex and

should be quickly referred to higher

authority.

consumable supplies and materiel — See

expendable supplies and materiel.

consumer — Person or agency that uses

information or intelligence produced by

either its own staff or other agencies.

consumer logistics — That part of logistics

concerning reception of the initial product,

storage, inspection, distribution, transport,

maintenance (including repair and

serviceability), and disposal of materiel as

well as the provision of support and

services. In consequence, consumer

logistics includes materiel requirements

determination, follow-on support, stock

control, provision or construction of

facilities (excluding any materiel element

and those facilities needed to support

production logistic activities), movement

control, codification, reliability and defect

reporting, storage, transport and handling

safety standards, and related training.

consumption rate — (*) The average

quantity of an item consumed or expended

during a given time interval, expressed in

quantities by the most appropriate unit of

measurement per applicable stated basis.

contact — 1. In air intercept, a term meaning,

“Unit has an unevaluated target.” 2. In

health services, an unevaluated individual

who is known to have been sufficiently near

an infected individual to have been exposed

to the transfer of infectious material.

contact burst preclusion — A fuzing

arrangement that prevents an unwanted

surface burst in the event of failure of the

air burst fuze.

contact mine — (*) A mine detonated by

physical contact. See also mine.

contact point — (*) 1. In land warfare, a

point on the terrain, easily identifiable,

where two or more units are required to

make contact. 2. In air operations, the

position at which a mission leader makes

radio contact with an air control agency.

3. (DOD only) In evasion and recovery

operations, a location where an evader can

establish contact with friendly forces. Also

called CP. See also checkpoint; control

point; coordinating point. (JP 3-50.3)

contact print — (*) A print made from a

negative or a diapositive in direct contact

with sensitized material.

contact procedure — Those predesignated

actions taken by evaders and recovery

forces that permit link-up between the two

parties in hostile territory and facilitate the

return of evaders to friendly control. See

also evader; hostile; recovery force.

(JP 3-50.3)

contact reconnaissance — Locating isolated

units out of contact with the main force.

contact report — (*) A report indicating

any detection of the enemy.

contain — To stop, hold, or surround the

forces of the enemy or to cause the enemy

to center activity on a given front and to

prevent the withdrawal of any part of the

enemy’s forces for use elsewhere.

container — An article of transport

equipment that meets American National
95

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Standards Institute/International

Organization for Standardization standards

that is designed to be transported by various

modes of transportation. These containers

are also designed to facilitate and optimize

the carriage of goods by one or more modes

of transportation without intermediate

handling of the contents and equipped with

features permitting ready handling and

transfer from one mode to another.

Containers may be fully enclosed with one

or more doors, open top, refrigerated, tank,

open rack, gondola, flatrack, and other

designs. See also containerization. (JP 4-01)

container anchorage terminal — (*) A

sheltered anchorage (not a port) with the

appropriate facilities for the transshipment

of containerized cargo from containerships

to other vessels.

container control officer — A designated

official (E6 or above or civilian equivalent)

within a command, installation, or activity

who is responsible for control, reporting,

use, and maintenance of all Department of

Defense-owned and controlled intermodal

containers and equipment. This officer has

custodial responsibility for containers from

time received until dispatched. (JP 4-01.7)

container-handling equipment — Items of

materials-handling equipment required to

specifically receive, maneuver, and dispatch

International Organization for

Standardization containers. Also called

CHE. See also materials handling

equipment. (JP 4-01.7)

containerization — The use of containers to

unitize cargo for transportation, supply and

storage. Containerization incorporates

supply, transportation, packaging, storage

and security together with visibility of

container and its contents into a distribution

system from source to user. (JP 4-01.7)

containership — A ship specially constructed

and equipped to carry only containers

without associated equipment, in all

available cargo spaces, either below or

above deck. Containerships are usually

non-self-sustaining, do not have built-in

capability to load or off-load containers, and

require port crane service. A containership

with shipboard-installed cranes capable of

loading and off-loading containers without

assistance of port crane service is

considered self-sustaining. See also

non-self-sustaining containership;

self-sustaining containership. (JP 4-01.7)

container ship cargo stowage adapter —

Serves as the bottom-most SEASHED and

precludes the necessity of strengthening of

tank tops or the installation of hard points

on decks, thereby accelerating container

ship readiness. See also container ship;

SEASHED; stowage. (JP 4-01.6)

contaminate — See contamination. (JP 3-11)

contaminated remains — Remains of

personnel which have absorbed or upon

which have been deposited radioactive

material, or biological or chemical agents.

See also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06)

contamination — (*) 1. The deposit,

absorption, or adsorption of radioactive

material, or of biological or chemical agents

on or by structures, areas, personnel, or

objects. See also fallout; induced

radiation; residual radiation. 2. (DOD

only) Food and/or water made unfit for

consumption by humans or animals because

of the presence of environmental chemicals,

radioactive elements, bacteria or organisms,

the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or

organisms, the decomposing material (to

include the food substance itself), or waste

in the food or water.
96 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

contamination control — Procedures to

avoid, reduce, remove, or render harmless

(temporarily or permanently) nuclear,

biological, and chemical contamination for

the purpose of maintaining or enhancing

the efficient conduct of military operations.

See also biological agent; biological

ammunition; biological defense;

biological environment; biological

threat; chemical agent; chemical

ammunition; chemical, biological, and

radiological operation; chemical defense;

chemical environment; contamination.

(JP 3-11)

contiguous zone — 1. A maritime zone

adjacent to the territorial sea that may not

extend beyond 24 nautical miles (nms) from

the baselines from which the breadth of the

territorial sea is measured. Within the

contiguous zone the coastal state may

exercise the control necessary to prevent

and punish infringement of its customs,

fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and

regulations within its territory or territorial

sea. In all other respects the contiguous

zone is an area subject to high seas freedom

of navigation, overflight, and related

freedoms, such as the conduct of military

exercises. 2. The zone of the ocean

extending 3-12 nms from the US coastline.

continental United States — United States

territory, including the adjacent territorial

waters, located within North America

between Canada and Mexico. Also called

CONUS.

continental United States replacement

center — The processing centers at selected

Army installations through which

individual personnel will be processed to

ensure that soldier readiness processing

actions have been completed prior to

reporting to the aerial port of embarkation

for deployment to a theater of operations.

See also continental United States;

deployment. (JP 1-0)

contingency — An emergency involving

military forces caused by natural disasters,

terrorists, subversives, or by required

military operations. Due to the uncertainty

of the situation, contingencies require plans,

rapid response, and special procedures to

ensure the safety and readiness of personnel,

installations, and equipment. See also

contingency contracting.

contingency contracting — Contracting

performed in support of a peacetime

contingency in an overseas location

pursuant to the policies and procedures of

the Federal Acquisition Regulatory System.

See also contingency.

contingency engineering management

organization — An organization that may

be formed by the combatant commander,

or subordinate joint force commander to

augment the combatant command, or

subordinate joint force staffs to provide

additional Service engineering expertise to

support both deliberate and crisis action

planning and to provide construction

management in contingency and wartime

operations. The combatant commander

may form a theater contingency engineering

management cell, and similar organizations

may be formed at subordinate levels of

command (e.g., regional contingency

engineering management cell and/or joint

task force contingency engineering

management cell). These organizations

should be staffed with expertise in combat

engineering, general engineering, and

topographic engineering. See also combat

engineering; contingency; crisis action

planning; topographic engineering.

(JP 3-34)

contingency operation — A military

operation that is either designated by the

Secretary of Defense as a contingency

operation or becomes a contingency

operation as a matter of law (10 United

States code (USC) 101[a][13]). It is a
97

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

military operation that: a. is designated by

the Secretary of Defense as an operation in

which members of the Armed Forces are

or may become involved in military actions,

operations, or hostilities against an enemy

of the United States or against an opposing

force; or b. is created by definition of law.

Under 10 USC 101 (a)(13)(B), a

contingency operation exists if a military

operation results in the (1) callup to (or

retention on) active duty of members of the

uniformed Services under certain

enumerated statutes (10 USC Sections 688,

12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, 12406, or

331-335); and (2) the callup to (or retention

on) active duty of members of the

uniformed Services under other (nonenumerated) statutes during war or national

emergency declared by the President or

Congress. See also contingency; operation.

(JP 1-0)

contingency plan — A plan for major

contingencies that can reasonably be

anticipated in the principal geographic

subareas of the command. See also joint

operation planning.

contingency planning facilities list program

— A joint Defense Intelligence Agency and

unified and specified command program for

the production and maintenance of current

target documentation of all countries of

contingency planning interest to US

military planners.

Contingency Planning Guidance — The

Contingency Planning Guidance (CPG)

fulfills the statutory duty of the Secretary

of Defense to furnish written policy

guidance annually to the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff for contingency

planning. The Secretary issues this

guidance with the approval of the President

after consultation with the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff. The CPG focuses the

guidance given in the National Security

Strategy and Defense Planning Guidance,

and is the principal source document for

the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan. Also

called CPG.

contingency response program — Fast

reaction transportation procedures intended

to provide for priority use of land

transportation assets by Department of

Defense when required. Also called

CORE. (JP 4-01)

contingency retention stock — That portion

of the quantity of an item excess to the

approved force retention level for which

there is no predictable demand or

quantifiable requirement, and which

normally would be allocated as potential

DOD excess stock, except for a

determination that the quantity will be

retained for possible contingencies for

United States forces. (Category C ships,

aircraft, and other items being retained as

contingency reserve are included in this

stratum.)

contingency ZIP Code — A ZIP Code

assigned by Military Postal Service Agency

to a contingency post office for the tactical

use of the Armed Forces on a temporary

basis. The number consists of a five-digit

base with a four-digit add-on to assist in

routing and sorting. (JP 1-0)

contingent effects — The effects, both

desirable and undesirable, that are in

addition to the primary effects associated

with a nuclear detonation.

continuity of command — The degree or

state of being continuous in the exercise of

the authority vested in an individual of the

Armed Forces for the direction,

coordination, and control of military forces.

continuity of operations — The degree or

state of being continuous in the conduct of

functions, tasks, or duties necessary to

accomplish a military action or mission in
98 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

carrying out the national military strategy.

It includes the functions and duties of the

commander, as well as the supporting

functions and duties performed by the staff

and others acting under the authority and

direction of the commander. Also called

COOP.

continuous fire — (*) 1. Fire conducted at a

normal rate without interruption for

application of adjustment corrections or for

other causes. 2. In field artillery and naval

gunfire support, loading and firing at a

specified rate or as rapidly as possible

consistent with accuracy within the

prescribed rate of fire for the weapon.

Firing will continue until terminated by the

command “end of mission” or temporarily

suspended by the command “cease loading”

or “check firing.”

continuous illumination fire — (*) A type

of fire in which illuminating projectiles are

fired at specified time intervals to provide

uninterrupted lighting on the target or

specified area.

continuous strip camera — (*) A camera

in which the film moves continuously past

a slit in the focal plane, producing a

photograph in one unbroken length by

virtue of the continuous forward motion of

the aircraft.

continuous strip imagery — (*) Imagery

of a strip of terrain in which the image

remains unbroken throughout its length,

along the line of flight.

contour flight — See terrain flight.

contour interval — (*) Difference in

elevation between two adjacent contour

lines.

contour line — (*) A line on a map or chart

connecting points of equal elevation.

contracted logistic support — Support in

which maintenance operations for a

particular military system are performed

exclusively by contract support personnel.

Also called CLS. See also logistic

support; support. (JP 4-07)

contracting officer — A US military officer

or civilian employee who has a valid

appointment as a contracting officer under

the provisions of the Federal Acquisition

Regulation. The individual has the

authority to enter into and administer

contracts and determinations as well as

findings about such contracts. (JP 1-06)

contract maintenance — The maintenance

of materiel performed under contract by

commercial organizations (including prime

contractors) on a one-time or continuing

basis, without distinction as to the level of

maintenance accomplished.

contract termination — Defense

procurement: the cessation or cancellation,

in whole or in part, of work under a prime

contract or a subcontract thereunder for the

convenience of, or at the option of, the

government, or due to failure of the

contractor to perform in accordance with

the terms of the contract (default).

control — 1. Authority that may be less than

full command exercised by a commander

over part of the activities of subordinate or

other organizations. 2. In mapping,

charting, and photogrammetry, a collective

term for a system of marks or objects on

the Earth or on a map or a photograph,

whose positions or elevations (or both) have

been or will be determined. 3. Physical or

psychological pressures exerted with the

intent to assure that an agent or group will

respond as directed. 4. An indicator

governing the distribution and use of

documents, information, or material. Such

indicators are the subject of intelligence
99

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

community agreement and are specifically

defined in appropriate regulations. See also

administrative control; operational

control; tactical control.

control area — (*) A controlled airspace

extending upwards from a specified limit

above the Earth. See also airway;

controlled airspace; control zone;

terminal control area.

control group — Personnel, ships, and craft

designated to control the waterborne

ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02)

control (intelligence) — See control, Parts

3 and 4.

controllable mine — (*) A mine which after

laying can be controlled by the user, to the

extent of making the mine safe or live, or

to fire the mine. See also mine.

controlled airspace — (*) An airspace of

defined dimensions within which air traffic

control service is provided to controlled

flights.

controlled dangerous air cargo — (*) Cargo

which is regarded as highly dangerous and

which may only be carried by cargo aircraft

operating within specific safety regulations.

controlled effects nuclear weapons —

Nuclear weapons designed to achieve

variation in the intensity of specific effects

other than normal blast effect.

controlled exercise — (*) An exercise

characterized by the imposition of

constraints on some or all of the

participating units by planning authorities

with the principal intention of provoking

types of interaction. See also free play

exercise.

controlled firing area — An area in which

ordnance firing is conducted under

controlled conditions so as to eliminate

hazard to aircraft in flight. See also

restricted area.

controlled forces — Military or paramilitary

forces under effective and sustained

political and military direction.

controlled information — 1. Information

conveyed to an adversary in a deception

operation to evoke desired appreciations.

2. Information and indicators deliberately

conveyed or denied to foreign targets to

evoke invalid official estimates that result

in foreign official actions advantageous to

US interests and objectives.

controlled item — See regulated item.

controlled map — A map with precise

horizontal and vertical ground control as a

basis. Scale, azimuth, and elevation are

accurate. See also map.

controlled mosaic — (*) A mosaic corrected

for scale, rectified and laid to ground control

to provide an accurate representation of

distances and direction. See also mosaic;

rectification.

controlled passing — (*) A traffic movement

procedure whereby two lines of traffic

travelling in opposite directions are enabled

to traverse alternately a point or section of

route which can take only one line of traffic

at a time.

controlled port — (*) A harbor or anchorage

at which entry and departure, assignment

of berths, and traffic within the harbor or

anchorage are controlled by military

authorities.

controlled reprisal — Not to be used. See

controlled response.

controlled response — The selection from a

wide variety of feasible options one of
100 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

which will provide the specific military

response most advantageous in the

circumstances.

controlled route — (*) A route, the use of

which is subject to traffic or movement

restrictions which may be supervised. See

also route.

controlled shipping — Shipping that is

controlled by the Military Sealift

Command. Included in this category are

Military Sealift Command ships (United

States Naval Ships), government-owned

ships operated under a general agency

agreement, and commercial ships under

charter to the Military Sealift Command.

See also Military Sealift Command;

United States Naval Ship. (JP 3-02.2)

controlled substance — A drug or other

substance, or immediate precursor included

in Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of the

Controlled Substances Act. (JP 3-07.4)

controlled war — Not to be used. See

limited war.

control of electromagnetic radiation — A

national operation plan to minimize the use

of electromagnetic radiation in the United

States and its possessions and the Panama

Canal Zone in the event of attack or

imminent threat thereof, as an aid to the

navigation of hostile aircraft, guided

missiles, or other devices. See also

emission control orders.

control point — (*) 1. A position along a

route of march at which men are stationed

to give information and instructions for the

regulation of supply or traffic. 2. A position

marked by a buoy, boat, aircraft, electronic

device, conspicuous terrain feature, or other

identifiable object which is given a name

or number and used as an aid to navigation

or control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. In

marking mosaics, a point located by ground

survey with which a corresponding point

on a photograph is matched as a check.

control zone — (*) A controlled airspace

extending upwards from the surface of the

Earth to a specified upper limit. See also

airway; control area; controlled

airspace; terminal control area.

conventional forces — Those forces capable

of conducting operations using nonnuclear

weapons.

conventional mines — Land mines, other

than nuclear or chemical, that are not

designed to self-destruct. They are

designed to be emplaced by hand or

mechanical means. Conventional mines

can be buried or surface laid and are

normally emplaced in a pattern to aid in

recording. See also mine. (JP 3-15)

conventional recovery operation — Evader

recovery operations conducted by

conventional forces. See also conventional

forces; evader; recovery; recovery

operations. (JP 3-50.3)

conventional weapon — (*) A weapon

which is neither nuclear, biological, nor

chemical.

converge — A request or command used in a

call for fire to indicate that the observer or

spotter desires a sheaf in which the planes

of fire intersect at a point.

converged sheaf — The lateral distribution

of fire of two or more pieces so that the

planes of fire intersect at a given point. See

also parallel sheaf.

convergence — See convergence factor;

grid convergence; grid convergence

factor; map convergence; true convergence.

convergence factor — (*) The ratio of the

angle between any two meridians on the
101

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

chart to their actual change of longitude.

See also convergence.

convergence zone — That region in the deep

ocean where sound rays, refractured from

the depths, return to the surface.

conversion angle — (*) The angle between

a great circle (orthodromic) bearing and a

rhumb line (loxodromic) bearing of a point,

measured at a common origin.

conversion scale — (*) A scale indicating

the relationship between two different units

of measurement. See also scale.

convoy — 1. A number of merchant ships

and/or naval auxiliaries usually escorted by

warships and/or aircraft — or a single

merchant ship or naval auxiliary under

surface escort — assembled and organized

for the purpose of passage together. 2. A

group of vehicles organized for the purpose

of control and orderly movement with or

without escort protection that moves over

the same route at the same time and under

one commander. See also coastal convoy;

evacuation convoy; ocean convoy.

convoy commodore — A naval officer, or

master of one of the ships in a convoy,

designated to command the convoy, subject

to the orders of the officer in tactical

command. If no surface escort is present,

the convoy commodore takes entire

command.

convoy dispersal point — (*) The position

at sea where a convoy breaks up, each ship

proceeding independently thereafter.

convoy escort — (*) 1. A naval ship(s) or

aircraft in company with a convoy and

responsible for its protection. 2. An escort

to protect a convoy of vehicles from being

scattered, destroyed, or captured. See also

escort.

convoy joiner — See joiner. See also joiner

convoy; joiner section.

convoy leaver — See leaver. See also leaver

convoy; leaver section.

convoy loading — (*) The loading of troop

units with their equipment and supplies in

vessels of the same movement group, but

not necessarily in the same vessel. See also

loading.

convoy route — (*) The specific route

assigned to each convoy by the appropriate

routing authority.

convoy schedule — (*) Planned convoy

sailings showing the shipping lanes,

assembly and terminal areas, scheduled

speed, and sailing interval.

convoy speed — (*) For ships, the speed

which the convoy commodore orders the

guide of the convoy to make good through

the water.

convoy terminal area — (*) A geographical

area, designated by the name of a port or

anchorage on which it is centered, at which

convoys or sections of convoys arrive and

from which they will be dispersed to coastal

convoy systems or as independents to their

final destination.

convoy through escort — (*) Those ships

of the close escort which normally remain

with the convoy from its port of assembly

to its port of arrival.

convoy title — (*) A combination of letters

and numbers that gives the port of departure

and arrival, speed, and serial number of each

convoy.

cooperative logistics — The logistic support

provided a foreign government or agency

through its participation in the US
102 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Department of Defense logistic system,

with reimbursement to the United States for

support provided.

cooperative logistic support arrangements

— The combining term for procedural

arrangements (cooperative logistic

arrangements) and implementing

procedures (supplementary procedures) that

together support, define, or implement

cooperative logistic understandings

between the United States and a friendly

foreign government under peacetime

conditions.

coordinated draft plan — (*) A plan for

which a draft plan has been coordinated

with the nations involved. It may be used

for future planning and exercises and may

be implemented during an emergency. See

also draft plan; final plan; initial draft

plan; operation plan.

coordinated fire line — The coordinated fire

line (CFL) is a line beyond which

conventional, direct, and indirect surface

fire support means may fire at any time

within the boundaries of the establishing

headquarters without additional coordination.

The purpose of the CFL is to expedite the

surface-to-surface attack of targets beyond

the CFL without coordination with the

ground commander in whose area the

targets are located. Also called CFL. See

also fire support. (JP 3-09)

coordinated procurement assignee — The

agency or Military Service assigned

purchase responsibility for all Department

of Defense requirements of a particular

Federal Supply Group/class, commodity, or

item.

Coordinated Universal Time — An atomic

time scale that is the basis for broadcast time

signals. Coordinated Universal Time

(UTC) differs from International Atomic

Time by an integral number of seconds; it

is maintained within 0.9 seconds of UT1

(see Universal Time) by introduction of

Leap Seconds. The rotational orientation

of the Earth, specified by UT1, may be

obtained to an accuracy of a tenth of a

second by applying the UTC to the

increment DUT1 (where DUT1 = UT1 -

UTC) that is broadcast in code with the time

signals. Also called UTC. See also

International Atomic Time; Universal

Time; ZULU Time.

coordinates — (*) Linear or angular

quantities which designate the position that

a point occupies in a given reference frame

or system. Also used as a general term to

designate the particular kind of reference

frame or system such as plane rectangular

coordinates or spherical coordinates. See

also geographic coordinates; georef; grid

coordinates.

coordinating altitude — A procedural

airspace control method to separate fixedand rotary-wing aircraft by determining an

altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft

will normally not fly and above which

rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly.

The coordinating altitude is normally

specified in the airspace control plan and

may include a buffer zone for small altitude

deviations. (JP 3-52)

coordinating authority — A commander or

individual assigned responsibility for

coordinating specific functions or activities

involving forces of two or more Military

Departments, two or more joint force

components, or two or more forces of the

same Service. The commander or

individual has the authority to require

consultation between the agencies involved,

but does not have the authority to compel

agreement. In the event that essential

agreement cannot be obtained, the matter

shall be referred to the appointing authority.

Coordinating authority is a consultation

relationship, not an authority through which
103

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

command may be exercised. Coordinating

authority is more applicable to planning and

similar activities than to operations. (JP 0-2)

coordinating point — (*) Designated point

at which, in all types of combat, adjacent

units/formations must make contact for

purposes of control and coordination.

coordinating review authority — An agency

appointed by a Service or combatant

command to coordinate with and assist the

primary review authority in joint doctrine

development, and maintenance efforts.

Each Service or combatant command must

assign a coordinating review authority.

When authorized by the appointing Service

or combatant command, coordinating

review authority comments provided to

designated primary review authorities will

represent the position of the appointing

Service or combatant command with regard

to the publication under development. Also

called CRA. See also joint doctrine; joint

publication; joint tactics, techniques, and

procedures; joint test publication; lead

agent; primary review authority. (JP 1-01)

coproduction — 1. With respect to exports,

a cooperative manufacturing arrangement

(e.g., US Government or company with

foreign government or company) providing

for the transfer of production information

that enables an eligible foreign government,

international organization, or commercial

producer to manufacture, in whole or in

part, an item of US defense equipment.

Such an arrangement would include the

functions of production engineering,

controlling, quality assurance, and

determination of resource requirements.

This is normally accomplished under the

provisions of a manufacturing license

agreement per the US International Traffic

in Arms Regulation and could involve

the implementation of a government-togovernment memorandum of

understanding. 2. A cooperative

manufacturing arrangement (US

Government or company with foreign

government or company) providing for the

transfer of production information which

enables the receiving government,

international organization, or commercial

producer to manufacture, in whole or in

part, an item of defense equipment. The

receiving party could be an eligible foreign

government, international organization, or

foreign producer; or the US Government

or a US producer, depending on which

direction the information is to flow. A

typical coproduction arrangement would

include the functions of production

engineering, controlling, quality assurance,

and determining of resource requirements.

It may or may not include design

engineering information and critical

materials production and design

information.

copy negative — (*) A negative produced

from an original not necessarily at the same

scale.

corner reflector — (*) 1. A device, normally

consisting of three metallic surfaces or

screens perpendicular to one another,

designed to act as a radar target or marker.

2. In radar interpretation, an object which,

by means of multiple reflections from

smooth surfaces, produces a radar return

of greater magnitude than might be

expected from the physical size of the

object.

corps support command — Provides corps

logistic support and command and control

of water supply battalions. (JP 4-01.6)

corps troops — (*) Troops assigned or

attached to a corps, but not a part of one of

the divisions that make up the corps.

correlation factor — (*) The ratio of a

ground dose rate reading to a reading taken
104 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

at approximately the same time at survey

height over the same point on the ground.

cost contract — 1. A contract that provides

for payment to the contractor of allowable

costs, to the extent prescribed in the

contract, incurred in performance of the

contract. 2. A cost-reimbursement type

contract under which the contractor

receives no fee.

cost-plus a fixed-fee contract — A costreimbursement type contract that provides

for the payment of a fixed fee to the

contractor. The fixed fee, once negotiated,

does not vary with actual cost but may be

adjusted as a result of any subsequent

changes in the scope of work or services to

be performed under the contract.

cost sharing contract — A costreimbursement type contract under which

the contractor receives no fee but is

reimbursed only for an agreed portion of

its allowable costs.

counterair — A mission that integrates

offensive and defensive operations to attain

and maintain a desired degree of air

superiority. Counterair missions are

designed to destroy or negate enemy aircraft

and missiles, both before and after launch.

See also air superiority; mission;

offensive counterair. (JP 3-01)

counterattack — Attack by part or all of a

defending force against an enemy attacking

force, for such specific purposes as

regaining ground lost or cutting off or

destroying enemy advance units, and with

the general objective of denying to the

enemy the attainment of the enemy’s

purpose in attacking. In sustained defensive

operations, it is undertaken to restore the

battle position and is directed at limited

objectives. See also countermove;

counteroffensive.

counterbattery fire — (*) Fire delivered for

the purpose of destroying or neutralizing

indirect fire weapon systems.

counterdeception — Efforts to negate,

neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain

advantage from a foreign deception

operation. Counterdeception does not

include the intelligence function of

identifying foreign deception operations.

See also deception.

counterdrug — Those active measures taken

to detect, monitor, and counter the

production, trafficking, and use of illegal

drugs. Also called CD. (JP 3-05)

counterdrug nonoperational support —

Support provided to law enforcement

agencies or host nations that includes loan

or lease of equipment without operators, use

of facilities (such as buildings, training

areas, and ranges), training conducted in

formal schools, transfer of excess

equipment, or other support provided by

the Services from forces not assigned or

made available to the combatant

commanders. See also counterdrug

operational support; counterdrug

operations. (JP 3-07.4)

counterdrug operational support —

Support to host nations and drug law

enforcement agencies involving military

personnel and their associated equipment,

and provided by the geographic combatant

commanders from forces assigned to them

or made available to them by the Services

for this purpose. Operational support does

not include support in the form of

equipment alone, nor the conduct of joint

law enforcement investigations with

cooperating civilian law enforcement

agencies. See also counterdrug

nonoperational support; counterdrug

operations. (JP 3-07.4)
105

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

counterdrug operations — Civil or military

actions taken to reduce or eliminate illicit

drug trafficking. See also counterdrug;

counterdrug nonoperational support;

counterdrug operational support.

(JP 3-07.4)

counterdrug support office — In

counterdrug operations, offices under the

office of the Department of Defense

Coordinator for Drug Enforcement Policy

and Support, responsible for processing,

tracking, and coordinating all

nonoperational support requests from drug

law enforcement officials. Also called

CDSO. See also counterdrug;

counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07.4)

counterespionage — That aspect of

counterintelligence designed to detect,

destroy, neutralize, exploit, or prevent

espionage activities through identification,

penetration, manipulation, deception, and

repression of individuals, groups, or

organizations conducting or suspected of

conducting espionage activities.

counterfire — (*) Fire intended to destroy

or neutralize enemy weapons. (DOD

only) Includes counterbattery,

counterbombardment, and countermortar

fire. See also fire.

counterforce — The employment of strategic

air and missile forces in an effort to destroy,

or render impotent, selected military

capabilities of an enemy force under any

of the circumstances by which hostilities

may be initiated.

counterguerrilla warfare — (*) Operations

and activities conducted by armed forces,

paramilitary forces, or nonmilitary agencies

against guerrillas.

counterinsurgency — Those military,

paramilitary, political, economic,

psychological, and civic actions taken by a

government to defeat insurgency. Also

called COIN.

counterintelligence — Information gathered

and activities conducted to protect against

espionage, other intelligence activities,

sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or

on behalf of foreign governments or

elements thereof, foreign organizations, or

foreign persons, or international terrorist

activities. Also called CI. See also

counterespionage; countersabotage;

countersubversion; security; security

intelligence. (JP 2-0)

counterintelligence activities — The four

functions of counterintelligence:

operations; investigations; collection and

reporting; and analysis, production,

and dissemination. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

counterintelligence collection — The

systematic acquisition of information

(through investigations, operations, or

liaison) concerning espionage, sabotage,

terrorism, other intelligence activities or

assassinations conducted by or on behalf

of foreign governments or elements thereof,

foreign organizations, or foreign persons

that are directed against or threaten

Department of Defense interests. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

counterintelligence investigations —

Counterintelligence investigations

establish the elements of proof for

prosecution or administrative action.

Counterintelligence investigations can

provide a basis for or be developed from

conducting counterintelligence operations.

Counterintelligence investigations are

conducted against individuals or groups

suspected of committing acts of espionage,

sabotage, sedition, subversion, terrorism,

and other major security violations as well

as failure to follow Defense agency and

Military Service directives governing
106 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

reporting of contacts with foreign citizens

and “out-of-channel” requests for defense

information. Counterintelligence

investigations provide military

commanders and policymakers with

information used to eliminate security

vulnerabilities and otherwise to improve the

security posture of threatened interests. See

also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

counterintelligence production — The

process of analyzing all-source information

concerning espionage or other

multidiscipline intelligence collection

threats, sabotage, terrorism, and other

related threats to US military commanders,

the Department of Defense, and the US

Intelligence Community and developing it

into a final product that is disseminated.

Counterintelligence production is used in

formulating security policy, plans, and

operations. See also counterintelligence.

(JP 2-01.2)

counterintelligence support — Conducting

counterintelligence activities to protect

against espionage and other foreign

intelligence activities, sabotage,

international terrorist activities, or

assassinations conducted for or on behalf

of foreign powers, organizations, or

persons. See also counterintelligence.

(JP 2-01.2)

countermeasures — That form of military

science that, by the employment of devices

and/or techniques, has as its objective the

impairment of the operational effectiveness

of enemy activity. See also electronic

warfare.

countermine — (*) To explode the main

charge in a mine by the shock of a nearby

explosion of another mine or independent

explosive charge. The explosion of the

main charge may be caused either by

sympathetic detonation or through the

explosive train and/or firing mechanism of

the mine.

countermine operation — (*) In land mine

warfare, an operation to reduce or eliminate

the effects of mines or minefields. See also

countermine; countermining; mine

warfare.

countermining — 1. Land mine warfare

— Tactics and techniques used to detect,

avoid, breach, and/or neutralize enemy

mines and the use of available resources to

deny the enemy the opportunity to employ

mines. 2. Naval mine warfare — The

detonation of mines by nearby explosions,

either accidental or deliberate.

countermobility operations — The

construction of obstacles and emplacement

of minefields to delay, disrupt, and destroy

the enemy by reinforcement of the terrain.

The primary purpose of countermobility

operations is to slow or divert the enemy,

to increase time for target acquisition, and

to increase weapons effectiveness. See also

minefield; operation; target acquisition.

(JP 3-34)

countermove — (*) An operation undertaken

in reaction to or in anticipation of a move

by the enemy. See also counterattack.

counteroffensive — A large scale offensive

undertaken by a defending force to seize

the initiative from the attacking force. See

also counterattack.

counterpreparation fire — (*) Intensive

prearranged fire delivered when the

imminence of the enemy attack is

discovered. (DOD only) It is designed to:

break up enemy formations; disorganize the

enemy’s systems of command,

communications, and observation; decrease

the effectiveness of artillery preparation;
107

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

and impair the enemy’s offensive spirit. See

also fire.

counterreconnaissance — All measures

taken to prevent hostile observation of a

force, area, or place.

countersabotage — That aspect of

counterintelligence designed to detect,

destroy, neutralize, or prevent sabotage

activities through identification,

penetration, manipulation, deception, and

repression of individuals, groups, or

organizations conducting or suspected of

conducting sabotage activities.

countersign — (*) A secret challenge and

its reply. See also challenge; password.

countersubversion — That aspect of

counterintelligence designed to detect,

destroy, neutralize, or prevent subversive

activities through the identification,

exploitation, penetration, manipulation,

deception, and repression of individuals,

groups, or organizations conducting or

suspected of conducting subversive

activities.

countersurveillance — All measures, active

or passive, taken to counteract hostile

surveillance. See also surveillance.

counterterrorism — Offensive measures

taken to prevent, deter, and respond to

terrorism. Also called CT. See also

antiterrorism; combatting terrorism;

terrorism.

country cover diagram — (*) A small scale

index, by country, depicting the existence

of air photography for planning purposes

only.

country team — The senior, in-country, US

coordinating and supervising body, headed

by the chief of the US diplomatic mission,

and composed of the senior member of each

represented US department or agency, as

desired by the chief of the US diplomatic

mission. (JP 3-07.4)

coup de main — An offensive operation that

capitalizes on surprise and simultaneous

execution of supporting operations to

achieve success in one swift stroke. (JP 3-0)

courier — A messenger (usually a

commissioned or warrant officer)

responsible for the secure physical

transmission and delivery of documents and

material. Generally referred to as a

command or local courier. See also armed

forces courier.

course — (*) The intended direction of

movement in the horizontal plane.

course of action — 1. Any sequence of

activities that an individual or unit may

follow. 2. A possible plan open to an

individual or commander that would

accomplish, or is related to the

accomplishment of the mission. 3. The

scheme adopted to accomplish a job or

mission. 4. A line of conduct in an

engagement. 5. A product of the Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

concept development phase. Also called

COA.

course of action development — The phase

of the Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System within the crisis action

planning process that provides for the

development of military responses and

includes, within the limits of the time

allowed: establishing force and sustainment

requirements with actual units; evaluating

force, logistic, and transportation

feasibility; identifying and resolving

resource shortfalls; recommending resource

allocations; and producing a course of

action via a commander’s estimate that

contains a concept of operations,

employment concept, risk assessments,
108 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

prioritized courses of action, and supporting

databases. See also course of action; crisis

action planning.

cover — (*) 1. The action by land, air, or sea

forces to protect by offense, defense, or

threat of either or both. 2. Those measures

necessary to give protection to a person,

plan, operation, formation, or installation

from the enemy intelligence effort and

leakage of information. 3. The act of

maintaining a continuous receiver watch

with transmitter calibrated and available,

but not necessarily available for immediate

use. 4. Shelter or protection, either natural

or artificial. 5. (DOD only) Photographs

or other recorded images which show a

particular area of ground. 6. (DOD only)

A code meaning, “Keep fighters between

force/base and contact designated at

distance stated from force/base” (e.g.,

“cover bogey twenty-seven to thirty

miles”).

coverage — (*) 1. The ground area

represented on imagery, photomaps,

mosaics, maps, and other geographical

presentation systems. 2. (DOD only)

Cover or protection, as the coverage of

troops by supporting fire. 3. (DOD only)

The extent to which intelligence

information is available in respect to any

specified area of interest. 4. (DOD only)

The summation of the geographical areas

and volumes of aerospace under

surveillance. See also comparative cover.

covering fire — (*) 1. Fire used to protect

troops when they are within range of enemy

small arms. 2. In amphibious usage, fire

delivered prior to the landing to cover

preparatory operations such as underwater

demolition or minesweeping. See also fire.

covering force — (*) 1. A force operating

apart from the main force for the purpose

of intercepting, engaging, delaying,

disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy

before the enemy can attack the force

covered. 2. Any body or detachment of

troops which provides security for a larger

force by observation, reconnaissance,

attack, or defense, or by any combination

of these methods. See also force(s).

covering force area — (*) The area forward

of the forward edge of the battle area out to

the forward positions initially assigned to

the covering forces. It is here that the

covering forces execute assigned tasks.

cover (military) — Actions to conceal actual

friendly intentions, capabilities, operations,

and other activities by providing a plausible

yet erroneous explanation of the observable.

cover search — (*) In air photographic

reconnaissance, the process of selection of

the most suitable existing cover for a

specific requirement.

covert operation — An operation that is so

planned and executed as to conceal the

identity of or permit plausible denial by the

sponsor. A covert operation differs from a

clandestine operation in that emphasis is

placed on concealment of identity of

sponsor rather than on concealment of the

operation. See also clandestine operation;

overt operation. (JP 3-05.3)

coxswain — A person in charge of a small

craft (in the Army, a Class B or smaller

craft) who often functions as the helmsman.

For a causeway ferry, the pilot is in charge

with the coxswain performing helmsman

functions. See causeway. (JP 4-01.6)

crash locator beacon — (*) An automatic

emergency radio locator beacon to help

searching forces locate a crashed aircraft.

See also emergency locator beacon;

personal locator beacon.

crash position indicator — See crash

locator beacon.
109

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

crash rescue and fire suppression —

Extraction of aircrew members from

crashed or burning aircraft and the control

and extinguishing of aircraft and structural

fires. (JP 4-04)

crater — The pit, depression, or cavity

formed in the surface of the Earth by an

explosion. It may range from saucer shaped

to conical, depending largely on the depth

of burst. In the case of a deep underground

burst, no rupture of the surface may occur.

The resulting cavity is termed a

“camouflet.”

crater depth — The maximum depth of the

crater measured from the deepest point of

the pit to the original ground level.

cratering charge — (*) A charge placed at

an adequate depth to produce a crater.

crater radius — The average radius of the

crater measured at the level corresponding

to the original surface of the ground.

creeping barrage — (*) A barrage in which

the fire of all units participating remains in

the same relative position throughout and

which advances in steps of one line at a

time.

creeping mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a buoyant mine held below the surface by a

weight, usually in the form of a chain, which

is free to creep along the seabed under the

influence of stream or current.

crest — (*) A terrain feature of such altitude

that it restricts fire or observation in an area

beyond, resulting in dead space, or limiting

the minimum elevation, or both.

crested — A report that indicates that

engagement of a target or observation of

an area is not possible because of an

obstacle or intervening crest.

crisis — An incident or situation involving a

threat to the United States, its territories,

citizens, military forces, possessions, or

vital interests that develops rapidly and

creates a condition of such diplomatic,

economic, political, or military importance

that commitment of US military forces and

resources is contemplated in order to

achieve national objectives. (JP 5-0)

crisis action planning — 1. The Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

process involving the time-sensitive

development of joint operation plans and

orders in response to an imminent crisis.

Crisis action planning follows prescribed

crisis action procedures to formulate and

implement an effective response within the

time frame permitted by the crisis. 2. The

time-sensitive planning for the deployment,

employment, and sustainment of assigned

and allocated forces and resources that

occurs in response to a situation that may

result in actual military operations. Crisis

action planners base their plan on the

circumstances that exist at the time planning

occurs. Also called CAP. See also Joint

Operation Planning and Execution

System. (JP 5-0)

crisis management — Measure to resolve a

hostile situation and investigate and prepare

a criminal case for prosecution under federal

law. Crisis management will include a

response to an incident involving a weapon

of mass destruction, special improvised

explosive device, or a hostage crisis that is

beyond the capability of the lead federal

agency. See also crisis; hostage; hostile.

(JP 3-07.6)

critical information — Specific facts about

friendly intentions, capabilities, and

activities vitally needed by adversaries for

them to plan and act effectively so as to

guarantee failure or unacceptable
110 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

consequences for friendly mission

accomplishment.

critical intelligence — Intelligence that is

crucial and requires the immediate attention

of the commander. It is required to enable

the commander to make decisions that will

provide a timely and appropriate response

to actions by the potential or actual enemy.

It includes but is not limited to the

following: a. strong indications of the

imminent outbreak of hostilities of any type

(warning of attack); b. aggression of any

nature against a friendly country; c.

indications or use of nuclear, biological, and

chemical weapons (targets); and d.

significant events within potential enemy

countries that may lead to modification of

nuclear strike plans.

critical item — An essential item which is in

short supply or expected to be in short

supply for an extended period. See also

critical supplies and materiel; regulated

item.

critical item list — Prioritized list, compiled

from a subordinate commander’s composite

critical item lists, identifying supply items

and weapon systems that assist Service and

Defense Logistics Agency’s selection of

supply items and systems for production

surge planning. Also may be used in

operational situations by the combatant

commander and/or subordinate joint force

commander (within combatant commander

directives) to cross-level critical supply

items between Service components. Also

called CIL. See also critical item. (JP 4-07)

critical joint duty assignment billet — A

joint duty assignment position for which,

considering the duties and responsibilities

of the position, it is highly important that

the assigned officer be particularly trained

in, and oriented toward, joint matters.

Critical billets are selected by heads of joint

organizations, approved by the Secretary

of Defense and documented in the Joint

Duty Assignment List.

critical mass — The minimum amount of

fissionable material capable of supporting

a chain reaction under precisely specified

conditions.

critical node — An element, position, or

command and control entity whose

disruption or destruction immediately

degrades the ability of a force to command,

control, or effectively conduct combat

operations. Also called target critical

damage point.

critical occupational specialty — A military

occupational specialty selected from among

the combat arms in the Army or equivalent

military specialties in the Navy, Air Force,

or Marine Corps. Equivalent military

specialties are those engaged in operational

art in order to attain strategic goals in an

operational area through the design,

organization, and conduct of campaigns and

major operations. Critical occupational

specialties are designated by the Secretary

of Defense. Also called COS.

critical point — 1. A key geographical point

or position important to the success of an

operation. 2. In point of time, a crisis or a

turning point in an operation. 3. A selected

point along a line of march used for

reference in giving instructions. 4. A point

where there is a change of direction or

change in slope in a ridge or stream. 5.

Any point along a route of march where

interference with a troop movement may

occur.

critical safety item — A part, assembly,

installation, or production system with one

or more essential characteristics that, if not

conforming to the design data or quality

requirements, would result in an unsafe

condition that could cause loss or serious

damage to the end item or major
111

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

components, loss of control, or serious

injury to personnel. Also called CSI.

critical speed — (*) A speed or range of

speeds which a ship cannot sustain due to

vibration or other similar phenomena.

critical supplies and materiel — (*) Those

supplies vital to the support of operations,

which owing to various causes are in short

supply or are expected to be in short supply.

See also critical item; regulated item.

critical sustainability item — Any item

described at National Stock Number level

of detail, by federal supply class, as part of

the logistic factors file, that significantly

affect the commander’s ability to execute

an operation plan. Also called CSI.

critic report — See critical intelligence.

crossing area — (*) 1. A number of adjacent

crossing sites under the control of one

commander. 2. (DOD only) A controlled

access area for a river crossing operation

used to decrease traffic congestion at the

river. It is normally a brigade-sized area

defined by lateral boundaries and release

lines 3 to 4 kilometers (based on mission,

enemy, terrain and weather, troops and

support available-time available) from each

side of the river.

cross-leveling — The authority and ability

to shift materiel inventory from one owner

to meet the requirement of another. At the

theater strategic level and operational level,

it is the process of diverting en route or intheater materiel from one military element

to meet the higher priority of another within

the combatant commander’s directive

authority for logistics. Cross-leveling plans

must include specific reimbursement

procedures. (JP 4-07)

cross-loading (personnel) — The

distribution of leaders, key weapons,

personnel, and key equipment among the

aircraft, vessels, or vehicles of a formation

to preclude the total loss of command and

control or unit effectiveness if an aircraft,

vessel, or vehicle is lost. It is also an

important factor in aiding rapid assembly

of units at the drop zone or landing zone.

See also loading.

cross-servicing — A subset of common-user

logistics in which a function is performed

by one Military Service in support of

another Military Service and for which

reimbursement is required from the Service

receiving support. See also acquisition and

cross-servicing agreement; commonuser logistics; servicing. (JP 4-07)

cross-targeting (nuclear) — The layering of

weapons from different delivery platforms

to increase the probability of target damage

or destruction.

cross tell — (*) The transfer of information

between facilities at the same operational

level. See also track telling.

cruise missile — Guided missile, the major

portion of whose flight path to its target is

conducted at approximately constant

velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction

of air for lift and upon propulsion forces to

balance drag.

cruising altitude — (*) A level determined

by vertical measurement from mean sea

level, maintained during a flight or portion

thereof.

cruising level — (*) A level maintained

during a significant portion of a flight. See

also altitude.

crush depth — See collapse depth.

cryogenic liquid — Liquefied gas at very low

temperature, such as liquid oxygen,

nitrogen, or argon.
112 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

cryptanalysis — The steps and operations

performed in converting encrypted

messages into plain text without initial

knowledge of the key employed in the

encryption.

cryptochannel — 1. A complete system of

crypto-communications between two or

more holders. 2. The basic unit for naval

cryptographic communication. It includes:

a. the cryptographic aids prescribed; b. the

holders thereof; c. the indicators or other

means of identification; d. the area or areas

in which effective; e. the special purpose,

if any, for which provided; and f. pertinent

notes as to distribution, usage, etc. A

cryptochannel is analogous to a radio

circuit.

cryptographic information — All

information significantly descriptive of

cryptographic techniques and processes or

of cryptographic systems and equipment (or

their functions and capabilities) and all

cryptomaterial.

cryptologic — Of or pertaining to cryptology.

cryptology — The science that deals with

hidden, disguised, or encrypted

communications. It includes communications

security and communications intelligence.

cryptomaterial — All material including

documents, devices, equipment, and

apparatus essential to the encryption,

decryption, or authentication of

telecommunications. When classified, it is

designated CRYPTO and subject to special

safeguards.

cryptopart — (*) A division of a message

as prescribed for security reasons. The

operating instructions for certain

cryptosystems prescribe the number of

groups which may be encrypted in the

systems, using a single message indicator.

Cryptoparts are identified in plain language.

They are not to be confused with message

parts.

cryptosecurity — See communications

security.

cryptosystem — The associated items of

cryptomaterial that are used as a unit and

provide a single means of encryption and

decryption. See also cipher; code;

decrypt; encipher.

CSAR-capable assets — Those aircraft,

vehicles, maritime craft, and assigned

personnel possessing inherent capabilities

to recover isolated personnel, but whose

primary designed operational capability or

mission is other than combat search and

rescue (CSAR). CSAR-capable assets are

mobile, responsive, and capable of

physically recovering and/or returning

isolated personnel to friendly forces.

CSAR-dedicated assets — Those aircraft,

vehicles, maritime craft, and assigned

personnel with a primary designed

operational capability and Service- or

component-designated mission of

conducting or directly supporting combat

search and rescue (CSAR) operations.

Dedicated assets and assigned personnel are

specifically trained, equipped, and

employed to recover isolated personnel or

provide direct support to assets conducting

CSAR operations. “CSAR-capable” assets

specifically tasked to conduct CSAR

operations by a joint force commander or

other appropriate authority are included in

this category.

culminating point — The point at which a

force no longer has the capability to

continue its form of operations, offense or

defense. a. In the offense, the point at which

continuing the attack is no longer possible

and the force must consider reverting to a

defensive posture or attempting an

operational pause. b. In the defense, the
113

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

point at which counteroffensive action is

no longer possible. (JP 3-0)

cultivation — A deliberate and calculated

association with a person for the purpose

of recruitment, obtaining information, or

gaining control for these or other purposes.

culture — (*) A feature of the terrain that

has been constructed by man. Included are

such items as roads, buildings, and canals;

boundary lines; and, in a broad sense, all

names and legends on a map.

curb weight — Weight of a ground vehicle

including fuel, lubricants, coolant, and

on-vehicle materiel, excluding cargo and

operating personnel.

current — A body of water moving in a

certain direction and caused by wind and

density differences in water. The effects of

a current are modified by water depth,

underwater topography, basin shape, land

masses, and deflection from the earth’s

rotation. (JP 4-01.6)

current force — The force that exists today.

The current force represents actual force

structure and/or manning available to meet

present contingencies. It is the basis for

operations and contingency plans and

orders. See also force; Intermediate Force

Planning Level; Programmed Forces.

current intelligence — One of two

categories of descriptive intelligence that

is concerned with describing the existing

situation.

current, offshore — Deep water movements

caused by tides or seasonal changes in ocean

water level. (JP 4-01.6)

current, rip — A water movement that flows

from the beach through the surf zone in

swiftly moving narrow channels. See also

surf zone. (JP 4-01.6)

curve of pursuit — (*) The curved path

described by a fighter plane making an

attack on a moving target while holding the

proper aiming allowance.

cusps — Ridges of beach material extending

seaward from the beach face with

intervening troughs. (JP 4-01.6)

custodian of postal effects — Members of

the US Armed Forces or Department of

Defense civilian employees accountable for

administration of the postal effects entrusted

to them by the United States Postal Service.

Civilian custodians of postal effects are

supervised by the members of the US

Armed Forces. Also called COPE.

custody — 1. The responsibility for the

control of, transfer and movement of, and

access to, weapons and components.

Custody also includes the maintenance of

accountability for weapons and

components. 2. Temporary restraint of a

person.

customer ship — (*) The ship in a

replenishment unit that receives the

transferred personnel and/or supplies.

customer wait time — The total elapsed time

between issuance of a customer order and

satisfaction of that order. Also called CWT.

(JP 4-09)

Customs Over-The-Horizon Enforcement

Network — US Customs Service

long-range voice communications system.

Also called COTHEN. (JP 3-07.4)

cut-off — (*) The deliberate shutting off of a

reaction engine.

cutoff attack — An attack that provides a

direct vector from the interceptor’s position

to an intercept point with the target track.
114 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

cut-off velocity — (*) The velocity attained

by a missile at the point of cut-off.

cutout — An intermediary or device used to

obviate direct contact between members of

a clandestine organization.

cutter — (*) 1. In naval mine warfare, a

device fitted to a sweep wire to cut or part

the moorings of mines or obstructors; it may

also be fitted in the mooring of a mine or

obstructor to part a sweep. 2. (DOD only)

Coast Guard watercraft 65 feet long or

larger. See also mine warfare; watercraft.

(JP 3-33)

cutting charge — (*) A charge which

produces a cutting effect in line with its

plane of symmetry.

cyberspace — The notional environment in

which digitized information is

communicated over computer networks.

(JP 2-01.3)
D

115

daily intelligence summary — A report

prepared in message form at the joint force

headquarters that provides higher, lateral,

and subordinate headquarters with a

summary of all significant intelligence

produced during the previous 24-hour

period. The “as of” time for information,

content, and submission time for the report

will be as specified by the joint force

commander. Also called DISUM.

daily movement summary (shipping) — A

tabulation of departures and arrivals of all

merchant shipping (including neutrals)

arriving or departing ports during a 24-hour

period.

damage area — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the plan area around a minesweeper inside

which a mine explosion is likely to interrupt

operations.

damage assessment — (*) 1. The

determination of the effect of attacks on

targets. 2. (DOD only) A determination

of the effect of a compromise of classified

information on national security. See also

civil damage assessment; military

damage assessment.

damage control — In naval usage, measures

necessary aboard ship to preserve and

reestablish watertight integrity, stability,

maneuverability, and offensive power; to

control list and trim; to effect rapid repairs

of materiel; to limit the spread of and

provide adequate protection from fire; to

limit the spread of, remove the

contamination by, and provide adequate

protection from chemical, biological, and

radiological agents; and to provide for care

of wounded personnel. See also area

damage control; disaster control.

damage criteria — The critical levels of

various effects, such as blast pressure and

thermal radiation, required to achieve

specified levels of damage.

damage estimation — A preliminary

appraisal of the potential effects of an attack.

See also attack assessment.

damage expectancy (nuclear) — The

probability that a weapon will arrive,

detonate, and achieve at least a specified

level of damage (severe or moderate)

against a given target. Damage expectancy

is a function of both probability of arrival

and probability of damage of a weapon.

damage radius — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the average distance from a ship within

which a mine containing a given weight and

type of explosive must detonate if it is to

inflict a specified amount of damage.

damage threat — (*) The probability that a

target ship passing once through a minefield

will explode one or more mines and sustain

a specified amount of damage.

danger area — (*) 1. In air traffic control,

an airspace of defined dimensions within

which activities dangerous to the flight of

aircraft may exist at specified times. 2.

(DOD only) A specified area above, below,

or within which there may be potential

danger. See also closed area; prohibited

area; restricted area.

danger close — In close air support, artillery,

mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, it

is the term included in the method of

engagement segment of a call for fire which

indicates that friendly forces are within

close proximity of the target. The close

proximity distance is determined by the

weapon and munition fired. See also call

for fire; final protective fire.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
116 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

dangerous cargo — (*) Cargo which,

because of its dangerous properties, is

subject to special regulations for its

transport.

danger space — That space between the

weapon and the target where the trajectory

does not rise 1.8 meters (the average height

of a standing human). This includes the

area encompassed by the beaten zone. See

also beaten zone.

data — Representation of facts, concepts, or

instructions in a formalized manner suitable

for communication, interpretation, or

processing by humans or by automatic

means. Any representations such as

characters or analog quantities to which

meaning is or might be assigned.

database — Information that is normally

structured and indexed for user access and

review. Databases may exist in the form of

physical files (folders, documents, etc.) or

formatted automated data processing

system data files. (JP 2-0)

data block — Information presented on air

imagery relevant to the geographical

position, altitude, attitude, and heading of

the aircraft and, in certain cases,

administrative information and information

on the sensors employed.

data code — A number, letter, character, or

any combination thereof used to represent

a data element or data item.

data element — 1. A basic unit of

information built on standard structures

having a unique meaning and distinct units

or values. 2. In electronic recordkeeping,

a combination of characters or bytes

referring to one separate item of

information, such as name, address, or age.

data item — A subunit of descriptive

information or value classified under a data

element. For example, the data element

“military personnel grade” contains data

items such as sergeant, captain, and colonel.

data link — (*) The means of connecting

one location to another for the purpose of

transmitting and receiving data. See also

tactical digital information link.

data link coordination net — A voice

coordination net of voice circuits used to

coordinate technical operation of data

terminal equipment. One voice circuit is

required for each tactical digital information

link (TADIL)-B pair, and one net is required

for participants on each TADIL-A,

TADIL-J, or interim Joint Tactical

Information Distribution System message

specification net. The net is normally secure

or covered. Also called DCN.

data mile — A standard unit of distance

date line — See international date line.

date-time group — The date and time,

expressed in digits and time zone suffix, at

which the message was prepared for

transmission. (Expressed as six digits

followed by the time zone suffix; first pair

of digits denotes the date, second pair the

hours, third pair the minutes, followed by a

three-letter month abbreviation and twodigit year abbreviation.) Also called DTG.

datum — (*) Any numerical or geometrical

quantity or set of such quantities which may

serve as reference or base for other

quantities. Where the concept is geometric,

the plural form is “datums” in contrast to

the normal plural “data.”

datum (antisubmarine warfare) — A datum

is the last known position of a submarine,

or suspected submarine, after contact has

been lost.
117

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

datum error (antisubmarine warfare) —

An estimate of the degree of accuracy in

the reported position of datum.

datum (geodetic) — 1. A reference surface

consisting of five quantities: the latitude and

longitude of an initial point, the azimuth of

a line from that point, and the parameters

of the reference ellipsoid. 2. The

mathematical model of the earth used to

calculate the coordinates on any map.

Different nations use different datums for

printing coordinates on their maps. The

datum is usually referenced in the marginal

information of each map.

datum level — (*) A surface to which

elevations, heights, or depths on a map or

chart are related. See also altitude.

datum point — (*) Any reference point of

known or assumed coordinates from which

calculation or measurements may be taken.

See also pinpoint.

datum time (antisubmarine warfare) —

The time when contact with the submarine,

or suspected submarine, was lost.

davit — A small crane on a vessel that is used

to raise and lower small boats, such as

lifeboats, an LCM-8 on landing ship, tanks,

side loadable warping tugs, or causeway

sections. (JP 4-01.6)

day of supply — See one day’s supply.

dazzle — Temporary loss of vision or a

temporary reduction in visual acuity; may

also be applied to effects on optics. See

also directed-energy warfare; flash

blindness.

D-day — See times.

D-day consumption/production differential

assets — As applied to the D-to-P concept,

these assets are required to compensate for

the inability of the production base to meet

expenditure (consumption) requirements

during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-P

concept.

D-day materiel readiness gross capability

— As applied to the D-to-P concept, this

capability represents the sum of all assets

on hand on D-day and the gross production

capability (funded and unfunded) between

D-day and P-day. When this capability

equals the D-to-P materiel readiness gross

requirement, requirements and capabilities

are in balance. See also D-to-P concept.

D-day pipeline assets — As applied to the

D-to-P concept, these assets represent the

sum of continental United States and

overseas operating and safety levels and

intransit levels of supply. See also D-to-P

concept.

deadline — To remove a vehicle or piece of

equipment from operation or use for one of

the following reasons: a. is inoperative due

to damage, malfunctioning, or necessary

repairs (the term does not include items

temporarily removed from use by reason

of routine maintenance and repairs that do

not affect the combat capability of the item);

b. is unsafe; and c. would be damaged by

further use.

dead mine — (*) A mine which has been

neutralized, sterilized, or rendered safe. See

also mine.

dead space — (*) 1. An area within the

maximum range of a weapon, radar, or

observer, which cannot be covered by fire

or observation from a particular position

because of intervening obstacles, the nature

of the ground, or the characteristics of the

trajectory, or the limitations of the pointing

capabilities of the weapon. 2. An area or

zone which is within range of a radio

transmitter, but in which a signal is not

received. 3. The volume of space above
118 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

and around a gun or guided missile system

into which it cannot fire because of

mechanical or electronic limitations.

de-arming — An operation in which a

weapon is changed from a state of readiness

for initiation to a safe condition. Also called

safing. See also arm or de-arm. (JP 3-04.1)

debarkation — The unloading of troops,

equipment, or supplies from a ship or

aircraft.

debarkation net — A specially prepared type

of cargo net employed for the debarkation

of troops over the side of a ship.

debarkation schedule — (*) A schedule that

provides for the timely and orderly

debarkation of troops and equipment and

emergency supplies for the waterborne

ship-to-shore movement.

deceased — A casualty status applicable to a

person who is either known to have died,

determined to have died on the basis of

conclusive evidence, or declared to be dead

on the basis of a presumptive finding of

death. The recovery of remains is not a

prerequisite to determining or declaring a

person deceased. See also casualty status.

decentralized control — (*) In air defense,

the normal mode whereby a higher echelon

monitors unit actions, making direct target

assignments to units only when necessary

to ensure proper fire distribution or to

prevent engagement of friendly aircraft.

See also centralized control.

decentralized execution — The delegation

of execution authority to subordinate

commanders. (JP 0-2)

decentralized items — Those items of supply

for which appropriate authority has

prescribed local management and

procurement.

deception — Those measures designed to

mislead the enemy by manipulation,

distortion, or falsification of evidence to

induce the enemy to react in a manner

prejudicial to the enemy’s interests. See

also counterdeception; military

deception.

deception action — A collection of related

deception events that form a major

component of a deception operation.

(JP 3-58)

deception concept — The deception course

of action forwarded to the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff for review as part of

the CINC’s strategic concept. (JP 3-58)

deception course of action — A deception

scheme developed during the estimate

process in sufficient detail to permit

decisionmaking. At a minimum, a

deception course of action will identify the

deception objective, the deception target,

the desired perception, the deception story,

and tentative deception means. (JP 3-58)

deception event — A deception means

executed at a specific time and location in

support of a deception operation. (JP 3-58)

deception means — Methods, resources, and

techniques that can be used to convey

information to the deception target. There

are three categories of deception means: a.

physical means — Activities and resources

used to convey or deny selected information

to a foreign power. (Examples include

military operations, including exercises,

reconnaissance, training activities, and

movement of forces; the use of dummy

equipment and devices; tactics; bases,

logistic actions, stockpiles, and repair

activity; and test and evaluation activities.)

b. technical means — Military materiel

resources and their associated operating

techniques used to convey or deny selected

information to a foreign power through the
119

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

deliberate radiation, re-radiation, alteration,

absorption, or reflection of energy; the

emission or suppression of chemical or

biological odors; and the emission or

suppression of nuclear particles. c.

administrative means — Resources,

methods, and techniques to convey or deny

oral, pictorial, documentary, or other

physical evidence to a foreign power.

(JP 3-58)

deception objective — The desired result of

a deception operation expressed in terms

of what the adversary is to do or not to do

at the critical time and/or location. (JP 3-58)

deception story — A scenario that outlines

the friendly actions that will be portrayed

to cause the deception target to adopt the

desired perception. (JP 3-58)

deception target — The adversary

decisionmaker with the authority to make

the decision that will achieve the deception

objective. (JP 3-58)

decision — In an estimate of the situation, a

clear and concise statement of the line of

action intended to be followed by the

commander as the one most favorable to

the successful accomplishment of the

assigned mission.

decision altitude — (*) An altitude related

to the highest elevation in the touchdown

zone, specified for a glide slope approach,

at which a missed-approach procedure must

be initiated if the required visual reference

has not been established. See also decision

height.

decision height — (*) A height above the

highest elevation in the touchdown zone,

specified for a glide slope approach, at

which a missed-approach procedure must

be initiated if the required visual reference

has not been established. See also decision

altitude.

decision point — The point in space and time

where the commander or staff anticipates

making a decision concerning a specific

friendly course of action. A decision point

is usually associated with a specific target

area of interest, and is located in time and

space to permit the commander sufficient

lead time to engage the adversary in the

target area of interest. Decision points may

also be associated with the friendly force

and the status of ongoing operations. See

also course of actions; decision support

template; target area of interest. (JP 2-01.3)

decision support template — A graphic

record of wargaming. The decision support

template depicts decision points, timelines

associated with movement of forces and the

flow of the operation, and other key items

of information required to execute a specific

friendly course of action. See also course

of action; decision point. (JP 2-01.3)

decisive engagement — In land and naval

warfare, an engagement in which a unit is

considered fully committed and cannot

maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence

of outside assistance, the action must be

fought to a conclusion and either won or

lost with the forces at hand.

decisive point — A geographic place, specific

key event, critical system, or function that

allows commanders to gain a marked

advantage over an enemy and greatly

influence the outcome of an attack. See

also centers of gravity. (JP 3-0)

deck alert — See ground alert.

declared speed — The continuous speed

which a master declares the ship can

maintain on a forthcoming voyage under

moderate weather conditions having due

regard to the ship’s present condition.

declassification — The determination that,

in the interests of national security,
120 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

classified information no longer requires

any degree of protection against

unauthorized disclosure, coupled with

removal or cancellation of the classification

designation.

declassify — (*) To cancel the security

classification of an item of classified matter.

Also called DECL. See also downgrade.

declination — (*) The angular distance to a

body on the celestial sphere measured north

or south through 90 degrees from the

celestial equator along the hour circle of

the body. Comparable to latitude on the

terrestrial sphere. See also magnetic

declination; magnetic variation.

decompression chamber — See hyperbaric

chamber.

decompression sickness — A syndrome,

including bends, chokes, neurological

disturbances, and collapse, resulting from

exposure to reduced ambient pressure and

caused by gas bubbles in the tissues, fluids,

and blood vessels.

decontamination — (*) The process of

making any person, object, or area safe by

absorbing, destroying, neutralizing,

making harmless, or removing chemical or

biological agents, or by removing

radioactive material clinging to or

around it.

decontamination station — (*) A building

or location suitably equipped and organized

where personnel and materiel are cleansed

of chemical, biological, or radiological

contaminants.

decoy — An imitation in any sense of a

person, object, or phenomenon which is

intended to deceive enemy surveillance

devices or mislead enemy evaluation. Also

called dummy.

decoy ship — (*) A ship camouflaged as a

noncombatant ship with its armament and

other fighting equipment hidden and with

special provisions for unmasking its

weapons quickly. Also called Q-ship.

decrypt — To convert encrypted text into its

equivalent plain text by means of a

cryptosystem. (This does not include

solution by cryptanalysis.) (Note: The term

“decrypt” covers the meanings of

“decipher” and “decode.”) See also

cryptosystem.

deep fording capability — (*) The

characteristic of a self-propelled gun or

ground vehicle equipped with built-in

waterproofing and/or a special

waterproofing kit, to negotiate a water

obstacle with its wheels or tracks in contact

with the ground.

deep minefield — (*) An antisubmarine

minefield which is safe for surface ships to

cross. See also minefield.

de facto boundary — (*) An international

or administrative boundary whose existence

and legality is not recognized, but which is

a practical division between separate

national and provincial administering

authorities.

defense area — (*) For any particular

command, the area extending from the

forward edge of the battle area to its rear

boundary. It is here that the decisive

defensive battle is fought.

Defense Business Operations Fund — A

revolving industrial fund concept for a large

number of Defense support functions,

including transportation. Utilizes

business-like cost accounting to determine

total cost of a business activity. Defense

Business Operations Fund-Transportation

is comprised of those Defense Business
121

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Operations Fund accounts assigned by the

Office of the Secretary of Defense for

Commander in Chief, United States

Transportation Command control. Also

called DBOF. (JP 4-01.7)

defense classification — See security

classification.

Defense Communications System —

Department of Defense long-haul voice,

data, and record traffic system which

includes the Defense Data Network,

Defense Satellite Communications System,

and Defense Switched Network. Also

called DCS. See also Defense Data

Network; Defense Switched Network.

(JP 3-07.4)

Defense Data Network — Component of the

Defense Communications System used for

switching Department of Defense

automated data processing systems. Also

called DDN. See also Defense

Communications System; Defense

Switched Network. (JP 3-07.4)

defense emergency — An emergency

condition that exists when: a. a major attack

is made upon US forces overseas or on

allied forces in any theater and is confirmed

by either the commander of a command

established by the Secretary of Defense or

higher authority; or b. an overt attack of

any type is made upon the United States

and is confirmed either by the commander

of a command established by the Secretary

of Defense or higher authority.

defense in depth — The siting of mutually

supporting defense positions designed to

absorb and progressively weaken attack,

prevent initial observations of the whole

position by the enemy, and to allow the

commander to maneuver the reserve.

defense information infrastructure — The

shared or interconnected system of

computers, communications, data

applications, security, people, training, and

other support structures serving Department

of Defense (DOD) local, national, and

worldwide information needs. The defense

information infrastructure connects DOD

mission support, command and control, and

intelligence computers through voice,

telecommunications, imagery, video, and

multimedia services. It provides

information processing and services to

subscribers over the Defense Information

Systems Network and includes command

and control, tactical, intelligence, and

commercial communications systems used

to transmit DOD information. Also called

DII. See also global information

infrastructure; information;

infrastructure; national information

infrastructure. (JP 3-13)

Defense Information Systems Network —

Integrated network, centrally managed and

configured to provide long-haul

information transfer services for all

Department of Defense activities. It is an

information transfer utility designed to

provide dedicated point-to-point, switched

voice and data, imagery, and video

teleconferencing services. Also called

DISN. (JP 2-01)

defense intelligence production — The

integration, evaluation, analysis, and

interpretation of information from single or

multiple sources into finished intelligence

for known or anticipated military and

related national security consumer

requirements. (JP 2-0)

defense message system — Consists of all

hardware, software, procedures, standards,

facilities, and personnel used to exchange

messages electronically.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

— Military weather satellite controlled by
122 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration. Also called DMSP.

Defense Planning Guidance — This

document, issued by the Secretary of

Defense, provides firm guidance in the form

of goals, priorities, and objectives, including

fiscal constraints, for the development of

the Program Objective Memorandums by

the Military Departments and Defense

agencies. Also called DPG.

defense readiness condition — A uniform

system of progressive alert postures for use

between the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff and the commanders of unified and

specified commands and for use by the

Services. Defense readiness conditions are

graduated to match situations of varying

military severity (status of alert). Defense

readiness conditions are identified by the

short title DEFCON (5), (4), (3), (2), and

(1), as appropriate. Also called DEFCON.

Defense Satellite Communications

System — Geosynchronous military

communications satellites that provide

high data rate communications for military

forces, diplomatic corps, and the White

House. The Defense Satellite

Communications System provides longhaul super-high frequency 7/8 gigahertz

voice and high data rate communications

for fixed and transportable terminals, and

extends mobile service to a limited number

of ships and aircraft. Also called DSCS.

Defense Support Program — Satellites that

provide early warning of missile launches;

the first line of defense against missile attack

against North America. Also called DSP.

Defense Switched Network — Component

of the Defense Communications System

that handles Department of Defense voice,

data, and video communications. Also

called DSN. See also Defense

Communications System; Defense Data

Network. (JP 3-07.4)

Defense Transportation System — That

portion of the Nation’s transportation

infrastructure that supports Department of

Defense common-user transportation needs

across the range of military operations. It

consists of those common-user military and

commercial assets, services, and systems

organic to, contracted for, or controlled by

the Department of Defense. Also called

DTS. See also common-user

transportation; transportation system.

defensive coastal area — (*) A part of a

coastal area and of the air, land, and water

area adjacent to the coastline within which

defense operations may involve land, sea,

and air forces.

defensive counterair — All defensive

measures designed to detect, identify,

intercept, and destroy or negate enemy

forces attempting to attack or penetrate the

friendly air environment. Also called DCA.

See also counterair; offensive counterair.

(JP 3-01)

defensive information operations — The

integration and coordination of policies and

procedures, operations, personnel, and

technology to protect and defend

information and information systems.

Defensive information operations are

conducted through information assurance,

physical security, operations security,

counter-deception, counter-psychological

operations, counterintelligence, electronic

warfare, and special information operations.

Defensive information operations ensure

timely, accurate, and relevant information

access while denying adversaries the

opportunity to exploit friendly information

and information systems for their own

purposes. See also counterintelligence;

electronic warfare; information
123

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assurance; information operations;

information system; offensive

information operations; operations

security; physical security; special

information operations. (JP 3-13)

defensive minefield — (*) 1. In naval mine

warfare, a minefield laid in international

waters or international straits with the

declared intention of controlling shipping

in defense of sea communications. 2. (DOD

only) In land mine warfare, a minefield

laid in accordance with an established plan

to prevent a penetration between positions

and to strengthen the defense of the

positions themselves. See also minefield.

defensive sea area — A sea area, usually

including the approaches to and the waters

of important ports, harbors, bays, or sounds,

for the control and protection of shipping;

for the safeguarding of defense installations

bordering on waters of the areas; and for

provision of other security measures

required within the specified areas. It does

not extend seaward beyond the territorial

waters. See also maritime control area.

defensive zone — A belt of terrain, generally

parallel to the front, that includes two or

more organized, or partially organized,

battle positions.

defilade — (*) 1. Protection from hostile

observation and fire provided by an obstacle

such as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2. A vertical

distance by which a position is concealed

from enemy observation. 3. To shield from

enemy fire or observation by using natural

or artificial obstacles.

defoliant operation — (*) The employment

of defoliating agents on vegetated areas in

support of military operations.

defoliating agent — (*) A chemical which

causes trees, shrubs, and other plants to shed

their leaves prematurely.

degaussing — The process whereby a ship’s

magnetic field is reduced by the use of

electromagnetic coils, permanent magnets,

or other means.

degree of risk — As specified by the

commander, the risk to which friendly

forces may be subjected from the effects of

the detonation of a nuclear weapon used in

the attack of a close-in enemy target;

acceptable degrees of risk under differing

tactical conditions are emergency,

moderate, and negligible. See also

emergency risk (nuclear); negligible risk

(nuclear).

de jure boundary — (*) An international or

administrative boundary whose existence

and legality is recognized.

delayed entry program — A program under

which an individual may enlist in a Reserve

Component of a military service and specify

a future reporting date for entry on active

duty in the Active Component that would

coincide with availability of training spaces

and with personal plans such as high school

graduation. Also called DEP. See also

active duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05)

delaying action — See delaying operation.

delaying operation — (*) An operation in

which a force under pressure trades space

for time by slowing down the enemy’s

momentum and inflicting maximum

damage on the enemy without, in principle,

becoming decisively engaged.

delay release sinker — (*) A sinker which

holds a moored mine on the sea-bed for a

predetermined time after laying.

delegation of authority — The action by

which a commander assigns part of his or

her authority commensurate with the

assigned task to a subordinate commander.

While ultimate responsibility cannot be
124 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

relinquished, delegation of authority carries

with it the imposition of a measure of

responsibility. The extent of the authority

delegated must be clearly stated.

deliberate attack — (*) A type of offensive

action characterized by preplanned

coordinated employment of firepower and

maneuver to close with and destroy or

capture the enemy.

deliberate breaching — (*) The creation of

a lane through a minefield or a clear route

through a barrier or fortification, which is

systematically planned and carried out.

deliberate crossing — (*) The crossing of

an inland water obstacle that requires

extensive planning and detailed

preparations. See also hasty crossing.

deliberate defense — (*) A defense normally

organized when out of contact with the

enemy or when contact with the enemy is

not imminent and time for organization is

available. It normally includes an extensive

fortified zone incorporating pillboxes, forts,

and communications systems. See also

hasty defense.

deliberate planning — 1. The Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

process involving the development of joint

operation plans for contingencies identified

in joint strategic planning documents.

Deliberate planning is accomplished in

prescribed cycles that complement other

Department of Defense planning cycles in

accordance with the formally established

Joint Strategic Planning System. 2. A

planning process for the deployment and

employment of apportioned forces and

resources that occurs in response to a

hypothetical situation. Deliberate planners

rely heavily on assumptions regarding the

circumstances that will exist when the plan

is executed. See also Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System; Joint

Strategic Planning System. (JP 5-00.1)

delivering ship — The ship in a

replenishment unit that delivers the rig(s).

delivery error — (*) The inaccuracy

associated with a given weapon system

resulting in a dispersion of shots about the

aiming point. See also circular error

probable; deviation; dispersion;

dispersion error; horizontal error.

delivery forecasts — 1. Periodic estimates

of contract production deliveries used as a

measure of the effectiveness of production

and supply availability scheduling and as a

guide to corrective actions to resolve

procurement or production bottlenecks. 2.

Estimates of deliveries under obligation

against procurement from appropriated or

other funds.

delivery requirements — The stipulation that

requires that an item of materiel must be

delivered in the total quantity required by

the date required.

demilitarized zone — (*) A defined area in

which the stationing or concentrating of

military forces, or the retention or

establishment of military installations of

any description, is prohibited. (JP 3-07.3)

demobilization — The process of

transitioning a conflict or wartime military

establishment and defense-based civilian

economy to a peacetime configuration

while maintaining national security and

economic vitality. See also mobilization.

(JP 4-05)

demolition belt — A selected land area sown

with explosive charges, mines, and other

available obstacles to deny use of the land

to enemy operations, and as a protection to

friendly troops. There are two types of
125

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

demolition belts: a. primary. A

continuous series of obstacles across the

whole front, selected by the division or

higher commander. The preparation of such

a belt is normally a priority engineer task.

b. subsidiary. A supplement to the primary

belt to give depth in front or behind or to

protect the flanks.

demolition chamber — (*) Space

intentionally provided in a structure for the

emplacement of explosive charges.

demolition firing party — The party at the

site that is technically responsible for the

demolition and that actually initiates

detonation or fires the demolitions. See also

demolition guard; state of readiness.

demolition guard — A local force positioned

to ensure that a target is not captured by an

enemy before orders are given for its

demolition and before the demolition has

been successfully fired. The commander

of the demolition guard is responsible for

the tactical control of all troops at the

demolition site, including the demolition

firing party. The commander of the

demolition guard is responsible for

transmitting the order to fire to the

demolition firing party.

demolition kit — (*) The demolition tool

kit complete with explosives. See also

demolition tool kit.

demolition target — (*) A target of known

military interest identified for possible

future demolition. See also charged

demolition target; preliminary

demolition target; prewithdrawal

demolition target; reserved demolition

target; uncharged demolition target.

demolition tool kit — (*) The tools, materials

and accessories of a nonexplosive nature

necessary for preparing demolition charges.

See also demolition kit.

demonstration — (*) 1. An attack or show

of force on a front where a decision is not

sought, made with the aim of deceiving the

enemy. See also amphibious

demonstration; diversion; diversionary

attack. 2. (DOD only) In military

deception, a show of force in an area where

a decision is not sought made to deceive an

adversary. It is similar to a feint but no

actual contact with the adversary is

intended. (JP 3-58)

denial measure — (*) An action to hinder

or deny the enemy the use of space,

personnel, or facilities. It may include

destruction, removal, contamination, or

erection of obstructions.

denied area — An area under enemy or

unfriendly control in which friendly forces

cannot expect to operate successfully within

existing operational constraints and force

capabilities. (JP 3-05)

density altitude — (*) An atmospheric

density expressed in terms of the altitude

which corresponds with that density in the

standard atmosphere.

departmental intelligence — Intelligence

that any department or agency of the

Federal Government requires to execute its

own mission.

Department of Defense construction agent

— The Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities

Engineering Command, or other such

approved Department of Defense activity,

that is assigned design or execution

responsibilities associated with military

construction programs, facilities support, or

civil engineering support to the combatant

commanders in contingency operations.

See also contingency operation. (JP 3-34)

Department of Defense container system

— All Department of Defense

(DOD)-owned, leased, and controlled 20-
126 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

or 40-foot intermodal International

Organization for Standardization containers

and flatracks, supporting equipment such

as generator sets and chassis, container

handling equipment, information systems,

and other infrastructure that supports DOD

transportation and logistic operations,

including commercially provided

transportation services. This also includes

463L pallets, nets, and tie down equipment

as integral components of the DOD

Intermodal Container System. Size and

configuration of the common-use portion

of the DOD container system controlled

by US Transportation Command

(USTRANSCOM), will be determined by

USTRANSCOM based on established

requirements and availability of

commercially owned containers and

equipment. USTRANSCOM will lease or

procure additional containers as required

to augment the DOD container system. See

also container-handling equipment;

containerization; International

Organization for Standardization.

(JP 4-01.7)

Department of Defense Intelligence

Information System — The combination

of Department of Defense personnel,

procedures, equipment, computer

programs, and supporting communications

that support the timely and comprehensive

preparation and presentation of intelligence

and information to military commanders

and national-level decision makers. Also

called DODIIS.

Department of Defense internal audit

organizations — The Army Audit Agency;

Naval Audit Service; Air Force Audit

Agency; and the Office of the Assistant

Inspector General for Auditing, Office of

the Inspector General, Department of

Defense.

Department of Defense single manager —

A Military Department or Agency,

designated by the Secretary of Defense as

a Department of Defense (DOD) executive

agent, that is responsible for management

of specified logistic commodities or

common service activities on a DOD-wide

basis. See also executive agent. (JP 4-07)

Department of the Air Force — The

executive part of the Department of the Air

Force at the seat of government and all field

headquarters, forces, Reserve Components,

installations, activities, and functions under

the control or supervision of the Secretary

of the Air Force. Also called DAF. See

also Military Department.

Department of the Army — The executive

part of the Department of the Army at the

seat of government and all field

headquarters, forces, Reserve Components,

installations, activities, and functions under

the control or supervision of the Secretary

of the Army. Also called DA. See also

Military Department.

Department of the Navy — The executive

part of the Department of the Navy at the

seat of government; the headquarters, US

Marine Corps; the entire operating forces

of the United States Navy and of the US

Marine Corps, including the Reserve

Components of such forces; all field

activities, headquarters, forces, bases,

installations, activities, and functions under

the control or supervision of the Secretary

of the Navy; and the US Coast Guard when

operating as a part of the Navy pursuant to

law. Also called DON. See also Military

Department.

departure airfield — An airfield on which

troops and/or materiel are enplaned for

flight. See also airfield.

departure area — The general area

encompassing all base camps, bivouacs,

and departure airfield facilities. (JP 3-17)
127

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

departure end — (*) That end of a runway

nearest to the direction in which initial

departure is made.

departure point — (*) 1. A navigational

check point used by aircraft as a marker for

setting course. 2. In amphibious operations,

an air control point at the seaward end of

the helicopter approach lane system from

which helicopter waves are dispatched

along the selected helicopter approach lane

to the initial point.

deployable joint task force augmentation

cell — A combatant commander (CINC)

asset composed of personnel from the

CINC’s staff and component

representatives. The members represent a

multi-service, multi-disciplined group of

planners and operators which operationally

report to the CINC’s Operations Directorate

until deployed to a joint task force (JTF).

It can be tailored to meet the needs of a

commander, joint task force and deploy

within 48 hours from notification.

Members can also act as liaison officers

between the CINC and the JTF. Also called

DJTFAC.

deployed health surveillance — The

identification of a population at risk,

recognition and assessment of hazardous

exposures, employment of specific

countermeasures, and monitoring health

outcomes.

deployed nuclear weapons — 1. When used

in connection with the transfer of weapons

between the Department of Energy and the

Department of Defense, this term describes

those weapons transferred to and in the

custody of the Department of Defense. 2.

Those nuclear weapons specifically

authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to

be transferred to the custody of the storage

facilities or carrying or delivery units of the

Armed Forces.

deployment — 1. In naval usage, the change

from a cruising approach or contact

disposition to a disposition for battle. 2.

The movement of forces within operational

areas. 3. The positioning of forces into a

formation for battle. 4. The relocation of

forces and materiel to desired operational

areas. Deployment encompasses all

activities from origin or home station

through destination, specifically including

intra-continental United States, intertheater,

and intratheater movement legs, staging,

and holding areas. See also deployment

order; deployment planning;

deployment preparation order. (JP 4-0)

deployment database — The Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System database

containing the necessary information on

forces, materiel, and filler and replacement

personnel movement requirements to

support execution. The database reflects

information contained in the refined timephased force and deployment data from the

deliberate planning process or developed

during the various phases of the crisis action

planning process, and the movement

schedules or tables developed by the

transportation component commands to

support the deployment of required forces,

personnel, and materiel. See also timephased force and deployment data.

deployment diagram — In the assault phase

of an amphibious operation, a diagram

showing the formation in which the boat

group proceeds from the rendezvous area

to the line of departure and the method of

deployment into the landing formation.

deployment order — A planning directive

from the Secretary of Defense, issued by

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

that authorizes and directs the transfer of

forces between combatant commands by

reassignment or attachment. A deployment

order normally specifies the authority that
128 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

the gaining combatant commander will

exercise over the transferred forces. See

also deployment; deployment planning;

deployment preparation order. (JP 5-0)

deployment planning — Operational

planning directed toward the movement of

forces and sustainment resources from their

original locations to a specific operational

area for conducting the joint operations

contemplated in a given plan. Encompasses

all activities from origin or home station

through destination, specifically including

intra-continental United States, intertheater,

and intratheater movement legs, staging

areas, and holding areas. See also

deployment; deployment order;

deployment preparation order. (JP 5-0)

deployment preparation order — An order

issued by competent authority to move

forces or prepare forces for movement (e.g.,

increase deployability posture of units). See

also deployment; deployment order;

deployment planning.

depot — 1. supply — An activity for the

receipt, classification, storage, accounting,

issue, maintenance, procurement,

manufacture, assembly, research, salvage,

or disposal of material. 2. personnel —

An activity for the reception, processing,

training, assignment, and forwarding of

personnel replacements.

depot maintenance — That maintenance

performed on materiel requiring major

overhaul or a complete rebuild of parts,

assemblies, subassemblies, and end-items,

including the manufacture of parts,

modifications, testing, and reclamation as

required. Depot maintenance serves to

support lower categories of maintenance by

providing technical assistance and

performing that maintenance beyond their

responsibility. Depot maintenance provides

stocks of serviceable equipment by using

more extensive facilities for repair than are

available in lower level maintenance

activities.

depth — (*) In maritime/hydrographic use,

the vertical distance from the plane of the

hydrographic datum to the bed of the sea,

lake, or river.

depth contour — (*) A line connecting

points of equal depth below the

hydrographic datum. Also called

bathymetric contour or depth curve.

depth curve — See depth contour.

descriptive name — (*) Written indication

on maps and charts, used to specify the

nature of a feature (natural or artificial)

shown by a general symbol.

desired appreciation — See appreciations.

desired effects — The damage or casualties

to the enemy or materiel that a commander

desires to achieve from a nuclear weapon

detonation. Damage effects on materiel are

classified as light, moderate, or severe.

Casualty effects on personnel may be

immediate, prompt, or delayed.

desired ground zero — (*) The point on the

surface of the Earth at, or vertically below

or above, the center of a planned nuclear

detonation. Also called DGZ. See also

actual ground zero; ground zero.

desired perception — In military deception,

what the deception target must believe for

it to make the decision that will achieve the

deception objective. (JP 3-58)

destroyed — A condition of a target so

damaged that it can neither function as

intended nor be restored to a usable

condition. In the case of a building, all

vertical supports and spanning members are

damaged to such an extent that nothing is

salvageable. In the case of bridges, all spans
129

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

must have dropped and all piers must

require replacement.

destruction — A type of adjustment for

destroying a given target.

destruction fire — Fire delivered for the sole

purpose of destroying material objects. See

also fire.

destruction fire mission — (*) In artillery,

fire delivered for the purpose of destroying

a point target. See also fire.

destruction radius — (*) In mine warfare,

the maximum distance from an exploding

charge of stated size and type at which a

mine will be destroyed by sympathetic

detonation of the main charge, with a stated

probability of destruction, regardless of

orientation.

detachment — (*) 1. A part of a unit

separated from its main organization for

duty elsewhere. 2. A temporary military

or naval unit formed from other units or

parts of units. Also called DET.

detailed photographic report — (*) A

comprehensive, analytical, intelligence

report written as a result of the interpretation

of photography usually covering a single

subject, a target, target complex, and of a

detailed nature.

detained — See missing.

detainee — A term used to refer to any person

captured or otherwise detained by an armed

force.

detainee collecting point — A facility or

other location where detainees are

assembled for subsequent movement to a

detainee processing station.

detainee processing station — A facility or

other location where detainees are

administratively processed and provided

custodial care pending disposition and

subsequent release, transfer, or movement

to a prisoner-of-war or civilian internee

camp.

detecting circuit — (*) The part of a mine

firing circuit which responds to the

influence of a target.

detection — 1. In tactical operations, the

perception of an object of possible military

interest but unconfirmed by recognition. 2.

In surveillance, the determination and

transmission by a surveillance system that

an event has occurred. 3. In arms control,

the first step in the process of ascertaining

the occurrence of a violation of an arms

control agreement. 4. In nuclear, biological,

and chemical (NBC) environments, the act

of locating NBC hazards by use of NBC

detectors or monitoring and/or survey

teams. See also hazard; monitoring;

nuclear, biological, and chemical

environment. (JP 3-11)

deterioration limit — (*) A limit placed on

a particular product characteristic to define

the minimum acceptable quality

requirement for the product to retain its

NATO code number.

deterrence — The prevention from action by

fear of the consequences. Deterrence is a

state of mind brought about by the existence

of a credible threat of unacceptable

counteraction.

deterrent options — A course of action,

developed on the best economic,

diplomatic, political, and military judgment,

designed to dissuade an adversary from a

current course of action or contemplated

operations. (In constructing an operation

plan, a range of options should be presented

to effect deterrence. Each option requiring

deployment of forces should be a separate

force module.)
130 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

detonating cord — (*) A waterproof,

flexible fabric tube containing a high

explosive designed to transmit the

detonation wave.

detonator — (*) A device containing a

sensitive explosive intended to produce a

detonation wave.

developmental assistance — US Agency for

International Development function

chartered under chapter one of the Foreign

Assistance Act of 1961, primarily designed

to promote economic growth and the

equitable distribution of its benefits. (JP 3-08)

deviation — (*) 1. The distance by which a

point of impact or burst misses the target.

See also circular error probable; delivery

error; dispersion error; horizontal error.

2. The angular difference between

magnetic and compass headings.

diaphragm stop — See relative aperture.

diapositive — (*) A positive photograph on

a transparent medium.

died of wounds received in action — A

casualty category applicable to a hostile

casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist

activity, who dies of wounds or other

injuries received in action after having

reached a medical treatment facility. Also

called DWRIA. See also casualty

category.

differential ballistic wind — (*) In bombing,

a hypothetical wind equal to the difference

in velocity between the ballistic wind and

the actual wind at a release altitude.

diffraction loading — (*) The total force

which is exerted on the sides of a structure

by the advancing shock front of a nuclear

explosion.

dip — (*) In naval mine warfare, the amount

by which a moored mine is carried beneath

its set depth by a current or tidal stream

acting on the mine casing and mooring.

diplomatic authorization — (*) Authority

for overflight or landing obtained at

government-to-government level through

diplomatic channels.

diplomatic and/or consular facility — Any

Foreign Service establishment maintained

by the US Department of State abroad. It

may be designated a “mission” or “consular

office,” or given a special designation for

particular purposes, such as “United States

Liaison Office.” A “mission” is designated

as an embassy and is maintained in order

to conduct normal continuing diplomatic

relations between the US Government and

other governments. A “consular office” is

any consulate general or consulate that may

participate in most foreign affairs activities,

and varies in size and scope.

dip needle circuit — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a mechanism which responds to a

change in the magnitude of the vertical

component of the total magnetic field.

direct action — Short-duration strikes and

other small-scale offensive actions by

special operations forces or special

operations-capable units to seize, destroy,

capture, recover, or inflict damage on

designated personnel or materiel. In the

conduct of these operations, special

operations forces or special operationscapable units may employ raid, ambush, or

direct assault tactics; emplace mines and

other munitions; conduct standoff attacks

by fire from air, ground, or maritime

platforms; provide terminal guidance for

precision-guided munitions; conduct

independent sabotage; and conduct antiship operations. Also called DA. See also
131

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

special operations; special operations

forces. (JP 3-05)

direct action fuze — See impact action fuze;

proximity fuze; self-destroying fuse; time

fuze.

direct air support center — The principal

air control agency of the US Marine air

command and control system responsible

for the direction and control of air

operations directly supporting the ground

combat element. It processes and

coordinates requests for immediate air

support and coordinates air missions

requiring integration with ground forces

and other supporting arms. It normally

collocates with the senior fire support

coordination center within the ground

combat element and is subordinate to the

tactical air command center. Also called

DASC. See also Marine air command

and control system; tactical air

operations center. (JP 3-09.3)

direct air support center (airborne) — An

airborne aircraft equipped with the

necessary staff personnel, communications,

and operations facilities to function as a

direct air support center. Also called

DASC-A. See also direct air support

center.

directed energy — An umbrella term

covering technologies that relate to the

production of a beam of concentrated

electromagnetic energy or atomic or

subatomic particles. Also called DE. See

also directed-energy device;

directed-energy weapon.

directed-energy device — A system using

directed energy primarily for a purpose

other than as a weapon. Directed-energy

devices may produce effects that could

allow the device to be used as a weapon

against certain threats; for example, laser

rangefinders and designators used against

sensors that are sensitive to light. See also

directed energy; directed-energy

weapon.

directed-energy protective measures —

That division of directed-energy warfare

involving actions taken to protect friendly

equipment, facilities, and personnel to

ensure friendly effective uses of the

electromagnetic spectrum that are

threatened by hostile directed-energy

weapons and devices.

directed-energy warfare — Military action

involving the use of directed-energy

weapons, devices, and countermeasures to

either cause direct damage or destruction

of enemy equipment, facilities, and

personnel, or to determine, exploit, reduce,

or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic

spectrum through damage, destruction, and

disruption. It also includes actions taken

to protect friendly equipment, facilities, and

personnel and retain friendly use of the

electromagnetic spectrum. Also called

DEW. See also directed energy;

directed-energy device; directed-energy

weapon; electromagnetic spectrum;

electronic warfare.

directed-energy weapon — A system using

directed energy primarily as a direct means

to damage or destroy enemy equipment,

facilities, and personnel. See also directed

energy; directed-energy device.

direct exchange — A supply method of

issuing serviceable materiel in exchange for

unserviceable materiel on an item-for-item

basis. Also called DX.

direct fire — Gunfire delivered on a target,

using the target itself as a point of aim for

either the gun or the director.

direct illumination — (*) Illumination

provided by direct light from pyrotechnics

or searchlights.
132 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

directing staff — See exercise directing

staff.

direction — In artillery and naval gunfire

support, a term used by a spotter and/or

observer in a call for fire to indicate the

bearing of the spotting line. See also

bearing; call for fire; naval gunfire

support; spotter; spotting line. (JP 2-0)

directional gyro indicator — An azimuth

gyro with a direct display and means for

setting the datum to a specified compass

heading.

direction finding — A procedure for

obtaining bearings of radio frequency

emitters by using a highly directional

antenna and a display unit on an intercept

receiver or ancillary equipment.

direction of attack — A specific direction

or route that the main attack or center of

mass of the unit will follow. The unit is

restricted, required to attack as indicated,

and is not normally allowed to bypass the

enemy. The direction of attack is used

primarily in counterattacks or to ensure that

supporting attacks make maximal

contribution to the main attack.

directive — (*) 1. A military communication

in which policy is established or a specific

action is ordered. 2. A plan issued with a

view to putting it into effect when so

directed, or in the event that a stated

contingency arises. 3. Broadly speaking,

any communication which initiates or

governs action, conduct, or procedure.

directive authority for logistics —

Combatant commander authority to issue

directives to subordinate commanders,

including peacetime measures, necessary to

ensure the effective execution of approved

operation plans. Essential measures include

the optimized use or reallocation of

available resources and prevention or

elimination of redundant facilities and/or

overlapping functions among the Service

component commands. See also

combatant command (command

authority); logistics. (JP 0-2)

direct laying — Laying in which the sights

of weapons are aligned directly on the

target. Normally used in conjunction with

mortars and sometimes artillery. See also

lay.

direct liaison authorized — That authority

granted by a commander (any level) to a

subordinate to directly consult or coordinate

an action with a command or agency within

or outside of the granting command. Direct

liaison authorized is more applicable to

planning than operations and always carries

with it the requirement of keeping the

commander granting direct liaison

authorized informed. Direct liaison

authorized is a coordination relationship,

not an authority through which command

may be exercised. Also called

DIRLAUTH. (JP 0-2)

director of mobility forces — Normally a

senior officer who is familiar with the area

of responsibility or joint operations area and

possesses an extensive background in airlift

operations. When established, the director

of mobility forces serves as the designated

agent for all airlift issues in the area of

responsibility or joint operations area, and

for other duties as directed. The director of

mobility forces exercises coordinating

authority between the airlift coordination

cell, the air mobility element, the Tanker

Airlift Control Center, the joint movement

center, and the air operations center in order

to expedite the resolution of airlift

problems. The director of mobility forces

may be sourced from the theater’s

organizations, United States Transportation

Command, or United States Atlantic

Command. Also called DIRMOBFOR.

See also airlift coordination cell; air
133

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

mobility element; air operations center;

area of responsibility; coordinating

authority; joint movement center; joint

operations area; tanker airlift control

center. (JP 4-01.1)

direct support — A mission requiring a force

to support another specific force and

authorizing it to answer directly to the

supported force’s request for assistance.

Also called DS. See also close support;

general support; mission; mutual

support; support. (JP 3-09.1)

direct support artillery — (*) Artillery

whose primary task is to provide fire

requested by the supported unit.

direct supporting fire — (*) Fire delivered

in support of part of a force, as opposed to

general supporting fire which is delivered

in support of the force as a whole. See also

supporting fire.

direct vendor delivery — A materiel

acquisition and distribution method that

requires vendor delivery directly to the

customer. Also called DVD. See also

distribution. (JP 4-09)

disabling fire — The firing of ordnance by

ships or aircraft at the steering or propulsion

system of a vessel. The intent is to disable

with minimum injury to personnel or

damage to vessel.

disaffected person — A person who is

alienated or estranged from those in

authority or lacks loyalty to the government;

a state of mind.

disarmament — The reduction of a military

establishment to some level set by

international agreement. See also arms

control; arms control agreement; arms

control measure.

disarmed mine — (*) A mine for which the

arming procedure has been reversed,

rendering the mine inoperative. It is safe

to handle and transport and can be rearmed

by simple action.

disaster assistance response team — United

States Agency for International

Development’s (USAID) Office of United

States Foreign Disaster Assistance provides

this rapidly deployable team in response to

international disasters. A disaster assistance

response team provides specialists, trained

in a variety of disaster relief skills, to assist

US embassies and USAID missions with

the management of US Government

response to disasters. Also called DART.

See also foreign disaster; foreign disaster

relief. (JP 3-08)

disaster control — Measures taken before,

during, or after hostile action or natural or

manmade disasters to reduce the probability

of damage, minimize its effects, and initiate

recovery. See also area damage control;

damage control.

discriminating circuit — (*) That part of

the operating circuit of a sea mine which

distinguishes between the response of the

detecting circuit to the passage of a ship

and the response to other disturbances (e.g.,

influence sweep, countermining, etc.)

disease and nonbattle injury casualty — A

person who is not a battle casualty but who

is lost to the organization by reason of

disease or injury, including persons dying

of disease or injury, by reason of being

missing where the absence does not appear

to be voluntary, or due to enemy action or

being interned. Also called DNBI casualty.

(JP 4-02)

disembarkation schedule — See

debarkation schedule.
134 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

disengagement — In arms control, a general

term for proposals that would result in the

geographic separation of opposing

nonindigenous forces without directly

affecting indigenous military forces.

dislocated civilian — A broad term that

includes a displaced person, a stateless

person, an evacuee, an expellee, or a

refugee. Also called DC. See also

displaced person; evacuee; expellee;

refugee; stateless person. (JP 3-07.6)

dispatch route — (*) In road traffic, a

roadway over which full control, both as to

priorities of use and the regulation of

movement of traffic in time and space, is

exercised. Movement authorization is

required for its use, even by a single vehicle.

See also route.

dispenser — (*) In air armament, a container

or device which is used to carry and release

submunitions. See also cluster bomb unit.

dispersal — Relocation of forces for the

purpose of increasing survivability. See

also dispersion.

dispersal airfield — An airfield, military or

civil, to which aircraft might move before

H-hour on either a temporary duty or

permanent change of station basis and be

able to conduct operations. See also

airfield.

dispersed movement pattern — (*) A

pattern for ship-to-shore movement which

provides additional separation of landing

craft both laterally and in depth. This

pattern is used when nuclear weapon threat

is a factor.

dispersed site — (*) A site selected to reduce

concentration and vulnerability by its

separation from other military targets or a

recognized threat area.

dispersion — (*) 1. A scattered pattern of

hits around the mean point of impact of

bombs and projectiles dropped or fired

under identical conditions. 2. In antiaircraft

gunnery, the scattering of shots in range and

deflection about the mean point of

explosion. 3. The spreading or separating

of troops, materiel, establishments, or

activities which are usually concentrated in

limited areas to reduce vulnerability. 4. In

chemical and biological operations, the

dissemination of agents in liquid or aerosol

form. 5. In airdrop operations, the scatter

of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone.

6. In naval control of shipping, the

reberthing of a ship in the periphery of the

port area or in the vicinity of the port for its

own protection in order to minimize the risk

of damage from attack. See also circular

error probable; convoy dispersal point;

delivery error; deviation; dispersion

error; horizontal error.

dispersion error — (*) The distance from

the point of impact or burst of a round to

the mean point of impact or burst.

dispersion pattern — (*) The distribution

of a series of rounds fired from one weapon

or a group of weapons under conditions as

nearly identical as possible; the points of

burst or impact being dispersed about a

point called the mean point of impact.

displaced person — A civilian who is

involuntarily outside the national

boundaries of his or her country. See also

evacuee; refugee.

display — In military deception, a static

portrayal of an activity, force, or equipment

intended to deceive the adversary’s visual

observation. (JP 3-58)

disposition — (*) 1. Distribution of the

elements of a command within an area;

usually the exact location of each unit
135

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

headquarters and the deployment of the

forces subordinate to it. 2. A prescribed

arrangement of the stations to be occupied

by the several formations and single ships

of a fleet, or major subdivisions of a fleet,

for any purpose, such as cruising, approach,

maintaining contact, or battle. 3. A

prescribed arrangement of all the tactical

units composing a flight or group of aircraft.

See also deployment; dispersion. 4. (DOD

only) The removal of a patient from a

medical treatment facility by reason of

return to duty, transfer to another treatment

facility, death, or other termination of

medical case.

disruptive pattern — (*) In surveillance,

an arrangement of suitably colored irregular

shapes which, when applied to the surface

of an object, is intended to enhance its

camouflage.

dissemination — See intelligence cycle.

dissemination and integration — See

intelligence cycle. See also dissemination;

integration. (JP 2-0)

distance — 1. The space between adjacent

individual ships or boats measured in any

direction between foremasts. 2. The space

between adjacent men, animals, vehicles,

or units in a formation measured from front

to rear. 3. The space between known

reference points or a ground observer and

a target, measured in meters (artillery), in

yards (naval gunfire), or in units specified

by the observer. See also interval.

distant retirement area — In amphibious

operations, that sea area located to seaward

of the landing area. This area is divided

into a number of operating areas to which

assault ships may retire and operate in the

event of adverse weather or to prevent

concentration of ships in the landing area.

See also amphibious operation; landing

area; retirement. (JP 3-02)

distant support area — In amphibious

operations, the area located in the vicinity

of the landing area but at considerable

distance seaward of it. These areas are

assigned to distant support forces, such as

striking forces, surface action groups,

surface action units, and their logistic

groups. See also amphibious operation;

landing area. (JP 3-02)

distributed fire — (*) Fire so dispersed as

to engage most effectively an area target.

See also fire.

distribution — 1. The arrangement of troops

for any purpose, such as a battle, march, or

maneuver. 2. A planned pattern of

projectiles about a point. 3. A planned

spread of fire to cover a desired frontage or

depth. 4. An official delivery of anything,

such as orders or supplies. 5. The

operational process of synchronizing all

elements of the logistic system to deliver

the “right things” to the “right place” at the

“right time” to support the geographic

combatant commander. 6. The process of

assigning military personnel to activities,

units, or billets. (JP 4-0)

distribution manager — The executive

agent for managing distribution with the

combatant commander’s area of

responsibility. See also area of

responsibility; distribution. (JP 4-01.4)

distribution pipeline — Continuum or

channel through which the Department of

Defense conducts distribution operations.

The distribution pipeline represents the endto-end flow of resources from supplier to

consumer and, in some cases, back to the

supplier in retrograde activities. See also

distribution; pipeline. (JP 4-01.4)

distribution plan — A reporting system

comprising reports, updates, and

information systems feeds that articulate the

requirements of the theater distribution
136 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

system to the strategic and operational

resources assigned responsibility for

support to the theater. It portrays the

interface of the physical, financial,

information and communications networks

for gaining visibility of the theater

distribution system and communicates

control activities necessary for optimizing

capacity of the system. It depicts, and is

continually updated to reflect changes in,

infrastructure, support relationships, and

customer locations to all elements of the

distribution system (strategic operational,

and tactical). See also distribution;

distribution system;theater distribution;

theater distribution system. (JP 4-01.4)

distribution point — (*) A point at which

supplies and/or ammunition, obtained from

supporting supply points by a division or

other unit, are broken down for distribution

to subordinate units. Distribution points

usually carry no stocks; items drawn are

issued completely as soon as possible.

distribution system — That complex of

facilities, installations, methods, and

procedures designed to receive, store,

maintain, distribute, and control the flow

of military materiel between the point of

receipt into the military system and the point

of issue to using activities and units.

ditching — Controlled landing of a distressed

aircraft on water.

diversion — 1. The act of drawing the

attention and forces of an enemy from the

point of the principal operation; an attack,

alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A

change made in a prescribed route for

operational or tactical reasons. A diversion

order will not constitute a change of

destination. 3. A rerouting of cargo or

passengers to a new transshipment point or

destination or on a different mode of

transportation prior to arrival at ultimate

destination. 4. In naval mine warfare, a

route or channel bypassing a dangerous

area. A diversion may connect one channel

to another or it may branch from a channel

and rejoin it on the other side of the danger.

See also demonstration.

diversion airfield — (*) An airfield with at

least minimum essential facilities, which

may be used as an emergency airfield or

when the main or redeployment airfield is

not usable or as required to facilitate tactical

operations. Also called divert field. See

also airfield; departure airfield; main

airfield; redeployment airfield.

diversionary attack — (*) An attack

wherein a force attacks, or threatens to

attack, a target other than the main target

for the purpose of drawing enemy defenses

away from the main effort. See also

demonstration.

diversionary landing — An operation in

which troops are actually landed for the

purpose of diverting enemy reaction away

from the main landing.

divert field — See diversion airfield.

diving chamber — See hyperbaric

chamber.

division — (*) 1. A tactical unit/formation

as follows: a. A major administrative and

tactical unit/formation which combines in

itself the necessary arms and services

required for sustained combat, larger than

a regiment/brigade and smaller than a corps.

b. A number of naval vessels of similar

type grouped together for operational and

administrative command, or a tactical unit

of a naval aircraft squadron, consisting of

two or more sections. c. An air division is

an air combat organization normally

consisting of two or more wings with

appropriate service units. The combat

wings of an air division will normally

contain similar type units. 2. An
137

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

organizational part of a headquarters that

handles military matters of a particular

nature, such as personnel, intelligence,

plans, and training, or supply and

evacuation. 3. (DOD only) A number of

personnel of a ship’s complement grouped

together for tactical and administrative

control.

division artillery — Artillery that is

permanently an integral part of a division.

For tactical purposes, all artillery placed

under the command of a division

commander is considered division artillery.

doctrinal template — A model based on

known or postulated adversary doctrine.

Doctrinal templates illustrate the disposition

and activity of adversary forces and assets

conducting a particular operation

unconstrained by the effects of the

battlespace. They represent the application

of adversary doctrine under ideal

conditions. Ideally, doctrinal templates

depict the threat’s normal organization for

combat, frontages, depths, boundaries and

other control measures, assets available

from other commands, objective depths,

engagement areas, battle positions, and so

forth. Doctrinal templates are usually scaled

to allow ready use with geospatial products.

See also doctrine. (JP 2-01.3)

doctrine — Fundamental principles by which

the military forces or elements thereof guide

their actions in support of national

objectives. It is authoritative but requires

judgment in application. See also

multinational doctrine; joint doctrine;

multi-Service doctrine.

DOD civilian — A Federal civilian employee

of the Department of Defense directly hired

and paid from appropriated or

nonappropriated funds, under permanent or

temporary appointment. Specifically

excluded are contractors and foreign host

nationals as well as third country civilians.

(JP 1-03.17)

DOD support to counterdrug operations

— Support provided by the Department of

Defense to law enforcement agencies to

detect, monitor, and counter the production,

trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. See also

counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07)

dolly — Airborne data link equipment.

dome — See spray dome.

domestic air traffic — Air traffic within the

continental United States.

domestic emergencies — Emergencies

affecting the public welfare and occurring

within the 50 states, District of Columbia,

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US

possessions and territories, or any political

subdivision thereof, as a result of enemy

attack, insurrection, civil disturbance,

earthquake, fire, flood, or other public

disasters or equivalent emergencies that

endanger life and property or disrupt the

usual process of government. The term

domestic emergency includes any or all of

the emergency conditions defined below:

a. civil defense emergency — A domestic

emergency disaster situation resulting from

devastation created by an enemy attack and

requiring emergency operations during and

following that attack. It may be proclaimed

by appropriate authority in anticipation of

an attack. b. civil disturbances — Riots,

acts of violence, insurrections, unlawful

obstructions or assemblages, or other

disorders prejudicial to public law and

order. The term civil disturbance includes

all domestic conditions requiring or likely

to require the use of Federal Armed Forces

pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 15 of

Title 10, United States Code. c. major

disaster — Any flood, fire, hurricane,

tornado, earthquake, or other catastrophe
138 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

which, in the determination of the President,

is or threatens to be of sufficient severity

and magnitude to warrant disaster

assistance by the Federal Government

under Public Law 606, 91st Congress (42

United States Code 58) to supplement the

efforts and available resources of State and

local governments in alleviating the

damage, hardship, or suffering caused

thereby. d. natural disaster — All

domestic emergencies except those created

as a result of enemy attack or civil

disturbance. See also civil defense

emergency; civil disturbance; major

disaster; natural disaster.

domestic intelligence — Intelligence relating

to activities or conditions within the United

States that threaten internal security and that

might require the employment of troops;

and intelligence relating to activities of

individuals or agencies potentially or

actually dangerous to the security of the

Department of Defense.

domestic support operations — Those

activities and measures taken by the

Department of Defense to foster mutual

assistance and support between the

Department of Defense and any civil

government agency in planning or

preparedness for, or in the application of

resources for response to, the consequences

of civil emergencies or attacks, including

national security emergencies. Also called

DSOs. (JP 3-57)

dominant user — The Service or

multinational partner who is the principal

consumer of a particular common-user

logistic supply or service within a joint or

multinational operation. The dominant user

will normally act as the lead Service to

provide this particular common-user

logistic supply or service to other Service

components, multinational partners,

other governmental agencies, or

nongovernmental agencies as directed by

the combatant commander. See also

common-user logistics; lead Service or

agency for common-user logistics.

(JP 4-07)

dominant user concept — The concept that

the Service that is the principal consumer

will have the responsibility for performance

of a support workload for all using Services.

doppler effect — (*) The phenomenon

evidenced by the change in the observed

frequency of a sound or radio wave caused

by a time rate of change in the effective

length of the path of travel between the

source and the point of observation.

doppler radar — A radar system that

differentiates between fixed and moving

targets by detecting the apparent change in

frequency of the reflected wave due to

motion of target or the observer.

dormant — In mine warfare, the state of a

mine during which a time delay feature in

a mine prevents it from being actuated.

dose rate contour line — (*) A line on a

map, diagram, or overlay joining all points

at which the radiation dose rate at a given

time is the same.

dosimetry — (*) The measurement of

radiation doses. It applies to both the

devices used (dosimeters) and to the

techniques.

double agent — Agent in contact with two

opposing intelligence services, only one of

which is aware of the double contact or

quasi-intelligence services.

double flow route — (*) A route of at least

two lanes allowing two columns of vehicles

to proceed simultaneously, either in the

same direction or in opposite directions.

See also single flow route.
139

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

downgrade — To determine that classified

information requires, in the interests of

national security, a lower degree of

protection against unauthorized disclosure

than currently provided, coupled with a

changing of the classification designation

to reflect such a lower degree.

downloading — An operation that removes

airborne weapons or stores from an aircraft.

(JP 3-04.1)

down lock — (*) A device for locking

retractable landing gear in the down or

extended position.

draft — 1. The conscription of qualified

citizens in military service. 2. The depth

of water that a vessel requires to float freely;

the depth of a vessel from the water line to

the keel. See also active duty; Military

Service; watercraft. (JP 4-01.6)

draft plan — (*) A plan for which a draft

plan has been coordinated and agreed with

the other military headquarters and is ready

for coordination with the nations involved,

that is those nations who would be required

to take national actions to support the plan.

It may be used for future planning and

exercises and may form the basis for an

operation order to be implemented in time

of emergency. See also coordinated draft

plan; final plan; initial draft plan;

operation plan.

drag — Force of aerodynamic resistance

caused by the violent currents behind the

shock front.

drag loading — The force on an object or

structure due to transient winds

accompanying the passage of a blast wave.

The drag pressure is the product of the

dynamic pressure and the drag coefficient

which is dependent upon the shape (or

geometry) of the structure or object.

drift — (*) In ballistics, a shift in projectile

direction due to gyroscopic action which

results from gravitational and

atmospherically induced torques on the

spinning projectile.

drift angle — (*) The angle measured in

degrees between the heading of an aircraft

or ship and the track made good.

drill mine — (*) An inert filled mine or

mine-like body, used in loading, laying, or

discharge practice and trials. See also mine.

drone — A land, sea, or air vehicle that is

remotely or automatically controlled. See

also remotely piloted vehicle; unmanned

aerial vehicle. (JP 4-01.5)

droop stop — (*) A device to limit

downward vertical motion of helicopter

rotor blades upon rotor shutdown.

drop altitude — (*) The altitude above mean

sea level at which airdrop is executed. See

also altitude; drop height.

drop height — (*) The vertical distance

between the drop zone and the aircraft. See

also altitude; drop altitude.

dropmaster — 1. An individual qualified to

prepare, perform acceptance inspection,

load, lash, and eject material for airdrop.

2. An aircrew member who, during

parachute operations, will relay any

required information between pilot and

jumpmaster.

drop message — (*) A message dropped

from an aircraft to a ground or surface unit.

drop zone — (*) A specific area upon which

airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are

airdropped. Also called DZ.
140 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

drug interdiction — The interception of

illegal drugs being smuggled by air, sea, or

land. See also counterdrug operations.

(JP 3-07.4)

dry deck shelter — A shelter module that

attaches to the hull of a specially configured

submarine to provide the submarine with

the capability to launch and recover special

operations personnel, vehicles, and

equipment while submerged. The dry deck

shelter provides a working environment at

one atmosphere for the special operations

element during transit and has structural

integrity to the collapse depth of the host

submarine. Also called DDS. (JP 3-05.3)

D-to-P assets required on D-day — As

applied to the D-to-P concept, this asset

requirement represents those stocks that

must be physically available on D-day to

meet initial allowance requirements, to fill

the wartime pipeline between the producers

and users (even if P-day and D-day occur

simultaneously), and to provide any

required D-to-P consumption or production

differential stockage. The D-to-P assets

required on D-day are also represented as

the difference between the D-to-P materiel

readiness gross requirements and the

cumulative sum of all production deliveries

during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-P

concept.

D-to-P concept — A logistic planning

concept by which the gross materiel

readiness requirement in support of

approved forces at planned wartime rates

for conflicts of indefinite duration will be

satisfied by a balanced mix of assets on hand

on D-day and assets to be gained from

production through P-day when the planned

rate of production deliveries to the users

equals the planned wartime rate of

expenditure (consumption). See also

D-day consumption/production

differential assets; D-day pipeline assets;

D-to-P assets required on D-day; D-to-P

materiel readiness gross requirement.

D-to-P materiel readiness gross

requirement — As applied to the D-to-P

concept, the gross requirement for all

supplies and materiel needed to meet all

initial pipeline and anticipated expenditure

(consumption) requirements between Dday and P-day. Includes initial allowances,

continental United States and overseas

operating and safety levels, intransit levels

of supply, and the cumulative sum of all

items expended (consumed) during the Dto-P period. See also D-to-P concept.

dual agent — One who is simultaneously and

independently employed by two or more

intelligence agencies, covering targets for

both.

dual-capable aircraft — Allied and US

fighter aircraft tasked and configured to

perform either conventional or theater

nuclear missions. Also called DCA.

dual-capable forces — Forces capable of

employing dual-capable weapons.

dual capable unit — (*) A nuclear certified

delivery unit capable of executing both

conventional and nuclear missions.

dual-firing circuit — (*) An assembly

comprising two independent firing systems,

both electric or both non-electric, so that

the firing of either system will detonate all

charges.

dual (multi)-capable weapons — 1.

Weapons, weapon systems, or vehicles

capable of selective equipage with different

types or mixes of armament or firepower.

2. Sometimes restricted to weapons capable

of handling either nuclear or non-nuclear

munitions.
141

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

dual (multi)-purpose weapons — Weapons

which possess the capability for effective

application in two or more basically

different military functions and/or levels of

conflict.

dual-purpose weapon — A weapon

designed for delivering effective fire against

air or surface targets.

dud — (*) Explosive munition which has

not been armed as intended or which has

failed to explode after being armed. See

also absolute dud; dwarf dud; flare dud;

nuclear dud.

dud probability — The expected percentage

of failures in a given number of firings.

due in — Quantities of materiel scheduled to

be received from vendors, repair facilities,

assembly operation, interdepot transfers,

and other sources.

dummy — See decoy.

dummy message — (*) A message sent for

some purpose other than its content, which

may consist of dummy groups or may have

a meaningless text.

dummy minefield — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a minefield containing no live

mines and presenting only a psychological

threat.

dummy run — Any simulated firing practice,

particularly a dive bombing approach made

without release of a bomb. Also called dry

run.

dump — (*) A temporary storage area,

usually in the open, for bombs, ammunition,

equipment, or supplies.

duplicate negative — (*) A negative

reproduced from a negative or diapositive.

durable materiel — See nonexpendable

supplies and materiel.

duty status - whereabouts unknown — A

transitory casualty status, applicable only

to military personnel, that is used when the

responsible commander suspects the

member may be a casualty whose absence

is involuntary, but does not feel sufficient

evidence currently exists to make a definite

determination of missing or deceased. Also

called DUSTWUN. See also casualty

status.

dwarf dud — A nuclear weapon that, when

launched at or emplaced on a target, fails

to provide a yield within a reasonable range

of that which could be anticipated with

normal operation of the weapon. This

constitutes a dud only in a relative sense.

dwell time — The time cargo remains in a

terminal’s in-transit storage area while

awaiting shipment by clearance

transportation. See also storage. (JP 4-01.6)
142 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
E

143

earliest anticipated launch time — The

earliest time expected for a special

operations tactical element and its

supporting platform to depart the staging

or marshalling area together en route to the

operations area. Also called EALT.

(JP 3-05.5)

earliest arrival date — A day, relative to Cday, that is specified by a planner as the

earliest date when a unit, a resupply

shipment, or replacement personnel can be

accepted at a port of debarkation during a

deployment. Used with the latest arrival

data, it defines a delivery window for

transportation planning. Also called EAD.

See also latest arrival date.

Early Spring — An antireconnaissance

satellite weapon system.

early time — See span of detonation (atomic

demolition munition employment).

early warning — (*) Early notification of

the launch or approach of unknown

weapons or weapons carriers. Also called

EW. See also attack assessment; tactical

warning.

earmarking of stocks — (*) The

arrangement whereby nations agree,

normally in peacetime, to identify a

proportion of selected items of their war

reserve stocks to be called for by specified

NATO commanders.

earthing — (*) The process of making a

satisfactory electrical connection between

the structure, including the metal skin, of

an object or vehicle, and the mass of the

Earth, to ensure a common potential with

the Earth. See also bonding.

echelon — (*) 1. A subdivision of a

headquarters, i.e., forward echelon, rear

echelon. 2. Separate level of command.

As compared to a regiment, a division is a

higher echelon, a battalion is a lower

echelon. 3. A fraction of a command in

the direction of depth to which a principal

combat mission is assigned; i.e., attack

echelon, support echelon, reserve echelon.

4. A formation in which its subdivisions

are placed one behind another, with a lateral

and even spacing to the same side.

echeloned displacement — (*) Movement

of a unit from one position to another

without discontinuing performance of its

primary function. (DOD only) Normally,

the unit divides into two functional elements

(base and advance); and, while the base

continues to operate, the advance element

displaces to a new site where, after it

becomes operational, it is joined by the base

element.

economic action — The planned use of

economic measures designed to influence

the policies or actions of another state, e.g.,

to impair the war-making potential of a

hostile power or to generate economic

stability within a friendly power.

economic mobilization — (*) The process

of preparing for and carrying out such

changes in the organization and functioning

of the national economy as are necessary

to provide for the most effective use of

resources in a national emergency.

economic order quantity — That quantity

derived from a mathematical technique used

to determine the optimum (lowest) total

variable costs required to order and hold

inventory.

economic potential — (*) The total capacity

of a nation to produce goods and services.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
144 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

economic potential for war — That share

of the total economic capacity of a nation

that can be used for the purposes of war.

economic retention stock — That portion of

the quantity of an item excess of the

approved force retention level that has been

determined will be more economical to

retain for future peacetime issue in lieu of

replacement of future issues by

procurement. To warrant economic

retention, items must have a reasonably

predictable demand rate.

economic warfare — Aggressive use of

economic means to achieve national

objectives.

effective damage — That damage necessary

to render a target element inoperative,

unserviceable, nonproductive, or

uninhabitable.

effective US controlled ships — US-owned

foreign flagships that can be tasked by the

Maritime Administration to support

Department of Defense requirements when

necessary. Also called EUSCS.

ejection — (*) 1. Escape from an aircraft by

means of an independently propelled seat

or capsule. 2. In air armament, the process

of forcefully separating an aircraft store

from an aircraft to achieve satisfactory

separation.

ejection systems — (*) a. command

ejection system — A system in which the

pilot of an aircraft or the occupant of the

other ejection seat(s) initiates ejection

resulting in the automatic ejection of all

occupants. b. command select ejection

system — A system permitting the optional

transfer from one crew station to another

of the control of a command ejection system

for automatic ejection of all occupants. c.

independent ejection system — An

ejection system which operates

independently of other ejection systems

installed in one aircraft. d. sequenced

ejection system — A system which ejects

the aircraft crew in sequence to ensure a

safe minimum total time of escape without

collision.

electrode sweep — In naval mine warfare, a

magnetic cable sweep in which the water

forms part of the electric circuit.

electro-explosive device — (*) An explosive

or pyrotechnic component that initiates an

explosive, burning, electrical, or

mechanical train and is activated by the

application of electrical energy. Also called

EED.

electromagnetic compatibility — The ability

of systems, equipment, and devices that

utilize the electromagnetic spectrum to

operate in their intended operational

environments without suffering

unacceptable degradation or causing

unintentional degradation because of

electromagnetic radiation or response. It

involves the application of sound

electromagnetic spectrum management;

system, equipment, and device design

configuration that ensures interference-free

operation; and clear concepts and doctrines

that maximize operational effectiveness.

Also called EMC. See also

electromagnetic spectrum; electronic

warfare; spectrum management.

electromagnetic deception — The deliberate

radiation, re-radiation, alteration,

suppression, absorption, denial,

enhancement, or reflection of

electromagnetic energy in a manner

intended to convey misleading information

to an enemy or to enemy

electromagnetic-dependent weapons,

thereby degrading or neutralizing the

enemy’s combat capability. Among the

types of electromagnetic deception are: a.

manipulative electromagnetic deception
145

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

— Actions to eliminate revealing, or

convey misleading, electromagnetic telltale

indicators that may be used by hostile

forces; b. simulative electromagnetic

deception — Actions to simulate friendly,

notional, or actual capabilities to mislead

hostile forces; and c. imitative

electromagnetic deception — The

introduction of electromagnetic energy into

enemy systems that imitates enemy

emissions. See also electronic warfare.

electromagnetic environment — The

resulting product of the power and time

distribution, in various frequency ranges,

of the radiated or conducted

electromagnetic emission levels that may

be encountered by a military force, system,

or platform when performing its assigned

mission in its intended operational

environment. It is the sum of

electromagnetic interference;

electromagnetic pulse; hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to personnel,

ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural

phenomena effects of lightning and

precipitation static. Also called EME.

electromagnetic environmental effects —

The impact of the electromagnetic

environment upon the operational

capability of military forces, equipment,

systems, and platforms. It encompasses all

electromagnetic disciplines, including

electromagnetic compatibility and

electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic

vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse;

electronic protection, hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to personnel,

ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural

phenomena effects of lightning and

precipitation static. Also called E3.

electromagnetic hardening — Action taken

to protect personnel, facilities, and/or

equipment by filtering, attenuating,

grounding, bonding, and/or shielding

against undesirable effects of

electromagnetic energy. See also electronic

warfare.

electromagnetic interference — Any

electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts,

obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits

the effective performance of electronics and

electrical equipment. It can be induced

intentionally, as in some forms of electronic

warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of

spurious emissions and responses,

intermodulation products, and the like.

Also called EMI.

electromagnetic intrusion — The intentional

insertion of electromagnetic energy into

transmission paths in any manner, with the

objective of deceiving operators or of

causing confusion. See also electronic

warfare.

electromagnetic jamming — The deliberate

radiation, reradiation, or reflection of

electromagnetic energy for the purpose of

preventing or reducing an enemy’s effective

use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and

with the intent of degrading or neutralizing

the enemy’s combat capability. See also

electromagnetic spectrum; electronic

warfare; spectrum management.

electromagnetic pulse — The

electromagnetic radiation from a strong

electronic pulse, most commonly caused by

a nuclear explosion that may couple with

electrical or electronic systems to produce

damaging current and voltage surges. Also

called EMP. See also electromagnetic

radiation. (JP 3-51)

electromagnetic radiation — Radiation

made up of oscillating electric and magnetic

fields and propagated with the speed of

light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays,

ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation,

and radar and radio waves.
146 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

electromagnetic radiation hazards —

Hazards caused by transmitter or antenna

installation that generates electromagnetic

radiation in the vicinity of ordnance,

personnel, or fueling operations in excess

of established safe levels or increases the

existing levels to a hazardous level; or a

personnel, fueling, or ordnance installation

located in an area that is illuminated by

electromagnetic radiation at a level that is

hazardous to the planned operations or

occupancy. Also called EMR hazards or

RADHAZ.

electromagnetic spectrum — The range of

frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26

alphabetically designated bands. See also

electronic warfare.

electromagnetic vulnerability — The

characteristics of a system that cause it to

suffer a definite degradation (incapability

to perform the designated mission) as a

result of having been subjected to a certain

level of electromagnetic environmental

effects. Also called EMV.

electronic attack — See electronic warfare.

electronic imagery dissemination — The

transmission of imagery or imagery

products by any electronic means. This

includes the following four categories. a.

primary imagery dissemination system

— The equipment and procedures used in

the electronic transmission and receipt of

un-exploited original or near-original

quality imagery in near real time. b.

primary imagery dissemination — The

electronic transmission and receipt of

unexploited original or near-original quality

imagery in near real time through a primary

imagery dissemination system. c.

secondary imagery dissemination system

— The equipment and procedures used in

the electronic transmission and receipt of

exploited non-original quality imagery and

imagery products in other than real or near

real time. d. secondary imagery

dissemination — The electronic

transmission and receipt of exploited nonoriginal quality imagery and imagery

products in other than real or near real time

through a secondary imagery dissemination

system.

electronic intelligence — Technical and

geolocation intelligence derived from

foreign non-communications electromagnetic

radiations emanating from other than

nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.

Also called ELINT. See also electronic

warfare; foreign instrumentation signals

intelligence; intelligence; signals

intelligence. (JP 2-01)

electronic line of sight — The path traversed

by electromagnetic waves that is not subject

to reflection or refraction by the

atmosphere.

electronic masking — (*) The controlled

radiation of electromagnetic energy on

friendly frequencies in a manner to protect

the emissions of friendly communications

and electronic systems against enemy

electronic warfare support measures/signals

intelligence without significantly degrading

the operation of friendly systems.

electronic probing — Intentional radiation

designed to be introduced into the devices

or systems of potential enemies for the

purpose of learning the functions and

operational capabilities of the devices or

systems.

electronic protection — See electronic

warfare.

electronic reconnaissance — The detection,

location, identification, and evaluation of

foreign electromagnetic radiations. See

also electromagnetic radiation;

reconnaissance. (JP 3-51)
147

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

electronics security — The protection

resulting from all measures designed to

deny unauthorized persons information

of value that might be derived from

their interception and study of

noncommunications electromagnetic

radiations, e.g., radar.

electronic warfare — Any military action

involving the use of electromagnetic and

directed energy to control the

electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the

enemy. Also called EW. The three major

subdivisions within electronic warfare are:

electronic attack, electronic protection, and

electronic warfare support. a. electronic

attack. That division of electronic warfare

involving the use of electromagnetic energy,

directed energy, or antiradiation weapons

to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment

with the intent of degrading, neutralizing,

or destroying enemy combat capability and

is considered a form of fires. Also called

EA. EA includes: 1) actions taken to

prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use

of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as

jamming and electromagnetic deception,

and 2) employment of weapons that use

either electromagnetic or directed energy

as their primary destructive mechanism

(lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle

beams). b. electronic protection. That

division of electronic warfare involving

passive and active means taken to protect

personnel, facilities, and equipment from

any effects of friendly or enemy

employment of electronic warfare that

degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly

combat capability. Also called EP. c.

electronic warfare support. That division

of electronic warfare involving actions

tasked by, or under direct control of, an

operational commander to search for,

intercept, identify, and locate or localize

sources of intentional and unintentional

radiated electromagnetic energy for the

purpose of immediate threat recognition,

targeting, planning and conduct of future

operations. Thus, electronic warfare

support provides information required for

decisions involving electronic warfare

operations and other tactical actions such

as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing.

Also called ES. Electronic warfare support

data can be used to produce signals

intelligence, provide targeting for electronic

or destructive attack, and produce

measurement and signature intelligence.

See also directed energy; electromagnetic

spectrum. (JP 3-51)

electronic warfare frequency deconfliction

— Actions taken to integrate those

frequencies used by electronic warfare

systems into the overall frequency

deconfliction process. See also electronic

warfare. (JP 3-51)

electronic warfare reprogramming — The

deliberate alteration or modification of

electronic warfare (EW) or target sensing

systems (TSS), or the tactics and procedures

that employ them, in response to validated

changes in equipment, tactics, or the

electromagnetic environment. These

changes may be the result of deliberate

actions on the part of friendly, adversary or

third parties; or may be brought about by

electromagnetic interference or other

inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of

EW reprogramming is to maintain or

enhance the effectiveness of EW and TSS

equipment. EW reprogramming includes

changes to self-defense systems, offensive

weapons systems, and intelligence

collection systems. See also electronic

warfare. (JP 3-51)

electronic warfare support — See

electronic warfare.

electro-optical intelligence — Intelligence

other than signals intelligence derived from

the optical monitoring of the

electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet

(0.01 micrometers) through far infrared
148 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

(1,000 micrometers). Also called

ELECTRO-OPTINT. See also

intelligence; laser intelligence. (JP 2-0)

electro-optics — (*) The technology

associated with those components, devices

and systems which are designed to interact

between the electromagnetic (optical) and

the electric (electronic) state.

element set — Three lines of data which

define the location of a satellite in space.

Also called ELSET.

elements of national power — All the means

that are available for employment in the

pursuit of national objectives.

elevated causeway system — An elevated

causeway pier that provides a means of

delivering containers, certain vehicles, and

bulk cargo ashore without the lighterage

contending with the surf zone. See also

causeway. (JP 4-01.6)

elevation — (*) The vertical distance of a

point or level on or affixed to the surface of

the Earth measured from mean sea level.

See also altitude.

elevation tint — See hypsometric tinting.

elicitation (intelligence) — Acquisition of

information from a person or group in a

manner that does not disclose the intent of

the interview or conversation. A technique

of human source intelligence collection,

generally overt, unless the collector is other

than he or she purports to be.

eligible traffic — Traffic for which

movement requirements are submitted and

space is assigned or allocated. Such traffic

must meet eligibility requirements specified

in Joint Travel Regulations for the

Uniformed Services and publications of the

Department of Defense and Military

Departments governing eligibility for land,

sea, and air transportation, and be in

accordance with the guidance of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff.

embarkation — (*) The process of putting

personnel and/or vehicles and their

associated stores and equipment into ships

and/or aircraft. See also loading.

embarkation and tonnage table — A

consolidated table showing personnel and

cargo, by troop or naval units, loaded aboard

a combat-loaded ship.

embarkation area — (*) An area ashore,

including a group of embarkation points,

in which final preparations for embarkation

are completed and through which assigned

personnel and loads for craft and ships are

called forward to embark. See also

mounting area.

embarkation element (unit) (group) — A

temporary administrative formation of

personnel with supplies and equipment

embarking or to be embarked (combat

loaded) aboard the ships of one transport

element (unit) (group). It is dissolved upon

completion of the embarkation. An

embarkation element normally consists of

two or more embarkation teams: a unit, of

two or more elements; and a group, of two

or more units. See also embarkation

organization; embarkation team.

embarkation officer — An officer on the

staff of units of the landing force who

advises the commander thereof on matters

pertaining to embarkation planning and

loading ships. See also combat cargo

officer.

embarkation order — (*) An order

specifying dates, times, routes, loading

diagrams, and methods of movement to

shipside or aircraft for troops and their

equipment. See also movement table.
149

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

embarkation organization — A temporary

administrative formation of personnel with

supplies and equipment embarking or to be

embarked (combat loaded) aboard

amphibious shipping. See also

embarkation element (unit) (group);

embarkation team.

embarkation phase — In amphibious

operations, the phase that encompasses the

orderly assembly of personnel and materiel

and their subsequent loading aboard ships

and/or aircraft in a sequence designed to

meet the requirements of the landing force

concept of operations ashore. (JP 3-02.2)

embarkation plans — The plans prepared

by the landing force and appropriate

subordinate commanders containing

instructions and information concerning the

organization for embarkation, assignment

to shipping, supplies and equipment to be

embarked, location and assignment of

embarkation areas, control and

communication arrangements, movement

schedules and embarkation sequence, and

additional pertinent instructions relating to

the embarkation of the landing force.

(JP 3-02)

embarkation team — A temporary

administrative formation of all personnel

with supplies and equipment embarking or

to be embarked (combat loaded) aboard one

ship. See also embarkation element (unit)

(group); embarkation organization.

emergency anchorage — (*) An anchorage,

which may have a limited defense

organization, for naval vessels, mobile

support units, auxiliaries, or merchant ships.

See also assembly anchorage; holding

anchorage; working anchorage.

emergency barrier — See aircraft arresting

barrier.

emergency-essential employee — A

Department of Defense civilian employee

whose assigned duties and responsibilities

must be accomplished following the

evacuation of non-essential personnel

(including dependents) during a declared

emergency or outbreak of war. The position

occupied cannot be converted to a military

billet because it requires uninterrupted

performance so as to provide immediate and

continuing support for combat operations

and/or combat systems support functions.

See also evacuation. (JP 1-0)

emergency interment — An interment,

usually on the battlefield, when conditions

do not permit either evacuation for

interment in an interment site or interment

according to national or international legal

regulations. See also group interment;

mortuary affairs; temporary interment;

trench interment. (JP 4-06)

emergency locator beacon — (*) A generic

term for all radio beacons used for

emergency locating purposes. See also

crash locator beacon; personal locator

beacon.

emergency priority — A category of

immediate mission request that takes

precedence over all other priorities, e.g., an

enemy breakthrough. See also immediate

mission request; priority of immediate

mission requests.

emergency relocation site — A site located

where practicable outside a prime target

area to which all or portions of a civilian or

military headquarters may be moved. As a

minimum, it is manned to provide for

the maintenance of the facility,

communications, and database. It should

be capable of rapid activation, of supporting

the initial requirements of the relocated

headquarters for a predetermined period,

and of expansion to meet wartime

requirements of the relocated headquarters.
150 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

emergency repair — The least amount of

immediate repair to damaged facilities

necessary for the facilities to support the

mission. These repairs will be made using

expedient materials and methods (such as

AM-2 aluminum matting, cold-mix asphalt,

plywood scabs, temporary utility lines, and

emergency generators). Modular or

kit-type facility substitutes would be

appropriate if repairs cannot be made in

time to meet mission requirements. See also

facility substitutes. (JP 4-04)

emergency resupply — A resupply mission

that occurs based on a predetermined set of

circumstances and time interval should

radio contact not be established or, once

established, is lost between a special

operations tactical element and its base. See

also automatic resupply; on-call

resupply. (JP 3-05.3)

emergency risk (nuclear) — A degree of risk

where anticipated effects may cause some

temporary shock, casualties and may

significantly reduce the unit’s combat

efficiency. See also degree of risk;

negligible risk (nuclear).

emergency substitute — (*) A product

which may be used, in an emergency only,

in place of another product, but only on the

advice of technically qualified personnel of

the nation using the product, who will

specify the limitations.

emission control — The selective and

controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic,

or other emitters to optimize command and

control capabilities while minimizing, for

operations security: a. detection by enemy

sensors; b. mutual interference among

friendly systems; and/or c. enemy

interference with the ability to execute a

military deception plan. Also called

EMCON. See also electronic warfare.

emission control orders — Orders used to

authorize, control, or prohibit the use of

electronic emission equipment. Also called

EMCON orders. See also control of

electromagnetic radiation.

emplacement — (*) 1. A prepared position

for one or more weapons or pieces of

equipment, for protection against hostile

fire or bombardment, and from which they

can execute their tasks. 2. The act of fixing

a gun in a prepared position from which it

may be fired.

employment — The strategic, operational,

or tactical use of forces. See also

employment planning. (JP 5-0)

employment planning — Planning that

prescribes how to apply force and/or forces

to attain specified military objectives.

Employment planning concepts are

developed by combatant commanders

through their component commanders. See

also employment. (JP 5-0)

enabling mine countermeasures —

Countermeasures designed to counter

mines once they have been laid. This

includes both passive and active mine

countermeasures. See also mine

countermeasures. (JP 3-15)

encipher — To convert plain text into

unintelligible form by means of a cipher

system.

end evening civil twilight — The time period

when the sun has dropped 6 degrees beneath

the western horizon; it is the instant at which

there is no longer sufficient light to see

objects with the unaided eye. Light

intensification devices are recommended

from this time until begin morning civil

twilight. Also called EECT.
151

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

end item — A final combination of end

products, component parts, and/or materials

that is ready for its intended use, e.g., ship,

tank, mobile machine shop, or aircraft.

end of evening nautical twilight — Occurs

when the sun has dropped 12 degrees below

the western horizon, and is the instant of

last available daylight for the visual control

of limited ground operations. At end of

evening nautical twilight there is no further

sunlight available. See also horizon.

(JP 2-01.3)

end of mission — In artillery, mortar, and

naval gunfire support, an order given to

terminate firing on a specific target. See

also cease loading; call for fire; fire

mission.

end state — The set of required conditions

that defines achievement of the

commander’s objectives. (JP 3-18)

endurance — (*) The time an aircraft can

continue flying, or a ground vehicle or ship

can continue operating, under specified

conditions, e.g., without refueling. See also

endurance distance.

endurance distance — (*) Total distance

that a ground vehicle or ship can be

self-propelled at any specified endurance

speed.

endurance loading — The stocking aboard

ship for a period of time, normally covering

the number of months between overhauls,

of items with all of the following

characteristics: a. low price; b. low weight

and cube; c. a predictable usage rate; and

d. nondeteriorative. See also loading.

enemy capabilities — Those courses of

action of which the enemy is physically

capable and that, if adopted, will affect

accomplishment of the friendly mission.

The term “capabilities” includes not only

the general courses of action open to the

enemy, such as attack, defense,

reinforcement, or withdrawal, but also all

the particular courses of action possible

under each general course of action.

“Enemy capabilities” are considered in the

light of all known factors affecting military

operations, including time, space, weather,

terrain, and the strength and disposition of

enemy forces. In strategic thinking, the

capabilities of a nation represent the courses

of action within the power of the nation for

accomplishing its national objectives

throughout the range of military operations.

See also capability; course of action;

mission. (JP 2-01.3)

engage — (*) 1. In air defense, a fire control

order used to direct or authorize units and/

or weapon systems to fire on a designated

target. See also cease engagement; hold

fire. 2. (DOD only) To bring the enemy

under fire.

engagement — 1. In air defense, an attack

with guns or air-to-air missiles by an

interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an air

defense missile by air defense artillery and

the missile’s subsequent travel to intercept.

2. A tactical conflict, usually between

opposing lower echelons maneuver forces.

See also battle; campaign.

enlisted terminal attack controller —

Tactical air party member who assists in

mission planning and provides final control

of close air support aircraft in support of

ground forces. Also called ETAC. See

also close air support; mission; terminal.

(JP 3-09.1)

en route care — The care required to maintain

the phase treatment initiated prior to

evacuation and the sustainment of the

patient’s medical condition during

evacuation. See also evacuation; patient.

(JP 4-02)
152 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

envelopment — (*) An offensive maneuver

in which the main attacking force passes

around or over the enemy’s principal

defensive positions to secure objectives to

the enemy’s rear. See also turning

movement.

environmental cleanup — The process of

removing solid, liquid, and hazardous

wastes, except for unexploded ordnance,

resulting from the joint operation of US

forces to a condition that approaches the

one existing prior to operation as

determined by the environmental baseline

survey, if one was conducted. The extent

of this process will depend upon the

operational situation at the time that cleanup

is accomplished.

environmental considerations — The

spectrum of environmental media,

resources, or programs that may impact on,

or are affected by, the planning and

execution of military operations. Factors

may include, but are not limited to,

environmental compliance, pollution

prevention, conservation, protection of

historical and cultural sites, and protection

of flora and fauna. (JP 3-34)

environmental services — The various

combinations of scientific, technical, and

advisory activities (including modification

processes, i.e., the influence of manmade

and natural factors) required to acquire,

produce, and supply information on the

past, present, and future states of space,

atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial

surroundings for use in military planning

and decisionmaking processes, or to modify

those surroundings to enhance military

operations.

environmental stewardship — The

integration and application of

environmental values into the military

mission in order to sustain readiness,

improve quality of life, strengthen civil

relations, and preserve valuable natural

resources.

equipment — In logistics, all nonexpendable

items needed to outfit or equip an individual

or organization. See also assembly;

component; subassembly; supplies.

equipment operationally ready — The

status of an item of equipment in the

possession of an operating unit that

indicates it is capable of fulfilling its

intended mission and in a system

configuration that offers a high assurance

of an effective, reliable, and safe

performance.

escalation — A deliberate or unpremeditated

increase in scope or violence of a conflict.

escapee — Any person who has been

physically captured by the enemy and

succeeds in getting free. See also evasion

and escape.

escape line — A planned route to allow

personnel engaged in clandestine activity

to depart from a site or area when possibility

of compromise or apprehension exists.

escape route — See evasion and escape

route.

escort — (*) 1. A combatant unit(s) assigned

to accompany and protect another force or

convoy. 2. Aircraft assigned to protect

other aircraft during a mission. 3. An armed

guard that accompanies a convoy, a train,

prisoners, etc. 4. An armed guard

accompanying persons as a mark of honor.

5. (DOD only) To convoy. 6. (DOD only)

A member of the Armed Forces assigned

to accompany, assist, or guide an individual

or group, e.g., an escort officer.

escort forces — Combat forces of various

types provided to protect other forces

against enemy attack.
153

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

espionage — The act of obtaining, delivering,

transmitting, communicating, or receiving

information about the national defense

with an intent, or reason to believe, that

the information may be used to the injury

of the United States or to the advantage

of any foreign nation. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

espionage against the United States —

Overt, covert, or clandestine activity

designed to obtain information relating to

the national defense with intent or reason

to believe that it will be used to the injury

of the United States or to the advantage of

a foreign nation. For espionage crimes see

Chapter 37 of Title 18, United States Code.

essential care — That care received within a

theater that is dependent upon the mission,

enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and

other civilian considerations. It includes

first responder care, forward resuscitative

surgery, and en route care as well as

treatment and hospitalization to return the

patient to duty or to stabilize for movement

to a higher level of care. See also en route

care; first responder phase; forward

resuscitative surgery; patient; theater.

(JP 4-02)

essential chemicals — In counterdrug

operations, compounds that are required in

the synthetic or extraction processes of drug

production, but in most cases do not become

part of the drug molecule. Essential

chemicals are used in the production of

cocaine or heroin. (JP 3-07.4)

essential communications traffic —

Transmissions (record or voice) of any

precedence that must be sent electrically in

order for the command or activity

concerned to avoid a serious impact on

mission accomplishment or safety or life.

essential elements of friendly information

— Key questions likely to be asked by

adversary officials and intelligence systems

about specific friendly intentions,

capabilities, and activities, so they can

obtain answers critical to their operational

effectiveness. Also called EEFI.

essential industry — Any industry necessary

to the needs of a civilian or war economy.

The term includes the basic industries as

well as the necessary portions of those other

industries that transform the crude basic raw

materials into useful intermediate or end

products, e.g., the iron and steel industry,

the food industry, and the chemical industry.

essential secrecy — The condition achieved

from the denial of critical information to

adversaries.

establishment — (*) An installation, together

with its personnel and equipment, organized

as an operating entity. See also activity;

base; equipment.

estimate — 1. An analysis of a foreign

situation, development, or trend that

identifies its major elements, interprets the

significance, and appraises the future

possibilities and the prospective results of

the various actions that might be taken. 2.

An appraisal of the capabilities,

vulnerabilities, and potential courses of

action of a foreign nation or combination

of nations in consequence of a specific

national plan, policy, decision, or

contemplated course of action. 3. An

analysis of an actual or contemplated

clandestine operation in relation to the

situation in which it is or would be

conducted in order to identify and appraise

such factors as available as well as needed

assets and potential obstacles,

accomplishments, and consequences. See

also intelligence estimate.

evacuation — 1. The process of moving any

person who is wounded, injured, or ill to

and/or between medical treatment facilities.
154 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or

materiel from a given locality. 3. The

controlled process of collecting, classifying,

and shipping unserviceable or abandoned

materiel, US or foreign, to appropriate

reclamation, maintenance, technical

intelligence, or disposal facilities. 4. The

ordered or authorized departure of

noncombatants from a specific area by

Department of State, Department of

Defense, or appropriate military

commander. This refers to the movement

from one area to another in the same or

different countries. The evacuation is

caused by unusual or emergency

circumstances and applies equally to

command or non-command sponsored

family members. See also evacuee;

noncombatant evacuation operations.

evacuation control ship — (*) In an

amphibious operation, a ship designated as

a control point for landing craft, amphibious

vehicles, and helicopters evacuating

casualties from the beaches. Medical

personnel embarked in the evacuation

control ship effect distribution of casualties

throughout the attack force in accordance

with ship’s casualty capacities and

specialized medical facilities available, and

also perform emergency surgery.

evacuation convoy — (*) A convoy which

is used for evacuation of dangerously

exposed waters. See also evacuation of

dangerously exposed waters.

evacuation of dangerously exposed waters

— (*) The movement of merchant ships

under naval control from severely

threatened coastlines and dangerously

exposed waters to safer localities. See also

dangerously exposed waters.

evacuation of port equipment — (*) The

transfer of mobile/movable equipment from

a threatened port to another port or to a

working anchorage.

evacuation policy — 1. Command decision

establishing the maximum number of days

that patients may be held within the

command for treatment. Patients who, in

the opinion of responsible medical officers,

cannot be returned to a duty status within

the period prescribed are evacuated by the

first available means, provided the travel

involved will not aggravate their

disabilities. 2. A command decision

concerning the movement of civilians from

the proximity of military operations for

security and safety reasons and involving

the need to arrange for movement,

reception, care, and control of such

individuals. 3. Command policy

concerning the evacuation of unserviceable

or abandoned materiel and including

designation of channels and destinations for

evacuated materiel, the establishment of

controls and procedures, and the

dissemination of condition standards and

disposition instructions. See also

evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02)

evacuee — A civilian removed from a place

of residence by military direction for

reasons of personal security or the

requirements of the military situation. See

also displaced person; expellee; refugee.

evader — Any person isolated in hostile or

unfriendly territory who eludes capture.

evaluation — In intelligence usage, appraisal

of an item of information in terms of

credibility, reliability, pertinence, and

accuracy.

evaluation agent — That command or

agency designated in the program directive

to be responsible for the planning,

coordination, and conduct of the required

evaluation. The evaluation agent, normally

the Joint Doctrine Center , J-7, identifies

evaluation criteria and the media to be used,

develops a proposed evaluation directive,

coordinates exercise-related evaluation
155

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

requirements with the sponsoring

commands, and provides required

evaluation reports to the Director, J-7 . See

also joint doctrine; joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures; joint test

publication.

evaluation and feedback — See intelligence

cycle. See also evaluation. (JP 2-0)

evasion — The process whereby individuals

who are isolated in hostile or unfriendly

territory avoid capture with the goal of

successfully returning to areas under

friendly control. See also evasion and

recovery. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion aid — In evasion and recovery

operations, any piece of information or

equipment designed to assist an individual

in evading capture. Evasion aids include,

but are not limited to, blood chits,

pointee-talkees, evasion charts, barter items,

and equipment designed to complement

issued survival equipment. See also blood

chit; evasion; evasion and recovery;

evasion chart; pointee-talkee; recovery;

recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion and escape — (*) The procedures

and operations whereby military personnel

and other selected individuals are enabled

to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile

area to areas under friendly control. Also

called E&E.

evasion and escape intelligence — Processed

information prepared to assist personnel to

escape if captured by the enemy or to evade

capture if lost in enemy-dominated territory.

evasion and escape net — The organization

within enemy-held or hostile areas that

operates to receive, move, and exfiltrate

military personnel or selected individuals

to friendly control. See also

unconventional warfare.

evasion and escape route — A course of

travel, preplanned or not, that an escapee

or evader uses in an attempt to depart enemy

territory in order to return to friendly lines.

evasion and recovery — The full spectrum

of coordinated actions carried out by

evaders, recovery forces, and operational

recovery planners to effect the successful

return of personnel isolated in hostile

territory to friendly control. See also

evader; evasion; hostile; recovery force.

(JP 3-50.3)

evasion chart — Special map or chart

designed as an evasion aid. See also

evasion; evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion plan of action — A course of action,

developed before executing a combat

mission, that is intended to improve a

potential evader’s chances of successful

evasion and recovery by providing recovery

forces with an additional source of

information that can increase the

predictability of the evader’s actions and

movement. Also called EPA. See also

course of action; evader; evasion; evasion

and recovery; recovery force. (JP 3-50.3)

event matrix — A description of the

indicators and activity expected to occur in

each named area of interest. It normally

cross-references each named area of interest

and indicator with the times they are

expected to occur and the courses of action

they will confirm or deny. There is no

prescribed format. See also activity; area

of interest; indicator. (JP 2-01.3)

event template — A guide for collection

planning. The event template depicts the

named areas of interest where activity, or

its lack of activity, will indicate which

course of action the adversary has adopted.

See also activity; area of interest;

collection planning; course of action.

(JP 2-01.3)
156 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

exaggerated stereoscopy — See

hyperstereoscopy.

exceptional transport — (*) In railway

terminology, transport of a load whose size,

weight, or preparation entails special

difficulties vis-a-vis the facilities or

equipment of even one of the railway

systems to be used. See also ordinary

transport.

excess property — The quantity of property

in possession of any component of the

Department of Defense that exceeds the

quantity required or authorized for retention

by that component.

exclusive economic zone — A maritime zone

adjacent to the territorial sea that may not

extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the

baselines from which the breadth of the

territorial sea is measured. Within the

exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the coastal

state has sovereign rights for the purpose

of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and

managing natural resources, both living and

nonliving, of the seabed, subsoil, and the

subjacent waters and, with regard to other

activities, for the economic exploitation and

exploration of the zone (e.g., the production

of energy from the water, currents, and

winds). Within the EEZ, the coastal state

has jurisdiction with regard to establishing

and using artificial islands, installations, and

structures having economic purposes as

well as for marine scientific research and

the protection and preservation of the

marine environment. Other states may,

however, exercise traditional high seas

freedoms of navigation, overflight, and

related freedoms, such as conducting

military exercises in the EEZ. Also called

EEZ.

exclusion zone — A zone established by a

sanctioning body to prohibit specific

activities in a specific geographic area. The

purpose may be to persuade nations or

groups to modify their behavior to meet the

desires of the sanctioning body or face

continued imposition of sanctions, or use

or threat of force. (JP 3-07)

execute order — 1. An order issued by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by

the authority and at the direction of the

Secretary of Defense, to implement a

National Command Authorities decision to

initiate military operations. 2. An order to

initiate military operations as directed. Also

called EXORD. (JP 5-0)

executing commander (nuclear weapons)

— A commander to whom nuclear weapons

are released for delivery against specific

targets or in accordance with approved

plans. See also commander(s); releasing

commander (nuclear weapons).

execution planning — The phase of the Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

crisis action planning process that provides

for the translation of an approved course of

action into an executable plan of action

through the preparation of a complete

operation plan or operation order.

Execution planning is detailed planning for

the commitment of specified forces and

resources. During crisis action planning,

an approved operation plan or other

National Command Authorities-approved

course of action is adjusted, refined, and

translated into an operation order.

Execution planning can proceed on the

basis of prior deliberate planning, or it can

take place in the absence of prior planning.

Also called EP. See also Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System. (JP 5-0)

executive agent — A term used to indicate a

delegation of authority by the Secretary of

Defense to a subordinate to act on the

Secretary’s behalf. An agreement between

equals does not create an executive agent.

For example, a Service cannot become a

Department of Defense executive agent for
157

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a particular matter with simply the

agreement of the other Services; such

authority must be delegated by the

Secretary of Defense. Designation as

executive agent, in and of itself, confers no

authority. The exact nature and scope of

the authority delegated must be stated in

the document designating the executive

agent. An executive agent may be limited

to providing only administration and

support or coordinating common functions,

or it may be delegated authority, direction,

and control over specified resources for

specified purposes. Also called EA. See

also agent. (JP 0-2)

exercise — A military maneuver or simulated

wartime operation involving planning,

preparation, and execution. It is carried out

for the purpose of training and evaluation.

It may be a multinational, joint, or singleService exercise, depending on

participating organizations. See also

command post exercise; field exercise;

maneuver.

exercise directing staff — (*) A group of

officers who by virtue of experience,

qualifications, and a thorough knowledge

of the exercise instructions, are selected to

direct or control an exercise.

exercise filled mine — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a mine containing an inert filling

and an indicating device. See also

explosive filled mine; fitted mine; mine.

exercise incident — (*) An occurrence

injected by directing staffs into the exercise

which will have an effect on the forces being

exercised, or their facilities, and which will

require action by the appropriate

commander and/or staff being exercised.

exercise mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine suitable for use in mine warfare

exercises, fitted with visible or audible

indicating devices to show where and when

it would normally fire. See also drill mine;

mine; practice mine.

exercise specifications — (*) The

fundamental requirements for an exercise,

providing in advance an outline of the

concept, form, scope, setting, aim,

objectives, force requirements, political

implications, analysis arrangements, and

costs.

exercise sponsor — (*) The commander who

conceives a particular exercise and orders

that it be planned and executed either by

the commander’s staff or by a subordinate

headquarters.

exercise study — (*) An activity which may

take the form of a map exercise, a war game,

a series of lectures, a discussion group, or

an operational analysis.

exercise term — A combination of two

words, normally unclassified, used

exclusively to designate a test, drill, or

exercise. An exercise term is employed to

preclude the possibility of confusing

exercise directives with actual operations

directives.

exfiltration — The removal of personnel or

units from areas under enemy control by

stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine

means. See also special operations;

unconventional warfare.

existence load — Consists of items other than

those in the fighting load that are required

to sustain or protect the combat soldier.

These items may be necessary for increased

personal and environmental protection and

are not normally carried by the individual.

See also fighting load.

exoatmosphere — See nuclear

exoatmospheric burst.
158 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

expedition — A military operation conducted

by an armed force to accomplish a specific

objective in a foreign country. (JP 3-0)

expeditionary force — An armed force

organized to accomplish a specific objective

in a foreign country.

expellee — A civilian outside the boundaries

of the country of his or her nationality or

ethnic origin who is being forcibly

repatriated to that country or to a third

country for political or other purposes. See

also displaced person; evacuee; refugee.

expendable property — Property that may

be consumed in use or loses its identity in

use and may be dropped from stock record

accounts when it is issued or used.

expendable supplies and materiel —

Supplies that are consumed in use, such as

ammunition, paint, fuel, cleaning and

preserving materials, surgical dressings,

drugs, medicines, etc., or that lose their

identity, such as spare parts, etc. Also called

consumable supplies and materiel.

exploder — (*) A device designed to

generate an electric current in a firing circuit

after deliberate action by the user in order

to initiate an explosive charge or charges.

exploitation — (*) 1. (DOD only) Taking

full advantage of success in military

operations, following up initial gains, and

making permanent the temporary effects

already achieved. 2. Taking full advantage

of any information that has come to hand

for tactical, operational, or strategic

purposes. 3. An offensive operation that

usually follows a successful attack and is

designed to disorganize the enemy in depth.

See also attack; pursuit.

exploratory hunting — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a parallel operation to search

sweeping, in which a sample of the route

or area is subjected to minehunting

procedures to determine the presence or

absence of mines.

explosive filled mine — (*) In mine warfare,

a mine containing an explosive charge but

not necessarily the firing train needed to

detonate it. See also exercise filled mine;

fitted mine.

explosive ordnance — (*) All munitions

containing explosives, nuclear fission or

fusion materials, and biological and

chemical agents. This includes bombs and

warheads; guided and ballistic missiles;

artillery, mortar, rocket, and small arms

ammunition; all mines, torpedoes, and

depth charges; demolition charges;

pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers;

cartridge and propellant actuated devices;

electro-explosive devices; clandestine and

improvised explosive devices; and all

similar or related items or components

explosive in nature.

explosive ordnance disposal — (*) The

detection, identification, on-site evaluation,

rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal

of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may

also include explosive ordnance which has

become hazardous by damage or

deterioration. Also called EOD.

explosive ordnance disposal incident — (*)

The suspected or detected presence of

unexploded or damaged explosive

ordnance which constitutes a hazard to

operations, installations, personnel, or

material. Not included in this definition

are the accidental arming or other

conditions that develop during the

manufacture of high explosive material,

technical service assembly operations or the

laying of mines and demolition charges.

explosive ordnance disposal procedures —

(*) Those particular courses or modes of

action taken by explosive ordnance disposal
159

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

personnel for access to, diagnosis, rendering

safe, recovery, and final disposal of

explosive ordnance or any hazardous

material associated with an explosive

ordnance disposal incident. a. access

procedures — Those actions taken to

locate exactly and gain access to

unexploded explosive ordnance. b.

diagnostic procedures — Those actions

taken to identify and evaluate unexploded

explosive ordnance. c. render safe

procedures — The portion of the explosive

ordnance disposal procedures involving the

application of special explosive ordnance

disposal methods and tools to provide for

the interruption of functions or separation

of essential components of unexploded

explosive ordnance to prevent an

unacceptable detonation. d. recovery

procedures — Those actions taken to

recover unexploded explosive ordnance. e.

final disposal procedures — The final

disposal of explosive ordnance which may

include demolition or burning in place,

removal to a disposal area, or other

appropriate means.

explosive ordnance disposal unit —

Personnel with special training and

equipment who render explosive ordnance

safe (such as bombs, mines, projectiles, and

booby traps), make intelligence reports on

such ordnance, and supervise the safe

removal thereof.

explosive train — (*) A succession of

initiating and igniting elements arranged to

cause a charge to function.

exposure dose — (*) The exposure dose at a

given point is a measurement of radiation

in relation to its ability to produce

ionization. The unit of measurement of the

exposure dose is the roentgen.

exposure station — See air station.

extended communications search — In

search and rescue operations, consists of

contacting all possible sources of

information on the missing craft, including

physically checking possible locations such

as harbors, marinas, and airport ramps. An

extended communications search is

normally conducted after a preliminary

communications search has yielded no

results and when the mission is upgraded

to the alert phase. Also called EXCOM.

See also preliminary communications

search; search and rescue incident

classification, Subpart b.

extent of a military exercise — (*) The scope

of an exercise in relation to the involvement

of NATO and/or national commands. See

also intra-command exercise.

extent of damage — The visible plan area of

damage to a target element, usually

expressed in units of 1,000 square feet, in

detailed damage analysis and in

approximate percentages in immediate-type

damage assessment reports; e.g., 50 percent

structural damage.

external audience — All people who are not

part of the internal audience of US military

members and civilian employees and their

immediate families. Part of the concept of

“publics.” Includes many varied subsets

that may be referred to as “audiences” or

“publics.” See also internal audience;

public.

external reinforcing force — (*) A

reinforcing force which is principally

stationed in peacetime outside its intended

Major NATO Command area of operations.

external support contractors — US national

or third party contract personnel hired from

outside the operational area. See also

systems support contractors; theater

support contractors. (JP 4-07)
160 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

extraction parachute — An auxiliary

parachute designed to release and extract

and deploy cargo from aircraft in flight and

deploy cargo parachutes. See also gravity

extraction.

extraction zone — (*) A specified drop zone

used for the delivery of supplies and/or

equipment by means of an extraction

technique from an aircraft flying very close

to the ground.
F

161

fabricator — Individuals or groups who,

without genuine resources, invent

information or inflate or embroider over

news for personal gain or for political

purposes.

facility — A real property entity consisting

of one or more of the following: a building,

a structure, a utility system, pavement, and

underlying land. See also air facility.

facility substitutes — Items such as tents and

prepackaged structures requisitioned

through the supply system that may be used

to substitute for constructed facilities.

(JP 4-04)

fairway — A channel either from offshore,

in a river, or in a harbor that has enough

depth to accommodate the draft of large

vessels. See also draft; watercraft.

(JP 4-01.6)

fallout — The precipitation to Earth of

radioactive particulate matter from a nuclear

cloud; also applied to the particulate matter

itself.

fallout contours — (*) Lines joining points

which have the same radiation intensity that

define a fallout pattern, represented in terms

of roentgens per hour.

fallout pattern — (*) The distribution of

fallout as portrayed by fallout contours.

fallout prediction — An estimate, made

before and immediately after a nuclear

detonation, of the location and intensity of

militarily significant quantities of

radioactive fallout.

fallout safe height of burst — The height of

burst at or above which no militarily

significant fallout will be reproduced as a

result of a nuclear weapon detonation. See

also types of burst.

fallout wind vector plot — (*) A wind vector

diagram based on the wind structure from

the surface of the Earth to the highest

altitude of interest.

false origin — (*) A fixed point to the south

and west of a grid zone from which grid

distances are measured eastward and

northward.

fan camera photography — (*)

Photography taken simultaneously by an

assembly of three or more cameras

systematically installed at fixed angles

relative to each other so as to provide wide

lateral coverage with overlapping images.

See also tri-camera photography.

fan cameras — (*) An assembly of three or

more cameras systematically disposed at

fixed angles relative to each other so as to

provide wide lateral coverage with

overlapping images. See also split

cameras.

fan marker beacon — (*) A type of radio

beacon, the emissions of which radiate in a

vertical, fan-shaped pattern. The signal can

be keyed for identification purposes. See

also radio beacon.

farm gate type operations — Operational

assistance and specialized tactical training

provided to a friendly foreign air force by

the Armed Forces of the United States to

include, under certain specified conditions,

the flying of operational missions in combat

by combined United States and foreign

aircrews as a part of the training being given

when such missions are beyond the

capability of the foreign air force.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
162 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

feasibility — Operation plan review criterion.

The determination as to whether the

assigned tasks could be accomplished by

using available resources. See also

acceptability; adequacy.

feasibility assessment — A basic target

analysis that provides an initial

determination of the viability of a proposed

target for special operations forces

employment. Also called FA. (JP 3-05.5)

feasibility test — An operation plan review

criteria to determine whether or not a plan

is within the capacity of the resources that

can be made available. See also logistic

implications test.

federal coordinating officer — Appointed

by the Director of the Federal Emergency

Management Agency, on behalf of the

President, to coordinate federal assistance

to a state affected by a disaster or

emergency. The source and level of the

federal coordinating officer will likely

depend on the nature of the federal response.

Also called FCO. (JP 3-08)

federal modal agencies — See

transportation operating agencies.

federal service — A term applied to National

Guard members and units when called to

active duty to serve the Federal Government

under Article I, Section 8 and Article II,

Section 2 of the Constitution and the US

Code, title 10 (Department of Defense),

sections 12401 to 12408. See also active

duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05)

federal supply class management — Those

functions of materiel management that can

best be accomplished by federal supply

classification, such as cataloging,

characteristic screening, standardization,

interchangeability and substitution

grouping, multi-item specification

management, and engineering support of

the foregoing.

federal transport agencies — See

transportation operating agencies.

feint — In military deception, an offensive

action involving contact with the adversary

conducted for the purpose of deceiving the

adversary as to the location and/or time of

the actual main offensive action. (JP 3-58)

fender — An object, usually made of rope or

rubber, hung over the side of a vessel to

protect the sides from damage caused by

impact with wharves or other craft. (JP 4-01.6)

ferret — An aircraft, ship, or vehicle

especially equipped for the detection,

location, recording, and analyzing of

electromagnetic radiation.

F-hour — See times.

field army — Administrative and tactical

organization composed of a headquarters,

certain organic Army troops, service

support troops, a variable number of corps,

and a variable number of divisions. See

also Army corps.

field artillery — Equipment, supplies,

ammunition, and personnel involved in the

use of cannon, rocket, or surface-to-surface

missile launchers. Field artillery cannons

are classified according to caliber as

follows.

Light — 120mm and less.

Medium — 121-160mm.

Heavy — 161-210mm.

Very heavy — greater than 210mm.

Also called FA. See also direct support

artillery; general support artillery.

field artillery observer — A person who

watches the effects of artillery fire, adjusts

the center of impact of that fire onto a target,
163

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

and reports the results to the firing agency.

See also naval gunfire spotting team;

spotter.

field exercise — (*) An exercise conducted

in the field under simulated war conditions

in which troops and armament of one side

are actually present, while those of the other

side may be imaginary or in outline. See

also command post exercise.

field fortifications — (*) An emplacement

or shelter of a temporary nature which can

be constructed with reasonable facility by

units requiring no more than minor engineer

supervisory and equipment participation.

field headquarters — See command post.

field of fire — (*) The area which a weapon

or a group of weapons may cover

effectively with fire from a given position.

field of view — (*) 1. In photography, the

angle between two rays passing through the

perspective center (rear nodal point) of a

camera lens to the two opposite sides of

the format. Not to be confused with “angle

of view.” 2. The total solid angle available

to the gunner when looking through the

gunsight. Also called FOV.

field of vision — (*) The total solid angle

available to the gunner from his or her

normal position. See also field of view.

field press censorship — The security review

of news material subject to the jurisdiction

of the Armed Forces of the United States,

including all information or material

intended for dissemination to the public.

Also called FPC. See also censorship.

field training exercise — An exercise in

which actual forces are used to train

commanders, staffs, and individual units in

basic, intermediate, and advanced-level

warfare skills. Also called FTX. See also

exercise; maneuver.

fighter cover — (*) The maintenance of a

number of fighter aircraft over a specified

area or force for the purpose of repelling

hostile air activities. See also airborne

alert; cover.

fighter engagement zone — See weapon

engagement zone.

fighter sweep — (*) An offensive mission

by fighter aircraft to seek out and destroy

enemy aircraft or targets of opportunity in

an allotted area of operations.

fighting load — Consists of items of

individual clothing, equipment, weapons,

and ammunition that are carried by and are

essential to the effectiveness of the combat

soldier and the accomplishment of the

immediate mission of the unit when the

soldier is on foot. See also existence load.

filler — A substance carried in an ammunition

container such as a projectile, mine, bomb,

or grenade. A filler may be an explosive,

chemical, or inert substance.

filler personnel — Individuals of suitable

grade and skill initially required to bring a

unit or organization to its authorized

strength.

film badge — (*) A photographic film packet

to be carried by personnel, in the form of a

badge, for measuring and permanently

recording (usually) gamma-ray dosage.

filter — (*) In electronics, a device which

transmits only part of the incident energy

and may thereby change the spectral

distribution of energy: a. High pass filters

transmit energy above a certain frequency;

b. Low pass filters transmit energy below

a certain frequency; c. Band pass filters
164 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

transmit energy of a certain bandwidth; d.

Band stop filters transmit energy outside a

specific frequency band.

final approach — (*) That part of an

instrument approach procedure in which

alignment and descent for landing are

accomplished. a. In a non-precision

approach it normally begins at the final

approach fix or point and ends at the missed

approach point or fix. b. In a precision

approach the final approach commences at

the glide path intercept point and ends at

the decision height/altitude.

final bearing — The magnetic bearing

assigned by an air operations center,

helicopter direction center, or carrier air

traffic control center for final approach; an

extension of the landing area centerline. See

also air operations center; final

approach; helicopter direction center.

(JP 3-04.1)

final destination — (*) In naval control of

shipping, the final destination of a convoy

or of an individual ship (whether in convoy

or independent) irrespective of whether or

not routing instructions have been issued.

final disposal procedures — See explosive

ordnance disposal procedures.

final governing standards — A

comprehensive set of country-specific

substantive environmental provisions,

typically technical limitations on effluent,

discharges, etc., or a specific management

practice. (JP 3-34)

final plan — (*) A plan for which drafts

have been coordinated and approved and

which has been signed by or on behalf of a

competent authority. See also operation

plan.

final protective fire — (*) An immediately

available prearranged barrier of fire

designed to impede enemy movement

across defensive lines or areas.

finance operations — The execution of the

joint finance mission to provide financial

advice and guidance, support of the

procurement process, providing pay

support, and providing disbursing support.

See also financial management. (JP 1-06)

financial management — Financial

management encompasses the two core

processes of resource management and

finance operations. Also called FM. See

also finance operations; resource

management operations. (JP 1-06)

financial property accounting — The

establishment and maintenance of property

accounts in monetary terms; the rendition

of property reports in monetary terms.

fire — (*) 1. The command given to

discharge a weapon(s). 2. To detonate the

main explosive charge by means of a firing

system. See also barrage fire; call fire;

counterfire; counterpreparation fire;

covering fire; destruction fire; direct fire;

direct supporting fire; distributed fire;

grazing fire; harassing fire; indirect fire;

neutralization fire; observed fire;

preparation fire; radar fire; registration

fire; scheduled fire; searching fire;

supporting fire; suppressive fire.

fireball — (*) The luminous sphere of hot

gases which forms a few millionths of a

second after detonation of a nuclear weapon

and immediately starts expanding and

cooling.

fire barrage (specify) — An order to deliver

a prearranged barrier of fire. Specification

of the particular barrage may be by code

name, numbering system, unit assignment,

or other designated means.
165

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

fire capabilities chart — (*) A chart, usually

in the form of an overlay, showing the areas

which can be reached by the fire of the bulk

of the weapons of a unit.

fire control — (*) The control of all

operations in connection with the

application of fire on a target.

fire control radar — (*) Radar used to

provide target information inputs to a

weapon fire control system.

fire control system — (*) A group of

interrelated fire control equipments and/or

instruments designed for use with a weapon

or group of weapons.

fire coordination — See fire support

coordination.

fire direction center — That element of a

command post, consisting of gunnery and

communications personnel and equipment,

by means of which the commander

exercises fire direction and/or fire control.

The fire direction center receives target

intelligence and requests for fire, and

translates them into appropriate fire

direction. The fire direction center provides

timely and effective tactical and technical

fire control in support of current operations.

Also called FDC.

fire for effect — That volume of fires

delivered on a target to achieve the desired

effect. Also called FFE. See also final

protective fire; fire mission; neutralize;

suppression.

fire message — See call for fire.

fire mission — (*) 1. Specific assignment

given to a fire unit as part of a definite plan.

2. Order used to alert the weapon/battery

area and indicate that the message following

is a call for fire.

fire plan — (*) A tactical plan for using the

weapons of a unit or formation so that their

fire will be coordinated.

firepower — (*) 1. The amount of fire which

may be delivered by a position, unit, or

weapon system. 2. Ability to deliver fire.

fires — The effects of lethal or nonlethal

weapons. (JP 3-09)

fire storm — (*) Stationary mass fire,

generally in built-up urban areas, generating

strong, inrushing winds from all sides; the

winds keep the fires from spreading while

adding fresh oxygen to increase their

intensity.

fire support — Fires that directly support

land, maritime, amphibious, and special

operation forces to engage enemy forces,

combat formations, and facilities in pursuit

of tactical and operational objectives. See

also fires. (JP 3-09)

fire support area — An appropriate

maneuver area assigned to fire support ships

by the naval force commander from which

they can deliver gunfire support to an

amphibious operation. Also called FSA.

See also amphibious operation; fire

support; naval support area. (JP 3-09)

fire support coordinating measure — A

measure employed by land or amphibious

commanders to facilitate the rapid

engagement of targets and simultaneously

provide safeguards for friendly forces. See

also fire support coordination. (JP 3-0)

fire support coordination — (*) The

planning and executing of fire so that targets

are adequately covered by a suitable

weapon or group of weapons.

fire support coordination center — A single

location in which are centralized
166 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

communications facilities and personnel

incident to the coordination of all forms of

fire support. Also called FSCC. See also

fire; fire support; fire support

coordination; support; supporting arms

coordination center. (JP 3-09.1)

fire support coordination line — A fire

support coordinating measure that is

established and adjusted by appropriate land

or amphibious force commanders within

their boundaries in consultation with

superior, subordinate, supporting, and

affected commanders. Fire support

coordination lines (FSCLs) facilitate the

expeditious attack of surface targets of

opportunity beyond the coordinating

measure. An FSCL does not divide an area

of operations by defining a boundary

between close and deep operations or a zone

for close air support. The FSCL applies to

all fires of air, land, and sea-based weapons

systems using any type of ammunition.

Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL

must inform all affected commanders in

sufficient time to allow necessary reaction

to avoid fratricide. Supporting elements

attacking targets beyond the FSCL must

ensure that the attack will not produce

adverse attacks on, or to the rear of, the line.

Short of an FSCL, all air-to-ground and

surface-to-surface attack operations are

controlled by the appropriate land or

amphibious force commander. The FSCL

should follow well-defined terrain features.

Coordination of attacks beyond the FSCL

is especially critical to commanders of air,

land, and special operations forces. In

exceptional circumstances, the inability to

conduct this coordination will not preclude

the attack of targets beyond the FSCL.

However, failure to do so may increase the

risk of fratricide and could waste limited

resources. Also called FSCL. See also

fires; fire support. (JP 3-0)

fire support element — That portion of the

force tactical operations center at every

echelon above company or troop (to corps)

that is responsible for targeting coordination

and for integrating fires delivered on surface

targets by fire-support means under the

control, or in support, of the force. Also

called FSE. See also fire; fire support;

force; support. (JP 3-09.1)

fire support group — (*) A temporary

grouping of ships under a single

commander charged with supporting troop

operations ashore by naval gunfire. A fire

support group may be further subdivided

into fire support units and fire support

elements.

fire support officer — Senior field artillery

officer assigned to Army maneuver

battalions and brigades. Advises

commander on fire-support matters. Also

called FSO. See also field artillery; fire;

fire support; support. (JP 3-09.1)

fire support station — An exact location at

sea within a fire support area from which a

fire support ship delivers fire.

fire support team — An Army team

provided by the field artillery component

to each maneuver company and troop to

plan and coordinate all indirect fire means

available to the unit, including mortars, field

artillery, close air support, and naval

gunfire. Also called FIST. See also close

air support; field artillery; fire; fire

support; support. (JP 3-09.1)

firing area — (*) In a sweeper-sweep

combination it is the horizontal area at the

depth of a particular mine in which the mine

will detonate. The firing area has exactly

the same dimensions as the interception area

but will lie astern of it unless the mine

detonates immediately when actuated.

firing chart — Map, photo map, or grid sheet

showing the relative horizontal and vertical

positions of batteries, base points, base point
167

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

lines, check points, targets, and other details

needed in preparing firing data.

firing circuit — (*) 1. In land operations,

an electrical circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop

designed to detonate connected charges

from a firing point. 2. In naval mine

warfare, that part of a mine circuit which

either completes the detonator circuit or

operates a ship counter.

firing mechanism — See firing circuit.

firing point — (*) That point in the firing

circuit where the device employed to initiate

the detonation of the charges is located.

Also called FP.

firing system — In demolition, a system

composed of elements designed to fire the

main charge or charges.

first light — The beginning of morning

nautical twilight; i.e., when the center of

the morning sun is 12 degrees below the

horizon.

first responder phase — A phase of medical

care in which health care providers’ focus

is to save life and limb and stabilize the

patient sufficiently to withstand evacuation

to the next level of care. This first response

may include first aid (self-aid and buddy

aid, combat lifesavers) or medical

assistance by combat medics, hospital

corpsmen, physician assistants, or

physicians. See also essential care;

evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02)

first strike — The first offensive move of a

war. (Generally associated with nuclear

operations.)

fission products — (*) A general term for

the complex mixture of substances

produced as a result of nuclear fission.

fission to yield ratio — (*) The ratio of the

yield derived from nuclear fission to the

total yield; it is frequently expressed in

percent.

fitted mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

mine containing an explosive charge, a

primer, detonator, and firing system. See

also exercise filled mine; explosive filled

mine.

fix — (*) A position determined from

terrestrial, electronic, or astronomical data.

fixed ammunition — (*) Ammunition in

which the cartridge case is permanently

attached to the projectile. See also

munition.

fixed capital property — 1. Assets of a

permanent character having continuing

value. 2. As used in military

establishments, includes real estate and

equipment installed or in use, either in

productive plants or in field operations.

Synonymous with fixed assets.

fixed medical treatment facility — (*) A

medical treatment facility which is designed

to operate for an extended period of time at

a specific site.

fixed port — Water terminals with an

improved network of cargo-handling

facilities designed for the transfer of

oceangoing freight. See also water

terminal. (JP 4-01.5)

fixed price incentive contract — A fixed

price type of contract with provision for the

adjustment of profit and price by a formula

based on the relationship that final

negotiated total cost bears to negotiated

target cost as adjusted by approved changes.
168 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

fixed price type contract — A type of

contract that generally provides for a firm

price or, under appropriate circumstances,

may provide for an adjustable price for the

supplies or services being procured. Fixed

price contracts are of several types so

designed as to facilitate proper pricing

under varying circumstances.

fixed station patrol — (*) One in which each

scout maintains station relative to an

assigned point on a barrier line while

searching the surrounding area. Scouts are

not stationary but remain underway and

patrol near the center of their assigned

stations. A scout is a surface ship,

submarine, or aircraft.

fixer system — See fixer network.

flag days (red or green) — Red flag days

are those during which movement

requirements cannot be met; green flag days

are those during which the requisite amount

or a surplus of transportation capability

exists.

flag officer — A term applied to an officer

holding the rank of general, lieutenant

general, major general, or brigadier general

in the US Army, Air Force or Marine Corps

or admiral, vice admiral, or rear admiral in

the US Navy or Coast Guard.

flame field expedients — Simple, handmade

devices used to produce flame or

illumination. Also called FFE. (JP 3-15)

flame thrower — (*) A weapon that projects

incendiary fuel and has provision for

ignition of this fuel.

flammable cargo — See inflammable

cargo.

flank guard — (*) A security element

operating to the flank of a moving or

stationary force to protect it from enemy

ground observation, direct fire, and surprise

attack.

flanking attack — (*) An offensive

maneuver directed at the flank of an enemy.

See also frontal attack.

flare — (*) The change in the flight path of

an aircraft so as to reduce the rate of descent

for touchdown.

flare dud — A nuclear weapon that, when

launched at a target, detonates with

anticipated yield but at an altitude

appreciably greater than intended. This is

not a dud insofar as yield is concerned, but

it is a dud with respect to the effects on the

target and the normal operation of the

weapon.

flash blindness — (*) Impairment of vision

resulting from an intense flash of light. It

includes temporary or permanent loss of

visual functions and may be associated with

retinal burns. See also dazzle.

flash burn — (*) A burn caused by excessive

exposure (of bare skin) to thermal radiation.

flash message — A category of precedence

reserved for initial enemy contact messages

or operational combat messages of extreme

urgency. Brevity is mandatory. See also

precedence.

flash ranging — Finding the position of the

burst of a projectile or of an enemy gun by

observing its flash.

flash report — Not to be used. See inflight

report.

flash suppressor — (*) Device attached to

the muzzle of the weapon which reduces

the amount of visible light or flash created

by burning propellant gases.
169

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

flash-to-bang time — (*) The time from light

being first observed until the sound of the

nuclear detonation is heard.

flatrack — Portable, open-topped,

open-sided units that fit into existing

below-deck container cell guides and

provide a capability for container ships to

carry oversized cargo and wheeled and

tracked vehicles. (JP 4-01.7)

flatted cargo — Cargo placed in the bottom

of the holds, covered with planks and

dunnage, and held for future use. Flatted

cargo usually has room left above it for the

loading of vehicles that may be moved

without interfering with the flatted cargo.

Frequently, flatted cargo serves in lieu of

ballast. Sometimes called understowed

cargo.

fleet — An organization of ships, aircraft,

Marine forces, and shore-based fleet

activities all under the command of a

commander or commander in chief who

may exercise operational as well as

administrative control. See also major

fleet; numbered fleet.

fleet ballistic missile submarine — A

nuclear-powered submarine designed to

deliver ballistic missile attacks against

assigned targets from either a submerged

or surfaced condition. Designated as

SSBN.

fleet in being — A fleet (force) that avoids

decisive action, but, because of its strength

and location, causes or necessitates counterconcentrations and so reduces the number

of opposing units available for operations

elsewhere.

Fleet Marine Force — A balanced force of

combined arms comprising land, air, and

service elements of the US Marine Corps.

A Fleet Marine Force is an integral part of

a US fleet and has the status of a type

command. Also called FMF.

flexible deterrent option — A planning

construct intended to facilitate early

decision by laying out a wide range of

interrelated response paths that begin with

deterrent-oriented options carefully tailored

to send the right signal. The flexible

deterrent option is the means by which the

various deterrent options available to a

commander (such as economic, diplomatic,

political, and military measures) are

implemented into the planning process.

Also called FDO. See also deterrent

options. (JP 4-05.1)

flexible response — The capability of

military forces for effective reaction to any

enemy threat or attack with actions

appropriate and adaptable to the

circumstances existing.

flight — 1. In Navy and Marine Corps usage,

a specified group of aircraft usually engaged

in a common mission. 2. The basic tactical

unit in the Air Force, consisting of four or

more aircraft in two or more elements. 3.

A single aircraft airborne on a

nonoperational mission.

flight advisory — A message dispatched to

aircraft in flight or to interested stations to

advise of any deviation or irregularity.

flight deck — 1. In certain airplanes, an

elevated compartment occupied by the crew

for operating the airplane in flight. 2. The

upper deck of an aircraft carrier that serves

as a runway.

flight following — (*) The task of

maintaining contact with specified aircraft

for the purpose of determining en route

progress and/or flight termination.
170 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

flight information center — (*) A unit

established to provide flight information

service and alerting service.

flight information region — (*) An airspace

of defined dimensions within which flight

information service and alerting service are

provided. Also called FIR. See also air

traffic control center; area control center.

flight information service — (*) A service

provided for the purpose of giving advice

and information useful for the safe and

efficient conduct of flights. Also called FIS.

flight levels — (*) Surfaces of constant

atmospheric pressure which are related to

a specific pressure datum, 1013.2 mb (29.92

in), and are separated by specific pressure

intervals. (Flight levels are expressed in

three digits that represent hundreds of feet;

e.g., flight level 250 represents a barometric

altimeter indication of 25,000 feet and flight

level 255 is an indication of 25,500 feet.)

flight path — (*) The line connecting the

successive positions occupied, or to be

occupied, by an aircraft, missile, or space

vehicle as it moves through air or space.

flight plan — (*) Specified information

provided to air traffic services units relative

to an intended flight or portion of a flight

of an aircraft.

flight plan correlation — A means of

identifying aircraft by association with

known flight plans.

flight profile — Trajectory, or its graphic

representation, followed by its altitude,

speed, distance flown, and maneuver.

flight quarters — A ship configuration that

assigns and stations personnel at critical

positions to conduct safe flight operations.

(JP 3-04.1)

flight readiness firing — A missile system

test of short duration conducted with the

propulsion system operating while the

missile is secured to the launcher. Such a

test is performed to determine the readiness

of the missile system and launch facilities

prior to flight test.

flight surgeon — (*) A physician specially

trained in aviator medical practice whose

primary duty is the medical examination

and medical care of aircrew.

flight test — (*) Test of an aircraft, rocket,

missile, or other vehicle by actual flight or

launching. Flight tests are planned to

achieve specific test objectives and gain

operational information.

flight visibility — The average forward

horizontal distance from the cockpit of an

aircraft in flight at which prominent

unlighted objects may be seen and identified

by day and prominent lighted objects may

be seen and identified by night.

floating base support — (*) A form of

logistic support in which supplies, repairs,

maintenance, and other services are

provided in harbor or at an anchorage for

operating forces from ships.

floating craft company — A company-sized

unit made up of various watercraft teams

such as tugs, barges, and barge cranes. See

also watercraft. (JP 4-01.6)

floating dump — Emergency supplies

preloaded in landing craft, amphibious

vehicles, or in landing ships. Floating

dumps are located in the vicinity of the

appropriate control officer, who directs their

landing as requested by the troop

commander concerned. (JP 3-02)

floating mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine visible on the surface. See also free

mine; mine; watching mine.
171

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

floating reserve — (*) In an amphibious

operation, reserve troops which remain

embarked until needed. See also general

reserve.

flooder — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device

fitted to a buoyant mine which, on operation

after a preset time, floods the mine case and

causes it to sink to the bottom.

flotation — (*) The capability of a vehicle

to float in water.

fly-in echelon — Includes the balance of the

initial assault force, not included in the

assault echelon, and some aviation support

equipment. Also called FIE. (JP 4-01.2)

foam path — A path of fire extinguisher foam

laid on a runway to assist aircraft in an

emergency landing.

follow-up — In amphibious operations, the

reinforcements and stores carried on

transport ships and aircraft (not originally

part of the amphibious force) that are

offloaded after the assault and assault

follow-on echelons have been landed. See

also amphibious operation; assault;

assault follow-on echelon. (JP 3-02)

follow-up echelon — (*) In air transport

operations, elements moved into the

objective area after the assault echelon.

follow-up shipping — Ships not originally a

part of the amphibious task force but which

deliver troops and supplies to the objective

area after the assault phase has begun.

(JP 3-02.2)

follow-up supplies — Supplies delivered

after the initial landings or airdrop to

resupply units until routine supply

procedures can be instituted. These

supplies may be delivered either

automatically or on an on-call basis and are

prepared for delivery by supporting supply

units. See also resupply; routine supplies;

supplies. (JP 3-17)

footprint — 1. The area on the surface of

the earth within a satellite’s transmitter or

sensor field of view. 2. The amount of

personnel, spares, resources, and

capabilities physically present and

occupying space at a deployed location.

force — 1. An aggregation of military

personnel, weapon systems, equipment, and

necessary support, or combination thereof.

2. A major subdivision of a fleet. (JP 0-2)

force activity designators — Numbers used

in conjunction with urgency of need

designators to establish a matrix of priorities

used for supply requisitions. Defines the

relative importance of the unit to

accomplish the objectives of the

Department of Defense. Also called FADs.

See also force. (JP 4-09)

force beddown — The provision of expedient

facilities for troop support to provide a

platform for the projection of force. These

facilities may include modular or kit-type

facility substitutes. See also facility

substitutes. (JP 4-04)

force closure — The point in time when a

supported joint force commander

determines that sufficient personnel and

equipment resources are in the assigned

operational area to carry out assigned tasks.

See also closure; force. (JP 3-35)

force health protection — All services

performed, provided, or arranged by the

Services to promote, improve, conserve, or

restore the mental or physical well-being

of personnel. These services include, but

are not limited to, the management of health

services resources, such as manpower,

monies, and facilities; preventive and

curative health measures; evacuation of the

wounded, injured, or sick; selection of the
172 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

medically fit and disposition of the

medically unfit; blood management;

medical supply, equipment, and

maintenance thereof; combat stress control;

and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory,

optometry, medical food, and medical

intelligence services. See also force;

protection. (JP 4-02)

force list — A total list of forces required by

an operation plan, including assigned

forces, augmentation forces, and other

forces to be employed in support of the plan.

force module — A grouping of combat,

combat support, and combat service support

forces, with their accompanying supplies

and the required nonunit resupply and

personnel necessary to sustain forces for a

minimum of 30 days. The elements of force

modules are linked together or are uniquely

identified so that they may be extracted

from or adjusted as an entity in the Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

databases to enhance flexibility and

usefulness of the operation plan during a

crisis. Also called FM. See also force

module package.

force module package — A force module

with a specific functional orientation (e.g.

air superiority, close air support,

reconnaissance, ground defense) that

include combat, associated combat support,

and combat service support forces.

Additionally, force module packages will

contain sustainment in accordance with

logistic policy contained in Joint Strategic

Capabilities Plan Annex B. Also called

FMP. See also force module.

force movement control center — A

temporary organization activated by the

Marine air-ground task force to control and

coordinate all deployment support

activities. Also called FMCC. See also

Marine air-ground task force. (JP 4-01.8)

force multiplier — A capability that, when

added to and employed by a combat force,

significantly increases the combat potential

of that force and thus enhances the

probability of successful mission

accomplishment. (JP 3-05.3)

force planning — Planning associated with

the creation and maintenance of military

capabilities. It is primarily the

responsibility of the Military Departments

and Services and is conducted under the

administrative control that runs from the

Secretary of Defense to the Military

Departments and Services. (JP 5-0)

force projection — The ability to project the

military element of national power from the

continental United States (CONUS) or

another theater, in response to requirements

for military operations. Force projection

operations extend from mobilization and

deployment of forces to redeployment to

CONUS or home theater. See also force.

(JP 3-35)

force protection — Actions taken to prevent

or mitigate hostile actions against

Department of Defense personnel (to

include family members), resources,

facilities, and critical information. These

actions conserve the force’s fighting

potential so it can be applied at the decisive

time and place and incorporate the

coordinated and synchronized offensive and

defensive measures to enable the effective

employment of the joint force while

degrading opportunities for the enemy.

Force protection does not include actions

to defeat the enemy or protect against

accidents, weather, or disease. Also called

FP. See also force; protection; terrorist

threat condition. (JP 3-0)

force rendezvous — (*) A checkpoint at

which formations of aircraft or ships join

and become part of the main force. Also

called group rendezvous.
173

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

force requirement number — An

alphanumeric code used to uniquely

identify force entries in a given operation

plan time-phased force and deployment

data. Also called FRN.

force(s) — See airborne force; armed

forces; covering force; garrison force;

multinational force; Navy cargo

handling force; task force; underway

replenishment force.

force shortfall — A deficiency in the number

of types of units available for planning

within the time required for the

performance of an assigned task. (JP 4-05)

forces in being — (*) Forces classified as

being in state of readiness “A” or “B” as

prescribed in the appropriate Military

Committee document.

force sourcing — The identification of the

actual units, their origins, ports of

embarkation, and movement characteristics

to satisfy the time-phased force

requirements of a supported commander.

force structure — See military capability.

force tabs — With reference to war plans,

the statement of time-phased deployments

of major combat units by major commands

and geographical areas.

force tracking — The identification of units

and their specific modes of transport during

movement to an objective area. (JP 4-01.3)

forcible entry — Seizing and holding of a

military lodgment in the face of armed

opposition. See also lodgment. (JP 3-18)

fordability — See shallow fording.

foreign armed force — An armed force

belonging to a government or

organizational entity other than the United

States.

foreign assistance — Assistance to foreign

nations ranging from the sale of military

equipment to donations of food and medical

supplies to aid survivors of natural and

manmade disasters. US assistance takes

three forms — development assistance,

humanitarian assistance, and security

assistance. See also domestic

emergencies; foreign disaster; foreign

humanitarian assistance; security

assistance. (JP 3-08)

foreign disaster — An act of nature (such as

a flood, drought, fire, hurricane, earthquake,

volcanic eruption, or epidemic), or an act

of man (such as a riot, violence, civil strife,

explosion, fire, or epidemic), which is or

threatens to be of sufficient severity and

magnitude to warrant United States foreign

disaster relief to a foreign country, foreign

persons, or to an international organization.

See also foreign disaster relief. (JP 3-08)

foreign disaster relief — Prompt aid that can

be used to alleviate the suffering of foreign

disaster victims. Normally it includes

humanitarian services and transportation;

the provision of food, clothing, medicine,

beds, and bedding; temporary shelter and

housing; the furnishing of medical materiel

and medical and technical personnel; and

making repairs to essential services. See

also foreign disaster. (JP 3-07.6)

foreign humanitarian assistance —

Programs conducted to relieve or reduce

the results of natural or manmade disasters

or other endemic conditions such as human

pain, disease, hunger, or privation that

might present a serious threat to life or that

can result in great damage to or loss of

property. Foreign humanitarian assistance

(FHA) provided by US forces is limited in

scope and duration. The foreign assistance
174 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

provided is designed to supplement or

complement the efforts of the host nation

civil authorities or agencies that may have

the primary responsibility for providing

FHA. FHA operations are those conducted

outside the United States, its territories, and

possessions. Also called FHA. See also

foreign assistance. (JP 3-07.6)

foreign instrumentation signals intelligence

— Technical information and intelligence

derived from the intercept of foreign

electromagnetic emissions associated with

the testing and operational deployment of

non-US aerospace, surface, and subsurface

systems. Foreign instrumentation signals

intelligence is a subcategory of signals

intelligence. Foreign instrumentation

signals include but are not limited to

telemetry, beaconry, electronic

interrogators, and video data links. Also

called FISINT. See also signals

intelligence. (JP 2-01)

foreign intelligence — Intelligence relating

to capabilities, intentions, and activities of

foreign powers, organizations, or persons

(not including counterintelligence), except

for information on international terrorist

activities. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

foreign internal defense — Participation by

civilian and military agencies of a

government in any of the action programs

taken by another government to free and

protect its society from subversion,

lawlessness, and insurgency. Also called

FID.

foreign military sales — That portion of

United States security assistance authorized

by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as

amended, and the Arms Export Control Act

of 1976, as amended. This assistance differs

from the Military Assistance Program and

the International Military Education and

Training Program in that the recipient

provides reimbursement for defense articles

and services transferred. Also called FMS.

foreign military sales trainees — Foreign

nationals receiving training conducted by

the Department of Defense on a

reimbursable basis, at the country’s request.

foreign national — Any person other than a

US citizen, US permanent or temporary

legal resident alien, or person in US custody.

foreign object damage — Rags, pieces of

paper, line, articles of clothing, nuts, bolts,

or tools that, when misplaced or caught by

air currents normally found around aircraft

operations (jet blast, rotor or prop wash,

engine intake), cause damage to aircraft

systems or weapons or injury to personnel.

Also called FOD. (JP 3-04.1)

foreshore — That portion of a beach

extending from the low water (datum)

shoreline to the limit of normal high water

wave wash. (JP 4-01.6)

format — (*) 1. In photography, the size

and/or shape of a negative or of the print

therefrom. 2. In cartography, the shape

and size of a map or chart.

formation — (*) 1. An ordered arrangement

of troops and/or vehicles for a specific

purpose. 2. An ordered arrangement of

two or more ships, units, or aircraft

proceeding together under a commander.

formatted message text — (*) A message

text composed of several sets ordered in a

specified sequence, each set characterized

by an identifier and containing information

of a specified type, coded and arranged in

an ordered sequence of character fields in

accordance with the NATO message text

formatting rules. It is designed to permit

both manual and automated handling and

processing. See also free form message

text; structured message text.
175

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

formerly restricted data — Information

removed from the restricted data category

upon a joint determination by the

Department of Energy (or antecedent

agencies) and Department of Defense that

such information relates primarily to the

military utilization of atomic weapons and

that such information can be adequately

safeguarded as classified defense

information. (Section 142d, Atomic Energy

Act of 1954, as amended.) See also

restricted data.

form lines — (*) Lines resembling contours,

but representing no actual elevations, which

have been sketched from visual observation

or from inadequate or unreliable map

sources, to show collectively the

configuration of the terrain.

forward aeromedical evacuation — (*)

That phase of evacuation which provides

airlift for patients between points within the

battlefield, from the battlefield to the initial

point of treatment, and to subsequent points

of treatment within the combat zone.

forward air controller — An officer (aviator/

pilot) member of the tactical air control

party who, from a forward ground or

airborne position, controls aircraft in close

air support of ground troops. Also called

FAC. See also close air support. (JP 3-09.1)

forward air controller (airborne) — A

specifically trained and qualified aviation

officer who exercises control from the air

of aircraft engaged in close air support of

ground troops. The forward air controller

(airborne) is normally an airborne extension

of the tactical air control party. Also called

FAC(A). (JP 3-09.3)

forward area — An area in proximity to

combat.

forward arming and refueling point — A

temporary facility — organized, equipped,

and deployed by an aviation commander,

and normally located in the main battle area

closer to the area where operations are being

conducted than the aviation unit’s combat

service area — to provide fuel and

ammunition necessary for the employment

of aviation maneuver units in combat. The

forward arming and refueling point permits

combat aircraft to rapidly refuel and rearm

simultaneously. Also called FARP.

forward aviation combat engineering — A

mobility operation in which engineers

perform tasks in support of forward aviation

ground facilities. Tasks include

reconnaissance; construction of low altitude

parachute extraction zones, landing strips,

and airstrips; and providing berms,

revetments, and trenches for forward

arming and refueling points. See also

combat engineering; reconnaissance.

(JP 3-34)

forward edge of the battle area — (*) The

foremost limits of a series of areas in which

ground combat units are deployed,

excluding the areas in which the covering

or screening forces are operating,

designated to coordinate fire support, the

positioning of forces, or the maneuver of

units. Also called FEBA.

forward line of own troops — A line that

indicates the most forward positions of

friendly forces in any kind of military

operation at a specific time. The forward

line of own troops (FLOT) normally

identifies the forward location of covering

and screening forces. The FLOT may be

at, beyond, or short of the forward edge of

the battle area. An enemy FLOT indicates

the forward-most position of hostile forces.

Also called FLOT.

forward-looking infrared — An airborne,

electro-optical thermal imaging device that

detects far-infrared energy, converts the

energy into an electronic signal, and
176 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

provides a visible image for day or night

viewing. Also called FLIR. (JP 3-09.3)

forward oblique air photograph — Oblique

photography of the terrain ahead of the

aircraft.

forward observer — An observer operating

with front line troops and trained to adjust

ground or naval gunfire and pass back

battlefield information. In the absence of a

forward air controller, the observer may

control close air support strikes. Also called

FO. See also forward air controller;

spotter. (JP 3-09.1)

forward operating base — An airfield used

to support tactical operations without

establishing full support facilities. The base

may be used for an extended time period.

Support by a main operating base will be

required to provide backup support for a

forward operating base. Also called FOB.

(JP 3-09.3)

forward operating location — Primarily

used for counterdrug operations. Similar

to a forward operating base (FOB) but

without the in-place infrastructure

associated with a FOB. Also called FOL.

forward operations base — In special

operations, a base usually located in friendly

territory or afloat that is established to

extend command and control or

communications or to provide support for

training and tactical operations. Facilities

may be established for temporary or longer

duration operations and may include an

airfield or an unimproved airstrip, an

anchorage, or a pier. A forward operations

base may be the location of special

operations component headquarters or a

smaller unit that is controlled and/or

supported by a main operations base. Also

called FOB. See also advanced

operations base; main operations base.

(JP 3-05.3)

forward recovery mission profile — A

mission profile that involves the recovery

of an aircraft at a neutral or friendly forward

area airfield or landing site.

forward resuscitative surgery — The urgent

initial surgery required to render patients

transportable for further evacuation to

medical treatment facilities staffed and

equipped to provide for their care. Forward

resuscitative surgery is performed on

patients with signs and symptoms of initial

airway compromise, difficult breathing, and

circulatory shock and who do not respond

to initial emergency medical treatment and

advanced trauma management procedures.

See also essential care; evacuation;

medical treatment facility; patient.

(JP 4-02)

forward slope — (*) Any slope which

descends towards the enemy.

forward tell — (*) The transfer of

information to a higher level of command.

See also track telling.

four-round illumination diamond — (*) A

method of distributing the fire of

illumination shells which, by a combination

of lateral spread and range spread, provides

illumination of a large area.

463L system — Aircraft pallets, nets, tie

down, and coupling devices, facilities,

handling equipment, procedures, and other

components designed to interface with

military and civilian aircraft cargo restraint

systems. Though designed for airlift,

system components may have to move

intermodally via surface to support

geographic combatant commander

objectives. (JP 4-01.7)

fragmentary order — An abbreviated form

of an operation order (verbal, written or

digital) usually issued on a day-to-day basis

that eliminates the need for restating
177

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

information contained in a basic operation

order. It may be issued in sections. It is

issued after an operation order to change

or modify that order or to execute a branch

or sequel to that order. Also called FRAG

order.

frame — (*) In photography, any single

exposure contained within a continuous

sequence of photographs.

free air anomaly — The difference between

observed gravity and theoretical gravity that

has been computed for latitude and

corrected for elevation of the station above

or below the geoid, by application of the

normal rate of change of gravity for change

of elevation, as in free air.

free air overpressure — (*) The unreflected

pressure, in excess of the ambient

atmospheric pressure, created in the air by

the blast wave from an explosion. See also

overpressure.

freedom of navigation operations —

Operations conducted to demonstrate US

or international rights to navigate air or sea

routes. (JP 3-07)

free drop — (*) The dropping of equipment

or supplies from an aircraft without the use

of parachutes. See also airdrop; air

movement; free fall; high velocity drop;

low velocity drop.

free fall — A parachute maneuver in which

the parachute is manually activated at the

discretion of the jumper or automatically

at a preset altitude. See also airdrop; air

movement; free drop; high velocity drop;

low velocity drop.

free field overpressure — See free air

overpressure.

free-fire area — A specific area into which

any weapon system may fire without

additional coordination with the

establishing headquarters. Also called

FFA. See also fire. (JP 3-09)

free form message text — (*) A message

text without prescribed format

arrangements. It is intended for fast drafting

as well as manual handling and processing.

See also formatted message text;

structured message text.

free issue — Materiel provided for use or

consumption without charge to the fund or

fund subdivision that finances the activity

to which it is issued.

free mail — Correspondence of a personal

nature that weighs less than 11 ounces, to

include audio and video recording tapes,

from a member of the Armed Forces or

designated civilian, mailed postage free

from a Secretary of Defense approved free

mail zone. (JP 1-0)

free mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

moored mine whose mooring has parted or

been cut.

free play exercise — (*) An exercise to test

the capabilities of forces under simulated

contingency and/or wartime conditions,

limited only by those artificialities or

restrictions required by peacetime safety

regulations. See also controlled exercise.

free rocket — (*) A rocket not subject to

guidance or control in flight.

freight consolidating activity — A

transportation activity that receives less than

car- or truckload shipments of materiel for

the purpose of assembling them into caror truckload lots for onward movement to

the ultimate consignee or to a freight

distributing activity or other break bulk

point. See also freight distributing

activity.
178 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

freight distributing activity — A

transportation activity that receives and

unloads consolidated car- or truckloads of

less than car- or truckload shipments of

material and forwards the individual

shipments to the ultimate consignee. See

also freight consolidating activity.

frequency deconfliction — A systematic

management procedure to coordinate the

use of the electromagnetic spectrum for

operations, communications, and

intelligence functions. Frequency

deconfliction is one element of

electromagnetic spectrum management.

See also electromagnetic spectrum;

electronic warfare; spectrum

management. (JP 3-51)

friendly — A contact positively identified as

friendly. See also hostile.

friendly fire — In casualty reporting, a

casualty circumstance applicable to persons

killed in action or wounded in action

mistakenly or accidentally by friendly

forces actively engaged with the enemy,

who are directing fire at a hostile force or

what is thought to be a hostile force. See

also casualty.

front — (*) 1. The lateral space occupied by

an element measured from the extremity of

one flank to the extremity of the other flank.

2. The direction of the enemy. 3. The line

of contact of two opposing forces. 4. When

a combat situation does not exist or is not

assumed, the direction toward which the

command is faced.

frontal attack — (*) 1. An offensive

maneuver in which the main action is

directed against the front of the enemy

forces. 2. (DOD only) In air intercept, an

attack by an interceptor aircraft that

terminates with a heading crossing angle

greater than 135 degrees.

frustrated cargo — Any shipment of

supplies and/or equipment which, while en

route to destination, is stopped prior to

receipt and for which further disposition

instructions must be obtained.

full charge — The larger of the two propelling

charges available for naval guns.

full mission-capable — Material condition

of any piece of military equipment, aircraft,

or training device indicating that it can

perform all of its missions. Also called

FMC. See also deadline; missioncapable; partial mission-capable; partial

mission-capable, maintenance; partial

mission-capable, supply.

full mobilization — See mobilization.

functional component command — A

command normally, but not necessarily,

composed of forces of two or more Military

Departments which may be established

across the range of military operations to

perform particular operational missions that

may be of short duration or may extend over

a period of time. See also component;

Service component command. (JP 0-2)

functional damage assessment — The

estimate of the effect of military force to

degrade or destroy the functional or

operational capability of the target to

perform its intended mission and on the

level of success in achieving operational

objectives established against the target.

This assessment is based upon all-source

information, and includes an estimation of

the time required for recuperation or

replacement of the target function. See also

damage assessment; target. (JP 3-60)

functional kill — To render a targeted

installation, facility, or target system unable

to fulfill its primary function.
179

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

functional plans — Plans involving the

conduct of military operations in a

peacetime or permissive environment

developed by combatant commanders to

address requirements such as disaster

relief, nation assistance, logistics,

communications, surveillance, protection of

US citizens, nuclear weapon recovery and

evacuation, and continuity of operations or

similar discrete tasks. They may be

developed in response to the requirements

of the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, at

the initiative of the combatant commander

(CINC), or as tasked by the supported

combatant commander, Joint Staff, Service,

or Defense agency. Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff review of CINC-initiated

plans is not normally required. (JP 5-0)

functions — The appropriate or assigned

duties, responsibilities, missions, or tasks

of an individual, office, or organization. As

defined in the National Security Act of

1947, as amended, the term “function”

includes functions, powers, and duties (5

United States Code 171n (a)).

fusion — In intelligence usage, the process

of examining all sources of intelligence and

information to derive a complete

assessment of activity. (JP 2-0)

fusion center — In intelligence usage, a

physical location to accomplish fusion. It

normally has sufficient intelligence

automated data processing capability to

assist in the process. (JP 2-0)

fuze cavity — (*) A recess in a charge for

receiving a fuze.
180 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
G

181

gadget — Radar equipment (type of

equipment may be indicated by a letter as

listed in operation orders). May be followed

by a color to indicate state of jamming.

Colors will be used as follows: a. green —

Clear of jamming. b. amber — Sector

partially jammed. c. red — Sector

completely jammed. d. blue — Completely

jammed.

gap — An area within a minefield or obstacle

belt, free of live mines or obstacles, whose

width and direction will allow a friendly

force to pass through in tactical formation.

See also phoney minefield.

gap filler radar — (*) A radar used to

supplement the coverage of the principal

radar in areas where coverage is inadequate.

gap (imagery) — Any space where imagery

fails to meet minimum coverage

requirements. This might be a space not

covered by imagery or a space where the

minimum specified overlap was not

obtained.

gap marker — (*) In landmine warfare,

markers used to indicate a minefield gap.

Gap markers at the entrance to, and exit

from, the gap will be referenced to a

landmark or intermediate marker. See also

marker.

garble — An error in transmission, reception,

encryption, or decryption that changes the

text of a message or any portion thereof in

such a manner that it is incorrect or

undecryptable.

garnishing — (*) In surveillance, natural or

artificial material applied to an object to

achieve or assist camouflage.

garrison force — (*) All units assigned to a

base or area for defense, development,

operation, and maintenance of facilities.

See also force(s).

gear — A general term for a collection of

spars, ropes, blocks, and equipment used

for lifting and stowing cargo and ships

stores. (JP 4-01.6)

general agency agreement — A contract

between the Maritime Administration and

a steamship company which, as general

agent, exercises administrative control over

a government-owned ship for employment

by the Military Sealift Command. Also

called GAA. See also Military Sealift

Command. (JP 3-02.2)

general air cargo — (*) Cargo without

hazardous or dangerous properties and not

requiring extra precautions for air transport.

general and complete disarmament —

Reductions of armed forces and armaments

by all states to levels required for internal

security and for an international peace force.

Connotation is “total disarmament” by all

states.

general cargo — Cargo that is susceptible

for loading in general, nonspecialized

stowage areas or standard shipping

containers; e.g., boxes, barrels, bales, crates,

packages, bundles, and pallets.

general engineering — Encompasses the

construction and repair of lines of

communications, main supply routes,

airfields, and logistic facilities to support

joint military operations and may be

performed in direct support of combat

operations, such as battle damage repair.

These operations include both horizontal

and vertical construction, and may include

use of both expedient repair methods and

more deliberate construction methods

characterized by the application of design

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
182 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

criteria, advanced planning, and

preparation, depending on the mission

requirements. Also called GE. (JP 3-34)

general map — A map of small scale used

for general planning purposes. See also

map.

general military intelligence — Intelligence

concerning the (1) military capabilities of

foreign countries or organizations or (2)

topics affecting potential US or

multinational military operations, relating

to the following subjects: armed forces

capabilities, including order of battle,

organization, training, tactics, doctrine,

strategy, and other factors bearing on

military strength and effectiveness; area and

terrain intelligence, including urban areas,

coasts and landing beaches, and

meteorological, oceanographic, and

geological intelligence; transportation in all

modes; military materiel production and

support industries; military and civilian

command, control, communications,

computers, and intelligence systems;

military economics, including foreign

military assistance; insurgency and

terrorism; military-political-sociological

intelligence; location, identification, and

description of military-related installations;

government control; escape and evasion;

and threats and forecasts. (Excludes

scientific and technical intelligence.) Also

called GMI. See also intelligence;

military intelligence. (JP 2-0)

general orders — 1. Permanent instructions,

issued in order form, that apply to all

members of a command, as compared with

special orders, which affect only individuals

or small groups. General orders are usually

concerned with matters of policy or

administration. 2. A series of permanent

guard orders that govern the duties of a

sentry on post.

general purchasing agents — Agents who

have been appointed in the principal

overseas areas to supervise, control,

coordinate, negotiate, and develop the local

procurement of supplies, services, and

facilities by Armed Forces of the United

States, in order that the most effective

utilization may be made of local resources

and production.

general quarters — A condition of readiness

when naval action is imminent. All battle

stations are fully manned and alert;

ammunition is ready for instant loading;

guns and guided missile launchers may be

loaded.

general staff — A group of officers in the

headquarters of Army or Marine divisions,

Marine brigades, and aircraft wings, or

similar or larger units that assist their

commanders in planning, coordinating, and

supervising operations. A general staff may

consist of four or more principal functional

sections: personnel (G-1), military

intelligence (G-2), operations and training

(G-3), logistics (G-4), and (in Army

organizations) civil affairs and military

government (G-5). (A particular section

may be added or eliminated by the

commander, dependent upon the need that

has been demonstrated.) The comparable

Air Force staff is found in the wing and

larger units, with sections designated

personnel, operations, etc. G-2 Air and G-3

Air are Army officers assigned to G-2 or

G-3 at division, corps, and Army

headquarters level who assist in planning

and coordinating joint operations of ground

and air units. Naval staffs ordinarily are

not organized on these lines, but when they

are, they are designated N-1, N-2, etc.

Similarly, a joint staff may be designated

J-1, J-2, etc. In Army brigades and smaller

units and in Marine Corps units smaller than

a brigade or aircraft wing, staff sections are
183

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

designated S-1, S-2, etc., with

corresponding duties; referred to as a unit

staff in the Army and as an executive staff

in the Marine Corps. See also staff.

general stopping power — (*) The

percentage of a group of vehicles in battle

formation likely to be stopped by mines

when attempting to cross a minefield.

general support — (*) 1. That support which

is given to the supported force as a whole

and not to any particular subdivision

thereof. See also close support; direct

support; mutual support; support.

2. (DOD only) A tactical artillery mission.

Also called GS. See also direct support;

general support-reinforcing; reinforcing.

general support artillery — (*) Artillery

which executes the fire directed by the

commander of the unit to which it

organically belongs or is attached. It fires

in support of the operation as a whole rather

than in support of a specific subordinate

unit. Also called GSA. See also direct

support artillery; general supportreinforcing; reinforcing.

general support-reinforcing — General

support-reinforcing artillery has the mission

of supporting the force as a whole and of

providing reinforcing fires for other artillery

units. Also called GSR. See also direct

support artillery; reinforcing.

general unloading period — (*) In

amphibious operations, that part of the

ship-to-shore movement in which

unloading is primarily logistic in character,

and emphasizes speed and volume of

unloading operations. It encompasses the

unloading of units and cargo from the ships

as rapidly as facilities on the beach permit.

It proceeds without regard to class, type, or

priority of cargo, as permitted by cargo

handling facilities ashore. See also initial

unloading period.

general war — Armed conflict between

major powers in which the total resources

of the belligerents are employed, and the

national survival of a major belligerent is

in jeopardy.

generation (photography) — The

preparation of successive positive and/or

negative reproductions from an original

negative and/or positive (first-generation).

For example, the first positive produced

from an original negative is a

second-generation product; the negative

made from this positive is a third-generation

product; and the next positive or print from

that negative is a fourth-generation product.

geographic coordinates — (*) The quantities

of latitude and longitude which define the

position of a point on the surface of the

Earth with respect to the reference spheroid.

See also coordinates.

geographic reference points — A means of

indicating position, usually expressed either

as double letters or as code words that are

established in operation orders or by other

means.

georef — (*) A worldwide position reference

system that may be applied to any map or

chart graduated in latitude and longitude

regardless of projection. It is a method of

expressing latitude and longitude in a form

suitable for rapid reporting and plotting.

(This term is derived from the words “The

World Geographic Reference System.”)

geospatial information and services — The

concept for collection, information

extraction, storage, dissemination, and

exploitation of geodetic, geomagnetic,

imagery (both commercial and national

source), gravimetric, aeronautical,

topographic, hydrographic, littoral, cultural,

and toponymic data accurately referenced

to a precise location on the earth’s surface.

These data are used for military planning,
184 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

training, and operations including

navigation, mission planning, mission

rehearsal, modeling, simulation and precise

targeting. Geospatial information provides

the basic framework for battlespace

visualization. It is information produced

by multiple sources to common

interoperable data standards. It may be

presented in the form of printed maps,

charts, and publications; in digital

simulation and modeling databases; in

photographic form; or in the form of

digitized maps and charts or attributed

centerline data. Geospatial services include

tools that enable users to access and

manipulate data, and also includes

instruction, training, laboratory support, and

guidance for the use of geospatial data.

Also called GI&S. (JP 2-03)

geospatial information and services

priorities — The priorities defined by the

Joint Chiefs of Staff for indicating the

relative importance of geospatial

information and services geographical area

as well as weapons systems support

requirements. The priorities are used as one

of the factors in allocating National Imagery

and Mapping Agency production resources.

Priority definitions are contained in the joint

strategic planning document.

glide bomb — A bomb fitted with airfoils to

provide lift and which is carried and

released in the direction of a target by an

airplane.

glide mode — In a flight control system, a

control mode in which an aircraft is

automatically positioned to the center of the

glide slope course.

Global Combat Support System — A

strategy that provides information

interoperability across combat support

functions and between combat support and

command and control functions through the

Global Command and Control System.

Also called GCSS. See also combat

forces; combat support. (JP 4-0)

Global Command and Control System —

Highly mobile, deployable command and

control system supporting forces for joint

and multinational operations across the

range of military operations, any time and

anywhere in the world with compatible,

interoperable, and integrated command,

control, communications, computers, and

intelligence systems. Also called GCCS.

See also command and control;

command and control system. (JP 2-01)

global distribution — The process that

synchronizes and integrates fulfillment of

joint force requirements with employment

of the joint force. It provides national

resources (personnel and materiel) to

support execution of joint operations. The

ultimate objective of this process is the

effective and efficient accomplishment of

the joint force mission. See also

distribution. (JP 4-09)

global distribution of materiel — The

process of providing materiel from the

source of supply to its point of consumption

or use on a worldwide basis. See also

global distribution. (JP 4-09)

global grid — An open systems architecture

that provides global connectivity

instantaneously on warrior demand. The

global grid can support both vertical and

horizontal information flow to joint and

multinational forces. See also common

operating environment; node/command,

control, communications, and computers

node. (JP 6-02)

Global Information Grid — The globally

interconnected, end-to-end set of

information capabilities, associated

processes and personnel for collecting,

processing, storing, disseminating and

managing information on demand to
185

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

warfighters, policy makers, and support

personnel. The Global Information Grid

(GIG) includes all owned and leased

communications and computing systems

and services, software (including

applications), data, security services and

other associated services necessary to

achieve information superiority. It also

includes National Security Systems as

defined in section 5142 of the ClingerCohen Act of 1996. The GIG supports all

Department of Defense (DOD), National

Security, and related intelligence

community missions and functions

(strategic, operational, tactical and

business), in war and in peace. The GIG

provides capabilities from all operating

locations (bases, posts, camps, stations,

facilities, mobile platforms and deployed

sites). The GIG provides interfaces to

coalition, allied, and non-DOD users and

systems. Also called GIG. See also grid;

information. (JP 3-05.1)

global information infrastructure — The

worldwide interconnection of

communications networks, computers,

databases, and consumer electronics that

make vast amounts of information available

to users. The global information

infrastructure encompasses a wide range of

equipment, including cameras, scanners,

keyboards, facsimile machines, computers,

switches, compact disks, video and audio

tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic

transmission lines, networks of all types,

televisions, monitors, printers, and much

more. The friendly and adversary personnel

who make decisions and handle the

transmitted information constitute a critical

component of the global information

infrastructure. Also called GII. See also

defense information infrastructure;

information; information system;

national information infrastructure.

(JP 3-13)

Global Patient Movement Requirements

Center — A joint activity reporting directly

to the Commander in Chief, US

Transportation Command, the Department

of Defense single manager for the

regulation of movement of uniformed

services patients. The Global Patient

Movement Requirements Center authorizes

transfers to medical treatment facilities of

the Military Departments or the Department

of Veterans Affairs and coordinates

intertheater and inside continental United

States patient movement requirements with

the appropriate transportation component

commands of US Transportation

Command. Also called GPMRC. See also

medical treatment facility. (JP 4-02)

global positioning system — A satellite

constellation that provides highly accurate

position, velocity, and time navigation

information to users. Also called GPS.

Global Satellite Communications Support

Center — United States Space Command

operational element responsible for:

providing global satellite communications

system status; maintaining global

situational awareness to include each

combatant commander’s planned and

current operations as well as deliberate

plans; supporting radio frequency

interference resolution management;

supporting satellite anomaly resolution and

management; facilitating satellite

communications interface to the defense

information infrastructure; and managing

the Regional Satellite Communications

Support Centers. Also called GSSC.

global transportation management — The

integrated process of satisfying

transportation requirements using the

Defense Transportation System to meet

national security objectives. The process

begins with planning, programming, and
186 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

budgeting for transportation assets,

services, and associated systems and

continues through delivery of the users’

transportation movement requirements.

Also called GTM. See also Defense

Transportation System; Global

Transportation Network. (JP 4-01)

Global Transportation Network — The

designated Department of Defense (DOD)

in-transit visibility system, providing

customers with the ability to track the

identity, status, and location of DOD units

and non-unit cargo, passengers, patients,

forces, and military and commercial airlift,

sealift, and surface assets from origin to

destination across the range of military

operations. The Global Transportation

Network (GTN) collects, integrates, and

distributes transportation information to

combatant commanders, Services, and other

DOD customers. GTN provides the US

Transportation Command with the ability

to perform command and control

operations, planning and analysis, and

business operations in tailoring customer

requirements throughout the requirements

process. Also called GTN. See also

in-transit visibility. (JP 4-0)

go no-go — The condition or state of

operability of a component or system: “go,”

functioning properly; or “no-go,” not

functioning properly. Alternatively, a

critical point at which a decision to proceed

or not must be made.

government-owned, contract-operated

ships — Those ships to which the US

Government holds title and which the

Military Sealift Command operates under

a contract (i.e., nongovernment-manned).

These ships are designated United States

Naval Ships and use the prefix “USNS”

with the ship name and the letter “T” as a

prefix to the ship classification (e.g.,

T-AKR). See also Military Sealift

Command; United States Naval Ship.

(JP 3-02.2)

government-owned, Military Sealift

Command-operated ships — Those ships

to which the US Government holds title and

which the Military Sealift Command

operates with US Government (civil

service) employees. These ships are

designated United States Naval Ships and

use the prefix “USNS” with the ship name

and the letter “T” as a prefix to the ship

classification (e.g., T-AKR). See also

Military Sealift Command; United

States Naval Ship. (JP 3-02.2)

gradient — The rate of inclination to

horizontal expressed as a ratio, such as 1:25,

indicating a one unit rise to 25 units of

horizontal distance. (JP 4-01.6)

gradient circuit — (*) In mine warfare, a

circuit which is actuated when the rate of

change, with time, of the magnitude of the

influence is within predetermined limits.

grand strategy — See national security

strategy; national strategy.

graphic — (*) Any and all products of the

cartographic and photogrammetric art. A

graphic may be a map, chart, or mosaic or

even a film strip that was produced using

cartographic techniques.

graphic scale — (*) A graduated line by

means of which distances on the map, chart,

or photograph may be measured in terms

of ground distance. See also scale.

grapnel — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

device fitted to a mine mooring designed

to grapple the sweep wire when the mooring

is cut.

graticule — (*) 1. In cartography, a network

of lines representing the Earth’s parallels
187

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of latitude and meridians of longitude. 2.

In imagery interpretation, see reticle.

graticule ticks — (*) In cartography, short

lines indicating where selected meridians

and parallels intersect.

graves registration program — A program

that provides for search, recovery, tentative

identification, and evacuation or temporary

interment. Temporary interment is only

authorized by the geographic combatant

commander. Disposition of personal effects

is included in this program. See also

personal effects. (JP 4-06)

gravity extraction — (*) The extraction of

cargoes from the aircraft by influence of

their own weight. See also extraction

parachute.

grazing fire — (*) Fire approximately

parallel to the ground where the center of

the cone of fire does not rise above one

meter from the ground. See also fire.

Greenwich Mean Time — See Universal

Time. Also called GMT.

grey propaganda — Propaganda that does

not specifically identify any source. See

also propaganda.

grid — 1. Two sets of parallel lines

intersecting at right angles and forming

squares; the grid is superimposed on maps,

charts, and other similar representations of

the Earth’s surface in an accurate and

consistent manner in order to permit

identification of ground locations with

respect to other locations and the

computation of direction and distance to

other points. 2. A term used in giving the

location of a geographic point by grid

coordinates. See also military grid;

military grid reference system.

grid bearing — Bearing measured from grid

north.

grid convergence — The horizontal angle at

a place between true north and grid north.

It is proportional to the longitude difference

between the place and the central meridian.

See also convergence.

grid convergence factor — (*) The ratio of

the grid convergence angle to the longitude

difference. In the Lambert Conical

Orthomorphic projection, this ratio is

constant for all charts based on the same

two standard parallels. See also

convergence; grid convergence.

grid coordinates — (*) Coordinates of a grid

coordinate system to which numbers and

letters are assigned for use in designating a

point on a gridded map, photograph, or

chart. See also coordinates.

grid coordinate system — (*) A

plane-rectangular coordinate system

usually based on, and mathematically

adjusted to, a map projection in order that

geographic positions (latitudes and

longitudes) may be readily transformed into

plane coordinates and the computations

relating to them may be made by the

ordinary method of plane surveying. See

also coordinates.

grid interval — (*) The distance represented

between the lines of a grid.

grid magnetic angle — (*) Angular

difference in direction between grid north

and magnetic north. It is measured east or

west from grid north. Also called grid

variation; grivation.

grid navigation — (*) A method of

navigation using a grid overlay for direction

reference. See also navigational grid.
188 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

grid north — (*) The northerly or zero

direction indicated by the grid datum of

directional reference.

grid ticks — (*) Small marks on the neatline

of a map or chart indicating additional grid

reference systems included on that sheet.

Grid ticks are sometimes shown on the

interior grid lines of some maps for ease of

referencing.

grid variation — See grid magnetic angle.

grivation — See grid magnetic angle.

grossly transportation feasible — A

determination made by the supported

commander that a draft operation plan can

be supported with the apportioned

transportation assets. This determination

is made by using a transportation feasibility

estimator to simulate movement of

personnel and cargo from port of

embarkation to port of debarkation within

a specified time frame. (JP 5-03.1)

gross weight — (*) 1. Weight of a vehicle,

fully equipped and serviced for operation,

including the weight of the fuel, lubricants,

coolant, vehicle tools and spares, crew,

personal equipment, and load. 2. Weight

of a container or pallet including freight and

binding. Also called WT. See also net

weight.

ground alert — (*) That status in which

aircraft on the ground/deck are fully

serviced and armed, with combat crews in

readiness to take off within a specified short

period of time (usually 15 minutes) after

receipt of a mission order. See also

airborne alert; alert.

ground combat element — The core element

of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF)

that is task-organized to conduct ground

operations. It is usually constructed around

an infantry organization but can vary in size

from a small ground unit of any type, to

one or more Marine divisions that can be

independently maneuvered under the

direction of the MAGTF commander. The

ground combat element itself is not a formal

command. Also called GCE. See also

aviation combat element; combat service

support element; command element;

Marine air-ground task force; Marine

expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine

expeditionary unit; special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

ground control — (*) A system of accurate

measurements used to determine the

distances and directions or differences in

elevation between points on the Earth. See

also common control (artillery); control

point; traverse.

ground-controlled approach procedure —

(*) The technique for talking down, through

the use of both surveillance and precision

approach radar, an aircraft during its

approach so as to place it in a position for

landing. See also automatic approach and

landing.

ground-controlled interception — (*) A

technique which permits control of friendly

aircraft or guided missiles for the purpose

of effecting interception. See also air

interception.

ground fire — Small arms ground-to-air fire

directed against aircraft.

ground liaison officer — An officer trained

in offensive air support activities. Ground

liaison officers are normally organized into

parties under the control of the appropriate

Army commander to provide liaison to Air

Force and naval units engaged in training

and combat operations. Also called GLO.

ground mine — See bottom mine.
189

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

ground observer center — A center to which

ground observer teams report and which in

turn will pass information to the appropriate

control and/or reporting agency.

ground return — (*) The radar reflection

from the terrain as displayed and/or

recorded as an image.

ground speed — (*) The horizontal

component of the speed of an aircraft

relative to the Earth’s surface. Also called

GS.

ground visibility — Prevailing horizontal

visibility near the Earth’s surface as reported

by an accredited observer.

ground zero — (*) The point on the surface

of the Earth at, or vertically below or above,

the center of a planned or actual nuclear

detonation. See also actual ground zero;

desired ground zero.

group — 1. A flexible administrative and

tactical unit composed of either two or more

battalions or two or more squadrons. The

term also applies to combat support and

combat service support units. 2. A number

of ships and/or aircraft, normally a

subdivision of a force, assigned for a

specific purpose. Also called GP.

group interment — An interment in a

common grave of two or more individually

unidentified remains. See also emergency

interment; mortuary affairs; temporary

interment; trench interment. (JP 4-06)

group of targets — (*) Two or more targets

on which fire is desired simultaneously. A

group of targets is designated by a letter/

number combination or a nickname.

group rendezvous — A check point at which

formations of the same type will join before

proceeding. See also force rendezvous.

guard — 1. A form of security operation

whose primary task is to protect the main

force by fighting to gain time while also

observing and reporting information, and

to prevent enemy ground observation of and

direct fire against the main body by

reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and

delaying. A guard force normally operates

within the range of the main body’s indirect

fire weapons. 2. A radio frequency that is

normally used for emergency transmissions

and is continuously monitored. UHF band:

243.0 MHZ; VHF band: 121.5 MHZ. See

also cover; flank guard; screen. 3. A

military or civilian individual assigned to

protect personnel, equipment, or

installations, or to oversee a prisoner.

guarded frequencies — Enemy frequencies

that are currently being exploited for

combat information and intelligence. A

guarded frequency is time-oriented in that

the guarded frequency list changes as the

enemy assumes different combat postures.

These frequencies may be jammed after the

commander has weighed the potential

operational gain against the loss of the

technical information. See also electronic

warfare. (JP 3-51)

guerrilla — A combat participant in guerrilla

warfare. See also unconventional

warfare.

guerrilla force — A group of irregular,

predominantly indigenous personnel

organized along military lines to conduct

military and paramilitary operations in

enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory.

(JP 3-05)

guerrilla warfare — (*) Military and

paramilitary operations conducted in

enemy-held or hostile territory by irregular,

predominantly indigenous forces. Also

called GW. See also unconventional

warfare.
190 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

guidance station equipment — (*) The

ground-based portion of a missile guidance

system necessary to provide guidance

during missile flight.

guided missile — An unmanned vehicle

moving above the surface of the Earth

whose trajectory or flight path is capable

of being altered by an external or internal

mechanism. See also aerodynamic

missile; ballistic missile.

guide specification — (*) Minimum

requirements to be used as a basis for the

evaluation of a national specification

covering a fuel, lubricant or associated

product proposed for standardization

action.

guinea-pig — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

ship used to determine whether an area can

be considered safe from influence mines

under certain conditions or, specifically, to

detonate pressure mines.

gull — (*) In electronic warfare, a floating

radar reflector used to simulate a surface

target at sea for deceptive purposes.

gun — 1. A cannon with relatively long

barrel, operating with relatively low angle

of fire, and having a high muzzle velocity.

2. A cannon with tube length 30 calibers

or more. See also howitzer; mortar.

gun carriage — (*) A mobile or fixed

support for a gun. It sometimes includes

the elevating and traversing mechanisms.

Also called carriage.

gun-target line — (*) An imaginary straight

line from gun to target. Also called GTL.

gun-type weapon — (*) A device in which

two or more pieces of fissionable material,

each less than a critical mass, are brought

together very rapidly so as to form a

supercritical mass that can explode as the

result of a rapidly expanding fission chain.

gyromagnetic compass — (*) A directional

gyroscope whose azimuth scale is

maintained in alignment with the magnetic

meridian by a magnetic detector unit.
H

191

half-life — (*) The time required for the

activity of a given radioactive species to

decrease to half of its initial value due to

radioactive decay. The half-life is a

characteristic property of each radioactive

species and is independent of its amount or

condition. The effective half-life of a given

isotope is the time in which the quantity in

the body will decrease to half as a result of

both radioactive decay and biological

elimination.

half-residence time — (*) As applied to

delayed fallout, it is the time required for

the amount of weapon debris deposited in

a particular part of the atmosphere to

decrease to half of its initial value.

half thickness — (*) Thickness of absorbing

material necessary to reduce by one-half the

intensity of radiation which passes through

it.

handling (ordnance) — Applies to those

individuals who engage in the breakout,

lifting, or repositioning of ordnance or

explosive devices in order to facilitate

storage or stowage, assembly or

disassembly, loading or downloading, or

transporting. See also assembly;

downloading; loading; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

handover — The passing of control authority

of an aircraft from one control agency to

another control agency. Handover action

may be accomplished between control

agencies of separate Services when

conducting joint operations or between

control agencies within a single command

and control system. Handover action is

complete when the receiving controller

acknowledges assumption of control

authority. Also called hand-off.

handover/crossover — In evasion and

recovery operations, the transfer of evaders

between two recovery forces. See also

evader; evasion; evasion and recovery;

recovery; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

handover line — (*) A control feature,

preferably following easily defined terrain

features, at which responsibility for the

conduct of combat operations is passed

from one force to another.

hang fire — A malfunction that causes an

undesired delay in the functioning of a firing

system.

harassing fire — (*) Fire designed to disturb

the rest of the enemy troops, to curtail

movement, and, by threat of losses, to lower

morale. See also fire.

harassment — An incident in which the

primary objective is to disrupt the activities

of a unit, installation, or ship, rather than to

inflict serious casualties or damage.

harbor — A restricted body of water, an

anchorage, or other limited coastal water

area and its mineable water approaches,

from which shipping operations are

projected or supported. Generally, a harbor

is part of a base, in which case the harbor

defense force forms a component element

of the base defense force established for the

local defense of the base and its included

harbor.

harbor defense — The defense of a harbor

or anchorage and its water approaches

against external threats such as: a.

submarine, submarine-borne, or small

surface craft attack; b. enemy minelaying

operations; and c. sabotage. The defense

of a harbor from guided missiles while such

missiles are airborne is considered to be a

part of air defense. See also port security.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
192 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

hard beach — A portion of a beach especially

prepared with a hard surface extending into

the water, employed for the purpose of

loading or unloading directly into or from

landing ships or landing craft.

hardened site — (*) A site, normally

constructed under rock or concrete cover,

designed to provide protection against the

effects of conventional weapons. It may

also be equipped to provide protection

against the side effects of a nuclear attack

and against a chemical or a biological

attack.

hard missile base — (*) A launching base

that is protected against a nuclear explosion.

hardstand — (*) 1. A paved or stabilized

area where vehicles are parked. 2. Open

ground area having a prepared surface and

used for the storage of materiel.

hardware — 1. The generic term dealing

with physical items as distinguished from

its capability or function such as equipment,

tools, implements, instruments, devices,

sets, fittings, trimmings, assemblies,

subassemblies, components, and parts. The

term is often used in regard to the stage of

development, as in the passage of a device

or component from the design stage into

the hardware stage as the finished object.

2. In data automation, the physical

equipment or devices forming a computer

and peripheral components. See also

software.

harmonization — The process and/or results

of adjusting differences or inconsistencies

to bring significant features into agreement.

hasty attack — (*) In land operations, an

attack in which preparation time is traded

for speed in order to exploit an opportunity.

See also deliberate attack.

hasty breaching — (*) The rapid creation

of a route through a minefield, barrier, or

fortification by any expedient method.

hasty breaching (land mine warfare) — The

creation of lanes through enemy minefields

by expedient methods such as blasting with

demolitions, pushing rollers or disabled

vehicles through the minefields when the

time factor does not permit detailed

reconnaissance, deliberate breaching, or

bypassing the obstacle.

hasty crossing — (*) The crossing of an

inland water obstacle using the crossing

means at hand or those readily available,

and made without pausing for elaborate

preparations. See also deliberate crossing.

hasty defense — (*) A defense normally

organized while in contact with the enemy

or when contact is imminent and time

available for the organization is limited. It

is characterized by improvement of the

natural defensive strength of the terrain by

utilization of foxholes, emplacements, and

obstacles. See also deliberate defense.

hatch — An opening in a ship’s deck giving

access to cargo holds. (JP 4-01.6)

hatch list — A list showing, for each hold

section of a cargo ship, a description of the

items stowed, their volume and weight, the

consignee of each, and the total volume and

weight of materiel in the hold.

havens (moving) — See moving havens.

hazard — A condition with the potential to

cause injury, illness, or death of personnel;

damage to or loss of equipment or property;

or mission degradation. See also injury;

risk. (JP 5-00.2)
193

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

hazards of electromagnetic radiation to

ordnance — The danger of accidental

actuation of electro-explosive devices or

otherwise electrically activating ordnance

because of radio frequency electromagnetic

fields. This unintended actuation could

have safety (premature firing) or reliability

(dudding) consequences. Also called

HERO. See also electromagnetic

radiation; HERO SAFE ordnance;

HERO UNSAFE ordnance; ordnance.

(JP 3-04.1)

heading hold mode — In a flight control

system, a control mode that automatically

maintains an aircraft heading that exists at

the instant of completion of a maneuver.

heading indicator — (*) An instrument

which displays heading transmitted

electrically from a remote compass system.

heading select feature — A flight control

system feature that permits selection or

preselection of desired automatically

controlled heading or headings of an

aircraft.

head-up display — (*) A display of flight,

navigation, attack, or other information

superimposed upon the pilot’s forward field

of view. Also called HUD. See also flight;

horizontal situation display. (JP 3-09.1)

health service logistic support — A

functional area of logistic support that

supports the joint force surgeon’s health

service support mission. It includes

supplying Class VIII medical supplies

(medical materiel to include medical

peculiar repair parts used to sustain the

health service support system), optical

fabrication, medical equipment

maintenance, blood storage and

distribution, and medical gases. Also called

HSLS. See also health service support;

joint force surgeon. (JP 4-02.1)

health service support — All services

performed, provided, or arranged by the

Services to promote, improve, conserve, or

restore the mental or physical well-being

of personnel. These services include but

are not limited to the management of health

services resources, such as manpower,

monies, and facilities; preventive and

curative health measures; evacuation of the

wounded, injured, or sick; selection of the

medically fit and disposition of the

medically unfit; blood management;

medical supply, equipment, and

maintenance thereof; combat stress control;

and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory,

optometric, medical food, and medical

intelligence services. Also called HSS.

(JP 4-02)

health threat — A composite of ongoing or

potential enemy actions; environmental,

occupational, and geographic and

meteorological conditions; endemic

diseases; and employment of nuclear,

biological, and chemical weapons (to

include weapons of mass destruction) that

can reduce the effectiveness of joint forces

through wounds, injuries, illness, and

psychological stressors. (JP 4-02)

heavy antitank weapon — A weapon

capable of operating from ground or

vehicle, used to defeat armor and other

material targets.

heavy artillery — See field artillery.

heavy drop — A system of delivery of heavy

supplies and equipment by parachute.

heavy-lift cargo — 1. Any single cargo lift,

weighing over 5 long tons, and to be

handled aboard ship. 2. In Marine Corps

usage, individual units of cargo that exceed

800 pounds in weight or 100 cubic feet in

volume.
194 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

heavy-lift ship — (*) A ship specially

designed and capable of loading and

unloading heavy and bulky items. It has

booms of sufficient capacity to

accommodate a single lift of 100 tons.

height datum — See altitude datum.

height delay — See altitude delay.

height hole — See altitude hole.

height of burst — (*) The vertical distance

from the Earth’s surface or target to the

point of burst. Also called HOB. See also

optimum height of burst; safe burst

height; types of burst.

helicopter assault force — (*) A task

organization combining helicopters,

supporting units, and helicopter-borne troop

units for use in helicopter-borne assault

operations.

helicopter control station — A shipboard

aircraft control tower or, on ships not

equipped with a control tower, the

communications installation that serves as

such. On all Coast Guard cutters, the

helicopter control station is located in the

pilot house. Also called HCS. See also

station. (JP 3-04.1)

helicopter direction center — (*) In

amphibious operations, the primary direct

control agency for the helicopter group/unit

commander operating under the overall

control of the tactical air control center.

helicopter drop point — A designated point

within a landing zone where helicopters are

unable to land because of the terrain, but in

which they can discharge cargo or troops

while hovering.

helicopter landing site — A designated

subdivision of a helicopter landing zone in

which a single flight or wave of assault

helicopters land to embark or disembark

troops and/or cargo.

helicopter landing zone — A specified

ground area for landing assault helicopters

to embark or disembark troops and/or cargo.

A landing zone may contain one or more

landing sites. Also called HLZ.

helicopter lane — (*) A safety air corridor

in which helicopters fly to or from their

destination during helicopter operations.

See also helicopter retirement route.

helicopter retirement route — (*) The track

or series of tracks along which helicopters

move from a specific landing site or landing

zone. See also helicopter lane.

helicopter support team — (*) A task

organization formed and equipped for

employment in a landing zone to facilitate

the landing and movement of helicopterborne troops, equipment, and supplies, and

to evacuate selected casualties and enemy

prisoners of war. Also called HST.

helicopter transport area — Areas to the

seaward and on the flanks of the outer

transport and landing ship areas, but

preferably inside the area screen, used for

launching and/or recovering helicopters.

(JP 3-02)

helicopter wave — See wave.

helipad — (*) A prepared area designated

and used for takeoff and landing of

helicopters. (Includes touchdown or hover

point.)

heliport — (*) A facility designated for

operating, basing, servicing, and

maintaining helicopters.

herbicide — A chemical compound that will

kill or damage plants.
195

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

HERO SAFE ordnance — Any ordnance

item that is percussion initiated, sufficiently

shielded or otherwise so protected that all

electro-explosive devices contained by the

item are immune to adverse effects (safety

or reliability) when the item is employed

in its expected radio frequency

environments, provided that the general

hazards of electromagnetic radiation to

ordnance requirements defined in the

hazards from electromagnetic radiation

manual are observed. See also

electromagnetic radiation; hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to ordnance;

HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance;

HERO UNSAFE ordnance; ordnance.

(JP 3-04.1)

HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance — Any

ordnance item containing electro-explosive

devices proven by test or analysis to be

adversely affected by radio frequency

energy to the point that the safety and/or

reliability of the system is in jeopardy when

the system is employed in its expected radio

frequency environment. See also

electromagnetic radiation; hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to ordnance;

HERO SAFE ordnance; HERO UNSAFE

ordnance; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

HERO UNSAFE ordnance — Any

ordnance item containing electro-explosive

devices that has not been classified as

HERO SAFE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE

ordnance as a result of a hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to ordnance

(HERO) analysis or test is considered

HERO UNSAFE ordnance. Additionally,

any ordnance item containing

electro-explosive devices (including those

previously classified as HERO SAFE or

HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance) that has

its internal wiring exposed; when tests are

being conducted on that item that result in

additional electrical connections to the item;

when electro-explosive devices having

exposed wire leads are present and handled

or loaded in any but the tested condition;

when the item is being assembled or

disassembled; or when such ordnance items

are damaged causing exposure of internal

wiring or components or destroying

engineered HERO protective devices. See

also electromagnetic radiation; hazards

of electromagnetic radiation to

ordnance; HERO SAFE ordnance;

HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance;

ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

Hertz-Horn — See chemical horn.

H-hour — See times.

high airburst — The fallout safe height of

burst for a nuclear weapon that increases

damage to or casualties on soft targets, or

reduces induced radiation contamination at

actual ground zero. See also types of burst.

high altitude bombing — Horizontal

bombing with the height of release over

15,000 feet.

high altitude burst — (*) The explosion of

a nuclear weapon which takes place at a

height in excess of 100,000 feet (30,000

meters). Also called HAB. See also types

of burst.

high-altitude low-opening parachute

technique — A method of delivering

personnel, equipment, or supplies from

airlift aircraft that must fly at altitudes above

the threat umbrella. Also called HALO.

(JP 3-17)

high-altitude missile engagement zone —

See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52)

high angle — (*) In artillery and naval

gunfire support, an order or request to

obtain high angle fire.

high angle fire — (*) Fire delivered at angles

of elevation greater than the elevation that
196 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

corresponds to the maximum range of the

gun and ammunition concerned; fire, the

range of which decreases as the angle of

elevation is increased.

high-density airspace control zone —

Airspace designated in an airspace control

plan or airspace control order, in which

there is a concentrated employment of

numerous and varied weapons and airspace

users. A high-density airspace control zone

has defined dimensions which usually

coincide with geographical features or

navigational aids. Access to a high-density

airspace control zone is normally controlled

by the maneuver commander. The

maneuver commander can also direct a

more restrictive weapons status within the

high-density airspace control zone. Also

called HIDACZ. (JP 3-52)

high explosive cargo — Cargo such as

artillery ammunition, bombs, depth charges,

demolition material, rockets, and missiles.

high oblique — See oblique air

photograph.

high-payoff target — A target whose loss to

the enemy will significantly contribute to

the success of the friendly course of action.

High-payoff targets are those high-value

targets that must be acquired and

successfully attacked for the success of the

friendly commander’s mission. Also called

HPT. See also high-value target; target.

(JP 3-60)

high-payoff target list — A prioritized list

of high-payoff targets by phase of the joint

operation. Also called HPTL. See also

high-payoff target; target. (JP 3-60)

high-risk-of-capture personnel — US

personnel whose position or assignment

makes them particularly vulnerable to

capture by hostile forces in combat, by

terrorists, or by unfriendly governments.

See also hostile; terrorist. (JP 3-50.3)

high-risk personnel — Personnel who, by

their grade, assignment, symbolic value, or

relative isolation, are likely to be attractive

or accessible terrorist targets. See also

antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

high value airborne asset protection — A

defensive counterair mission that defends

airborne national assets which are so

important that the loss of even one could

seriously impact US warfighting

capabilities or provide the enemy with

significant propaganda value. Examples of

high value airborne assets are Airborne

Warning and Control System, Rivet Joint,

Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar

System, and Compass Call. Also called

HVAA protection. See also defensive

counterair. (JP 3-01)

high value asset control items — Items of

supply identified for intensive management

control under approved inventory

management techniques designed to

maintain an optimum inventory level of

high investment items. Also called hi-value

asset control items.

high-value target — A target the enemy

commander requires for the successful

completion of the mission. The loss of highvalue targets would be expected to seriously

degrade important enemy functions

throughout the friendly commander’s area

of interest. Also called HVT. See also

high-payoff target; target. (JP 3-09)

high velocity drop — (*) A drop procedure

in which the drop velocity is greater than

30 feet per second (low velocity drop) and

lower than free drop velocity. See also

airdrop.
197

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

high-water mark — Properly, a mark left

on a beach by wave wash at the preceding

high water. It does not necessarily

correspond to the high-water line. Because

it can be determined by simple observation,

it is frequently used in place of the highwater line, which can be determined only

by a survey. When so used, it is called the

high-water line. (JP 3-10)

hill shading — (*) A method of representing

relief on a map by depicting the shadows

that would be cast by high ground if light

were shining from a certain direction.

hinterland, far — That region surrounding

a beach or terminal operation to the extent

that it has characteristics that affect the

operation — normally within 100 miles.

(JP 4-01.6)

hinterland, near — The area of land within

an operational area of a specific beach or

terminal operation — usually within 5

miles. (JP 4-01.6)

hi-value asset control item — See high

value asset control items.

hoist — (*) In helicopters, the mechanism

by which external loads may be raised or

lowered vertically.

hold — (*) 1. A cargo stowage compartment

aboard ship. 2. To maintain or retain

possession of by force, as a position or an

area. 3. In an attack, to exert sufficient

pressure to prevent movement or

redisposition of enemy forces. 4. As

applied to air traffic, to keep an aircraft

within a specified space or location which

is identified by visual or other means in

accordance with Air Traffic Control

instructions. See also fix; retain.

holding anchorage — (*) An anchorage

where ships may lie: a. if the assembly or

working anchorage, or port, to which they

have been assigned is full; b. when delayed

by enemy threats or other factors from

proceeding immediately on their next

voyage; c. when dispersed from a port to

avoid the effects of a nuclear attack. See

also assembly anchorage; emergency

anchorage; working anchorage.

holding attack — An attack designed to hold

the enemy in position, to deceive the enemy

as to where the main attack is being made,

to prevent the enemy from reinforcing the

elements opposing the main attack, and/or

to cause the enemy to commit the reserves

prematurely at an indecisive location.

holding point — (*) A geographically or

electronically defined location used in

stationing aircraft in flight in a

predetermined pattern in accordance with

air traffic control clearance. See also orbit

point.

holding position — (*) A specified location

on the airfield, close to the active runway

and identified by visual means, at which

the position of a taxiing aircraft is

maintained in accordance with air traffic

control instructions.

hollow charge — (*) A shaped charge

producing a deep cylindrical hole of

relatively small diameter in the direction

of its axis of rotation.

home recovery mission profile — A mission

profile that involves the recovery of an

aircraft at its permanent or temporarily

assigned operating base.

home station — The permanent location of

active duty units and Reserve Component

units (e.g., location of armory or reserve

center). See also active duty; Reserve

Components. (JP 4-05)

homing — (*) The technique whereby a

mobile station directs itself, or is directed,
198 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

towards a source of primary or reflected

energy, or to a specified point.

homing guidance — A system by which a

missile or torpedo steers itself towards a

target by means of a self-contained

mechanism which is activated by some

distinguishing characteristics of the target.

See also active homing guidance; passive

homing guidance; semi-active homing

guidance.

homing mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine fitted with propulsion equipment

which homes on to a target. See also mine.

horizon — In general, the apparent or visible

junction of the Earth and sky, as seen from

any specific position. Also called the

apparent, visible, or local horizon. A

horizontal plane passing through a point of

vision or perspective center. The apparent

or visible horizon approximates the true

horizon only when the point of vision is

very close to sea level.

horizontal action mine — (*) In land mine

warfare, a mine designed to produce a

destructive effect in a plane approximately

parallel to the ground.

horizontal error — (*) The error in range,

deflection, or in radius, which a weapon

may be expected to exceed as often as not.

Horizontal error of weapons making a

nearly vertical approach to the target is

described in terms of circular error

probable. Horizontal error of weapons

producing elliptical dispersion pattern is

expressed in terms of probable error. See

also circular error probable; delivery

error; deviation; dispersion error.

horizontal loading — (*) Loading of items

of like character in horizontal layers

throughout the holds of a ship. See also

loading.

horizontal situation display — (*) An

electronically generated display on which

navigation information and stored mission

and procedural data can be presented.

Radar information and television picture

can also be displayed either as a map

overlay or as a separate image. See also

head-up display.

horizontal situation indicator — (*) An

instrument which may display bearing and

distance to a navigation aid, magnetic

heading, track/course and track/course

deviation.

horizontal stowage — The lateral

distribution of unit equipment or categories

of supplies so that they can be unloaded

simultaneously from two or more holds.

(JP 3-02.2)

horn — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

projection from the mine shell of some

contact mines which, when broken or bent

by contact, causes the mine to fire.

hospital — A medical treatment facility

capable of providing inpatient care. It is

appropriately staffed and equipped to

provide diagnostic and therapeutic services,

as well as the necessary supporting services

required to perform its assigned mission and

functions. A hospital may, in addition,

discharge the functions of a clinic.

hostage — A person held as a pledge that

certain terms or agreements will be kept.

(The taking of hostages is forbidden under

the Geneva Conventions, 1949.)

host country — A nation in which

representatives or organizations of another

state are present because of government

invitation and/or international agreement.

hostile — In combat and combat support

operations, an identity applied to a track
199

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

declared to belong to any opposing nation,

party, group, or entity, which by virtue of

its behavior or information collected on it

such as characteristics, origin, or nationality

contributes to the threat to friendly forces.

See also neutral; suspect; unknown.

hostile act — 1. A hostile act is an attack or

other use of force by any civilian,

paramilitary, or military force or terrorist(s)

(with or without national designation)

against the United States, US forces and,

in certain circumstances, US nationals, their

property, US commercial assets, or other

designated non-US forces, foreign

nationals, and their property. 2. Force used

directly to preclude or impede the mission

and/or duties of US forces, including the

recovery of US personnel and vital US

Government property. When a hostile act

is in progress the right exists to use

proportional force, including armed force,

in self-defense by all necessary means

available to deter or neutralize the potential

attacker or, if necessary, to destroy the

threat.

hostile casualty — A person who is the victim

of a terrorist activity or who becomes a

casualty “in action.” “In action”

characterizes the casualty as having been

the direct result of hostile action, sustained

in combat or relating thereto, or sustained

going to or returning from a combat mission

provided that the occurrence was directly

related to hostile action. Included are

persons killed or wounded mistakenly or

accidentally by friendly fire directed at a

hostile force or what is thought to be a

hostile force. However, not to be

considered as sustained in action and not

to be interpreted as hostile casualties are

injuries or death due to the elements, selfinflicted wounds, combat fatigue, and

except in unusual cases, wounds or death

inflicted by a friendly force while the

individual is in an absent-without-leave,

deserter, or dropped-from-rolls status or is

voluntarily absent from a place of duty. See

also casualty; casualty type; nonhostile

casualty.

hostile environment — See operational

environment. (JP 3-05.3)

hostile force — Any civilian, paramilitary,

or military force or terrorist(s), with or

without national designation, that have

committed a hostile act, exhibited hostile

intent, or have been declared hostile by

appropriate US authority.

hostile intent — The threat of imminent use

of force by a foreign force, terrorist(s), or

organization against the United States and

US national interests, US forces and, in

certain circumstances, US nationals, their

property, US commercial assets, and other

designated non-US forces, foreign

nationals, and their property. When hostile

intent is present, the right exists to use

proportional force, including armed force,

in self-defense by all necessary means

available to deter or neutralize the potential

attacker or, if necessary, to destroy the

threat. A determination that hostile intent

exists and requires the use of proportional

force in self-defense must be based on

evidence that an attack is imminent.

Evidence necessary to determine hostile

intent will vary depending on the state of

international and regional political tension,

military preparations, intelligence, and

indications and warning information.

hostile track — See hostile.

host nation — A nation that receives the

forces and/or supplies of allied nations,

coalition partners, and/or NATO

organizations to be located on, to operate

in, or to transit through its territory. Also

called HN.

host-nation support — Civil and/or military

assistance rendered by a nation to foreign
200 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

forces within its territory during peacetime,

crises or emergencies, or war based on

agreements mutually concluded between

nations. Also called HNS. See also host

nation. (JP 4-0)

host-nation support agreement — Basic

agreement normally concluded at

government-to-government or governmentto-combatant commander level. These

agreements may include general

agreements, umbrella agreements, and

memoranda of understanding. See also

host nation; host-nation support.

(JP 4-01.8)

hot photo interpretation report — A

preliminary unformatted report of

significant information from tactical

reconnaissance imagery dispatched prior to

compilation of the initial photo

interpretation report. It should pertain to a

single objective, event, or activity of

significant interest to justify immediate

reporting. Also called HOTPHOTOREP.

hot pursuit — Pursuit commenced within the

territory, internal waters, the archipelagic

waters, the territorial sea, or territorial

airspace of the pursuing state and continued

without interruption beyond the territory,

territorial sea, or airspace. Hot pursuit also

exists if pursuit commences within the

contiguous or exclusive economic zones or

on the continental shelf of the pursuing

state, continues without interruption, and

is undertaken based on a violation of the

rights for the protection of which the zone

was established. The right of hot pursuit

ceases as soon as the ship or hostile force

pursued enters the territory or territorial sea

of its own state or of a third state. This

definition does not imply that force may or

may not be used in connection with hot

pursuit. NOTE: This term applies only to

law enforcement activities.

hot spot — (*) Region in a contaminated

area in which the level of radioactive

contamination is considerably greater than

in neighboring regions in the area.

hovering — (*) A self-sustaining maneuver

whereby a fixed, or nearly fixed, position

is maintained relative to a spot on the

surface of the Earth or underwater.

hovering ceiling — (*) The highest altitude

at which the helicopter is capable of

hovering in standard atmosphere. It is

usually stated in two figures: hovering in

ground effect and hovering out of ground

effect.

howitzer — 1. A cannon that combines

certain characteristics of guns and mortars.

The howitzer delivers projectiles with

medium velocities, either by low or high

trajectories. 2. Normally a cannon with a

tube length of 20 to 30 calibers; however,

the tube length can exceed 30 calibers and

still be considered a howitzer when the high

angle fire zoning solution permits range

overlap between charges. See also gun;

mortar.

hub — An organization that sorts and

distributes inbound cargo from wholesale

supply sources (airlifted, sealifted, and

ground transportable) and/or from within

the theater. See also hub and spoke

distribution; spoke. (JP 4-01.4)

hub and spoke distribution — A physical

distribution system developed and modeled

on industry standards to provide cargo

management for a theater. It is based on a

“hub” moving cargo to and between several

“spokes”. It is designed to increase

transportation efficiencies and in-transit

visibility and reduce order ship time. See

also distribution; distribution system;

hub;in-transit visibility;spoke. (JP 4-01.4)
201

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

human intelligence — (*) A category of

intelligence derived from information

collected and provided by human sources.

Also called HUMINT. See also human

resources intelligence.

humanitarian and civic assistance —

Assistance to the local populace provided

by predominantly US forces in conjunction

with military operations and exercises. This

assistance is specifically authorized by title

10, United States Code, section 401, and

funded under separate authorities.

Assistance provided under these provisions

is limited to (1) medical, dental, and

veterinary care provided in rural areas of a

country; (2) construction of rudimentary

surface transportation systems; (3) well

drilling and construction of basic sanitation

facilities; and (4) rudimentary construction

and repair of public facilities. Assistance

must fulfill unit training requirements that

incidentally create humanitarian benefit to

the local populace. Also called HCA. See

also foreign humanitarian assistance.

(JP 3-05.3)

humanitarian assistance coordination

center — A temporary center established

by a geographic combatant commander to

assist with interagency coordination and

planning. A humanitarian assistance

coordination center operates during the

early planning and coordination stages of

foreign humanitarian assistance operations

by providing the link between the

geographic combatant commander and

other United States Government agencies,

nongovernmental organizations, and

international and regional organizations at

the strategic level. Also called HACC. See

also foreign humanitarian assistance;

interagency coordination. (JP 3-57)

humanitarian demining — Department of

Defense and Department of State program

to promote the foreign policy interests of

the United States by assisting other nations

in protecting their populations from

landmines and clearing land of the threat

posed by landmines remaining after conflict

has ended. The humanitarian demining

program includes training of host nation

deminers, establishment of national

demining organizations, provision of

demining equipment, mine awareness

training, and research development.

(JP 3-07.6)

humanitarian operations center — An

interagency policymaking body that

coordinates the overall relief strategy and

unity of effort among all participants in a

large foreign humanitarian assistance

operation. It normally is established under

the direction of the government of the

affected country or the United Nations, or

a United States Government agency during

a United States unilateral operation. The

humanitarian operations center should

consist of representatives from the affected

country, the United States Embassy or

Consulate, the joint force, the United

Nations, nongovernmental and

international organizations, and other major

players in the operation. Also called HOC.

See also operation. (JP 3-57)

human resources intelligence — The

intelligence derived from the intelligence

collection discipline that uses human beings

as both sources and collectors, and where

the human being is the primary collection

instrument. Also called HUMINT.

hung weapons — Those weapons or stores

on an aircraft that the pilot has attempted

to drop or fire but could not because of a

malfunction of the weapon, rack or

launcher, or aircraft release and control

system. (JP 3-04.1)

hunter track — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the track to be followed by the hunter (or
202 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

sweeper) to ensure that the hunting (or

sweeping) gear passes over the lap track.

hydrogen bomb — See thermonuclear

weapon.

hydrographic chart — (*) A nautical chart

showing depths of water, nature of bottom,

contours of bottom and coastline, and tides

and currents in a given sea or sea and land

area.

hydrographic reconnaissance —

Reconnaissance of an area of water to

determine depths, beach gradients, the

nature of the bottom, and the location of

coral reefs, rocks, shoals, and manmade

obstacles.

hydrography — (*) The science which deals

with the measurements and description of

the physical features of the oceans, seas,

lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal

areas, with particular reference to their use

for navigational purposes.

hyperbaric chamber — (*) A chamber used

to induce an increase in ambient pressure

as would occur in descending below sea

level, in a water or air environment. It is

the only type of chamber suitable for use

in the treatment of decompression sickness

in flying or diving. Also called

compression chamber; diving chamber;

recompression chamber.

hyperbolic navigation system — (*) A radio

navigation system which enables the

position of an aircraft equipped with a

suitable receiver to be fixed by two or more

intersecting hyperbolic position lines. The

system employs either a time difference

measurement of pulse transmissions or a

phase difference measurement of

phase-locked continuous wave

transmissions. See also loran.

hypergolic fuel — (*) Fuel which will

spontaneously ignite with an oxidizer, such

as aniline with fuming nitric acid. It is used

as the propulsion agent in certain missile

systems.

hypersonic — (*) Of or pertaining to speeds

equal to, or in excess of, five times the speed

of sound. See also speed of sound.

hyperspectral imagery — Term used to

describe the imagery derived from

subdividing the electromagnetic spectrum

into very narrow bandwidths. These narrow

bandwidths may be combined with or

subtracted from each other in various ways

to form images useful in precise terrain or

target analysis. Also called HSI.

hyperstereoscopy — (*) Stereoscopic

viewing in which the relief effect is

noticeably exaggerated, caused by the

extension of the camera base. Also called

exaggerated stereoscopy.

hypobaric chamber — (*) A chamber used

to induce a decrease in ambient pressure as

would occur in ascending to altitude. This

type of chamber is primarily used for

training and experimental purposes. Also

called altitude chamber; decompression

chamber.

hypsometric tinting — (*) A method of

showing relief on maps and charts by

coloring in different shades those parts

which lie between selected levels. Also

called altitude tint; elevation tint; layer

tint.
I

203

identification — 1. The process of

determining the friendly or hostile character

of an unknown detected contact. 2. In arms

control, the process of determining which

nation is responsible for the detected

violations of any arms control measure. 3.

In ground combat operations,

discrimination between recognizable

objects as being friendly or enemy, or the

name that belongs to the object as a member

of a class. Also called ID.

identification, friend or foe — A device that

emits a signal positively identifying it as a

friendly. Also called IFF. See also air

defense.

identification friend or foe personal

identifier — The discrete identification

friend or foe code assigned to a particular

aircraft, ship, or other vehicle for

identification by electronic means.

identification, friend or foe/selective

identification feature procedures — The

directives that govern the use of

identification, friend or foe selective

identification feature equipment. See also

identification, friend or foe.

identification maneuver — A maneuver

performed for identification purposes.

igloo space — Area in an earth-covered

structure of concrete and/or steel designed

for the storage of ammunition and

explosives. See also storage.

ignition system — See firing system.

illuminate — Directing radar energy at an

aircraft or surface vessel sufficient to obtain

radar targeting information (fire control

solution).

image format — Actual size of negative,

scope, or other medium on which image is

produced.

image motion compensation — (*)

Movement intentionally imparted to film

at such a rate as to compensate for the

forward motion of an air or space vehicle

when photographing ground objects.

imagery — (*) Collectively, the

representations of objects reproduced

electronically or by optical means on film,

electronic display devices, or other media.

imagery collateral — (*) The reference

materials which support the imagery

interpretation function.

imagery correlation — (*) The mutual

relationship between the different

signatures on imagery from different types

of sensors in terms of position and the

physical characteristics signified.

imagery data recording — (*) The

transposing of information relating to the

airborne vehicle and sensor, such as speed,

height, tilt, position, and time, to the matrix

block on the sensor record at the moment

of image acquisition.

imagery exploitation — (*) The cycle of

processing and printing imagery to the

positive or negative state, assembly into

imagery packs, identification,

interpretation, mensuration, information

extraction, the preparation of reports, and

the dissemination of information.

imagery intelligence — Intelligence derived

from the exploitation of collection by visual

photography, infrared sensors, lasers,

electro-optics, and radar sensors such as

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
204 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

synthetic aperture radar wherein images of

objects are reproduced optically or

electronically on film, electronic display

devices, or other media. Also called

IMINT. See also intelligence;

photographic intelligence. (JP 2-0)

imagery interpretation — (*) 1. The

process of location, recognition,

identification, and description of objects,

activities, and terrain represented on

imagery. 2. The extraction of information

from photographs or other recorded images.

Also called photographic interpretation.

imagery interpretation key — (*) Any

diagram, chart, table, list, or set of examples,

etc., which is used to aid imagery

interpreters in the rapid identification of

objects visible on imagery.

imagery pack — (*) An assembly of the

records from different imagery sensors

covering a common target area.

imitative communications deception —

That division of deception involving the

introduction of false or misleading but

plausible communications into target

systems that mimics or imitates the targeted

communications. See also deception;

target system. (JP 3-51)

imitative electromagnetic deception — See

electromagnetic deception.

immediate airlift requests — Requests

generated that, due to their time-critical

nature, cannot be filled by a planned

mission. (JP 3-17)

immediate air support — (*) Air support

to meet specific requests which arise during

the course of a battle and which by their

nature cannot be planned in advance. See

also air support.

immediate decontamination —

Decontamination carried out by

individuals immediately upon becoming

contaminated. It is performed in an effort

to minimize casualties, save lives, and limit

the spread of contamination. Also called

emergency decontamination. See also

contamination; decontamination. (JP 3-11)

immediate destination — (*) The next

destination of a ship or convoy, irrespective

of whether or not onward routing

instructions have been issued to it.

immediately vital cargo — (*) A cargo

already loaded which the consignee country

regards as immediately vital for the

prosecution of the war or for national

survival, notwithstanding the risk to the

ship. If the cargo is carried in a ship of

another nation, then that nation must agree

to the delivery of the cargo. The use of this

term is limited to the period of

implementation of the shipping movement

policy.

immediate message — A category of

precedence reserved for messages relating

to situations that gravely affect the security

of national and multinational forces or

populace and that require immediate

delivery to the addressee(s). See also

precedence.

immediate mission request — A request for

an air strike on a target that, by its nature,

could not be identified sufficiently in

advance to permit detailed mission

coordination and planning. See also

preplanned mission request.

immediate nuclear support — Nuclear

support to meet specific requests that arise

during the course of a battle, and that by

their nature, cannot be planned in advance.

See also nuclear support; preplanned

nuclear support.
205

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

immediate operational readiness — Those

operations directly related to the assumption

of an alert or quick-reaction posture.

Typical operations include strip alert,

airborne alert and/or indoctrination,

no-notice launch of an alert force, and the

maintenance of missiles in an alert

configuration. See also nuclear weapon

exercise; nuclear weapon maneuver.

immediate targets — Targets that have been

identified too late, or not selected for action

in time to be included in the normal

targeting process, and therefore have not

been scheduled. Immediate targets have

two subcategories: unplanned and

unanticipated. See also target. (JP 3-60)

impact action fuze — (*) A fuze that is set

in action by the striking of a projectile or

bomb against an object, e.g., percussion

fuze, contact fuze. Also called direct action

fuze.

impact area — An area having designated

boundaries within the limits of which all

ordnance will detonate or impact.

impact pressure — (*) The difference

between pitot pressure and static pressure.

implementation — Procedures governing the

mobilization of the force and the

deployment, employment, and sustainment

of military operations in response to

execution orders issued by the National

Command Authorities. Also called IMP.

implementation planning — Operational

planning associated with the conduct of a

continuing operation, campaign, or war to

attain defined objectives. At the national

level, it includes the development of

strategy and the assignment of strategic

tasks to the combatant commanders. At the

theater level, it includes the development

of campaign plans to attain assigned

objectives and the preparation of operation

plans and operation orders to prosecute the

campaign. At lower levels, implementation

planning prepares for the execution of

assigned tasks or logistic missions. See also

joint operation planning.

implosion weapon — A weapon in which a

quantity of fissionable material, less than a

critical mass at ordinary pressure, has its

volume suddenly reduced by compression

(a step accomplished by using chemical

explosives) so that it becomes supercritical,

producing a nuclear explosion.

imprest fund — A cash fund of a fixed

amount established through an advance of

funds, without appropriation change, to an

authorized imprest fund cashier to effect

immediate cash payments of relatively

small amounts for authorized purchases of

supplies and nonpersonal services.

imprint — (*) Brief note in the margin of a

map giving all or some of the following:

date of publication, printing, name of

publisher, printer, place of publication,

number of copies printed, and related

information.

improved conventional munitions —

Munitions characterized by the delivery of

two or more antipersonnel or antimateriel

and/or antiarmor submunitions by a

warhead or projectile.

improvised early resupply — (*) The

onward movement of commodities which

are available on land and which can be

readily loaded into ships.

improvised explosive device — (*) A device

placed or fabricated in an improvised

manner incorporating destructive, lethal,

noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary

chemicals and designed to destroy,

incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may

incorporate military stores, but is normally
206 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

devised from nonmilitary components.

Also called IED. (JP 3-07.2)

improvised mine — A mine fabricated from

available materials at or near its point of

use.

improvised nuclear device — A device

incorporating radioactive materials

designed to result in the dispersal of

radioactive material or in the formation of

nuclear-yield reaction. Such devices may

be fabricated in a completely improvised

manner or may be an improvised

modification to a US or foreign nuclear

weapon. Also called IND.

inactive aircraft inventory — Aircraft in

storage or bailment and/or governmentfurnished equipment on loan or lease

outside of the Defense establishment or

otherwise not available to the Military

Services.

inactive duty training — Authorized training

performed by a member of a Reserve

Component not on active duty or active

duty for training and consisting of regularly

scheduled unit training assemblies,

additional training assemblies, periods of

appropriate duty or equivalent training, and

any special additional duties authorized for

Reserve Component personnel by the

Secretary concerned, and performed by

them in connection with the prescribed

activities of the organization in which they

are assigned with or without pay. Does not

include work or study associated with

correspondence courses. Also called IDT.

See also active duty for training.

Inactive National Guard — Army National

Guard personnel in an inactive status not

in the Selected Reserve who are attached

to a specific National Guard unit but do not

participate in training activities. Upon

mobilization, they will mobilize with their

units. In order for these personnel to remain

members of the Inactive National Guard,

they must muster once a year with their

assigned unit. Like the Individual Ready

Reserve, all members of the Inactive

National Guard have legal, contractual

obligations. Members of the Inactive

National Guard may not train for retirement

credit or pay and are not eligible for

promotion. Also called ING. See also

Individual Ready Reserve; Selected

Reserve. (JP 4-05)

inactive status — Status of reserve members

on an inactive status list of a Reserve

Component or assigned to the Inactive

Army National Guard. Those in an inactive

status may not train for points or pay, and

may not be considered for promotion.

inbound traffic — Traffic originating in an

area outside the continental United States

destined for or moving in the general

direction of the continental United States.

incapacitating agent — An agent that

produces temporary physiological or

mental effects, or both, which will render

individuals incapable of concerted effort in

the performance of their assigned duties.

incapacitating illness or injury — The

casualty status of a person (a) whose illness

or injury requires hospitalization but

medical authority does not classify as very

seriously ill or injured; or (b) seriously ill

or injured and the illness or injury makes

the person physically or mentally unable

to communicate with the next of kin. Also

called III. See also casualty status.

incentive type contract — A contract that

may be of either a fixed price or cost

reimbursement nature, with a special

provision for adjustment of the fixed price

or fee. It provides for a tentative target price

and a maximum price or maximum fee, with

price or fee adjustment after completion of

the contract for the purpose of establishing
207

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a final price or fee based on the contractor’s

actual costs plus a sliding scale of profit or

fee that varies inversely with the cost but

which in no event shall permit the final price

or fee to exceed the maximum price or fee

stated in the contract. See also cost

contract; fixed price type contract.

incident — In information operations, an

assessed event of attempted entry,

unauthorized entry, or an information attack

on an automated information system. It

includes unauthorized probing and

browsing; disruption or denial of service;

altered or destroyed input, processing,

storage, or output of information; or

changes to information system hardware,

firmware, or software characteristics with

or without the users’ knowledge,

instruction, or intent. See also information

operations. (JP 3-13)

incident classification — See search and

rescue incident classification.

incident control point — A designated point

close to an incident where crisis

management forces will rendezvous and

establish control capability before initiating

a tactical reaction. Also called ICP. See

also antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

incidents — Brief clashes or other military

disturbances generally of a transitory nature

and not involving protracted hostilities.

in-company — Two or more units proceeding

together under the command of a designated

senior.

inclination angle — See pitch angle.

incremental costs — Costs which are

additional costs to the Service

appropriations that would not have been

incurred absent support of the contingency

operation. See also financial

management. (JP 1-06)

indefinite call sign — (*) A call sign which

does not represent a specific facility,

command, authority, activity, or unit, but

which may represent any one or any group

of these. See also call sign.

indefinite delivery type contract — A type

of contract used for procurements where the

exact time of delivery is not known at time

of contracting.

independent — (*) A merchant ship under

naval control sailed singly and unescorted

by a warship. See also military

independent.

independent ejection system — See ejection

systems.

independent mine — (*) A mine which is

not controlled by the user after laying. See

also mine.

independent review — In computer

modeling and simulation, a review

performed by competent, objective

reviewers who are independent of the model

developer. Independent review includes

either (a) a detailed verification and/or

validation of the model or simulation; or

(b) an examination of the verification and/

or validation performed by the model or

simulation developer. See also

configuration management; validation;

verification.

indicated airspeed — See airspeed.

indications and warning — Those

intelligence activities intended to detect and

report time-sensitive intelligence

information on foreign developments that

could involve a threat to the United States

or allied and/or coalition military, political,

or economic interests or to US citizens

abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy

actions or intentions; the imminence of

hostilities; insurgency; nuclear or non-
208 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nuclear attack on the United States, its

overseas forces, or allied and/or coalition

nations; hostile reactions to US

reconnaissance activities; terrorists’ attacks;

and other similar events. Also called I&W.

See also information; intelligence.

(JP 3-13)

indications (intelligence) — Information in

various degrees of evaluation, all of which

bear on the intention of a potential enemy

to adopt or reject a course of action.

indicator — (*) In intelligence usage, an item

of information which reflects the intention

or capability of a potential enemy to adopt

or reject a course of action.

indirect fire — Fire delivered on a target that

is not itself used as a point of aim for the

weapons or the director.

indirect laying — (*) Aiming a gun either

by sighting at a fixed object, called the

aiming point, instead of the target or by

using a means of pointing other than a sight,

such as a gun director, when the target

cannot be seen from the gun position.

individual equipment — Referring to

method of use: signifies personal clothing

and equipment, for the personal use of the

individual. See also equipment.

individual mobilization augmentee — An

individual reservist attending drills who

receives training and is preassigned to an

Active Component organization, a

Selective Service System, or a Federal

Emergency Management Agency billet that

must be filled on, or shortly after,

mobilization. Individual mobilization

augmentees train on a part-time basis with

these organizations to prepare for

mobilization. Inactive duty training for

individual mobilization augmentees is

decided by component policy and can vary

from 0 to 48 drills a year. Also called IMA.

individual mobilization augmentee

detachment — An administrative unit

organized to train and manage individual

mobilization augmentees.

individual protection — Actions taken by

individuals to survive and continue the

mission under nuclear, biological, and

chemical conditions. See also protection.

(JP 3-11)

individual protective equipment — (*) In

nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare,

the personal clothing and equipment

required to protect an individual from

biological and chemical hazards and some

nuclear effects.

Individual Ready Reserve — A manpower

pool consisting of individuals who have had

some training, who have served previously

in the Active Component or in the Selected

Reserve, and have some period of their

military service obligation remaining.

Members may voluntarily participate in

training for retirement points and promotion

with or without pay. Also called IRR. See

also Selected Reserve. (JP 4-05)

individual reserves — The supplies carried

on a soldier, animal, or vehicle for

individual use in an emergency. See also

reserve supplies.

individual self-defense — The individual’s

inherent right of self-defense is an element

of unit self-defense. It is critical that

individuals are aware of and train to the

principle that they have the authority to use

all available means and to take all

appropriate action to defend themselves and

other US personnel in their vicinity. In the

implementation of these standing and other

rules of engagement (ROE), commanders

have the obligation to ensure that the

individuals within that commander’s unit

understand when and how they may use

force in self-defense. While individuals
209

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assigned to a unit respond to a hostile act

or hostile intent in the exercise of selfdefense, their use of force must remain

consistent with lawful orders of their

superiors, the rules contained in joint

doctrine, and other applicable ROE

promulgated for the mission or area of

responsibility.

individual sponsored dependent — A

dependent not entitled to travel to the

overseas command at Government expense

or who enters the command without

endorsement of the appropriate overseas

commander.

induced environment — Any manmade or

equipment-made environment that directly

or indirectly affects the performance of man

or materiel.

induced radiation — (*) Radiation produced

as a result of exposure to radioactive

materials, particularly the capture of

neutrons. See also contamination; initial

radiation; residual radiation; residual

radioactivity.

induction circuit — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a circuit actuated by the rate of

change in a magnetic field due to the

movement of the ship or the changing

current in the sweep.

industrial chemicals — Chemicals

developed or manufactured for use in

industrial operations or research by

industry, government, or academia. These

chemicals are not primarily manufactured

for the specific purpose of producing human

casualties or rendering equipment,

facilities, or areas dangerous for human use.

Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride,

phosgene, and chloropicrin are industrial

chemicals that also can be military chemical

agents. See also chemical warfare.

(JP 3-11)

industrial mobilization — The

transformation of industry from its

peacetime activity to the industrial program

necessary to support the national military

objectives. It includes the mobilization of

materials, labor, capital, production

facilities, and contributory items and

services essential to the industrial program.

See also mobilization.

industrial preparedness — The state of

preparedness of industry to produce

essential materiel to support the national

military objectives.

industrial preparedness program — Plans,

actions, or measures for the transformation

of the industrial base, both governmentowned and civilian-owned, from its

peacetime activity to the emergency

program necessary to support the national

military objectives. It includes industrial

preparedness measures such as

modernization, expansion, and preservation

of the production facilities and contributory

items and services for planning with

industry. Also called IPP.

industrial property — As distinguished from

military property, any contractor-acquired

or government-furnished property,

including materials, special tooling, and

industrial facilities, furnished or acquired

in the performance of a contract or

subcontract.

industrial readiness — See industrial

preparedness.

inert filling — (*) A prepared non-explosive

filling of the same weight as the explosive

filling.

inertial guidance — A guidance system

designed to project a missile over a

predetermined path, wherein the path of the

missile is adjusted after launching by
210 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

devices wholly within the missile and

independent of outside information. The

system measures and converts accelerations

experienced to distance traveled in a certain

direction.

inertial navigation system — (*) A selfcontained navigation system using inertial

detectors, which automatically provides

vehicle position, heading, and velocity.

Also called INS.

inert mine — (*) A mine or replica of a mine

incapable of producing an explosion.

in extremis — A situation of such exceptional

urgency that immediate action must be

taken to minimize imminent loss of life or

catastrophic degradation of the political or

military situation. (JP 3-05)

infiltration — 1. The movement through or

into an area or territory occupied by either

friendly or enemy troops or organizations.

The movement is made, either by small

groups or by individuals, at extended or

irregular intervals. When used in

connection with the enemy, it infers that

contact is avoided. 2. In intelligence usage,

placing an agent or other person in a target

area in hostile territory. Usually involves

crossing a frontier or other guarded line.

Methods of infiltration are: black

(clandestine); grey (through legal crossing

point but under false documentation); and

white (legal).

inflammable cargo — Cargo such as

drummed gasoline and oils.

inflight phase — The flight of a missile or

space vehicle from launch to detonation or

impact.

inflight report — The transmission from the

airborne system of information obtained

both at the target and en route.

influence field — (*) The distribution in

space of the influence of a ship or

minesweeping equipment.

influence mine — (*) A mine actuated by

the effect of a target on some physical

condition in the vicinity of the mine or on

radiations emanating from the mine. See

also mine.

influence release sinker — A sinker which

holds a moored or rising mine at the sea-bed

and releases it when actuated by a suitable

ship influence.

influence sweep — A sweep designed to

produce an influence similar to that

produced by a ship and thus actuate mines.

information — 1. Facts, data, or instructions

in any medium or form. 2. The meaning

that a human assigns to data by means of

the known conventions used in their

representation. (JP 3-13.1)

information assurance — Information

operations that protect and defend

information and information systems by

ensuring their availability, integrity,

authentication, confidentiality, and

nonrepudiation. This includes providing

for restoration of information systems by

incorporating protection, detection, and

reaction capabilities. Also called IA. See

also information; information

operations; information system. (JP 3-13)

information-based processes — Processes

that collect, analyze, and disseminate

information using any medium or form.

These processes may be stand-alone

processes or sub-processes that, taken

together, comprise a larger system or

systems of processes. See also information

system. (JP 3-13)
211

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

information box — (*) A space on an

annotated overlay, mosaic, map, etc., which

is used for identification, reference, and

scale information.

information environment — The aggregate

of individuals, organizations, or systems

that collect, process, or disseminate

information; also included is the

information itself. See also information

system. (JP 3-13)

information operations — Actions taken to

affect adversary information and

information systems while defending one’s

own information and information systems.

Also called IO. See also defensive

information operations; information;

information system; offensive

information operations; operation.

(JP 3-13)

information report — Report used to

forward raw information collected to fulfill

intelligence requirements.

information requirements — (*) Those

items of information regarding the enemy

and his environment which need to be

collected and processed in order to meet

the intelligence requirements of a

commander. See also priority intelligence

requirements.

information resources — Information and

related resources, such as personnel,

equipment, and information technology.

See also information. (JP 4-01.8)

information security — The protection of

information and information systems

against unauthorized access or modification

of information, whether in storage,

processing, or transit, and against denial of

service to authorized users. Information

security includes those measures necessary

to detect, document, and counter such

threats. Information security is composed

of computer security and communications

security. Also called INFOSEC. See also

communications security; computer

security; information security;

information system. (JP 3-13)

information superiority — That degree of

dominance in the information domain

which permits the conduct of operations

without effective opposition. See also

information operations. (JP 2-01.3)

information system — The entire

infrastructure, organization, personnel, and

components that collect, process, store,

transmit, display, disseminate, and act on

information. See also information;

information warfare. (JP 3-13)

information warfare — Information

operations conducted during time of crisis

or conflict to achieve or promote specific

objectives over a specific adversary or

adversaries. Also called IW. See also

crisis; information; information

operations; operation. (JP 3-13)

infrared film — Film carrying an emulsion

especially sensitive to “near-infrared.”

Used to photograph through haze because

of the penetrating power of infrared light

and in camouflage detection to distinguish

between living vegetation and dead

vegetation or artificial green pigment.

infrared imagery — That imagery produced

as a result of sensing electromagnetic

radiations emitted or reflected from a given

target surface in the infrared position of the

electromagnetic spectrum (approximately

0.72 to 1,000 microns).

infrared linescan system — (*) A passive

airborne infrared recording system which

scans across the ground beneath the flight

path, adding successive lines to the record

as the vehicle advances along the flight path.
212 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

infrared photography — Photography

employing an optical system and direct

image recording on film sensitive to

near-infrared wavelength (infrared film).

(Note: Not to be confused with “infrared

imagery.”)

infrared pointer — A low power laser device

operating in the near infrared light spectrum

that is visible with light amplifying night

vision devices. Also called IR pointer.

(JP 3-09.3)

infrared radiation — Radiation emitted or

reflected in the infrared portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum.

infrastructure — All building and permanent

installations necessary for the support,

redeployment, and military forces

operations (e.g., barracks, headquarters,

airfields, communications, facilities, stores,

port installations, and maintenance

stations). See also bilateral

infrastructure; common infrastructure;

national infrastructure. (JP 4-01.8)

initial active duty for training — Basic

military training and technical skill training

required for all accessions. For nonprior

service male enlistees between the ages of

18 1/2 and 26, initial active duty for training

shall be not less than 12 weeks and start

insofar as practical within 270 days after

enlistment. Initial active duty for training

for all other enlistees and inductees shall

be prescribed by the Secretary concerned

and start insofar as practical within 360 days

of entry into the Service, except in time of

war or national emergency declared by

Congress or the President when basic

training shall be not less than 12 weeks or

its equivalent. Reservists may not be

assigned to active duty on land outside the

United States or its territories and

possessions until basic training has been

completed.

initial approach — (*) a. That part of an

instrument approach procedure in which the

aircraft has departed an initial approach fix

or point and is maneuvering to enter the

intermediate or final approach. It ends at

the intermediate fix or point or, where no

intermediate segment is established, at the

final approach fix or point. b. That part of

a visual approach of an aircraft immediately

prior to arrival over the airfield of

destination, or over the reporting point from

which the final approach to the airfield is

commenced.

initial approach area — (*) An area of

defined width lying between the last

preceding navigational fix or dead

reckoning position and either the facility

to be used for making an instrument

approach or a point associated with such a

facility that is used for demarcating the

termination of initial approach.

initial assessment — An assessment that

provides a basic determination of the

viability of the infiltration and exfiltration

portion of a proposed special operations

forces mission. Also called IA. (JP 3-05.5)

initial contact report — See contact report.

initial draft plan — (*) A plan which has

been drafted and coordinated by the

originating headquarters, and is ready for

external coordination with other military

headquarters. It cannot be directly

implemented by the issuing commander,

but it may form the basis for an operation

order issued by the commander in the event

of an emergency. See also coordinated

draft plan; draft plan; final plan;

operation plan.

initial early resupply — The onward

movement of ships which are already

loaded with cargoes which will serve the

requirements after D-day. This includes
213

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

such shipping deployed from major ports/

major water terminals and subsequently

dispersed to secondary ports/alternate water

terminals and anchorages.

initial entry into Military Service — Entry

for the first time into military status (active

duty or reserve) by induction, enlistment,

or appointment in any Service of the Armed

Forces of the United States. Appointment

may be as a commissioned or warrant

officer; as a cadet or midshipman at the

Service academy of one of the armed forces;

or as a midshipman, US Naval Reserve, for

US Naval Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

training at a civilian institution.

initial issues — The issue of materiel not

previously furnished to an individual or

organization, including new inductees and

newly activated organizations, and the issue

of newly authorized items of materiel.

initial operational capability — The first

attainment of the capability to employ

effectively a weapon, item of equipment,

or system of approved specific

characteristics that is manned or operated

by an adequately trained, equipped, and

supported military unit or force. Also called

IOC.

initial path sweeping — (*) In naval mine

warfare, initial sweeping to clear a path

through a mined area dangerous to the

following mine sweepers. See also

precursor sweeping.

initial photo interpretation report — A

first-phase interpretation report, subsequent

to the Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/

Surveillance Mission Report, presenting the

results of the initial readout of new imagery

to answer the specific requirements for

which the mission was requested.

initial point — 1. The first point at which a

moving target is located on a plotting

board. 2. A well-defined point, easily

distinguishable visually and/or electronically,

used as a starting point for the bomb run to

the target. 3. airborne — A point close to

the landing area where serials (troop carrier

air formations) make final alterations in

course to pass over individual drop or

landing zones. 4. helicopter — An air

control point in the vicinity of the landing

zone from which individual flights of

helicopters are directed to their prescribed

landing sites. 5. Any designated place at

which a column or element thereof is

formed by the successive arrival of its

various subdivisions, and comes under the

control of the commander ordering the

move. Also called IP. See also target

approach point. (JP 3-09.1)

initial programmed interpretation report

— (*) A standardized imagery

interpretation report providing information

on programmed mission objectives or other

vital intelligence information which can be

readily identified near these objectives, and

which has not been reported elsewhere.

Also called IPIR.

initial provisioning — The process of

determining the range and quantity of items

(i.e., spares and repair parts, special tools,

test equipment, and support equipment)

required to support and maintain an item

for an initial period of service. Its phases

include the identification of items of supply,

the establishment of data for catalog,

technical manual, and allowance list

preparation, and the preparation of

instructions to assure delivery of necessary

support items with related end articles.

initial radiation — (*) The radiation,

essentially neutrons and gamma rays,

resulting from a nuclear burst and emitted

from the fireball within one minute after

burst. See also induced radiation;

residual radiation.
214 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

initial reserves — In amphibious operations,

those supplies that normally are unloaded

immediately following the assault waves;

usually the supplies for the use of the beach

organization, battalion landing teams, and

other elements of regimental combat teams

for the purpose of initiating and sustaining

combat until higher supply installations are

established. See also reserve supplies.

initial response force — The first unit,

usually military police, on the scene of a

terrorist incident. See also antiterrorism.

(JP 3-07.2)

initial unloading period — (*) In

amphibious operations, that part of the

ship-to-shore movement in which

unloading is primarily tactical in character

and must be instantly responsive to landing

force requirements. All elements intended

to land during this period are serialized. See

also general unloading period.

initiating directive — An order to a

subordinate commander to conduct military

operations as directed. It is issued by the

unified commander, subunified

commander, Service component

commander, or joint force commander

delegated overall responsibility for the

operation. (JP 3-18)

initiation of procurement action — That

point in time when the approved document

requesting procurement and citing funds is

forwarded to the procuring activity. See

also procurement lead time.

injury — A term comprising such conditions

as fractures, wounds, sprains, strains,

dislocations, concussions, and

compressions. In addition, it includes

conditions resulting from extremes of

temperature or prolonged exposure. Acute

poisonings (except those due to

contaminated food) resulting from exposure

to a toxic or poisonous substance are also

classed as injuries. See also casualty;

wounded.

inland petroleum distribution system — A

multi-product petroleum pipeline designed

to move bulk fuel forward in a theater of

operation. (JP 4-01.6)

inland search and rescue region — The

inland areas of the continental United

States, except waters under the jurisdiction

of the United States. See also search and

rescue region.

inner transport area — In amphibious

operations, an area as close to the landing

beach as depth of water, navigational

hazards, boat traffic, and enemy action

permit, to which transports may move to

expedite unloading. See also outer

transport area; transport area.

innocent passage — The right of all ships to

engage in continuous and expeditious

surface passage through the territorial sea

and archipelagic waters of foreign coastal

states in a manner not prejudicial to its

peace, good order, or security. Passage

includes stopping and anchoring, but only

if incidental to ordinary navigation or

necessary by force majeure or distress, or

for the purpose of rendering assistance to

persons, ships, or aircraft in danger or

distress.

in-place force — 1. A North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)-assigned force that,

in peacetime, is principally stationed in the

designated combat zone of the NATO

command to which it is committed. 2.

Force within a combatant commander’s

area of responsibility and under the

combatant commander’s combatant

command (command authority).

inshore patrol — (*) A naval defense patrol

operating generally within a naval defense

coastal area and comprising all elements of
215

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

harbor defenses, the coastal lookout system,

patrol craft supporting bases, aircraft, and

Coast Guard stations.

inspection — In arms control, physical

process of determining compliance with

arms control measures.

installation — A grouping of facilities,

located in the same vicinity, which support

particular functions. Installations may be

elements of a base. See also base; base

complex.

installation commander — The individual

responsible for all operations performed by

an installation. See also antiterrorism;

base commander; installation. (JP 3-07.2)

installation complex — In the Air Force, a

combination of land and facilities

comprised of a main installation and its

noncontiguous properties (auxiliary air

fields, annexes, and missile fields) that

provide direct support to or are supported

by that installation. Installation complexes

may comprise two or more properties, e.g.,

a major installation, a minor installation,

or a support site, each with its associated

annex(es) or support property(ies). See also

minor installation.

instructional mine — (*) An inert mine used

for instruction and normally sectionalized

for this purpose. See also inert mine.

instrument approach procedure — (*) A

series of predetermined maneuvers for the

orderly transfer of an aircraft under

instrument flight conditions from the

beginning of the initial approach to a

landing or to a point from which a landing

may be made visually or the missed

approach procedure is initiated.

instrument flight — (*) Flight in which the

path and attitude of the aircraft are

controlled solely by reference to

instruments.

instrument landing system — (*) A system

of radio navigation intended to assist aircraft

in landing which provides lateral and

vertical guidance, which may include

indications of distance from the optimum

point of landing. Also called ILS.

instrument meteorological conditions —

Meteorological conditions expressed in

terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and

ceiling; less than minimums specified for

visual meteorological conditions. Also

called IMC. See also visual

meteorological conditions. (JP 3-04.1)

in support — (*) An expression used to

denote the task of providing artillery

supporting fire to a formation or unit.

Liaison and observation are not normally

provided. See also at priority call; direct

support.

in support of — Assisting or protecting

another formation, unit, or organization

while remaining under original control.

insurgency — (*) An organized movement

aimed at the overthrow of a constituted

government through use of subversion and

armed conflict.

insurgent — Member of a political party who

rebels against established leadership. See

also antiterrorism; counterinsurgency;

insurgency. (JP 3-07.2)

integrated fire control system — A system

that performs the functions of target

acquisition, tracking, data computation, and

engagement control, primarily using

electronic means and assisted by

electromechanical devices.
216 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

integrated logistic support — A composite

of all the support considerations necessary

to assure the effective and economical

support of a system for its life cycle. It is

an integral part of all other aspects of system

acquisition and operation. Also called ILS.

integrated materiel management — The

exercise of total Department of Defenselevel management responsibility for a

federal supply group or class, commodity,

or item for a single agency. It normally

includes computation of requirements,

funding, budgeting, storing, issuing,

cataloging, standardizing, and procuring

functions. Also called IMM. See also

materiel; materiel management. (JP 4-07)

integrated planning — In amphibious

operations, the planning accomplished by

commanders and staffs of corresponding

echelons from parallel chains of command

within the amphibious task force. See also

amphibious operation; amphibious task

force. (JP 3-02)

integrated priority list — A list of a

combatant commander’s highest priority

requirements, prioritized across Service and

functional lines, defining shortfalls in key

programs that, in the judgment of the

combatant commander, adversely affect the

capability of the combatant commander’s

forces to accomplish their assigned mission.

The integrated priority list provides the

combatant commander’s recommendations

for programming funds in the planning,

programming, and budgeting system

process. Also called IPL.

integrated staff — (*) A staff in which one

officer only is appointed to each post on

the establishment of the headquarters,

irrespective of nationality and Service. See

also multinational staff; joint staff;

parallel staff; staff.

integrated tactical warning — See tactical

warning.

integrated warfare — The conduct of

military operations in any combat

environment wherein opposing forces

employ non-conventional weapons in

combination with conventional weapons.

integration — 1. In force protection, the

synchronized transfer of units into an

operational commander’s force prior to

mission execution. 2. The arrangement of

military forces and their actions to create a

force that operates by engaging as a whole.

3. In photography, a process by which the

average radar picture seen on several scans

of the time base may be obtained on a print,

or the process by which several

photographic images are combined into a

single image. See also force protection.

(JP 0-2)

intelligence — 1. The product resulting from

the collection, processing, integration,

analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of

available information concerning foreign

countries or areas. 2. Information and

knowledge about an adversary obtained

through observation, investigation,

analysis, or understanding. See also

acoustic intelligence; all-source

intelligence; basic intelligence; civil

defense intelligence; combat intelligence;

communications intelligence; critical

intelligence; current intelligence;

departmental intelligence; domestic

intelligence; electronic intelligence;

electro-optical intelligence; foreign

intelligence; foreign instrumentation

signals intelligence; general military

intelligence; human resources

intelligence; imagery intelligence; joint

intelligence; laser intelligence;

measurement and signature intelligence;

medical intelligence; merchant
217

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

intelligence; military intelligence;

national intelligence; nuclear

intelligence; open-source intelligence;

operational intelligence; photographic

intelligence; political intelligence; radar

intelligence; radiation intelligence;

scientific and technical intelligence;

security intelligence; strategic

intelligence; tactical intelligence; target

intelligence; technical intelligence;

technical operational intelligence;

terrain intelligence; unintentional

radiation intelligence. (JP 2-0)

intelligence annex — A supporting document

of an operation plan or order that provides

detailed information on the enemy situation,

assignment of intelligence tasks, and

intelligence administrative procedures.

intelligence collection plan — A plan for

gathering information from all available

sources to meet an intelligence requirement.

Specifically, a logical plan for transforming

the essential elements of information into

orders or requests to sources within a

required time limit. See also intelligence

cycle.

intelligence contingency funds —

Appropriated funds to be used for

intelligence activities when the use of other

funds is not applicable or would either

jeopardize or impede the mission of the

intelligence unit.

intelligence cycle — The process by which

information is converted into intelligence

and made available to users. There are six

phases in the cycle: a. planning and

direction — Determination of intelligence

requirements, development of appropriate

intelligence architecture, preparation of a

collection plan, and issuance of orders and

requests to information collection agencies.

b. collection — Acquisition of information

and the provision of this information to

processing elements. c. processing and

exploitation — Conversion of collected

information into forms suitable to the

production of intelligence. d. analysis and

production — Conversion of processed

information into intelligence through the

integration, analysis, evaluation, and

interpretation of all source data and the

preparation of intelligence products in

support of known or anticipated user

requirements. e. dissemination and

integration — Delivery of intelligence to

users in a suitable form and the application

of the intelligence to appropriate missions,

tasks, and functions. f. evaluation and

feedback — Continuous assessment of

intelligence operations during each phase

of the intelligence cycle to ensure that the

commander’s intelligence requirements are

being met. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

intelligence database — The sum of holdings

of intelligence data and finished intelligence

products at a given organization.

intelligence data handling systems —

Information systems that process and

manipulate raw information and

intelligence data as required. They are

characterized by the application of general

purpose computers, peripheral equipment,

and automated storage and retrieval

equipment for documents and photographs.

While automation is a distinguishing

characteristic of intelligence data handling

systems, individual system components

may be either automated or manually

operated. Also called IDHS.

intelligence discipline — A well defined area

of intelligence collection, processing,

exploitation, and reporting using a

specific category of technical or human

resources. There are seven major

disciplines: human intelligence, imagery

intelligence, measurement and signature

intelligence, signals intelligence

(communications intelligence, electronic

intelligence, and foreign instrumentation
218 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

signals intelligence), open-source

intelligence, technical intelligence,

and counterintelligence. See also

counterintelligence; human intelligence;

imagery intelligence; intelligence;

measurement and signature intelligence;

open-source intelligence; signals

intelligence; technical intelligence.

(JP 2-0)

intelligence estimate — (*) The appraisal,

expressed in writing or orally, of available

intelligence relating to a specific situation

or condition with a view to determining the

courses of action open to the enemy or

potential enemy and the order of probability

of their adoption.

intelligence gathering — Collection of

intelligence on other units or forces by own

units or forces.

intelligence journal — A chronological log

of intelligence activities covering a stated

period, usually 24 hours. It is an index of

reports and messages that have been

received and transmitted, important events

that have occurred, and actions taken. The

journal is a permanent and official record.

intelligence operations — The variety of

intelligence tasks that are carried out by

various intelligence organizations and

activities. Predominantly, it refers to either

intelligence collection or intelligence

production activities. When used in the

context of intelligence collection activities,

intelligence operations refer to collection,

processing, exploitation, and reporting of

information. When used in the context of

intelligence production activities, it refers

to collation, integration, interpretation, and

analysis, leading to the dissemination of a

finished product. (JP 2-0)

intelligence preparation of the battlespace

— An analytical methodology employed

to reduce uncertainties concerning the

enemy, environment, and terrain for all

types of operations. Intelligence

preparation of the battlespace builds an

extensive database for each potential area

in which a unit may be required to operate.

The database is then analyzed in detail to

determine the impact of the enemy,

environment, and terrain on operations and

presents it in graphic form. Intelligence

preparation of the battlespace is a

continuing process. Also called IPB.

(JP 2-0)

intelligence-related activities — Those

activities outside the consolidated defense

intelligence program that: respond to

operational commanders’ tasking for

time-sensitive information on foreign

entities; respond to national intelligence

community tasking of systems whose

primary mission is support to operating

forces; train personnel for intelligence

duties; provide an intelligence reserve; or

are devoted to research and development

of intelligence or related capabilities.

(Specifically excluded are programs that are

so closely integrated with a weapon system

that their primary function is to provide

immediate-use targeting data.)

intelligence report — A specific report of

information, usually on a single item, made

at any level of command in tactical

operations and disseminated as rapidly as

possible in keeping with the timeliness of

the information. Also called INTREP.

intelligence reporting — The preparation

and conveyance of information by any

means. More commonly, the term is

restricted to reports as they are prepared by

the collector and as they are transmitted by

the collector to the latter’s headquarters and

by this component of the intelligence

structure to one or more intelligenceproducing components. Thus, even in this

limited sense, reporting embraces both

collection and dissemination. The term is
219

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

applied to normal and specialist intelligence

reports. See also normal intelligence

reports; specialist intelligence report.

intelligence requirement — 1. Any subject,

general or specific, upon which there is a

need for the collection of information, or

the production of intelligence. 2. A

requirement for intelligence to fill a gap in

the command’s knowledge or

understanding of the battlespace or threat

forces. See also battlespace; intelligence;

priority intelligence requirements.

(JP 2-0)

intelligence source — The means or system

that can be used to observe and record

information relating to the condition,

situation, or activities of a targeted location,

organization, or individual. An intelligence

source can be people, documents,

equipment, or technical sensors. See also

intelligence; source. (JP 2-0)

intelligence subject code — A system of

subject and area references to index the

information contained in intelligence

reports as required by a general intelligence

document reference service.

intelligence summary — A specific report

providing a summary of items of

intelligence at frequent intervals. Also

called INTSUM. See also intelligence.

intelligence system — Any formal or

informal system to manage data gathering,

to obtain and process the data, to interpret

the data, and to provide reasoned judgments

to decision makers as a basis for action. The

term is not limited to intelligence

organizations or services but includes any

system, in all its parts, that accomplishes

the listed tasks.

intensity factor — (*) A multiplying factor

used in planning activities to evaluate the

foreseeable intensity or the specific nature

of an operation in a given area for a given

period of time. It is applied to the standard

day of supply in order to calculate the

combat day of supply.

intensity mine circuit — (*) A circuit whose

actuation is dependent on the field strength

reaching a level differing by some pre-set

minimum from that experienced by the

mine when no ships are in the vicinity.

intensive management — The continuous

process by which the supported and

supporting commanders, the Services,

transportation component commands, and

appropriate Defense agencies ensure that

movement data in the Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System

time-phased force and deployment data for

the initial days of deployment and/or

mobilization are current to support

immediate execution.

intention — An aim or design (as distinct

from capability) to execute a specified

course of action.

interagency coordination — Within the

context of Department of Defense

involvement, the coordination that occurs

between elements of Department of

Defense, and engaged US Government

agencies, nongovernmental organizations,

and regional and international organizations

for the purpose of accomplishing an

objective. See also international

organization; nongovernmental

organizations. (JP 3-57)

interceptor — (*) A manned aircraft utilized

for identification and/or engagement of

airborne objects.

intercept point — (*) The point to which an

airborne vehicle is vectored or guided to

complete an interception.
220 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

intercept receiver — (*) A receiver designed

to detect and provide visual and/or aural

indication of electromagnetic emissions

occurring within the particular portion of

the electromagnetic spectrum to which it is

tuned.

inter-chart relationship diagram — (*) A

diagram on a map or chart showing names

and/or numbers of adjacent sheets in the

same (or related) series. Also called index

to adjoining sheets. See also map index.

interconnection — The linking together of

interoperable systems.

intercount dormant period — (*) In naval

mine warfare, the period after the actuation

of a ship counter before it is ready to receive

another actuation.

interdepartmental or agency support —

Provision of logistic and/or administrative

support in services or materiel by one or

more Military Services to one or more

departments or agencies of the United States

Government (other than military) with or

without reimbursement. See also

international logistic support;

inter-Service support; support.

interdepartmental intelligence — Integrated

departmental intelligence that is required

by departments and agencies of the United

States Government for the execution of their

missions but which transcends the exclusive

competence of a single department or

agency to produce.

interdiction — An action to divert, disrupt,

delay, or destroy the enemy’s surface

military potential before it can be used

effectively against friendly forces. See also

air interdiction.

interface — A boundary or point common to

two or more similar or dissimilar command

and control systems, sub-systems, or other

entities against which or at which necessary

information flow takes place.

interim financing — Advance payments,

partial payments, loans, discounts,

advances, and commitments in connection

therewith; guarantees of loans, discounts,

advances, and commitments in connection

therewith; and any other type of financing

necessary for both performance and

termination of contracts.

interim overhaul — An availability for the

accomplishment of necessary repairs and

urgent alterations at a naval shipyard or

other shore-based repair activity, normally

scheduled halfway through the established

regular overhaul cycle.

inter-look dormant period — (*) In mine

warfare, the time interval after each look in

a multi-look mine, during which the firing

mechanism will not register.

intermediate approach — (*) That part of

an instrument approach procedure in which

aircraft configuration, speed, and

positioning adjustments are made. It blends

the initial approach segment into the final

approach segment. It begins at the

intermediate fix or point and ends at the

final approach fix or point.

Intermediate Force Planning Level — The

force level established during Planning

Force development to depict the buildup

from the Current Force to the Planning

Force. The Intermediate Force Planning

Level is insufficient to carry out strategy

with a reasonable assurance of success and

consequently cannot be referred to as the

Planning Force. See also current force;

force; Programmed Forces.

intermediate maintenance (field) —

Maintenance that is the responsibility of and

performed by designated maintenance

activities for direct support of using
221

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

organizations. Its phases normally consist

of: a. calibration, repair, or replacement of

damaged or unserviceable parts,

components, or assemblies; b. the

emergency manufacture of nonavailable

parts; and c. providing technical assistance

to using organizations.

intermediate marker (land mine warfare)

— (*) A marker, natural, artificial or

specially installed, which is used as a point

of reference between the landmark and the

minefield.

intermediate objective — (*) In land

warfare, an area or feature between the line

of departure and an objective which must

be seized and/or held.

intermediate-range bomber aircraft — A

bomber designed for a tactical operating

radius of between 1,000 to 2,500 nautical

miles at design gross weight and design

bomb load.

intermediate staging base — A temporary

location used to stage forces prior to

inserting the forces into the host nation.

Also called ISB. See also base; staging

base. (JP 3-07.5)

intermittent arming device — (*) A device

included in a mine so that it will be armed

only at set times.

intermittent illumination — (*) A type of

fire in which illuminating projectiles are

fired at irregular intervals.

intermodal — Type of international freight

system that permits transshipping among

sea, highway, rail, and air modes of

transportation through use of American

National Standards Institute and

International Organization for

Standardization containers, line-haul assets,

and handling equipment. See also

American National Standards Institute;

International Organization for

Standardization. (JP 4-01.7)

intermodal support equipment — Fixed

and deployable assets required to assist

container operations throughout the

intermodal container system. Included are

straddle cranes, chassis, rough terrain

container handlers, container cranes and

spreader bars. See also intermodal.

(JP 4-01.7)

intermodal systems — Specialized

transportation facilities, assets, and

handling procedures designed to create a

seamless transportation system by

combining multimodal operations and

facilities during the shipment of cargo. See

also intermodal; transportation system.

(JP 4-01)

internal audience — US military members

and civilian employees and their immediate

families. One of the audiences comprising

the concept of “publics.” See also external

audience.

internal defense and development — The

full range of measures taken by a nation to

promote its growth and to protect itself from

subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. It

focuses on building viable institutions

(political, economic, social, and military)

that respond to the needs of society. Also

called IDAD. See also foreign internal

defense. (JP 3-07.1)

internal information — See command

information.

internally displaced person — Any person

who has left their residence by reason of

real or imagined danger but has not left the

territory of their own country. (JP 3-07.6)

internal radiation — (*) Nuclear radiation

(alpha and beta particles and gamma
222 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

radiation) resulting from radioactive

substances in the body.

internal security — The state of law and

order prevailing within a nation.

internal waters — All waters, other than

lawfully claimed archipelagic waters,

landward of the baseline from which the

territorial sea is measured. Archipelagic

states may also delimit internal waters

consistent with the 1982 convention on the

law of the sea. All states have complete

sovereignty over their internal waters.

international arms control organization —

An appropriately constituted organization

established to supervise and verify the

implementation of arms control measures.

International Atomic Time — The time

reference scale established by the Bureau

International des Poids et Mesures on the

basis of atomic clock readings from various

laboratories around the world. Also called

TAI.

international call sign — (*) A call sign

assigned in accordance with the provisions

of the International Telecommunications

Union to identify a radio station. The

nationality of the radio station is identified

by the first or the first two characters.

(When used in visual signaling,

international call signs are referred to as

“signal letters.”) See also call sign.

International Convention for Safe

Containers — A convention held in

Geneva, Switzerland, on 2 Dec 1972, which

resulted in setting standard safety

requirements for containers moving in

international transport. These requirements

were ratified by the United States on 3

January 1978. Also called CSC. (JP 4-01.7)

international cooperative logistics — (*)

Cooperation and mutual support in the field

of logistics through the coordination of

policies, plans, procedures, development

activities, and the common supply and

exchange of goods and services arranged

on the basis of bilateral and multilateral

agreements with appropriate cost

reimbursement provisions.

international date line — (*) The line

coinciding approximately with the

anti-meridian of Greenwich, modified to

avoid certain habitable land. In crossing

this line there is a date change of one day.

Also called date line.

international identification code — (*) In

railway terminology, a code which

identifies a military train from point of

origin to final destination. The code

consists of a series of figures, letters, or

symbols indicating the priority, country of

origin, day of departure, national

identification code number, and country of

destination of the train.

international loading gauge (GIC) — (*)

The loading gauge upon which

international railway agreements are based.

A load whose dimensions fall within the

limits of this gauge may move without

restriction on most of the railways of

Continental Western Europe. GIC is an

abbreviation for “gabarit international de

chargement,” formerly called PPI.

international logistics — The negotiating,

planning, and implementation of supporting

logistic arrangements between nations, their

forces, and agencies. It includes furnishing

logistic support (major end items, materiel,

and/or services) to, or receiving logistic

support from, one or more friendly foreign

governments, international organizations,

or military forces, with or without

reimbursement. It also includes planning

and actions related to the intermeshing of a

significant element, activity, or component

of the military logistic systems or
223

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

procedures of the United States with those

of one or more foreign governments,

international organizations, or military

forces on a temporary or permanent basis.

It includes planning and actions related to

the utilization of United States logistic

policies, systems, and/or procedures to meet

requirements of one or more foreign

governments, international organizations,

or forces.

international logistic support — The

provision of military logistic support by one

participating nation to one or more

participating nations, either with or

without reimbursement. See also

interdepartmental or agency support;

inter-Service support; support.

international military education and

training — Formal or informal instruction

provided to foreign military students, units,

and forces on a nonreimbursable (grant)

basis by offices or employees of the United

States, contract technicians, and contractors.

Instruction may include correspondence

courses; technical, educational, or

informational publications; and media of

all kinds. Also called IMET. See also

United States Military Service funded

foreign training.

international narcotics activities — Those

activities outside the United States that

produce, transfer, or sell narcotics or other

substances controlled in accordance with

Title 21, “Food and Drugs” — United States

Code, sections 811 and 812. (JP 3-07.4)

international organization — Organizations

with global mandates, generally funded by

contributions from national governments.

Examples include the International

Committee of the Red Cross, the

International Organization for Migration,

and United Nation agencies. Also called

IO. See also nongovernmental

organizations. (JP 3-07.6)

International Organization for

Standardization — A worldwide

federation of national standards bodies from

some 100 countries, one from each country.

The International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) is a nongovernmental organization, established to

promote the development of

standardization and related activities in the

world with a view to facilitating the

international exchange of goods and

services, and to developing cooperation in

the spheres of intellectual, scientific,

technological, and economic activity. ISO’s

work results in international agreements

which are published as international

standards. Also called ISO.

interned — See missing.

interocular distance — The distance

between the centers of rotation of the

eyeballs of an individual or between the

oculars of optical instruments.

interoperability — (*) 1. The ability of

systems, units, or forces to provide

services to and accept services from other

systems, units, or forces and to use the

services so exchanged to enable them to

operate effectively together. 2. (DOD only)

The condition achieved among

communications-electronics systems or

items of communications-electronics

equipment when information or services

can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily

between them and/or their users. The

degree of interoperability should be defined

when referring to specific cases.

interoperation — The use of interoperable

systems, units, or forces.

interpretability — (*) Suitability of imagery

for interpretation with respect to answering

adequately requirements on a given type

of target in terms of quality and scale. a.

poor — Imagery is unsuitable for
224 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

interpretation to answer adequately

requirements on a given type of target. b.

fair — Imagery is suitable for interpretation

to answer requirements on a given type of

target but with only average detail. c. good

— Imagery is suitable for interpretation to

answer requirements on a given type of

target in considerable detail. d. excellent

— Imagery is suitable for interpretation to

answer requirements on a given type of

target in complete detail.

interpretation — A part of the analysis and

production phase in the intelligence cycle

in which the significance of information is

judged in relation to the current body of

knowledge. See also intelligence cycle.

(JP 2-0)

interrogation (intelligence) — Systematic

effort to procure information by direct

questioning of a person under the control

of the questioner.

inter-Service education — Military

education provided by one Service to

members of another Service. See also

military education; military training.

inter-Service, intragovernmental

agreements — Formal long-term or

operational specific support agreements

between Services, Department of Defense

(DOD), and/or non-DOD agencies

governed by DOD Instruction 4000.19,

Interservice and Intragovernmental

Support. These agreements, normally

developed at the Service Secretariat and

governmental agency director level,

document funding and reimbursement

procedures as well as standards of support

between the supplying and receiving

Service or agencies. Inter-Service,

intragovernmental agreements, while

binding Service level agreements, do not

connote DOD-level executive agent

responsibilities. See also inter-Service

support. (JP 4-07)

inter-Service support — Action by one

Military Service or element thereof to

provide logistic and/or administrative

support to another Military Service or

element thereof. Such action can be

recurring or nonrecurring in character on

an installation, area, or worldwide basis.

See also interdepartmental or agency

support; international logistic support;

support.

inter-Service training — Military training

provided by one Service to members of

another Service. See also military

education; military training.

intertheater — Between theaters or between

the continental United States and theaters.

See also intertheater traffic.

intertheater airlift — See strategic airlift.

(JP 4-01.1)

intertheater evacuation — Evacuation of

stabilized patients between the originating

theater and points outside the theater, to

include the continental United States and

other theaters. En route care is provided

by medical attendants qualified for the

specific mode of transportation. See also

en route care; evacuation; intratheater

evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02)

intertheater traffic — Traffic between

theaters exclusive of that between the

continental United States and theaters.

interval — (*) 1. The space between adjacent

groups of ships or boats measured in any

direction between the corresponding ships

or boats in each group. 2. The space

between adjacent individuals, ground

vehicles, or units in a formation that are

placed side by side, measured abreast. 3.

The space between adjacent aircraft

measured from front to rear in units of time

or distance. 4. The time lapse between

photographic exposures. 5. At battery right
225

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

or left, an interval ordered in seconds is the

time between one gun firing and the next

gun firing. Five seconds is the standard

interval. 6. At rounds of fire for effect the

interval is the time in seconds between

successive rounds from each gun.

intervention — Action taken to divert a unit

or force from its track, flight path, or

mission.

interview (intelligence) — To gather

information from a person who is aware that

information is being given although there

is ignorance of the true connection and

purposes of the interviewer. Generally

overt unless the collector is other than

purported to be.

intracoastal sealift — Shipping used

primarily for the carriage of personnel and/

or cargo along a coast or into river ports to

support operations within a given area.

intransit aeromedical evacuation facility —

A medical facility, on or in the vicinity of

an air base, that provides limited medical

care for intransit patients awaiting air

transportation. This type of medical facility

is provided to obtain effective utilization

of transport airlift within operating

schedules. It includes “remain overnight”

facilities, intransit facilities at aerial ports

of embarkation and debarkation, and

casualty staging facilities in an overseas

combat area. See also aeromedical

evacuation unit.

intransit inventory — That materiel in the

military distribution system that is in the

process of movement from point of receipt

from procurement and production (either

contractor’s plant or first destination,

depending upon point of delivery) and

between points of storage and distribution.

intransit stock — See intransit inventory.

in-transit visibility — The ability to track

the identity, status, and location of

Department of Defense units, and non-unit

cargo (excluding bulk petroleum, oils, and

lubricants) and passengers; medical

patients; and personal property from origin

to consignee or destination across the range

of military operations. Also called ITV.

See also Global Transportation Network;

total asset visibility. (JP 4-01.8)

intratheater — Within a theater. See also

intratheater traffic.

intratheater airlift — See theater airlift.

(JP 4-01.1)

intratheater evacuation — Evacuation of

stabilized patients between points within the

theater. En route care is provided by

medical attendants qualified for the specific

mode of transportation. See also en route

care; evacuation; intertheater

evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02)

intratheater traffic — Traffic within a

theater.

intruder — An individual, unit, or weapon

system, in or near an operational or exercise

area, which presents the threat of

intelligence gathering or disruptive activity.

intrusion — Movement of a unit or force

within another nation’s specified

operational area outside of territorial seas

and territorial airspace for surveillance or

intelligence gathering in time of peace or

tension.

invasion currency — See military currency.

inventory control — (*) That phase of

military logistics which includes managing,

cataloging, requirements determinations,

procurement, distribution, overhaul, and

disposal of materiel. Also called inventory
226 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

management; materiel control; materiel

management; supply management.

inventory control point — An organizational

unit or activity within a Department of

Defense supply system that is assigned the

primary responsibility for the materiel

management of a group of items either for

a particular Service or for the Defense

Department as a whole. Materiel inventory

management includes cataloging direction,

requirements computation, procurement

direction, distribution management,

disposal direction and, generally, rebuild

direction. Also called ICP.

inventory management — See inventory

control.

inventory managers — See inventory

control point.

investment costs — Those program costs

required beyond the development phase to

introduce into operational use a new

capability; to procure initial, additional, or

replacement equipment for operational

forces; or to provide for major

modifications of an existing capability.

They exclude research, development, test

and evaluation, military personnel, and

operation and maintenance appropriation

costs.

ionosphere — That part of the atmosphere,

extending from about 70 to 500 kilometers,

in which ions and free electrons exist

in sufficient quantities to reflect

electromagnetic waves.

IR pointer — See infrared pointer.

(JP 3-09.3)

irregular forces — Armed individuals or

groups who are not members of the regular

armed forces, police, or other internal

security forces.

irregular outer edge — (*) In land mine

warfare, short mine rows or strips laid in

an irregular manner in front of a minefield

facing the enemy to deceive the enemy as

to the type or extent of the minefield.

Generally, the irregular outer edge will only

be used in minefields with buried mines.

isodose rate line — See dose rate contour

line.

isolated personnel — Military or civilian

personnel separated from their unit or

organization in an environment requiring

them to survive, evade, or escape while

awaiting rescue or recovery. See also

combat search and rescue; search and

rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

isolated personnel report — A Department

of Defense Form (DD 1833) containing

information designed to facilitate the

identification and authentication of an

evader by a recovery force. Also called

ISOPREP. See also authentication;

evader; recovery force. (JP 3-50.3)

issue control group — A detachment that

operates the staging area, consisting of

holding areas and loading areas, in an

operation. See also staging area. (JP 4-01.6)

issue priority designator — See priority

designator.

item manager — An individual within the

organization of an inventory control point

or other such organization assigned

management responsibility for one or more

specific items of materiel.
J

227

J-2X — Umbrella organization consisting of

the human intelligence operations cell and

the task force counterintelligence

coordinating authority. The J-2X is

responsible for coordination and

deconfliction of all human source-related

activity. See also counterintelligence;

human intelligence. (JP 2-01)

jamming — See barrage jamming;

electronic attack; electromagnetic

jamming; selective jamming; spot

jamming.

j-axis — A vertical axis in a system of

rectangular coordinates; that line on which

distances above or below (north or south)

the reference line are marked, especially on

a map, chart, or graph.

jet advisory service — The service provided

certain civil aircraft while operating within

radar and nonradar jet advisory areas.

Within radar jet advisory areas, civil aircraft

receiving this service are provided radar

flight following, radar traffic information,

and vectors around observed traffic. In

nonradar jet advisory areas, civil aircraft

receiving this service are afforded standard

instrument flight rules separation from all

other aircraft known to air traffic control to

be operating within these areas.

jet propulsion — Reaction propulsion in

which the propulsion unit obtains oxygen

from the air, as distinguished from rocket

propulsion, in which the unit carries its own

oxygen-producing material. In connection

with aircraft propulsion, the term refers to

a gasoline or other fuel turbine jet unit that

discharges hot gas through a tail pipe and a

nozzle which provides a thrust that propels

the aircraft. See also rocket propulsion.

jet stream — A narrow band of high velocity

wind in the upper troposphere or in the

stratosphere.

jettison — The selective release of stores from

an aircraft other than normal attack.

jettisoned mines — (*) Mines which are laid

as quickly as possible in order to empty the

minelayer of mines, without regard to their

condition or relative positions.

joiner — (*) An independent merchant ship

sailed to join a convoy. See also joiner

convoy; joiner section.

joiner convoy — (*) A convoy sailed to join

the main convoy. See also joiner; joiner

section.

joiner section — (*) A joiner or joiner

convoy, after rendezvous, and while

maneuvering to integrate with the main

convoy.

joint — Connotes activities, operations,

organizations, etc., in which elements of

two or more Military Departments

participate. (JP 0-2)

joint after action report — A report

consisting of summary joint universal

lessons learned. It describes a real world

operation or training exercise and identifies

significant lessons learned. Also called

JAAR.

joint airborne advance party — An advance

ground party that provides terminal

guidance, air traffic control, ground control

measures, intelligence gathering, and

surface weather observation in the objective

area of an airlift operation. It may consist

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
228 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of US Air Force combat control team

members and a US Army long-range

surveillance team or similar forces. Also

called JAAP. (JP 3-17)

joint airborne training — Training

operations or exercises involving airborne

and appropriate troop carrier units. This

training includes: a. air delivery of

personnel and equipment; b. assault

operations by airborne troops and/or air

transportable units; c. loading exercises and

local orientation fights of short duration;

and d. maneuvers and/or exercises as

agreed upon by Services concerned and/or

as authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

joint air operations — Air operations

performed with air capabilities/forces made

available by components in support of the

joint force commander’s operation or

campaign objectives, or in support of other

components of the joint force. (JP 3-56.1)

joint air operations center — A jointly

staffed facility established for planning,

directing, and executing joint air operations

in support of the joint force commander’s

operation or campaign objectives. Also

called JAOC. See also joint air

operations. (JP 3-56.1)

joint air operations plan — A plan for a

connected series of joint air operations to

achieve the joint force commander’s

objectives within a given time and theater

of operations. See also joint air

operations. (JP 3-56.1)

joint amphibious operation — (*) An

amphibious operation conducted by

significant elements of two or more

Services.

joint amphibious task force — A temporary

grouping of units of two or more Services

under a single commander, organized for

the purpose of engaging in an amphibious

landing for assault on hostile shores. Also

called JATF.

joint base — For purposes of base defense

operations, a joint base is a locality from

which operations of two or more of the

Military Departments are projected or

supported and which is manned by

significant elements of two or more Military

Departments or in which significant

elements of two or more Military

Departments are located. See also base.

(JP 3-10)

joint captured materiel exploitation center

— Physical location for deriving

intelligence information from captured

enemy materiel. It is normally subordinate

to the joint force/J-2. Also called JCMEC.

(JP 2-0)

joint civil-military operations task force —

A joint task force composed of civilmilitary operations units from more than

one Service. It provides support to the joint

force commander in humanitarian or nation

assistance operations, theater campaigns, or

a civil-military operations concurrent with

or subsequent to regional conflict. It can

organize military interaction among many

governmental and nongovernmental

humanitarian agencies within the theater.

Also called JCMOTF. See also civilmilitary operations; joint task force; task

force. (JP 3-57)

joint combat search and rescue operation

— A combat search and rescue operation

in support of a component’s military

operations that has exceeded the combat

search and rescue capabilities of that

component and requires the efforts of two

or more components of the joint force.

Normally, the operation is conducted by the

joint force commander or a component

commander that has been designated by

joint force commander tasking. See also
229

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

combat search and rescue; search and

rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

joint communications control center — An

element of the J-6 established to support a

joint force commander. The joint

communications control center (JCCC)

serves as the single control agency for the

management and direction of the joint force

command, control, communications, and

computer systems. The JCCC may include

plans and operations, administration,

system control, and frequency management

sections. Also called JCCC. (JP 6-02)

joint communications network — The

aggregation of all the joint communications

systems in a theater. The joint

communications network includes the joint

multi-channel trunking and switching

system and the joint command and control

communications system(s). Also called

JCN.

joint decision support tools — A

compilation of processes and systems

developed from the application of maturing

leading edge information systems

technologies that provide the warfighter and

the logistician with the means to rapidly

plan, execute, monitor, and replan logistic

operations in a collaborative environment

that is responsive to operational

requirements. Also called JDST. (JP 4-0)

joint deployable intelligence support

system — A transportable workstation and

communications suite that electronically

extends a joint intelligence center to a joint

task force or other tactical user. Also called

JDISS. (JP 2-0)

joint doctrine — Fundamental principles that

guide the employment of forces of two or

more Military Departments in coordinated

action toward a common objective. It is

authoritative; as such, joint doctrine will be

followed except when, in the judgment of

the commander, exceptional circumstances

dictate otherwise. It will be promulgated

by or for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff, in coordination with the combatant

commands and Services. See also

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Instruction; Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff Manual; doctrine; joint

publication; joint tactics, techniques, and

procedures; joint test publication;

multinational doctrine; multi-Service

doctrine. (JP 1-01)

Joint Doctrine Publication System — The

system of lead agents, Joint Staff doctrine

sponsors, primary review authorities,

coordinating review authorities, technical

review authorities, Joint Doctrine Working

Party, procedures, and hierarchical

framework designed to organize, develop,

maintain, print, and distribute joint

publications. See also coordinating review

authority; Joint Doctrine Working

Party; joint publication; Joint Staff

doctrine sponsor; lead agent; primary

review authority. (JP 1-01)

Joint Doctrine Working Party — A forum

to include representatives of the Services,

combatant commands, and the Joint Staff

(represented by the Operational Plans and

Joint Force Development Directorate, J-7)

which meets semiannually to address and

vote on project proposals; discuss key joint

doctrinal or operational issues; keep up to

date on the status of the joint publication

projects and emerging publications; and

keep abreast of other initiatives of interest

to the members. The Joint Doctrine

Working Party meets under the sponsorship

of the Director, J-7, Joint Staff. Also called

JDWP. See also joint doctrine; joint

publication; joint tactics, techniques,

and procedures; joint test publication.

(JP 1-01)

joint document exploitation center —

Physical location for deriving intelligence
230 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

information from captured enemy

documents. It is normally subordinate to

the joint force/J-2. Also called JDEC. See

also intelligence. (JP 2-01)

joint duty assignment — An assignment to

a designated position in a multi-Service,

joint or multinational command or activity

that is involved in the integrated

employment or support of the land, sea, and

air forces of at least two of the three Military

Departments. Such involvement includes,

but is not limited to, matters relating to

national military strategy, joint doctrine and

policy, strategic planning, contingency

planning, and command and control of

combat operations under a unified or

specified command. Also called JDA.

Joint Duty Assignment List — Positions

designated as joint duty assignments are

reflected in a list approved by the Secretary

of Defense and maintained by the Joint

Staff. The Joint Duty Assignment List is

reflected in the Joint Duty Assignment

Management Information System. Also

called JDAL.

joint engagement zone — See weapon

engagement zone. (JP 3-52)

Joint Facilities Utilization Board — A joint

board that evaluates and reconciles

component requests for real estate, use of

existing facilities, inter-Service support, and

construction to ensure compliance with

Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board

priorities. (JP 4-04)

joint fires — Fires produced during the

employment of forces from two or more

components in coordinated action toward

a common objective. See also fires. (JP 3-09)

joint fires element — An optional staff

element that provides recommendations to

the operations directorate to accomplish

fires planning and synchronization. Also

called JFE. See also fire support; joint

fires. (JP 3-60)

joint fire support — Joint fires that assist

air, land, maritime, amphibious, and special

operations forces to move, maneuver, and

control territory, populations, airspace, and

key waters. See also fire support; joint

fires. (JP 3-0)

joint flow and analysis system for

transportation — System that determines

the transportation feasibility of a course of

action or operation plan; provides daily lift

assets needed to move forces and resupply;

advises logistic planners of channel and port

inefficiencies; and interprets shortfalls from

various flow possibilities. Also called

JFAST. See also course of action;

operation plan; system. (JP 4-01.8)

joint force — A general term applied to a

force composed of significant elements,

assigned or attached, of two or more

Military Departments operating under a

single joint force commander. See also

joint force commander. (JP 3-0)

joint force air component commander —

The commander within a unified command,

subordinate unified command, or joint task

force responsible to the establishing

commander for making recommendations

on the proper employment of assigned,

attached, and/or made available for tasking

air forces; planning and coordinating air

operations; or accomplishing such

operational missions as may be assigned.

The joint force air component commander

is given the authority necessary to

accomplish missions and tasks assigned by

the establishing commander. Also called

JFACC. See also joint force commander.

(JP 3-0)

joint force commander — A general term

applied to a combatant commander,

subunified commander, or joint task force
231

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

commander authorized to exercise

combatant command (command authority)

or operational control over a joint force.

Also called JFC. See also joint force.

(JP 0-2)

joint force land component commander —

The commander within a unified command,

subordinate unified command, or joint task

force responsible to the establishing

commander for making recommendations

on the proper employment of assigned,

attached, and/or made available for tasking

land forces; planning and coordinating land

operations; or accomplishing such

operational missions as may be assigned.

The joint force land component commander

is given the authority necessary to

accomplish missions and tasks assigned by

the establishing commander. Also called

JFLCC. See also joint force commander.

(JP 3-0)

joint force maritime component

commander — The commander within a

unified command, subordinate unified

command, or joint task force responsible

to the establishing commander for making

recommendations on the proper

employment of assigned, attached, and/or

made available for tasking maritime forces

and assets; planning and coordinating

maritime operations; or accomplishing such

operational missions as may be assigned.

The joint force maritime component

commander is given the authority necessary

to accomplish missions and tasks assigned

by the establishing commander. Also called

JFMCC. See also joint force

commander. (JP 3-0)

joint force meteorological and

oceanographic officer — Officer

designated to provide direct meteorological

and oceanographic support to a joint force

commander. Also called JMO. See also

meteorological and oceanographic.

(JP 3-59)

joint force special operations component

commander — The commander within a

unified command, subordinate unified

command, or joint task force responsible

to the establishing commander for making

recommendations on the proper

employment of assigned, attached, and/or

made available for tasking special

operations forces and assets; planning and

coordinating special operations; or

accomplishing such operational missions as

may be assigned. The joint force special

operations component commander is given

the authority necessary to accomplish

missions and tasks assigned by the

establishing commander. Also called

JFSOCC. See also joint force

commander. (JP 3-0)

joint force surgeon — A general term applied

to a medical officer appointed by the joint

force commander to serve as the joint force

special staff officer responsible for

establishing, monitoring, or evaluating joint

force health service support. Also called

JFS. See also health service support;

joint force. (JP 4-02)

joint guidance, apportionment, and

targeting team — A group that makes

recommendations for air apportionment to

engage targets, and provides other targeting

support requiring component input at the

joint force air component commander level.

See also air apportionment; apportionment;

joint force air component commander;

targeting. (JP 3-60)

joint information bureau — Facilities

established by the joint force commander

to serve as the focal point for the interface

between the military and the media during

the conduct of joint operations. When

operated in support of multinational

operations, a joint information bureau is

called a “combined information bureau” or

an “allied press information center.” Also

called JIB. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61)
232 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

joint integrated prioritized target list — A

prioritized list of targets and associated data

approved by the joint force commander or

designated representative and maintained

by a joint force. Targets and priorities are

derived from the recommendations of

components in conjunction with their

proposed operations supporting the joint

force commander’s objectives and

guidance. Also called JIPTL. See also

target; target list. (JP 3-60)

joint intelligence — Intelligence produced

by elements of more than one Service of

the same nation.

joint intelligence architecture — A dynamic,

flexible structure that consists of the

National Military Joint Intelligence Center,

the theater joint intelligence centers, and

subordinate joint force joint intelligence

support elements. This architecture

encompasses automated data processing

equipment capabilities, communications

and information requirements, and

responsibilities to provide national, theater,

and tactical commanders with the full range

of intelligence required for planning and

conducting operations. See also

architecture; intelligence. (JP 2-0)

joint intelligence center — The intelligence

center of the combatant command

headquarters. The joint intelligence center

is responsible for providing and producing

the intelligence required to support the

combatant commander and staff,

components, subordinate joint forces and

elements, and the national intelligence

community. Also called JIC. See also

intelligence; joint intelligence; joint

intelligence architecture. (JP 2-0)

joint intelligence liaison element — A

liaison element provided by the Central

Intelligence Agency in support of a unified

command or joint task force.

joint intelligence preparation of the

battlespace — The analytical process used

by joint intelligence organizations to

produce intelligence assessments, estimates

and other intelligence products in support

of the joint force commander’s

decisionmaking process. It is a continuous

process that includes defining the total

battlespace environment; describing the

battlespace’s effects; evaluating the

adversary; and determining and describing

adversary potential courses of action. The

process is used to analyze the air, land, sea,

space, electromagnetic, cyberspace, and

human dimensions of the environment and

to determine an opponent’s capabilities to

operate in each. Joint intelligence

preparation of the battlespace products are

used by the joint force and component

command staffs in preparing their estimates

and are also applied during the analysis and

selection of friendly courses of action. Also

called JIPB. See also battlespace;

intelligence; joint intelligence. (JP 2-0)

joint intelligence support element — A

subordinate joint force forms a joint

intelligence support element as the focus

for intelligence support for joint operations,

providing the joint force commander, joint

staff, and components with the complete air,

space, ground, and maritime adversary

situation. Also called JISE. See also

intelligence; joint force; joint operations.

(JP 2-01)

joint interrogation and debriefing center

— Physical location for the exploitation of

intelligence information from enemy

prisoners of war and other non-prisoner

sources. It is normally subordinate to the

joint force/J-2. Also called JIDC. See also

information; intelligence. (JP 2-01)

joint logistics — The art and science of

planning and carrying out, by a joint force

commander and staff, logistic operations to
233

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

support the protection, movement,

maneuver, firepower, and sustainment of

operating forces of two or more Military

Departments of the same nation. See also

logistics. (JP 3-10)

joint logistics over-the-shore commander

— The joint logistics over-the-shore

(JLOTS) commander is selected by the joint

force commander (JFC) and is usually from

either the Army or Navy components that

are part of the JFC’s task organization. This

individual then builds a joint headquarters

from personnel and equipment in theater

to organize the efforts of all elements

participating in accomplishing the JLOTS

mission having either wet or dry cargo or

both. JLOTS commanders will usually

integrate members from each participating

organization to balance the overall

knowledge base in their headquarters. See

also joint logistics over-the-shore

operations. (JP 4-01.6)

joint logistics over-the-shore operations —

Operations in which Navy and Army

logistics over-the-shore (LOTS) forces

conduct LOTS operations together under a

joint force commander. Also called JLOTS

operations. See also joint logistics;

logistics over-the-shore operations.

(JP 4-01.6)

joint manpower program — The document

that reflects an activity’s mission, functions,

organization, current and projected

manpower needs and, when applicable, its

required mobilization augmentation. A

recommended joint manpower program

also identifies and justifies any changes

proposed by the commander or director of

a joint activity for the next five fiscal years.

Also called JMP.

Joint Materiel Priorities and Allocation

Board — The agency charged with

performing duties for the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff in matters that establish

materiel priorities or allocate resources.

Also called JMPAB. See also materiel.

(JP 4-09)

joint meteorological and oceanographic

forecast unit — An organization consisting

of a jointly supported collective of

meteorological and oceanographic

personnel and equipment formed to provide

meteorological and oceanographic support

to the joint force commander. Also called

JMFU. See also meteorological and

oceanographic. (JP 3-59)

joint mission-essential task — A mission

task selected by a joint force commander

deemed essential to mission

accomplishment and defined using the

common language of the universal joint task

list in terms of task, condition, and standard.

Also called JMET. See also condition,

universal joint task list.

Joint Mobility Control Group — The Joint

Mobility Control Group is the focal point

for coordinating and optimizing

transportation operations. This group is

comprised of seven essential elements.

The primary elements are United

States Transportation Command’s

(USTRANSCOM’s) Mobility Control

Center, Joint Operational Support Airlift

Center, Global Patient Movement

Requirements Center, Tanker Airlift

Control Center, Military Sealift Command

Command Center, Military Traffic

Management Command Command

Operations, and the Joint Intelligence

Center-USTRANSCOM. Also called

JMCG. See also Global Patient

Movement Requirements Center;

United States Transportation

Command.

joint mortuary affairs office — Plans and

executes all mortuary affairs programs

within a theater. Provides guidance to

facilitate the conduct of all mortuary
234 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

programs and to maintain data (as required)

pertaining to recovery, identification, and

disposition of all US dead and missing in

the assigned theater. Serves as the central

clearing point for all mortuary affairs and

monitors the deceased and missing personal

effects program. Also called JMAO. See

also mortuary affairs; personal effects.

(JP 4-06)

joint movement center — The center

established to coordinate the employment

of all means of transportation (including

that provided by allies or host nations) to

support the concept of operations. This

coordination is accomplished through

establishment of transportation policies

within the assigned operational area,

consistent with relative urgency of need,

port and terminal capabilities,

transportation asset availability, and

priorities set by a joint force commander.

Also called JMC. See also concept of

operations. (JP 4-0)

joint multi-channel trunking and switching

system — That composite multi-channel

trunking and switching system formed from

assets of the Services, the Defense

Information Systems Agency, other

available systems, and/or assets controlled

by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide an

operationally responsive, survivable

communication system, preferably in a

mobile, transportable, and/or recoverable

configuration, for the joint force

commander in an operational area.

Joint Munitions Effectiveness

Manual-Special Operations — A

publication providing a single,

comprehensive source of information

covering weapon effectiveness, selection,

and requirements for special operations

munitions. In addition, the closely related

fields of weapon characteristics and effects,

target characteristics, and target

vulnerability are treated in limited detail

required by the mission planner. Although

emphasis is placed on weapons that are

currently in the inventory, information is

also included for some weapons not

immediately available but projected for the

near future. Also called JMEM-SO.

(JP 3-05.5)

joint nuclear accident coordinating center

— A combined Defense Special Weapons

Agency and Department of Energy

centralized agency for exchanging and

maintaining information concerned with

radiological assistance capabilities and

coordinating that assistance in response to

an accident or incident involving

radioactive materials. Also called JNACC.

joint operation planning — Planning for

contingencies that can reasonably be

anticipated in an area of responsibility or

joint operations area of the command.

Planning activities exclusively associated

with the preparation of operation plans,

operation plans in concept format,

campaign plans, and operation orders (other

than the Single Integrated Operational Plan)

for the conduct of military operations by

the combatant commanders in response to

requirements established by the Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint operation

planning is coordinated at the national level

to support Secretary of Defense

Contingency Planning Guidance, strategic

requirements in the National Military

Strategy, and emerging crises. As such,

joint operation planning includes

mobilization planning, deployment

planning, employment planning,

sustainment planning, and redeployment

planning procedures. Joint operation

planning is performed in accordance with

formally established planning and

execution procedures. See also

contingency plan; execution planning;

implementation planning; Joint

Operation Planning and Execution
235

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

System; joint operation planning

process. (JP 5-0)

Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System — A system that provides the

foundation for conventional command and

control by national- and combatant

command-level commanders and their

staffs. It is designed to satisfy their

information needs in the conduct of joint

planning and operations. Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System (JOPES)

includes joint operation planning policies,

procedures, and reporting structures

supported by communications and

automated data processing systems. JOPES

is used to monitor, plan, and execute

mobilization, deployment, employment,

sustainment, and redeployment activities

associated with joint operations. Also

called JOPES. See also joint operation

planning; joint operations. (JP 5-00.1)

joint operation planning process — A

coordinated Joint Staff procedure used by

a commander to determine the best method

of accomplishing assigned tasks and to

direct the action necessary to accomplish

the mission. See also joint operation

planning; Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System. (JP 5-0)

joint operations — A general term to

describe military actions conducted by joint

forces or by Service forces in relationships

(e.g., support, coordinating authority)

which, of themselves, do not create joint

forces. (JP 0-2)

joint operations area — An area of land, sea,

and airspace, defined by a geographic

combatant commander or subordinate

unified commander, in which a joint force

commander (normally a joint task force

commander) conducts military operations

to accomplish a specific mission. Joint

operations areas are particularly useful

when operations are limited in scope and

geographic area or when operations are to

be conducted on the boundaries between

theaters. Also called JOA. See also area

of responsibility; joint special operations

area. (JP 0-2)

joint operations center — A jointly manned

facility of a joint force commander’s

headquarters established for planning,

monitoring, and guiding the execution of

the commander’s decisions. Also called

JOC.

joint patient movement requirements

center — A joint force health service

support center under the control of the

subordinate joint force surgeon, established

to coordinate and control, in terms of

identifying bed space requirements, the

movement of patients within and out of the

joint operations area. The joint patient

movement requirements center also

generates subordinate joint force

commander (JFC) plans and schedules to

evacuate the subordinate JFC’s patients to

medical treatment facilities in accordance

with the supported combatant commander’s

theater patient movement requirements

center theater plans and schedules for

movement of the patient to the medical

treatment facility. Also called JPMRC.

See also health service support; joint

force surgeon; joint operations area;

medical treatment facility; patient.

(JP 5-00.2)

joint personnel training and tracking

activity — The continental US center

established (upon request of the supported

combatant commander) to facilitate the

reception, accountability, processing,

training, and onward movement of both

military and civilian individual augmentees

preparing for overseas movement to support

a joint military operation. Also called

JPTTA. (JP 1-0)
236 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

joint planning and execution community

— Those headquarters, commands, and

agencies involved in the training,

preparation, movement, reception,

employment, support, and sustainment of

military forces assigned or committed to a

theater of operations or objective area. It

usually consists of the Joint Staff, Services,

Service major commands (including the

Service wholesale logistic commands),

unified commands (and their certain Service

component commands), subunified

commands, transportation component

commands, joint task forces (as applicable),

Defense Logistics Agency, and other

Defense agencies (e.g., Defense

Intelligence Agency) as may be appropriate

to a given scenario. Also called JPEC.

(JP 5-0)

joint planning group — A joint force

planning organization consisting of

designated representatives of the joint force

headquarters principal and special staff

sections, joint force components (Service

and/or functional), and other supporting

organizations or agencies as deemed

necessary by the joint force commander

(JFC). Joint planning group membership

should be a long-term assignment and

members should be designated

spokespersons for their respective sections

or organizations. Responsibilities and

authority of the joint planning group are

assigned by the JFC. Normally headed by

the joint force chief planner, joint planning

group responsibilities may include, but are

not limited to, crisis action planning (to

include course of action development and

refinement), coordination of joint force

operation order development, and planning

for future operations (e.g., transition,

termination, follow-on). Also called JPG.

See also course of action development;

crisis action planning; joint operation

planning. (JP 5-00.2)

joint psychological operations task force —

A joint special operations task force

composed of headquarters and operational

assets. It assists the joint force commander

in developing strategic, operational, and

tactical psychological operation plans for a

theater campaign or other operations.

Mission requirements will determine its

composition and assigned or attached units

to support the joint task force commander.

Also called JPOTF. See also joint special

operations task force; psychological

operations; special operations. (JP 3-05.1)

joint publication — A publication containing

joint doctrine and/or joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures that involves the

employment of forces prepared under the

cognizance of Joint Staff directorates and

applicable to the Military Departments,

combatant commands, and other authorized

agencies. It is approved by the Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination

with the combatant commands and

Services. Also called JP. See also

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Instruction; Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff Manual; joint doctrine;

joint tactics, techniques, and procedures;

joint test publication. (JP 1-01)

joint readiness — See readiness.

joint rear area — A specific land area within

a joint force commander’s operational area

designated to facilitate protection and

operation of installations and forces

supporting the joint force. Also called JRA.

See also joint force; joint force

commander; rear area. (JP 3-10)

joint rear area coordinator — The officer

with responsibility for coordinating the

overall security of the joint rear area in

accordance with joint force commander

directives and priorities in order to assist in
237

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

providing a secure environment to facilitate

sustainment, host-nation support,

infrastructure development, and

movements of the joint force. The joint rear

area coordinator also coordinates

intelligence support and ensures that area

management is practiced with due

consideration for security requirements.

Also called JRAC. (JP 3-10)

joint rear area operations — Those

operations in the joint rear area that facilitate

protection or support of the joint force. See

also joint force; joint rear area; rear area.

(JP 3-10)

joint rear tactical operations center — A

joint operations cell tailored to assist the

joint rear area coordinator in meeting

mission responsibilities. Also called

JRTOC. (JP 3-10)

joint reception center — The center

established in the operational area (per

direction of the joint force commander),

with responsibility for the reception,

accountability, training, processing, of

military and civilian individual augmentees

upon their arrival in the operational area.

Also the center where augmentees will

normally be outprocessed through upon

departure from the operational area. Also

called JRC. (JP 4-01.8)

joint reception complex — The group of

nodes (air and/or sea) designated by the

supported combatant command, in

coordination with the host nation and

United States Transportation Command,

that receives, processes, services, supports,

and facilitates onward movement of

personnel, equipment, materiel, and units

deploying into, out of, or within a theater

line of communications. See also group;

node. (JP 4-01.8)

joint reception, staging, onward movement,

and integration — A phase of joint force

projection occurring in the operational area.

This phase comprises the essential

processes required to transition arriving

personnel, equipment, and materiel into

forces capable of meeting operational

requirements. Also called JRSOI. See also

integration; joint force; reception;

staging. (JP 4-01.8)

joint regional defense command — A joint

task force headquarters formed on order of

the Commander in Chief, United States

Atlantic Command within designated

continental United States (CONUS)

multistate regions, to command and control

(1) execution of land defense of CONUS;

and (2) military assistance to civil authority

missions. (JP 3-57)

joint restricted frequency list — A time and

geographically-oriented listing of TABOO,

PROTECTED, and GUARDED functions,

nets, and frequencies. It should be limited

to the minimum number of frequencies

necessary for friendly forces to accomplish

objectives. Also called JRFL. See also

electronic warfare; guarded frequencies;

protected frequencies; TABOO

frequencies. (JP 3-51)

joint search and rescue center — A primary

search and rescue facility suitably staffed

by supervisory personnel and equipped for

planning, coordinating, and executing joint

search and rescue and combat search and

rescue operations within the geographical

area assigned to the joint force. The facility

is operated jointly by personnel from two

or more Service or functional components

or it may have a multinational staff of

personnel from two or more allied or

coalition nations (multinational search and

rescue center). The joint search and rescue

center should be staffed equitably by trained

personnel drawn from each joint force

component, including US Coast Guard

participation where practical. Also called

JSRC. See also combat search and
238 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

rescue; joint search and rescue center

director; rescue coordination center;

search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

joint search and rescue center director —

The designated representative with overall

responsibility for operation of the joint

search and rescue center. See also combat

search and rescue; joint search and

rescue center; search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

joint servicing — That function performed

by a jointly staffed and financed activity in

support of two or more Military Services.

See also servicing.

joint special operations air component

commander — The commander within the

joint force special operations command

responsible for planning and executing joint

special air operations and for coordinating

and deconflicting such operations with

conventional nonspecial operations air

activities. The joint special operations air

component commander normally will be

the commander with the preponderance of

assets and/or greatest ability to plan,

coordinate, allocate, task, control, and

support the assigned joint special operations

aviation assets. The joint special operations

air component commander may be directly

subordinate to the joint force special

operations component commander or to any

nonspecial operations component or joint

force commander as directed. Also called

JSOACC. (JP 3-05.3)

joint special operations area — A restricted

area of land, sea, and airspace assigned by

a joint force commander to the commander

of a joint special operations force to conduct

special operations activities. The

commander of joint special operations

forces may further assign a specific area or

sector within the joint special operations

area to a subordinate commander for

mission execution. The scope and duration

of the special operations forces’ mission,

friendly and hostile situation, and

politico-military considerations all

influence the number, composition, and

sequencing of special operations forces

deployed into a joint special operations area.

It may be limited in size to accommodate a

discrete direct action mission or may be

extensive enough to allow a continuing

broad range of unconventional warfare

operations. Also called JSOA. (JP 3-05.3)

joint special operations task force — A joint

task force composed of special operations

units from more than one Service, formed

to carry out a specific special operation or

prosecute special operations in support of

a theater campaign or other operations. The

joint special operations task force may have

conventional non-special operations units

assigned or attached to support the conduct

of specific missions. Also called JSOTF.

(JP 3-05)

joint specialty officer or joint specialist —

An officer on the active duty list who is

particularly trained in, and oriented toward,

joint matters. Also called JSO.

joint staff — 1. The staff of a commander of

a unified or specified command,

subordinate unified command, joint task

force, or subordinate functional component

(when a functional component command

will employ forces from more than one

Military Department), that includes

members from the several Services

comprising the force. These members

should be assigned in such a manner as to

ensure that the commander understands the

tactics, techniques, capabilities, needs, and

limitations of the component parts of the

force. Positions on the staff should be

divided so that Service representation and

influence generally reflect the Service

composition of the force. 2. (capitalized

as Joint Staff) The staff under the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as

provided for in the National Security Act
239

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of 1947, as amended by the GoldwaterNichols Department of Defense

Reorganization Act of 1986. The Joint Staff

assists the Chairman and, subject to the

authority, direction, and control of the

Chairman and the other members of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying out their

responsibilities. Also called JS. See also

staff. (JP 0-2)

Joint Staff doctrine sponsor — The sponsor

for a joint doctrine or joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures (JTTP) project.

Each joint doctrine or JTTP project will be

assigned a Joint Staff doctrine sponsor

(JSDS). The JSDS will assist the lead agent

and primary review authority as requested

and directed. The JSDS will coordinate the

draft document with the Joint Staff and

provide Joint Staff comments and

recommendations to the primary review

authority. The JSDS will receive the revised

draft from the lead agent, and process the

preliminary coordination and final

coordination (and test publications, if

applicable) for approval. Also called JSDS.

See also joint doctrine; joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures. (JP 1-01)

joint state area command — A joint task

force headquarters formed on order of

Commander in Chief, United States

Atlantic Command, within existing state

boundaries to command and control United

States and federalized state elements

designated to execute land defense of the

continental United States, military support

to civil defense, and military assistance to

civil authority missions. See also joint

regional defense command. (JP 3-57)

Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan — The

Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP)

provides guidance to the combatant

commanders and the Joint Chiefs of Staff

to accomplish task and missions based on

current military capabilities. It apportions

resources to combatant commanders based

on military capabilities resulting from

completed program and budget actions and

intelligence assessments. The JSCP

provides a coherent framework for

capabilities-based military advice provided

to the National Command Authorities. Also

called JSCP. See also combatant

commander; joint. (JP 1-0)

Joint Strategic Planning System — The

primary means by which the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in consultation

with the other members of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff and the combatant commanders,

carries out the statutory responsibilities to

assist the President and Secretary of

Defense in providing strategic direction to

the Armed Forces; prepares strategic plans;

prepares and reviews contingency plans;

advises the President and Secretary of

Defense on requirements, programs, and

budgets; and provides net assessment on the

capabilities of the Armed Forces of the

United States and its allies as compared with

those of their potential adversaries. Also

called JSPS.

joint suppression of enemy air defenses —

A broad term that includes all suppression

of enemy air defense activities provided by

one component of the joint force in support

of another. Also called J-SEAD. See also

air defense suppression; suppression of

enemy air defenses. (JP 3-01.4)

joint table of allowances — A document that

authorizes end-items of materiel for units

operated jointly by two or more military

assistance advisory groups and missions.

Also called JTA.

joint table of distribution — A manpower

document that identifies the positions and

enumerates the spaces that have been

approved for each organizational element

of a joint activity for a specific fiscal year

(authorization year), and those spaces

which have been accepted for planning and
240 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

programming purposes for the four

subsequent fiscal years (program years).

Also called JTD. See also joint manpower

program.

Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/

Surveillance Mission Report — A

preliminary report of information from

tactical reconnaissance aircrews rendered

by designated debriefing personnel

immediately after landing and dispatched

prior to compilation of the initial photo

interpretation report. It provides a summary

of the route conditions, observations, and

aircrew actions and identifies sensor

products. Also called MISREP.

joint tactics, techniques, and procedures —

The actions and methods that implement

joint doctrine and describe how forces will

be employed in joint operations. They are

authoritative; as such, joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures will be followed

except when, in the judgment of the

commander, exceptional circumstances

dictate otherwise. They will be

promulgated by the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the

combatant commands and Services. Also

called JTTP. See also joint doctrine.

(JP 1-01)

joint targeting coordination board — A

group formed by the joint force commander

to accomplish broad targeting oversight

functions that may include but are not

limited to coordinating targeting

information, providing targeting guidance

and priorities, and refining the joint

integrated prioritized target list. The board

is normally comprised of representatives

from the joint force staff, all components,

and if required, component subordinate

units. Also called JTCB. See also joint

integrated prioritized target list. (JP 3-60)

joint targeting steering group — A group

formed by a combatant commander to assist

in developing targeting guidance and

reconciling competing requests for assets

from multiple joint task forces. Also called

JTSG. See also group; joint; targeting.

(JP 3-60)

joint target list — A consolidated list of

selected targets considered to have military

significance in the combatant commander’s

area of responsibility. Also called JTL. See

also joint; target. (JP 3-60)

joint task force — A joint force that is

constituted and so designated by the

Secretary of Defense, a combatant

commander, a subunified commander, or

an existing joint task force commander.

Also called JTF. (JP 0-2)

Joint Technical Coordinating Group for

Munitions Effectiveness — A Joint Stafflevel organization tasked to produce generic

target vulnerability and weaponeering

studies. The special operations working

group is a subordinate organization

specializing in studies for special operations.

Also called JTCG-ME. (JP 3-05.5)

joint test publication — A proposed version

of a joint doctrine or joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures publication that

normally contains contentious issues and

is nominated for a test publication and

evaluation stage. Joint test publications are

approved for evaluation by the Director,

Operational Plans and Interoperability (J-7),

Joint Staff. Publication of a test publication

does not constitute Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff approval of the publication.

Prior to final approval as joint doctrine, test

publications are expected to be further

refined based upon evaluation results. Test

publications are automatically superseded

upon completion of the evaluation and

promulgation of the proposed publication.

See also Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of

Staff Instruction; joint doctrine; joint
241

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

publication; joint tactics, techniques, and

procedures. (JP 1-01)

joint theater missile defense — The

integration of joint force capabilities to

destroy enemy theater missiles in flight or

prior to launch or to otherwise disrupt the

enemy’s theater missile operations through

an appropriate mix of mutually supportive

passive missile defense; active missile

defense; attack operations; and supporting

command, control, communications,

computers, and intelligence measures.

Enemy theater missiles are those that are

aimed at targets outside the continental

United States. Also called JTMD. (JP 3-01.5)

joint total asset visibility — The capability

designed to consolidate source data from a

variety of joint and Service automated

information systems to provide joint force

commanders with visibility over assets instorage, in-process, and in-transit. Also

called JTAV. See also total asset visibility.

(JP 4-01.8)

Joint Transportation Board — Responsible

to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

the Joint Transportation Board assures that

common-user transportation resources

assigned or available to the Department of

Defense (DOD) are allocated as to achieve

maximum benefit in meeting DOD

objectives. Also called JTB. See also

common-user transportation. (JP 4-01)

joint urban operations — All joint

operations planned and conducted across

the range of military operations on or

against objectives on a topographical

complex and its adjacent natural terrain

where manmade construction or the density

of noncombatants are the dominant

features. Also called JUOs. See also joint

operations. (JP 3-0)

joint warfighting capabilities assessment —

A team of warfighting and functional area

experts from the Joint Staff, unified

commands, Services, Office of the

Secretary of Defense, and Defense agencies

tasked by the Joint Requirements Oversight

Council with completing assessments and

providing military recommendations to

improve joint warfighting capabilities. Also

called JWCA.

Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communications System — The

sensitive, compartmented information

portion of the Defense Information Systems

Network. It incorporates advanced

networking technologies that permit

point-to-point or multipoint information

exchange involving voice, text, graphics,

data, and video teleconferencing. Also

called JWICS. (JP 2-0)

joint zone (air, land, or sea) — An area

established for the purpose of permitting

friendly surface, air, and subsurface forces

to operate simultaneously.

join up — (*) To form separate aircraft or

groups of aircraft into a specific formation.

jumpmaster — The assigned airborne

qualified individual who controls

paratroops from the time they enter the

aircraft until they exit. See also stick

commander (air transport).

jump speed — The airspeed at which

paratroops can jump with comparative

safety from an aircraft.
242 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
K

243

K-day — The basic date for the introduction

of a convoy system on any particular

convoy lane. See also D-day; M-day.

key employee — Any Reservist identified by

his or her employer, private or public, as

filling a key position.

key facilities list — A register of selected

command installations and industrial

facilities of primary importance to the

support of military operations or military

production programs. It is prepared under

the policy direction of the Joint Chiefs of

Staff.

key point — (*) A concentrated site or

installation, the destruction or capture of

which would seriously affect the war effort

or the success of operations.

key position — A civilian position, public or

private (designated by the employer and

approved by the Secretary concerned), that

cannot be vacated during war or national

emergency.

keystone publications — Joint doctrine

publications that establish the doctrinal

foundation for a series of joint publications

in the hierarchy of joint publications.

Keystone publications are provided for joint

personnel, intelligence, operations,

logistics, plans, and command, control,

communications, and computer systems

support series publications. See also abovethe-line publications; below-the-line

publications; capstone publication; joint

publication. (JP 1-01)

key terrain — (*) Any locality, or area, the

seizure or retention of which affords a

marked advantage to either combatant. See

also vital ground.

kill box — A three-dimensional area

reference that enables timely, effective

coordination and control and facilitates

rapid attacks. (JP 3-60)

killed in action — A casualty category

applicable to a hostile casualty, other than

the victim of a terrorist activity, who is killed

outright or who dies as a result of wounds

or other injuries before reaching a medical

treatment facility. Also called KIA. See

also casualty category.

killing zone — An area in which a

commander plans to force the enemy to

concentrate so as to be destroyed with

conventional weapons or the tactical

employment of nuclear weapons.

kill probability — (*) A measure of the

probability of destroying a target.

kiloton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon,

the yield of which is measured in terms of

thousands of tons of trinitrotoluene

explosive equivalents, producing yields

from 1 to 999 kilotons. See also megaton

weapon; nominal weapon; subkiloton

weapon.

kite — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device

which when towed, submerges and planes

at a predetermined level without sideways

displacement.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
244 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
L

245

land control operations — The employment

of ground forces, supported by naval and

air forces (as appropriate) to achieve

military objectives in vital land areas. Such

operations include destruction of opposing

ground forces, securing key terrain,

protection of vital land lines of

communications, and establishment of local

military superiority in areas of land

operations. See also sea control

operations.

land forces — Personnel, weapon systems,

vehicles, and support elements operating on

land to accomplish assigned missions and

tasks.

landing aid — (*) Any illuminating light,

radio beacon, radar device, communicating

device, or any system of such devices for

aiding aircraft in an approach and landing.

landing approach — (*) The continuously

changing position of an aircraft in space

directed toward effecting a landing on a

predetermined area.

landing area — 1. That part of the

operational area within which are

conducted the landing operations of an

amphibious force. It includes the beach,

the approaches to the beach, the transport

areas, the fire support areas, the airspace

occupied by close supporting aircraft, and

the land included in the advance inland to

the initial objective. 2. (Airborne) The

general area used for landing troops and

materiel either by airdrop or air landing.

This area includes one or more drop zones

or landing strips. 3. Any specially prepared

or selected surface of land, water, or deck

designated or used for takeoff and landing

of aircraft. See also airfield; amphibious

force; landing beach; landing force.

(JP 3-02)

landing attack — An attack against enemy

defenses by troops landed from ships,

aircraft, boats, or amphibious vehicles. See

also assault.

landing beach — That portion of a shoreline

usually required for the landing of a

battalion landing team. However, it may

also be that portion of a shoreline

constituting a tactical locality (such as the

shore of a bay) over which a force larger or

smaller than a battalion landing team may

be landed.

landing craft — (*) A craft employed in

amphibious operations, specifically

designed for carrying troops and their

equipment and for beaching, unloading, and

retracting. It is also used for resupply

operations.

landing craft and amphibious vehicle

assignment table — A table showing the

assignment of personnel and materiel to

each landing craft and amphibious vehicle

and the assignment of the landing craft and

amphibious vehicles to waves for the

ship-to-shore movement.

landing craft availability table — A

tabulation of the type and number of landing

craft that will be available from each ship

of the transport group. The table is the basis

for the assignment of landing craft to the

boat groups for the ship-to-shore

movement.

landing diagram — (*) A graphic means of

illustrating the plan for the ship-to-shore

movement.

landing force — A Marine Corps or Army

task organization formed to conduct

amphibious operations. The landing force,

together with the amphibious task force and

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
246 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

other forces, constitute the amphibious

force. Also called LF. See also

amphibious force; amphibious

operation; amphibious task force; task

organization. (JP 3-02)

landing force supplies — Those supplies

remaining in assault shipping after initial

combat supplies and floating dumps have

been unloaded. They are landed selectively

in accordance with the requirements of the

landing force until the situation ashore

permits the inception of general unloading.

(JP 3-02.2)

landing force support party — A temporary

landing force organization composed of

Navy and landing force elements, that

facilitates the ship-to-shore movement and

provides initial combat support and combat

service support to the landing force. The

landing force support party is brought into

existence by a formal activation order

issued by the commander, landing force.

Also called LFSP. See also combat service

support; combat support; landing force;

ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02)

landing group — In amphibious operations,

a subordinate task organization of the

landing force capable of conducting landing

operations, under a single tactical

command, against a position or group of

positions. (JP 3-02)

landing group commander — In

amphibious operations, the officer

designated by the commander, landing

force as the single tactical commander of a

subordinate task organization capable of

conducting landing operations against a

position or group of positions. See also

amphibious operation; commander,

landing force. (JP 3-02)

landing mat — (*) A prefabricated, portable

mat so designed that any number of planks

(sections) may be rapidly fastened together

to form surfacing for emergency runways,

landing beaches, etc.

landing plan — 1. In amphibious operations,

a collective term referring to all individually

prepared naval and landing force

documents that, taken together, present in

detail all instructions for execution of the

ship-to-shore movement. 2. In airlift

operations, the sequence, method of

delivery, and place of arrival of troops and

materiel. (JP 3-17)

landing point — (*) A point within a landing

site where one helicopter or vertical takeoff

and landing aircraft can land. See also

airfield.

landing roll — (*) The movement of an

aircraft from touchdown through

deceleration to taxi speed or full stop.

landing schedule — In an amphibious

operation, a schedule that shows the beach,

hour, and priorities of landing of assault

units, and which coordinates the

movements of landing craft from the

transports to the beach in order to execute

the scheme of maneuver ashore.

landing sequence table — A document that

incorporates the detailed plans for

ship-to-shore movement of nonscheduled

units. (JP 3-02.2)

landing ship — (*) An assault ship which is

designed for long sea voyages and for rapid

unloading over and on to a beach.

landing ship dock — (*) A ship designed to

transport and launch loaded amphibious

craft and/or amphibian vehicles with their

crews and embarked personnel and/or

equipment and to render limited docking

and repair services to small ships and craft.

Also called LSD. (JP 3-02.2)
247

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

landing signal officer — Officer responsible

for the visual control of aircraft in the

terminal phase of the approach immediately

prior to landing. Also called LSO. See

also terminal phase. (JP 3-04.1)

landing site — (*) 1. A site within a landing

zone containing one or more landing points.

See also airfield. 2. In amphibious

operations, a continuous segment of

coastline over which troops, equipment and

supplies can be landed by surface means.

landing threshold — The beginning of that

portion of a runway usable for landing.

landing zone — (*) Any specified zone used

for the landing of aircraft. Also called LZ.

See also airfield.

landing zone control — See pathfinder

drop zone control.

landing zone control party — (*) Personnel

specially trained and equipped to establish

and operate communications devices from

the ground for traffic control of aircraft/

helicopters for a specific landing zone.

landmark — (*) A feature, either natural or

artificial, that can be accurately determined

on the ground from a grid reference.

land mine warfare — See mine warfare.

land search — The search of terrain by

Earth-bound personnel.

lane marker — (*) In land mine warfare,

sign used to mark a minefield lane. Lane

markers, at the entrance to and exit from

the lane, may be referenced to a landmark

or intermediate marker. See also marker;

minefield lane.

lap — (*) In naval mine warfare, that section

or strip of an area assigned to a single

sweeper or formation of sweepers for a run

through the area.

lap course — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

true course desired to be made good during

a run along a lap.

lap track — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

center line of a lap; ideally, the track to be

followed by the sweep or detecting gear.

lap turn — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

maneuver a minesweeper carries out during

the period between the completion of one

run and the commencement of the run

immediately following.

lap width — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

swept path of the ship or formation divided

by the percentage coverage being swept to.

large-lot storage — A quantity of material

that will require four or more pallet columns

stored to maximum height. Usually

accepted as stock stored in carload or

greater quantities. See also storage.

large-scale map — A map having a scale of

1:75,000 or larger. See also map.

large spread — A report by an observer or a

spotter to the ship to indicate that the

distance between the bursts of a salvo is

excessive.

laser — Any device that can produce or

amplify optical radiation primarily by the

process of controlled stimulated emission.

A laser may emit electromagnetic radiation

from the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum

through the infrared portion. Also, an

acronym for “light amplification by

stimulated emission of radiation.” (JP 3-09.1)

laser footprint — The projection of the laser

beam and buffer zone on the ground or

target area. The laser footprint may be part
248 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of the laser surface danger zone if that

footprint lies within the nominal visual

hazard distance of the laser. See also buffer

zone; laser. (JP 3-09.1)

laser guidance unit — A device which

incorporates a laser seeker to provide

guidance commands to the control system

of a missile, projectile or bomb.

laser guided weapon — (*) A weapon which

uses a seeker to detect laser energy reflected

from a laser marked/designated target and

through signal processing provides

guidance commands to a control system

which guides the weapon to the point from

which the laser energy is being reflected.

Also called LGW. See also laser.

(JP 3-09.1)

laser illuminator — A device for enhancing

the illumination in a zone of action by

irradiating with a laser beam.

laser intelligence — Technical and

geo-location intelligence derived from laser

systems; a subcategory of electro-optical

intelligence. Also called LASINT. See also

electro-optical intelligence; intelligence.

(JP 2-0)

laser linescan system — (*) An active

airborne imagery recording system which

uses a laser as the primary source of

illumination to scan the ground beneath the

flight path, adding successive across-track

lines to the record as the vehicle advances.

See also infrared linescan system.

laser pulse duration — (*) The time during

which the laser output pulse power remains

continuously above half its maximum

value.

laser rangefinder — (*) A device which uses

laser energy for determining the distance

from the device to a place or object.

laser seeker — (*) A device based on a

direction sensitive receiver which detects

the energy reflected from a laser designated

target and defines the direction of the target

relative to the receiver. See also laser

guided weapon.

laser spot — The area on a surface illuminated

by a laser. See also laser; spot. (JP 3-09.1)

laser spot tracker — A device that locks on

to the reflected energy from a laser-marked

or designated target and defines the

direction of the target relative to itself. Also

called LST.

laser target designating system — (*) A

system which is used to direct (aim or point)

laser energy at a target. The system consists

of the laser designator or laser target marker

with its display and control components

necessary to acquire the target and direct

the beam of laser energy thereon.

laser target designator — A device that

emits a beam of laser energy which is used

to mark a specific place or object. Also

called LTD. See also laser; target.

(JP 3-09.1)

laser-target/gun-target angle — The angle

between the laser-to-target line and the laser

guided weapon/gun-target line at the point

where they cross the target. See also laser;

laser guided weapon; target. (JP 3-09.1)

laser-target line — An imaginary straight

line from the laser designator to the target

with respect to magnetic north. See also

laser; laser target designator; target.

(JP 3-09.1)

laser target marker — See laser designator.

laser target marking system — See laser

target designating system.
249

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

lashing — (*) See tie down. (DOD only)

See restraint of loads.

lashing point — See tie down point.

late — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire

support, a report made to the observer or

spotter, whenever there is a delay in

reporting “shot” by coupling a time in

seconds with the report.

lateral gain — (*) The amount of new

ground covered laterally by successive

photographic runs over an area.

lateral route — (*) A route generally parallel

to the forward edge of the battle area, which

crosses, or feeds into, axial routes. See also

route.

lateral spread — A technique used to place

the mean point of impact of two or more

units 100 meters apart on a line

perpendicular to the gun-target line.

lateral tell — See track telling.

latest arrival date — A day, relative to

C-Day, that is specified by the supported

combatant commander as the latest date

when a unit, a resupply shipment, or

replacement personnel can arrive at the port

of debarkation and support the concept of

operations. Used with the earliest arrival

date, it defines a delivery window for

transportation planning. Also called LAD.

late time — See span of detonation (atomic

demolition munition employment), Part 3.

latitude band — (*) Any latitudinal strip,

designated by accepted units of linear or

angular measurement, which circumscribes

the Earth. Also called latitudinal band.

lattice — (*) A network of intersecting

positional lines printed on a map or chart

from which a fix may be obtained.

launch pad — (*) A concrete or other hard

surface area on which a missile launcher is

positioned.

launch time — The time at which an aircraft

or missile is scheduled to be airborne. See

also airborne order.

launch under attack — Execution by

National Command Authorities of Single

Integrated Operational Plan forces

subsequent to tactical warning of strategic

nuclear attack against the United States and

prior to first impact. Also called LUA.

launch window — The earliest and latest time

a rocket may launch.

laundering — In counterdrug operations, the

process of transforming drug money into a

more manageable form while concealing

its illicit origin. Foreign bank accounts and

dummy corporations are used as shelters.

See also counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07.4)

law enforcement agency — Any of a number

of agencies (outside the Department of

Defense) chartered and empowered to

enforce US laws in the following

jurisdictions: The United States, a state (or

political subdivision) of the United States,

a territory or possession (or political

subdivision) of the United States, or within

the borders of a host nation. Also called

LEA. (JP 3-07.4)

law of armed conflict — See law of war.

law of war — That part of international law

that regulates the conduct of armed

hostilities. Also called the law of armed

conflict. See also rules of engagement.

lay — 1. Direct or adjust the aim of a weapon.

2. Setting of a weapon for a given range, a

given direction, or both. 3. To drop one or

more aerial bombs or aerial mines onto the

surface from an aircraft. 4. To spread a
250 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

smoke screen on the ground from an

aircraft. 5. To calculate or project a course.

6. To lay on: a. to execute a bomber strike;

b. to set up a mission.

laydown bombing — (*) A very low level

bombing technique wherein delay fuzes

and/or devices are used to allow the attacker

to escape the effects of the bomb.

layer depth — The depth from the surface

of the sea to the point above the first major

negative thermocline at which sound

velocity is maximum.

lay leader or lay reader — A volunteer (“lay

leader” in Army and Air Force; “lay reader”

in Navy and Marine Corps) appointed by

the commanding officer and supervised and

trained by the command chaplain to serve

for a period of time to meet the needs of a

particular religious faith group when their

military chaplains are not available. The

lay leader or lay reader may conduct

services, but may not exercise any other

activities usually reserved for the ordained

clergy. See also command chaplain;

command chaplain of the combatant

command; religious ministry support;

religious ministry support plan; religious

ministry support team; Service

component command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

lay reader — See lay leader or lay reader.

(JP 1-05)

lay reference number — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a number allocated to an individual

mine by the minefield planning authority

to provide a simple means of referring to

it.

lead agency — Designated among US

Government agencies to coordinate the

interagency oversight of the day-to-day

conduct of an ongoing operation. The lead

agency is to chair the interagency working

group established to coordinate policy

related to a particular operation. The lead

agency determines the agenda, ensures

cohesion among the agencies, and is

responsible for implementing decisions.

(JP 3-08)

lead agent — Individual Services, combatant

commands, or Joint Staff directorates may

be assigned as lead agents for developing

and maintaining joint doctrine, joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures (JTTP)

publications. The lead agent is responsible

for developing, coordinating, reviewing,

and maintaining an assigned doctrine or

JTTP. Also called LA. See also

coordinating review authority; joint

doctrine; joint publication; joint tactics,

techniques, and procedures; joint test

publication; primary review authority.

(JP 1-01)

lead aircraft — 1. The airborne aircraft

designated to exercise command of other

aircraft within the flight. 2. An aircraft in

the van of two or more aircraft.

lead mobility wing — An Air Mobility

Command unit designated to provide an oncall 32-member cross-functional initial

response team (IRT) for short-notice

deployment in response to humanitarian

crises. When requested by a supported

geographic combatant commander, this IRT

arrives at an airfield in the disaster area to

provide mobility expertise and leadership,

assess the requirements for follow-on relief

forces, and establish a reception base to

serve as a conduit for relief supplies or the

repatriation of noncombatants. The IRT is

attached to the joint task force established

by the supported geographic combatant

commander. Also called LMW. See also

Air Mobility Command; mobility; wing.

(JP 3-57)

lead nation — One nation assumes the

responsibility for procuring and providing

a broad spectrum of logistic support for all
251

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

or a part of the multinational force and/or

headquarters. Compensation and/or

reimbursement will then be subject to

agreements between the parties involved.

The lead nation may also assume the

responsibility to coordinate logistics of the

other nations within its functional and

regional area of responsibility. See also

logistic support; multinational force.

(JP 4-0)

lead Service or agency for common-user

logistics — A Service component or

Department of Defense agency that is

responsible for execution of common-user

item or service support in a specific

combatant command or multinational

operation as defined in the combatant or

subordinate joint force commander’s

operation plan, operation order, and/or

directives. See also common-user

logistics. (JP 4-07)

leapfrog — (*) Form of movement in which

like supporting elements are moved

successively through or by one another

along the axis of movement of supported

forces.

leaver — (*) A merchant ship which breaks

off from a convoy to proceed to a different

destination and becomes independent. Also

called convoy leaver. See also leaver

convoy; leaver section.

leaver convoy — (*) A convoy which has

broken off from the main convoy and is

proceeding to a different destination. See

also leaver; leaver section.

leaver section — (*) A group of ships

forming part of the main convoy which will

subsequently break off to become leavers

or a leaver convoy. See also leaver; leaver

convoy.

left (or right) — (*) 1. Terms used to

establish the relative position of a body of

troops. The person using the terms “left”

or “right” is assumed to be facing in the

direction of the enemy regardless of

whether the troops are advancing towards

or withdrawing from the enemy. 2.

Correction used in adjusting fire to indicate

that a lateral shift of the mean point of

impact perpendicular to the reference line

or spotting line is desired.

left (right) bank — That bank of a stream or

river on the left (right) of the observer when

facing in the direction of flow or

downstream.

letter of assist — A contractual document

issued by the United Nations (UN) to a

government authorizing it to provide goods

or services to a peacekeeping operation; the

UN agrees either to purchase the goods or

services or authorizes the government to

supply them subject to reimbursement by

the UN. A letter of assist typically details

specifically what is to be provided by the

contributing government and establishes a

funding limit that cannot be exceeded. Also

called LOA. See also peacekeeping.

(JP 1-06)

level of detail — Within the current joint

planning and execution systems, movement

characteristics are described at five distinct

levels of detail. a. level I-aggregated level

— Expressed as total number of passengers

and total short tons, total measurement tons,

total square feet, and/or total hundreds of

barrels by unit line number (ULN), cargo

increment number (CIN), and personnel

increment number (PIN). b. level

II-summary level — Expressed as total

number of passengers by ULN and PIN

and short tons, measurement tons (including

barrels), total square feet of bulk, oversize,

outsize, and non-air-transportable cargo by

ULN and CIN. c. level III-detail by cargo

category — Expressed as total number of

passengers by ULN and PIN and short tons

and/or measurement tons (including
252 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

barrels) as well as total square feet of cargo

as identified by the ULN or CIN

three-position cargo category code. d. level

IV-detail expressed as number of

passengers and individual dimensional data

(expressed in length, width, and height in

number of inches) of cargo by equipment

type by ULN. e. level V-detail by priority

of shipment — Expressed as total number

of passengers by Service specialty code in

deployment sequence by ULN, individual

weight (in pounds), and dimensional data

(expressed in length, width, and height in

number of inches) of equipment in

deployment sequence by ULN.

level-of-effort munitions — (*) In stockpile

planning, munitions stocked on the basis

of expected daily expenditure rate, the

number of combat days, and the attrition

rate assumed, to counter targets the number

of which is unknown. See also

threat-oriented munitions.

level of effort-oriented items — Items for

which requirements computations are based

on such factors as equipment and personnel

density and time and rate of use. See also

combination mission/level of

effort-oriented items; mission-oriented

items.

level of supply — (*) The quantity of supplies

or materiel authorized or directed to be held

in anticipation of future demands. See also

operating level of supply; order and

shipping time; procurement lead time;

requisitioning objective; safety level of

supply; stockage objective.

leveraging — In information operations, the

effective use of information, information

systems, and technology to increase the

means and synergy in accomplishing

information operations strategy. See also

information; information operations;

information system; operation. (JP 3-13)

L-hour — See times.

liaison — That contact or intercommunication

maintained between elements of military

forces or other agencies to ensure mutual

understanding and unity of purpose and

action. (JP 3-08)

liberated territory — (*) Any area,

domestic, neutral, or friendly, which, having

been occupied by an enemy, is retaken by

friendly forces.

licensed production — A direct commercial

arrangement between a US company and a

foreign government, international

organization, or foreign company,

providing for the transfer of production

information which enables the foreign

government, international organization, or

commercial producer to manufacture, in

whole or in part, an item of US defense

equipment. A typical license production

arrangement would include the functions

of production engineering, controlling,

quality assurance and determining of

resource requirements. It may or may not

include design engineering information and

critical materials production and design

information. A licensed production

arrangement is accomplished under the

provisions of a manufacturing license

agreement per the US International Traffic

in Arms Regulation.

life cycle — The total phases through which

an item passes from the time it is initially

developed until the time it is either

consumed in use or disposed of as being

excess to all known materiel requirements.

lifeguard submarine — (*) A submarine

employed for rescue in an area which

cannot be adequately covered by air or

surface rescue facilities because of enemy

opposition, distance from friendly bases, or

other reasons. It is stationed near the
253

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

objective and sometimes along the route to

be flown by the strike aircraft.

life support equipment — Equipment

designed to sustain aircrew members and

passengers throughout the flight

environment, optimizing their mission

effectiveness and affording a means of safe

and reliable escape, descent, survival, and

recovery in emergency situations.

light artillery — See field artillery.

light damage — See nuclear damage, Part 1.

lightening — (*) The operation (normally

carried out at anchor) of transferring crude

oil cargo from a large tanker to a smaller

tanker, so reducing the draft of the larger

tanker to enable it to enter port.

lighterage — A small craft designed to

transport cargo or personnel from ship to

shore. Lighterage includes amphibians,

landing craft, discharge lighters, causeways,

and barges. (JP 3-02)

light filter — (*) An optical element such as

a sheet of glass, gelatine, or plastic dyed in

a specific manner to absorb selectively light

of certain colors.

light line — (*) A designated line forward

of which vehicles are required to use

black-out lights at night.

lightweight amphibious container handler

— A United States Marine Corps piece of

equipment usually maneuvered by a

bulldozer and used to retrieve 20-foot

equivalent containers from landing craft in

the surf and place them on flatbed truck

trailers. See also container. (JP 4-01.6)

limited production-type item — An item

under development, commercially available

or available from other Government

agencies, for which an urgent operational

requirement exists and for which no other

existing item is suitable. Such an item

appears to fulfill an approved materiel

requirement or other Military Departmentapproved requirements and to be promising

enough operationally to warrant initiating

procurement and/or production for service

issue prior to completion of development

and/or test or adoption as a standard item.

limited standard item — An item of supply

determined by standardization action as

authorized for procurement only to support

in-service military materiel requirements.

limited war — Armed conflict short of

general war, exclusive of incidents,

involving the overt engagement of the

military forces of two or more nations.

limiting factor — A factor or condition that,

either temporarily or permanently, impedes

mission accomplishment. Illustrative

examples are transportation network

deficiencies, lack of in-place facilities,

malpositioned forces or materiel, extreme

climatic conditions, distance, transit or

overflight rights, political conditions, etc.

limit of fire — (*) 1. The boundary marking

off the area on which gunfire can be

delivered. 2. Safe angular limits for firing

at aerial targets.

linear scale — See graphic scale; scale.

line of communications — A route, either

land, water, and/or air, that connects an

operating military force with a base of

operations and along which supplies and

military forces move. Also called LOC.

See also base of operations; route.

line of demarcation — A line defining the

boundary of a buffer zone or area of

limitation. A line of demarcation may also

be used to define the forward limits of

disputing or belligerent forces after each
254 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

phase of disengagement or withdrawal has

been completed. See also area of

limitation; buffer zone; disengagement;

peace operations. (JP 3-07.3)

line of departure — (*) 1. In land warfare,

a line designated to coordinate the departure

of attack elements. 2. In amphibious

warfare, a suitably marked offshore

coordinating line to assist assault craft to

land on designated beaches at scheduled

times. Also called LD.

line overlap — See overlap, Part 1.

line-route map — A map or overlay for

signal communications operations that

shows the actual routes and types of

construction of wire circuits in the field. It

also gives the locations of switchboards and

telegraph stations. See also map.

line search — (*) Reconnaissance along a

specific line of communications, such as a

road, railway or waterway, to detect fleeting

targets and activities in general.

lines of operations — Lines that define the

directional orientation of the force in time

and space in relation to the enemy. They

connect the force with its base of operations

and its objectives. (JP 5-0)

link — (*) 1. In communications, a general

term used to indicate the existence of

communications facilities between two

points. 2. A maritime route, other than a

coastal or transit route, which links any two

or more routes.

link encryption — The application of online

crypto-operation to a link of a

communications system so that all

information passing over the link is

encrypted in its entirety.

link-lift vehicle — The conveyance, together

with its operating personnel, used to satisfy

a movement requirement between nodes.

link-route segments — Route segments that

connect nodes wherein link-lift vehicles

perform the movement function.

liquid explosive — (*) Explosive which is

fluid at normal temperatures.

liquid propellant — Any liquid combustible

fed to the combustion chamber of a rocket

engine.

listening watch — A continuous receiver

watch established for the reception of traffic

addressed to, or of interest to, the unit

maintaining the watch, with complete log

optional.

list of targets — A tabulation of confirmed

or suspect targets maintained by any

echelon for informational and fire support

planning purposes. See also target list.

litter — A basket or frame utilized for the

transport of injured persons.

litter patient — A patient requiring litter

accommodations while in transit.

load — (*) The total weight of passengers

and/or freight carried on board a ship,

aircraft, train, road vehicle, or other means

of conveyance. See also airlift capability;

airlift requirement; allowable load.

load control group — (*) Personnel who

are concerned with organization and control

of loading within the pick-up zone.

loading — (*) The process of putting

personnel, materiel, supplies and other

freight on board ships, aircraft, trains, road

vehicles, or other means of conveyance.

See also embarkation.
255

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

loading chart (aircraft) — Any one of a

series of charts carried in an aircraft that

shows the proper location for loads to be

transported and that pertains to check-lists,

balance records, and clearances for weight

and balance.

loading (ordnance) — An operation that

installs airborne weapons and stores on or

in an aircraft and may include fuzing of

bombs and stray voltage checks. See also

loading; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

loading plan — (*) All of the individually

prepared documents which, taken together,

present in detail all instructions for the

arrangement of personnel, and the loading

of equipment for one or more units or other

special grouping of personnel or material

moving by highway, water, rail, or air

transportation. See also ocean manifest.

loading point — (*) A point where one

aircraft can be loaded or unloaded.

loading site — (*) An area containing a

number of loading points.

loading time — In airlift operations, a

specified time, established jointly by the

airlift and airborne commanders concerned,

when aircraft and loads are available and

loading is to begin. (JP 3-17)

loadmaster — An Air Force technician

qualified to plan loads, to operate auxiliary

materials handling equipment, and to

supervise loading and unloading of aircraft.

(JP 3-17)

load signal — In evasion and recovery

operations, a visual signal displayed in a

covert manner to indicate the presence of

an individual or object at a given location.

See also evasion; evasion and recovery;

recovery operations; signal. (JP 3-50.3)

load spreader — (*) Material used to

distribute the weight of a load over a given

area to avoid exceeding designed stress.

localizer — (*) A directional radio beacon

which provides to an aircraft an indication

of its lateral position relative to a

predetermined final approach course. See

also instrument landing system.

local mean time — (*) The time interval

elapsed since the mean sun’s transit of the

observer’s anti-meridian.

local procurement — The process of

obtaining personnel, services, supplies, and

equipment from local or indigenous

sources.

local purchase — The function of acquiring

a decentralized item of supply from sources

outside the Department of Defense.

lock on — Signifies that a tracking or

target-seeking system is continuously and

automatically tracking a target in one or

more coordinates (e.g., range, bearing,

elevation).

lodgment — A designated area in a hostile

or potentially hostile territory that, when

seized and held, makes the continuous

landing of troops and materiel possible and

provides maneuver space for subsequent

operations. See also hostile. (JP 3-18)

lodgment area — See airhead, Part 1;

beachhead.

loft bombing — A method of bombing in

which the delivery plane approaches the

target at a very low altitude, makes a definite

pullup at a given point, releases the bomb

at a predetermined point during the pullup,

and tosses the bomb onto the target. See

also toss bombing.
256 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

logistic assessment — An evaluation of: a.

the logistic support required to support

particular military operations in a theater,

country, or area; and b. the actual and/or

potential logistic support available for the

conduct of military operations either within

the theater, country, or area, or located

elsewhere.

logistic estimate of the situation — An

appraisal resulting from an orderly

examination of the logistic factors

influencing contemplated courses of action

in order to provide conclusions concerning

the degree and manner of that influence.

logistic implications test — An analysis of

the major logistic aspects of a joint strategic

war plan and the consideration of the

logistic implications resultant therefrom as

they may limit the acceptability of the plan.

The logistic analysis and consideration are

conducted concurrently with the

development of the strategic plan. The

objective is to establish whether the logistic

requirements generated by the plan are in

balance with availabilities, and to set forth

those logistic implications that should be

weighed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in their

consideration of the plan. See also

feasibility test.

logistic and movement control center — A

center organized from service support

elements (or the supporting establishment)

in the geographic proximity of the

marshaling units. It is tasked by the force

movement control center to provide organic

and commercial transportation,

transportation scheduling, materials

handling equipment, and all other logistic

support required by parent commands

during marshaling and embarkation. Also

called LMCC. See also control center;

embarkation; force movement;

marshalling. (JP 4-01.8)

logistic marking and reading symbology —

A system designed to improve the flow of

cargo through the seaport of embarkation

and debarkation using bar code technology.

See also logistics. (JP 4-01.6)

logistic routes — See line of

communications.

logistics — The science of planning and

carrying out the movement and

maintenance of forces. In its most

comprehensive sense, those aspects of

military operations which deal with: a.

design and development, acquisition,

storage, movement, distribution,

maintenance, evacuation, and disposition

of materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and

hospitalization of personnel; c. acquisition

or construction, maintenance, operation,

and disposition of facilities; and d.

acquisition or furnishing of services.

logistics over-the-shore operation area —

That geographic area required to

successfully conduct a logistics over-theshore operation. Also called LOA. See

also logistics over-the-shore operations.

(JP 4-01.6)

logistics over-the-shore operations — The

loading and unloading of ships without the

benefit of deep draft-capable, fixed port

facilities in friendly or nondefended

territory and, in time of war, during phases

of theater development in which there is

no opposition by the enemy; or as a means

of moving forces closer to tactical assembly

areas dependent on threat force capabilities.

Also called LOTS operations. See also

joint logistics over-the-shore operations.

(JP 4-01.8)

logistic sourcing — The identification of the

origin and determination of the availability

of the time-phased force and deployment

data nonunit logistic requirements.
257

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

logistic support — Logistic support

encompasses the logistic services, materiel,

and transportation required to support the

continental United States-based and

worldwide deployed forces.

logistic support (medical) — Medical care,

treatment, hospitalization, and evacuation

as well as the furnishing of medical

services, supplies, materiel, and adjuncts

thereto.

long-range bomber aircraft — A bomber

designed for a tactical operating radius over

2,500 nautical miles at design gross weight

and design bomb load.

long-range transport aircraft — See

transport aircraft.

long ton — 2,240 pounds. Also called LT;

L/T; or LTON. (JP 4-01.7)

look — (*) In mine warfare, a period during

which a mine circuit is receptive of an

influence.

loran — (*) A long-range radio navigation

position fixing system using the time

difference of reception of pulse type

transmissions from two or more fixed

stations. This term is derived from the

words long-range electronic navigation.

lot — Specifically, a quantity of material all

of which was manufactured under identical

conditions and assigned an identifying lot

number.

low airburst — (*) The fallout safe height

of burst for a nuclear weapon which

maximizes damage to or casualties on

surface targets. See also types of burst.

low-altitude missile engagement zone —

See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52)

low-altitude parachute extraction system

— A low-level, self-contained system

capable of delivering heavy loads into an

area where air landing is not feasible from

an optimum aircraft wheel altitude of 5 to

10 feet above ground level. One or more

platforms may be dropped. Also called

LAPES. (JP 3-17)

low angle — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire

support, an order or request to obtain low

angle fire.

low angle fire — (*) Fire delivered at angles

of elevation below the elevation that

corresponds to the maximum range of the

gun and ammunition concerned.

low angle loft bombing — (*) Type of loft

bombing of free fall bombs wherein

weapon release occurs at an angle less than

35 degrees above the horizontal. See also

loft bombing.

low dollar value item — An item that

normally requires considerably less

management effort than those in the other

management intensity groupings.

low level flight — See terrain flight.

low level transit route — (*) A temporary

corridor of defined dimensions established

in the forward area to minimize the risk to

friendly aircraft from friendly air defenses

or surface forces. Also called LLTR.

low oblique — See oblique air photograph.

low velocity drop — (*) A drop procedure

in which the drop velocity does not exceed

30 feet per second.

low visibility operations — Sensitive

operations wherein the political-military

restrictions inherent in covert and
258 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

clandestine operations are either not

necessary or not feasible; actions are taken

as required to limit exposure of those

involved and/or their activities. Execution

of these operations is undertaken with the

knowledge that the action and/or

sponsorship of the operation may preclude

plausible denial by the initiating power.
M

259

mach number — The ratio of the velocity of

a body to that of sound in the surrounding

medium.

magnetic bearing — See bearing.

magnetic circuit — See magnetic mine.

magnetic compass — (*) An instrument

containing a freely suspended magnetic

element which displays the direction of the

horizontal component of the Earth’s

magnetic field at the point of observation.

magnetic declination — (*) The angle

between the magnetic and geographical

meridians at any place, expressed in degrees

east or west to indicate the direction of

magnetic north from true north. In nautical

and aeronautical navigation, the term

magnetic variation is used instead of

magnetic declination and the angle is

termed variation of the compass or magnetic

variation. Magnetic declination is not

otherwise synonymous with magnetic

variation which refers to regular or irregular

change with time of the magnetic

declination, dip, or intensity. See also

magnetic variation.

magnetic equator — (*) A line drawn on a

map or chart connecting all points at which

the magnetic inclination (dip) is zero for a

specified epoch. Also called aclinic line.

magnetic mine — (*) A mine which

responds to the magnetic field of a target.

magnetic minehunting — The process of

using magnetic detectors to determine the

presence of mines or minelike objects.

magnetic north — (*) The direction

indicated by the north seeking pole of a

freely suspended magnetic needle,

influenced only by the Earth’s magnetic

field.

magnetic tape — A tape or ribbon of any

material impregnated or coated with

magnetic or other material on which

information may be placed in the form of

magnetically polarized spots.

magnetic variation — (*) 1. In navigation,

at a given place and time, the horizontal

angle between the true north and magnetic

north measured east or west according to

whether magnetic north lies east or west of

true north. See also magnetic declination.

2. In cartography, the annual change in

direction of the horizontal component of

the Earth’s magnetic field.

mail embargo — A temporary shutdown or

redirection of mail flow to or from a specific

location. (JP 1-0)

main airfield — (*) An airfield planned for

permanent occupation in peacetime, also

suitable for use in wartime and having

sufficient operational facilities for full use

of its combat potential. See also airfield;

departure airfield; diversion airfield;

redeployment airfield.

main armament — The request of the

observer or spotter to obtain fire from the

largest guns installed on the fire support

ship.

main attack — (*) The principal attack or

effort into which the commander throws the

full weight of the offensive power at his

disposal. An attack directed against the

chief objective of the campaign, major

operation, or battle.

main battle area — That portion of the

battlefield in which the decisive battle is

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
260 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

fought to defeat the enemy. For any

particular command, the main battle area

extends rearward from the forward edge of

the battle area to the rear boundary of the

command’s subordinate units.

main convoy — (*) The convoy as a whole

which sails from the convoy assembly port/

anchorage to its destination. It may be

supplemented by joiners or joiner convoys,

and leavers or leaver convoys may break

off.

main deck — The highest deck running the

full length of a vessel (except for an aircraft

carrier’s hanger deck). See also watercraft.

(JP 4-01.6)

main detonating line — (*) In demolition,

a line of detonating cord used to transmit

the detonation wave to two or more

branches.

main line of resistance — A line at the

forward edge of the battle position,

designated for the purpose of coordinating

the fire of all units and supporting weapons,

including air and naval gunfire. It defines

the forward limits of a series of mutually

supporting defensive areas, but it does not

include the areas occupied or used by

covering or screening forces.

main operations base — In special

operations, a base established by a joint

force special operations component

commander or a subordinate special

operations component commander in

friendly territory to provide sustained

command and control, administration, and

logistical support to special operations

activities in designated areas. Also called

MOB. See also advanced operations

base; forward operations base. (JP 3-05.3)

main supply route — The route or routes

designated within an operational area upon

which the bulk of traffic flows in support

of military operations. Also called MSR.

maintain — When used in the context of

deliberate planning, the directed command

will keep the referenced operation plan,

operation plan in concept format, or concept

summary, and any associated Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

(JOPES) automated data processing files

active in accordance with applicable tasking

documents describing the type and level of

update or maintenance to be performed.

General guidance is contained in JOPES,

Volumes I and II. See also archive; retain.

maintenance area — A general locality in

which are grouped a number of

maintenance activities for the purpose of

retaining or restoring materiel to a

serviceable condition.

maintenance engineering — The application

of techniques, engineering skills, and effort,

organized to ensure that the design and

development of weapon systems and

equipment provide adequately for their

effective and economical maintenance.

maintenance (materiel) — 1. All action

taken to retain materiel in a serviceable

condition or to restore it to serviceability.

It includes inspection, testing, servicing,

classification as to serviceability, repair,

rebuilding, and reclamation. 2. All supply

and repair action taken to keep a force in

condition to carry out its mission. 3. The

routine recurring work required to keep a

facility (plant, building, structure, ground

facility, utility system, or other real

property) in such condition that it may be

continuously used at its original or designed

capacity and efficiency for its intended

purpose.

maintenance status — 1. A nonoperating

condition, deliberately imposed, with
261

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

adequate personnel to maintain and

preserve installations, materiel, and

facilities in such a condition that they may

be readily restored to operable condition in

a minimum time by the assignment of

additional personnel and without extensive

repair or overhaul. 2. That condition of

materiel that is in fact, or is administratively

classified as, unserviceable, pending

completion of required servicing or repairs.

3. A condition of materiel readiness that

reports the level of operational readiness

for a piece of equipment.

major combat element — Those

organizations and units described in the

Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan that

directly produce combat capability. The

size of the element varies by Service, force

capability, and the total number of such

elements available. Examples are Army

divisions and separate brigades, Air Force

squadrons, Navy task forces, and Marine

expeditionary forces. See also major force.

major disaster — See domestic emergencies.

major fleet — A principal, permanent

subdivision of the operating forces of the

Navy with certain supporting shore

activities. Presently there are two such

fleets: the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic

Fleet. See also fleet.

major force — A military organization

comprised of major combat elements and

associated combat support, combat service

support, and sustainment increments. The

major force is capable of sustained military

operations in response to plan employment

requirements. See also major combat

element.

major nuclear power — (*) Any nation that

possesses a nuclear striking force capable

of posing a serious threat to every other

nation.

major operation — A series of tactical

actions (battles, engagements, strikes)

conducted by various combat forces of a

single or several Services, coordinated in

time and place, to accomplish operational

and, sometimes, strategic objectives in an

operational area. These actions are

conducted simultaneously or sequentially

in accordance with a common plan and are

controlled by a single commander. See also

operation. (JP 3-0)

major weapon system — One of a limited

number of systems or subsystems that for

reasons of military urgency, criticality, or

resource requirements, is determined by the

Department of Defense as being vital to the

national interest.

make safe — One or more actions necessary

to prevent or interrupt complete function

of the system (traditionally synonymous

with “dearm,” “disarm,” and “disable”).

Among the necessary actions are: (1) install

(safety devices such as pins or locks); (2)

disconnect (hoses, linkages, batteries); (3)

bleed (accumulators, reservoirs); (4)

remove (explosive devices such as

initiators, fuzes, detonators); and (5)

intervene (as in welding, lockwiring).

management and control system (mobility)

— Those elements of organizations and/or

activities that are part of, or are closely

related to, the mobility system, and which

authorize requirements to be moved, to

obtain and allocate lift resources, or to direct

the operation of linklift vehicles.

maneuver — 1. A movement to place ships,

aircraft, or land forces in a position of

advantage over the enemy. 2. A tactical

exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the

ground, or on a map in imitation of war.

3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or

vehicle, to cause it to perform desired

movements. 4. Employment of forces in
262 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

the battlespace through movement in

combination with fires to achieve a position

of advantage in respect to the enemy in

order to accomplish the mission. See also

mission; operation. (JP 3-0)

maneuverable reentry vehicle — A reentry

vehicle capable of performing preplanned

flight maneuvers during the reentry phase.

See also multiple independently

targetable reentry vehicle; multiple

reentry vehicle; reentry vehicle.

manifest — A document specifying in detail

the passengers or items carried for a specific

destination.

manipulative electromagnetic deception —

See electromagnetic deception.

man portable — Capable of being carried

by one man. Specifically, the term may be

used to qualify: 1. Items designed to be

carried as an integral part of individual,

crew-served, or team equipment of the

dismounted soldier in conjunction with

assigned duties. Upper weight limit:

approximately 14 kilograms (31 pounds.)

2. In land warfare, equipment which can

be carried by one man over long distance

without serious degradation of the

performance of normal duties.

manpower — See manpower requirements;

manpower resources.

manpower management — (*) The means

of manpower control to ensure the most

efficient and economical use of available

manpower.

manpower management survey — (*)

Systematic evaluation of a functional area,

utilizing expert knowledge, manpower

scaling guides, experience, and other

practical considerations in determining the

validity and managerial efficiency of the

function’s present or proposed manpower

establishment.

manpower requirements — Human

resources needed to accomplish specified

work loads of organizations.

manpower resources — Human resources

available to the Services that can be applied

against manpower requirements.

man space — The space and weight factor

used to determine the combat capacity of

vehicles, craft, and transport aircraft, based

on the requirements of one person with

individual equipment. The person is

assumed to weigh between 222-250 pounds

and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet of space. See

also boat space.

man transportable — Items that are usually

transported on wheeled, tracked, or air

vehicles, but have integral provisions to

allow periodic handling by one or more

individuals for limited distances (100-500

meters). Upper weight limit: approximately

65 pounds per individual.

map — (*) A graphic representation, usually

on a plane surface and at an established

scale, of natural or artificial features on the

surface of a part or the whole of the Earth

or other planetary body. The features are

positioned relative to a coordinate reference

system. See also administrative map;

chart index; chart series; chart sheet;

controlled map; general map; large-scale

map; line-route map; map chart; map

index; map series; map sheet; mediumscale map; operation map; planimetric

map; situation map; small-scale map;

strategic map; tactical map; topographic

map; traffic circulation map.

map chart — A representation of a land-sea

area, using the characteristics of a map to

represent the land area and the
263

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

characteristics of a chart to represent the

sea area, with such special characteristics

as to make the map-chart most useful in

military operations, particularly amphibious

operations. See also map.

map convergence — (*) The angle at which

one meridian is inclined to another on a map

or chart. See also convergence.

map exercise — An exercise in which a series

of military situations is stated and solved

on a map.

map index — (*) Graphic key primarily

designed to give the relationship between

sheets of a series, their coverage,

availability, and further information on the

series. See also map.

mapping camera — See air cartographic

camera.

map reference — (*) A means of identifying

a point on the surface of the Earth by

relating it to information appearing on a

map, generally the graticule or grid.

map reference code — (*) A code used

primarily for encoding grid coordinates and

other information pertaining to maps. This

code may be used for other purposes where

the encryption of numerals is required.

map series — (*) A group of maps or charts

usually having the same scale and

cartographic specifications, and with each

sheet appropriately identified by producing

agency as belonging to the same series.

map sheet — (*) An individual map or chart

either complete in itself or part of a series.

See also map.

margin — (*) In cartography, the area of a

map or chart lying outside the border.

marginal data — (*) All explanatory

information given in the margin of a map

or chart which clarifies, defines, illustrates,

and/or supplements the graphic portion of

the sheet.

marginal information — See marginal

data.

marginal weather — Weather that is

sufficiently adverse to a military operation

so as to require the imposition of procedural

limitations. See also adverse weather.

Marine air command and control system

— A system that provides the aviation

combat element commander with the means

to command, coordinate, and control all air

operations within an assigned sector and to

coordinate air operations with other

Services. It is composed of command and

control agencies with communicationselectronics equipment that incorporates a

capability from manual through

semiautomatic control. Also called

MACCS. See also direct air support

center; tactical air operations center.

(JP 3-09.3)

Marine air-ground task force — The

Marine Corps principal organization for all

missions across the range of military

operations, composed of forces taskorganized under a single commander

capable of responding rapidly to a

contingency anywhere in the world. The

types of forces in the Marine air-ground task

force (MAGTF) are functionally grouped

into four core elements: a command

element, an aviation combat element, a

ground combat element, and a combat

service support element. The four core

elements are categories of forces, not formal

commands. The basic structure of the

MAGTF never varies, though the number,

size, and type of Marine Corps units
264 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

comprising each of its four elements will

always be mission dependent. The

flexibility of the organizational structure

allows for one or more subordinate

MAGTFs to be assigned. Also called

MAGTF. See also aviation combat

element; combat service support

element; command element; ground

combat element; Marine expeditionary

force; Marine expeditionary force

(forward); Marine expeditionary unit;

special purpose Marine air-ground task

force; task force.

Marine base — A base for support of Marine

ground forces, consisting of activities or

facilities for which the Marine Corps has

operating responsibilities, together with

interior lines of communications and the

minimum surrounding area necessary for

local security. (Normally, not greater than

an area of 20 square miles.) See also base

complex.

Marine division and wing team — A Marine

Corps air-ground team consisting of one

division and one aircraft wing, together with

their normal reinforcements.

marine environment — The oceans, seas,

bays, estuaries, and other major water

bodies, including their surface interface and

interaction, with the atmosphere and with

the land seaward of the mean high water

mark.

Marine expeditionary brigade — A Marine

air-ground task force that is constructed

around a reinforced infantry regiment, a

composite Marine aircraft group, and a

brigade service support group. The Marine

expeditionary brigade (MEB), commanded

by a general officer, is task-organized to

meet the requirements of a specific

situation. It can function as part of a joint

task force, as the lead echelon of the Marine

expeditionary force (MEF), or alone. It

varies in size and composition, and is larger

than a Marine expeditionary unit but

smaller than a MEF. The MEB is capable

of conducting missions across the full range

of military operations. Also called MEB.

See also brigade; Marine air-ground task

force; Marine expeditionary force.

(JP 3-18)

Marine expeditionary force — The largest

Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF)

and the Marine Corps principal warfighting

organization, particularly for larger crises

or contingencies. It is task-organized around

a permanent command element and

normally contains one or more Marine

divisions, Marine aircraft wings, and

Marine force service support groups. The

Marine expeditionary force is capable of

missions across the range of military

operations, including amphibious assault

and sustained operations ashore in any

environment. It can operate from a sea base,

a land base, or both. Also called MEF. See

also aviation combat element; combat

service support element; command

element; ground combat element;

Marine air-ground task force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine

expeditionary unit; special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

Marine expeditionary force (forward) —

A designated lead echelon of a Marine

expeditionary force (MEF), task-organized

to meet the requirements of a specific

situation. A Marine expeditionary force

(forward) varies in size and composition,

and may be commanded by the MEF

commander personally or by another

designated commander. It may be tasked

with preparing for the subsequent arrival

of the rest of the MEF/joint/multinational

forces, and/or the conduct of other specified

tasks, at the discretion of the MEF

commander. A Marine expeditionary force

(forward) may also be a stand-alone Marine

air-ground task force (MAGTF), taskorganized for a mission in which an MEF
265

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

is not required. Also called MEF (FWD).

See also aviation combat element;

combat service support element;

command element; ground combat

element; Marine air-ground task force;

Marine expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary unit; Marine

expeditionary unit (special operations

capable); special purpose Marine airground task force; task force.

Marine expeditionary unit — A Marine airground task force (MAGTF) that is

constructed around an infantry battalion

reinforced, a helicopter squadron

reinforced, and a task-organized combat

service support element. It normally fulfills

Marine Corps forward sea-based

deployment requirements. The Marine

expeditionary unit provides an immediate

reaction capability for crisis response and

is capable of limited combat operations.

Also called MEU. See also aviation

combat element; combat service support

element; command element; ground

combat element; Marine air-ground task

force; Marine expeditionary force;

Marine expeditionary force (forward);

Marine expeditionary unit (special

operations capable); special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

Marine expeditionary unit (special

operations capable) — The Marine Corps

standard, forward-deployed, sea-based

expeditionary organization. The Marine

expeditionary unit (special operations

capable) (MEU[SOC]) is a Marine

expeditionary unit, augmented with

selected personnel and equipment, that is

trained and equipped with an enhanced

capability to conduct amphibious

operations and a variety of specialized

missions of limited scope and duration.

These capabilities include specialized

demolition, clandestine reconnaissance and

surveillance, raids, in-extremis hostage

recovery, and enabling operations for

follow-on forces. The MEU(SOC) is not a

special operations force but, when directed

by the National Command Authorities, the

combatant commander, and/or other

operational commander, may conduct

limited special operations in extremis, when

other forces are inappropriate or

unavailable. Also called MEU(SOC). See

also aviation combat element; combat

service support element; command

element; ground combat element;

Marine air-ground task force; Marine

expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine

expeditionary unit; special purpose

Marine air-ground task force; task force.

Marine Logistics Command — The US

Marines may employ the concept of the

Marine Logistics Command (MLC) in

major regional contingencies to provide

operational logistic support, which will

include arrival and assembly operations.

The combat service support operations

center will be the MLC’s primary combat

service support coordination center for units

undergoing arrival and assembly. Also

called MLC. See also combat service

support operations center. (JP 4-01.8)

maritime control area — An area generally

similar to a defensive sea area in purpose

except that it may be established any place

on the high seas. Maritime control areas

are normally established only in time of war.

See also defensive sea area.

maritime defense sector — (*) One of the

subdivisions of a coastal area.

maritime environment — The oceans, seas,

bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and

the airspace above these, including the

littorals.

maritime power projection — Power

projection in and from the maritime

environment, including a broad spectrum
266 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of offensive military operations to destroy

enemy forces or logistic support or to

prevent enemy forces from approaching

within enemy weapons’ range of friendly

forces. Maritime power projection may be

accomplished by amphibious assault

operations, attack of targets ashore, or

support of sea control operations.

maritime pre-positioning force operation

— A rapid deployment and assembly of a

Marine expeditionary force in a secure area

using a combination of strategic airlift and

forward-deployed maritime pre-positioning

ships. See also Marine expeditionary

force; maritime pre-positioning ships.

(JP 4-01.6)

maritime pre-positioning ships —

Civilian-crewed, Military Sealift

Command-chartered ships that are

organized into three squadrons and are

usually forward-deployed. These ships are

loaded with pre-positioned equipment and

30 days of supplies to support three Marine

expeditionary brigades. Also called MPS.

See also Navy cargo handling battalion.

maritime search and rescue region — The

waters subject to the jurisdiction of the

United States; the territories and

possessions of the United States (except

Canal Zone and the inland area of Alaska),

and designated areas of the high seas. See

also search and rescue region.

maritime special purpose force — A

task-organized force formed from elements

of a Marine expeditionary unit (special

operations capable) and naval special

warfare forces that can be quickly tailored

to a specific mission. The maritime special

purpose force can execute on short notice a

wide variety of missions in a supporting,

supported, or unilateral role. It focuses on

operations in a maritime environment and

is capable of operations in conjunction with

or in support of special operations forces.

The maritime special purpose force is

integral to and directly relies upon the

Marine expeditionary unit (special

operations capable) for all combat and

combat service support. Also called MSPF.

(JP 3-05)

maritime superiority — That degree of

dominance of one force over another that

permits the conduct of maritime operations

by the former and its related land, sea, and

air forces at a given time and place without

prohibitive interference by the opposing

force.

maritime supremacy — That degree of

maritime superiority wherein the opposing

force is incapable of effective interference.

marker — (*) 1. A visual or electronic aid

used to mark a designated point. 2. In land

mine warfare: See gap marker;

intermediate marker; lane marker; row

marker; strip marker. 3. In naval

operations, a maritime unit which maintains

an immediate offensive or obstructive

capability against a specified target.

marker ship — (*) In an amphibious

operation, a ship which takes accurate

station on a designated control point. It may

fly identifying flags by day and show lights

to seaward by night.

marking — To maintain contact on a target

from such a position that the marking unit

has an immediate offensive capability.

marking error — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the distance and bearing of a marker from

a target.

marking fire — (*) Fire placed on a target

for the purpose of identification.

marking panel — (*) A sheet of material

displayed for visual communication,
267

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

usually between friendly units. See also

panel code.

married failure — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a moored mine lying on the seabed

connected to its sinker from which it has

failed to release owing to defective

mechanism.

marshal — A bearing, distance, and altitude

fix designated by an air operations center,

helicopter direction center, or carrier air

traffic control center on which the pilot will

orientate holding, and from which initial

approach will commence during an

instrument approach. See also air

operations center; helicopter directions

center. (JP 3-04.1)

marshalling — (*) 1. The process by which

units participating in an amphibious or

airborne operation group together or

assemble when feasible or move to

temporary camps in the vicinity of

embarkation points, complete preparations

for combat, or prepare for loading. 2. The

process of assembling, holding, and

organizing supplies and/or equipment,

especially vehicles of transportation, for

onward movement. See also stage; staging

area.

marshalling area — A location in the vicinity

of a reception terminal or pre-positioned

equipment storage site where arriving unit

personnel, equipment, materiel, and

accompanying supplies are reassembled,

returned to the control of the unit

commander, and prepared for onward

movement. The joint complex commander

designating the location will coordinate the

use of the facilities with other allied

commands and the host nation, and will

provide life support to the units while in

the marshalling area. See also marshalling.

(JP 4-01.8)

mass — (*) 1. The concentration of combat

power. 2. The military formation in which

units are spaced at less than the normal

distances and intervals.

mass casualty — Any large number of

casualties produced in a relatively short

period of time, usually as the result of a

single incident such as a military aircraft

accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or

armed attack that exceeds local logistic

support capabilities. See also casualty.

massed fire — 1. The fire of the batteries of

two or more ships directed against a single

target. 2. Fire from a number of weapons

directed at a single point or small area.

master — The commanding officer of a

United States Naval Ship, a commercial

ship, or a government-owned general

agency agreement ship operated for the

Military Sealift Command by a civilian

company to transport Department of

Defense cargo. Also called MA. (JP 3-02.2)

master air attack plan — A plan that

contains key information that forms the

foundation of the joint air tasking order.

Sometimes referred to as the air

employment plan or joint air tasking order

shell. Information that may be found in the

plan includes joint force commander

guidance, joint force air component

commander guidance, support plans,

component requests, target update requests,

availability of capabilities and forces, target

information from target lists, aircraft

allocation, etc. Also called MAAP. See

also air attack; target. (JP 3-60)

master film — (*) The earliest generation

of imagery (negative or positive) from

which subsequent copies are produced.
268 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

master plot — (*) A portion of a map or

overlay on which are drawn the outlines of

the areas covered by an air photographic

sortie. Latitude and longitude, map, and

sortie information are shown. See also

sortie plot.

materials handling — (*) The movement

of materials (raw materials, scrap,

semifinished, and finished) to, through, and

from productive processes; in warehouses

and storage; and in receiving and shipping

areas.

materials handling equipment —

Mechanical devices for handling of supplies

with greater ease and economy. Also called

MHE. See also materials handling.

(JP 4-01.8)

materiel — All items (including ships, tanks,

self-propelled weapons, aircraft, etc., and

related spares, repair parts, and support

equipment, but excluding real property,

installations, and utilities) necessary to

equip, operate, maintain, and support

military activities without distinction as to

its application for administrative or combat

purposes. See also equipment; personal

property.

materiel cognizance — Denotes

responsibility for exercising supply

management over items or categories of

materiel.

materiel control — See inventory control.

materiel inventory objective — The quantity

of an item required to be on hand and on

order on M-day in order to equip, provide

a materiel pipeline, and sustain the

approved US force structure (active and

reserve) and those Allied forces designated

for US materiel support, through the period

prescribed for war materiel planning

purposes. It is the quantity by which the

war materiel requirement exceeds the war

materiel procurement capability and the war

materiel requirement adjustment. It

includes the M-day force materiel

requirement and the war reserve materiel

requirement.

materiel management — See inventory

control.

materiel pipeline — The quantity of an item

required in the worldwide supply system

to maintain an uninterrupted replacement

flow.

materiel planning — A subset of logistic

planning consisting of a four-step process.

a. requirements definition. Requirements

for significant items must be calculated at

item level detail (i.e., National Stock

Number) to support sustainability planning

and analysis. Requirements include unit

roundout, consumption and attrition

replacement, safety stock, and the needs of

allies. b. apportionment. Items are

apportioned to the combatant commanders

based on a global scenario to avoid sourcing

of items to multiple theaters. The basis for

apportionment is the capability provided by

unit stocks, host-nation support, theater prepositioned war reserve stocks and industrial

base, and continental United States

Department of Defense stockpiles and

available production. Item apportionment

cannot exceed total capabilities. c.

sourcing. Sourcing is the matching of

available capabilities on a given date against

item requirements to support sustainability

analysis and the identification of locations

to support transportation planning.

Sourcing of any item is done within the

combatant commander’s apportionment. d.

documentation. Sourced item

requirements and corresponding shortfalls

are major inputs to the combatant

commander’s sustainability analysis.

Sourced item requirements are translated

into movement requirements and

documented in the Joint Operation Planning
269

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

and Execution System database for

transportation feasibility analysis.

Movement requirements for nonsignificant

items are estimated in tonnage.

materiel readiness — The availability of

materiel required by a military organization

to support its wartime activities or

contingencies, disaster relief (flood,

earthquake, etc.), or other emergencies.

materiel release confirmation — A

notification from a shipping or storage

activity advising the originator of a materiel

release order of the positive action taken

on the order. It will also be used with

appropriate shipment status document

identifier codes as a reply to a followup

initiated by the inventory control point.

materiel release order — An order issued

by an accountable supply system manager

(usually an inventory control point or

accountable depot or stock point) directing

a non-accountable activity (usually a

storage site or materiel drop point) within

the same supply distribution complex to

release and ship materiel.

materiel requirements — Those quantities

of items of equipment and supplies

necessary to equip, provide a materiel

pipeline, and sustain a Service, formation,

organization, or unit in the fulfillment of

its purposes or tasks during a specified

period.

maximum effective range — The maximum

distance at which a weapon may be

expected to be accurate and achieve the

desired effect.

maximum elevation figure — (*) A figure,

shown in each quadrangle bounded by

ticked graticule lines on aeronautical charts,

which represents the height in thousands

and hundreds of feet, above mean sea level,

of the highest known natural or manmade

feature in that quadrangle, plus suitable

factors to allow for inaccuracy and

incompleteness of the topographical

heighting information.

maximum enlisted amount — For any

month, the sum of: a. the highest rate of

basic pay payable for such month to any

enlisted member of the Armed Forces of

the United States at the highest pay grade

applicable to enlisted members; and b. in

the case of officers entitled to special pay

under Title 37, United States Code, for such

month, the amount of such special pay

payable to such officers for such month.

(JP 1-0)

maximum landing weight — (*) The

maximum gross weight due to design or

operational limitations at which an aircraft

is permitted to land.

maximum operating depth — The keel

depth that a submarine is not to exceed

during operations. This depth is determined

by the submarine’s national naval authority.

See also test depth.

maximum ordinate — (*) In artillery and

naval gunfire support, the height of the

highest point in the trajectory of a projectile

above the horizontal plane passing through

its origin. Also called vertex height.

maximum permissible concentration —

See radioactivity concentration guide.

maximum permissible dose — (*) That

radiation dose which a military commander

or other appropriate authority may prescribe

as the limiting cumulative radiation dose

to be received over a specific period of time

by members of the command, consistent

with current operational military

considerations.
270 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

maximum range — (*) The greatest distance

a weapon can fire without consideration of

dispersion.

maximum sustained speed — (*) In road

transport, the highest speed at which a

vehicle, with its rated payload, can be driven

for an extended period on a level first-class

highway without sustaining damage.

maximum take-off weight — (*) The

maximum gross weight due to design or

operational limitations at which an aircraft

is permitted to take off.

mayday — Distress call.

M-day — See times.

M-day force materiel requirement — The

quantity of an item required to be on hand

and on order (on M-day minus one day) to

equip and provide a materiel pipeline for

the approved peacetime US force structure,

both active and reserve.

meaconing — (*) A system of receiving

radio beacon signals and rebroadcasting

them on the same frequency to confuse

navigation. The meaconing stations cause

inaccurate bearings to be obtained by

aircraft or ground stations.

mean lethal dose — (*) 1. The amount of

nuclear irradiation of the whole body which

would be fatal to 50 percent of the exposed

personnel in a given period of time. 2. The

dose of chemical agent that would kill 50

percent of exposed, unprotected, and

untreated personnel.

mean line of advance — In naval usage, the

direction expected to be made good over a

sustained period.

mean point of burst — See mean point of

impact.

mean point of impact — (*) The point

whose coordinates are the arithmetic means

of the coordinates of the separate points of

impact/burst of a finite number of

projectiles fired or released at the same

aiming point under a given set of

conditions.

mean sea level — The average height of the

surface of the sea for all stages of the tide;

used as a reference for elevations. Also

called MSL.

means of transport — See mode of

transport.

measured mile — (*) In maritime

navigation, distance precisely measured and

marked, used by a vessel to calibrate its log.

measurement and signature intelligence —

Scientific and technical intelligence

obtained by quantitative and qualitative

analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial,

wavelength, time dependence, modulation,

plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived from

specific technical sensors for the purpose

of identifying any distinctive features

associated with the target, source, emitter,

or sender measurement of the same. The

detected feature may be either reflected or

emitted. Also called MASINT. See also

intelligence; scientific and technical

intelligence. (JP 2-01.3)

measurement ton — The unit of volumetric

measurement of equipment associated with

surface-delivered cargo. Measurement tons

equal total cubic feet divided by 40

(1MTON = 40 cubic feet). Also called

M/T, MT, MTON.

measures of effectiveness — Tools used to

measure results achieved in the overall

mission and execution of assigned tasks.

Measures of effectiveness are a prerequisite

to the performance of combat assessment.
271

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Also called MOEs. See also combat

assessment; mission. (JP 3-60)

mechanical sweep — (*) In naval mine

warfare, any sweep used with the object of

physically contacting the mine or its

appendages.

median incapacitating dose — (*) The

amount or quantity of chemical agent which

when introduced into the body will

incapacitate 50 percent of exposed,

unprotected personnel.

media pool — A limited number of news

media who represent a larger number of

news media organizations for purposes of

news gathering and sharing of material

during a specified activity. Pooling is

typically used when news media support

resources cannot accommodate a large

number of journalists. The Department of

Defense National Media Pool is available

for coverage of the earliest stages of a

contingency. Additionally, the combatant

commanders may also find it necessary to

form limited local pools to report on specific

missions. See also news media

representative; public affairs. (JP 3-61)

medical evacuees — Personnel who are

wounded, injured, or ill and must be moved

to or between medical facilities.

medical intelligence — That category of

intelligence resulting from collection,

evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of

foreign medical, bio-scientific, and

environmental information that is of interest

to strategic planning and to military medical

planning and operations for the

conservation of the fighting strength of

friendly forces and the formation of

assessments of foreign medical capabilities

in both military and civilian sectors. Also

called MEDINT. See also intelligence.

(JP 2-02)

medical officer — (*) Physician with officer

rank. Also called MO.

medical regulating — The actions and

coordination necessary to arrange for the

movement of patients through the levels of

care. This process matches patients with a

medical treatment facility that has the

necessary health service support capabilities

and available bed space. See also health

service support; medical treatment

facility. (JP 4-02)

medical surveillance — The ongoing,

systematic collection of health data essential

to the evaluation, planning, and

implementation of public health practice,

closely integrated with timely

dissemination of data as required by higher

authority. See also surveillance. (JP 4-02)

medical treatment facility — A facility

established for the purpose of furnishing

medical and/or dental care to eligible

individuals.

medium-angle loft bombing — Type of loft

bombing wherein weapon release occurs at

an angle between 35 and 75 degrees above

the horizontal.

medium artillery — See field artillery.

medium-lot storage — Generally defined as

a quantity of material that will require one

to three pallet stacks, stored to maximum

height. Thus, the term refers to relatively

small lots as distinguished from definitely

large or small lots. See also storage.

medium-range ballistic missile — A

ballistic missile with a range capability from

about 600 to 1,500 nautical miles.

medium-range bomber aircraft — A

bomber designed for a tactical operating
272 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

radius of under 1,000 nautical miles at

design gross weight and design bomb load.

medium-range transport aircraft — See

transport aircraft.

medium-scale map — A map having a scale

larger than 1:600,000 and smaller than

1:75,000. See also map.

meeting engagement — (*) A combat action

that occurs when a moving force,

incompletely deployed for battle, engages

an enemy at an unexpected time and place.

megaton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon,

the yield of which is measured in terms of

millions of tons of trinitrotoluene explosive

equivalents. See also kiloton weapon;

nominal weapon; subkiloton weapon.

merchant convoy — (*) A convoy consisting

primarily of merchant ships controlled by

the naval control of shipping organization.

merchant intelligence — In intelligence

handling, communication instructions for

reporting by merchant vessels of vital

intelligence sightings. Also called

MERINT.

merchant ship — (*) A vessel engaged in

mercantile trade except river craft, estuarial

craft, or craft which operate solely within

harbor limits.

merchant ship casualty report — A report

by message, or other means, of a casualty

to a merchant ship at sea or in port.

Merchant ship casualty reports are sent by

the escort force commander or other

appropriate authority to the operational

control authority in whose area the casualty

occurred.

merchant ship communications system —

(*) A worldwide system of communications

to and from merchant ships using the

peacetime commercial organization as a

basis but under operational control

authority, with the ability to employ the

broadcast mode to ships when the situation

makes radio silence necessary. Also called

mercomms system.

merchant ship control zone — (*) A defined

area of sea or ocean inside which it may be

necessary to offer guidance, control, and

protection to Allied shipping.

merchant ship reporting and control

message system — (*) A worldwide

message system for reporting the

movements of and information relating to

the control of merchant ships.

mercomms system — See merchant ship

communications system.

message — Any thought or idea expressed

briefly in a plain or secret language and

prepared in a form suitable for transmission

by any means of communication.

message center — See telecommunications

center.

message (telecommunications) — Record

information expressed in plain or encrypted

language and prepared in a format specified

for intended transmission by a

telecommunications system.

metadata — Information about information;

more specifically, information about the

meaning of other data. See also data;

information. (JP 2-03)

meteorological and oceanographic — A

term used to convey all meteorological

(weather) and oceanographic (physical

oceanography) factors as provided by

Service components. These factors include

the whole range of atmospheric and

oceanographic phenomena, from the subbottom of the earth’s oceans up to the space
273

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

environment (space weather). Also called

METOC. (JP 3-59)

Meteorological and Oceanographic

Forecast Center — The collective of

electronically connected, shore-based

meteorological and oceanographic

(METOC) production facilities that

includes centers such as Air Force Weather

Agency, Navy Fleet Numerical METOC

Center, 55th Space Weather Squadron,

Naval Oceanographic Office, Warfighting

Support Center, Air Force Combat

Climatology Center, Fleet Numerical

METOC Center Detachment, Asheville,

North Carolina, and the Air Force and Navy

theater and/or regional METOC production

activities. Also called MFC. See also

meteorological and oceanographic.

(JP 3-59)

meteorological data — Meteorological facts

pertaining to the atmosphere, such as wind,

temperature, air density, and other

phenomena that affect military operations.

meteorology — The study dealing with the

phenomena of the atmosphere including the

physics, chemistry, and dynamics extending

to the effects of the atmosphere on the

earth’s surface and the oceans. (JP 3-59)

microform — (*) A generic term for any

form, whether film, video tape, paper, or

other medium, containing miniaturized or

otherwise compressed images which cannot

be read without special display devices.

midcourse guidance — The guidance

applied to a missile between termination of

the boost phase and the start of the terminal

phase of flight.

midcourse phase — That portion of the

trajectory of a ballistic missile between the

boost phase and the reentry phase. See also

ballistic trajectory; boost phase; reentry

phase; terminal phase.

militarily significant fallout — Radioactive

contamination capable of inflicting

radiation doses on personnel which may

result in a reduction of their combat

effectiveness.

Military Affiliate Radio System — A

program conducted by the Departments of

the Army, Navy, and Air Force in which

amateur radio stations and operators

participate in and contribute to the mission

of providing auxiliary and emergency

communications on a local, national, or

international basis as an adjunct to normal

military communications. Also called

MARS.

military assistance advisory group — A

joint Service group, normally under the

military command of a commander of a

unified command and representing the

Secretary of Defense, which primarily

administers the US military assistance

planning and programming in the host

country. Also called MAAG.

Military Assistance Articles and Services

List — A Department of Defense

publication listing source, availability, and

price of items and services for use by the

unified commands and Military

Departments in preparing military

assistance plans and programs.

Military Assistance Program — That

portion of the US security assistance

authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act

of l961, as amended, which provides

defense articles and services to recipients

on a nonreimbursable (grant) basis. Also

called MAP.

Military Assistance Program training —

See international military education and

training.

military capability — The ability to achieve

a specified wartime objective (win a war
274 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

or battle, destroy a target set). It includes

four major components: force structure,

modernization, readiness, and

sustainability. a. force structure —

Numbers, size, and composition of the units

that comprise US defense forces; e.g.,

divisions, ships, air wings. b.

modernization — Technical sophistication

of forces, units, weapon systems, and

equipments. c. unit readiness — The

ability to provide capabilities required by

the combatant commanders to execute their

assigned missions. This is derived from the

ability of each unit to deliver the outputs

for which it was designed. d.

sustainability — The ability to maintain

the necessary level and duration of

operational activity to achieve military

objectives. Sustainability is a function of

providing for and maintaining those levels

of ready forces, materiel, and consumables

necessary to support military effort. See

also readiness.

military characteristics — Those

characteristics of equipment upon which

depends its ability to perform desired

military functions. Military characteristics

include physical and operational

characteristics but not technical

characteristics.

military civic action — The use of

preponderantly indigenous military forces

on projects useful to the local population at

all levels in such fields as education,

training, public works, agriculture,

transportation, communications, health,

sanitation, and others contributing to

economic and social development, which

would also serve to improve the standing

of the military forces with the population.

(US forces may at times advise or engage

in military civic actions in overseas areas.)

military construction — Any construction,

alteration, development, conversion, or

extension of any kind carried out with

respect to a military installation. Also called

MILCON. (JP 4-04)

military container moved via ocean —

Commercial or Government owned (or

leased) shipping containers that are moved

via ocean transportation without bogey

wheels attached, i.e., lifted on and off the

ship. Also called SEAVAN.

military convoy — (*) A land or maritime

convoy that is controlled and reported as a

military unit. A maritime convoy can

consist of any combination of merchant

ships, auxiliaries, or other military units.

military currency — (*) Currency prepared

by a power and declared by its military

commander to be legal tender for use by

civilian and/or military personnel as

prescribed in the areas occupied by its

forces. It should be of distinctive design to

distinguish it from the official currency of

the countries concerned, but may be

denominated in the monetary unit of either.

military damage assessment — An appraisal

of the effects of an attack on a nation’s

military forces to determine residual

military capability and to support planning

for recovery and reconstitution. See also

damage assessment.

military deception — Actions executed to

deliberately mislead adversary military

decision makers as to friendly military

capabilities, intentions, and operations,

thereby causing the adversary to take

specific actions (or inactions) that will

contribute to the accomplishment of the

friendly mission. The five categories of

military deception are as follows. a.

strategic military deception — Military

deception planned and executed by and in

support of senior military commanders to

result in adversary military policies and

actions that support the originator’s

strategic military objectives, policies, and
275

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

operations. b. operational military

deception — Military deception planned

and executed by and in support of

operational-level commanders to result in

adversary actions that are favorable to the

originator’s objectives and operations.

Operational military deception is planned

and conducted in a theater to support

campaigns and major operations. c.

tactical military deception — Military

deception planned and executed by and in

support of tactical commanders to result in

adversary actions that are favorable to the

originator’s objectives and operations.

Tactical military deception is planned and

conducted to support battles and

engagements. d. Service military

deception — Military deception planned

and executed by the Services that pertain

to Service support to joint operations.

Service military deception is designed to

protect and enhance the combat capabilities

of Service forces and systems. e. military

deception in support of operations

security (OPSEC) — Military deception

planned and executed by and in support of

all levels of command to support the

prevention of the inadvertent compromise

of sensitive or classified activities,

capabilities, or intentions. Deceptive

OPSEC measures are designed to distract

foreign intelligence away from, or provide

cover for, military operations and activities.

See also deception. (JP 3-58)

Military Department — One of the

departments within the Department of

Defense created by the National Security

Act of 1947, as amended. Also called

MILDEP. See also Department of the

Air Force; Department of the Army;

Department of the Navy.

military designed vehicle — A vehicle

having military characteristics resulting

from military research and development

processes, designed primarily for use by

forces in the field in direct connection with,

or support of, combat or tactical operations.

military education — The systematic

instruction of individuals in subjects that

will enhance their knowledge of the science

and art of war. See also military training.

military geographic documentation —

Military geographic information that has

been evaluated, processed, summarized,

and published.

military geographic information —

Information concerning physical aspects,

resources, and artificial features of the

terrain that is necessary for planning and

operations.

military geography — The specialized field

of geography dealing with natural and

manmade physical features that may affect

the planning and conduct of military

operations.

military government — See civil affairs.

military government ordinance — An

enactment on the authority of a military

governor promulgating laws or rules

regulating the occupied territory under such

control.

military governor — (*) The military

commander or other designated person

who, in an occupied territory, exercises

supreme authority over the civil population

subject to the laws and usages of war and

to any directive received from the

commander’s government or superior.

military grid — (*) Two sets of parallel lines

intersecting at right angles and forming

squares; the grid is superimposed on maps,

charts, and other similar representations of

the surface of the Earth in an accurate and

consistent manner to permit identification
276 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of ground locations with respect to other

locations and the computation of direction

and distance to other points. See also

military grid reference system.

military grid reference system — (*) A

system which uses a standard-scaled grid

square, based on a point of origin on a map

projection of the surface of the Earth in an

accurate and consistent manner to permit

either position referencing or the

computation of direction and distance

between grid positions. Also called

MGRS. See also military grid.

military independent — (*) A merchant

ship or auxiliary sailed singly but controlled

and reported as a military unit. See also

independent.

military installation — A base, camp, post,

station, yard, center, or other activity under

the jurisdiction of the Secretary of a Military

Department or, in the case of an activity in

a foreign country, under the operational

control of the Secretary of a Military

Department or the Secretary of Defense.

See also base; station. (JP 4-04)

military intelligence — Intelligence on any

foreign military or military-related situation

or activity which is significant to military

policymaking or the planning and conduct

of military operations and activities. Also

called MI.

Military Intelligence Board — A

decisionmaking forum which formulates

Defense intelligence policy and

programming priorities. The Military

Intelligence Board, chaired by the Director,

Defense Intelligence Agency, who is dualhatted as Director of Military Intelligence,

consists of senior military and civilian

intelligence officials of each Service, US

Coast Guard, each Combat Support

Agency, the Joint Staff/J-2/J-6, Deputy

Assistant Secretary of Defense

(Intelligence), Intelligence Program

Support Group, DIA’s Directorates for

Intelligence Production, Intelligence

Operations, and Information and Services,

and the combatant command J-2s. Also

called MIB. See also intelligence;

military intelligence. (JP 2-0)

Military Intelligence Integrated Data

System/Integrated Database — An

architecture for improving the manner in

which military intelligence is analyzed,

stored, and disseminated. The Integrated

Database (IDB) forms the core automated

database for the Military Intelligence

Integrated Data System (MIIDS) program

and integrates the data in the installation,

order of battle, equipment, and selected

electronic warfare and command, control,

and communications files. The IDB is the

national-level repository for the general

military intelligence information available

to the entire Department of Defense

Intelligence Information System

community and maintained by DIA and the

commands. The IDB is kept synchronized

by system transactions to disseminate

updates. Also called MIIDS/IDB. See also

architecture; military intelligence.

(JP 2-01)

military intervention — The deliberate act

of a nation or a group of nations to introduce

its military forces into the course of an

existing controversy.

military journalist — A US Service member

or Department of Defense civilian

employee providing photographic, print,

radio, or television command information

for military internal audiences. See also

command information. (JP 3-61)

military land transportation resources —

All military-owned transportation

resources, designated for common-user,

over the ground, point-to-point use.
277

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

military load classification — (*) A standard

system in which a route, bridge, or raft is

assigned class number(s) representing the

load it can carry. Vehicles are also assigned

number(s) indicating the minimum class of

route, bridge, or raft they are authorized to

use. See also route classification.

military necessity — (*) The principle

whereby a belligerent has the right to apply

any measures which are required to bring

about the successful conclusion of a military

operation and which are not forbidden by

the laws of war.

military nuclear power — (*) A nation

which has nuclear weapons and the

capability for their employment.

military objective — A derived set of

military actions to be taken to implement

National Command Authorities guidance

in support of national objectives. A military

objective defines the results to be achieved

by the military and assign tasks to

commanders. See also national objectives.

military occupation — A condition in which

territory is under the effective control of a

foreign armed force. See also occupied

territory; phases of military government.

military operations other than war —

Operations that encompass the use of

military capabilities across the range of

military operations short of war. These

military actions can be applied to

complement any combination of the other

instruments of national power and occur

before, during, and after war. Also called

MOOTW. (JP 3-07)

military options — A range of military force

responses that can be projected to

accomplish assigned tasks. Options include

one or a combination of the following: civic

action, humanitarian assistance, civil affairs,

and other military activities to develop

positive relationships with other countries;

confidence building and other measures to

reduce military tensions; military presence;

activities to convey threats to adversaries

as well as truth projections; military

deceptions and psychological operations;

quarantines, blockades, and harassment

operations; raids; intervention operations;

armed conflict involving air, land, maritime,

and strategic warfare operations; support

for law enforcement authorities to counter

international criminal activities (terrorism,

narcotics trafficking, slavery, and piracy);

support for law enforcement authorities to

suppress domestic rebellion; and support

for insurgency, counterinsurgency, and civil

war in foreign countries. See also civil

affairs; foreign humanitarian assistance;

military civic action. (JP 5-01.3)

military ordinary mail — A special military

airlift service for ordinary official mail

being sent to, from, or between overseas

areas. Also called MOM.

military payment certificate — An

instrument (scrip) denominated in US

dollars that is used as the official medium

of exchange in US military operations

designated as military payment certificate

areas. Also called MPC. (JP 1-06)

military performance specification

container — A container that meets

specific written standards. Aviation and

Troop Command, US Army, procures

military performance specification

containers for the Army and will perform

like services for other Department of

Defense components on request. Also

called MILSPEC container. (JP 4-01.7)

military post office — A branch of a

designated US-based post office such as

New York, San Francisco, Miami, or

Seattle established by US Postal Service

authority and operated by one of the

Military Services. The term includes Army,
278 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and

established Coast Guard post offices Also

called MPO.

military postal clerk — A person of the US

Armed Forces officially designated to

perform postal duties.

Military Postal Service — The command,

organization, personnel, and facilities

established to provide, through military post

offices, a means for the transmission of mail

to and from the Department of Defense,

members of the US Armed Forces, and

other authorized agencies and individuals.

Also called MPS.

Military Postal Service Agency — The

single manager operating agency

established to manage the Military Postal

Service. Also called MPSA.

military posture — The military disposition,

strength, and condition of readiness as it

affects capabilities.

military requirement — (*) An established

need justifying the timely allocation of

resources to achieve a capability to

accomplish approved military objectives,

missions, or tasks. Also called operational

requirement. See also objective force

level.

military resources — Military and civilian

personnel, facilities, equipment, and

supplies under the control of a Department

of Defense component.

Military Sealift Command — A major

command of the US Navy, and the US

Transportation Command’s component

command responsible for designated

common-user sealift transportation services

to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy US

forces on a global basis. Also called MSC.

See also transportation component

command.

Military Sealift Command-controlled ships

— Those ships assigned by the Military

Sealift Command (MSC) for a specific

operation. They may be MSC nucleus fleet

ships, contract-operated MSC ships, MSCcontrolled time or voyage-chartered

commercial ships, or MSC-controlled ships

allocated by the Maritime Administration

to MSC to carry out Department of Defense

objectives. (JP 3-02)

Military Sealift Command force — The

Military Sealift Command (MSC) force

common-user sealift consists of three

subsets: the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force,

common-user ocean transportation, and the

special mission support force. These ship

classes include government-owned ships

(normally civilian manned) and ships

acquired by MSC charter or allocated from

other government agencies. See also

common-user sealift; Military Sealift

Command. (JP 4-01.6)

Military Service — A branch of the Armed

Forces of the United States, established by

act of Congress, in which persons are

appointed, enlisted, or inducted for military

service, and which operates and is

administered within a military or executive

department. The Military Services are: the

United States Army, the United States Navy,

the United States Air Force, the United

States Marine Corps, and the United States

Coast Guard.

military standard requisitioning and issue

procedure — A uniform procedure

established by the Department of Defense

for use within the Department of Defense

to govern requisition and issue of materiel

within standardized priorities. Also called

MILSTRIP.

military standard transportation and

movement procedures — Uniform and

standard transportation data,

documentation, and control procedures
279

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

applicable to all cargo movements in the

Department of Defense transportation

system. Also called MILSTAMP.

military strategy — The art and science of

employing the armed forces of a nation to

secure the objectives of national policy by

the application of force or the threat of force.

See also strategy.

military symbol — (*) A graphic sign used,

usually on map, display or diagram, to

represent a particular military unit,

installation, activity, or other item of

military interest.

military technician — A Federal civilian

employee providing full-time support to a

National Guard, Reserve, or Active

Component organization for administration,

training, and maintenance of the Selected

Reserve. Also called MILTECH.

(JP 1-03.17)

military traffic — Department of Defense

personnel, mail, and cargo to be, or being,

transported.

Military Traffic Management Command

— A major command of the US Army, and

the US Transportation Command’s

component command responsible for

designated continental United States land

transportation as well as common-user

water terminal and traffic management

service to deploy, employ, sustain, and

redeploy US forces on a global basis. Also

called MTMC. See also transportation

component command.

military training — 1. The instruction of

personnel to enhance their capacity to

perform specific military functions and

tasks. 2. The exercise of one or more

military units conducted to enhance their

combat readiness. See also military

education.

military van (container) — Military-owned,

demountable container, conforming to US

and international standards, operated in a

centrally controlled fleet for movement of

military cargo. Also called MILVAN.

MILSPEC container — See military

performance specification containers.

(JP 4-01.7)

MILVAN — See military van (container).

MILVAN chassis — The compatible chassis

to which the military van (container) is

attached by coupling the lower four

standard corner fittings of the container to

compatible mounting blocks in the chassis

to permit road movement.

mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare, an

explosive or material, normally encased,

designed to destroy or damage ground

vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to

wound, kill, or otherwise incapacitate

personnel. It may be detonated by the action

of its victim, by the passage of time, or by

controlled means. 2. In naval mine warfare,

an explosive device laid in the water with

the intention of damaging or sinking ships

or of deterring shipping from entering an

area. The term does not include devices

attached to the bottoms of ships or to harbor

installations by personnel operating

underwater, nor does it include devices

which explode immediately on expiration

of a predetermined time after laying. See

also land mine warfare; mine warfare.

(JP 3-15)

mineable waters — (*) Waters where naval

mines of any given type may be effective

against any given target.

mine clearance — (*) The process of

removing all mines from a route or area.
280 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

mine-cluster — A number of mines (not to

exceed five) laid within a two-meter

semicircle of the central mine.

mine countermeasures — All methods for

preventing or reducing damage or danger

from mines. Also called MCM. (JP 3-15)

mined area — (*) An area declared

dangerous due to the presence or suspected

presence of mines.

mine defense — (*) The defense of a

position, area, etc., by land or underwater

mines. A mine defense system includes the

personnel and equipment needed to plant,

operate, maintain, and protect the

minefields that are laid.

mine disposal — The operation by suitably

qualified personnel designed to render safe,

neutralize, recover, remove, or destroy

mines.

minefield — 1. In land warfare, an area of

ground containing mines emplaced with or

without a pattern. 2. In naval warfare, an

area of water containing mines laid with or

without a pattern. See also land mine

warfare; mine; mine warfare. (JP 3-15)

minefield breaching — (*) In land mine

warfare, the process of clearing a lane

through a minefield under tactical

conditions. See also minefield lane.

minefield density — In land mine warfare,

the average number of mines per meter of

minefield front, or the average number of

mines per square meter of minefield. In

naval warfare, the average number of mines

per nautical mile.

minefield lane — A marked lane, unmined,

or cleared of mines, leading through a

minefield.

minefield marking — Visible marking of all

points required in laying a minefield and

indicating the extent of such minefields.

minefield record — (*) A complete written

record of all pertinent information

concerning a minefield, submitted on a

standard form by the officer in charge of

the laying operations.

minefield report — An oral, electronic, or

written communication concerning mining

activities (friendly or enemy) submitted in

a standard format by the fastest secure

means available. (JP 3-15)

minehunting — Employment of sensor and

neutralization systems, whether air, surface,

or subsurface, to locate and dispose of

individual mines. Minehunting is

conducted to eliminate mines in a known

field when sweeping is not feasible or

desirable, or to verify the presence or

absence of mines in a given area. See also

minesweeping. (JP 3-15)

mine row — (*) A single row of mines or

clusters of mines. See also mine strip.

mine spotting — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the process of visually observing a mine or

minefield.

mine strip — (*) In land mine warfare, two

parallel mine rows laid simultaneously six

meters or six paces apart. See also mine

row.

minesweeping — The technique of clearing

mines using either mechanical, explosive,

or influence sweep equipment. Mechanical

sweeping removes, disturbs, or otherwise

neutralizes the mine; explosive sweeping

causes sympathetic detonations in,

damages, or displaces the mine; and

influence sweeping produces either the
281

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

acoustic and/or magnetic influence required

to detonate the mine. See also

minehunting. (JP 3-15)

mine warfare — The strategic, operational,

and tactical use of mines and mine

countermeasures. Mine warfare is divided

into two basic subdivisions: the laying of

mines to degrade the enemy’s capabilities

to wage land, air, and maritime warfare; and

the countering of enemy-laid mines to

permit friendly maneuver or use of selected

land or sea areas. Also called MIW. (JP 3-15)

mine warfare chart — (*) A special naval

chart, at a scale of 1:50,000 or larger

(preferably 1:25,000 or larger) designed for

planning and executing mine warfare

operations, either based on an existing

standard nautical chart, or produced to

special specifications.

mine warfare forces (naval) — Navy forces

charged with the strategic, operational, and

tactical use of naval mines and their

countermeasures. Such forces are capable

of offensive and defensive measures in

connection with laying and clearing mines.

mine warfare group — (*) A task

organization of mine warfare units for the

conduct of minelaying and/or mine

countermeasures in maritime operations.

minewatching — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the mine countermeasures procedure to

detect, record and, if possible, track

potential minelayers and to detect, find the

position of, and/or identify mines during

the actual minelaying.

mine weapons — (*) The collective term

for all weapons which may be used in mine

warfare.

minimize — A condition wherein normal

message and telephone traffic is drastically

reduced in order that messages connected

with an actual or simulated emergency shall

not be delayed.

minimum aircraft operating surface — (*)

The minimum surface on an airfield which

is essential for the movement of aircraft. It

includes the aircraft dispersal areas, the

minimum operating strip, and the taxiways

between them. See also minimum

operating strip.

minimum attack altitude — The lowest

altitude determined by the tactical use of

weapons, terrain consideration, and

weapons effects that permits the safe

conduct of an air attack and/or minimizes

effective enemy counteraction.

minimum crossing altitude — The lowest

altitude at certain radio fixes at which an

aircraft must cross when proceeding in the

direction of a higher minimum en route

instrument flight rules altitude.

minimum essential equipment — That part

of authorized allowances of Army

equipment, clothing, and supplies needed

to preserve the integrity of a unit during

movement without regard to the

performance of its combat or service

mission. Items common within this

category will normally be carried by or

accompany troops to the port and will be

placed aboard the same ships with the

troops. As used in movement directives,

minimum essential equipment refers to

specific items of both organizational and

individual clothing and equipment.

minimum force — Those minimum actions,

including the use of armed force, sufficient

to bring a situation under control or to

defend against hostile act or hostile intent.

All actions must cease as soon as the target

complies with instructions or ceases hostile

action. The firing of weapons is to be

considered as a means of last resort.
282 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

minimum nuclear safe distance — (*) The

sum of the radius of safety and the buffer

distance.

minimum nuclear warning time — (*) The

sum of system reaction time and personnel

reaction time.

minimum obstruction clearance altitude —

The specified altitude in effect between

radio fixes on very high frequency

omnirange airways, off-airway routes, or

route segments, which meets obstruction

clearance requirements for the entire route

segment, and that assures acceptable

navigational signal coverage only within 22

miles of a very high frequency omnirange.

minimum operating strip — (*) A runway

which meets the minimum requirements for

operating assigned and/or allocated aircraft

types on a particular airfield at maximum

or combat gross weight. See also

minimum aircraft operating surface.

minimum range — 1. Least range setting of

a gun at which the projectile will clear an

obstacle or friendly troops between the gun

and the target. 2. Shortest distance to which

a gun can fire from a given position. 3. The

range at which a projectile or fuse will be

armed.

minimum reception altitude — The lowest

altitude required to receive adequate signals

to determine specific very high frequency

omnirange and tactical air navigation fixes.

minimum residual radioactivity weapon —

(*) A nuclear weapon designed to have

optimum reduction of unwanted effects

from fallout, rainout, and burst site

radioactivity. See also salted weapon.

minimum-risk level — A specific altitude

or altitude block that allows homebound

aircraft to return in a homebound direction

without lateral restrictions. Also called

MRL. (JP 3-52)

minimum-risk route — A temporary

corridor of defined dimensions

recommended for use by high-speed,

fixed-wing aircraft that presents the

minimum known hazards to low-flying

aircraft transiting the combat zone. Also

called MRR. (JP 3-52)

minimum safe altitude — (*) The altitude

below which it is hazardous to fly owing to

presence of high ground or other obstacles.

minor control — See photogrammetric

control.

minor installation — In the Air Force, a

facility operated by an Active, Reserve, or

Guard unit of at least squadron size that does

not otherwise satisfy all the criteria for a

major installation. This category includes

Air Force stations; air stations; Air Reserve

stations; and Air Guard stations. Examples

of minor installations are Active, Reserve,

or Guard flying operations that are located

at civilian-owned airports. See also

installation complex.

minor port — (*) A port having facilities

for the discharge of cargo from coasters or

lighters only.

misfire — (*) 1. Failure to fire or explode

properly. 2. Failure of a primer or the

propelling charge of a round or projectile

to function wholly or in part.

missed approach — (*) An approach which

is not completed by landing.

missile assembly-checkout facility — A

building, van, or other type structure located

near the operational missile launching

location and designed for the final assembly

and checkout of the missile system.
283

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

missile control system — (*) A system that

serves to maintain attitude stability and to

correct deflections. See also missile

guidance system.

missile destruct — (*) Intentional

destruction of a missile or similar vehicle

for safety or other reasons.

missile destruct system — (*) A system

which, when operated by external

command or preset internal means, destroys

the missile or similar vehicle.

missile guidance system — (*) A system

which evaluates flight information,

correlates it with target data, determines the

desired flight path of a missile, and

communicates the necessary commands to

the missile flight control system. See also

missile control system.

missile release line — The line at which an

attacking aircraft could launch an

air-to-surface missile against a specific

target.

missing — A casualty status for which the

United States Code provides statutory

guidance concerning missing members of

the Military Services. Excluded are

personnel who are in an absent without

leave, deserter, or dropped-from-rolls

status. A person declared missing is

categorized as follows. a. beleaguered —

The casualty is a member of an organized

element that has been surrounded by a

hostile force to prevent escape of its

members. b. besieged — The casualty is a

member of an organized element that has

been surrounded by a hostile force,

compelling it to surrender. c. captured —

The casualty has been seized as the result

of action of an unfriendly military or

paramilitary force in a foreign country. d.

detained — The casualty is prevented from

proceeding or is restrained in custody for

alleged violation of international law or

other reason claimed by the government or

group under which the person is being held.

e. interned — The casualty is definitely

known to have been taken into custody of

a nonbelligerent foreign power as the result

of and for reasons arising out of any armed

conflict in which the Armed Forces of the

United States are engaged. f. missing —

The casualty is not present at his or her duty

location due to apparent involuntary

reasons and whose location is unknown. g.

missing in action — The casualty is a

hostile casualty, other than the victim of a

terrorist activity, who is not present at his

or her duty location due to apparent

involuntary reasons and whose location is

unknown. Also called MIA. See also

casualty category; casualty status.

missing in action — See missing.

mission — 1. The task, together with the

purpose, that clearly indicates the action to

be taken and the reason therefore. 2. In

common usage, especially when applied to

lower military units, a duty assigned to an

individual or unit; a task. 3. The

dispatching of one or more aircraft to

accomplish one particular task.

mission-capable — Material condition of an

aircraft indicating it can perform at least one

and potentially all of its designated

missions. Mission-capable is further

defined as the sum of full mission-capable

and partial mission-capable. Also called

MC. See also full mission-capable;

partial mission-capable; partial missioncapable, maintenance; partial missioncapable, supply.

mission cycle — The mission cycle, as it

pertains to targeting, is a decisionmaking

process used by commanders to employ

forces. Within the cycle there are six

general mission steps: detection, location,

identification, decision, execution, and

assessment. (JP 3-55)
284 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

mission-essential materiel — 1. That

materiel authorized and available to combat,

combat support, combat service support,

and combat readiness training forces in

order to accomplish their assigned missions.

2. For the purpose of sizing organic

industrial facilities, that Service-designated

materiel authorized to combat, combat

support, combat service support, and

combat readiness training forces and

activities, including Reserve and National

Guard activities, that is required to support

approved emergency and/or war plans, and

where the materiel is used to: a. destroy

the enemy or the enemy’s capacity to

continue war; b. provide battlefield

protection of personnel; c. communicate

under war conditions; d. detect, locate, or

maintain surveillance over the enemy; e.

provide combat transportation and support

of men and materiel; and f. support training

functions. Mission-essential materiel

should also be suitable for employment

under emergency plans to meet the purposes

enumerated above.

mission needs statement — A formatted

non-system-specific statement containing

operational capability needs and written in

broad operational terms. It describes

required operational capabilities and

constraints to be studied during the Concept

Exploration and Definition Phase of the

Requirements Generation Process. Also

called MNS.

mission-oriented items — Items for which

requirements computations are based upon

the assessment of enemy capabilities

expressed as a known or estimated quantity

of total targets to be destroyed. See also

combination mission/level of

effort-oriented items; level of

effort-oriented items.

mission-oriented protective posture — A

flexible system of protection against

nuclear, biological, and chemical

contamination. This posture requires

personnel to wear only that protective

clothing and equipment (mission-oriented

protective posture gear) appropriate to the

threat level, work rate imposed by the

mission, temperature, and humidity. Also

called MOPP. See also mission-oriented

protective posture gear. (JP 3-11)

mission-oriented protective posture gear —

Military term for individual protective

equipment including suit, boots, gloves,

mask with hood, first aid treatments, and

decontamination kits issued to soldiers.

Also called MOPP gear. See also

decontamination; mission-oriented

protective posture. (JP 3-11)

mission review report (photographic

interpretation) — An intelligence report

containing information on all targets

covered by one photographic sortie.

mission specific data sets — Further

densification of global geospatial

foundation data. Information created to

support specific operations, operation plans,

training, or system development.

Information conforms to established

Department of Defense data specifications.

Also called MSDS. See also geospatial

information and services. (JP 2-03)

mission type order — 1. Order issued to a

lower unit that includes the accomplishment

of the total mission assigned to the higher

headquarters. 2. Order to a unit to perform

a mission without specifying how it is to

be accomplished.

mixed — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire

support, a spotting, or an observation, by a

spotter or an observer to indicate that the

rounds fired resulted in an equal number of

air and impact bursts.

mixed bag — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

collection of mines of various types, firing
285

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

systems, sensitivities, arming delays and

ship counter settings.

mixed minefield — (*) A minefield

containing both antitank and antipersonnel

mines. See also minefield.

mobile defense — Defense of an area or

position in which maneuver is used with

organization of fire and utilization of terrain

to seize the initiative from the enemy.

mobile inshore undersea warfare unit —

A Navy surveillance unit that provides

seaward security to joint logistics over-theshore operations from either a port or harbor

complex or unimproved beach sites. The

mobile inshore undersea warfare unit is

equipped with mobile radar, sonar, and

communications equipment located within

a mobile van. Also called MIUWU. See

also joint logistics over-the-shore

operations. (JP 4-01.6)

mobile mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

mine designed to be propelled to its

proposed laying position by propulsion

equipment like a torpedo. It sinks at the

end of its run and then operates like a mine.

See also mine.

mobile support group (naval) — Provides

logistic support to ships at an anchorage;

in effect a naval base afloat, although certain

of its supporting elements may be located

ashore.

mobile training team — A team consisting

of one or more US military or civilian

personnel sent on temporary duty, often to

a foreign nation, to give instruction. The

mission of the team is to train indigenous

personnel to operate, maintain, and employ

weapons and support systems, or to develop

a self-training capability in a particular skill.

The National Command Authorities may

direct a team to train either military or

civilian indigenous personnel, depending

upon host-nation requests. Also called

MTT. (JP 3-05)

mobility — (*) A quality or capability of

military forces which permits them to move

from place to place while retaining the

ability to fulfill their primary mission.

Mobility Air Forces — The Mobility Air

Forces are comprised of those air

components and Service components that

are assigned air mobility forces and/or that

routinely exercise command authority over

their operations. Also called MAF.

mobility analysis — An in-depth

examination of all aspects of transportation

planning in support of operation plan and

operation order development.

mobility corridor — Areas where a force will

be canalized due to terrain restrictions.

They allow military forces to capitalize on

the principles of mass and speed and are

therefore relatively free of obstacles.

(JP 2-01.3)

mobility echelon — A subordinate element

of a unit that is scheduled for deployment

separately from the parent unit.

mobility system support resources — Those

resources that are required to: a.

complement the airlift and sealift forces;

and/or b. perform those work functions

directly related to the origination,

processing, or termination of a movement

requirement.

mobilization — 1. The act of assembling

and organizing national resources to support

national objectives in time of war or other

emergencies. See also industrial

mobilization. 2. The process by which

the Armed Forces or part of them are

brought to a state of readiness for war or

other national emergency. This includes

activating all or part of the Reserve
286 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Components as well as assembling and

organizing personnel, supplies, and

materiel. Mobilization of the Armed Forces

includes but is not limited to the following

categories. a. selective mobilization —

Expansion of the active Armed Forces

resulting from action by Congress and/or

the President to mobilize Reserve

Component units, Individual Ready

Reservists, and the resources needed for

their support to meet the requirements of a

domestic emergency that is not the result

of an enemy attack. b. partial

mobilization — Expansion of the active

Armed Forces resulting from action by

Congress (up to full mobilization) or by the

President (not more than 1,000,000 for not

more than 24 consecutive months) to

mobilize Ready Reserve Component units,

individual reservists, and the resources

needed for their support to meet the

requirements of a war or other national

emergency involving an external threat to

the national security. c. full mobilization

— Expansion of the active Armed Forces

resulting from action by Congress and the

President to mobilize all Reserve

Component units in the existing approved

force structure, as well as all individual

reservists, retired military personnel, and

the resources needed for their support to

meet the requirements of a war or other

national emergency involving an external

threat to the national security. Reserve

personnel can be placed on active duty for

the duration of the emergency plus six

months. d. total mobilization —

Expansion of the active Armed Forces

resulting from action by Congress and the

President to organize and/or generate

additional units or personnel beyond the

existing force structure, and the resources

needed for their support, to meet the total

requirements of a war or other national

emergency involving an external threat to

the national security. Also called MOB.

(JP 4-05)

mobilization base — The total of all

resources available, or that can be made

available, to meet foreseeable wartime

needs. Such resources include the

manpower and materiel resources and

services required for the support of essential

military, civilian, and survival activities, as

well as the elements affecting their state of

readiness, such as (but not limited to) the

following: manning levels, state of training,

modernization of equipment, mobilization

materiel reserves and facilities, continuity

of government, civil defense plans and

preparedness measures, psychological

preparedness of the people, international

agreements, planning with industry,

dispersion, and standby legislation and

controls.

mobilization exercise — An exercise

involving, either completely or in part, the

implementation of mobilization plans.

mobilization reserves — Not to be used. See

war reserves.

mobilization site — The designated location

where a Reserve Component unit or

individual mobilizes or moves after

mobilization for further processing,

training, and employment. This differs

from a mobilization station in that it is not

necessarily a military installation. See also

mobilization; mobilization station;

Reserve Components. (JP 4-05)

mobilization staff officer — The action

officer assigned the principle responsibility

or additional duties related to Reserve

Component mobilization actions. See also

mobilization; Reserve Components.

(JP 4-05.1)

mobilization station — The designated

military installation to which a Reserve

Component unit or individual is moved for

further processing, organizing, equipping,
287

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

training, and employment and from which

the unit or individual may move to an aerial

port of embarkation or seaport of

embarkation. See also mobilization;

mobilization site; Reserve Components.

(JP 4-05)

mock-up — (*) A model, built to scale, of a

machine, apparatus, or weapon, used in

studying the construction of, and in testing

a new development, or in teaching

personnel how to operate the actual

machine, apparatus, or weapon.

mode (identification, friend or foe) — The

number or letter referring to the specific

pulse spacing of the signals transmitted by

an interrogator or transponder.

mode of transport — The various modes

used for a movement. For each mode, there

are several means of transport. They are:

a. inland surface transportation (rail, road,

and inland waterway); b. sea transport

(coastal and ocean); c. air transportation;

and d. pipelines.

modernization — See military capability.

Modernized Integrated Database — The

national level repository for the general

military intelligence available to the entire

Department of Defense Intelligence

Information System community and,

through Global Command and Control

System integrated imagery and

intelligence, to tactical units. This data is

maintained and updated by the Defense

Intelligence Agency. Commands and

Services are delegated responsibility to

maintain their portion of the database. Also

called MIDB. See also database. (JP 3-51)

modified combined obstacle overlay — A

joint intelligence preparation of the

battlespace product used to portray the

effects of each battlespace dimension on

military operations. It normally depicts

militarily significant aspects of the

battlespace environment, such as obstacles

restricting military movement, key

geography, and military objectives. Also

called MCOO. See also joint intelligence

preparation of a battlespace. (JP 2-01.3)

moment — (*) In air transport, the weight

of a load multiplied by its distance from a

reference point in the aircraft.

monitoring — (*) 1. The act of listening,

carrying out surveillance on, and/or

recording the emissions of one’s own or

allied forces for the purposes of maintaining

and improving procedural standards and

security, or for reference, as applicable. 2.

The act of listening, carrying out

surveillance on, and/or recording of enemy

emissions for intelligence purposes. 3. The

act of detecting the presence of radiation

and the measurement thereof with radiation

measuring instruments. Also called

radiological monitoring.

monitoring service — The general

surveillance of known air traffic movements

by reference to a radar scope presentation

or other means, for the purpose of passing

advisory information concerning

conflicting traffic or providing navigational

assistance. Direct supervision or control is

not exercised, nor is positive separation

provided.

moored — Lying with both anchors down or

tied to a pier, anchor buoy, or mooring buoy.

(JP 4-01.6)

moored mine — (*) A contact or

influence-operated mine of positive

buoyancy held below the surface by a

mooring attached to a sinker or anchor on

the bottom. See also mine.

mopping up — (*) The liquidation of

remnants of enemy resistance in an area that

has been surrounded or isolated, or through
288 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

which other units have passed without

eliminating all active resistance.

mortar — A muzzle-loading, indirect fire

weapon with either a rifled or smooth bore.

It usually has a shorter range than a

howitzer, employs a higher angle of fire,

and has a tube with a length of 10 to 20

calibers. See also gun; howitzer.

mortuary affairs — Covers the search for,

recovery, identification, preparation, and

disposition of remains of persons for whom

the Services are responsible by status and

Executive Order. See also joint mortuary

affairs office. (JP 4-06)

mosaic — (*) An assembly of overlapping

photographs that have been matched to

form a continuous photographic

representation of a portion of the surface

of the Earth. See also controlled mosaic;

semi-controlled mosaic.

most capable Service or agency — The

organization that is best suited to provide

common supply commodity or logistic

service support within a specific joint

operation. In this context, “best suited”

could mean the Service or agency that has

required or readily available resources and/

or expertise. The most capable Service may

or may not be the dominant user in any

particular operation. See also agency.

(JP 4-07)

motorized unit — (*) A unit equipped with

complete motor transportation that enables

all of its personnel, weapons, and

equipment to be moved at the same time

without assistance from other sources.

mounting — (*) 1. All preparations made

in areas designated for the purpose, in

anticipation of an operation. It includes the

assembly in the mounting area, preparation

and maintenance within the mounting area,

movement to loading points, and

subsequent embarkation into ships, craft,

or aircraft if applicable. 2. (DOD only) A

carriage or stand upon which a weapon is

placed.

mounting area — A general locality where

assigned forces of an amphibious or

airborne operation, with their equipment,

are assembled, prepared, and loaded in

shipping and/or aircraft preparatory to an

assault. See also embarkation area.

movement control — 1. The planning,

routing, scheduling, and control of

personnel and cargo movements over lines

of communications. 2. An organization

responsible for the planning, routing,

scheduling, and control of personnel and

cargo movements over lines of

communications. Also called movement

control center or MCC. See also line of

communications; non-unit-related

cargo; non-unit-related personnel.

(JP 4-01.8)

movement control center — See movement

control.

movement control post — (*) The post

through which the control of movement is

exercised by the commander, depending on

operational requirements.

movement control team — Movement

control teams (MCTs) are Army units that

decentralize the execution of movement

responsibilities on an area basis or at key

transportation nodes. The mission of the

MCTs is movement control of personnel

and materiel as well as the coordination of

bulk fuel and water transportation at

pipeline and production take-off points. To

this end, the MCTs contribute to the

development of procedures, documents,

and practices to facilitate local movement.

Their role is to expedite, coordinate, and

monitor traffic moving through the

transportation system. MCTs are tailored
289

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

to meet the anticipated workload. Other

Service movement requirements that

exceed organic capability will be requested

through the Army MCTs. The movement

control center is the higher headquarters for

the MCTs and is located at Corps level.

Also called MCT. (JP 4-01.7)

movement credit — (*) The allocation

granted to one or more vehicles in order to

move over a controlled route in a fixed time

according to movement instructions.

movement directive — The basic document

published by the Department of the Army

or the Department of the Air Force (or

jointly) that authorizes a command to take

action to move a designated unit from one

location to another.

movement group — Those ships and

embarked units that load out and proceed

to rendezvous in the objective area. (JP 3-02.2)

movement order — An order issued by a

commander covering the details for a move

of the command.

movement phase — In amphibious

operations, the period during which various

elements of the amphibious force move

from points of embarkation to the

operational area. This move may be via

rehearsal, staging, or rendezvous areas. The

movement phase is completed when the

various elements of the amphibious force

arrive at their assigned positions in the

operational area. See also amphibious

force; amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

movement plan — In amphibious operations,

the naval plan providing for the movement

of the amphibious task force to the objective

area. It includes information and

instructions concerning departure of ships

from embarkation points, the passage at sea,

and the approach to and arrival in assigned

positions in the objective area. See also

amphibious operation; amphibious task

force. (JP 3-02)

movement report control center — The

controlling agency for the entire movement

report system. It has available all

information relative to the movements of

naval ships and other ships under naval

control.

movement report system — A system

established to collect and make available

to certain commands vital information on

the status, location, and movement of flag

commands, commissioned fleet units, and

ships under operational control of the Navy.

movement requirement — A stated

movement mode and time-phased need for

the transport of units, personnel, and/or

materiel from a specified origin to a

specified destination.

movement restriction — (*) A restriction

temporarily placed on traffic into and/or out

of areas to permit clearance of or prevention

of congestion.

movement schedule — A schedule

developed to monitor or track a separate

entity, whether it is a force requirement,

cargo or personnel increment, or lift asset.

The schedule reflects the assignment of

specific lift resources (such as an aircraft

or ship) that will be used to move the

personnel and cargo included in a specific

movement increment. Arrival and

departure times at ports of embarkation,

etc., are detailed to show a flow and

workload at each location. Movement

schedules are detailed enough to support

plan implementation.

movement table — (*) A table giving

detailed instructions or data for a move.

When necessary it will be qualified by the

words road, rail, sea, air, etc., to signify the
290 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

type of movement. Normally issued as an

annex to a movement order or instruction.

movement to contact — A form of the

offense designed to develop the situation

and to establish or regain contact. See also

meeting engagement; reconnaissance in

force.

moving havens — Restricted areas

established to provide a measure of security

to submarines and surface ships in transit

through areas in which the existing attack

restrictions would be inadequate to prevent

attack by friendly forces. See also moving

submarine haven; moving surface ship

haven.

moving map display — (*) A display in

which a symbol, representing the vehicle,

remains stationary while the map or chart

image moves beneath the symbol so that

the display simulates the horizontal

movement of the vehicle in which it is

installed. Occasionally the design of the

display is such that the map or chart image

remains stationary while the symbol moves

across a screen. See also projected map

display.

moving mine — (*) The collective

description of mines, such as drifting,

oscillating, creeping, mobile, rising,

homing, and bouquet mines.

moving submarine haven — An area

established by a submarine operating

authority to prevent mutual interference

among friendly submarines, or between

friendly submarines and ships operating

with towed bodies or arrays. See also

moving havens.

moving surface ship haven — Established

by surface ship notices, a moving surface

ship haven will normally be a circle with a

specified radius centered on the estimated

position of the ship or the guide of a group

of ships. See also moving havens.

moving target indicator — (*) A radar

presentation which shows only targets

which are in motion. Signals from

stationary targets are subtracted out of the

return signal by the output of a suitable

memory circuit.

multichannel — Pertaining to

communications, usually full duplex, on

more than one channel simultaneously.

Multichannel transmission may be

accomplished by either time-, frequency-,

code-, and phase-division multiplexing or

space diversity.

multi-modal — (*) In transport operations,

a term applied to the movement of

passengers and cargo by more than one

method of transport.

multinational — Between two or more forces

or agencies of two or more nations or

coalition partners. See also alliance;

coalition. (JP 5-0)

multinational doctrine — Fundamental

principles that guide the employment of

forces of two or more nations in coordinated

action toward a common objective. It is

ratified by participating nations. See also

doctrine; joint doctrine; multi-Service

doctrine.

multinational exercise — An exercise

containing one or more non-US

participating force(s). See also exercise.

multinational force — A force composed of

military elements of nations who have

formed an alliance or coalition for some

specific purpose. Also called MNF. See

also multinational force commander;

multinational operations. (JP 0-2)
291

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

multinational force commander — A

general term applied to a commander who

exercises command authority over a

military force composed of elements from

two or more nations. The extent of the

multinational force commander’s command

authority is determined by the participating

nations. Also called MNFC. See also

multinational force. (JP 3-16)

multinational joint special operations task

force — A task force composed of special

operations units from one or more foreign

countries and more than one US Military

Department formed to carry out a specific

special operation or prosecute special

operations in support of a theater campaign

or other operations. The multinational joint

special operations task force may have

conventional nonspecial operations units

assigned or attached to support the conduct

of specific missions. Also called MJSOTF.

See also joint special operations task

force; special operations; task force.

(JP 3-05)

multinational operations — A collective

term to describe military actions conducted

by forces of two or more nations, usually

undertaken within the structure of a

coalition or alliance. See also alliance;

coalition; coalition action. (JP 3-16)

multinational staff — A staff composed of

personnel of two or more nations within

the structure of a coalition or alliance. See

also integrated staff; joint staff; parallel

staff.

multinational warfare — Warfare conducted

by forces of two or more nations, usually

undertaken within the structure of a

coalition or alliance. (JP 3-05)

multiple drill — See multiple unit training

assemblies.

multiple inactive duty training periods —

Two scheduled inactive duty training

periods performed in one calendar day, each

at least four hours in duration. No more

than two inactive duty training periods may

be performed in one day.

multiple independently targetable reentry

vehicle — A reentry vehicle carried by a

delivery system that can place one or more

reentry vehicles over each of several

separate targets. See also maneuverable

reentry vehicle; multiple reentry vehicle;

reentry vehicle.

multiple reentry vehicle — The reentry

vehicle of a delivery system that places

more than one reentry vehicle over an

individual target. See also maneuverable

reentry vehicle; multiple independently

targetable reentry vehicle; reentry

vehicle.

multiple unit training assemblies — Two

or more unit training assemblies executed

during one or more consecutive days. No

more than two unit training assemblies may

be performed in one calendar day.

multiple warning phenomenology —

Deriving warning information from two or

more systems observing separate physical

phenomena associated with the same events

to attain high credibility while being less

susceptible to false reports or spoofing.

multiplexer — A device that combines

(multiplexes) multiple input signals

(information channels) into an aggregate

signal (common channel) for transmission.

multi-Service doctrine — Fundamental

principles that guide the employment of

forces of two or more Services in

coordinated action toward a common

objective. It is ratified by two or more
292 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Services, and is promulgated in

multi-Service publications that identify the

participating Services, e.g., Army-Navy

doctrine. See also joint doctrine; joint

tactics, techniques, and procedures;

multinational doctrine.

multi-spectral imagery — (*) The image of

an object obtained simultaneously in a

number of discrete spectral bands. Also

called MSI.

multi-spot ship — Those ships certified to

have three or more adjacent landing areas.

See also spot. (JP 3-04.1)

munition — (*) A complete device charged

with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics,

initiating composition, or nuclear,

biological, or chemical material for use in

military operations, including demolitions.

Certain suitably modified munitions can be

used for training, ceremonial, or

nonoperational purposes. Also called

ammunition. (Note: In common usage,

“munitions” [plural] can be military

weapons, ammunition, and equipment.)

See also explosive ordnance. (JP 3-11)

munitions effectiveness assessment —

Conducted concurrently and interactively

with battle damage assessment, the

assessment of the military force applied in

terms of the weapon system and munitions

effectiveness to determine and recommend

any required changes to the methodology,

tactics, weapon system, munitions, fusing,

and/or weapon delivery parameters to

increase force effectiveness. Munitions

effectiveness assessment is primarily the

responsibility of operations with required

inputs and coordination from the

intelligence community. Also called MEA.

See also assessment; battle damage

assessment; munition. (JP 3-60)

mutual support — (*) That support which

units render each other against an enemy,

because of their assigned tasks, their

position relative to each other and to the

enemy, and their inherent capabilities. See

also close support; direct support;

support.

muzzle brake — A device attached to the

muzzle of a weapon that utilizes escaping

gas to reduce recoil.

muzzle compensator — A device attached

to the muzzle of a weapon that utilizes

escaping gas to control muzzle movement.

muzzle velocity — The velocity of a projectile

with respect to the muzzle at the instant the

projectile leaves the weapon.
N

293

named area of interest — The geographical

area where information that will satisfy a

specific information requirement can be

collected. Named areas of interest are

usually selected to capture indications of

adversary courses of action, but also may

be related to conditions of the battlespace.

Also called NAI. See also area of interest.

(JP 2-01.3)

napalm — 1. Powdered aluminum soap or

similar compound used to gelatinize oil or

gasoline for use in napalm bombs or flame

throwers. 2. The resultant gelatinized

substance.

nap-of-the-earth flight — See terrain flight.

narco-terrorism — Terrorism conducted to

further the aims of drug traffickers. It may

include assassinations, extortion,

hijackings, bombings, and kidnappings

directed against judges, prosecutors, elected

officials, or law enforcement agents, and

general disruption of a legitimate

government to divert attention from drug

operations. (JP 3-07.4)

national censorship — The examination and

control under civil authority of

communications entering, leaving, or

transiting the borders of the United States,

its territories, or its possessions. See also

censorship.

National Command Authorities — The

President and the Secretary of Defense or

their duly deputized alternates or

successors. Also called NCA.

National Communications System — The

telecommunications system that results

from the technical and operational

integration of the separate

telecommunications systems of the several

executive branch departments and agencies

having a significant telecommunications

capability. Also called NCS.

national defense area — An area established

on non-Federal lands located within the

United States or its possessions or territories

for the purpose of safeguarding classified

defense information or protecting

Department of Defense (DOD) equipment

and/or materiel. Establishment of a national

defense area temporarily places such nonFederal lands under the effective control of

the Department of Defense and results only

from an emergency event. The senior DOD

representative at the scene will define the

boundary, mark it with a physical barrier,

and post warning signs. The landowner’s

consent and cooperation will be obtained

whenever possible; however, military

necessity will dictate the final decision

regarding location, shape, and size of the

national defense area. Also called NDA.

National Defense Reserve Fleet — 1.

Including the Ready Reserve Force, a fleet

composed of ships acquired and maintained

by the Maritime Administration (MARAD)

for use in mobilization or emergency. 2.

Less the Ready Reserve Force, a fleet

composed of the older dry cargo ships,

tankers, troop transports, and other assets

in MARAD’s custody that are maintained

at a relatively low level of readiness. They

are acquired by MARAD from commercial

ship operators under the provisions of the

Merchant Marine Act of 1936 and are

available only on mobilization or

congressional declaration of an emergency.

Because the ships are maintained in a state

of minimum preservation, activation

requires 30 to 90 days and extensive

shipyard work, for many. Also called

NDRF. See also Ready Reserve Force.

(JP 3-02.2)

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
294 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

national emergency — A condition declared

by the President or the Congress by virtue

of powers previously vested in them that

authorize certain emergency actions to be

undertaken in the national interest. Action

to be taken may include partial, full, or total

mobilization of national resources. See also

mobilization.

national information infrastructure — The

nationwide interconnection of

communications networks, computers,

databases, and consumer electronics that

make vast amounts of information available

to users. The national information

infrastructure encompasses a wide range of

equipment, including cameras, scanners,

keyboards, facsimile machines, computers,

switches, compact disks, video and audio

tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic

transmission lines, networks of all types,

televisions, monitors, printers, and much

more. The friendly and adversary personnel

who make decisions and handle the

transmitted information constitute a critical

component of the national information

infrastructure. Also called NII. See also

defense information infrastructure;

global information infrastructure;

information. (JP 3-13)

national infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure

provided and financed by a NATO member

in its own territory solely for its own forces

(including those forces assigned to or

designated for NATO). See also

infrastructure.

national intelligence — Integrated

departmental intelligence that covers the

broad aspects of national policy and

national security, is of concern to more than

one department or agency, and transcends

the exclusive competence of a single

department or agency.

national intelligence estimate — A strategic

estimate of the capabilities, vulnerabilities,

and probable courses of action of foreign

nations produced at the national level as a

composite of the views of the intelligence

community. Also called NIE.

national intelligence support team — A

nationally sourced team composed of

intelligence and communications experts

from either Defense Intelligence Agency,

Central Intelligence Agency, National

Security Agency, or any combination of

these agencies. Also called NIST. See also

intelligence; national intelligence. (JP 2-0)

national intelligence surveys — Basic

intelligence studies produced on a

coordinated interdepartmental basis and

concerned with characteristics, basic

resources, and relatively unchanging

natural features of a foreign country or other

area.

National Military Command System —

The priority component of the Global

Command and Control System designed to

support the National Command Authorities

and Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of

their responsibilities. Also called NMCS.

National Military Joint Intelligence Center

— National-level focal point for all defense

intelligence activities in support of joint

operations. Also called NMJIC. See also

intelligence; joint intelligence center.

(JP 3-33)

national military strategy — The art and

science of distributing and applying military

power to attain national objectives in peace

and war. Also called NMS. See also

military strategy; national security

strategy; strategy; theater strategy.

(JP 3-0)

national objectives — The aims, derived

from national goals and interests, toward

which a national policy or strategy is

directed and efforts and resources of the
295

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nation are applied. See also military

objective.

national policy — A broad course of action

or statements of guidance adopted by the

government at the national level in pursuit

of national objectives.

National Reconnaissance Office — A

Department of Defense agency tasked to

ensure that the United States has the

technology and spaceborne and airborne

assets needed to acquire intelligence

worldwide, including support to such

functions as monitoring of arms control

agreements, indications and warning, and

the planning and conducting of military

operations. This mission is accomplished

through research and development,

acquisition, and operation of spaceborne

and airborne intelligence data collection

systems. Also called NRO. (JP 2-0)

national security — A collective term

encompassing both national defense and

foreign relations of the United States.

Specifically, the condition provided by: a.

a military or defense advantage over any

foreign nation or group of nations; b. a

favorable foreign relations position; or c. a

defense posture capable of successfully

resisting hostile or destructive action from

within or without, overt or covert. See also

security.

National Security Agency/Central Security

Service Representative — The senior

theater or military command representative

of the Director, National Security Agency/

Chief, Central Security Service in a specific

country or military command headquarters

who provides the Director, National

Security Agency, with information on

command plans requiring cryptologic

support. The National Security Agency/

Central Security Service representative

serves as a special advisor to the combatant

commander for cryptologic matters,

to include signals intelligence,

communications security, and computer

security. Also called NCR. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

National Security Council — A

governmental body specifically designed to

assist the President in integrating all spheres

of national security policy. The President,

Vice President, Secretary of State, and

Secretary of Defense are statutory

members. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff; Director, Central Intelligence

Agency; and the Assistant to the President

for National Security Affairs serve as

advisers. Also called NSC.

national security interests — The foundation

for the development of valid national

objectives that define US goals or purposes.

National security interests include

preserving US political identity, framework,

and institutions; fostering economic

well-being; and bolstering international

order supporting the vital interests of the

United States and its allies.

national security strategy — The art and

science of developing, applying, and

coordinating the instruments of national

power (diplomatic, economic, military, and

informational) to achieve objectives that

contribute to national security. Also called

national strategy or grand strategy. See

also military strategy; national military

strategy; strategy; theater strategy.

(JP 3-0)

national shipping authority — (*) The

organization within each Allied

government responsible in time of war for

the direction of its own merchant shipping.

Also called NSA. (JP 4-01.2)

National Stock Number — The 13-digit

stock number replacing the 11-digit Federal

Stock Number. It consists of the 4-digit

Federal Supply Classification code and the
296 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

9-digit National Item Identification

Number. The National Item Identification

Number consists of a 2-digit National

Codification Bureau number designating

the central cataloging office (whether North

Atlantic Treaty Organization or other

friendly country) that assigned the number

and a 7-digit (xxx-xxxx) nonsignificant

number. The number shall be arranged as

follows: 9999-00-999-9999. Also called

NSN.

national strategy — The art and science of

developing and using the diplomatic,

economic, and informational powers of a

nation, together with its armed forces,

during peace and war to secure national

objectives. Also called national security

strategy or grand strategy. See also

strategy.

national support element — Any national

organization or activity that supports

national forces that are a part of a

multinational force. Their mission is

nation-specific support to units and

common support that is retained by the

nation. Also called NSE. See also

multinational force; support. (JP 0-2)

nation assistance — Civil and/or military

assistance rendered to a nation by foreign

forces within that nation’s territory during

peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war

based on agreements mutually concluded

between nations. Nation assistance

programs include, but are not limited to,

security assistance, foreign internal defense,

other US Code title 10 (DOD) programs,

and activities performed on a reimbursable

basis by Federal agencies or international

organizations. (JP 3-57)

natural disaster — An emergency situation

posing significant danger to life and

property that results from a natural cause.

See also domestic emergencies. (JP 3-07.6)

nautical chart — See hydrographic chart.

nautical mile — A measure of distance equal

to one minute of arc on the Earth’s surface.

The United States has adopted the

international nautical mile equal to 1,852

meters or 6,076.11549 feet. Also called nm.

nautical plotting chart — (*) An outline

chart, devoid of hydrographic information,

of a specific scale and projection, usually

portraying a graticule and compass rose,

designed to be ancillary to standard nautical

charts, and produced either as an individual

chart or a part of a coordinated series.

naval advanced logistic support site — An

overseas location used as the primary

transshipment point in the theater of

operations for logistic support. A naval

advanced logistic support site possesses full

capabilities for storage, consolidation, and

transfer of supplies and for support of

forward-deployed units (including

replacements units) during major

contingency and wartime periods. Naval

advanced logistic support sites, with port

and airfield facilities in close proximity, are

located within the theater of operations but

not near the main battle areas, and must

possess the throughput capacity required to

accommodate incoming and outgoing

intertheater airlift and sealift. When fully

activated, the naval advanced logistic

support site should consist of facilities and

services provided by the host nation,

augmented by support personnel located in

the theater of operations, or both. Also

called NALSS or Naval ALSS. See also

logistic support; naval forward logistic

site; support; theater of operations.

(JP 3-35)

naval base — A naval base primarily for

support of the forces afloat, contiguous to

a port or anchorage, consisting of activities

or facilities for which the Navy has
297

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

operating responsibilities, together with

interior lines of communications and the

minimum surrounding area necessary for

local security. (Normally, not greater than

an area of 40 square miles.) See also base

complex.

naval beach group — A permanently

organized naval command within an

amphibious force comprised of a

commander and staff, a beachmaster unit,

an amphibious construction battalion, and

assault craft units, designed to provide an

administrative group from which required

naval tactical components may be made

available to the attack force commander and

to the amphibious landing force

commander. Also called NBG. See also

shore party.

naval coastal warfare — Coastal sea control,

harbor defense, and port security, executed

both in coastal areas outside the United

States in support of national policy and in

the United States as part of this Nation’s

defense. Also called NCW. (JP 3-10)

naval coastal warfare area — An assigned

geographic area of operations which

includes offshore waters, harbor

approaches, harbors, ports, waterfront

facilities, and those internal waters and

rivers which provide access to port

facilities. See also area of operations;

naval coastal warfare. (JP 3-10)

naval coastal warfare commander — An

officer designated to conduct naval coastal

warfare missions within a designated naval

coastal geographic area. Also called

NCWC. (JP 3-10)

naval construction force — The combined

construction units of the Navy, including

primarily the mobile construction battalions

and the amphibious construction battalions.

These units are part of the operating forces

and represent the Navy’s capability for

advanced base construction. Also called

NCF.

naval control of shipping — (*) Control

exercised by naval authorities of movement,

routing, reporting, convoy organization,

and tactical diversion of allied merchant

shipping. It does not include the

employment or active protection of such

shipping.

naval control of shipping officer — A naval

officer appointed to form merchant convoys

and control and coordinate the routing and

movements of such convoys, independently

sailed merchant ships, and hospital ships

in and out of a port or base, subject to the

directions of the operational control

authority.

naval control of shipping organization —

The organization within the Navy that

carries out the specific responsibilities of

the Chief of Naval Operations to provide

for the control and protection of movements

of merchant ships in time of war. Also

called NCSORG.

naval expeditionary warfare — Military

operations mounted from the sea, usually

on short notice, consisting of forward

deployed, or rapidly deployable, selfsustaining naval forces tailored to achieve

a clearly stated objective. Also called

NEW. See also expedition. (JP 3-33)

naval forward logistic site — An overseas

location, with port and airfield facilities

nearby, which provides logistic support to

naval forces within the theater of operations

during major contingency and wartime

periods. Naval forward logistic sites may

be located in close proximity to main battle

areas to permit forward staging of services,

throughput of high priority cargo, advanced

maintenance, and battle damage repair.

Naval forward logistic sites are linked to

in-theater naval advanced logistic support
298 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

sites by intratheater airlift and sealift, but

may also serve as transshipment points for

intertheater movement of high-priority

cargo into areas of direct combat. In

providing fleet logistic support, naval

forward logistic site capabilities may range

from very austere to near those of a naval

advanced logistic support site. Also called

NFLS or Naval FLS. See also logistic

support; naval advanced logistic support

site; staging. (JP 3-35)

naval gunfire operations center — (*) The

agency established in a ship to control the

execution of plans for the employment of

naval gunfire, process requests for naval

gunfire support, and to allot ships to forward

observers. Ideally located in the same ship

as the supporting arms coordination center.

naval gunfire spotting team — The unit of

a shore fire control party that designates

targets; controls commencement, cessation,

rate, and types of fire; and spots fire on the

target. See also field artillery observer;

spotter.

naval gunfire support — Fire provided by

Navy surface gun systems in support of a

unit or units tasked with achieving the

commander’s objectives. A subset of naval

surface fire support. Also called NGFS.

See also naval surface fire support.

(JP 3-09.2)

naval mobile environmental team — A

team of naval personnel organized, trained,

and equipped to support maritime special

operations by providing weather,

oceanography, mapping, charting, and

geodesy support. Also called NMET.

(JP 3-05)

naval operation — 1. A naval action (or the

performance of a naval mission) that may

be strategic, operational, tactical, logistic,

or training. 2. The process of carrying on

or training for naval combat in order to gain

the objectives of any battle or campaign.

naval or Marine (air) base — An air base

for support of naval or Marine air units,

consisting of landing strips, seaplane

alighting areas, and all components of

related facilities for which the Navy or

Marine Corps has operating responsibilities,

together with interior lines of

communications and the minimum

surrounding area necessary for local

security. (Normally, not greater than an area

of 20 square miles.) See also base complex.

naval port control office — The authority

established at a port or port complex to

coordinate arrangements for logistic

support and harbor services to ships under

naval control and to otherwise support the

naval control of shipping organization.

naval special warfare — A designated naval

warfare specialty that conducts operations

in the coastal, riverine, and maritime

environments. Naval special warfare

emphasizes small, flexible, mobile units

operating under, on, and from the sea.

These operations are characterized by

stealth, speed, and precise, violent

application of force. Also called NSW.

(JP 3-05)

naval special warfare forces — Those

Active and Reserve Component Navy

forces designated by the Secretary of

Defense that are specifically organized,

trained, and equipped to conduct and

support special operations. Also called

NSW forces or NAVSOF. (JP 3-05.5)

naval special warfare group — A permanent

Navy echelon III major command to which

most naval special warfare forces are

assigned for some operational and all

administrative purposes. It consists of a

group headquarters with command and
299

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

control, communications, and support staff;

sea-air-land teams; and sea-air-land team

delivery vehicle teams. Also called NSWG.

(JP 3-05.3)

naval special warfare special operations

component — The Navy special

operations component of a unified or

subordinate unified command or joint

special operations task force. Also called

NAVSOC. (JP 3-05)

naval special warfare task element — A

provisional subordinate element of a naval

special warfare task unit, employed to

extend the command and control and

support capabilities of its parent task unit.

Also called NSWTE. See also naval

special warfare task unit. (JP 3-05.3)

naval special warfare task group — A

provisional naval special warfare

organization that plans, conducts, and

supports special operations in support of

fleet commanders and joint force special

operations component commanders. Also

called NSWTG. (JP 3-05.3)

naval special warfare task unit — A

provisional subordinate unit of a naval

special warfare task group. Also called

NSWTU. See also naval special warfare

task group. (JP 3-05.3)

naval special warfare unit — A permanent

Navy organization forward based to control

and support attached naval special warfare

forces. Also called NSWU. (JP 3-05.3)

naval stores — (*) Any articles or

commodities used by a naval ship or station,

such as equipment; consumable supplies;

clothing; petroleum, oils, and lubricants;

medical supplies; and ammunition.

naval support area — (*) A sea area

assigned to naval ships detailed to support

an amphibious operation. See also fire

support area.

naval surface fire support — Fire provided

by Navy surface gun and missile systems

in support of a unit or units tasked with

achieving the commander’s objectives.

Also called NSFS. See also fire support.

(JP 3-02)

naval tactical data system — A complex of

data inputs, user consoles, converters,

adapters, and radio terminals interconnected

with high-speed, general-purpose

computers and its stored programs. Combat

data is collected, processed, and composed

into a picture of the overall tactical situation

that enables the force commander to make

rapid, accurate evaluations and decisions.

navigational grid — (*) A series of straight

lines, superimposed over a conformal

projection and indicating grid north, used

as an aid to navigation. The interval of the

grid lines is generally a multiple of 60 or

100 nautical miles. See also military grid.

navigation head — A transshipment point

on a waterway where loads are transferred

between water carriers and land carriers.

A navigation head is similar in function to

a railhead or truckhead.

navigation mode — In a flight control

system, a control mode in which the flight

path of an aircraft is automatically

maintained by signals from navigation

equipment.

Navy cargo handling battalion — A mobile

logistic support unit capable of worldwide

deployment in its entirety or in specialized

detachments. It is organized, trained, and

equipped to: a. load and off-load Navy and

Marine Corps cargo carried in maritime prepositioning ships and merchant breakbulk

or container ships in all environments; b.
300 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

operate an associated temporary ocean

cargo terminal; c. load and offload Navy

and Marine Corps cargo carried in

military-controlled aircraft; and d. operate

an associated expeditionary air cargo

terminal. Also called NCHB or Navy

CHB. Three sources of Navy cargo

handling battalions are: a. Navy cargo

handling and port group — The active

duty, cargo handling, battalion-sized unit

composed solely of active duty personnel.

Also called NAVCHAPGRU. b. Naval

Reserve cargo handling training

battalion — The active duty, cargo

handling training battalion composed of

both active duty and reserve personnel.

Also called NRCHTB. c. Naval Reserve

cargo handling battalion — A reserve

cargo handling battalion composed solely

of selected reserve personnel. Also called

NRCHB. See also maritime prepositioning ships.

Navy cargo handling force — The combined

cargo handling units of the Navy, including

primarily the Navy cargo handling and port

group, the Naval Reserve cargo handling

training battalion, and the Naval Reserve

cargo handling battalion. These units are

part of the operating forces and represent

the Navy’s capability for open ocean cargo

handling. Also called NCHF. See also

Navy cargo handling battalion.

Navy special operations component — The

Navy component of a joint force special

operations component. Also called

NAVSOC. See also Air Force special

operations component; Army special

operations component. (JP 3-05.3)

Navy support element — The maritime prepositioning force element that is composed

of naval beach group staff and subordinate

unit personnel, a detachment of Navy cargo

handling force personnel, and other Navy

components, as required. It is tasked with

conducting the off-load and ship-to-shore

movement of maritime pre-positioned

equipment and/or supplies. Also called

NSE. (JP 3-02.2)

Navy tactical air control center — See

tactical air control center. (JP 3-09.3)

N-day — See times.

near miss (aircraft) — Any circumstance in

flight where the degree of separation

between two aircraft is considered by either

pilot to have constituted a hazardous

situation involving potential risk of

collision.

near real time — (*) Pertaining to the

timeliness of data or information which has

been delayed by the time required for

electronic communication and automatic

data processing. This implies that there are

no significant delays. Also called NRT.

See also real time.

neatlines — (*) The lines that bound the body

of a map, usually parallels and meridians.

See also graticule.

need to know — A criterion used in security

procedures that requires the custodians of

classified information to establish, prior to

disclosure, that the intended recipient must

have access to the information to perform

his or her official duties.

negative phase of the shock wave — The

period during which the pressure falls

below ambient and then returns to the

ambient value. See also positive phase of

the shock wave.

negative photo plane — (*) The plane in

which a film or plate lies at the moment of

exposure.

negligible risk (nuclear) — A degree of risk

where personnel are reasonably safe, with

the exceptions of dazzle or temporary loss
301

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of night vision. See also emergency risk

(nuclear).

negotiations — A discussion between

authorities and a barricaded offender or

terrorist to effect hostage release and

terrorist surrender. See also antiterrorism.

(JP 3-07.2)

NEOPACK — Preassembled package of

selected maps, charts, and other geographic

materials of various scales to support the

planning and conduct of noncombatant

evacuation operations in selected countries

or areas. See also noncombatant

evacuation operations; noncombatant

evacuees. (JP 3-07.5)

nerve agent — (*) A potentially lethal

chemical agent which interferes with the

transmission of nerve impulses.

net call sign — (*) A call sign which

represents all stations within a net. See also

call sign.

net, chain, cell system — Patterns of

clandestine organization, especially for

operational purposes. Net is the broadest

of the three; it usually involves: a. a

succession of echelons; and b. such

functional specialists as may be required to

accomplish its mission. When it consists

largely or entirely of nonstaff employees,

it may be called an agent net. Chain focuses

attention upon the first of these elements; it

is commonly defined as a series of agents

and informants who receive instructions

from and pass information to a principal

agent by means of cutouts and couriers.

Cell system emphasizes a variant of the first

element of net; its distinctive feature is the

grouping of personnel into small units that

are relatively isolated and self-contained.

In the interest of maximum security for the

organization as a whole, each cell has

contact with the rest of the organization only

through an agent of the organization and a

single member of the cell. Others in the

cell do not know the agent, and nobody in

the cell knows the identities or activities of

members of other cells.

net (communications) — An organization

of stations capable of direct communications

on a common channel or frequency.

net control station — A communications

station designated to control traffic and

enforce circuit discipline within a given net.

Also called NCS.

net explosive weight — The actual weight

in pounds of explosive mixtures or

compounds, including the trinitrotoluene

equivalent of energetic material, that is used

in determination of explosive limits and

explosive quantity data arcs. Also called

NEW. (JP 4-09)

net inventory assets — That portion of the

total materiel assets that is designated to

meet the materiel inventory objective. It

consists of the total materiel assets less the

peacetime materiel consumption and losses

through normal appropriation and

procurement leadtime periods.

net sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

two-ship sweep, using a netlike device,

designed to collect drifting mines or scoop

them up from the sea bottom.

net weight — Weight of a ground vehicle

without fuel, engine oil, coolant, on-vehicle

materiel, cargo, or operating personnel.

neutral — In combat and combat support

operations, an identity applied to a track

whose characteristics, behavior, origin, or

nationality indicate that it is neither

supporting nor opposing friendly forces.

See also hostile; suspect; unknown.

neutrality — In international law, the attitude

of impartiality during periods of war
302 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

adopted by third states toward a belligerent

and subsequently recognized by the

belligerent, which creates rights and duties

between the impartial states and the

belligerent. In a United Nations

enforcement action, the rules of neutrality

apply to impartial members of the United

Nations except so far as they are excluded

by the obligation of such members under

the United Nations Charter.

neutralization — (*) In mine warfare, a mine

is said to be neutralized when it has been

rendered, by external means, incapable of

firing on passage of a target, although it may

remain dangerous to handle.

neutralization fire — Fire which is delivered

to render the target ineffective or unusable.

See also fire.

neutralize — 1. As pertains to military

operations, to render ineffective or

unusable. 2. To render enemy personnel or

material incapable of interfering with a

particular operation. 3. To render safe

mines, bombs, missiles, and boobytraps. 4.

To make harmless anything contaminated

with a chemical agent.

neutral state — In international law, a state

that pursues a policy of neutrality during

war. See also neutrality.

neutron induced activity — (*)

Radioactivity induced in the ground or an

object as a result of direct irradiation by

neutrons.

news media representative — An individual

employed by a civilian radio or television

station, newspaper, newsmagazine,

periodical, or news agency to gather and

report on a newsworthy event. Also called

NMR. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61)

nickname — A combination of two separate

unclassified words that is assigned an

unclassified meaning and is employed only

for unclassified administrative, morale, or

public information purposes.

night effect — (*) An effect mainly caused

by variations in the state of polarization of

reflected waves, which sometimes result in

errors in direction finding bearings. The

effect is most frequent at nightfall.

night vision device — Any electro-optical

device that is used to detect visible and

infrared energy and provide a visible image.

Night vision goggles, forward-looking

infrared, thermal sights, and low-light level

television are night vision devices. Also

called NVD. See also forward-looking

infrared; night vision goggles(s). (JP 3-09.3)

night vision goggle(s) — An electro-optical

image intensifying device that detects

visible and near-infrared energy, intensifies

the energy, and provides a visible image for

night viewing. Night vision goggles can

be either hand-held or helmet-mounted.

Also called NVG. See also night vision

device. (JP 3-09.3)

node — A location in a mobility system where

a movement requirement is originated,

processed for onward movement, or

terminated.

node/command, control, communications,

and computers node — The physical and

functional grouping of communications and

computer systems that provide terminating,

switching, and gateway access services to

support information exchange. See also

common operating environment; global

grid. (JP 6-02)

no-fire area — A land area designated by

the appropriate commander into which fires

or their effects are prohibited. Also called

NFA. See also fires. (JP 3-09)
303

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

no-fire line — (*) A line short of which

artillery or ships do not fire except on

request or approval of the supported

commander, but beyond which they may

fire at any time without danger to friendly

troops.

nominal filter — (*) A filter capable of

cutting off a nominated minimum

percentage by weight of solid particles

greater than a stated micron size.

nominal focal length — (*) An approximate

value of the focal length, rounded off to

some standard figure, used for the

classification of lenses, mirrors, or cameras.

nominal scale — See principal scale; scale.

nominal weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon

producing a yield of approximately 20

kilotons. See also kiloton weapon;

megaton weapon; subkiloton weapon.

nonair transportable — That which is not

transportable by air by virtue of dimension,

weight, or special characteristics or

restrictions.

nonaligned state — A state that pursues a

policy of nonalignment.

nonalignment — The political attitude of a

state that does not associate or identify itself

with the political ideology or objective

espoused by other states, groups of states,

or international causes, or with the foreign

policies stemming therefrom. It does not

preclude involvement, but expresses the

attitude of no precommitment to a particular

state (or block) or policy before a situation

arises.

nonappropriated funds — Funds generated

by DOD military and civilian personnel and

their dependents and used to augment funds

appropriated by the Congress to provide a

comprehensive, morale-building welfare,

religious, educational, and recreational

program, designed to improve the

well-being of military and civilian

personnel and their dependents.

nonbattle injury — A person who becomes

a casualty due to circumstances not directly

attributable to hostile action or terrorist

activity. Also called NBI.

noncombatant evacuation operations —

Operations directed by the Department of

State, the Department of Defense, or

other appropriate authority whereby

noncombatants are evacuated from foreign

countries when their lives are endangered

by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to

safe havens or to the United States. Also

called NEOs. See also evacuation;

NEOPACK; noncombatant evacuees;

operation; safe haven. (JP 3-07)

noncombatant evacuees — 1. US citizens

who may be ordered to evacuate by

competent authority include: a. civilian

employees of all agencies of the US

Government and their dependents, except

as noted in 2a below; b. military personnel

of the US Armed Forces specifically

designated for evacuation as

noncombatants; and c. dependents of

members of the US Armed Forces. 2. US

(and non-US) citizens who may be

authorized or assisted (but not necessarily

ordered to evacuate) by competent authority

include: a. civilian employees of US

Government agencies and their dependents,

who are residents in the country concerned

on their own volition, but express the

willingness to be evacuated; b. private US

citizens and their dependents; c. military

personnel and dependents of members of

the US Armed Forces outlined in 1c above,

short of an ordered evacuation; and d.

designated aliens, including dependents of

persons listed in 1a through 1c above, as

prescribed by the Department of State. See
304 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

also noncombatant evacuation operations.

(JP 3-07.5)

noncontiguous facility — A facility for

which the Service indicated has operating

responsibility, but which is not located on,

or in the immediate vicinity of, a base

complex of that Service. Its area includes

only that actually occupied by the facility,

plus the minimum surrounding area

necessary for close-in security. See also

base complex.

nondeferrable issue demand — Issue

demand related to specific periods of time

that will not exist after the close of those

periods, even though not satisfied during

the period.

nondeployable account — An account

where Reservists (officer and enlisted),

either in units or individually, are assigned

to a reserve component category or a

training/retired category when the

individual has not completed initial active

duty for training or its equivalent.

Reservists in a nondeployable account are

not considered as trained strength assigned

to units or mobilization positions and are

not deployable overseas on land with those

units or mobilization positions. See also

training pipeline.

nondestructive electronic warfare — Those

electronic warfare actions, not including

employment of wartime reserve modes, that

deny, disrupt, or deceive rather than damage

or destroy. See also electronic warfare.

(JP 3-51)

nonexpendable supplies and materiel —

Supplies not consumed in use that retain

their original identity during the period of

use, such as weapons, machines, tools, and

equipment.

nonfixed medical treatment facility — A

medical treatment facility designed to be

moved from place to place, including

medical treatment facilities afloat.

nongovernmental organizations —

Transnational organizations of private

citizens that maintain a consultative status

with the Economic and Social Council of

the United Nations. Nongovernmental

organizations may be professional

associations, foundations, multinational

businesses, or simply groups with a

common interest in humanitarian assistance

activities (development and relief).

“Nongovernmental organizations” is a term

normally used by non-United States

organizations. Also called NGOs.

(JP 1-06)

nonhostile casualty — A person who

becomes a casualty due to circumstances

not directly attributable to hostile action or

terrorist activity. Casualties due to the

elements, self-inflicted wounds, and combat

fatigue are nonhostile casualties. Also

called NHCS. See also casualty; casualty

type; hostile casualty.

nonlethal weapons — Weapons that are

explicitly designed and primarily employed

so as to incapacitate personnel or material,

while minimizing fatalities, permanent

injury to personnel, and undesired damage

to property and the environment. a. Unlike

conventional lethal weapons that destroy

their targets through blast, penetration, and

fragmentation, nonlethal weapons employ

means other than gross physical destruction

to prevent the target from functioning. b.

Nonlethal weapons are intended to have

one, or both, of the following

characteristics: (1) They have relatively

reversible effects on personnel or materiel.

(2) They affect objects differently within

their area of influence.

non-linear approach — (*) In approach and

landing systems, a final approach in which

the nominal flight path is not a straight line.
305

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nonorganic transportation requirement —

Unit personnel and cargo for which the

transportation source must be an outside

agency, normally a component of US

Transportation Command.

nonpersistent agent — A chemical agent that

when released dissipates and/or loses its

ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15

minutes. (JP 3-11)

nonprecision approach — Radar-controlled

approach or an approach flown by reference

to navigation aids in which glide slope

information is not available. See also final

approach; precision approach. (JP 3-04.1)

nonprior service personnel — Individuals

without any prior military service, who have

not completed basic inactive duty training,

and who receive a commission in or enlist

directly into an Armed Force of the United

States.

nonrecurring demand — A request by an

authorized requisitioner to satisfy a materiel

requirement known to be a one-time

occurrence. This materiel is required to

provide initial stockage allowances, to meet

planned program requirements, or to satisfy

a one-time project or maintenance

requirement. Nonrecurring demands

normally will not be considered by the

supporting supply system in the

development of demand-based elements of

the requirements computation.

non-registered publication — (*) A

publication which bears no register number

and for which periodic accounting is not

required.

nonscheduled units — Units of the landing

force held in readiness for landing during

the initial unloading period, but not included

in either scheduled or on-call waves. This

category usually includes certain of the

combat support units and most of the

combat service support units with higher

echelon (division and above) reserve units

of the landing force. Their landing is

directed when the need ashore can be

predicted with a reasonable degree of

accuracy.

non-self-sustaining containership — A

containership that does not have a built-in

capability to load or off-load containers,

and requires a port crane or craneship

service. Also called NSSCS. See also

containership; self-sustaining containership.

(JP 4-01.7)

nonstandard item — An item of supply

determined by standardization action as not

authorized for procurement.

nonstandard unit — A force requirement

identified in a time-phased force and

deployment data for which movement

characteristics have not been described in

the type unit characteristics file. The

planner is required to submit detailed

movement characteristics for these units.

nonstocked item — An item that does not

meet the stockage criteria for a given

activity, and therefore is not stocked at the

particular activity.

nonstrategic nuclear forces — Those

nuclear-capable forces located in an

operational area with a capability to employ

nuclear weapons by land, sea, or air forces

against opposing forces, supporting

installations, or facilities. Such forces may

be employed, when authorized by

competent authority, to support operations

that contribute to the accomplishment of the

commander’s mission within the theater of

operations.

non-submarine contact chart — (*) A

special naval chart, at a scale of 1:100,000

to 1:1,000,000, showing bathymetry,

bottom characteristics, wreck data, and
306 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

non-submarine contact data for coastal and

off-shore waters. It is designed for use in

conducting submarine and antisubmarine

warfare operations. Also called non-sub

contact chart.

non-unit record — A time-phased force and

deployment data file entry for non-unitrelated cargo and personnel. Characteristics

include using and providing organization,

type of movement, routing data, cargo

category, weight, volume, area required,

and number of personnel requiring

transportation.

non-unit-related cargo — All equipment and

supplies requiring transportation to an

operational area, other than those identified

as the equipment or accompanying supplies

of a specific unit (e.g., resupply, military

support for allies, and support for

nonmilitary programs, such as civil relief).

Also called NURC.

non-unit-related personnel — All personnel

requiring transportation to or from an

operational area, other than those assigned

to a specific unit (e.g., filler personnel;

replacements; temporary duty/temporary

additional duty personnel; civilians;

medical evacuees; and retrograde

personnel). Also called NRP or NUP.

non-US forces — Includes all armed forces

of states other than US forces. US forces

may act in defense of non-US forces when

so designated by US National Command

Authorities.

normal charge — Charge employing a

standard amount of propellant to fire a gun

under ordinary conditions, as compared

with a reduced charge. See also reduced

charge.

normal impact effect — See cardinal point

effect.

normal intelligence reports — A category

of reports used in the dissemination of

intelligence, conventionally used for the

immediate dissemination of individual

items of intelligence. See also intelligence

reporting; specialist intelligence report.

normal lighting — (*) Lighting of vehicles

as prescribed or authorized by the law of a

given country without restrictions for

military reasons. See also reduced

lighting.

normal operations — Generally and

collectively, the broad functions that a

combatant commander undertakes when

assigned responsibility for a given

geographic or functional area. Except as

otherwise qualified in certain unified

command plan paragraphs that relate to

particular commands, “normal operations”

of a combatant commander include:

planning and execution of operations

throughout the range of military operations;

planning and conduct of cold war activities;

planning and administration of military

assistance; and maintaining the

relationships and exercising the directive

or coordinating authority prescribed in

JP 0-2 and JP 4-01.

North American Aerospace Defense

Command — A bi-national command of

the US and Canada that provides aerospace

surveillance, warning and assessment of

aerospace attack, and maintains the

sovereignty of US and Canadian airspace.

Also called NORAD.

no-strike list — A list of geographic areas,

complexes, or installations not planned for

capture or destruction. Attacking these may

violate the law of armed conflict or interfere

with friendly relations with indigenous

personnel or governments. Also called

NSL. See also law of armed conflict.

(JP 3-60)
307

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

notice to airmen — A notice containing

information concerning the establishment,

condition, or change in any aeronautical

facility, service, procedures, or hazard, the

timely knowledge of which is essential to

personnel concerned with flight operations.

Also called NOTAM.

notional ship — A theoretical or average ship

of any one category used in transportation

planning (e.g., a Liberty ship for dry cargo;

a T-2 tanker for bulk petroleum, oils, and

lubricants; a personnel transport of 2,400

troop spaces).

not mission capable, maintenance —

Material condition indicating that systems

and equipment are not capable of

performing any of their assigned missions

because of maintenance requirements. Also

called NMCM. See also not mission

capable, supply.

not mission capable, supply — Material

condition indicating that systems and

equipment are not capable of performing

any of their assigned missions because of

maintenance work stoppage due to a supply

shortage. Also called NMCS. See also not

mission capable, maintenance.

not seriously injured — The casualty status

of a person whose injury may or may not

require hospitalization; medical authority

does not classify as very seriously injured,

seriously injured, or incapacitating illness

or injury; and the person can communicate

with the next of kin. Also called NSI. See

also casualty status.

no-wind position — See air position.

nuclear accident — See nuclear weapon(s)

accident.

nuclear airburst — (*) The explosion of a

nuclear weapon in the air, at a height greater

than the maximum radius of the fireball.

See also types of burst.

nuclear, biological, and chemical-capable

nation — A nation that has the capability

to produce and employ one or more types

of nuclear, biological, and chemical

weapons across the full range of military

operations and at any level of war in order

to achieve political and military objectives.

(JP 3-11)

nuclear, biological, and chemical conditions

— See nuclear, biological, and chemical

environment. (JP 3-11)

nuclear, biological, and chemical defense

— Defensive measures that enable friendly

forces to survive, fight, and win against

enemy use of nuclear, biological, or

chemical (NBC) weapons and agents. US

forces apply NBC defensive measures

before and during integrated warfare. In

integrated warfare, opposing forces employ

nonconventional weapons along with

conventional weapons (NBC weapons are

nonconventional). See also integrated

warfare. (JP 3-11)

nuclear, biological, and chemical

environment — Environments in which

there is deliberate or accidental

employment, or threat of employment, of

nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons;

deliberate or accidental attacks or

contamination with toxic industrial

materials, including toxic industrial

chemicals; or deliberate or accidental

attacks or contamination with radiological

(radioactive) materials. See also

contamination. (JP 3-11)

nuclear bonus effects — (*) Desirable

damage or casualties produced by the

effects from friendly nuclear weapons that

cannot be accurately calculated in targeting

as the uncertainties involved preclude
308 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

depending on them for a militarily

significant result.

nuclear burst — See types of burst.

nuclear certifiable — (*) Indicates a unit or

vehicle possessing the potential of passing

functional tests and inspections of all

normal and emergency systems affecting

the nuclear weapons.

nuclear certified — See nuclear certified

delivery unit; nuclear certified delivery

vehicle.

nuclear certified delivery unit — (*) Any

level of organization and support elements

which are capable of executing nuclear

missions in accordance with appropriate

bilateral arrangements and NATO

directives. See also nuclear delivery unit.

nuclear certified delivery vehicle — (*) A

delivery vehicle whose compatibility with

a nuclear weapon has been certified by the

applicable nuclear power through formal

procedures. See also nuclear delivery

vehicle.

nuclear cloud — (*) An all-inclusive term

for the volume of hot gases, smoke, dust,

and other particulate matter from the nuclear

bomb itself and from its environment,

which is carried aloft in conjunction with

the rise of the fireball produced by the

detonation of the nuclear weapon.

nuclear collateral damage — Undesired

damage or casualties produced by the

effects from friendly nuclear weapons.

nuclear column — (*) A hollow cylinder of

water and spray thrown up from an

underwater burst of a nuclear weapon,

through which the hot, high-pressure gases

formed in the explosion are vented to the

atmosphere. A somewhat similar column

of dirt is formed in an underground

explosion.

nuclear commitment — (*) A statement by

a NATO member that specific forces have

been committed or will be committed to

NATO in a nuclear only or dual capable

role.

nuclear contact surface burst — An

explosion of a nuclear weapon whose center

of energy is at the surface of land or water.

nuclear coordination — A broad term

encompassing all the actions involved with

planning nuclear strikes, including liaison

between commanders, for the purpose of

satisfying support requirements or because

of the extension of weapons effects into the

territory of another.

nuclear damage — (*) 1. Light Damage

— Damage which does not prevent the

immediate use of equipment or installations

for which it was intended. Some repair by

the user may be required to make full use

of the equipment or installations. 2.

Moderate Damage — Damage which

prevents the use of equipment or

installations until extensive repairs are

made. 3. Severe Damage — Damage

which prevents use of equipment or

installations permanently.

nuclear damage assessment — (*) The

determination of the damage effect to the

population, forces, and resources resulting

from actual nuclear attack. It is performed

during and after an attack. The operational

significance of the damage is not evaluated

in this assessment.

nuclear defense — (*) The methods, plans,

and procedures involved in establishing and

exercising defensive measures against the

effects of an attack by nuclear weapons or

radiological warfare agents. It encompasses
309

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

both the training for, and the

implementation of, these methods, plans,

and procedures. See also nuclear,

biological, and chemical defense;

radiological defense.

nuclear delivery unit — (*) Any level of

organization capable of employing a

nuclear weapon system or systems when

the weapon or weapons have been released

by proper authority.

nuclear delivery vehicle — (*) That portion

of the weapon system which provides the

means of delivery of a nuclear weapon to

the target.

nuclear detonation detection and reporting

system — (*) A system deployed to

provide surveillance coverage of critical

friendly target areas, and indicate place,

height of burst, yield, and ground zero of

nuclear detonations. Also called NUDETS.

nuclear dud — A nuclear weapon that, when

launched at or emplaced on a target, fails

to provide any explosion of that part of the

weapon designed to produce the nuclear

yield.

nuclear energy — All forms of energy

released in the course of a nuclear fission

or nuclear transformation.

nuclear exoatmospheric burst — The

explosion of a nuclear weapon above the

sensible atmosphere (above 120 kilometers)

where atmospheric interaction is minimal.

See also types of burst.

nuclear incident — An unexpected event

involving a nuclear weapon, facility, or

component, resulting in any of the

following, but not constituting a nuclear

weapon(s) accident: a. an increase in the

possibility of explosion or radioactive

contamination; b. errors committed in the

assembly, testing, loading, or transportation

of equipment, and/or the malfunctioning of

equipment and materiel which could lead

to an unintentional operation of all or part

of the weapon arming and/or firing

sequence, or which could lead to a

substantial change in yield, or increased dud

probability; and c. any act of God,

unfavorable environment, or condition

resulting in damage to the weapon, facility,

or component.

nuclear intelligence — Intelligence derived

from the collection and analysis of radiation

and other effects resulting from radioactive

sources. Also called NUCINT. See also

intelligence. (JP 2-0)

nuclear logistic movement — The transport

of nuclear weapons in connection with

supply or maintenance operations. Under

certain specified conditions, combat aircraft

may be used for such movements.

nuclear nation — (*) Military nuclear

powers and civil nuclear powers.

nuclear parity — A condition at a given point

in time when opposing forces possess

nuclear offensive and defensive systems

approximately equal in overall combat

effectiveness.

nuclear planning system — A system

composed of personnel, directives, and

electronic data processing systems to

directly support geographic nuclear

combatant commanders in developing,

maintaining, and disseminating nuclear

operation plans.

nuclear proximity-surface burst — An

explosion of a nuclear weapon at a height

less than the maximum radius of its fireball,

but low enough to facilitate cratering and/

or the propagation of a shock wave into the

ground.
310 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nuclear radiation — (*) Particulate and

electromagnetic radiation emitted from

atomic nuclei in various nuclear processes.

The important nuclear radiations, from the

weapon standpoint, are alpha and beta

particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. All

nuclear radiations are ionizing radiations,

but the reverse is not true; X-rays for

example, are included among ionizing

radiations, but they are not nuclear

radiations since they do not originate from

atomic nuclei.

nuclear reactor — A facility in which fissile

material is used in a self-supporting chain

reaction (nuclear fission) to produce heat

and/or radiation for both practical

application and research and development.

nuclear round — See complete round.

nuclear safety line — (*) A line selected, if

possible, to follow well-defined

topographical features and used to delineate

levels of protective measures, degrees of

damage or risk to friendly troops, and/or to

prescribe limits to which the effects of

friendly weapons may be permitted to

extend.

nuclear stalemate — A concept that

postulates a situation wherein the relative

strength of opposing nuclear forces results

in mutual deterrence against employment

of nuclear forces.

nuclear strike warning — (*) A warning of

impending friendly or suspected enemy

nuclear attack.

nuclear support — The use of nuclear

weapons against hostile forces in support

of friendly air, land, and naval operations.

See also immediate nuclear support;

preplanned nuclear support.

nuclear transmutation — Artificially

induced modification (nuclear reaction) of

the constituents of certain nuclei, thus

giving rise to different nuclides.

nuclear underground burst — (*) The

explosion of a nuclear weapon in which the

center of the detonation lies at a point

beneath the surface of the ground. See also

types of burst.

nuclear underwater burst — (*) The

explosion of a nuclear weapon in which the

center of the detonation lies at a point

beneath the surface of the water. See also

types of burst.

nuclear vulnerability assessment — (*) The

estimation of the probable effect on

population, forces, and resources from a

hypothetical nuclear attack. It is performed

predominantly in the preattack period;

however, it may be extended to the

transattack or postattack periods.

nuclear warfare — (*) Warfare involving

the employment of nuclear weapons. See

also postattack period; transattack

period.

nuclear warning message — A warning

message that must be disseminated to all

affected friendly forces any time a nuclear

weapon is to be detonated if effects of the

weapon will have impact upon those forces.

nuclear weapon — (*) A complete assembly

(i.e., implosion type, gun type, or

thermonuclear type), in its intended ultimate

configuration which, upon completion of

the prescribed arming, fusing, and firing

sequence, is capable of producing the

intended nuclear reaction and release of

energy.

nuclear weapon degradation — The

degeneration of a nuclear warhead to such

an extent that the anticipated nuclear yield

is lessened.
311

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nuclear weapon employment time — (*)

The time required for delivery of a nuclear

weapon after the decision to fire has been

made.

nuclear weapon exercise — (*) An

operation not directly related to immediate

operational readiness. It includes removal

of a weapon from its normal storage

location, preparing for use, delivery to an

employment unit, and the movement in a

ground training exercise, to include loading

aboard an aircraft or missile and return to

storage. It may include any or all of the

operations listed above, but does not include

launching or flying operations. Typical

exercises include aircraft generation

exercises, ground readiness exercises,

ground tactical exercises, and various

categories of inspections designed to

evaluate the capability of the unit to perform

its prescribed mission. See also immediate

operational readiness; nuclear weapon

maneuver.

nuclear weapon maneuver — (*) An

operation not directly related to immediate

operational readiness. It may consist of all

those operations listed for a nuclear weapon

exercise and is extended to include flyaway

in combat aircraft, but does not include

expenditure of the weapon. Typical

maneuvers include nuclear operational

readiness maneuvers and tactical air

operations. See also immediate

operational readiness; nuclear weapon

exercise.

nuclear weapon(s) accident — An

unexpected event involving nuclear

weapons or radiological nuclear weapon

components that results in any of the

following; a. accidental or unauthorized

launching, firing, or use by United States

forces or United States supported allied

forces of a nuclear-capable weapon system

that could create the risk of an outbreak of

war; b. nuclear detonation; c. nonnuclear

detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon

or radiological nuclear weapon component;

d. radioactive contamination; e. seizure,

theft, loss, or destruction of a nuclear

weapon or radiological nuclear weapon

component, including jettisoning; and f.

public hazard, actual or implied.

nuclear weapons state — See military

nuclear power.

nuclear weapons surety — Materiel,

personnel, and procedures that contribute

to the security, safety, and reliability of

nuclear weapons and to the assurance that

there will be no nuclear weapon accidents,

incidents, unauthorized weapon

detonations, or degradation in performance

at the target.

nuclear yields — The energy released in the

detonation of a nuclear weapon, measured

in terms of the kilotons or megatons of

trinitrotoluene required to produce the same

energy release. Yields are categorized as

follows:

very low — less than 1 kiloton;

low — 1 kiloton to 10 kilotons;

medium — over 10 kilotons to 50 kilotons;

high — over 50 kilotons to 500 kilotons;

very high — over 500 kilotons.

See also nominal weapon; subkiloton

weapon.

nuisance minefield — (*) A minefield laid

to delay and disorganize the enemy and to

hinder the use of an area or route. See also

minefield.

number . . . in (out) — (*) In artillery, term

used to indicate a change in status of

weapon number _______________.

numbered beach — In amphibious

operations, a subdivision of a colored beach,

designated for the assault landing of a

battalion landing team or similarly sized
312 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

unit, when landed as part of a larger force.

(JP 3-02)

numbered fleet — A major tactical unit of

the Navy immediately subordinate to a

major fleet command and comprising

various task forces, elements, groups, and

units for the purpose of prosecuting specific

naval operations. See also fleet.

numbered wave — See wave.

numerical scale — See scale.
O

313

objective — 1. The clearly defined, decisive,

and attainable goals towards which every

military operation should be directed. 2.

The specific target of the action taken (for

example, a definite terrain feature, the

seizure or holding of which is essential to

the commander’s plan, or, an enemy force

or capability without regard to terrain

features). See also target. (JP 3-0)

objective area — (*) A defined

geographical area within which is located

an objective to be captured or reached by

the military forces. This area is defined by

competent authority for purposes of

command and control. Also called OA.

objective force level — The level of military

forces that needs to be attained within a

finite time frame and resource level to

accomplish approved military objectives,

missions, or tasks. See also military

requirement.

obligated reservist — An individual who has

a statutory requirement imposed by the

Military Selective Service Act of 1967 or

Section 651, Title 10, United States Code,

to serve on active duty in the armed forces

or to serve while not on active duty in a

Reserve Component for a period not to

exceed that prescribed by the applicable

statute.

oblique air photograph — (*) An air

photograph taken with the camera axis

directed between the horizontal and vertical

planes. Commonly referred to as an

“oblique.” a. High Oblique. One in which

the apparent horizon appears. b. Low

Oblique. One in which the apparent

horizon does not appear.

oblique air photograph strip —

Photographic strip composed of oblique air

photographs.

obliquity — The characteristic in wide-angle

or oblique photography that portrays the

terrain and objects at such an angle and

range that details necessary for

interpretation are seriously masked or are

at a very small scale, rendering

interpretation difficult or impossible.

observation helicopter — (*) Helicopter

used primarily for observation and

reconnaissance, but which may be used for

other roles.

observation post — (*) A position from

which military observations are made, or

fire directed and adjusted, and which

possesses appropriate communications;

may be airborne. Also called OP.

observed fire — (*) Fire for which the point

of impact or burst can be seen by an

observer. The fire can be controlled and

adjusted on the basis of observation. See

also fire.

observed fire procedure — (*) A

standardized procedure for use in adjusting

indirect fire on a target.

observer-target line — (*) An imaginary

straight line from the observer/spotter to the

target. See also spotting line.

observer-target range — The distance along

an imaginary straight line from the observer

or spotter to the target.

obstacle — Any obstruction designed or

employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the

movement of an opposing force, and to

impose additional losses in personnel, time,

and equipment on the opposing force.

Obstacles can be natural, manmade, or a

combination of both. (JP 3-15)

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
314 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

obstacle belt — A brigade-level command

and control measure, normally given

graphically, to show where within an

obstacle zone the ground tactical

commander plans to limit friendly obstacle

employment and focus the defense. It

assigns an intent to the obstacle plan and

provides the necessary guidance on the

overall effect of obstacles within a belt. See

also obstacle. (JP 3-15)

obstacle clearing — The total elimination or

neutralization of obstacles.

obstacle restricted areas — A command and

control measure used to limit the type or

number of obstacles within an area. See

also obstacle. (JP 3-15)

obstacle zone — A division-level command

and control measure, normally done

graphically, to designate specific land areas

where lower echelons are allowed to

employ tactical obstacles. See also

obstacle. (JP 3-15)

obstructor — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

device laid with the sole object of

obstructing or damaging mechanical

minesweeping equipment.

occupational and environmental health

threats — Threats to the health of military

personnel and to military readiness created

by exposure to hazardous agents,

environmental contamination, or toxic

industrial materials. See also health threat.

(JP 4-02)

occupation currency — See military

currency.

occupied territory — Territory under the

authority and effective control of a

belligerent armed force. The term is not

applicable to territory being administered

pursuant to peace terms, treaty, or other

agreement, express or implied, with the civil

authority of the territory. See also civil

affairs agreement.

Ocean Cargo Clearance Authority — The

Military Traffic Management Command

activity that books Department of Defense

(DOD) sponsored cargo and passengers for

surface movement, performs related

contract administration, and accomplishes

export and import surface traffic

management functions for DOD cargo

moving within the Defense Transportation

System. Also called OCCA.

ocean convoy — (*) A convoy whose voyage

lies, in general, outside the continental shelf.

See also convoy.

ocean manifest — (*) A detailed listing of

the entire cargo loaded into any one ship

showing all pertinent data which will

readily identify such cargo and where and

how the cargo is stowed.

oceanography — The study of the sea,

embracing and integrating all knowledge

pertaining to the sea and its physical

boundaries, the chemistry and physics of

seawater, and marine biology.

ocean station ship — (*) A ship assigned to

operate within a specified area to provide

several services, including search and

rescue, meteorological information,

navigational aid, and communications

facilities.

offensive counterair — Offensive operations

to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy

aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and

their supporting structures and systems both

before and after launch, but as close to their

source as possible. Offensive counterair

operations range throughout enemy

territory and are generally conducted at the

initiative of friendly forces. These

operations include attack operations, fighter

sweep, escort, and suppression of enemy
315

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

air defenses. Also called OCA. See also

counterair; defensive counterair;

operation. (JP 3-01)

offensive counterair attack operations —

Offensive action in support of the offensive

counterair mission against surface targets

that contribute to the enemy’s air power

capabilities. The objective of attack

operations is to prevent the hostile use of

aircraft and missile forces by attacking

targets such as missile launch sites, airfields,

naval vessels, command and control nodes,

munitions stockpiles, and supporting

infrastructure. Attack operations may be

performed by fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft,

surface-to-surface weapons, special

operations forces, or ground forces. Also

called OCA attack ops. See also

counterair; offensive counterair.

offensive information operations — The

integrated use of assigned and supporting

capabilities and activities, mutually

supported by intelligence, to affect

adversary decision makers to achieve or

promote specific objectives. These

capabilities and activities include but are

not limited to operations security, military

deception, psychological operations,

electronic warfare, physical attack and/or

destruction, and special information

operations, and could also include computer

network attack. See also computer

network attack; defensive information

operations; electronic warfare;

information operations; intelligence;

military deception; operations security;

psychological operations; special

information operations. (JP 3-13)

offensive minefield — (*) In naval mine

warfare, a minefield laid in enemy territorial

water or waters under enemy control.

officer in tactical command — In maritime

usage, the senior officer present eligible to

assume command, or the officer to whom

the senior officer has delegated tactical

command. Also called OTC.

officer of the deck — The officer of the deck

under way has been designated by the

commanding officer to be in charge of the

ship, including its safe and proper operation.

The officer of the deck reports directly to

the commanding officer for the safe

navigation and general operation of the

ship, to the executive officer (and command

duty officer if appointed) for carrying out

the ship’s routine, and to the navigator on

sighting navigational landmarks and

making course and speed changes. Also

called OOD. (JP 3-04.1)

official information — Information that is

owned by, produced for or by, or is subject

to the control of the United States

Government.

off-load preparation party — A temporary

task organization of Navy and Marine

maintenance, embarkation, equipment

operators, and cargo-handling personnel

deployed to the maritime pre-positioning

ship before or during its transit to the

objective area to prepare the ship’s off-load

systems and embarked equipment for offload. Also called OPP. See also task

organization. (JP 4-01.8)

offset bombing — (*) Any bombing

procedure which employs a reference or

aiming point other than the actual target.

offset costs — Costs for which funds have

been appropriated but will not be obligated

because of a contingency operation. See

also contingency operation. (JP 1-06)

offset distance (nuclear) — The distance the

desired ground zero or actual ground zero

is offset from the center of an area target or

from a point target.
316 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

offset lasing — The technique of aiming a

laser designator at a point other than the

target and, after laser acquisition, moving

the laser to designate the target for terminal

attack guidance. See also laser target

designator. (JP 3-09.1)

offshore assets — Oil and gas facilities,

mining and industrial installations, ocean

thermal energy conversion facilities, deep

water ports, aids to navigation, and nuclear

power plants located or in operation

seaward of the coastline.

offshore bulk fuel system — The system

used for transferring fuel from points

offshore to reception facilities on the beach.

It consists of two subsystems: amphibious

assault bulk fuel system and the offshore

petroleum discharge system. See also

amphibious assault bulk fuel system;

offshore petroleum discharge system.

(JP 4-01.6)

offshore patrol — (*) A naval defense patrol

operating in the outer areas of navigable

coastal waters. It is a part of the naval local

defense forces consisting of naval ships and

aircraft and operates outside those areas

assigned to the inshore patrol.

offshore petroleum discharge system —

Provides a semipermanent, all-weather

facility for bulk transfer of petroleum, oils,

and lubricants (POL) directly from an

offshore tanker to a beach termination unit

(BTU) located immediately inland from the

high watermark. POL then is either

transported inland or stored in the beach

support area. Major offshore petroleum

discharge systems (OPDS) components are:

the OPDS tanker with booster pumps and

spread mooring winches; a recoverable

single anchor leg mooring (SALM) to

accommodate tankers of up to 70,000

deadweight tons; ship to SALM hose lines;

up to 4 miles of 6-inch (internal diameter)

conduit for pumping to the beach; and two

BTUs to interface with the shoreside

systems. OPDS can support a two-line

system for multiproduct discharge, but ship

standoff distance is reduced from 4 to 2

miles. Amphibious construction battalions

install the OPDS with underwater

construction team assistance. OPDS are

embarked on selected Ready Reserve Force

tankers modified to support the system.

Also called OPDS. See also facility;

petroleum, oils, and lubricants; singleanchor leg mooring. (JP 4-01.6)

off-the-shelf item — An item that has been

developed and produced to military or

commercial standards and specifications, is

readily available for delivery from an

industrial source, and may be procured

without change to satisfy a military

requirement.

oiler — (*) A naval or merchant tanker

specially equipped and rigged for

replenishing other ships at sea.

on berth — Said of a ship when it is properly

moored to a quay, wharf, jetty, pier, or buoy

or when it is at anchor and available for

loading or discharging passengers and

cargo.

on-call — 1. A term used to signify that a

prearranged concentration, air strike, or

final protective fire may be called for. 2.

Preplanned, identified force or materiel

requirements without designated

time-phase and destination information.

Such requirements will be called forward

upon order of competent authority. See also

call for fire.

on-call resupply — A resupply mission

planned before insertion of a special

operations team into the operations area but

not executed until requested by the

operating team. See also automatic

resupply; emergency resupply. (JP 3-05.3)
317

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

on-call targets — Planned targets that are

known to exist in an operational area and

are located in sufficient time for deliberate

planning to meet emerging situations

specific to campaign objectives. See also

on-call; operational area; target. (JP 3-60)

on-call target (nuclear) — A planned nuclear

target other than a scheduled nuclear target

for which a need can be anticipated but

which will be delivered upon request rather

than at a specific time. Coordination and

warning of friendly troops and aircraft are

mandatory.

on-call wave — See wave.

one day’s supply — (*) A unit or quantity of

supplies adopted as a standard of

measurement, used in estimating the

average daily expenditure under stated

conditions. It may also be expressed in

terms of a factor, e.g., rounds of ammunition

per weapon per day.

one-look circuit — (*) A mine circuit which

requires actuation by a given influence once

only.

on hand — The quantity of an item that is

physically available in a storage location

and contained in the accountable property

book records of an issuing activity.

on-scene commander — 1. The person

designated to coordinate the rescue efforts

at the rescue site. 2. Federal officer

designated to direct federal crisis and

consequence management efforts at the

scene of a terrorist or weapons of mass

destruction incident. Also called OSC.

on-station time — The time an aircraft can

remain on station. May be determined by

endurance or orders.

open improved storage space — Open area

that has been graded and hard surfaced or

prepared with topping of some suitable

material so as to permit effective materials

handling operations. See also storage.

open ocean — Ocean limit defined as greater

than 12 nautical miles (nm) from shore, as

compared with high seas that are over 200

nm from shore. See also contiguous zone.

open route — (*) A route not subject to traffic

or movement control restrictions.

open-source intelligence — Information of

potential intelligence value that is available

to the general public. Also called OSINT.

See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

open unimproved wet space — That water

area specifically allotted to and usable for

storage of floating equipment. See also

storage.

operating forces — Those forces whose

primary missions are to participate in

combat and the integral supporting

elements thereof. See also combat forces;

combat service support element; combat

support elements.

operating level of supply — The quantities

of materiel required to sustain operations

in the interval between requisitions or the

arrival of successive shipments. These

quantities should be based on the

established replenishment period (monthly,

quarterly, etc.) See also level of supply.

operation — 1. A military action or the

carrying out of a strategic, operational,

tactical, service, training, or administrative

military mission. 2. The process of carrying

on combat, including movement, supply,

attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to

gain the objectives of any battle or

campaign.

operational architecture — Descriptions of

the tasks, operational elements, and
318 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

information flows required to accomplish

or support a warfighting function.

operational area — An overarching term

encompassing more descriptive terms for

geographic areas in which military

operations are conducted. Operational

areas include, but are not limited to, such

descriptors as area of responsibility, theater

of war, theater of operations, joint

operations area, amphibious objective area,

joint special operations area, and area of

operations. See also amphibious objective

area; area of operations; area of

responsibility; joint operations area;

joint special operations area; theater of

operations; theater of war. (JP 3-0)

operational art — The employment of

military forces to attain strategic and/or

operational objectives through the design,

organization, integration, and conduct of

strategies, campaigns, major operations,

and battles. Operational art translates the

joint force commander’s strategy into

operational design and, ultimately, tactical

action, by integrating the key activities at

all levels of war. (JP 3-0)

operational authority — That authority

exercised by a commander in the chain of

command, defined further as combatant

command (command authority),

operational control, tactical control, or a

support relationship. See also combatant

command (command authority); in

support of; operational control; support;

tactical control. (JP 0-2)

operational characteristics — Those

military characteristics that pertain

primarily to the functions to be performed

by equipment, either alone or in conjunction

with other equipment; e.g., for electronic

equipment, operational characteristics

include such items as frequency coverage,

channeling, type of modulation, and

character of emission.

operational control — Command authority

that may be exercised by commanders at

any echelon at or below the level of

combatant command. Operational control

is inherent in combatant command

(command authority) and may be delegated

within the command. When forces are

transferred between combatant commands,

the command relationship the gaining

commander will exercise (and the losing

commander will relinquish) over these

forces must be specified by the Secretary

of Defense. Operational control is the

authority to perform those functions of

command over subordinate forces

involving organizing and employing

commands and forces, assigning tasks,

designating objectives, and giving

authoritative direction necessary to

accomplish the mission. Operational

control includes authoritative direction over

all aspects of military operations and joint

training necessary to accomplish missions

assigned to the command. Operational

control should be exercised through the

commanders of subordinate organizations.

Normally this authority is exercised through

subordinate joint force commanders and

Service and/or functional component

commanders. Operational control normally

provides full authority to organize

commands and forces and to employ those

forces as the commander in operational

control considers necessary to accomplish

assigned missions; it does not, in and of

itself, include authoritative direction for

logistics or matters of administration,

discipline, internal organization, or unit

training. Also called OPCON. See also

combatant command; combatant

command (command authority); tactical

control. (JP 0-2)

operational control authority — (*) The

naval commander responsible within a

specified geographical area for the naval

control of all merchant shipping under

Allied naval control. Also called OCA.
319

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

operational decontamination — (*)

Decontamination carried out by an

individual and/or a unit, restricted to

specific parts of operationally essential

equipment, materiel and/or working areas,

in order to minimize contact and transfer

hazards and to sustain operations. This may

include decontamination of the

individual beyond the scope of immediate

decontamination, as well as

decontamination of mission-essential

spares and limited terrain decontamination.

See also decontamination; immediate

decontamination; thorough

decontamination.

operational design — The key

considerations used as a framework in the

course of planning for a campaign or major

operation. See also campaign; major

operation. (JP 5-00.1)

operational documentation — Visual

information documentation of activities to

convey information about people, places,

and things. It is general purpose

documentation normally accomplished in

peacetime. Also called OPDOC. See also

visual information documentation.

operational environment — A composite of

the conditions, circumstances, and

influences that affect the employment of

military forces and bear on the decisions of

the unit commander. Some examples are

as follows. a. permissive environment —

Operational environment in which host

country military and law enforcement

agencies have control as well as the intent

and capability to assist operations that a unit

intends to conduct. b. uncertain

environment — Operational environment

in which host government forces, whether

opposed to or receptive to operations that a

unit intends to conduct, do not have totally

effective control of the territory and

population in the intended operational area.

c. hostile environment — Operational

environment in which hostile forces have

control as well as the intent and capability

to effectively oppose or react to the

operations a unit intends to conduct.

(JP 3-05.3)

operational evaluation — The test and

analysis of a specific end item or system,

insofar as practicable under Service

operating conditions, in order to determine

if quantity production is warranted

considering: a. the increase in military

effectiveness to be gained; and b. its

effectiveness as compared with currently

available items or systems, consideration

being given to: (1) personnel capabilities

to maintain and operate the equipment; (2)

size, weight, and location considerations;

and (3) enemy capabilities in the field. See

also technical evaluation.

operational intelligence — Intelligence that

is required for planning and conducting

campaigns and major operations to

accomplish strategic objectives within

theaters or operational areas. See also

intelligence; strategic intelligence;

tactical intelligence. (JP 2-0)

operational level of war — The level of war

at which campaigns and major operations

are planned, conducted, and sustained to

accomplish strategic objectives within

theaters or other operational areas.

Activities at this level link tactics and

strategy by establishing operational

objectives needed to accomplish the

strategic objectives, sequencing events to

achieve the operational objectives, initiating

actions, and applying resources to bring

about and sustain these events. These

activities imply a broader dimension of time

or space than do tactics; they ensure the

logistic and administrative support of

tactical forces, and provide the means by

which tactical successes are exploited to

achieve strategic objectives. See also
320 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

strategic level of war; tactical level of war.

(JP 3-0)

operationally ready — 1. A unit, ship, or

weapon system capable of performing the

missions or functions for which organized

or designed. Incorporates both equipment

readiness and personnel readiness. 2.

Personnel available and qualified to

perform assigned missions or functions.

operational necessity — A mission

associated with war or peacetime operations

in which the consequences of an action

justify the risk of loss of aircraft and crew.

See also mission. (JP 3-04.1)

operational procedures — (*) The detailed

methods by which headquarters and units

carry out their operational tasks.

operational reach — The distance and

duration across which a unit can

successfully employ military capabilities.

(JP 3-0)

operational readiness — (*) The capability

of a unit/formation, ship, weapon system,

or equipment to perform the missions or

functions for which it is organized or

designed. May be used in a general sense

or to express a level or degree of readiness.

Also called OR. See also combat

readiness.

operational readiness evaluation — (*) An

evaluation of the operational capability and

effectiveness of a unit or any portion

thereof.

operational requirement — See military

requirement.

Operational Requirements Document —

A formatted statement containing

performance and related operational

parameters for the proposed concept or

system. Prepared by the user or user’s

representative at each milestone beginning

with Milestone I, Concept Demonstration

Approval of the Requirements Generation

Process. Also called ORD.

operational reserve — An emergency

reserve of men and/or materiel established

for the support of a specific operation. See

also reserve supplies.

operational route — (*) Land route allocated

to a command for the conduct of a specific

operation; derived from the corresponding

basic military route network.

operational support airlift — Operational

support airlift (OSA) missions are

movements of high-priority passengers and

cargo with time, place, or mission-sensitive

requirements. OSA aircraft are those

fixed-wing aircraft acquired and/or retained

exclusively for OSA missions, as well as

any other Department of Defense-owned

or controlled aircraft, fixed- or rotary-wing,

used for OSA purposes. Also called OSA.

See also aircraft. (JP 4-01)

operational testing — A continuing process

of evaluation that may be applied to either

operational personnel or situations to

determine their validity or reliability.

operational training — (*) Training that

develops, maintains, or improves the

operational readiness of individuals or units.

operation and maintenance — Maintenance

and repair of real property, operation of

utilities, and provision of other services

such as refuse collection and disposal,

entomology, snow removal, and ice

alleviation. Also called O&M. (JP 4-04)

operation annexes — Those amplifying

instructions that are of such a nature, or are

so voluminous or technical, as to make their

inclusion in the body of the plan or order

undesirable.
321

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

operation exposure guide — The maximum

amount of nuclear radiation that the

commander considers a unit may be

permitted to receive while performing a

particular mission or missions. Also called

OEG. See also radiation exposure status.

operation map — A map showing the

location and strength of friendly forces

involved in an operation. It may indicate

predicted movement and location of enemy

forces. See also map.

operation order — A directive issued by a

commander to subordinate commanders for

the purpose of effecting the coordinated

execution of an operation. Also called

OPORD.

operation plan — Any plan, except for the

Single Integrated Operational Plan, for the

conduct of military operations. Plans are

prepared by combatant commanders in

response to requirements established by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and

by commanders of subordinate commands

in response to requirements tasked by the

establishing unified commander. Operation

plans are prepared in either a complete

format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan

(CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be

published with or without a time-phased

force and deployment data (TPFDD) file.

a. OPLAN — An operation plan for the

conduct of joint operations that can be used

as a basis for development of an operation

order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the

forces and supplies required to execute the

CINC’s Strategic Concept and a movement

schedule of these resources to the theater

of operations. The forces and supplies are

identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will

include all phases of the tasked operation.

The plan is prepared with the appropriate

annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as

described in the Joint Operation Planning

and Execution System manuals containing

planning policies, procedures, and formats.

Also called OPLAN. b. CONPLAN —

An operation plan in an abbreviated format

that would require considerable expansion

or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN

or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the

CINC’s Strategic Concept and those

annexes and appendixes deemed necessary

by the combatant commander to complete

planning. Generally, detailed support

requirements are not calculated and TPFDD

files are not prepared. c. CONPLAN with

TPFDD — A CONPLAN with TPFDD is

the same as a CONPLAN except that it

requires more detailed planning for phased

deployment of forces. Also called

CONPLAN. See also operation order;

time-phased force and deployment data.

(JP 5-0)

operations center — The facility or location

on an installation, base, or facility used by

the commander to command, control, and

coordinate all crisis activities. See also

base defense operations center;

command center. (JP 3-07.2)

operations research — The analytical study

of military problems undertaken to provide

responsible commanders and staff agencies

with a scientific basis for decision on action

to improve military operations. Also called

operational research; operations

analysis.

operations security — A process of

identifying critical information and

subsequently analyzing friendly actions

attendant to military operations and other

activities to: a. identify those actions that

can be observed by adversary intelligence

systems; b. determine indicators that

hostile intelligence systems might obtain

that could be interpreted or pieced together

to derive critical information in time to be

useful to adversaries; and c. select and

execute measures that eliminate or reduce

to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of

friendly actions to adversary exploitation.
322 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Also called OPSEC. See also command

and control warfare; operations security

indicators; operations security measures;

operations security planning guidance;

operations security vulnerabilbity.

(JP 3-07.2)

operations security indicators — Friendly

detectable actions and open-source

information that can be interpreted or pieced

together by an adversary to derive critical

information.

operations security measures — Methods

and means to gain and maintain essential

secrecy about critical information. The

following categories apply. a. action

control — The objective is to eliminate

indicators or the vulnerability of actions to

exploitation by adversary intelligence

systems. Personnel will select what actions

to undertake; decide whether or not to

execute actions; and determine the “who,”

“when,” “where,” and “how” for actions

necessary to accomplish tasks. b.

countermeasures — The objective is to

disrupt effective adversary information

gathering or prevent their recognition of

indicators when collected materials are

processed. Use diversions, camouflage,

concealment, jamming, threats, police

powers, and force against adversary

information gathering and processing

capabilities. c. counteranalysis — The

objective is to prevent accurate

interpretations of indicators during

adversary analysis of collected materials.

This is done by confusing the adversary

analyst through deception techniques such

as covers.

operations security planning guidance —

Guidance that serves as the blueprint for

operations security planning by all

functional elements throughout the

organization. It defines the critical

information that requires protection from

adversary appreciations, taking into account

friendly and adversary goals, estimated key

adversary questions, probable adversary

knowledge, desirable and harmful

adversary appreciations, and pertinent

intelligence system threats. It also should

outline provisional operations security

measures to ensure the requisite essential

secrecy.

operations security vulnerability — A

condition in which friendly actions provide

operations security indicators that may be

obtained and accurately evaluated by an

adversary in time to provide a basis for

effective adversary decisionmaking.

operations to restore order — Operations

intended to halt violence and support,

reinstate, or establish civil authorities. They

are designed to return an unstable and

lawless environment to the point where

indigenous police forces can effectively

enforce the law and restore civil authority.

See also operation; peace operations.

(JP 3-07.3)

opportune lift — That portion of lift

capability available for use after planned

requirements have been met.

opportunity target — See target of

opportunity.

opposite numbers — Officers (including

foreign) having corresponding duty

assignments within their respective Military

Services or establishments.

optical axis — (*) In a lens element, the

straight line which passes through the

centers of curvature of the lens surfaces.

In an optical system, the line formed by the

coinciding principal axes of the series of

optical elements.

optical minehunting — (*) The use of an

optical system (e.g., television or towed

diver) to detect and classify mines or
323

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

minelike objects on or protruding from the

seabed.

optimum height — (*) The height of an

explosion which will produce the maximum

effect against a given target.

optimum height of burst — (*) For nuclear

weapons and for a particular target (or area),

the height at which it is estimated a weapon

of a specified energy yield will produce a

certain desired effect over the maximum

possible area.

orbital injection — The process of providing

a space vehicle with sufficient velocity to

establish an orbit.

orbit determination — The process of

describing the past, present, or predicted

position of a satellite in terms of orbital

parameters.

orbit point — (*) A geographically or

electronically defined location used in

stationing aircraft in flight during tactical

operations when a predetermined pattern

is not established. See also holding point.

order — (*) A communication, written, oral,

or by signal, which conveys instructions

from a superior to a subordinate. (DOD

only) In a broad sense, the terms “order”

and “command” are synonymous.

However, an order implies discretion as to

the details of execution whereas a command

does not.

order and shipping time — The time

elapsing between the initiation of stock

replenishment action for a specific activity

and the receipt by that activity of the

materiel resulting from such action. Order

and shipping time is applicable only to

materiel within the supply system, and it is

composed of the distinct elements, order

time, and shipping time. See also level of

supply.

order of battle — (*) The identification,

strength, command structure, and

disposition of the personnel, units, and

equipment of any military force. Also called

OB; OOB. (JP 2-01.3)

order time — 1. The time elapsing between

the initiation of stock replenishment action

and submittal of requisition or order. 2. The

time elapsing between the submittal of

requisition or order and shipment of

materiel by the supplying activity. See also

order and shipping time.

ordinary transport — (*) In railway

terminology, transport of a load whose size,

weight, or preparation does not entail

special difficulties vis-à-vis the facilities or

equipment of the railway systems to be

used. See also exceptional transport.

ordnance — Explosives, chemicals,

pyrotechnics, and similar stores, e.g.,

bombs, guns and ammunition, flares,

smoke, or napalm.

organic — Assigned to and forming an

essential part of a military organization.

Organic parts of a unit are those listed in its

table of organization for the Army, Air

Force, and Marine Corps, and are assigned

to the administrative organizations of the

operating forces for the Navy.

organizational equipment — Referring to

method of use: signifies that equipment

(other than individual equipment) used in

furtherance of the common mission of an

organization or unit. See also equipment.

organizational maintenance — That

maintenance that is the responsibility of and

performed by a using organization on its

assigned equipment. Its phases normally

consist of inspecting, servicing, lubricating,

and adjusting, as well as the replacing of

parts, minor assemblies, and subassemblies.
324 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

organization for combat — In amphibious

operations, task organization of landing

force units for combat, involving

combinations of command, ground and

aviation combat, combat support, and

combat service support units for

accomplishment of missions ashore. See

also amphibious operation; task

organization. (JP 3-02)

organization for embarkation — In

amphibious operations, the organization for

embarkation consisting of temporary

landing force task organizations established

by the commander, landing force and a

temporary organization of Navy forces

established by the commander, amphibious

task force for the purpose of simplifying

planning and facilitating the execution of

embarkation. See also amphibious

operation; embarkation; landing force;

task organization. (JP 3-02)

organization for landing — In amphibious

operations, the specific tactical grouping of

the landing force for the assault. (JP 3-02)

organization of the ground — (*) The

development of a defensive position by

strengthening the natural defenses of the

terrain and by assignment of the occupying

troops to specific localities.

Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task

Force — A network of 13 regional

organized crime drug enforcement task

forces designed to coordinate Federal law

enforcement efforts to combat the national

and international organizations that

cultivate, process, and distribute illicit

drugs. Also called OCDETF. (JP 3-07.4)

origin — Beginning point of a deployment

where unit or non-unit-related cargo or

personnel are located.

original destination — (*) In naval control

of shipping, the original final destination

of a convoy or an individual ship (whether

in convoy or independent). This is

particularly applicable to the original

destination of a voyage begun in peacetime.

original negative — See generation

(photography).

original positive — See generation

(photography).

originating medical facility — (*) A

medical facility that initially transfers a

patient to another medical facility.

originator — The command by whose

authority a message is sent. The

responsibility of the originator includes the

responsibility for the functions of the drafter

and the releasing officer. See also releasing

officer.

oropesa sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a form of sweep in which a length of sweep

wire is towed by a single ship, lateral

displacement being caused by an otter and

depth being controlled at the ship end by a

kite and at the other end by a float and float

wire.

orthomorphic projection — (*) A

projection in which the scale, although

varying throughout the map, is the same in

all directions at any point, so that very small

areas are represented by correct shape and

bearings are correct.

oscillating mine — (*) A mine,

hydrostatically controlled, which maintains

a pre-set depth below the surface of the

water independently of the rise and fall of

the tide. See also mine.

other detainee — Person in the custody of

the US Armed Forces who has not been

classified as an enemy prisoner of war

(article 4, Geneva Convention of 1949

Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of
325

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

War (GPW)), retained personnel (article 33,

GPW), or civilian internee (article 78,

Geneva Convention). Also called OD. See

also civilian internee; custody; detainee;

prisoner of war; retained personnel.

(JP 1-0)

other war reserve materiel requirement —

War reserve materiel requirement less the

pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement.

other war reserve materiel requirement,

balance — That portion of the other war

reserve materiel requirement that has not

been acquired or funded. This level consists

of the other war reserve materiel

requirement less the other war reserve

materiel requirement protectable.

other war reserve materiel requirement,

protectable — The portion of the other war

reserve materiel requirement that is

protected for purposes of procurement,

funding, and inventory management.

other war reserve stock — The quantity of

an item acquired and placed in stock against

the other war reserve materiel requirement.

otter — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device

which, when towed, displaces itself

sideways to a predetermined distance.

outbound traffic — Traffic originating in the

continental United States destined for

overseas or overseas traffic moving in a

general direction away from the continental

United States.

outer fix — A fix in the destination terminal

area, other than the approach fix, to which

aircraft are normally cleared by an air route

traffic control center or a terminal area

traffic control facility, and from which

aircraft are cleared to the approach fix or

final approach course.

outer landing ship areas — In amphibious

operations, areas to which landing ships

proceed initially after their arrival in the

objective area. They are usually located

on the flanks of the outer transport areas.

(JP 3-02)

outer transport area — In amphibious

operations, an area inside the antisubmarine

screen to which assault transports proceed

initially after arrival in the objective area.

See also inner transport area; transport

area.

outline map — (*) A map which represents

just sufficient geographic information to

permit the correlation of additional data

placed upon it.

outline plan — (*) A preliminary plan which

outlines the salient features or principles of

a course of action prior to the initiation of

detailed planning.

outsized cargo — A single item of cargo, too

large for palletization or containerization,

that exceeds 1090 inches long by 111 inches

wide by 105 inches high. Requires

transport by sea or use of a C-5 or C-17

aircraft for transport by air. See also

oversized cargo. (JP 4-01.6)

overhaul — The restoration of an item to a

completely serviceable condition as

prescribed by maintenance serviceability

standards. See also rebuild; repair.

overhead clearance — The vertical distance

between the route surface and any

obstruction above it.

overlap — 1. In photography, the amount by

which one photograph includes the same

area covered by another, customarily

expressed as a percentage. The overlap

between successive air photographs on a

flight line is called “forward overlap.” The
326 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

overlap between photographs in adjacent

parallel flight lines is called “side overlap.”

2. In cartography, that portion of a map or

chart that overlaps the area covered by

another of the same series. 3. In naval mine

warfare, the width of that part of the swept

path of a ship or formation that is also swept

by an adjacent sweeper or formation or is

reswept on the next adjacent lap.

overlay — A printing or drawing on a

transparent or semi-transparent medium at

the same scale as a map, chart, etc., to show

details not appearing or requiring special

emphasis on the original.

overpressure — (*) The pressure resulting

from the blast wave of an explosion. It is

referred to as “positive” when it exceeds

atmospheric pressure and “negative” during

the passage of the wave when resulting

pressures are less than atmospheric

pressure.

overprint — (*) Information printed or

stamped upon a map or chart, in addition

to that originally printed, to show data of

importance or special use.

overseas — All locations, including Alaska

and Hawaii, outside the continental United

States.

Overseas Environmental Baseline

Guidance Document — A set of objective

criteria and management practices

developed by the Department of Defense

to protect human health and the

environment. Also called OEBGD.

(JP 4-04)

overseas search and rescue region —

Overseas unified command areas (or

portions thereof not included within the

inland region or the maritime region). See

also search and rescue region.

oversized cargo — Large items of specific

equipment such as a barge, side loadable

warping tug, causeway section, powered,

or causeway section, nonpowered.

Requires transport by sea. See also

outsized cargo. (JP 4-01.6)

over the beach operations — See logistics

over-the-shore operations.

over-the-horizon amphibious operations

— An operational initiative launched from

beyond visual and radar range of the

shoreline. (JP 3-02)

over-the-horizon radar — A radar system

that makes use of the atmospheric reflection

and refraction phenomena to extend its

range of detection beyond line of sight.

Over-the-horizon radars may be either

forward scatter or back scatter systems.

overt operation — An operation conducted

openly, without concealment. See also

clandestine operation; covert operation.

(JP 3-05.3)

overt peacetime psychological operations

programs — Those programs developed

by combatant commands, in coordination

with the chiefs of US diplomatic missions,

that plan, support, and provide for the

conduct of psychological operations, during

military operations other than war, in

support of US regional objectives, policies,

interests, and theater military missions.

Also called OP3. See also consolidation

psychological operations; psychological

operations. (JP 3-53)
P

327

pace — (*) For ground forces, the speed of a

column or element regulated to maintain a

prescribed average speed.

pace setter — (*) An individual, selected by

the column commander, who travels in the

lead vehicle or element to regulate the

column speed and establish the pace

necessary to meet the required movement

order.

packaged forces — Forces of varying size

and composition preselected for specific

missions in order to facilitate planning and

training.

packaged petroleum product — A

petroleum product (generally a lubricant,

oil, grease, or specialty item) normally

packaged by a manufacturer and procured,

stored, transported, and issued in containers

having a fill capacity of 55 United States

gallons (or 45 Imperial gallons, or 205

liters) or less.

packup kit — Service-provided maintenance

gear including spare parts and consumables

most commonly needed by the deployed

helicopter detachment. Supplies are

sufficient for a short-term deployment but

do not include all material needed for every

maintenance task. Also called PUK.

(JP 3-04.1)

padding — Extraneous text added to a

message for the purpose of concealing its

beginning, ending, or length.

pallet — (*) 1. A flat base for combining

stores or carrying a single item to form a

unit load for handling, transportation, and

storage by materials handling equipment.

2. (DOD only) 463L pallet – An 88” x

108” aluminum flat base used to facilitate

the upload and download of aircraft.

palletized load system — A truck with

hydraulic load handling mechanism, trailer,

and flatrack system capable of self-loading

and -unloading. Truck and companion

trailer each have a 16.5 ton payload

capacity. Also called PLS. See also

flatrack. (JP 4-01.7)

palletized load system flatrack — Topless,

sideless container component of palletized

load system, some of which conform to

International Organization for

Standardization specifications. See also

palletized load system. (JP 4-01.7)

palletized unit load — (*) Quantity of any

item, packaged or unpackaged, which is

arranged on a pallet in a specified manner

and securely strapped or fastened thereto

so that the whole is handled as a unit.

panel code — (*) A prearranged code

designed for visual communications,

usually between friendly units, by making

use of marking panels. See also marking

panel.

panoramic camera — (*) 1. In aerial

photography, a camera which, through a

system of moving optics or mirrors, scans

a wide area of the terrain, usually from

horizon to horizon. The camera may be

mounted vertically or obliquely within the

aircraft, to scan across or along the line of

flight. 2. In ground photography, a camera

which photographs a wide expanse of

terrain by rotating horizontally about the

vertical axis through the center of the

camera lens.

parachute deployment height — (*) The

height above the intended impact point at

which the parachute or parachutes are fully

deployed.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
328 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

paradrop — (*) Delivery by parachute of

personnel or cargo from an aircraft in flight.

parallel chains of command — In

amphibious operations, a parallel system

of command, responding to the

interrelationship of Navy, landing force, Air

Force, and other major forces assigned,

wherein corresponding commanders are

established at each subordinate level of all

components to facilitate coordinated

planning for, and execution of, the

amphibious operation. (JP 3-02.2)

parallel sheaf — In artillery and naval gunfire

support, a sheaf in which the planes (lines)

of fire of all pieces are parallel. See also

converged sheaf.

parallel staff — (*) A staff in which one

officer from each nation, or Service,

working in parallel is appointed to each

post. See also multinational staff;

integrated staff; joint staff.

paramilitary forces — Forces or groups

distinct from the regular armed forces of

any country, but resembling them in

organization, equipment, training, or

mission.

pararescue team — Specially trained

personnel qualified to penetrate to the site

of an incident by land or parachute, render

medical aid, accomplish survival methods,

and rescue survivors. Also called PRT.

parlimentaire — An agent employed by a

commander of belligerent forces in the field

to go in person within the enemy lines for

the purpose of communicating or

negotiating openly and directly with the

enemy commander.

parrot — Identification friend or foe

transponder equipment.

partial mission-capable — Material

condition of an aircraft or training device

indicating that it can perform at least one

but not all of its missions. Also called

PMC. See also full mission-capable;

mission-capable; partial missioncapable, maintenance; partial missioncapable, supply.

partial mission-capable, maintenance —

Material condition of an aircraft or training

device indicating that it can perform at least

one but not all of its missions because of

maintenance requirements existing on the

inoperable subsystem(s). Also called

PMCM. See also full mission-capable;

mission-capable; partial missioncapable; partial mission-capable, supply.

partial mission-capable, supply — Material

condition of an aircraft or training device

indicating it can perform at least one but

not all of its missions because maintenance

required to clear the discrepancy cannot

continue due to a supply shortage. Also

called PMCS. See also full missioncapable; mission-capable; partial

mission-capable; partial missioncapable, maintenance.

partial mobilization — See mobilization,

Part 2.

partial storage monitoring — A periodic

inspection of major assemblies or

components for nuclear weapons,

consisting mainly of external observation

of humidity, temperatures, and visual

damage or deterioration during storage.

This type of inspection is also conducted

prior to and upon completion of a

movement.

partisan warfare — Not to be used. See

guerrilla warfare.
329

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

part number — A combination of numbers,

letters, and symbols assigned by a designer,

a manufacturer, or vendor to identify a

specific part or item of materiel.

pass — 1. A short tactical run or dive by an

aircraft at a target. 2. A single sweep

through or within firing range of an enemy

air formation.

passage of lines — An operation in which a

force moves forward or rearward through

another force’s combat positions with the

intention of moving into or out of contact

with the enemy. A passage may be

designated as a forward or rearward passage

of lines.

passenger mile — One passenger transported

one mile. For air and ocean transport, use

nautical miles; for rail, highway, and inland

waterway transport in the continental

United States, use statute miles.

passive — (*) In surveillance, an adjective

applied to actions or equipments which emit

no energy capable of being detected.

passive air defense — All measures, other

than active air defense, taken to minimize

the effectiveness of hostile air and missile

threats against friendly forces and assets.

These measures include camouflage,

concealment, deception, dispersion,

reconstitution, redundancy, detection and

warning systems, and the use of protective

construction. See also air defense;

concealment, deception, dispersion.

(JP 3-01)

passive defense — Measures taken to reduce

the probability of and to minimize the

effects of damage caused by hostile action

without the intention of taking the initiative.

See also active defense.

passive homing guidance — (*) A system

of homing guidance wherein the receiver

in the missile utilizes radiation from the

target.

passive mine — (*) 1. A mine whose

anticountermining device has been operated

preventing the firing mechanism from being

actuated. The mine will usually remain

passive for a comparatively short time. 2.

A mine which does not emit a signal to

detect the presence of a target. See also

active mine.

passive or responsive public affairs policy

— A responsive posture by which no direct

effort is made to initiate, or participate in,

the public discussion about an issue or

activity. When a passive policy is in effect,

authorities must be prepared to respond to

news media inquiries about the issue or

activity — to make brief statements to avoid

confusion, speculation, misunderstanding,

or false information that may prevail if news

media queries go unanswered. See also

public affairs. (JP 3-61)

pass time — (*) In road transport, the time

that elapses between the moment when the

leading vehicle of a column passes a given

point and the moment when the last vehicle

passes the same point.

password — (*) A secret word or distinctive

sound used to reply to a challenge. See also

challenge; countersign.

pathfinder drop zone control — The

communication and operation center from

which pathfinders exercise aircraft

guidance.

pathfinder landing zone control — See

pathfinder drop zone control.

pathfinders — 1. Experienced aircraft crews

who lead a formation to the drop zone,

release point, or target. 2. Teams dropped

or air landed at an objective to establish and

operate navigational aids for the purpose
330 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

of guiding aircraft to drop and landing

zones. 3. A radar device used for

navigating or homing to an objective when

visibility precludes accurate visual

navigation. 4. Teams air delivered into

enemy territory for the purpose of

determining the best approach and

withdrawal lanes, landing zones, and sites

for helicopterborne forces.

pathogen — A disease-producing

microorganism. (JP 3-11)

patient — A sick, injured, wounded, or other

person requiring medical and/or dental care

or treatment.

patient movement — The act or process of

moving a sick, injured, wounded, or other

person to obtain medical and/or dental care

or treatment. Functions include medical

regulating, patient evacuation, and en route

medical care. See also patient; patient

movement items; patient movement

requirements center. (JP 4-02)

patient movement items — The medical

equipment and supplies required to support

patients during aeromedical evacuation.

Also called PMIs.

patient movement requirements center —

A joint activity that coordinates patient

movement. It is the functional merging of

joint medical regulating processes,

Services’ medical regulating processes, and

coordination with movement components

for patient evacuation. This may be joint,

reporting to the joint task force surgeon;

theater, reporting to the theater surgeon; or

global, reporting to the United States

Transportation Command surgeon. Also

called PMRC. See also patient. (JP 4-02)

patrol — (*) A detachment of ground, sea,

or air forces sent out for the purpose of

gathering information or carrying out a

destructive, harassing, mopping-up, or

security mission. See also combat air

patrol.

pattern bombing — The systematic covering

of a target area with bombs uniformly

distributed according to a plan.

pattern laying — (*) In land mine warfare,

the laying of mines in a fixed relationship

to each other.

payload — (*) 1. The sum of the weight of

passengers and cargo that an aircraft can

carry. See also load. 2. The warhead, its

container, and activating devices in a

military missile. 3. The satellite or research

vehicle of a space probe or research missile.

4. The load (expressed in tons of cargo or

equipment, gallons of liquid, or number of

passengers) which the vehicle is designed

to transport under specified conditions of

operation, in addition to its unladen weight.

payload build-up (missile and space) — The

process by which the scientific

instrumentation (sensors, detectors, etc.)

and necessary mechanical and electronic

subassemblies are assembled into a

complete operational package capable of

achieving the scientific objectives of the

mission.

payload integration (missile and space) —

The compatible installation of a complete

payload package into the spacecraft and

space vehicle.

payload (missile) — See payload, Part 2.

P-day — That point in time at which the rate

of production of an item available for

military consumption equals the rate at

which the item is required by the Armed

Forces.

peace building — Post-conflict actions,

predominately diplomatic and economic,

that strengthen and rebuild governmental
331

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

infrastructure and institutions in order to

avoid a relapse into conflict. See also

peace enforcement; peacekeeping;

peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07)

peace enforcement — Application of

military force, or the threat of its use,

normally pursuant to international

authorization, to compel compliance with

resolutions or sanctions designed to

maintain or restore peace and order. See

also peace building; peacekeeping;

peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07)

peacekeeping — Military operations

undertaken with the consent of all major

parties to a dispute, designed to monitor and

facilitate implementation of an agreement

(ceasefire, truce, or other such agreement)

and support diplomatic efforts to reach a

long-term political settlement. See also

peace building; peace enforcement;

peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07)

peacemaking — The process of diplomacy,

mediation, negotiation, or other forms of

peaceful settlements that arranges an end

to a dispute and resolves issues that led to

it. See also peace building; peace

enforcement; peacekeeping; peace

operations. (JP 3-07)

peace operations — A broad term that

encompasses peacekeeping operations and

peace enforcement operations conducted in

support of diplomatic efforts to establish

and maintain peace. Also called PO. See

also peace building; peace enforcement;

peacekeeping; and peacemaking. (JP 3-07)

peacetime force materiel assets — That

portion of total materiel assets that is

designated to meet the peacetime force

materiel requirement. See also war

reserves.

peacetime force materiel requirement —

The quantity of an item required to equip,

provide a materiel pipeline, and sustain

the United States force structure (active

and reserve) and those allied forces

designated for United States peacetime

support in current Secretary of Defense

guidance (including approved supply

support arrangements with foreign military

sales countries) and to support the

scheduled establishment through normal

appropriation and procurement leadtime

periods.

peacetime materiel consumption and losses

— The quantity of an item consumed, lost,

or worn out beyond economical repair

through normal appropriation and

procurement leadtime periods.

peak overpressure — (*) The maximum

value of overpressure at a given location

which is generally experienced at the instant

the shock (or blast) wave reaches that

location.

pecuniary liability — A personal, joint, or

corporate monetary obligation to make

good any lost, damaged, or destroyed

property resulting from fault or neglect. It

may also result under conditions stipulated

in a contract or bond.

pencil beam — (*) A searchlight beam

reduced to, or set at, its minimum width.

penetration — (*) In land operations, a form

of offensive which seeks to break through

the enemy’s defense and disrupt the

defensive system.

penetration aids — Techniques and/or

devices employed by offensive aerospace

weapon systems to increase the probability

of penetration of enemy defenses.

penetration (air traffic control) — That

portion of a published high altitude

instrument approach procedure that

prescribes a descent path from the fix on
332 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

which the procedure is based to a fix or

altitude from which an approach to the

airport is made.

penetration (intelligence) — The

recruitment of agents within or the

infiltration of agents or technical

monitoring devices in an organization or

group for the purpose of acquiring

information or of influencing its activities.

percentage clearance — (*) In mine warfare,

the estimated percentage of mines of

specified characteristics which have been

cleared from an area or channel.

perception management — Actions to

convey and/or deny selected information

and indicators to foreign audiences to

influence their emotions, motives, and

objective reasoning as well as to intelligence

systems and leaders at all levels to influence

official estimates, ultimately resulting in

foreign behaviors and official actions

favorable to the originator’s objectives. In

various ways, perception management

combines truth projection, operations

security, cover and deception, and

psychological operations. See also

psychological operations.

perils of the sea — Accidents and dangers

peculiar to maritime activities, such as

storms, waves, and wind; collision;

grounding; fire, smoke and noxious fumes;

flooding, sinking and capsizing; loss of

propulsion or steering; and any other

hazards resulting from the unique

environment of the sea.

perimeter defense — A defense without an

exposed flank, consisting of forces

deployed along the perimeter of the

defended area.

periodic intelligence summary — A report

of the intelligence situation in a tactical

operation (normally produced at corps level

or its equivalent and higher) usually at

intervals of 24 hours, or as directed by the

commander. Also called PERINTSUM.

period — The time it takes for a satellite to

complete one orbit around the earth. As a

rule of thumb, satellites with periods of 87.5

minutes are on the verge of reentry.

period of interest — A period of time in

which a launch of a missile is expected.

Also called POI.

perishable cargo — Cargo requiring

refrigeration, such as meat, fruit, fresh

vegetables, and medical department

biologicals.

perishable target — A force or activity at a

specific location whose value as a target can

decrease substantially during a specified

time. A significant decrease in value occurs

when the target moves or the operational

circumstances change to the extent that the

target is no longer lucrative. See also

target. (JP 3-05.3)

permafrost — Permanently frozen subsoil.

permanent echo — Any dense and fixed

radar return caused by reflection of energy

from the Earth’s surface or manmade

structure. Distinguished from “ground

clutter” by being from definable locations

rather than large areas.

permissive action link — A device included

in or attached to a nuclear weapon system

to preclude arming and/or launching until

the insertion of a prescribed discrete code

or combination. It may include equipment

and cabling external to the weapon or

weapon system to activate components

within the weapon or weapon system.

permissive environment — See operational

environment.
333

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

persistency — (*) In biological or chemical

warfare, the characteristic of an agent which

pertains to the duration of its effectiveness

under determined conditions after its

dispersal.

persistent agent — A chemical agent that,

when released, remains able to cause

casualties for more than 24 hours to several

days or weeks. (JP 3-11)

personal effects — All privately owned

moveable, personal property of an

individual. Also called PE. See also

mortuary affairs; personal property.

(JP 4-06)

personal locator beacon — (*) An

emergency radio locator beacon with a

two-way speech facility carried by crew

members, either on their person or in their

survival equipment, and capable of

providing homing signals to assist search

and rescue operations. Also called PLB.

See also crash locator beacon; emergency

locator beacon.

personal property — Property of any kind

or any interest therein, except real property,

records of the Federal Government, and

naval vessels of the following categories:

surface combatants, support ships, and

submarines.

person authorized to direct disposition of

remains — A person, usually primary next

of kin, who is authorized to direct

disposition of remains. Also called PADD.

See also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06)

person eligible to receive effects — The

person authorized by law to receive the

personal effects of a deceased military

member. Receipt of personal effects does

not constitute ownership. Also called

PERE. See also mortuary affairs;

personal effects. (JP 4-06)

person in custody — Any person under the

direct control and protection of US forces.

personnel — Those individuals required in

either a military or civilian capacity to

accomplish the assigned mission.

personnel increment number — A

seven-character, alphanumeric field that

uniquely describes a non-unit-related

personnel entry (line) in a Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System

time-phased force and deployment data.

Also called PIN.

personnel reaction time (nuclear) — (*)

The time required by personnel to take

prescribed protective measures after receipt

of a nuclear strike warning.

personnel recovery — The aggregation of

military, civil, and political efforts to obtain

the release or recovery of personnel from

uncertain or hostile environments and

denied areas whether they are captured,

missing, or isolated. That includes US,

allied, coalition, friendly military, or

paramilitary, and others as designated by

the National Command Authorities.

Personnel recovery (PR) is the umbrella

term for operations that are focused on the

task of recovering captured, missing, or

isolated personnel from harm’s way. PR

includes but is not limited to theater search

and rescue; combat search and rescue;

search and rescue; survival, evasion,

resistance, and escape; evasion and escape;

and the coordination of negotiated as well

as forcible recovery options. PR can occur

through military action, action by

nongovernmental organizations, other US

Government-approved action, and/or

diplomatic initiatives, or through any of

these. Also called PR. See also combat

search and rescue; evasion; evasion and

escape; personnel; recovery; search and

rescue. (JP 3-50.21)
334 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

personnel security investigation — An

inquiry into the activities of an individual,

designed to develop pertinent information

pertaining to trustworthiness and suitability

for a position of trust as related to loyalty,

character, emotional stability, and

reliability. Also called PSI.

perspective grid — (*) A network of lines,

drawn or superimposed on a photograph,

to represent the perspective of a systematic

network of lines on the ground or datum

plane.

petroleum intersectional service — (*) An

intersectional or interzonal service in a

theater of operations that operates pipelines

and related facilities for the supply of bulk

petroleum products to theater Army

elements and other forces as directed.

petroleum, oils, and lubricants — (*) A

broad term which includes all petroleum

and associated products used by the Armed

Forces. Also called POL.

phase line — A line utilized for control and

coordination of military operations, usually

an easily identified feature in the operational

area.

phases of military government — 1. assault

— That period which commences with the

first contact with civilians ashore and

extends to the establishment of military

government control ashore by the landing

force. 2. consolidation — That period

which commences with the establishment

of military government ashore by the

landing force and extends to the

establishment of control by occupation

forces. 3. occupation — That period

which commences when an area has been

occupied in fact, and the military

commander within that area is in a position

to enforce public safety and order. See also

civil affairs; military occupation.

phonetic alphabet — A list of standard words

used to identify letters in a message

transmitted by radio or telephone. The

following are the authorized words, listed

in order, for each letter in the alphabet:

ALFA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, DELTA,

ECHO, FOXTROT, GOLF, HOTEL,

INDIA, JULIETT, KILO, LIMA, MIKE,

NOVEMBER, OSCAR, PAPA, QUEBEC,

ROMEO, SIERRA, TANGO, UNIFORM,

VICTOR, WHISKEY, X-RAY, YANKEE,

and ZULU.

phoney minefield — (*) An area free of live

mines used to simulate a minefield, or

section of a minefield, with the object of

deceiving the enemy. See also gap,

minefield.

photoflash bomb — (*) A bomb designed

to produce a brief and intense illumination

for medium altitude night photography.

photoflash cartridge — (*) A pyrotechnic

cartridge designed to produce a brief and

intense illumination for low altitude night

photography.

photogrammetric control — (*) Control

established by photogrammetric methods

as distinguished from control established

by ground methods. Also called minor

control.

photogrammetry — (*) The science or art

of obtaining reliable measurements from

photographic images.

photographic coverage — The extent to

which an area is covered by photography

from one mission or a series of missions or

in a period of time. Coverage, in this sense,

conveys the idea of availability of

photography and is not a synonym for the

word “photography.”
335

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

photographic intelligence — The collected

products of photographic interpretation,

classified and evaluated for intelligence use.

Also called PHOTINT.

photographic interpretation — See

imagery interpretation.

photographic panorama — A continuous

photograph or an assemblage of

overlapping oblique or ground photographs

that have been matched and joined together

to form a continuous photographic

representation of the area.

photographic reading — (*) The simple

recognition of natural or manmade features

from photographs not involving imagery

interpretation techniques.

photographic scale — (*) The ratio of a

distance measured on a photograph or

mosaic to the corresponding distance on the

ground, classified as follows:

a. very large scale — 1:4,999 and larger;

b. large scale — 1:5,000 to 1:9,999;

c. medium scale — 1:10,000 to 1:24,999;

d. small scale — 1:25,000 to 1:49,999;

e. very small scale — 1:50,000 and smaller.

See also scale.

photographic strip — (*) Series of

successive overlapping photographs taken

along a selected course or direction.

photo interpretation key — See imagery

interpretation key.

photomap — (*) A reproduction of a

photograph or photomosaic upon which the

grid lines, marginal data, contours, place

names, boundaries, and other data may be

added.

photo nadir — (*) The point at which a

vertical line through the perspective center

of the camera lens intersects the photo

plane.

physical characteristics — Those military

characteristics of equipment that are

primarily physical in nature, such as weight,

shape, volume, water-proofing, and

sturdiness.

physical damage assessment — The

estimate of the quantitative extent of

physical damage (through munition blast,

fragmentation, and/or fire damage effects)

to a target resulting from the application of

military force. This assessment is based

upon observed or interpreted damage. See

also damage assessment; target. (JP 3-60)

physical security — (*) That part of security

concerned with physical measures designed

to safeguard personnel; to prevent

unauthorized access to equipment,

installations, material, and documents; and

to safeguard them against espionage,

sabotage, damage, and theft. See also

communications security; security.

pictomap — A topographic map in which

the photographic imagery of a standard

mosaic has been converted into

interpretable colors and symbols by means

of a pictomap process.

pictorial symbolization — (*) The use of

symbols which convey the visual character

of the features they represent.

Pierson-Moskowitz scale — A scale that

categorizes the force of progressively

higher wind speeds. See also sea state.

(JP 4-01.6)

pillbox — (*) A small, low fortification that

houses machine guns, antitank weapons,

etc. A pillbox is usually made of concrete,

steel, or filled sandbags.

pilot’s trace — (*) A rough overlay to a map

made by the pilot of a photographic

reconnaissance aircraft during or

immediately after a sortie. It shows the
336 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

location, direction, number, and order of

photographic runs made, together with the

camera(s) used on each run.

pinpoint — (*) 1. A precisely identified

point, especially on the ground, that locates

a very small target, a reference point for

rendezvous or for other purposes; the

coordinates that define this point. 2. The

ground position of aircraft determined by

direct observation of the ground.

pinpoint photograph — (*) A single

photograph or a stereo pair of a specific

object or target.

pinpoint target — (*) In artillery and naval

gunfire support, a target less than 50 meters

in diameter.

pipeline — (*) In logistics, the channel of

support or a specific portion thereof by

means of which materiel or personnel flow

from sources of procurement to their point

of use.

piracy — An illegal act of violence,

depredation (e.g., plundering, robbing, or

pillaging), or detention in or over

international waters committed for private

ends by the crew or passengers of a private

ship or aircraft against another ship or

aircraft or against persons or property on

board such ship or aircraft.

pitch — (*) 1. The movement of an aircraft

or ship about its transverse axis. 2. In air

photography, the camera rotation about the

transverse axis of the aircraft. Also called

tip.

pitch angle — (*) The angle between the

aircraft’s longitudinal axis and the

horizontal plane. Also called inclination

angle.

plan for landing — In amphibious

operations, a collective term referring to all

individually prepared naval and landing

force documents which, taken together,

present in detail all instructions for

execution of the ship-to-shore movement.

(JP 3-02.2)

plan identification number — 1. A

command-unique four-digit number

followed by a suffix indicating the Joint

Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) year for

which the plan is written, e.g., “2220-95”.

2. In the Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System (JOPES) database, a

five-digit number representing the

command-unique four-digit identifier,

followed by a one-character, alphabetic

suffix indicating the operation plan option,

or a one-digit number numeric value

indicating the JSCP year for which the plan

is written. Also called PID.

planimetric map — A map representing only

the horizontal position of features.

Sometimes called a line map. See also map.

plan information capability — The

capability that allows a supported command

to enter and update key elements of

information in an operation plan stored in

the Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System.

planned airlift requests — Requests

generated to meet airlift requirements that

can be forecast or where requirements can

be anticipated and published in the air

tasking order. See also air tasking order.

(JP 3-17)

planned target (nuclear) — A nuclear target

planned on an area or point in which a need

is anticipated. A planned nuclear target may

be scheduled or on call. Firing data for a

planned nuclear target may or may not be

determined in advance. Coordination and

warning of friendly troops and aircraft are

mandatory.
337

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

planned targets — Targets that are known

to exist in an operational area, and against

which effects are scheduled in advance or

are on-call. Examples range from targets

on joint target lists in the applicable

campaign plans, to targets detected in

sufficient time to list in the air tasking order,

mission-type orders, or fire support plans.

Planned targets have two subcategories:

scheduled or on-call. See also on-call

targets; operational area; scheduled

targets; target. (JP 3-60)

planning and direction — See intelligence

cycle. See also direction. (JP 2-0)

planning directive — In amphibious

operations, the plan issued by the

designated commander, following receipt

of the order initiating the amphibious

operation, to ensure that the planning

process and interdependent plans developed

by the amphibious force will be

coordinated, completed in the time allowed,

and important aspects not overlooked. See

also amphibious force; amphibious

operation. (JP 3-02)

planning factor — (*) A multiplier used in

planning to estimate the amount and type

of effort involved in a contemplated

operation. Planning factors are often

expressed as rates, ratios, or lengths of time.

planning factors database — Databases

created and maintained by the Military

Services for the purpose of identifying all

geospatial information and services

requirements for emerging and existing

forces and systems. The database identifies:

unit requirements, at the information

content level, for geospatial data and

services; system requirements for standard

Department of Defense geospatial data and

services; research, development, test, and

evaluation requirements for developmental

systems, identified by milestone; and initial

operating capability and full operating

capability for emerging systems. Also

called PFDB. See also data; database;

geospatial information and services.

(JP 2-03)

planning order — 1. An order issued by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

(CJCS) to initiate execution planning. The

planning order will normally follow a

commander’s estimate and a planning order

will normally take the place of the CJCS

alert order. National Command Authorities

approval of a selected course of action is

not required before issuing a CJCS planning

order. 2. A planning directive that provides

essential planning guidance and directs the

initiation of execution planning before the

directing authority approves a military

course of action. See also execution

planning. (JP 5-0)

planning phase — In amphibious operations,

the phase normally denoted by the period

extending from the issuance of the order

initiating the amphibious operation up to

the embarkation phase. The planning phase

may occur during movement or at any other

time upon receipt of a new mission or

change in the operational situation. See also

amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

plan position indicator — (*) A cathode

ray tube on which radar returns are so

displayed as to bear the same relationship

to the transmitter as the objects giving rise

to them.

plant equipment — Personal property of a

capital nature, consisting of equipment,

furniture, vehicles, machine tools, test

equipment, and accessory and auxiliary

items, but excluding special tooling and

special test equipment, used or capable of

use in the manufacture of supplies or for

any administrative or general plant purpose.

plastic zone — (*) The region beyond the

rupture zone associated with crater
338 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

formation resulting from an explosion in

which there is no visible rupture, but in

which the soil is permanently deformed and

compressed to a high density. See also

rupture zone.

plate — (*) 1. In cartography: a. a printing

plate of zinc, aluminum, or engraved

copper; b. collective term for all “states”

of an engraved map reproduced from the

same engraved printing plate; c. all detail

to appear on a map or chart which will be

reproduced from a single printing plate

(e.g., the “blue plate” or the “contour

plate”). 2. In photography, a transparent

medium, usually glass, coated with a

photographic emulsion. See also

diapositive.

platform drop — (*) The airdrop of loaded

platforms from rear loading aircraft with

roller conveyors. See also airdrop;

airdrop platform.

plot — (*) 1. Map, chart, or graph

representing data of any sort. 2.

Representation on a diagram or chart of the

position or course of a target in terms of

angles and distances from positions;

location of a position on a map or a chart.

3. The visual display of a single location

of an airborne object at a particular instant

of time. 4. A portion of a map or overlay

on which are drawn the outlines of the areas

covered by one or more photographs. See

also master plot.

point defense — The defense or protection

of special vital elements and installations;

e.g., command and control facilities or air

bases. (JP 3-52)

point designation grid — (*) A system of

lines, having no relation to the actual scale,

or orientation, drawn on a map, chart, or

air photograph dividing it into squares so

that points can be more readily located.

pointee-talkee — A language aid containing

selected phrases in English opposite a

translation in a foreign language. It is used

by pointing to appropriate phrases. See also

evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3)

point of no return — (*) A point along an

aircraft track beyond which its endurance

will not permit return to its own or some

other associated base on its own fuel supply.

point-to-point sealift — The movement of

troops and/or cargo in Military Sealift

Command nucleus or commercial shipping

between established ports, in administrative

landings, or during logistics over-the-shore

operations. See also administrative

landing; administrative movement;

logistics over-the-shore operations.

poised mine — (*) A mine in which the ship

counter setting has been run down to “one”

and which is ready to detonate at the next

actuation. See also mine.

polar coordinates — (*) 1. Coordinates

derived from the distance and angular

measurements from a fixed point (pole). 2.

In artillery and naval gunfire support, the

direction, distance, and vertical correction

from the observer/spotter position to the

target.

polar orbit — A satellite orbit in which the

satellite passes over the North and South

Poles on each orbit, and eventually passes

over all points on the earth. The angle of

inclination between the equator and a polar

orbit is 90 degrees.

polar plot — (*) The method of locating a

target or point on the map by means of polar

coordinates.

political intelligence — Intelligence

concerning foreign and domestic policies

of governments and the activities of

political movements.
339

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

political warfare — Aggressive use of

political means to achieve national

objectives.

politico-military gaming — Simulation of

situations involving the interaction of

political, military, sociological,

psychological, economic, scientific, and

other appropriate factors.

pool — 1. Maintenance and control of a

supply of resources or personnel upon

which other activities may draw. The

primary purpose of a pool is to promote

maximum efficiency of use of the pooled

resources or personnel, e.g., a petroleum

pool or a labor and equipment pool. 2. Any

combination of resources which serves a

common purpose.

port capacity — (*) The estimated capacity

of a port or an anchorage to clear cargo in

24 hours usually expressed in tons. See

also beach capacity; clearance capacity.

port complex — (*) A port complex

comprises one or more port areas of varying

importance whose activities are

geographically linked either because these

areas are dependent on a common inland

transport system or because they constitute

a common initial destination for convoys.

port designator — (*) A group of letters

identifying ports in convoy titles or

messages.

port evacuation of cargoes — (*) The

removal of cargoes from a threatened port

to alternative storage sites.

port evacuation of shipping — (*) The

movement of merchant ships from a

threatened port for their own protection.

port of debarkation — The geographic point

at which cargo or personnel are discharged.

This may be a seaport or aerial port of

debarkation; for unit requirements; it may

or may not coincide with the destination.

Also called POD. See also port of

embarkation.

port of embarkation — The geographic

point in a routing scheme from which cargo

or personnel depart. This may be a seaport

or aerial port from which personnel and

equipment flow to a port of debarkation;

for unit and nonunit requirements, it may

or may not coincide with the origin. Also

called POE. See also port of debarkation.

port of support — The geographic point

(seaport or airport) in an objective area that

is the terminal point for strategic

deployment for non-unit-related supplies.

Each component designates ports of support

for four categories of resupply: general

cargo; ammunition; petroleum, oils, and

lubricants; and air deliveries. Also called

POS.

port operations group — A task-organized

unit, located at the seaport of embarkation

and/or debarkation under the control of the

landing force support party and/or combat

service support element, that assists and

provides support in the loading and/or

unloading and staging of personnel,

supplies, and equipment from shipping.

Also called POG. See also combat service

support element; landing force support

party; task organization. (JP 4-01.8)

port security — (*) The safeguarding of

vessels, harbors, ports, waterfront facilities,

and cargo from internal threats such as

destruction, loss, or injury from sabotage

or other subversive acts; accidents; thefts;

or other causes of similar nature. See also

harbor defense; physical security;

security.

port support activity — A tailorable support

organization composed of mobilization

station assets that ensures the equipment of
340 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

the deploying units is ready to load. The

port support activity (PSA) operates unique

equipment in conjunction with ship loading

operations. The PSA is operationally

controlled by the military port commander

or terminal transfer unit commander. Also

called PSA. See also support. (JP 4-01.8)

positional defense — See position defense.

position defense — (*) The type of defense

in which the bulk of the defending force is

disposed in selected tactical localities where

the decisive battle is to be fought. Principal

reliance is placed on the ability of the forces

in the defended localities to maintain their

positions and to control the terrain between

them. The reserve is used to add depth, to

block, or restore the battle position by

counterattack.

positive control — A method of airspace

control that relies on positive identification,

tracking, and direction of aircraft within an

airspace, conducted with electronic means

by an agency having the authority and

responsibility therein.

positive identification and radar advisory

zone — A specified area established for

identification and flight following of aircraft

in the vicinity of a fleet-defended area. Also

called PIRAZ.

positive phase of the shock wave — The

period during which the pressure rises very

sharply to a value that is higher than

ambient and then decreases rapidly to the

ambient pressure. See also negative phase

of the shock wave.

Posse Comitatus Act — Prohibits search,

seizure, or arrest powers to US military

personnel. Amended in 1981 under Public

Law 97-86 to permit increased Department

of Defense support of drug interdiction and

other law enforcement activities. (Title 18,

“Use of Army and Air Force as Posse

Comitatus” - United States Code, Section

1385)

postattack period — In nuclear warfare, that

period which extends from the termination

of the final attack until political authorities

agree to terminate hostilities. See also

posthostilities period; transattack

period.

posthostilities period — That period

subsequent to the date of ratification by

political authorities of agreements to

terminate hostilities.

poststrike reconnaissance — Missions

undertaken for the purpose of gathering

information used to measure results of a

strike.

power projection — The ability of a nation

to apply all or some of its elements of

national power - political, economic,

informational, or military - to rapidly and

effectively deploy and sustain forces in and

from multiple dispersed locations to

respond to crises, to contribute to

deterrence, and to enhance regional

stability. See also elements of national

power. (JP 3-35)

PPI gauge — See international loading

gauge.

practice mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare,

an inert mine to which is fitted a fuze and a

device to indicate, in a non-lethal fashion,

that the fuze has been activated. See also

mine. 2. In naval mine warfare, an

inert-filled mine but complete with

assembly, suitable for instruction and for

practice in preparation. See also drill mine.

prearranged fire — (*) Fire that is formally

planned and executed against targets or

target areas of known location. Such fire is

usually planned well in advance and is

executed at a predetermined time or during
341

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a predetermined period of time. See also

fire; on-call; scheduled fire.

preassault operation — Operations

conducted by the amphibious force upon

its arrival in the operational area and prior

to H-hour and/or L-hour. See also

amphibious force; times. (JP 3-02)

precautionary launch — The launching of

nuclear loaded aircraft under imminent

nuclear attack so as to preclude friendly

aircraft destruction and loss of weapons on

the ground and/or carrier.

precautionary search and rescue and/or

combat search and rescue — The

planning and pre-positioning of aircraft,

ships, or ground forces and facilities before

an operation to provide search and rescue

(SAR) or combat search and rescue

(CSAR) assistance if needed. The planning

of precautionary SAR or CSAR is usually

done by plans personnel with SAR or

CSAR expertise and background on an

operations staff, a joint search and rescue

center, or a rescue coordination center. Also

called precautionary SAR and/or CSAR.

See also combat search and rescue; joint

combat search and rescue operation;

search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

precedence — 1. communications — A

designation assigned to a message by the

originator to indicate to communications

personnel the relative order of handling and

to the addressee the order in which the

message is to be noted. Examples of

communication precedence from most

immediate to least are flash, immediate,

priority, and routine. 2. reconnaissance —

A letter designation, assigned by a unit

requesting several reconnaissance missions,

to indicate the relative order of importance

(within an established priority) of the

mission requested. 3. evacuation — The

assignment of a priority for medical

evacuation that is based on patient

condition, advice of the senior medical

person at the scene, and the tactical

situation. See also flash message;

immediate message; priority message;

routine message.

precession — See apparent precession.

precipitation static — Charged precipitation

particles that strike antennas and gradually

charge the antenna, which ultimately

discharges across the insulator, causing a

burst of static. Also called P-STATIC. (JP 3-51)

precise frequency — A frequency

requirement accurate to within one part in

1,000,000,000.

precise time — A time requirement accurate

to within 10 milliseconds.

precision approach — An approach in which

range, azimuth, and glide slope information

are provided to the pilot. See also final

approach; nonprecision approach.

(JP 3-04.1)

precision bombing — Bombing directed at

a specific point target.

precision-guided munitions — A weapon

that uses a seeker to detect electromagnetic

energy reflected from a target or reference

point and, through processing, provides

guidance commands to a control system that

guides the weapon to the target. Also called

PGM. See also munitions. (JP 3-09.1)

precursor — Any chemical reactant which

takes place at any stage in the production

by whatever method of a toxic chemical.

This includes any key component of a

binary or multicomponent chemical system.

See also toxic chemical. (JP 3-11)

precursor chemical — Compounds that are

required in the synthetic or extraction

processes of drug production, and become
342 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

incorporated into the drug molecule. Not

used in the production of cocaine or heroin.

(JP 3-07.4)

precursor front — (*) An air pressure wave

which moves ahead of the main blast wave

for some distance as a result of a nuclear

explosion of appropriate yield and low burst

height over a heat-absorbing (or dusty)

surface. The pressure at the precursor front

increases more gradually than in a true (or

ideal) shock wave, so that the behavior in

the precursor region is said to be non-ideal.

precursor sweeping — (*) The sweeping of

an area by relatively safe means in order to

reduce the risk to mine countermeasures

vessels in subsequent operations.

predicted fire — (*) Fire that is delivered

without adjustment.

predominant height — (*) In air

reconnaissance, the height of 51 percent or

more of the structures within an area of

similar surface material.

preemptive attack — An attack initiated on

the basis of incontrovertible evidence that

an enemy attack is imminent.

preinitiation — The initiation of the fission

chain reaction in the active material of a

nuclear weapon at any time earlier than that

at which either the designed or the

maximum compression or degree of

assembly is attained.

prelanding operations — In amphibious

operations, operations conducted between

the commencement of the assault phase and

the commencement of the ship-to-shore

movement by the main body of the

amphibious task force. They encompass

similar preparations conducted by the

advanced force but focus on the landing

area, concentrating specifically on the

landing beaches and the helicopter landing

zones to be used by the main landing force.

Prelanding operations also encompass final

preparations for the ship-to-shore

movement. (JP 3-02)

pre-launch survivability — The probability

that a delivery and/or launch vehicle will

survive an enemy attack under an

established condition of warning.

preliminary communications search — In

search and rescue operations, consists of

contacting and checking major facilities

within the areas where the craft might be

or might have been seen. A preliminary

communications search is normally

conducted during the uncertainty phase.

Also called PRECOM. See also extended

communications search; search and

rescue incident classification, Subpart a.

preliminary demolition target — (*) A

target, other than a reserved demolition

target, which is earmarked for demolition

and which can be executed immediately

after preparation, provided that prior

authority has been granted. See also

demolition target; reserved demolition

target.

preliminary movement schedule — A

projection of the routing of movement

requirements reflected in the time-phased

force and deployment data, from origin to

destination, including identification of

origins, ports of embarkation, ports of

debarkation, and en route stops; associated

time frames for arrival and departure at each

location; type of lift assets required to

accomplish the move; and cargo details by

carrier. Schedules are sufficiently detailed

to support comparative analysis of

requirements against capabilities and to

develop location workloads for reception

and onward movement.

preload loading — (*) The loading of

selected items aboard ship at one port prior
343

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

to the main loading of the ship at another.

See also loading.

premature dud — See flare dud.

preparation fire — Fire delivered on a target

preparatory to an assault. See also fire.

preplanned air support — (*) Air support

in accordance with a program, planned in

advance of operations. See also air

support.

preplanned mission request — A request

for an air strike on a target that can be

anticipated sufficiently in advance to permit

detailed mission coordination and planning.

preplanned nuclear support — Nuclear

support planned in advance of operations.

See also immediate nuclear support;

nuclear support.

pre-position — (*) To place military units,

equipment, or supplies at or near the point

of planned use or at a designated location

to reduce reaction time, and to ensure timely

support of a specific force during initial

phases of an operation.

pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement, balance — That portion of

the pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement that has not been acquired or

funded. This level consists of the

pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement, less the pre-positioned war

reserve requirement, protectable.

pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement, protectable — That portion

of the pre-positioned war reserve materiel

requirement that is protected for purposes

of procurement, funding, and inventory

management.

pre-positioned war reserve requirement —

That portion of the war reserve materiel

requirement that the current Secretary of

Defense guidance dictates be reserved and

positioned at or near the point of planned

use or issue to the user prior to hostilities to

reduce reaction time and to assure timely

support of a specific force or project until

replenishment can be effected.

pre-positioned war reserve stock — The

assets that are designated to satisfy the prepositioned war reserve materiel

requirement. Also called PWRS.

prescribed nuclear load — (*) A specified

quantity of nuclear weapons to be carried

by a delivery unit. The establishment and

replenishment of this load after each

expenditure is a command decision and is

dependent upon the tactical situation, the

nuclear logistical situation, and the

capability of the unit to transport and utilize

the load. It may vary from day to day and

among similar delivery units.

prescribed nuclear stockage — (*) A

specified quantity of nuclear weapons,

components of nuclear weapons, and

warhead test equipment to be stocked in

special ammunition supply points or other

logistical installations. The establishment

and replenishment of this stockage is a

command decision and is dependent upon

the tactical situation, the allocation, the

capability of the logistical support unit to

store and maintain the nuclear weapons, and

the nuclear logistical situation. The

prescribed stockage may vary from time to

time and among similar logistical support

units.

preset guidance — A technique of missile

control wherein a predetermined flight path

is set into the control mechanism and cannot

be adjusted after launching.

Presidential Callup — Procedures by which

the President brings all or part of the Army

National Guard or Air National Guard to
344 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

active Federal service under section 12406

and Chapter 15 of title 10 (DOD), US Code.

See also active duty; federal service;

Presidential Reserve Callup Authority.

(JP 4-05)

Presidential Reserve Callup Authority —

Provision of a public law (US Code, Title

10 (DOD), section 12304) that provides the

President a means to activate, without a

declaration of national emergency, not more

than 200,000 members of the Selected

Reserve and the Individual Ready Reserve

(of whom not more than 30,000 may be

members of the Individual Ready Reserve),

for not more than 270 days to meet the

support requirements of any operational

mission. Members called under this

provision may not be used for disaster relief

or to suppress insurrection. This authority

has particular utility when used in

circumstances in which the escalatory

national or international signals of partial

or full mobilization would be undesirable.

Forces available under this authority can

provide a tailored, limited-scope, deterrent,

or operational response, or may be used as

a precursor to any subsequent mobilization.

Also called PRCA. See also Individual

Ready Reserve; mobilization;

Presidential Callup; Selected Reserve.

(JP 3-57)

pressure altitude — (*) An atmospheric

pressure expressed in terms of altitude

which corresponds to that pressure in the

standard atmosphere. See also altitude.

pressure breathing — (*) The technique of

breathing which is required when oxygen

is supplied direct to an individual at a

pressure higher than the ambient barometric

pressure.

pressure front — See shock front.

pressure mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare,

a mine whose fuze responds to the direct

pressure of a target. 2. In naval mine

warfare, a mine whose circuit responds to

the hydrodynamic pressure field of a target.

See also mine.

pressure mine circuit — See pressure mine.

pressurized cabin — The occupied space of

an aircraft in which the air pressure has been

increased above that of the ambient

atmosphere by compression of the ambient

atmosphere into the space.

prestrike reconnaissance — Missions

undertaken for the purpose of obtaining

complete information about known targets

for use by the strike force.

prevention — The security procedures

undertaken by the public and private sector

in order to discourage terrorist acts. See

also antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

prevention of stripping equipment — See

antirecovery device.

preventive deployment — The deployment

of military forces to deter violence at the

interface or zone of potential conflict where

tension is rising among parties. Forces may

be employed in such a way that they are

indistinguishable from a peacekeeping

force in terms of equipment, force posture,

and activities. See also peace

enforcement; peacekeeping; peace

operations. (JP 3-07)

preventive diplomacy — Diplomatic actions

taken in advance of a predictable crisis to

prevent or limit violence. (JP 3-07)

preventive maintenance — The care and

servicing by personnel for the purpose of

maintaining equipment and facilities in

satisfactory operating condition by

providing for systematic inspection,

detection, and correction of incipient
345

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

failures either before they occur or before

they develop into major defects.

preventive medicine — The anticipation,

communication, prediction, identification,

prevention, education, risk assessment, and

control of communicable diseases, illnesses

and exposure to endemic, occupational, and

environmental threats. These threats

include nonbattle injuries, combat stress

responses, weapons of mass destruction,

and other threats to the health and readiness

of military personnel. Communicable

diseases include anthropod-, vector-, food-,

waste-, and waterborne diseases.

Preventative medicine measures include

field sanitation, medical surveillance, pest

and vector control, disease risk assessment,

environmental and occupational health

surveillance, waste (human, hazardous, and

medical) disposal, food safety inspection,

and potable water surveillance. Also called

PVNTMED. (JP 4-02)

preventive war — A war initiated in the

belief that military conflict, while not

imminent, is inevitable, and that to delay

would involve greater risk.

prewithdrawal demolition target — A

target prepared for demolition preliminary

to a withdrawal, the demolition of which

can be executed as soon after preparation

as convenient on the orders of the officer

to whom the responsibility for such

demolitions has been delegated. See also

demolition target.

primary aircraft authorization — The

number of aircraft authorized to a unit for

performance of its operational mission. The

primary authorization forms the basis for

the allocation of operating resources to

include manpower, support equipment, and

flying-hour funds. Also called PAA.

primary aircraft inventory — The aircraft

assigned to meet the primary aircraft

authorization. Also called PAI.

primary censorship — Armed forces

censorship performed by personnel of a

company, battery, squadron, ship, station,

base, or similar unit on the personal

communications of persons assigned,

attached, or otherwise under the jurisdiction

of a unit. See also censorship.

primary control officer — In amphibious

operations, the officer embarked in a

primary control ship assigned to control the

movement of landing craft, amphibious

vehicles, and landing ships to and from a

colored beach. Also called PCO. (JP 3-02)

primary control ship — In amphibious

operations, a ship of the task force

designated to provide support for the

primary control officer and a combat

information center control team for a

colored beach. Also called PCS. (JP 3-02)

primary flight control — The controlling

agency on aviation ships and amphibious

aviation assault ships that is responsible for

air traffic control of aircraft within 5 nautical

miles of the ship. On Coast Guard cutters,

primary flight control duties are performed

by a combat information center, and the

term “PRIFLY” is not used. Also called

PRIFLY. See also amphibious aviation

assault ship; aviation ship. (JP 3-04.1)

primary imagery dissemination — See

electronic imagery dissemination.

primary imagery dissemination system —

See electronic imagery dissemination.

primary interest — Principal, although not

exclusive, interest and responsibility for
346 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

accomplishment of a given mission,

including responsibility for reconciling the

activities of other agencies that possess

collateral interest in the program.

primary operating stocks — Logistic

resources on hand or on order necessary to

support day-to-day operational

requirements, and which, in part, can also

be used to offset sustaining combat

requirements. Also called POS.

primary review authority — The

organization assigned by the lead agent to

perform the actions and coordination

necessary to develop and maintain the

assigned joint publication under the

cognizance of the lead agent. Also called

PRA. See also joint publication; lead

agent. (JP 1-01)

primary target — An object of high publicity

value to terrorists. See also antiterrorism;

secondary targets. (JP 3-07.2)

primed charge — (*) A charge ready in all

aspects for ignition.

prime mover — A vehicle, including heavy

construction equipment, possessing

military characteristics, designed primarily

for towing heavy, wheeled weapons and

frequently providing facilities for the

transportation of the crew of, and

ammunition for, the weapon.

prime vendor — A contracting process that

provides commercial products to regionally

grouped military and federal customers

from commercial distributors using

electronic commerce. Customers typically

receive materiel delivery through the

vendor’s commercial distribution system.

Also called PV. See also distribution

system. (JP 4-09)

principal building — A building aboard a

diplomatic or consular compound where

classified information may be handled,

stored, discussed, or processed, but that

does not house the offices of the chief of

mission or principal officer.

principal items — End items and

replacement assemblies of such importance

that management techniques require

centralized individual item management

throughout the supply system, to include

depot level, base level, and items in the

hands of using units. These specifically

include the items where, in the judgment

of the Services, there is a need for central

inventory control, including centralized

computation of requirements, central

procurement, central direction of

distribution, and central knowledge and

control of all assets owned by the Services.

principal officer — The officer in charge of

a diplomatic mission, consular office, or

other Foreign Service post, such as a United

States Liaison Office.

principal operational interest — When used

in connection with an established facility

operated by one Service for joint use by

two or more Services, “principal

operational interest” indicates a requirement

for the greatest use of, or the greatest need

for, the services of that facility. The term

may be applied to a Service, but is more

applicable to a command.

principal parallel — (*) On an oblique

photograph, a line parallel to the true

horizon and passing through the principal

point.

principal plane — (*) A vertical plane which

contains the principal point of an oblique

photograph, the perspective center of the

lens, and the ground nadir.

principal scale — (*) In cartography, the

scale of a reduced or generating globe

representing the sphere or spheroid, defined
347

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

by the fractional relation of their respective

radii. Also called nominal scale. See also

scale.

principal vertical — (*) On an oblique

photograph, a line perpendicular to the true

horizon and passing through the principal

point.

printing size of a map or chart — (*) The

dimensions of the smallest rectangle which

will contain a map or chart, including all

the printed material in its margin.

print reference — (*) A reference to an

individual print in an air photographic

sortie.

priority designator — A two-digit issue and

priority code (01 through 15) placed in

military standard requisitioning and issue

procedure requisitions. It is based upon a

combination of factors that relate the

mission of the requisitioner and the urgency

of need or the end use and is used to provide

a means of assigning relative rankings to

competing demands placed on the

Department of Defense supply system.

priority intelligence requirements — Those

intelligence requirements for which a

commander has an anticipated and stated

priority in the task of planning and

decisionmaking. Also called PIRs. See

also information requirements;

intelligence; intelligence cycle;

intelligence requirement. (JP 2-0)

priority message — A category of

precedence reserved for messages that

require expeditious action by the

addressee(s) and/or furnish essential

information for the conduct of operations

in progress when routine precedence will

not suffice. See also precedence.

priority national intelligence objectives —

A guide for the coordination of intelligence

collection and production in response to

requirements relating to the formulation and

execution of national security policy. They

are compiled annually by the Washington

Intelligence Community and flow directly

from the intelligence mission as set forth

by the National Security Council. They are

specific enough to provide a basis for

planning the allocation of collection and

research resources, but not so specific as to

constitute in themselves research and

collection requirements.

priority of immediate mission requests —

See emergency priority; urgent priority.

priority system for mission requests for

tactical reconnaissance — A system that

assigns each tactical reconnaissance request

the appropriate priority as follows. Priority

I — Takes precedence over all other

requests except those previously assigned

priority I. The results of these requests are

of paramount importance to the immediate

battle situation or objective. Priority II —

The results of these requirements are in

support of the general battle situation and

will be accomplished as soon as possible

after priority I requests. These are requests

to gain current battle information. Priority

III — The results of these requests update

the intelligence database but do not affect

the immediate battle situation. Priority IV

— The results of these requests are of a

routine nature. These results will be

fulfilled when the reconnaissance effort

permits. See also precedence.

prior permission — (*) Permission granted

by the appropriate authority prior to the

commencement of a flight or a series of

flights landing in or flying over the territory

of the nation concerned.

prisoner of war — A detained person as

defined in Articles 4 and 5 of the Geneva

Convention Relative to the Treatment of

Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949. In
348 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

particular, one who, while engaged in

combat under orders of his or her

government, is captured by the armed forces

of the enemy. As such, he or she is entitled

to the combatant’s privilege of immunity

from the municipal law of the capturing

state for warlike acts which do not amount

to breaches of the law of armed conflict.

For example, a prisoner of war may be, but

is not limited to, any person belonging to

one of the following categories who has

fallen into the power of the enemy: a

member of the armed forces, organized

militia or volunteer corps; a person who

accompanies the armed forces without

actually being a member thereof; a member

of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft

crew not qualifying for more favorable

treatment; or individuals who, on the

approach of the enemy, spontaneously take

up arms to resist the invading forces. Also

called POW or PW.

prisoner of war branch camp — (*) A

subsidiary camp under the supervision and

administration of a prisoner of war camp.

prisoner of war camp — An installation

established for the internment and

administration of prisoners of war.

prisoner of war censorship — The

censorship of the communications to and

from enemy prisoners of war and civilian

internees held by the United States Armed

Forces. See also censorship.

prisoner of war compound — (*) A

subdivision of a prisoner of war enclosure.

prisoner of war enclosure — (*) A

subdivision of a prisoner of war camp.

prisoner of war personnel record — (*) A

form for recording the photograph,

fingerprints, and other pertinent personal

data concerning the prisoner of war,

including that required by the Geneva

Convention.

proactive measures — In antiterrorism,

measures taken in the preventive stage of

antiterrorism designed to harden targets and

detect actions before they occur. (JP 3-07.2)

proactive mine countermeasures —

Measures intended to prevent the enemy

from successfully laying mines. See also

mine countermeasures. (JP 3-15)

probability of damage — (*) The

probability that damage will occur to a

target expressed as a percentage or as a

decimal. Also called PD.

probable error — See horizontal error.

probable error deflection — Error in

deflection that is exceeded as often as not.

probable error height of burst — Error in

height of burst that projectile and/or missile

fuzes may be expected to exceed as often

as not.

probable error range — Error in range that

is exceeded as often as not.

probably destroyed — (*) In air operations,

a damage assessment on an enemy aircraft

seen to break off combat in circumstances

which lead to the conclusion that it must be

a loss although it is not actually seen to

crash.

probe — In information operations, any

attempt to gather information about an

automated information system or its on-line

users. See also information; information

operations; information system. (JP 3-13)

procedural control — (*) A method of

airspace control which relies on a

combination of previously agreed and

promulgated orders and procedures.
349

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

procedure — A procedure begins with a

specific, documentable event that causes an

activity to occur. The activity must produce

a product that normally affects another

external organization. Frequently, that

product will be the event that causes another

procedure to occur. It is important to

recognize that a procedure determines

“what” an organization must do at critical

periods but does not direct “how” it will be

done.

procedure turn — (*) An aircraft maneuver

in which a turn is made away from a

designated track followed by a turn in the

opposite direction, both turns being

executed at a constant rate so as to permit

the aircraft to intercept and proceed along

the reciprocal of the designated track.

procedure word — A word or phrase limited

to radio telephone procedure used to

facilitate communication by conveying

information in a condensed standard form.

Also called proword.

processing — (*) 1. In photography, the

operations necessary to produce negatives,

diapositives, or prints from exposed films,

plates, or paper. 2. (DOD only) A system

of operations designed to convert raw data

into useful information. (JP 2-0)

proclamation — A document published to

the inhabitants of an area that sets forth the

basis of authority and scope of activities of

a commander in a given area and which

defines the obligations, liabilities, duties,

and rights of the population affected.

procurement lead time — The interval in

months between the initiation of

procurement action and receipt into the

supply system of the production model

(excludes prototypes) purchased as the

result of such actions. It is composed of

two elements, production lead time and

administrative lead time. See also

administrative lead time; initiation of

procurement action; level of supply;

production lead time; receipt into the

supply system.

producer countries — In counterdrug

operations, countries where naturally

occurring plants such as coca, cannabis, or

poppies are cultivated for later refinement

into illicit drugs. See also counterdrug

operations. (JP 3-07.4)

production base — The total national

industrial production capacity available for

the manufacture of items to meet materiel

requirements.

production lead time — The time interval

between the placement of a contract and

receipt into the supply system of materiel

purchased. Two entries are provided: a.

initial — The time interval if the item is

not under production as of the date of

contract placement; and b. reorder — The

time interval if the item is under production

as of the date of contract placement. See

also procurement lead time.

production logistics — That part of logistics

concerning research, design, development,

manufacture, and acceptance of materiel.

In consequence, production logistics

includes: standardization and

interoperability, contracting, quality

assurance, initial provisioning,

transportability, reliability and defect

analysis, safety standards, specifications

and production processes, trials and testing

(including provision of necessary facilities),

equipment documentation, configuration

control, and modifications.

production loss appraisal — An estimate of

damage inflicted on an industry in terms of

quantities of finished products denied the

enemy from the moment of attack through

the period of reconstruction to the point

when full production is resumed.
350 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

proficiency training aircraft — Aircraft

required to maintain the proficiency of

pilots and other aircrew members who are

assigned to nonflying duties.

profile — See flight profile.

program aircraft — The total of the active

and reserve aircraft. See also aircraft.

Programmed Forces — The forces that exist

for each year of the Future Years Defense

Program. They contain the major combat

and tactical support forces that are expected

to execute the national strategy within

manpower, fiscal, and other constraints. See

also current force; force; Intermediate

Force Planning Level.

program of nuclear cooperation — (*)

Presidentially approved bilateral proposals

for the United States to provide nuclear

weapons and specified support to user

nations who desire to commit delivery units

to NATO in nuclear only or dual capable

roles. After presidential approval in

principle, negotiations will be initiated with

the user nation to develop detailed support

arrangements.

progress payment — Payment made as work

progresses under a contract, upon the basis

of costs incurred, of percentage of

completion accomplished, or of a particular

stage of completion. The term does not

include payments for partial deliveries

accepted by the Government under a

contract or partial payments on contract

termination claims.

prohibited area — A specified area within

the land areas of a state or its internal waters,

archipelagic waters, or territorial sea

adjacent thereto over which the flight of

aircraft is prohibited. May also refer to land

or sea areas to which access is prohibited.

See also closed area; danger area;

restricted area.

projected map display — (*) The displayed

image of a map or chart projected through

an optical or electro-optical system onto a

viewing surface.

projection print — An enlarged or reduced

photographic print made by projection of

the image of a negative or a transparency

onto a sensitized surface.

proliferation (nuclear weapons) — The

process by which one nation after another

comes into possession of, or into the right

to determine the use of, nuclear weapons;

each nation becomes potentially able to

launch a nuclear attack upon another nation.

prompt radiation — The gamma rays

produced in fission and as a result of other

neutron reactions and nuclear excitation of

the weapon materials appearing within a

second or less after a nuclear explosion.

The radiations from these sources are

known either as prompt or instantaneous

gamma rays. See also induced radiation;

initial radiation; residual radiation.

proofing — The verification that a breached

lane is free of live mines by passing a mine

roller or other mine-resistant vehicle

through as the lead vehicle.

propaganda — Any form of communication

in support of national objectives designed

to influence the opinions, emotions,

attitudes, or behavior of any group in order

to benefit the sponsor, either directly or

indirectly. See also black propaganda;

grey propaganda; white propaganda.

propelled mine — See mobile mine.

proper authority — An authority authorized

to call an opposing force hostile; may be

either the National Command Authorities

(NCA), the affected CINC, and/or any

commander so delegated by either the NCA

or the CINC.
351

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

proper clearance — A clearance for entry

of units into specified defense areas by civil

or military authorities having responsibility

for granting such clearance.

property — 1. Anything that may be owned.

2. As used in the military establishment,

this term is usually confined to tangible

property, including real estate and materiel.

For special purposes and as used in certain

statutes, this term may exclude such items

as the public domain, certain lands, certain

categories of naval vessels, and records of

the Federal Government.

property account — A formal record of

property and property transactions in terms

of quantity and/or cost, generally by item.

An official record of Government property

required to be maintained.

proportional navigation — A method of

homing navigation in which the missile turn

rate is directly proportional to the turn rate

in space of the line of sight.

protected emblems — The red cross, red

crescent, and other symbols that designate

that persons, places, or equipment so

marked have a protected status under the

law of war.

protected frequencies — Those friendly

frequencies used for a particular operation,

identified and protected to prevent them

from being inadvertently jammed by

friendly forces while active electronic

warfare operations are directed against

hostile forces. These frequencies are of

such critical importance that jamming

should be restricted unless absolutely

necessary or until coordination with the

using unit is made. They are generally timeoriented, may change with the tactical

situation, and must be updated periodically.

See also electronic warfare. (JP 3-51)

protected persons/places — Persons (such

as enemy prisoners of war) and places (such

as hospitals) that enjoy special protections

under the law of war. They may or may

not be marked with protected emblems.

protected site — (*) A facility which is

protected by the use of camouflage or

concealment, selective siting, construction

of facilities designed to prevent damage

from fragments caused by conventional

weapons, or a combination of such

measures.

protection — Measures that are taken to keep

nuclear, biological, and chemical hazards

from having an adverse effect on personnel,

equipment, or critical assets and facilities.

Protection consists of five groups of

activities: hardening of positions; protecting

personnel; assuming mission-oriented

protective posture; using physical defense

measures; and reacting to attack. See also

mission-oriented protective posture.

(JP 3-11)

protection of shipping — The use of

proportionate force by US warships,

military aircraft, and other forces, when

necessary for the protection of US flag

vessels and aircraft, US citizens (whether

embarked in US or foreign vessels), and

their property against unlawful violence.

This protection may be extended (consistent

with international law) to foreign flag

vessels, aircraft, and persons. (JP 3-07)

protective clothing — (*) Clothing

especially designed, fabricated, or treated

to protect personnel against hazards

caused by extreme changes in physical

environment, dangerous working conditions,

or enemy action.

protective mask — A protective ensemble

designed to protect the wearer’s face and
352 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

eyes and prevent the breathing of air

contaminated with chemical and/or

biological agents. See also missionoriented protective posture. (JP 3-11)

protective minefield — (*) 1. In land mine

warfare, a minefield employed to assist a

unit in its local, close-in protection. 2. In

naval mine warfare, a minefield laid in

friendly territorial waters to protect ports,

harbors, anchorages, coasts, and coastal

routes. See also minefield.

prototype — A model suitable for evaluation

of design, performance, and production

potential.

provisioning — See initial provisioning.

proword — See procedure word.

proximity fuze — (*) A fuze wherein

primary initiation occurs by remotely

sensing the presence, distance, and/or

direction of a target or its associated

environment by means of a signal generated

by the fuze or emitted by the target, or by

detecting a disturbance of a natural field

surrounding the target.

pseudopursuit navigation — A method of

homing navigation in which the missile is

directed toward the instantaneous target

position in azimuth, while pursuit

navigation in elevation is delayed until more

favorable angle of attack on the target is

achieved.

psychological consolidation activities —

Planned psychological activities across the

range of military operations directed at the

civilian population located in areas under

friendly control in order to achieve a desired

behavior that supports the military

objectives and the operational freedom of

the supported commanders.

psychological operations — Planned

operations to convey selected information

and indicators to foreign audiences to

influence their emotions, motives, objective

reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of

foreign governments, organizations,

groups, and individuals. The purpose of

psychological operations is to induce or

reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior

favorable to the originator’s objectives.

Also called PSYOP. See also

consolidation psychological operations;

overt peacetime psychological operations

programs; perception management.

psychological warfare — The planned use

of propaganda and other psychological

actions having the primary purpose of

influencing the opinions, emotions,

attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign

groups in such a way as to support the

achievement of national objectives. Also

called PSYWAR.

public affairs — Those public information,

command information, and community

relations activities directed toward both the

external and internal publics with interest

in the Department of Defense. Also called

PA. See also command information;

community relations; public information.

public affairs assessment — An analysis of

the news media and public environments

to evaluate the degree of understanding

about strategic and operational objectives

and military activities and to identify levels

of public support. Includes judgments

about the public affairs impact of pending

decisions and recommendations about the

structure of public affairs support for the

assigned mission. See also assessment;

public affairs. (JP 3-61)

public affairs ground rules — Conditions

established by a military command to
353

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

govern the conduct of news gathering and

the release and/or use of specified

information during an operation or during

a specific period of time. See also public

affairs. (JP 3-61)

public affairs guidance — Normally, a

package of information to support the

public discussion of defense issues and

operations. Such guidance can range from

a telephonic response to a specific question

to a more comprehensive package.

Included could be an approved public

affairs policy, news statements, answers to

anticipated media questions, and

community relations guidance. The public

affairs guidance also addresses the

method(s), timing, location, and other

details governing the release of information

to the public. Public affairs guidance is

approved by the Assistant to the Secretary

of Defense (Public Affairs). Also called

PAG. See also community relations;

public affairs. (JP 3-61)

public information — Information of a

military nature, the dissemination of which

through public news media is not

inconsistent with security, and the release

of which is considered desirable or

nonobjectionable to the responsible

releasing agency.

public key infrastructure — An enterprisewide service (i.e. data integrity, user

identification and authentication, user nonrepudiation, data confidentiality,

encryption, and digital signature) that

supports digital signatures and other public

key-based security mechanisms for

Department of Defense functional

enterprise programs, including generation,

production, distribution, control, and

accounting of public key certificates. A

public key infrastructure provides the

means to bind public keys to their owners

and helps in the distribution of reliable

public keys in large heterogeneous

networks. Public keys are bound to their

owners by public key certificates. These

certificates contain information such as the

owner’s name and the associated public key

and are issued by a reliable certification

authority. Also called PKI.

pull-up point — (*) The point at which an

aircraft must start to climb from a low-level

approach in order to gain sufficient height

from which to execute the attack or

retirement. See also contact point.

pulse code — A system of using selected

pulse-repetition frequencies to allow a

specific laser seeker to acquire a target

illuminated by a specific laser designator.

See also laser; laser designator; laser

seeker. (JP 3-09.1)

pulse duration — In radar, measurement of

pulse transmission time in microseconds;

that is, the time the radar’s transmitter is

energized during each cycle. Also called

pulse length and pulse width.

pulsejet — (*) A jet-propulsion engine

containing neither compressor nor turbine.

Equipped with valves in the front which

open and shut, it takes in air to create thrust

in rapid periodic bursts rather than

continuously.

pulse repetition frequency — 1. In lasers,

the number of pulses that occur each

second. 2. In radar, the number of pulses

that occur each second. Pulse repetition

frequency should not be confused with

transmission frequency, which is

determined by the rate at which cycles are

repeated within the transmitted pulse. Also

called PRF. See also laser. (JP 3-09.1)

pulsing — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

method of operating magnetic and acoustic

sweeps in which the sweep is energized by

current which varies or is intermittent in

accordance with a predetermined schedule.
354 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

purchase description — A statement

outlining the essential characteristics and

functions of an item, service, or materiel

required to meet the minimum needs of the

Government. It is used when a specification

is not available or when specific

procurement specifications are not required

by the individual Military Departments or

the Department of Defense.

purchase notice agreements — Agreements

concerning the purchase of brand-name

items for resale purposes established by

each Military Service under the control of

the Defense Logistics Agency.

purchasing office — Any installation or

activity, or any division, office, branch,

section, unit, or other organizational

element of an installation or activity charged

with the functions of procuring supplies or

services.

pursuit — (*) An offensive operation

designed to catch or cut off a hostile force

attempting to escape, with the aim of

destroying it.

pyrotechnic — A mixture of chemicals

which, when ignited, is capable of reacting

exothermically to produce light, heat,

smoke, sound or gas.

pyrotechnic delay — (*) A pyrotechnic

device added to a firing system which

transmits the ignition flame after a

predetermined delay.
Q

355

q-message — (*) A classified message

relating to navigational dangers,

navigational aids, mined areas, and

searched or swept channels.

Q-route — A system of preplanned shipping

lanes in mined or potentially mined waters

used to minimize the area the mine

countermeasures commander has to keep

clear of mines in order to provide safe

passage for friendly shipping. (JP 3-15)

quadrant elevation — (*) The angle

between the horizontal plane and the axis

of the bore when the weapon is laid. (DOD

only) It is the algebraic sum of the

elevation, angle of site, and complementary

angle of site.

quadruple container — A quadruple

container box 57.5” x 96” x 96” with a metal

frame, pallet base, and International

Organization for Standardization (ISO)

corner fittings. Four of these boxes can be

lashed together to form a 20- foot American

National Standards Institute and/or ISO

intermodal container. Also called

QUADCON.

quay — A structure of solid construction

along a shore or bank that provides berthing

and generally provides cargo-handling

facilities. A similar facility of open

construction is called a wharf. See also

wharf. (JP 4-01.5)

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
356 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
R

357

radar — A radio detection device that

provides information on range, azimuth,

and/or elevation of objects.

radar advisory — The term used to indicate

that the provision of advice and information

is based on radar observation.

radar altimetry area — (*) A large and

comparatively level terrain area with a

defined elevation which can be used in

determining the altitude of airborne

equipment by the use of radar.

radar beacon — A receiver-transmitter

combination that sends out a coded signal

when triggered by the proper type of pulse,

enabling determination of range and

bearing information by the interrogating

station or aircraft. Also called RB.

radar camouflage — (*) The use of radar

absorbent or reflecting materials to change

the radar echoing properties of a surface of

an object.

radar clutter — (*) Unwanted signals,

echoes, or images on the face of the display

tube which interfere with observation of

desired signals.

radar countermeasures — See electronic

warfare; chaff.

radar coverage — (*) The limits within

which objects can be detected by one or

more radar stations.

radar danning — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a method of navigating by using radar to

keep the required distance from a line of

dan buoys.

radar deception — See electromagnetic

deception.

radar exploitation report — A formatted

statement of the results of a tactical radar

imagery reconnaissance mission. The

report includes the interpretation of

the sensor imagery. Also called

RADAREXREP.

radar fire — (*) Gunfire aimed at a target

which is tracked by radar. See also fire.

radar guardship — (*) Any ship which has

been assigned the task by the officer in

tactical command of maintaining the radar

watch.

radar horizon — (*) The locus of points at

which the rays from a radar antenna become

tangential to the Earth’s surface. On the

open sea this locus is horizontal, but on land

it varies according to the topographical

features of the terrain.

radar imagery — Imagery produced by

recording radar waves reflected from a

given target surface.

radar intelligence — Intelligence derived

from data collected by radar. Also called

RADINT. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

radar netting — (*) The linking of several

radars to a single center to provide

integrated target information.

radar netting station — (*) A center which

can receive data from radar tracking stations

and exchange this data among other radar

tracking stations, thus forming a radar

netting system. See also radar netting

unit; radar tracking station.

radar netting unit — Optional electronic

equipment that converts the operations

central of certain air defense fire distribution

systems to a radar netting station. See also

radar netting station.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
358 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

radar picket — (*) Any ship, aircraft, or

vehicle, stationed at a distance from the

force protected, for the purpose of

increasing the radar detection range.

radar reconnaissance — Reconnaissance by

means of radar to obtain information on

enemy activity and to determine the nature

of terrain.

radarscope overlay — (*) A transparent

overlay for placing on the radarscope for

comparison and identification of radar

returns.

radarscope photography — (*) A film

record of the returns shown by a radar

screen.

radar signal film — The film on which is

recorded all the reflected signals acquired

by a coherent radar, and that must be viewed

or processed through an optical correlator

to permit interpretation.

radar silence — (*) An imposed discipline

prohibiting the transmission by radar of

electromagnetic signals on some or all

frequencies.

radar spoking — Periodic flashes of the

rotating time base on a radial display.

Sometimes caused by mutual interference.

radar tracking station — A radar facility

that has the capability of tracking moving

targets.

radial — A magnetic bearing extending from

a very high frequency omni-range and/or

tactical air navigation station.

radial displacement — (*) On vertical

photographs, the apparent “leaning out,” or

the apparent displacement of the top of any

object having height in relation to its base.

The direction of displacement is radial from

the principal point on a true vertical, or from

the isocentre on a vertical photograph

distorted by tip or tilt.

radiant exposure — See thermal exposure.

radiation dose — (*) The total amount of

ionizing radiation absorbed by material or

tissues, expressed in centigrays. (DOD

only) The term radiation dose is often used

in the sense of the exposure dose expressed

in roentgens, which is a measure of the total

amount of ionization that the quantity of

radiation could produce in air. This could

be distinguished from the absorbed dose,

also given in rads, which represents the

energy absorbed from the radiation per

gram of specified body tissue. Further, the

biological dose, in rems, is a measure of

the biological effectiveness of the radiation

exposure. See also absorbed dose;

exposure dose.

radiation dose rate — (*) The radiation dose

(dosage) absorbed per unit of time. (DOD

only) A radiation dose rate can be set at

some particular unit of time (e.g., H + 1

hour) and would be called H + 1 radiation

dose rate.

radiation exposure state — (*) The

condition of a unit, or exceptionally an

individual, deduced from the cumulative

whole body radiation dose(s) received. It

is expressed as a symbol which indicates

the potential for future operations and the

degree of risk if exposed to additional

nuclear radiation.

radiation exposure status — Criteria to assist

the commander in measuring unit exposure

to radiation based on total past cumulative

dose in centigray (cGy). Categories are as

follows: (a) radiation exposure status-0

— No previous exposure history. Also

called RES-0; (b) radiation exposure

status-1 — Negligible radiation exposure

history (greater than 0, but less than 70

cGy). Also called RES-1; (c) radiation
359

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

exposure status-2 — Significant but not a

dangerous dose of radiation (greater than

70, but less than 150 cGy). Also called

RES-2; (d) radiation exposure status-3

— Unit has already received a dose of

radiation which makes further exposure

dangerous (greater then 150 cGy). Also

called RES-3.

radiation intelligence — Intelligence derived

from the collection and analysis of

non-information-bearing elements

extracted from the electromagnetic energy

unintentionally emanated by foreign

devices, equipments, and systems,

excluding those generated by the detonation

of atomic or nuclear weapons.

radiation intensity — (*) The radiation dose

rate at a given time and place. It may be

used, coupled with a figure, to denote the

radiation intensity at a given number of

hours after a nuclear burst, e.g., RI-3 is the

radiation intensity 3 hours after the time of

burst. Also called RI.

radiation scattering — (*) The diversion of

radiation (thermal, electromagnetic, or

nuclear) from its original path as a result of

interaction or collisions with atoms,

molecules, or larger particles in the

atmosphere or other media between the

source of the radiation (e.g., a nuclear

explosion) and a point at some distance

away. As a result of scattering, radiation

(especially gamma rays and neutrons) will

be received at such a point from many

directions instead of only from the direction

of the source.

radiation sickness — (*) An illness resulting

from excessive exposure to ionizing

radiation. The earliest symptoms are

nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which may

be followed by loss of hair, hemorrhage,

inflammation of the mouth and throat, and

general loss of energy.

radioactive decay — (*) The decrease in

the radiation intensity of any radioactive

material with respect to time.

radioactive decay curve — (*) A graph line

representing the decrease of radioactivity

with the passage of time.

radioactive decay rate — The time rate of

the disintegration of radioactive material

generally accompanied by the emission of

particles and/or gamma radiation.

radioactivity — The spontaneous emission

of radiation, generally alpha or beta

particles, often accompanied by gamma

rays, from the nuclei of an unstable isotope.

radioactivity concentration guide — (*)

The amount of any specified radioisotope

that is acceptable in air and water for

continuous consumption.

radio and wire integration — The

combining of wire circuits with radio

facilities. Also called RWI.

radio approach aids — (*) Equipment

making use of radio to determine the

position of an aircraft with considerable

accuracy from the time it is in the vicinity

of an airfield or carrier until it reaches a

position from which landing can be carried

out.

radio beacon — (*) A radio transmitter which

emits a distinctive or characteristic signal

used for the determination of bearings,

courses, or location.

radio countermeasures — See electronic

warfare.

radio deception — The employment of radio

to deceive the enemy. Radio deception

includes sending false dispatches, using

deceptive headings, employing enemy call

signs, etc. See also electronic warfare.
360 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

radio detection — (*) The detection of the

presence of an object by radio-location

without precise determination of its

position.

radio direction finding — (*)

Radio-location in which only the direction

of a station is determined by means of its

emissions.

radio direction finding database — The

aggregate of information, acquired by both

airborne and surface means, necessary to

provide support to radio direction-finding

operations to produce fixes on target

transmitters and/or emitters. The resultant

bearings and fixes serve as a basis for

tactical decisions concerning military

operations, including exercises, planned or

underway.

radio fix — The location of a ship or aircraft

by determining the direction of radio signals

coming to the ship or aircraft from two or

more sending stations, the locations of

which are known.

radio guard — A ship, aircraft, or radio

station designated to listen for and record

transmissions and to handle traffic on a

designated frequency for a certain unit or

units.

radiological defense — (*) Defensive

measures taken against the radiation

hazards resulting from the employment of

nuclear and radiological weapons.

radiological environment — (*) Conditions

found in an area resulting from the presence

of a radiological hazard.

radiological monitoring — See monitoring.

radiological operation — (*) The

employment of radioactive materials or

radiation producing devices to cause

casualties or restrict the use of terrain. It

includes the intentional employment of

fallout from nuclear weapons.

radiological survey — (*) The directed effort

to determine the distribution and dose rates

of radiation in an area.

radiological survey flight altitude — The

altitude at which an aircraft is flown during

an aerial radiological survey.

radio magnetic indicator — (*) An

instrument which displays aircraft heading

and bearing to selected radio navigation

aids.

radio navigation — (*) Radio-location

intended for the determination of position

or direction or for obstruction warning in

navigation.

radio range finding — (*) Radio-location

in which the distance of an object is

determined by means of its radio emissions,

whether independent, reflected, or

retransmitted on the same or other

wavelength.

radio range station — (*) A radio navigation

land station in the aeronautical radio

navigation service providing radio

equi-signal zones. (In certain instances a

radio range station may be placed on board

a ship.)

radio silence — (*) A condition in which all

or certain radio equipment capable of

radiation is kept inoperative. (DOD only)

(Note: In combined or United States Joint

or intra-Service communications the

frequency bands and/or types of equipment

affected will be specified.)

radio telegraphy — The transmission of

telegraphic codes by means of radio.

radio telephony — (*) The transmission of

speech by means of modulated radio waves.
361

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

radius of action — (*) The maximum

distance a ship, aircraft, or vehicle can travel

away from its base along a given course

with normal combat load and return without

refueling, allowing for all safety and

operating factors.

radius of damage — The distance from

ground zero at which there is a 0.50

probability of achieving the desired

damage.

radius of integration — The distance from

ground zero that indicates the area within

which the effects of both the nuclear

detonation and conventional weapons are

to be integrated.

radius of safety — (*) The horizontal

distance from ground zero beyond which

the weapon effects on friendly troops are

acceptable.

raid — (*) An operation, usually small scale,

involving a swift penetration of hostile

territory to secure information, confuse the

enemy, or to destroy installations. It ends

with a planned withdrawal upon completion

of the assigned mission.

railhead — (*) A point on a railway where

loads are transferred between trains and

other means of transport. See also

navigation head.

railway line capacity — (*) The maximum

number of trains which can be moved in

each direction over a specified section of

track in a 24 hour period. See also route

capacity.

railway loading ramp — (*) A sloping

platform situated at the end or beside a track

and rising to the level of the floor of the rail

cars or wagons.

rainfall (nuclear) — The water that is

precipitated from the base surge clouds after

an underwater burst of a nuclear weapon.

This rain is radioactive and presents an

important secondary effect of such a burst.

rainout — (*) Radioactive material in the

atmosphere brought down by precipitation.

ramjet — (*) A jet-propulsion engine

containing neither compressor nor turbine

which depends for its operation on the air

compression accomplished by the forward

motion of the engine. See also pulsejet.

random minelaying — (*) In land mine

warfare, the laying of mines without regard

to pattern.

range — 1. The distance between any given

point and an object or target. 2. Extent or

distance limiting the operation or action of

something, such as the range of an aircraft,

ship, or gun. 3. The distance that can be

covered over a hard surface by a ground

vehicle, with its rated payload, using the

fuel in its tank and its cans normally carried

as part of the ground vehicle equipment. 4.

Area equipped for practice in shooting at

targets. In this meaning, also called target

range.

range marker — (*) A single calibration

blip fed onto the time base of a radial

display. The rotation of the time base shows

the single blips as a circle on the plan

position indicator scope. It may be used to

measure range.

range markers — Two upright markers that

may be lighted at night and placed so that,

when aligned, the direction indicated assists

in piloting. They may be used in

amphibious operations to aid in beaching

landing ships or craft.

Rangers — Rapidly deployable airborne light

infantry organized and trained to conduct

highly complex joint direct action

operations in coordination with or in
362 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

support of other special operations units of

all Services. Rangers also can execute

direct action operations in support of

conventional nonspecial operations

missions conducted by a combatant

commander and can operate as

conventional light infantry when properly

augmented with other elements of

combined arms.

range spread — The technique used to place

the mean point of impact of two or more

units 100 meters apart on the gun-target line.

ranging — (*) The process of establishing

target distance. Types of ranging include

echo, intermittent, manual, navigational,

explosive echo, optical, radar, etc. See also

spot.

rated load — (*) The designed safe operating

load for the equipment under prescribed

conditions.

rate of fire — (*) The number of rounds

fired per weapon per minute.

rate of march — (*) The average number of

miles or kilometers to be traveled in a given

period of time, including all ordered halts.

It is expressed in miles or kilometers in the

hour. See also pace.

ratification — The declaration by which a

nation formally accepts, with or without

reservation, the content of a standardization

agreement. See also implementation;

reservation; subscription.

rationalization — Any action that increases

the effectiveness of allied forces through

more efficient or effective use of defense

resources committed to the alliance.

Rationalization includes consolidation,

reassignment of national priorities to higher

alliance needs, standardization,

specialization, mutual support or improved

interoperability, and greater cooperation.

Rationalization applies to both weapons

and/or materiel resources and non-weapons

military matters.

ration dense — Foods that, through

processing, have been reduced in volume

and quantity to a small compact package

without appreciable loss of food value,

quality, or acceptance, with a high yield in

relation to space occupied, such as

dehydrates and concentrates.

ratio print — A print the scale of which has

been changed from that of the negative by

photographic enlargement or reduction.

ratline — An organized effort for moving

personnel and/or material by clandestine

means across a denied area or border.

R-day — See times.

reaction time — 1. The elapsed time between

the initiation of an action and the required

response. 2. The time required between

the receipt of an order directing an operation

and the arrival of the initial element of the

force concerned in the designated area.

readiness — The ability of US military forces

to fight and meet the demands of the

national military strategy. Readiness is the

synthesis of two distinct but interrelated

levels. a. unit readiness — The ability to

provide capabilities required by the

combatant commanders to execute their

assigned missions. This is derived from the

ability of each unit to deliver the outputs

for which it was designed. b. joint

readiness — The combatant commander’s

ability to integrate and synchronize ready

combat and support forces to execute his

or her assigned missions. See also military

capability; national military strategy.

readiness condition — See operational

readiness.
363

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

readiness planning — Operation planning

required for peacetime operations. Its

objective is the maintenance of high states

of readiness and the deterrence of potential

enemies. It includes planning activities

that influence day-to-day operations and

the peacetime posture of forces. As such,

its focus is on general capabilities and

readiness rather than the specifics of

a particular crisis, either actual or

potential. The assignment of geographic

responsibilities to combatant commanders,

establishment of readiness standards and

levels, development of peacetime

deployment patterns, coordination of

reconnaissance and surveillance assets and

capabilities, and planning of joint exercises

are examples of readiness planning. No

formal joint planning system exists for

readiness planning such as exists for joint

operation and execution planning.

ready position — (*) In helicopter

operations, a designated place where a

helicopter load of troops and/or equipment

waits for pick-up.

Ready Reserve — The Selected Reserve,

Individual Ready Reserve, and Inactive

National Guard liable for active duty as

prescribed by law (US Code, title 10

(DOD), sections 10142, 12301, and 12302).

See also active duty; Inactive National

Guard; Individual Ready Reserve;

Selected Reserve. (JP 4-05)

Ready Reserve Force — A force composed

of ships acquired by the Maritime

Administration (MARAD) with Navy

funding and newer ships acquired by the

MARAD for the National Defense Reserve

Fleet (NDRF). Although part of the NDRF,

ships of the Ready Reserve Force are

maintained in a higher state of readiness

and can be made available without

mobilization or congressionally declared

state of emergency. Also called RRF. See

also National Defense Reserve Fleet.

(JP 3-02.2)

ready-to-load date — The date when a unit

will be ready to move from the origin, i.e.,

mobilization station. Also called RLD.

reallocation authority — (*) The authority

given to NATO commanders and normally

negotiated in peacetime, to reallocate in an

“emergency in war” national logistic

resources controlled by the combat forces

under their command, and made available

by nations, in order to influence the battle

logistically.

real property — Lands, buildings, structures,

utilities systems, improvements, and

appurtenances thereto. Includes equipment

attached to and made part of buildings and

structures (such as heating systems) but not

movable equipment (such as plant

equipment).

real time — Pertaining to the timeliness of

data or information which has been delayed

only by the time required for electronic

communication. This implies that there are

no noticeable delays. See also near real

time.

rear area — For any particular command,

the area extending forward from its rear

boundary to the rear of the area assigned to

the next lower level of command. This area

is provided primarily for the performance

of support functions. See also Army

service area. (JP 3-10)

rear area operations center/rear tactical

operations center — A command and

control facility that serves as an area and/

or subarea commander’s planning,

coordinating, monitoring, advising, and

directing agency for area security

operations. (JP 3-10.1)
364 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

rear echelon — (*) Elements of a force which

are not required in the objective area.

rear guard — 1. The rearmost elements of

an advancing or a withdrawing force. It

has the following functions: to protect the

rear of a column from hostile forces; during

the withdrawal, to delay the enemy; during

the advance, to keep supply routes open.

2. Security detachment that a moving

ground force details to the rear to keep it

informed and covered. See also guard.

rearming — 1. An operation that replenishes

the prescribed stores of ammunition,

bombs, and other armament items for an

aircraft, naval ship, tank, or armored vehicle

(including replacement of defective

ordnance equipment) in order to make it

ready for combat service. 2. Resetting the

fuze on a bomb or on an artillery, mortar,

or rocket projectile so that it will detonate

at the desired time.

reattack recommendation — An

assessment, derived from the results of

battle damage assessment and munitions

effectiveness assessment, providing the

commander systematic advice on reattack

of targets and further target selection to

achieve objectives. The reattack

recommendation considers objective

achievement, target, and aimpoint selection,

attack timing, tactics, and weapon system

and munitions selection. The reattack

recommendation is a combined operations

and intelligence function. Also called RR.

See also assessment; battle damage

assessment; munitions effectiveness

assessment; target. (JP 3-60)

rebuild — The restoration of an item to a

standard as nearly as possible to its original

condition in appearance, performance, and

life expectancy. See also overhaul; repair.

receipt — A transmission made by a receiving

station to indicate that a message has been

satisfactorily received.

receipt into the supply system — That point

in time when the first item or first quantity

of the item of the contract has been received

at or is en route to point of first delivery

after inspection and acceptance. See also

procurement lead time.

receiving ship — The ship in a replenishment

unit that receives the rig(s).

reception — 1. All ground arrangements

connected with the delivery and disposition

of air or sea drops. Includes selection and

preparation of site, signals for warning and

approach, facilitation of secure departure

of agents, speedy collection of delivered

articles, and their prompt removal to storage

places having maximum security. When a

group is involved, it may be called a

reception committee. 2. Arrangements to

welcome and provide secure quarters or

transportation for defectors, escapees,

evaders, or incoming agents. 3. The process

of receiving, offloading, marshalling, and

transporting of personnel, equipment, and

materiel from the strategic and/or

intratheater deployment phase to a sea, air,

or surface transportation point of

debarkation to the marshalling area.

(JP 4-01.8)

receptivity — (*) The vulnerability of a target

audience to particular psychological

operations media.

reclama — A request to duly constituted

authority to reconsider its decision or its

proposed action.

recognition — 1. The determination by any

means of the individuality of persons, or of
365

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

objects such as aircraft, ships, or tanks, or

of phenomena such as communicationselectronics patterns. 2. In ground combat

operations, the determination that an object

is similar within a category of something

already known; e.g., tank, truck, man.

recognition signal — Any prearranged signal

by which individuals or units may identify

each other.

recompression chamber — See hyperbaric

chamber.

reconnaissance — (*) A mission undertaken

to obtain, by visual observation or other

detection methods, information about the

activities and resources of an enemy or

potential enemy, or to secure data

concerning the meteorological,

hydrographic, or geographic characteristics

of a particular area. Also called RECON.

reconnaissance by fire — (*) A method of

reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a

suspected enemy position to cause the

enemy to disclose a presence by movement

or return of fire.

reconnaissance exploitation report — (*)

A standard message format used to report

the results of a tactical air reconnaissance

mission. Whenever possible the report

should include the interpretation of sensor

imagery. Also called RECCEXREP.

reconnaissance in force — (*) An offensive

operation designed to discover and/or test

the enemy’s strength or to obtain other

information.

reconnaissance patrol — See patrol.

reconnaissance photography —

Photography taken to obtain information on

the results of bombing, or on enemy

movements, concentrations, activities, and

forces. The primary purposes do not

include making maps, charts, or mosaics.

reconstitution site — A location selected by

the surviving command authority as the site

at which a damaged or destroyed

headquarters can be reformed from

survivors of the attack and/or personnel

from other sources, predesignated as

replacements.

record information — All forms (e.g.,

narrative, graphic, data, computer memory)

of information registered in either

temporary or permanent form so that it can

be retrieved, reproduced, or preserved.

recoverable item — An item that normally

is not consumed in use and is subject to

return for repair or disposal. See also

reparable item.

recovery — 1. In air (aviation) operations,

that phase of a mission which involves the

return of an aircraft to a land base or

platform afloat. 2. The retrieval of a mine

from the location where emplaced. 3.

Actions taken to rescue or extract personnel

for return to friendly control. 4. Actions

taken to extricate damaged or disabled

equipment for return to friendly control or

repair at another location. See also evader;

evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery;

recovery force.

recovery activation signal — In evasion and

recovery operations, a precoordinated

signal from an evader that indicates his or

her presence in an area to a receiving or

observing source that indicates “I am here,

start the recovery planning.” Also called

RAS. See also evader; evasion; evasion

and recovery; recovery operations;

signal. (JP 3-50.3)

recovery airfield — Any airfield, military or

civil, at which aircraft might land
366 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

post-H-hour. It is not expected that combat

missions would be conducted from a

recovery airfield. See also airfield.

recovery and reconstitution — 1. Those

actions taken by one nation prior to, during,

and following an attack by an enemy nation

to minimize the effects of the attack,

rehabilitate the national economy, provide

for the welfare of the populace, and

maximize the combat potential of

remaining forces and supporting activities.

2. Those actions taken by a military force

during or after operational employment to

restore its combat capability to full

operational readiness. See also recovery.

(JP 3-35)

recovery force — In evasion and recovery

operations, an organization consisting of

personnel and equipment with a mission of

seeking out evaders, contacting them, and

returning them to friendly control. See also

evader; evasion; evasion and recovery;

recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

recovery operations — Operations

conducted to search for, locate, identify,

rescue, and return personnel, sensitive

equipment, or items critical to national

security. (JP 3-07)

recovery procedures — See explosive

ordnance disposal procedures.

recovery site — In evasion and escape usage,

an area from which an evader or an escapee

can be evacuated. See also escapee;

evader; evasion; evasion and escape.

(JP 3-50.3)

recovery vehicle — In combat search and

rescue, the vehicle (aircraft, maritime, or

land), on which isolated personnel are

boarded and transported from the pickup

site.

recovery zone — A designated geographic

area from which special operations forces

can be extracted by air, boat, or other means.

Also called RZ. (JP 3-05.5)

rectification — (*) In photogrammetry, the

process of projecting a tilted or oblique

photograph on to a horizontal reference

plane.

recuperation — Not to be used. See

recovery and reconstitution.

recurring demand — A request by an

authorized requisitioner to satisfy a materiel

requirement for consumption or stock

replenishment that is anticipated to recur

periodically. Demands for which the

probability of future occurrence is unknown

will be considered as recurring. Recurring

demands will be considered by the

supporting supply system in order to

procure, store, and distribute materiel to

meet similar demands in the future.

redeployment — The transfer of forces and

materiel to support another joint force

commander’s operational requirements, or

to return personnel, equipment, and materiel

to the home and/or demobilization stations

for reintegration and/or out-processing. See

also deployment. (JP 3-35)

redeployment airfield — (*) An airfield not

occupied in its entirety in peacetime, but

available immediately upon outbreak of war

for use and occupation by units redeployed

from their peacetime locations. It must have

substantially the same standard of

operational facilities as the main airfield.

See also airfield; departure airfield;

diversion airfield; main airfield.

RED HORSE — Air Force units wartimestructured to provide a heavy engineer

capability. They have a responsibility
367

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

across the operational area, are not tied to a

specific base, and are not responsible for

base operation and maintenance. These

units are mobile, rapidly deployable, and

largely self-sufficient for limited periods of

time. (JP 3-34)

redistribution — The act of effecting transfer

in control, utilization, or location of materiel

between units or activities within or among

the Military Services or between the

Military Services and other Federal

agencies.

reduced charge — 1. The smaller of the two

propelling charges available for naval guns.

2. Charge employing a reduced amount of

propellant to fire a gun at short ranges as

compared to a normal charge. See also

normal charge.

reduced lighting — (*) The reduction in

brightness of ground vehicle lights by either

reducing power or by screening in such a

way that any visible light is limited in

output. See also normal lighting.

reduced operational status — Applies to the

Military Sealift Command ships withdrawn

from full operational status (FOS) because

of decreased operational requirements. A

ship in reduced operational status is crewed

in accordance with shipboard maintenance

and possible future operational

requirements, with crew size predetermined

contractually. The condition of readiness

in terms of calendar days required to attain

FOS is designated by the numeral following

the acronym ROS (i.e., ROS-5). Also called

ROS. See also Military Sealift

Command. (JP 3-02.2)

reduction — The creation of lanes through a

minefield or obstacle to allow passage of

the attacking ground force. (JP 3-15)

reduction (photographic) — The production

of a negative, diapositive, or print at a scale

smaller than the original.

reefer — 1. A refrigerator. 2. A motor

vehicle, railroad freight car, ship, aircraft,

or other conveyance, so constructed and

insulated as to protect commodities from

either heat or cold.

reentry phase — That portion of the

trajectory of a ballistic missile or space

vehicle where there is a significant

interaction of the vehicle and the Earth’s

atmosphere. See also boost phase;

midcourse phase; terminal phase.

reentry vehicle — (*) That part of a space

vehicle designed to re-enter the Earth’s

atmosphere in the terminal portion of its

trajectory. Also called RV. See also

maneuverable reentry vehicle; multiple

reentry vehicle.

reference datum — As used in the loading

of aircraft, an imaginary vertical plane at

or near the nose of the aircraft from which

all horizontal distances are measured for

balance purposes. Diagrams of each aircraft

show this reference datum as “balance

station zero.”

reference diversion point — (*) One of a

number of positions selected by the routing

authority on both sides of the route of a

convoy or independent to facilitate

diversion at sea.

reference point — (*) A prominent, easily

located point in the terrain.

reflected shock wave — When a shock wave

traveling in a medium strikes the interface

between this medium and a denser medium,

part of the energy of the shock wave induces
368 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

a shock wave in the denser medium and

the remainder of the energy results in the

formation of a reflected shock wave that

travels back through the less dense medium.

reflex sight — (*) An optical or computing

sight that reflects a reticle image (or images)

onto a combining glass for superimposition

on the target.

refraction — The process by which the

direction of a wave is changed when

moving into shallow water at an angle to

the bathymetric contours. The crest of the

wave advancing in shallower water moves

more slowly than the crest still advancing

in deeper water, causing the wave crest to

bend toward alignment with the underwater

contours. (JP 4-01.6)

refuge area — (*) A coastal area considered

safe from enemy attack to which merchant

ships may be ordered to proceed when the

shipping movement policy is implemented.

See also safe anchorage.

refugee — A person who, by reason of real

or imagined danger, has left their home

country or country of their nationality and

is unwilling or unable to return. See also

dislocated civilian; displaced person;

evacuee; expellee; stateless person.

(JP 3-07.6)

regimental landing team — A task

organization for landing comprised of an

infantry regiment reinforced by those

elements that are required for initiation of

its combat function ashore.

regional satellite communications support

center — United States Space Command

operational element responsible for

providing the operational communications

planners with a single all-spectrum

(extremely high frequency, super-high

frequency, ultrahigh frequency, Ku, and

Ka) point of contact for accessing and

managing satellite communications

(SATCOM) resources. Specific tasks

include: supporting combatant

commanders’ (CINCs’) deliberate and

crisis planning, assisting CINCs in day-today management of apportioned resources

and allocating non-apportioned resources,

assisting theater spectrum managers, and

facilitating SATCOM interface to the

defense information infrastructure. Also

called RSSC.

register — (*) In cartography, the correct

position of one component of a composite

map image in relation to the other

components, at each stage of production.

registration — The adjustment of fire to

determine firing data corrections.

registration fire — (*) Fire delivered to

obtain accurate data for subsequent

effective engagement of targets. See also

fire.

registration point — (*) Terrain feature or

other designated point on which fire is

adjusted for the purpose of obtaining

corrections to firing data.

regrade — To determine that certain

classified information requires, in the

interests of national defense, a higher or a

lower degree of protection against

unauthorized disclosure than currently

provided, coupled with a changing of the

classification designation to reflect such

higher or lower degree.

regular drill — See unit training assembly.

regulated item — (*) Any item whose issue

to a user is subject to control by an

appropriate authority for reasons that may

include cost, scarcity, technical or

hazardous nature, or operational

significance. Also called controlled item.

See also critical supplies and materiel.
369

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

regulating point — An anchorage, port, or

ocean area to which assault and assault

follow-on echelons and follow-up shipping

proceed on a schedule, and at which they

are normally controlled by the commander,

amphibious task force, until needed in the

transport area for unloading. See also

assault; commander, amphibious task

force. (JP 3-02)

regulating station — A command agency

established to control all movements of

personnel and supplies into or out of a given

area.

rehabilitation — (*) 1. The processing,

usually in a relatively quiet area, of units or

individuals recently withdrawn from

combat or arduous duty, during which units

recondition equipment and are rested,

furnished special facilities, filled up with

replacements, issued replacement supplies

and equipment, given training, and

generally made ready for employment in

future operations. 2. The action performed

in restoring an installation to authorized

design standards.

rehearsal phase — In amphibious operations,

the period during which the prospective

operation is practiced for the purpose of:

(1) testing adequacy of plans, the timing of

detailed operations, and the combat

readiness of participating forces; (2)

ensuring that all echelons are familiar with

plans; and (3) testing communicationsinformation systems. See also amphibious

operation. (JP 3-02)

reinforcement training unit — See

voluntary training unit.

reinforcing — A support mission in which

the supporting unit assists the supported unit

to accomplish the supported unit’s mission.

Only like units (e.g., artillery to artillery,

intelligence to intelligence, armor to armor,

etc) can be given a reinforcing/reinforced

mission.

reinforcing obstacles — Those obstacles

specifically constructed, emplaced, or

detonated through military effort and

designed to strengthen existing terrain to

disrupt, fix, turn, or block enemy

movement. See also obstacle. (JP 3-15)

relateral tell — (*) The relay of information

between facilities through the use of a third

facility. This type of telling is appropriate

between automated facilities in a degraded

communications environment. See also

track telling.

relative altitude — See vertical separation.

relative bearing — (*) The direction

expressed as a horizontal angle normally

measured clockwise from the forward point

of the longitudinal axis of a vehicle, aircraft,

or ship to an object or body. See also

bearing; grid bearing.

relative biological effectiveness — The ratio

of the number of rads of gamma (or X)

radiation of a certain energy that will

produce a specified biological effect to the

number of rads of another radiation required

to produce the same effect measures the

“relative biological effectiveness” of the

latter radiation.

release — (*) In air armament, the intentional

separation of a free-fall aircraft store, from

its suspension equipment, for purposes of

employment of the store.

release altitude — Altitude of an aircraft

above the ground at the time of release of

bombs, rockets, missiles, tow targets, etc.

release point (road) — A well-defined point

on a route at which the elements composing

a column return under the authority of their
370 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

respective commanders, each one of these

elements continuing its movement towards

its own appropriate destination.

releasing commander (nuclear weapons)

— A commander who has been delegated

authority to approve the use of nuclear

weapons within prescribed limits. See also

executing commander (nuclear

weapons).

releasing officer — A properly designated

individual who may authorize the sending

of a message for and in the name of the

originator. See also originator.

reliability diagram — (*) In cartography, a

diagram showing the dates and quality of

the source material from which a map or

chart has been compiled. See also

information box.

reliability of source — See evaluation.

relief — (*) Inequalities of evaluation and

the configuration of land features on the

surface of the Earth which may be

represented on maps or charts by contours,

hypsometric tints, shading, or spot

elevations.

relief in place — (*) An operation in which,

by direction of higher authority, all or part

of a unit is replaced in an area by the

incoming unit. The responsibilities of the

replaced elements for the mission and the

assigned zone of operations are transferred

to the incoming unit. The incoming unit

continues the operation as ordered.

religious ministry support — The entire

spectrum of professional duties, to include

providing for or facilitating essential

religious needs and practices; pastoral care;

family support programs; religious

education; volunteer and community

activities; and programs performed to

enhance morale and moral, ethical, and

personal well being. Enlisted religious

support personnel assist the chaplain in

providing religious ministry support. See

also command chaplain; command

chaplain of the combatant command; lay

leader or lay reader; religious ministry

support plan; religious ministry support

team; Service component command

chaplain. (JP 1-05)

religious ministry support plan — A plan

that describes the way in which religious

support personnel will provide religious

support to all members of a joint force.

When approved by the commander, it may

be included as an annex to operation plans.

See also command chaplain; command

chaplain of the combatant command; lay

leader or lay reader; religious ministry

support; religious ministry support

team; Service component command

chaplain. (JP 1-05)

religious ministry support team — A team

that is composed of a chaplain and an Army

chaplain assistant, Navy religious program

specialist, Air Force chaplain service

support personnel, and/or Coast Guard

yeoman. The team works together in

designing, implementing, and executing the

command religious program. See also

command chaplain; command chaplain

of the combatant command; lay leader

or lay reader; religious ministry support;

religious ministry support plan; Service

component command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

relocatable building — A building designed

to be readily moved, erected, disassembled,

stored, and reused. All types of buildings

or building forms designed to provide

relocatable capabilities are included in this

definition. In classifying buildings as

relocatable, the estimated funded and

unfunded costs for average building

disassembly, repackaging (including

normal repair and refurbishment of

components), and nonrecoverable building
371

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

components, including typical foundations,

may not exceed 20 percent of the building

acquisition cost. Excluded from this

definition are building types and forms that

are provided as an integral part of a mobile

equipment item and that are incidental

portions of such equipment components,

such as communications vans or trailers.

(JP 4-04)

remain-behind equipment — Unit

equipment left by deploying forces at their

bases when they deploy. (JP 3-02.2)

remaining forces — The total surviving

United States forces at any given stage of

combat operations.

remote delivery — (*) In mine warfare, the

delivery of mines to a target area by any

means other than direct emplacement. The

exact position of mines so laid may not be

known.

remotely piloted vehicle — (*) An

unmanned vehicle capable of being

controlled from a distant location through

a communication link. It is normally

designed to be recoverable. See also

drone.

render safe procedures — See explosive

ordnance disposal procedures.

rendezvous area — In an amphibious

operation, the area in which the landing

craft and amphibious vehicles rendezvous

to form waves after being loaded, and prior

to movement to the line of departure.

reorder cycle — The interval between

successive reorder (procurement) actions.

reorder point — 1. That point at which time

a stock replenishment requisition would be

submitted to maintain the predetermined or

calculated stockage objective. 2. The sum

of the safety level of supply plus the level

for order and shipping time equals the

reorder point. See also level of supply.

repair — The restoration of an item to

serviceable condition through correction of

a specific failure or unserviceable condition.

See also overhaul; rebuild.

repair and restoration — Repair, beyond

emergency repair, of war-damaged facilities

to restore operational capability in

accordance with combatant command

standards of construction, including repair

and restoration of pavement surfaces.

Normally, repairs to facilities will be made

using materials similar to those of the

original construction. For severely

damaged facilities (i.e., essentially

destroyed), restoration may require

reconstruction. (JP 4-04)

repair cycle — The stages through which a

reparable item passes from the time of its

removal or replacement until it is reinstalled

or placed in stock in a serviceable condition.

repair cycle aircraft — Aircraft in the active

inventory that are in or awaiting depot

maintenance, including those in transit to

or from depot maintenance.

reparable item — An item that can be

reconditioned or economically repaired for

reuse when it becomes unserviceable. See

also recoverable item.

repatriate — A person who returns to his or

her country or citizenship, having left said

native country either against his or her will,

or as one of a group who left for reason of

politics, religion, or other pertinent reasons.

repatriation — 1. The procedure whereby

American citizens and their families are

officially processed back into the United

States subsequent to an evacuation. See

also evacuation. 2. The release and return

of enemy prisoners of war to their own
372 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

country in accordance with the 1949

Geneva Convention Relative to the

Treatment of Prisoners of War. (JP 1-0)

repeater-jammer — (*) A receiver

transmitter device which amplifies,

multiplies, and retransmits the signals

received, for purposes of deception or

jamming.

replacement demand — A demand

representing replacement of items

consumed or worn out.

replacement factor — (*) The estimated

percentage of equipment or repair parts in

use that will require replacement during a

given period due to wearing out beyond

repair, enemy action, abandonment,

pilferage, and other causes except

catastrophes.

replacements — Personnel required to take

the place of others who depart a unit.

replenishment at sea — (*) Those

operations required to make a transfer of

personnel and/or supplies when at sea.

reported unit — A unit designation that has

been mentioned in an agent report, captured

document, or interrogation report, but for

which available information is insufficient

to include the unit in accepted order of battle

holdings.

reporting post — (*) An element of the

control and reporting system used to extend

the radar coverage of the control and

reporting center. It does not undertake the

control of aircraft.

reporting time interval — 1. In surveillance,

the time interval between the detection of

an event and the receipt of a report by the

user. 2. In communications, the time for

transmission of data or a report from the

originating terminal to the end receiver. See

also near real time.

representative downwind direction — (*)

During the forecast period, the mean surface

downwind direction in the hazard area

towards which the cloud travels.

representative downwind speed — (*) The

mean surface downwind speed in the hazard

area during the forecast period.

representative fraction — The scale of a

map, chart, or photograph expressed as a

fraction or ratio. See also scale.

request for information — 1. Any specific

time-sensitive ad hoc requirement for

intelligence information or products to

support an ongoing crisis or operation not

necessarily related to standing requirements

or scheduled intelligence production. A

request for information can be initiated to

respond to operational requirements and

will be validated in accordance with the

theater command’s procedures. 2. The

National Security Agency/Central Security

Service uses this term to state ad hoc signals

intelligence requirements. Also called RFI.

See also information; intelligence. (JP 2-01)

request modify — (*) In artillery and naval

gunfire support, a request by any person,

other than the person authorized to make

modifications to a fire plan, for a

modification.

required delivery date — The date that a

force must arrive at the destination and

complete unloading. Also called RDD.

required supply rate (ammunition) — The

amount of ammunition expressed in terms

of rounds per weapon per day for

ammunition items fired by weapons (and

in terms of other units of measure per day

for bulk allotment and other items)
373

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

estimated to be required to sustain

operations of any designated force without

restriction for a specified period. Tactical

commanders use this rate to state their

requirements for ammunition to support

planned tactical operations at specified

intervals. The required supply rate is

submitted through command channels. It

is consolidated at each echelon and is

considered by each commander in

subsequently determining the controlled

supply rate within the command. Also

called RSR. See also ammunition

controlled supply rate.

requirements — See military requirement.

requirements capability — This capability

provides a Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System user with the ability to

identify, update, review, and delete data on

forces and sustainment required to support

an operation plan or course of action.

requirements management system — A

system for the management of theater and

national imagery collection requirements

that provides automated tools for users in

support of submission, review, and

validation of imagery nominations as

requirements to be tasked on national or

Department of Defense imagery collection,

production, and exploitation resources.

Also called RMS. See also imagery.

(JP 2-01)

requisition — (*) 1. An authoritative

demand or request especially for personnel,

supplies, or services authorized but not

made available without specific request.

2. (DOD only) To demand or require

services from an invaded or conquered

nation.

requisitioning objective — The maximum

quantities of materiel to be maintained on

hand and on order to sustain current

operations. It will consist of the sum of

stocks represented by the operating level,

safety level, and the order and shipping time

or procurement lead time, as appropriate.

See also level of supply.

rescue combat air patrol — An aircraft

patrol provided over a combat search and

rescue objective area for the purpose of

intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft.

Its primary mission is to protect the search

and rescue task forces during recovery

operations. Also called RESCAP. See also

combat air patrol.

rescue coordination center — A primary

search and rescue facility suitably staffed

by supervisory personnel and equipped for

coordinating and controlling search and

rescue and/or combat search and rescue

operations. The facility is operated

unilaterally by personnel of a single Service

or component. For Navy component

operations, this facility may be called a

rescue coordination team. Also called RCC

(or RCT for Navy component). See also

combat search and rescue; joint search

and rescue center; search and rescue.

(JP 3-50.2)

rescue ship — (*) In shipping control, a ship

of a convoy stationed at the rear of a convoy

column to rescue survivors.

research — All effort directed toward

increased knowledge of natural phenomena

and environment and toward the solution

of problems in all fields of science. This

includes basic and applied research.

reseau — (*) A grid system of a standard

size in the image plane of a photographic

system used for mensuration purposes.

reservation — The stated qualification by a

nation that describes the part of a

standardization agreement that it will not

implement or will implement only with
374 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

limitations. See also implementation;

ratification; subscription.

reserve — 1. Portion of a body of troops that

is kept to the rear, or withheld from action

at the beginning of an engagement, in order

to be available for a decisive movement.

2. Members of the Military Services who

are not in active service but who are subject

to call to active duty. 3. Portion of an

appropriation or contract authorization held

or set aside for future operations or

contingencies and, in respect to which,

administrative authorization to incur

commitments or obligations has been

withheld. See also operational reserve;

reserve supplies.

reserve aircraft — Those aircraft that have

been accumulated in excess of immediate

needs for active aircraft and are retained in

the inventory against possible future needs.

See also aircraft.

reserve component category — The

category that identifies an individual’s

status in a reserve component. The three

reserve component categories are Ready

Reserve, Standby Reserve, and Retired

Reserve. Each reservist is identified by a

specific reserve component category

designation.

Reserve Components — Reserve

Components of the Armed Forces of the

United States are: a. the Army National

Guard of the United States; b. the Army

Reserve; c. the Naval Reserve; d. the

Marine Corps Reserve; e. the Air National

Guard of the United States; f. the Air Force

Reserve; and g. the Coast Guard Reserve.

Also called RC. See also component;

reserve. (JP 4-05.1)

reserved demolition target — A target for

demolition, the destruction of which must

be controlled at a specific level of command

because it plays a vital part in the tactical,

operational, or strategic plan, or because of

the importance of the structure itself, or

because the demolition may be executed in

the face of the enemy. See also demolition

target.

reserved obstacles — Those demolition

obstacles that are deemed critical to the plan

for which the authority to detonate is

reserved by the designating commander.

See also obstacle. (JP 3-15)

reserved route — (*) In road traffic, a

specific route allocated exclusively to an

authority or formation. See also route.

reserve supplies — Supplies accumulated in

excess of immediate needs for the purpose

of ensuring continuity of an adequate

supply. Also called reserves. See also

battle reserves; beach reserves;

contingency retention stock; economic

retention stock; individual reserves;

initial reserves; unit reserves.

residual capabilities assessment — Provides

an automated or manual crisis action

capability to assess the effects of weapons

of mass destruction events for operations

planning. Residual capabilities assessment

tasks include, but are not limited to,

assessment of infrastructure and facility

damage, fallout prediction, weapons effect

analysis, population impact assessment, and

tracking strategic assets.

residual contamination — (*)

Contamination which remains after steps

have been taken to remove it. These steps

may consist of nothing more than allowing

the contamination to decay normally.

residual forces — Unexpended portions of

the remaining United States forces that have

an immediate combat potential for

continued military operations, and that have

been deliberately withheld from utilization.
375

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

residual radiation — (*) Nuclear radiation

caused by fallout, artificial dispersion of

radioactive material, or irradiation which

results from a nuclear explosion and persists

longer than one minute after burst. See also

contamination; induced radiation; initial

radiation.

residual radioactivity — Nuclear radiation

that results from radioactive sources and

persists for longer than one minute. Sources

of residual radioactivity created by nuclear

explosions include fission fragments and

radioactive matter created primarily by

neutron activation, but may also be created

by gamma and other radiation activation.

Other possible sources of residual

radioactivity include radioactive material

created and dispersed by means other

than nuclear explosion. See also

contamination; induced radiation; initial

radiation.

resistance movement — An organized effort

by some portion of the civil population of a

country to resist the legally established

government or an occupying power and to

disrupt civil order and stability.

resolution — 1. A measurement of the

smallest detail that can be distinguished by

a sensor system under specific conditions.

2. A formal expression of an official body

such as Congress, the United Nations

Security Council, or North Atlantic Treaty

Organization North Atlantic Committee

that may provide the basis for or set limits

on a military operation.

resource management operations — The

execution of the resource management

mission that includes providing advice and

guidance to the commander, developing

command resource requirements,

identifying sources of funding, determining

cost, acquiring funds, distributing and

controlling funds, tracking costs and

obligations, cost capturing and

reimbursement procedures, and establishing

a management control process. See also

financial management. (JP 1-06)

resources — The forces, materiel, and other

assets or capabilities apportioned or

allocated to the commander of a unified or

specified command.

response force — A mobile force with

appropriate fire support designated, usually

by the area commander, to deal with Level

II threats in the rear area. Also called RF.

(JP 3-10.1)

responsibility — 1. The obligation to carry

forward an assigned task to a successful

conclusion. With responsibility goes

authority to direct and take the necessary

action to ensure success. 2. The obligation

for the proper custody, care, and

safekeeping of property or funds entrusted

to the possession or supervision of an

individual. See also accountability.

responsor — (*) An electronic device used

to receive an electronic challenge and

display a reply thereto.

rest and recuperation — The withdrawal of

individuals from combat or duty in a combat

area for short periods of rest and

recuperation. Also called R&R. See also

rehabilitation.

restitution — (*) The process of determining

the true planimetric position of objects

whose images appear on photographs.

restitution factor — See correlation factor.

restorative and rehabilitative care — A

period of minimal care and increasing

physical activity necessary to restore

patients to functional health and allow their

return to duty or useful and productive life.

Restorative and rehabilitative treatment

may be available in theater on a limited
376 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

basis due to the theater evacuation policy.

This treatment is normally provided in the

continental United States. See also

evacuation policy; patient; theater.

(JP 4-02)

restraint of loads — The process of binding,

lashing, and wedging items into one unit

or into its transporter in a manner that will

ensure immobility during transit.

restricted area — 1. An area (land, sea, or

air) in which there are special restrictive

measures employed to prevent or minimize

interference between friendly forces. 2. An

area under military jurisdiction in which

special security measures are employed to

prevent unauthorized entry. See also air

surface zone; controlled firing area;

restricted areas (air).

restricted areas (air) — Designated areas

established by appropriate authority over

which flight of aircraft is restricted. They

are shown on aeronautical charts, published

in notices to airmen, and provided in

publications of aids to air navigation. See

also restricted area.

restricted dangerous air cargo — (*) Cargo

which does not belong to the highly

dangerous category but which is hazardous

and requires, for transport by cargo or

passenger aircraft, extra precautions in

packing and handling.

restricted data — All data (information)

concerning: a. design, manufacture, or use

of atomic weapons; b. the production of

special nuclear material; or c. the use of

special nuclear material in the production

of energy, but shall not include data

declassified or removed from the restricted

data category pursuant to Section 142 of

the Atomic Energy Act. (Section 11w,

Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.)

See also formerly restricted data.

restricted operations area — (*) Airspace

of defined dimensions, designated by the

airspace control authority, in response to

specific operational situations/requirements

within which the operation of one or more

airspace users is restricted. Also called

ROA.

restricted target — A target that has specific

restrictions imposed upon it. Actions that

exceed specified restrictions are prohibited

until coordinated and approved by the

establishing headquarters. See also target.

(JP 3-60)

restricted target list — A list of restricted

targets nominated by elements of the joint

force and approved by the joint force

commander. This list also includes

restricted targets directed by higher

authorities. Also called RTL. See also

restricted target; target. (JP 3-60)

restrictive fire area — An area in which

specific restrictions are imposed and into

which fires that exceed those restrictions

will not be delivered without coordination

with the establishing headquarters. Also

called RFA. See also fires. (JP 3-09)

restrictive fire line — A line established

between converging friendly surface forces

that prohibits fires or their effects across

that line. Also called RFL. See also fires.

(JP 3-09)

restrictive fire plan — (*) A safety measure

for friendly aircraft which establishes

airspace that is reasonably safe from

friendly surface delivered non-nuclear fires.

resupply — (*) The act of replenishing stocks

in order to maintain required levels of

supply.

resuscitative care — The aggressive

management of life- and limb-threatening
377

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

injuries. Interventions include emergency

medical treatment, advanced trauma

management, and lifesaving surgery to

enable the patient to tolerate evacuation to

the next level of care. See also evacuation;

patient. (JP 4-02)

retain — 1. When used in the context of

deliberate planning, the directed command

will keep the referenced operation plan or

operation plan in concept format, and any

associated joint operation planning system

or Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System automated data processing files in

an inactive library or status. The plan and

its associated files will not be maintained

unless directed by follow-on guidance. See

also archive; maintain. 2. A tactical task

to occupy and hold a terrain feature to

ensure that it is free of enemy occupation

or use.

retained personnel — Enemy personnel who

come within any of the categories below

are eligible to be certified as retained

personnel. a. Medical personnel

exclusively engaged in the: (1) Search for

collection, transport, or treatment of the

wounded or sick; (2) Prevention of disease;

and/or (3) Staff administration of medical

units and establishments exclusively. b.

Chaplains attached to enemy armed forces.

c. Staff of national Red Cross societies and

other voluntary aid societies duly

recognized and authorized by their

governments. The staffs of such societies

must be subject to military laws and

regulations. Also called RP. See also

personnel. (JP 1-0)

reticle — (*) A mark such as a cross or a

system of lines lying in the image plane of

a viewing apparatus. It may be used singly

as a reference mark on certain types of

monocular instruments or as one of a pair

to form a floating mark as in certain types

of stereoscopes. See also graticule.

Retired Reserve — All Reserve members

who receive retirement pay on the basis of

their active duty and/or Reserve service;

those members who are otherwise eligible

for retirement pay but have not reached age

60 and who have not elected discharge and

are not voluntary members of the Ready or

Standby Reserve. See also active duty;

Ready Reserve; Standby Reserve. (JP 4-05)

retirement — (*) An operation in which a

force out of contact moves away from the

enemy.

retrofit action — Action taken to modify

inservice equipment.

retrograde cargo — Cargo evacuated from

a theater.

retrograde movement — Any movement of

a command to the rear, or away from the

enemy. It may be forced by the enemy or

may be made voluntarily. Such movements

may be classified as withdrawal, retirement,

or delaying action.

retrograde operation — See retrograde

movement.

retrograde personnel — Personnel

evacuated from a theater who may include

medical patients, noncombatants, and

civilians.

returned to military control — The status

of a person whose casualty status of “duty

status - whereabouts unknown” or

“missing” has been changed due to the

person’s return or recovery by US military

authority. Also called RMC. See also

casualty status; duty status -

whereabouts unknown; missing.

return load — (*) Personnel and/or cargo to

be transported by a returning carrier.
378 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

return to base — An order to proceed to the

point indicated by the displayed

information or by verbal communication.

This point is being used to return the aircraft

to a place at which the aircraft can land.

Command heading, speed, and altitude may

be used, if desired. Also called RTB.

revolutionary — An individual attempting

to effect a social or political change through

the use of extreme measures. See also

antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

revolving fund — A fund established to

finance a cycle of operations to which

reimbursements and collections are

returned for reuse in a manner such as will

maintain the principal of the fund, e.g.,

working capital funds, industrial funds, and

loan funds.

riding off — Maneuvering one’s unit in order

to cause an opposing force to turn away.

Also known as blocking; defensive

blocking.

right (left) bank — See left (right) bank.

right (or left) — See left (or right).

riot control agent — Any chemical, that is

not listed in the Chemical Weapons

Convention, which can produce rapidly in

humans sensory irritate or disabling

physical effects which disappear within a

short time following termination of

exposure. See also chemical warfare.

(JP 3-11)

riot control operations — The employment

of riot control agents and/or special tactics,

formations, and equipment in the control

of violent disorders.

rising mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

mine having positive buoyancy which is

released from a sinker by a ship influence

or by a timing device. The mine may fire

by contact, hydrostatic pressure, or other

means.

risk — 1. Probability and severity of loss

linked to hazards. 2. See degree of risk.

See also hazard; risk management.

(JP 5-00.2)

risk assessment — The identification and

assessment of hazards (first two steps of risk

management process).

risk management — The process of

identifying, assessing, and controlling risks

arising from operational factors and making

decisions that balance risk cost with mission

benefits. Also called RM. See also risk.

(JP 3-0)

riverine area — An inland or coastal area

comprising both land and water,

characterized by limited land lines of

communication, with extensive water

surface and/or inland waterways that

provide natural routes for surface

transportation and communications.

riverine operations — Operations conducted

by forces organized to cope with and exploit

the unique characteristics of a riverine area,

to locate and destroy hostile forces, and/or

to achieve or maintain control of the riverine

area. Joint riverine operations combine

land, naval, and air operations, as

appropriate, and are suited to the nature of

the specific riverine area in which

operations are to be conducted.

road block — (*) A barrier or obstacle

(usually covered by fire) used to block or

limit the movement of hostile vehicles along

a route.

road capacity — The maximum traffic flow

obtainable on a given roadway using all

available lanes; usually expressed in

vehicles per hour or vehicles per day.
379

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

road clearance time — (*) The total time a

column requires to travel over and clear a

section of the road.

road hazard sign — (*) A sign used to

indicate traffic hazards. Military hazard

signs should be used in a communications

zone area only in accordance with existing

agreements with national authorities.

road net — The system of roads available

within a particular locality or area.

road space — (*) The length of roadway

allocated to and/or actually occupied by a

column on a route, expressed in miles or

kilometers.

rocket propulsion — Reaction propulsion

wherein both the fuel and the oxidizer,

generating the hot gases expended through

a nozzle, are carried as part of the rocket

engine. Specifically, rocket propulsion

differs from jet propulsion in that jet

propulsion utilizes atmospheric air as an

oxidizer, whereas rocket propulsion utilizes

nitric acid or a similar compound as an

oxidizer. See also jet propulsion.

roentgen — (*) A unit of exposure dose of

gamma (or X-) radiation. In field dosimetry,

one roentgen is essentially equal to one rad.

roentgen equivalent mammal — One

roentgen equivalent mammal is the quantity

of ionizing radiation of any type which,

when absorbed by man or other mammal,

produces a physiological effect equivalent

to that produced by the absorption of 1

roentgen of X-ray or gamma radiation.

Also called REM.

role number — (*) In the medical field, the

classification of treatment facilities

according to their different capabilities.

roll back — The process of progressive

destruction and/or neutralization of the

opposing defenses, starting at the periphery

and working inward, to permit deeper

penetration of succeeding defense positions.

roll-in-point — The point at which aircraft

enter the final leg of the attack, e.g., dive,

glide.

roll-on/roll-off discharge facility —

Provides a means of disembarking vehicles

from a roll-on and roll-off ship to lighterage.

The roll-on/roll-off discharge facility

consists of six causeway sections,

nonpowered assembled into a platform that

is two sections long and three sections wide.

When use of landing craft, utility, as lighters

is being considered, a seventh “sea end”

causeway section, on-powered, fitted with

a rhino horn is required. The roll-on/roll-off

discharge facility assembly includes

fendering, lighting, and a ramp for vehicle

movement from ship to the platform. Also

called RRDF. See also facility; lighterage.

(JP 4-01.6)

roll-up — The process for orderly dismantling

of facilities no longer required in support

of operations and available for transfer to

other areas.

romper — (*) A ship which has moved more

than 10 nautical miles ahead of its convoy,

and is unable to rejoin it. See also straggler.

rope — (*) An element of chaff consisting

of a long roll of metallic foil or wire which

is designed for broad, low-frequency

responses. See also chaff.

rough terrain container handler — A piece

of materials handling equipment used to

pick up and move containers. Also called

RTCH. See also materials handling

equipment. (JP 4-01.6)

route — (*) The prescribed course to be

traveled from a specific point of origin to a

specific destination. See also axial route;
380 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

controlled route; dispatch route; lateral

route; reserved route; signed route;

supervised route.

route capacity — (*) 1. The maximum

traffic flow of vehicles in one direction at

the most restricted point on the route. 2.

The maximum number of metric tons which

can be moved in one direction over a

particular route in one hour. It is the product

of the maximum traffic flow and the average

payload of the vehicles using the route. See

also railway line capacity.

route classification — (*) Classification

assigned to a route using factors of

minimum width, worst route type, least

bridge, raft, or culvert military load

classification, and obstructions to traffic

flow. See also military load classification.

route lanes — (*) A series of parallel tracks

for the routing of independently sailed

ships.

routine message — A category of precedence

to be used for all types of messages that

justify transmission by rapid means unless

of sufficient urgency to require a higher

precedence. See also precedence.

routine supplies — Those items delivered

as a result of normal requisitioning

procedures to replace expended supplies or

to build up reserve stocks. See also

follow-up supplies; supplies. (JP 3-17)

routing indicator — A group of letters

assigned to indicate: a. the geographic

location of a station; b. a fixed headquarters

of a command, activity, or unit at a

geographic location; and c. the general

location of a tape relay or tributary station

to facilitate the routing of traffic over the

tape relay networks.

row marker — (*) In land mine warfare, a

natural, artificial, or specially installed

marker, located at the start or finish of a

mine row where mines are laid by

individual rows. See also marker.

rules of engagement — Directives issued by

competent military authority that delineate

the circumstances and limitations under

which United States forces will initiate and/

or continue combat engagement with other

forces encountered. Also called ROE. See

also law of war.

run — 1. That part of a flight of one

photographic reconnaissance aircraft during

which photographs are taken. 2. The transit

of a sweeper-sweep combination or of a

mine-hunter operating its equipment

through a lap. This term may also be

applied to a transit of any formation of

sweepers.

runway visual range — (*) The maximum

distance in the direction of takeoff or

landing at which the runway, or specified

lights or markers delineating it, can be seen

from a position above a specified point on

its center line at a height corresponding to

the average eye level of pilots at

touch-down.

rupture zone — (*) The region immediately

adjacent to the crater boundary in which

the stresses produced by the explosion have

exceeded the ultimate strength of the

medium. It is characterized by the

appearance of numerous radial cracks of

various sizes. See also plastic zone.

ruse — In military deception, a trick of war

designed to deceive the adversary, usually

involving the deliberate exposure of false

information to the adversary’s intelligence

collection system. (JP 3-58)
S

381

sabotage — An act or acts with intent to

injure, interfere with, or obstruct the

national defense of a country by willfully

injuring or destroying, or attempting to

injure or destroy, any national defense or

war materiel, premises, or utilities, to

include human and natural resources.

sabotage alert team — See security alert

team.

saboteur — One who commits sabotage. See

also antiterrorism; countersabotage;

sabotage. (JP 3-07.2)

safe anchorage — (*) An anchorage

considered safe from enemy attack to which

merchant ships may be ordered to proceed

when the shipping movement policy is

implemented. See also refuge area.

safe area — A designated area in hostile

territory that offers the evader or escapee a

reasonable chance of avoiding capture and

of surviving until he or she can be

evacuated.

safe burst height — (*) The height of burst

at or above which the level of fallout or

damage to ground installations is at a

predetermined level acceptable to the

military commander. See also types of

burst.

safe current — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the maximum current that can be supplied

to a sweep in a given waveform and pulse

cycle which does not produce a danger area

with respect to the mines being swept for.

safe depth — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

shallowest depth of water in which a ship

will not actuate a bottom mine of the type

under consideration. Safe depth is usually

quoted for conditions of ship upright, calm

sea, and a given speed.

safe distance — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the horizontal range from the edge of the

explosion damage area to the center of the

sweeper.

safe haven — 1. Designated area(s) to which

noncombatants of the United States

Government’s responsibility and

commercial vehicles and materiel may be

evacuated during a domestic or other valid

emergency. 2. Temporary storage provided

to Department of Energy classified

shipment transporters at Department of

Defense facilities in order to assure safety

and security of nuclear material and/or

nonnuclear classified material. Also

includes parking for commercial vehicles

containing Class A or Class B explosives.

3. A protected body of water or the well

deck of an amphibious ship used by small

craft operating offshore for refuge from

storms or heavy seas. (JP 4-01.6)

safe house — An innocent-appearing house

or premises established by an organization

for the purpose of conducting clandestine

or covert activity in relative security.

safe separation distance — (*) The

minimum distance between the delivery

system and the weapon beyond which the

hazards associated with functioning

(detonation) are acceptable.

safety and arming mechanism — (*) A dual

function device which prevents the

unintended activation of a main charge or

propulsion unit prior to arming, but allows

activation thereafter upon receipt of the

appropriate stimuli.

safety device — (*) A device which prevents

unintentional functioning.

safety distance — (*) In road transport, the

distance between vehicles traveling in

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
382 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

column specified by the command in light

of safety requirements.

safety fuze — A pyrotechnic contained in a

flexible and weather-proof sheath burning

at a timed and constant rate; used to transmit

a flame to the detonator.

safety height — See altitude; minimum safe

altitude.

safety lane — (*) Specified sea lane

designated for use in transit by submarine

and surface ships to prevent attack by

friendly forces.

safety level of supply — The quantity of

materiel, in addition to the operating level

of supply, required to be on hand to permit

continuous operations in the event of minor

interruption of normal replenishment or

unpredictable fluctuations in demand. See

also level of supply.

safety line — (*) In land mine warfare,

demarcation line for trip wire or wireactuated mines in a minefield. It serves to

protect the laying personnel. After the

minefield is laid, this line is neither marked

on the ground nor plotted on the minefield

record.

safety wire — (*) A cable, wire, or lanyard

attached to the aircraft and routed to an

expendable aircraft store to prevent arming

initiation prior to store release. See also

arming wire.

safety zone — (*) An area (land, sea, or air)

reserved for noncombat operations of

friendly aircraft, surface ships, submarines,

or ground forces. (Note: DOD does not

use the word “submarines”.)

safing — As applied to weapons and

ammunition, the changing from a state of

readiness for initiation to a safe condition.

Also called de-arming.

safing and arming mechanism — A

mechanism whose primary purpose is to

prevent an unintended functioning of the

main charge of the ammunition prior to

completion of the arming delay and, in turn,

allow the explosive train of the ammunition

to function after arming.

salted weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon

which has, in addition to its normal

components, certain elements or isotopes

which capture neutrons at the time of the

explosion and produce radioactive products

over and above the usual radioactive

weapon debris. See also minimum

residual radioactivity weapon.

salvage — 1. Property that has some value

in excess of its basic material content but is

in such condition that it has no reasonable

prospect of use for any purpose as a unit

and its repair or rehabilitation for use as a

unit is clearly impractical. 2. The saving

or rescuing of condemned, discarded, or

abandoned property, and of materials

contained therein for reuse, refabrication,

or scrapping.

salvage group — In an amphibious operation,

a naval task organization designated and

equipped to rescue personnel and to salvage

equipment and material.

salvage operation — 1. The recovery,

evacuation, and reclamation of damaged,

discarded, condemned, or abandoned allied

or enemy materiel, ships, craft, and floating

equipment for reuse, repair, refabrication,

or scrapping. 2. Naval salvage operations

include harbor and channel clearance,

diving, hazardous towing and rescue tug

services, and the recovery of materiel, ships,

craft, and floating equipment sunk offshore

or elsewhere stranded.

salvo — 1. In naval gunfire support, a method

of fire in which a number of weapons are

fired at the same target simultaneously.
383

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

2. In close air support or air interdiction

operations, a method of delivery in which

the release mechanisms are operated to

release or fire all ordnance of a specific type

simultaneously.

sanction enforcement and maritime

intercept operations — Operations that

employ coercive measures to interdict the

movement of certain types of designated

items into or out of a nation or specified

area. (JP 3-07)

sanctuary — A nation or area near or

contiguous to the combat area that, by tacit

agreement between the warring powers, is

exempt from attack and therefore serves as

a refuge for staging, logistic, or other

activities of the combatant powers.

sanitize — To revise a report or other

document in such a fashion as to prevent

identification of sources, or of the actual

persons and places with which it is

concerned, or of the means by which it was

acquired. Usually involves deletion or

substitution of names and other key details.

satellite and missile surveillance — The

systematic observation of aerospace for the

purpose of detecting, tracking, and

characterizing objects, events, and

phenomena associated with satellites and

inflight missiles, friendly and enemy. See

also surveillance.

S-bend distortion — See S-curve distortion.

scale — (*) The ratio or fraction between the

distance on a map, chart, or photograph and

the corresponding distance on the surface

of the Earth. See also conversion scale;

graphic scale; photographic scale;

principal scale.

scale (photographic) — See photographic

scale.

scaling law — (*) A mathematical

relationship which permits the effects of a

nuclear explosion of given energy yield to

be determined as a function of distance from

the explosion (or from ground zero)

provided the corresponding effect is known

as a function of distance for a reference

explosion, e.g., of 1-kiloton energy yield.

scan — 1. The path periodically followed by

a radiation beam. 2. In electronic

intelligence, the motion of an electronic

beam through space looking for a target.

Scanning is produced by the motion of the

antenna or by lobe switching. See also

electronic intelligence.

scan line — (*) The line produced on a

recording medium frame by a single sweep

of a scanner.

scan period — The period taken by a radar,

sonar, etc., to complete a scan pattern and

return to a starting point.

scan rate — (*) The rate at which individual

scans are recorded.

scan type — The path made in space by a

point on the radar beam; for example,

circular, helical, conical, spiral, or sector.

scatterable mine — (*) In land mine warfare,

a mine laid without regard to classical

pattern and which is designed to be

delivered by aircraft, artillery, missile,

ground dispenser, or by hand. Once laid, it

normally has a limited life. See also mine.

scene of action commander — In

antisubmarine warfare, the commander at

the scene of contact. The commander is

usually in a ship, or may be in a fixed-wing

aircraft, helicopter, or submarine.

scheduled arrival date — The projected

arrival date of a specified movement

requirement at a specified location.
384 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

scheduled fire — (*) A type of prearranged

fire executed at a predetermined time.

scheduled maintenance — Periodic

prescribed inspection and/or servicing of

equipment accomplished on a calendar,

mileage, or hours of operation basis. See

also organizational maintenance.

scheduled service (air transport) — A

routine air transport service operated in

accordance with a timetable.

scheduled speed — (*) The planned

sustained speed of a convoy through the

water which determines the speed

classification of that convoy. See also

convoy speed; critical speed; declared

speed.

scheduled targets — Planned targets upon

which fires will be delivered at a specific

time. See also planned targets; target.

(JP 3-60)

scheduled target (nuclear) — A planned

target on which a nuclear weapon is to be

delivered at a specific time during the

operation of the supported force. The time

is specified in terms of minutes before or

after a designated time or in terms of the

accomplishment of a predetermined

movement or task. Coordination and

warning of friendly troops and aircraft are

mandatory.

scheduled wave — See wave.

schedule of fire — Groups of fires or series

of fires fired in a definite sequence

according to a definite program. The time

of starting the schedule may be ON CALL.

For identification purposes, schedules may

be referred to by a code name or other

designation.

schedule of targets — In artillery, mortar, and

naval gunfire support, individual targets,

groups, or series of targets to be fired on, in

a definite sequence according to a definite

program.

scheduling and movement — Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

application software providing the

capability to create, update, allocate,

manifest, and review organic carrier

information before and during deployment.

It provides the ability to review, analyze,

and generate several predefined reports on

an extensive variety of scheduling and

movement information. Also called S&M.

scheduling and movement capability —

The capability required by Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System planners

and operators to allow for review and

update of scheduling and movement data

before and during implementation of a

deployment operation.

scheme of maneuver — Description of how

arrayed forces will accomplish the

commander’s intent. It is the central

expression of the commander’s concept for

operations and governs the design of

supporting plans or annexes.

scientific and technical intelligence — The

product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of

foreign scientific and technical information

that covers: a. foreign developments in

basic and applied research and in applied

engineering techniques; and b. scientific

and technical characteristics, capabilities,

and limitations of all foreign military

systems, weapons, weapon systems, and

materiel; the research and development

related thereto; and the production methods

employed for their manufacture. Also

called S&TI. See also intelligence;

research; scientific intelligence; technical

intelligence. (JP 2-02)
385

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

scientific intelligence — See scientific and

technical intelligence.

screen — (*) 1. An arrangement of ships,

aircraft and/or submarines to protect a main

body or convoy. 2. In cartography, a sheet

of transparent film, glass, or plastic carrying

a “ruling” or other regularly repeated

pattern which may be used in conjunction

with a mask, either photographically or

photomechanically, to produce areas of the

pattern. 3. In surveillance, camouflage and

concealment, any natural or artificial

material, opaque to surveillance sensor(s),

interposed between the sensor(s) and the

object to be camouflaged or concealed. See

also concealment. 4. A security element

whose primary task is to observe, identify,

and report information, and which only

fights in self-protection. See also flank

guard; guard. 5. (DOD only) A task to

maintain surveillance; provide early

warning to the main body; or impede,

destroy, and harass enemy reconnaissance

within its capability without becoming

decisively engaged. See also security

operations.

screening group — In amphibious

operations, a task organization of ships that

furnishes protection to the task force en

route to the objective area and during

operations in the objective area. (JP 3-02)

scribing — (*) In cartography, a method of

preparing a map or chart by cutting the lines

into a prepared coating.

S-curve distortion — (*) The distortion in

the image produced by a scanning sensor

which results from the forward

displacement of the sensor during the time

of lateral scan.

S-Day — See times.

sea-air-land team — A naval force specially

organized, trained, and equipped to conduct

special operations in maritime, littoral, and

riverine environments. Also called SEAL

team. (JP 3-05.3)

sea areas — Areas in the amphibious

objective area designated for the stationing

of amphibious task force ships. Sea areas

include inner transport area, sea echelon

area, fire support area, etc. See also

amphibious objective area; fire support

area; inner transport area; sea echelon

area. (JP 3-02)

sea barge — A type of barge-ship that can

carry up to 38 loaded barges. It may also

carry tugs, stacked causeway sections,

various watercraft, or heavy lift equipment

to better support joint logistics over-theshore operations.

seabasing — In amphibious operations, a

technique of basing certain landing force

support functions aboard ship which

decreases shore-based presence. See also

amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

seaborne forces — US or foreign combatants

or auxiliary ships, including aircraft and

ground forces assigned to or emanating

from such vessels and other military forces

operating in support of such forces and

operating in, on, or over the sea.

sea control operations — The employment

of naval forces, supported by land and air

forces as appropriate, in order to achieve

military objectives in vital sea areas. Such

operations include destruction of enemy

naval forces, suppression of enemy sea

commerce, protection of vital sea lanes, and

establishment of local military superiority

in areas of naval operations. See also land

control operations.

sea echelon — (*) A portion of the assault

shipping which withdraws from or remains

out of the transport area during an

amphibious landing and operates in
386 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

designated areas to seaward in an on-call

or unscheduled status.

sea echelon area — In amphibious

operations, an area to seaward of a transport

area from which assault shipping is phased

into the transport area, and to which assault

shipping withdraws from the transport area.

(JP 3-02)

sea echelon plan — In amphibious

operations, the distribution plan for

amphibious shipping in the transport area

to minimize losses due to enemy attack by

weapons of mass destruction and to reduce

the area to be swept of mines. See also

amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

sea frontier — The naval command of a

coastal frontier, including the coastal zone

in addition to the land area of the coastal

frontier and the adjacent sea areas.

sealed cabin — (*) The occupied space of

an aircraft characterized by walls which do

not allow any gaseous exchange between

the ambient atmosphere and the inside

atmosphere and containing its own ways

of regenerating the inside atmosphere.

sealift enhancement program — Special

equipment and modifications that adapt

merchant-type dry cargo ships and tankers

to specific military missions. They are

typically installed on Ready Reserve Force

ships or ships under Military Sealift

Command control. Sealift enhancements

fall into three categories: productivity,

survivability, and operational

enhancements. Also called SEP. See also

Military Sealift Command; Ready

Reserve; Ready Reserve Force. (JP 4-01.7)

Sealift Readiness Program — A standby

contractual agreement between Military

Sealift Command and US ship operators for

voluntary provision of private ships for

defense use. Call-up of ships may be

authorized by joint approval of the

Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of

Transportation. Also called SRP. See also

Military Sealift Command.

sea port — A land facility designated for

reception of personnel or materiel moved

by sea, and that serves as an authorized

port of entrance into or departure from the

country in which located. See also port of

debarkation; port of embarkation.

search — 1. An operation to locate an enemy

force known or believed to be at sea. 2. A

systematic reconnaissance of a defined area,

so that all parts of the area have passed

within visibility. 3. To distribute gunfire

over an area in depth by successive changes

in gun elevation.

search and rescue — The use of aircraft,

surface craft (land or water), submarines,

specialized rescue teams, and equipment to

search for and rescue personnel in distress

on land or at sea. Also called SAR. See

also combat search and rescue; combat

search and rescue mission coordinator;

component search and rescue controller;

isolated personnel; joint combat search

and rescue operation; joint search and

rescue center; joint search and rescue

center director; rescue coordination

center; search and rescue mission

coordinator. (JP 3-50.2)

search and rescue alert notice — An alerting

message used for United States domestic

flights. It corresponds to the declaration of

the alert phase. Also called ALNOT. See

also search and rescue incident

classification, subpart b.

search and rescue incident classification —

Three emergency phases into which an

incident may be classified or progress,

according to the seriousness of the incident

and its requirement for rescue service.

a. uncertainty phase — Doubt exists as
387

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

to the safety of a craft or person because of

knowledge of possible difficulties or

because of lack of information concerning

progress or position. b. alert phase —

Apprehension exists for the safety of a craft

or person because of definite information

that serious difficulties exist that do not

amount to a distress or because of a

continued lack of information concerning

progress or position. c. distress phase —

Immediate assistance is required by a craft

or person because of being threatened by

grave or imminent danger or because of

continued lack of information concerning

progress or position after procedures for the

alert phase have been executed.

search and rescue mission coordinator —

The designated person or organization

selected to direct and coordinate support for

a specific search and rescue mission. Also

called SAR mission coordinator. See also

combat search and rescue; combat

search and rescue mission coordinator;

component search and rescue controller;

search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

search and rescue region — See inland

search and rescue region; maritime

search and rescue region; overseas

search and rescue region.

search attack unit — The designation given

to one or more ships and/or aircraft

separately organized or detached from a

formation as a tactical unit to search for and

destroy submarines. Also called SAU.

searched channel — (*) In naval mine

warfare, the whole or part of a route or a

path which has been searched, swept, or

hunted, the width of the channel being

specified.

searching fire — (*) Fire distributed in depth

by successive changes in the elevation of a

gun. See also fire.

search jammer — See automatic search

jammer.

search mission — (*) In air operations, an

air reconnaissance by one or more aircraft

dispatched to locate an object or objects

known or suspected to be in a specific area.

search radius — In search and rescue

operations, a radius centered on a datum

point having a length equal to the total

probable error plus an additional safety

length to ensure a greater than 50 percent

probability that the target is in the search

area.

search sweeping — (*) In naval mine

warfare, the operation of sweeping a sample

of route or area to determine whether poised

mines are present.

SEASHED — A temporary deck in container

ships for transport of large military vehicles

and outsized breakbulk cargo that will not

fit into containers. See also outsized cargo.

(JP 4-01.6)

sea state — A scale that categorizes the force

of progressively higher seas by wave height.

This scale is mathematically co-related to

the Pierson-Moskowitz scale and the

relationship of wind to waves. See also

Pierson-Moskowitz scale. (JP 4-01.6)

sea surveillance — (*) The systematic

observation of surface and subsurface sea

areas by all available and practicable means

primarily for the purpose of locating,

identifying and determining the movements

of ships, submarines, and other vehicles,

friendly and enemy, proceeding on or under

the surface of the world’s seas and oceans.

See also surveillance.

sea surveillance system — (*) A system for

collecting, reporting, correlating, and

presenting information supporting and

derived from the task of sea surveillance.
388 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

seaward launch point — A designated point

off the coast from which special operations

forces will launch to proceed to the beach

to conduct operations. Also called SLP.

See also seaward recovery point. (JP 3-05.5)

seaward recovery point — A designated

point off the coast to which special

operations forces will proceed for recovery

by submarine or other means of recovery.

Also called SRP. See also seaward launch

point. (JP 3-05.5)

secondary censorship — Armed forces

censorship performed on the personal

communications of officers, civilian

employees, and accompanying civilians of

the Armed Forces of the United States, and

on those personal communications of

enlisted personnel of the Armed Forces not

subject to Armed Forces primary censorship

or those requiring reexamination. See also

censorship.

secondary imagery dissemination — See

electronic imagery dissemination.

secondary imagery dissemination system

— See electronic imagery dissemination.

secondary loads — Unit equipment, supplies,

and major end items that are transported in

the beds of organic vehicles.

secondary port — (*) A port with one or

more berths, normally at quays, which can

accommodate ocean-going ships for

discharge.

secondary rescue facilities — Local airbaseready aircraft, crash boats, and other air,

surface, subsurface, and ground elements

suitable for rescue missions, including

government and privately operated units

and facilities.

secondary road — A road supplementing a

main road, usually wide enough and

suitable for two-way, all-weather traffic at

moderate or slow speeds.

secondary targets — Alternative targets of

lower publicity value that are attacked when

the primary target is unattainable. See also

antiterrorism; primary target. (JP 3-07.2)

secondary wave breaker system — A series

of waves superimposed on another series

and differing in height, period, or angle of

approach to the beach. (JP 4-01.6)

second strike — The first counterblow of a

war. (Generally associated with nuclear

operations.)

secret — See security classification.

Secretary of a Military Department — The

Secretary of the Air Force, Army, or Navy.

SECRET Internet Protocol Router

Network — Worldwide SECRET level

packet switch network that uses high-speed

internet protocol routers and high-capacity

Defense Information Systems Network

circuitry. Also called SIPRNET. See also

Defense Information Systems Network.

(JP 2-01)

section — 1. As applied to ships or naval

aircraft, a tactical subdivision of a division.

It is normally one-half of a division in the

case of ships, and two aircraft in the case of

aircraft. 2. A subdivision of an office,

installation, territory, works, or

organization; especially a major subdivision

of a staff. 3. A tactical unit of the Army

and Marine Corps. A section is smaller than

a platoon and larger than a squad. In some

organizations the section, rather than the

squad, is the basic tactical unit. 4. An area

in a warehouse extending from one wall to

the next; usually the largest subdivision of

one floor.
389

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

sector — (*) 1. An area designated by

boundaries within which a unit operates,

and for which it is responsible. 2. One of

the subdivisions of a coastal frontier. See

also area of influence; zone of action.

sector of fire — (*) A defined area which is

required to be covered by the fire of

individual or crew served weapons or the

weapons of a unit.

sector scan — (*) Scan in which the antenna

oscillates through a selected angle.

secure — (*) In an operational context, to

gain possession of a position or terrain

feature, with or without force, and to make

such disposition as will prevent, as far as

possible, its destruction or loss by enemy

action. See also denial measure.

security — 1. Measures taken by a military

unit, activity, or installation to protect itself

against all acts designed to, or which may,

impair its effectiveness. 2. A condition

that results from the establishment and

maintenance of protective measures that

ensure a state of inviolability from hostile

acts or influences. 3. With respect to

classified matter, the condition that prevents

unauthorized persons from having access

to official information that is safeguarded

in the interests of national security. See also

national security.

security alert team — Two or more security

force members who form the initial

reinforcing element responding to security

alarms, emergencies, or irregularities. Also

called SAT.

security assistance — Group of programs

authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act

of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export

Control Act of 1976, as amended, or other

related statutes by which the United States

provides defense articles, military training,

and other defense-related services by grant,

loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of

national policies and objectives. Also called

SA.

security assistance organization — All

Department of Defense elements located in

a foreign country with assigned

responsibilities for carrying out security

assistance management functions. It

includes military assistance advisory

groups, military missions and groups,

offices of defense and military cooperation,

liaison groups, and defense attaché

personnel designated to perform security

assistance functions. Also called SAO. See

also security assistance. (JP 3-07.1)

security certification — A certification

issued by competent authority to indicate

that a person has been investigated and is

eligible for access to classified matter to the

extent stated in the certification.

security classification — A category to

which national security information and

material is assigned to denote the degree of

damage that unauthorized disclosure would

cause to national defense or foreign

relations of the United States and to denote

the degree of protection required. There

are three such categories. a. top secret —

National security information or material

that requires the highest degree of

protection and the unauthorized disclosure

of which could reasonably be expected to

cause exceptionally grave damage to the

national security. Examples of

“exceptionally grave damage” include

armed hostilities against the United States

or its allies; disruption of foreign relations

vitally affecting the national security; the

compromise of vital national defense

plans or complex cryptologic and

communications intelligence systems; the

revelation of sensitive intelligence

operations; and the disclosure of scientific

or technological developments vital to

national security. b. secret — National
390 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

security information or material that

requires a substantial degree of protection

and the unauthorized disclosure of which

could reasonably be expected to cause

serious damage to the national security.

Examples of “serious damage” include

disruption of foreign relations significantly

affecting the national security; significant

impairment of a program or policy directly

related to the national security; revelation

of significant military plans or intelligence

operations; and compromise of significant

scientific or technological developments

relating to national security. c. confidential

— National security information or material

that requires protection and the

unauthorized disclosure of which could

reasonably be expected to cause damage to

the national security. See also

classification; security.

security clearance — An administrative

determination by competent authority that

an individual is eligible, from a security

stand-point, for access to classified

information.

security countermeasures — Those

protective activities required to prevent

espionage, sabotage, theft, or unauthorized

use of classified or controlled information,

systems, or material of the Department of

Defense. See also counterintelligence.

(JP 2-01.2)

security intelligence — (*) Intelligence on

the identity, capabilities, and intentions of

hostile organizations or individuals who are

or may be engaged in espionage, sabotage,

subversion, or terrorism. See also

counterintelligence; intelligence;

security.

security review — The process of reviewing

news media products at some point, usually

before transmission, to ensure that no oral,

written, or visual information is filed for

publication or broadcast that would divulge

national security information or would

jeopardize ongoing or future operations or

that would threaten the safety of the

members of the force. See also security.

(JP 3-61)

sedition — Willfully advocating or teaching

the duty or necessity of overthrowing the

US government or any political subdivision

by force or violence. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

seize — To employ combat forces to occupy

physically and to control a designated area.

See also combat forces. (JP 3-18)

seizures — In counterdrug operations,

includes drugs and conveyances seized by

law enforcement authorities and drugrelated assets (monetary instruments, etc.)

confiscated based on evidence that they

have been derived from or used in illegal

narcotics activities. See also counterdrug

operations; law enforcement agency.

(JP 3-07.4)

selected area for evasion — A designated

area in hostile territory that offers evaders

or escapees a reasonable chance of avoiding

capture and of surviving until they can be

evacuated. Also called SAFE. See also

escapee; evader; hostile. (JP 3-50.3)

selected area for evasion area intelligence

description — In evasion and recovery

operations, an in-depth, all-source evasion

study designed to assist the recovery of

military personnel from a selected area for

evasion under hostile conditions. Also

called SAID. See also evasion; evasion

and recovery; hostile; recovery

operations; selected area for evasion.

(JP 3-50.3)

Selected Reserve — Those units and

individuals within the Ready Reserve

designated by their respective Services and

approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as so
391

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

essential to initial wartime missions that

they have priority over all other Reserves.

All Selected Reservists are in an active

status. The Selected Reserve also includes

persons performing initial active duty for

training. See also Ready Reserve.

Selected Reserve strength — The total

number of guardsmen and reservists in the

Selected Reserve who are subject to the

200K Presidential recall or mobilization

under declaration of war or national

emergency.

selective identification feature — A

capability that, when added to the basic

identification friend or foe system, provides

the means to transmit, receive, and display

selected coded replies.

selective jamming — See spot jamming.

selective loading — (*) The arrangement and

stowage of equipment and supplies aboard

ship in a manner designed to facilitate issues

to units. See also loading.

selective mobilization — See mobilization,

Part 2.

selective release process — The process

involving requesting, analyzing, and

obtaining approval for release of weapons

to obtain specific, limited damage on

selected targets.

selective unloading — In an amphibious

operation, the controlled unloading from

assault shipping, and movement ashore, of

specific items of cargo at the request of the

landing force commander. Normally,

selective unloading parallels the landing of

nonscheduled units during the initial

unloading period of the ship-to-shore

movement. (JP 3-02.2)

selenodesy — That branch of applied

mathematics that determines, by

observation and measurement, the exact

positions of points and the figures and areas

of large portions of the moon’s surface, or

the shape and size of the moon.

self-defense — A commander has the

authority and obligation to use all necessary

means available and to take all appropriate

action to defend that commander’s unit and

other US forces in the vicinity from a hostile

act or hostile intent. Force used should not

exceed that which is necessary to decisively

counter the hostile act or intent and ensure

the continued safety of US forces or other

persons and property they are ordered to

protect. US forces may employ such force

in self-defense only so long as the hostile

force continues to present an imminent

threat.

self-destroying fuze — (*) A fuze designed

to burst a projectile before the end of its

flight.

self-protection depth — (*) The depth of

water where the aggregate danger width

relative to mines affected by a

minesweeping technique is zero. Safe depth

is a particular self-protection depth.

self-sustaining containership — A

containership with shipboard-installed

cranes capable of loading and off-loading

containers without assistance of port crane

service. See also containership. (JP 4-01.7)

semi-active homing guidance — (*) A

system of homing guidance wherein the

receiver in the missile utilizes radiations

from the target which has been illuminated

by an outside source.

semi-controlled mosaic — (*) A mosaic

composed of corrected or uncorrected prints

laid so that major ground features match

their geographical coordinates. See also

mosaic.
392 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

semi-permanent joint task force — A joint

task force that has been assigned an

expanded or follow-on mission and will

continue to conduct these operations in a

specified area for an undetermined period

of time. See also joint task force; mission;

operation. (JP 5-00.2)

senior meteorological and oceanographic

officer — Meteorological and

oceanographic officer responsible for

assisting the combatant commander and

staff in developing and executing

operational meteorological and

oceanographic service concepts in support

of a designated joint force. Also called

SMO. See also meteorological and

oceanographic. (JP 3-59)

senior officer present afloat — The senior

line officer of the Navy, on active service,

eligible for command at sea, who is present

and in command of any unit of the operating

forces afloat in the locality or within an area

prescribed by competent authority. This

officer is responsible for the administration

of matters which collectively affect naval

units of the operating forces afloat in the

locality prescribed. Also called SOPA.

sensitive — Requiring special protection from

disclosure that could cause embarrassment,

compromise, or threat to the security of the

sponsoring power. May be applied to an

agency, installation, person, position,

document, material, or activity.

sensitive compartmented information —

All information and materials bearing

special community controls indicating

restricted handling within present and future

community intelligence collection

programs and their end products for which

community systems of compartmentation

have been or will be formally established.

(These controls are over and above the

provisions of DOD 5200.1-R, Information

Security Program Regulation.) Also called

SCI.

sensitive compartmented information

facility — An accredited area, room, group

of rooms, or installation where sensitive

compartmented information (SCI) may be

stored, used, discussed, and/or

electronically processed. Sensitive

compartmented information facility (SCIF)

procedural and physical measures prevent

the free access of persons unless they have

been formally indoctrinated for the

particular SCI authorized for use or

storage within the SCIF. Also called

SCIF. See also sensitive compartmented

information. (JP 2-01)

separation zone — (*) An area between two

adjacent horizontal or vertical areas into

which units are not to proceed unless certain

safety measures can be fulfilled.

sequel — A major operation that follows the

current major operation. Plans for a sequel

are based on the possible outcomes

(success, stalemate, or defeat) associated

with the current operation. See also

branch. (JP 3-0)

sequence circuit — (*) In mine warfare, a

circuit which requires actuation by a

predetermined sequence of influences of

predetermined magnitudes.

sequenced ejection system — See ejection

systems.

serial — (*) 1. An element or a group of

elements within a series which is given a

numerical or alphabetical designation for

convenience in planning, scheduling, and

control. 2. (DOD only) A serial can be a

group of people, vehicles, equipment, or

supplies and is used in airborne, air assault,

amphibious operations, and convoys.
393

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

serial assignment table — A table that is used

in amphibious operations and shows the

serial number, the title of the unit, the

approximate number of personnel; the

material, vehicles, or equipment in the

serial; the number and type of landing craft

and/or amphibious vehicles required to boat

the serial; and the ship on which the serial

is embarked.

seriously ill or injured — The casualty status

of a person whose illness or injury is

classified by medical authority to be of such

severity that there is cause for immediate

concern, but there is not imminent danger

to life. Also called SII. See also casualty

status.

seriously wounded — A casualty whose

injuries or illness are of such severity that

the patient is rendered unable to walk or

sit, thereby requiring a litter for movement

and evacuation. See also evacuation;

litter; patient. (JP 4-02)

service ammunition — Ammunition

intended for combat rather than for training

purposes.

Service component command — A

command consisting of the Service

component commander and all those

Service forces, such as individuals, units,

detachments, organizations, and

installations under that command, including

the support forces that have been assigned

to a combatant command or further

assigned to a subordinate unified command

or joint task force. See also component;

functional component command. (JP 0-2)

Service component command chaplain —

The senior chaplain assigned to the staff of,

or designated by, the Service component

commander. The component command

chaplain is responsible for supervising and

coordinating religious ministries within the

purview of the component commander and

may be supported by a staff of chaplains

and enlisted religious support personnel.

See also command chaplain; command

chaplain of the combatant command; lay

leader or lay reader; religious ministry

support; religious ministry support plan;

religious ministry support team. (JP 1-05)

service environment — (*) All external

conditions, whether natural or induced, to

which items of materiel are likely to be

subjected throughout their life cycle.

Service force module — A hypothetical force

module built per Service doctrine composed

of combat, combat support, and combat

service support forces and sustainment for

an estimated period, e.g., 30 days.

service group — A major naval

administration and/or tactical organization,

consisting of the commander and the staff,

designed to exercise operational and

administrative control of assigned

squadrons and units in executing their tasks

of providing logistic support of fleet

operations.

service mine — (*) A mine capable of a

destructive explosion.

service squadron — An administrative and/

or tactical subdivision of a naval service

force or service group, consisting of the

commander and the staff and organized to

exercise operational and administrative

control of assigned units in providing

logistic support of fleet units as directed.

service test — A test of an item, system of

materiel, or technique conducted under

simulated or actual operational conditions

to determine whether the specified military

requirements or characteristics are satisfied.

See also troop test.

service troops — Those units designed to

render supply, maintenance, transportation,
394 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

evacuation, hospitalization, and other

services required by air and ground combat

units to carry out effectively their mission

in combat. See also combat service

support elements; troops.

Service-unique container — Any 20- or

40-foot International Organization for

Standardization container procured or

leased by a Service to meet Service-unique

requirements. Also called componentowned container. See also common-use

container; component-owned container.

(JP 4-01.7)

Service-unique transportation assets —

Transportation assets that are: a. Assigned

to a Military Department for functions of

the Secretaries of the Military Departments

set forth in Sections 3013(b), 5013(b), and

8013(b) of Title 10 of the United States

Code, including administrative functions

(such as motor pools), intelligence

functions, training functions, and

maintenance functions; b. Assigned to the

Department of the Army for the execution

of the missions of the Army Corps of

Engineers; c. Assigned to the Department

of the Navy as the special mission support

force of missile range instrumentation ships,

ocean survey ships, cable ships,

oceanographic research ships, acoustic

research ships, and naval test support ships;

the naval fleet auxiliary force of fleet

ammunition ships, fleet stores ships, fleet

ocean tugs, and fleet oilers; hospital ships;

Marine Corps intermediate maintenance

activity ships, Marine Corps helicopter

support to senior Federal officials; and, prior

to the complete discharge of cargo,

maritime pre-positioning ships; d.

Assigned to the Department of the Air Force

for search and rescue, weather

reconnaissance, audiovisual services,

aeromedical evacuation functions, and

transportation of senior Federal officials.

(JP 4-01)

servicing — See common servicing;

cross-servicing; joint servicing. See also

inter-Service support.

severe damage — See nuclear damage,

Part 3.

shaded relief — (*) A cartographic technique

that provides an apparent three-dimensional

configuration of the terrain on maps and

charts by the use of graded shadows that

would be cast by high ground if light were

shining from the northwest. Shaded relief

is usually used in combination with

contours. See also hill shading.

shadowing — To observe and maintain

contact (not necessarily continuously) with

a unit or force.

shallow fording — The ability of a

self-propelled gun or ground vehicle

equipped with built-in waterproofing, with

its wheels or tracks in contact with the

ground, to negotiate a water obstacle

without the use of a special waterproofing

kit. See also flotation.

shaped charge — (*) A charge shaped so as

to concentrate its explosive force in a

particular direction.

shared data environment — Automation

services that support the implementation

and maintenance of data resources that are

used by two or more combat support

applications. Services provided include:

identification of common data, physical

data modeling, database segmentation,

development of data access and

maintenance routines, and database

reengineering to use the common data

environment. See also data. (JP 4-0)

shear link assembly — (*) A device

designed to break at a specified mechanical

load.
395

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

sheet explosive — (*) Plastic explosive

provided in a sheet form.

sheetlines — Those lines defining the

geographic limits of the map or chart detail.

shelf life — (*) The length of time during

which an item of supply, subject to

deterioration or having a limited life which

cannot be renewed, is considered

serviceable while stored. See also storage

life.

shell (specify) — (*) A command or request

indicating the type of projectile to be used.

shelter — An International Organization for

Standardization container outfitted with

live- or work-in capability. See also

International Organization for

Standardization. (JP 4-01.7)

shielding — (*) 1. Material of suitable

thickness and physical characteristics

used to protect personnel from radiation

during the manufacture, handling, and

transportation of fissionable and radioactive

materials. 2. Obstructions which tend to

protect personnel or materials from the

effects of a nuclear explosion.

shifting fire — Fire delivered at constant

range at varying deflections; used to cover

the width of a target that is too great to be

covered by an open sheaf.

ship counter — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

device in a mine which prevents the mine

from detonating until a preset number of

actuations has taken place.

ship haven — See moving havens.

ship influence — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the magnetic, acoustic, and pressure effects

of a ship, or a minesweep simulating a ship,

which is detectable by a mine or other

sensing devices.

shipping configuration — The manner in

which an item is prepared for shipment.

shipping control — See naval control of

shipping.

shipping designator — A code word

assigned to a particular overseas base, port,

or area for specific use as an address on

shipments to the overseas location

concerned. The code word is usually four

letters and may be followed by a number to

indicate a particular addressee.

shipping lane — (*) A term used to indicate

the general flow of merchant shipping

between two departure/terminal areas.

shipping time — The time elapsing between

the shipment of materiel by the supplying

activity and receipt of materiel by the

requiring activity. See also order and

shipping time.

ship-to-shore movement — (*) That portion

of the assault phase of an amphibious

operation which includes the deployment

of the landing force from the assault

shipping to designated landing areas.

shoal — A sandbank or bar that makes water

shoal; i.e., a sand-bank that is not rocky and

on which there is a water depth of 6 fathoms

or less. (JP 4-01.6)

shock front — (*) The boundary between

the pressure disturbance created by an

explosion (in air, water, or earth) and the

ambient atmosphere, water, or earth.

shore fire control party — A specially

trained unit for control of naval gunfire in

support of troops ashore. It consists of a

spotting team to adjust fire and a naval

gunfire liaison team to perform liaison

functions for the supported battalion

commander. Also called SFCP.
396 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

shoreline effect — See coastal refraction.

shore party — (*) A task organization of

the landing force, formed for the purpose

of facilitating the landing and movement

off the beaches of troops, equipment, and

supplies; for the evacuation from the

beaches of casualties and enemy prisoners

of war; and for facilitating the beaching,

retraction, and salvaging of landing ships

and craft. It comprises elements of both

the naval and landing forces. Also called

beach group. See also beachmaster unit;

beach party; naval beach group.

shore-to-shore movement — The assault

movement of personnel and materiel

directly from a shore staging area to the

objective, involving no further transfers

between types of craft or ships incident to

the assault movement.

shortfall — The lack of forces, equipment,

personnel, materiel, or capability, reflected

as the difference between the resources

identified as a plan requirement and those

apportioned to a combatant commander for

planning, that would adversely affect the

command’s ability to accomplish its

mission.

short-range air defense engagement zone

— See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52)

short-range ballistic missile — A ballistic

missile with a range capability up to about

600 nautical miles. Also called SRBM.

short-range transport aircraft — See

transport aircraft.

short scope buoy — (*) A buoy used as a

navigational reference which remains

nearly vertical over its sinker.

short supply — An item is in short supply

when the total of stock on hand and

anticipated receipts during a given period

are less than the total estimated demand

during that period.

short takeoff and landing — (*) The ability

of an aircraft to clear a 50-foot (15 meters)

obstacle within 1,500 feet (450 meters) of

commencing takeoff or in landing, to stop

within 1,500 feet (450 meters) after passing

over a 50-foot (15 meters) obstacle. Also

called STOL.

short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft

— (*) Fixed-wing aircraft capable of

clearing a 15-meter (50-foot) obstacle

within 450 meters (1,500 feet) of

commencing takeoff run, and capable of

landing vertically. Also called STOVL.

See also short takeoff and landing.

short title — (*) A short, identifying

combination of letters, and/or numbers

assigned to a document or device for

purposes of brevity and/or security.

short ton — 2,000 pounds. Also called S/T

or STON. (JP 4-01.7)

shouldering — Maneuvering a vessel in

contact with an opposing vessel to cause

the opposing vessel to turn away.

Shouldering is undertaken with the intent

of minimizing damage to the opposing

vessel.

show of force — An operation designed to

demonstrate US resolve that involves

increased visibility of US deployed forces

in an attempt to defuse a specific situation

that, if allowed to continue, may be

detrimental to US interests or national

objectives. (JP 3-07)

shuttered fuze — (*) A fuze in which

inadvertent initiation of the detonator will

not initiate either the booster or the burst

charge.
397

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

side-looking airborne radar — (*) An

airborne radar, viewing at right angles to

the axis of the vehicle, which produces a

presentation of terrain or moving targets.

Also called SLAR.

side oblique air photograph — An oblique

photograph taken with the camera axis at

right angles to the longitudinal axis of the

aircraft.

side overlap — See overlap.

sighting — Actual visual contact. Does not

include other contacts, which must be

reported by type, e.g., radar and sonar

contacts. See also contact report.

SIGINT direct service — A reporting

procedure to provide signals intelligence

(SIGINT) to a military commander or other

authorized recipient in response to SIGINT

requirements. The product may vary from

recurring, serialized reports produced by the

National Security Agency/Central Security

Service to instantaneous aperiodic reports

provided to the command or other recipient,

usually from a fixed SIGINT activity

engaged in collection and processing. See

also signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct service activity — A signals

intelligence (SIGINT) activity composed of

collection and associated resources that

normally performs in a direct service role

under the SIGINT operational control of

the Director, National Security Agency/

Chief, Central Security Service. See also

signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct support — The provision of

signals intelligence (SIGINT) information

to a military commander by a SIGINT

direct support unit in response to SIGINT

operational tasking levied by that

commander. See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct support unit — A signals

intelligence (SIGINT) unit, usually mobile,

designed to perform a SIGINT direct

support role for a military commander

under delegated authority from the Director,

National Security Agency/Chief, Central

Security Service. See also signals

intelligence.

SIGINT operational control — The

authoritative direction of signals

intelligence (SIGINT) activities, including

tasking and allocation of effort, and the

authoritative prescription of those uniform

techniques and standards by which SIGINT

information is collected, processed, and

reported. See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT operational tasking — The

authoritative operational direction of and

direct levying of signals intelligence

(SIGINT) information needs by a military

commander on designated SIGINT

resources. These requirements are

directive, irrespective of other priorities,

and are conditioned only by the capability

of those resources to produce such

information. Operational tasking includes

authority to deploy all or part of the SIGINT

resources for which SIGINT operational

tasking authority has been delegated. See

also signals intelligence.

SIGINT operational tasking authority —

A military commander’s authority to

operationally direct and levy signals

intelligence (SIGINT) requirements on

designated SIGINT resources; includes

authority to deploy and redeploy all or part

of the SIGINT resources for which SIGINT

operational tasking authority has been

delegated. Also called SOTA. See also

signals intelligence.

SIGINT resources — Personnel and

equipment of any unit, activity, or
398 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

organizational element engaged in signals

intelligence activities. See also signals

intelligence.

SIGINT support plans — Plans prepared by

the National Security Agency/Central

Security Service, in coordination with

concerned elements of the United States

SIGINT system, which specify how the

resources of the system will be aligned in

crisis or war to support military operations

covered by certain Joint Chiefs of Staff and

unified and specified command operation

plans. See also signals intelligence.

signal — (*) 1. As applied to electronics,

any transmitted electrical impulse. 2.

Operationally, a type of message, the text

of which consists of one or more letters,

words, characters, signal flags, visual

displays, or special sounds with prearranged

meaning, and which is conveyed or

transmitted by visual, acoustical, or

electrical means.

signal center — A combination of signal

communication facilities operated by the

Army in the field and consisting of a

communications center, telephone

switching central and appropriate means of

signal communications. See also

communications center.

signal letters — See international call sign.

signal operation instructions — A series of

orders issued for technical control and

coordination of the signal communication

activities of a command. In Marine Corps

usage, these instructions are designated

communication operation instructions.

signal security — A generic term that

includes both communications security and

electronics security. See also security.

signals intelligence — 1. A category of

intelligence comprising either individually

or in combination all communications

intelligence, electronic intelligence, and

foreign instrumentation signals intelligence,

however transmitted. 2. Intelligence

derived from communications, electronic,

and foreign instrumentation signals. Also

called SIGINT. See also communications

intelligence; electronic intelligence;

foreign instrumentation signals

intelligence; intelligence. (JP 2-0)

signal-to-noise ratio — The ratio of the

amplitude of the desired signal to the

amplitude of noise signals at a given point

in time.

signature equipment — (*) Any item of

equipment which reveals the type and

nature of the unit or formation to which it

belongs.

signed route — A route along which a unit

has placed directional signs bearing its unit

identification symbol. The signs are for the

unit’s use only and must comply with

movement regulations.

significant wave height — The average

height of the third of waves observed during

a given period of time. Significant wave

height is used for evaluating the impact of

waves and breakers on watercraft in the

open sea and surf zones. See also surf zone.

(JP 4-01.6)

Silver Triangle — The South American

region consisting of Peru, Bolivia, and

Colombia that is historically known to be

a major illegal drug production area.

(JP 3-07.4)

simulative electromagnetic deception —

See electromagnetic deception.

simultaneous engagement — The

concurrent engagement of hostile targets by

combination of interceptor aircraft and

surface-to-air missiles.
399

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

single-anchor leg mooring — A mooring

facility dedicated to the offshore petroleum

discharge system. Once installed, it permits

a tanker to remain on station and pump in

much higher sea states than is possible with

a spread moor. Also called SALM. See

also offshore petroleum discharge

system. (JP 4-01.6)

single department purchase — A method

of purchase whereby one Military

Department buys commodities for another

Military Department or Departments.

single flow route — (*) A route at least oneand-a-half lanes wide allowing the passage

of a column of vehicles, and permitting

isolated vehicles to pass or travel in the

opposite direction at predetermined points.

See also double flow route.

single integrated theater logistic manager

— Service component or agency, usually

in a mature theater, that is designated by

the combatant commander or subunified

commander as the single in-theater manager

for planning and execution of a specific

common-user logistic (CUL) item or related

items. Single integrated logistic managers

are normally long-term in nature with

responsibilities that include planning,

coordination, control, and execution of a

specific CUL function (or similar CUL

functions) at the theater level, in both

peacetime and during actual operations,

within the parameters of combatant

commander’s directives. Also called

SITLM. See also agency. (JP 4-07)

single manager for transportation — The

United States Transportation Command is

the Department of Defense single manager

for transportation, other than

Service-unique or theater-assigned

transportation assets. See also

Service-unique transportation assets;

theater-assigned transportation assets;

United States Transportation

Command. (JP 4-01)

single port manager — Through its

transportation component commands, US

Transportation Command is the

Department of Defense-designated single

port manager for all common-user aerial

and sea ports worldwide. The single port

manager performs those functions

necessary to support the strategic flow of

the deploying forces’ equipment and

sustainment from the aerial and sea port of

embarkation and hand-off to the combatant

commander in the aerial and sea port of

debarkation (APOD and SPOD). The

single port manager is responsible for

providing strategic deployment status

information to the combatant commander

and to manage workload of the APOD and

SPOD operator based on the commander’s

priorities and guidance. The single port

manager is responsible through all phases

of the theater aerial and sea port operations

continuum, from an unimproved airfield

and bare beach deployment to a commercial

contract supported deployment. Also called

SPM. See also Military Traffic

Management Command; transportation

component command; United States

Transportation Command. (JP 4-0)

single-service manager — A component

commander, designated by the combatant

commander, who has been assigned

responsibility and delegated the authority

to coordinate specific theater personnel

support activities such as theater postal

operations. See also component. (JP 1-0)

single-spot ship — Those ships certified to

have less than three adjacent landing areas.

See also spot. (JP 3-04.1)

sinker — (*) In naval mine warfare, a heavy

weight to which a buoyant mine is moored.

The sinker generally houses the mooring
400 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

rope drum and depth-setting mechanism

and for mines laid by ships, it also serves

as a launching trolley.

situation map — (*) A map showing the

tactical or the administrative situation at a

particular time. See also map.

situation report — (*) A report giving the

situation in the area of a reporting unit or

formation. Also called SITREP.

situation template — A depiction of assumed

adversary dispositions, based on adversary

doctrine and the effects of the battlespace

if the adversary should adopt a particular

course of action. In effect, situation

templates are the doctrinal templates

depicting a particular operation modified

to account for the effects of the battlespace

environment and the adversary’s current

situation (training and experience levels,

logistic status, losses, dispositions).

Normally, the situation template depicts

adversary units two levels of command

below the friendly force, as well as the

expected locations of high-value targets.

Situation templates use time-phase lines to

indicate movement of forces and the

expected flow of the operation. Usually, the

situation template depicts a critical point in

the course of action. Situation templates are

one part of a adversary course of action

model. Models may contain more than one

situation template. See also course of

action; doctrinal template. (JP 2-01.3)

skim sweeping — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the technique of wire sweeping to a fixed

depth over deep-laid moored mines to cut

any shallow enough to endanger surface

shipping.

skin paint — A radar indication caused by

the reflected radar signal from an object.

skin tracking — The tracking of an object

by means of a skin paint.

slant range — (*) The line of sight distance

between two points, not at the same level

relative to a specific datum.

slated items — Bulk petroleum and packaged

bulk petroleum items that are requisitioned

for overseas use by means of a consolidated

requirement document, prepared and

submitted through joint petroleum office

channels. Packaged petroleum items are

requisitioned in accordance with normal

requisitioning procedures.

slice — An average logistic planning factor

used to obtain estimates of requirements for

personnel and materiel. (e.g., a personnel

slice generally consists of the total strength

of the stated basic combatant elements, plus

its proportionate share of all supporting and

higher headquarters personnel.)

slightly wounded — A casualty whose

injuries or illness are relatively minor,

permitting the patient to walk and/or sit.

See also patient; walking patient. (JP 4-02)

small arms — Man portable, individual, and

crew-served weapon systems used mainly

against personnel and lightly armored or

unarmored equipment.

small arms ammunition — Ammunition for

small arms, i.e., all ammunition up to and

including 20 millimeters (.787 inches).

small austere airfield — Unsophisticated

airfield, usually with a short runway, that

is limited in one or a combination of the

following: taxiway systems, ramp space,

security, materials handling equipment,

aircraft servicing, maintenance, navigation

aids, weather observing sensors, and

communications. Also called SAAF. See

also airfield. (JP 4-01.1)

small-lot storage — Generally considered to

be a quantity of less than one pallet stack,

stacked to maximum storage height. Thus,
401

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

the term refers to a lot consisting of from

one container to two or more pallet loads,

but is not of sufficient quantity to form a

complete pallet column. See also storage.

small-scale map — A map having a scale

smaller than 1:600,000. See also map.

smoke screen — A cloud of smoke used to

conceal ground maneuver, obstacle

breaching, recovery operations, and

amphibious assault operations as well as

key assembly areas, supply routes, and

logistic facilities.

snagline mine — (*) A contact mine with a

buoyant line attached to one of the horns or

switches which may be caught up and

pulled by the hull or propellers of a ship.

soft missile base — (*) A launching base

that is not protected against a nuclear

explosion.

soil shear strength — The maximum

resistance of a soil to shearing stresses.

solatium payments — Monetary

compensation given to alleviate grief,

suffering, and anxiety resulting from

injuries, and property or personal loss.

(JP 1-06)

solenoid sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a magnetic sweep consisting of a horizontal

axis coil wound on a floating iron tube.

sonar — A sonic device used primarily for

the detection and location of underwater

objects. (This term is derived from the

words “sound navigation and ranging.”)

sonic — Of or pertaining to sound or the speed

of sound. See also speed of sound.

sonobuoy — A sonar device used to detect

submerged submarines that, when

activated, relays information by radio. It

may be active directional or nondirectional,

or it may be passive directional or

nondirectional.

sortie — (*) In air operations, an operational

flight by one aircraft.

sortie allotment message — The means by

which the joint force commander allots

excess sorties to meet requirements of

subordinate commanders that are expressed

in their air employment and/or allocation

plan. Also called SORTIEALOT. (JP 3-56.1)

sortie number — (*) A reference used to

identify the images taken by all the sensors

during one air reconnaissance sortie.

sortie plot — An overlay representing the

area on a map covered by imagery taken

during one sortie.

sortie reference — See sortie number.

sorting — In counterdrug operations, the

process involved in differentiating traffic

that could be involved in drug trafficking

from legitimate air traffic. Initial sorting

criteria are established jointly by the US

Coast Guard and US Customs Service,

coordinated with Department of Defense

counterparts, and disseminated as required.

See also counterdrug operations. (JP

3-07.4)

source — 1. A person, thing, or activity from

which information is obtained. 2. In

clandestine activities, a person (agent),

normally a foreign national, in the employ

of an intelligence activity for intelligence

purposes. 3. In interrogation activities, any

person who furnishes information, either

with or without the knowledge that the

information is being used for intelligence

purposes. In this context, a controlled

source is in the employment or under the

control of the intelligence activity and

knows that the information is to be used
402 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

for intelligence purposes. An uncontrolled

source is a voluntary contributor of

information and may or may not know that

the information is to be used for intelligence

purposes. See also agent; collection

agency.

space assignment — An assignment to the

individual Departments/Services by the

appropriate transportation operating agency

of movement capability which completely

or partially satisfies the stated requirements

of the Departments/Services for the

operating month and that has been accepted

by them without the necessity for referral

to the Joint Transportation Board for

allocation.

space available mail — A transportation

category for military mail transported to and

from overseas bases by air on a spaceavailable basis. Also called SAM.

space control operations — Operations that

provide freedom of action in space for

friendly forces while, when directed,

denying it to an enemy, and include the

broad aspects of protection of US and US

allied space systems and negation of enemy

space systems. Space control operations

encompass all elements of the space defense

mission.

space defense — All defensive measures

designed to destroy attacking enemy

vehicles (including missiles) while in space,

or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of

such attack. See also aerospace defense.

space environment — The region beginning

at the lower boundary of the Earth’s

ionosphere (approximately 50 km) and

extending outward that contains solid

particles (asteroids and meteoroids),

energetic charged particles (ions, protons,

electrons, etc.), and electromagnetic and

ionizing radiation (x-rays, extreme

ultraviolet, gamma rays, etc.). See also

ionosphere. (JP 3-59)

space support operations — Operations

required to ensure that space control and

support of terrestrial forces are maintained.

They include activities such as launching

and deploying space vehicles, maintaining

and sustaining space vehicles while on

orbit, and recovering space vehicles if

required.

space systems — All of the devices and

organizations forming the space network.

The network includes spacecraft, ground

control stations, and associated terminals.

space weather — A term used to describe

the environment and other natural

phenomena occurring above 50 kilometers

altitude that can degrade Department of

Defense communications (satellite

communications and skywave), global

positioning system, radar, and satellite

operations.

span of detonation (atomic demolition

munition employment) — That total

period of time, resulting from a timer error,

between the earliest and the latest possible

detonation time. 1. early time — The

earliest possible time that an atomic

demolition munition can detonate; 2. fire

time — That time the atomic demolition

munition will detonate should the timers

function precisely without error; 3. late

time — The latest possible time that an

atomic demolition munition can detonate.

special access program — A sensitive

program, approved in writing by a head of

agency with original top secret

classification authority, that imposes needto-know and access controls beyond those

normally provided for access to

confidential, secret, or top secret

information. The level of controls is based
403

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

on the criticality of the program and the

assessed hostile intelligence threat. The

program may be an acquisition program,

an intelligence program, or an operations

and support program. Also called SAP.

(JP 3-05.3)

special activities — Activities conducted in

support of national foreign policy objectives

that are planned and executed so that the

role of the US Government is not apparent

or acknowledged publicly. They are also

functions in support of such activities but

are not intended to influence US political

processes, public opinion, policies, or media

and do not include diplomatic activities or

the collection and production of intelligence

or related support functions. (JP 3-05)

special agent — A person, either United

States military or civilian, who is a specialist

in military security or the collection of

intelligence or counterintelligence

information.

special air operation — An air operation

conducted in support of special operations

and other clandestine, covert, and

psychological activities. (JP 3-05.3)

special ammunition supply point — A

mobile supply point where special

ammunition is stored and issued to delivery

units.

special assignment airlift requirements —

Airlift requirements, including Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff -directed or

-coordinated exercises, that require special

consideration due to the number of

passengers involved, weight or size of

cargo, urgency of movement, sensitivity, or

other valid factors that preclude the use of

channel airlift. See also airlift

requirement; channel airlift.

special boat squadron — A permanent Navy

echelon III major command to which two

or more special boat units are assigned for

some operational and all administrative

purposes. The squadron is tasked with the

training and deployment of these special

boat units and may augment naval special

warfare task groups and task units. Also

called SBS. (JP 3-05.3)

special boat unit — Those US Navy forces

organized, trained, and equipped to conduct

or support naval special warfare, riverine

warfare, coastal patrol and interdiction, and

joint special operations with patrol boats

or other combatant craft designed primarily

for special operations support. Also called

SBU. (JP 3-05)

special cargo — Cargo that requires special

handling or protection, such as

pyrotechnics, detonators, watches, and

precision instruments.

special-equipment vehicle — A vehicle

consisting of a general-purpose chassis with

special-purpose body and/or mounted

equipments designed to meet a specialized

requirement.

special forces — US Army forces

organized, trained, and equipped

specifically to conduct special operations.

Special forces have five primary

missions: unconventional warfare, foreign

internal defense, direct action, special

reconnaissance, and counterterrorism.

Counterterrorism is a special mission for

specially organized, trained, and equipped

special forces units designated in theater

contingency plans. Also called SF. (JP 3-05)

special forces group — A combat arms

organization capable of planning,

conducting, and supporting special

operations activities in all operational

environments in peace, conflict, and war.

It consists of a group headquarters and

headquarters company, a support company,

and special forces battalions. The group
404 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

can operate as a single unit, but normally

the battalions plan and conduct operations

from widely separated locations. The group

provides general operational direction and

synchronizes the activities of subordinate

battalions. Although principally structured

for unconventional warfare, special forces

group units are capable of task-organizing

to meet specific requirements. Also called

SFG. (JP 3-05)

special forces operations base — A

command, control, and support base

established and operated by a special forces

group or battalion from organic and

attached resources. The base commander

and his staff coordinate and synchronize the

activities of subordinate and forwarddeployed forces. A special forces

operations base is normally established for

an extended period of time to support a

series of operations. Also called SFOB.

(JP 3-05)

special hazard — (*) In aircraft crash rescue

and fire-fighting activities: fuels, materials,

components, or situations that could

increase the risks normally associated with

military aircraft accidents and could require

special procedures, equipment, or

extinguishing agents.

special information operations —

Information operations that by their

sensitive nature and due to their potential

effect or impact, security requirements, or

risk to the national security of the United

States, require a special review and approval

process. Also called SIO. See also

information; information operations;

operation. (JP 3-13)

special interest target — In counterdrug

operations, a contact that may be outside

initial sorting criteria but still requires

special handling, such as controlled

deliveries or other unusual situations. Also

called SIT. See also suspect; track of

interest.

specialist intelligence report — A category

of specialized, technical reports used in the

dissemination of intelligence. Also called

SPIREP. See also intelligence reporting.

specialization — An arrangement within an

alliance wherein a member or group of

members most suited by virtue of technical

skills, location, or other qualifications

assume(s) greater responsibility for a

specific task or significant portion thereof

for one or more other members.

special mission unit — A generic term to

represent a group of operations and support

personnel from designated organizations

that is task-organized to perform highly

classified activities. Also called SMU.

(JP 3-05.3)

special operations — Operations conducted

by specially organized, trained, and

equipped military and paramilitary forces

to achieve military, political, economic, or

informational objectives by unconventional

military means in hostile, denied, or

politically sensitive areas. These operations

are conducted across the full range of

military operations, independently or in

coordination with operations of

conventional, non-special operations

forces. Political-military considerations

frequently shape special operations,

requiring clandestine, covert, or low

visibility techniques and oversight at the

national level. Special operations differ

from conventional operations in degree of

physical and political risk, operational

techniques, mode of employment,

independence from friendly support, and

dependence on detailed operational

intelligence and indigenous assets. Also

called SO. (JP 3-05)
405

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

special operations combat control team —

A team of Air Force personnel organized,

trained, and equipped to conduct and

support special operations. Under

clandestine, covert, or low-visibility

conditions, these teams establish and

control air assault zones; assist aircraft by

verbal control, positioning, and operating

navigation aids; conduct limited offensive

direct action and special reconnaissance

operations; and assist in the insertion and

extraction of special operations forces. Also

called SOCCT. See also combat control

team. (JP 3-05.3)

special operations command — A

subordinate unified or other joint command

established by a joint force commander to

plan, coordinate, conduct, and support joint

special operations within the joint force

commander’s assigned operational area.

Also called SOC. See also special

operations. (JP 3-05)

special operations command and control

element — A special operations command

and control element (SOCCE) that is the

focal point for the synchronization of

special operations forces activities with

conventional forces. It performs command

and control functions according to mission

requirements. It normally collocates with

the command post of the supported force.

The SOCCE can also receive special

operations forces operational, intelligence,

and target acquisition reports directly from

deployed special operations elements and

provide them to the supported component

headquarters. The SOCCE remains under

the operational control of the joint force

special operations component commander

or commander, joint special operations task

force. Also called SOCCE. See also

command and control; joint force special

operations component commander;

special operations; special operations

forces. (JP 3-05.1)

special operations forces — Those Active

and Reserve Component forces of the

Military Services designated by the

Secretary of Defense and specifically

organized, trained, and equipped to conduct

and support special operations. Also called

SOF. See also Air Force special

operations forces; Army special

operations forces; naval special warfare

forces. (JP 3-05.3)

special operations liaison element — A

special operations liaison team provided by

the joint force special operations component

commander to the joint force air component

commander (if designated) to coordinate,

deconflict, and integrate special operations

air and surface operations with conventional

air operations. Also called SOLE. See also

joint force air component commander;

joint force special operations component

commander; special operations. (JP 3-05)

special operations mission planning folder

— The package that contains the materials

required to execute a given special

operations mission. It will include the

mission tasking letter, mission tasking

package, original feasibility assessment (as

desired), initial assessment (as desired),

target intelligence package, plan of

execution, infiltration and exfiltration plan

of execution, and other documentation as

required or desired. Also called SOMPF.

(JP 3-05.5)

special operations naval mobile

environment team — A team of Navy

personnel organized, trained, and equipped

to support naval special warfare forces by

providing weather, oceanographic,

mapping, charting, and geodesy support.

Also called SONMET. (JP 3-05.3)

special operations-peculiar — Equipment,

material, supplies, and services required for

special operations mission support for
406 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

which there is no broad conventional force

requirement. This includes standard items

used by other Department of Defense

(DOD) forces but modified for special

operations forces (SOF); items initially

designed for, or used by, SOF until adapted

for use as Service-common by other DOD

forces; and items approved by the

Commander in Chief, US Special

Operations Command (USCINCSOC) as

critically urgent for the immediate

accomplishment of a special operations

mission but not normally procured by

USCINCSOC. Also called SO-peculiar.

See also special operations. (JP 3-05)

special operations terminal attack

controller — United States Air Force

combat control personnel certified to

perform the terminal attack control function

in support of special operations forces

missions. Special operations terminal

attack controller operations emphasize the

employment of night infrared, laser, and

beacon tactics and equipment. Also called

SOTAC. See also special operations;

special tactics team; terminal. (JP 3-09.1)

special operations weather team/tactical

element — A task-organized team of Air

Force personnel organized, trained, and

equipped to collect critical weather

observations from data-sparse areas. These

teams are trained to operate independently

in permissive or uncertain environments,

or as augmentation to other special

operations elements in hostile

environments, in direct support of special

operations. Also called SOWT/TE. (JP 3-05)

special operations wing — An Air Force

special operations wing. Also called SOW.

(JP 3-05.5)

special (or project) equipment —

Equipment not authorized in standard

equipment publications but determined as

essential in connection with a contemplated

operation, function, or mission. See also

equipment.

special purpose Marine air-ground task

force — A Marine air-ground task force

organized, trained, and equipped with

narrowly focused capabilities. It is designed

to accomplish a specific mission, often of

limited scope and duration. It may be any

size, but normally it is a relatively small

force — the size of a Marine expeditionary

unit or smaller. Also called SPMAGTF.

See also aviation combat element;

combat service support element;

command element; ground combat

element; Marine air-ground task force;

Marine expeditionary force; Marine

expeditionary force (forward); Marine

expeditionary unit; task force.

special-purpose vehicle — A vehicle

incorporating a special chassis and designed

to meet a specialized requirement.

special reconnaissance — Reconnaissance

and surveillance actions conducted by

special operations forces to obtain or verify,

by visual observation or other collection

methods, information concerning the

capabilities, intentions, and activities of

an actual or potential enemy or to secure

data concerning the meteorological,

hydrographic, or geographic characteristics

of a particular area. It includes target

acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike

reconnaissance. Also called SR. (JP 3-05.5)

special staff — All staff officers having duties

at a headquarters and not included in the

general (coordinating) staff group or in the

personal staff group. The special staff

includes certain technical specialists and

heads of services, e.g., quartermaster

officer, antiaircraft officer, transportation

officer, etc. See also staff.

special tactics team — US Air Force special

operations forces consisting of combat
407

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

control, pararescue, and combat weather

personnel who are organized, trained, and

equipped to establish and control the airground interface at an airhead in the

objective area. Functions include assault

zone reconnaissance and surveillance,

establishment, and terminal control; combat

search and rescue; combat casualty care and

evacuation staging; special operations

terminal attack control; and tactical weather

observations and forecasting. Also called

STT. See also air traffic controller;

combat search and rescue; special

operations; special operations forces;

special operations terminal attack

controller. (JP 3-05.1)

special unloading berth — Berths

established in the vicinity of the approach

lanes into which transports may move for

unloading, thus reducing the running time

for landing craft and assisting in the

dispersion of transports. (JP 3-02.2)

special weapons — A term sometimes used

to indicate weapons grouped for special

procedures, for security, or other reasons.

Specific terminology, e.g., “nuclear

weapons” or “guided missiles,” is

preferable.

specific intelligence collection requirement

— An identified gap in intelligence

holdings that may be satisfied only by

collection action, and that has been

validated by the appropriate requirements

control authority. Also called SICR.

specific search — Reconnaissance of a

limited number of points for specific

information.

specified combatant command — See

specified command. (JP 0-2)

specified command — A command that has

a broad, continuing mission, normally

functional, and is established and so

designated by the President through the

Secretary of Defense with the advice and

assistance of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff. It normally is composed of

forces from a single Military Department.

Also called specified combatant

command. (JP 5-0)

spectrozonal photography — (*) A

photographic technique whereby the

natural spectral emissions of all objects are

selectively filtered in order to image only

those objects within a particular spectral

band or zone and eliminate the unwanted

background.

spectrum management — Planning,

coordinating, and managing joint use

of the electromagnetic spectrum

through operational, engineering, and

administrative procedures. The objective

of spectrum management is to enable

electronic systems to perform their

functions in the intended environment

without causing or suffering unacceptable

interference. See also electromagnetic

spectrum. (JP 3-51)

speed of advance — (*) In naval usage, the

speed expected to be made good over the

ground. Also called SOA. See also pace;

rate of march.

speed of sound — (*) The speed at which

sound travels in a given medium under

specified conditions. The speed of sound

at sea level in the International Standard

Atmosphere is 1108 ft/second, 658 knots,

1215 km/hour. See also hypersonic; sonic;

subsonic; supersonic; transonic.

spillover — The part of the laser spot that is

not on the target because of beam

divergence or standoff range, improper

boresighting of laser designator, or poor

operator illuminating procedures. See also

laser spot. (JP 3-09.1)
408 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

spin stabilization — Directional stability of

a projectile obtained by the action of

gyroscopic forces that result from spinning

of the body about its axis of symmetry.

split cameras — (*) An assembly of two

cameras disposed at a fixed overlapping

angle relative to each other.

split pair — See split vertical photography.

split-up — See break-up.

split vertical photography — (*)

Photographs taken simultaneously by two

cameras mounted at an angle from the

vertical, one tilted to the left and one to the

right, to obtain a small side overlap.

spoiling attack — A tactical maneuver

employed to seriously impair a hostile

attack while the enemy is in the process of

forming or assembling for an attack.

Usually employed by armored units in

defense by an attack on enemy assembly

positions in front of a main line of resistance

or battle position.

sponsor — Military member or civilian

employee with dependents.

spoke — The portion of the hub and spoke

distribution system that refers to

transportation mode operators responsible

for scheduled delivery to a customer of the

“hub”. See also distribution; distribution

system; hub; hub and spoke distribution.

(JP 4-01.4)

spot — (*) 1. To determine by observation,

deviations of ordnance from the target for

the purpose of supplying necessary

information for the adjustment of fire. 2.

To place in a proper location. 3. (DOD

only) An approved shipboard helicopter

landing site. See also ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

spot elevation — (*) A point on a map or

chart whose elevation is noted.

spot jamming — (*) The jamming of a

specific channel or frequency. See also

barrage jamming; electronic warfare;

jamming.

spot net — Radio communication net used

by a spotter in calling fire.

spot report — A concise narrative report of

essential information covering events or

conditions that may have an immediate and

significant effect on current planning and

operations that is afforded the most

expeditious means of transmission

consistent with requisite security. Also

called SPOTREP. (Note: In

reconnaissance and surveillance usage, spot

report is not to be used.) See Joint Tactical

Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance

Mission Report.

spot size — (*) The size of the electron spot

on the face of the cathode ray tube.

spotter — An observer stationed for the

purpose of observing and reporting results

of naval gunfire to the firing agency and

who also may be employed in designating

targets. See also field artillery observer;

naval gunfire spotting team.

spotting line — (*) Any straight line to which

the fall of shot of projectiles is related or

fire is adjusted by an observer or a spotter.

See also gun-target line; observer-target

line.

spray dome — (*) The mound of water spray

thrown up into the air when the shock wave

from an underwater detonation of a nuclear

weapon reaches the surface.

spreader bar — A device specially designed

to permit the lifting and handling of
409

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

containers or vehicles and breakbulk cargo.

(JP 4-01.6)

spreading fire — A notification by the spotter

or the naval gunfire ship, depending on who

is controlling the fire, to indicate that fire is

about to be distributed over an area.

sprocket — (*) In naval mine warfare, an

anti-sweep device included in a mine

mooring to allow a sweep wire to pass

through the mooring without parting the

mine from its sinker.

squadron — 1. An organization consisting

of two or more divisions of ships, or two or

more divisions (Navy) or flights of aircraft.

It is normally but not necessarily composed

of ships or aircraft of the same type. 2. The

basic administrative aviation unit of the

Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force.

3. Battalion-sized ground or aviation units

in US Army cavalry regiments.

squib — A small pyrotechnic device that may

be used to fire the igniter in a rocket or for

some similar purpose. Not to be confused

with a detonator that explodes.

squirt — (*) In air-to-air refuelling, a means

of providing visual detection of a nearby

aircraft. In practice this is achieved by the

donor aircraft dumping fuel and/or the

receiver aircraft selecting afterburners, if so

equipped.

staballoy — Metal alloys made from

high-density depleted uranium mixed with

other metals for use in kinetic energy

penetrators for armor-piercing munitions.

Several different metals, such as titanium

or molybdenum, can be used for the

purpose. The various staballoy metals have

low radioactivity that is not considered to

be a significant health hazard.

stabilized glide slope indicator — An

electrohydraulic optical landing aid for use

on air-capable ships. With it, a pilot can

visually establish and maintain the proper

glide slope for a safe approach and landing.

The visual acquisition range is

approximately 3 miles at night under

optimal conditions. Also called SGSI. See

also air-capable ship. (JP 3-04.1)

stabilized patient — A patient whose airway

is secured, hemorrhage is controlled, shock

treated, and fractures are immobilized. See

also patient. (JP 4-02.2)

stable base film — (*) A particular type of

film having a high stability in regard to

shrinkage and stretching.

stable patient — A patient for whom no

inflight medical intervention is expected but

the potential for medical intervention exists.

See also patient. (JP 4-02.2)

staff — See multinational staff; general

staff; integrated staff; joint staff; parallel

staff; special staff.

staff estimates — Assessments of courses of

action by the various staff elements of a

command that serve as the foundation of

the commander’s estimate.

staff supervision — The process of advising

other staff officers and individuals

subordinate to the commander of the

commander’s plans and policies,

interpreting those plans and policies,

assisting such subordinates in carrying them

out, determining the extent to which they

are being followed, and advising the

commander thereof.

stage — (*) 1. An element of the missile or

propulsion system that generally separates

from the missile at burnout or cut-off.

Stages are numbered chronologically in

order of burning. 2. To process, in a

specified area, troops which are in transit
410 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

from one locality to another. See also

marshalling; staging area.

staged crews — Aircrews specifically

positioned at intermediate airfields to take

over aircraft operating on air routes, thus

relieving complementary crews of flying

fatigue and speeding up the flow rate of the

aircraft concerned.

staging — Assembling, holding, and

organizing arriving personnel, equipment,

and sustaining materiel in preparation for

onward movement. The organizing and

preparation for movement of personnel,

equipment, and materiel at designated areas

to incrementally build forces capable of

meeting the operational commander’s

requirements. See also staging area.

(JP 3-35)

staging area — 1. Amphibious or airborne

— A general locality between the mounting

area and the objective of an amphibious or

airborne expedition, through which the

expedition or parts thereof pass after

mounting, for refueling, regrouping of

ships, and/or exercise, inspection, and

redistribution of troops. 2. Other

movements — A general locality

established for the concentration of troop

units and transient personnel between

movements over the lines of

communications. Also called SA. See also

airborne; marshalling; stage; staging.

(JP 3-35)

staging base — 1. An advanced naval base

for the anchoring, fueling, and refitting of

transports and cargo ships as well as

replenishment of mobile service squadrons.

2. A landing and takeoff area with

minimum servicing, supply, and shelter

provided for the temporary occupancy of

military aircraft during the course of

movement from one location to another.

standard advanced base units — Personnel

and materiel organized to function as

advanced base units, including the

functional components that are employed

in the establishment of naval advanced

bases. Such advanced base units may

establish repair bases, supply bases, supply

depots, airfields, air bases, or other naval

shore establishments at overseas locations.

standardization — The process by which the

Department of Defense achieves the closest

practicable cooperation among the Services

and Defense agencies for the most efficient

use of research, development, and

production resources, and agrees to adopt

on the broadest possible basis the use of: a.

common or compatible operational,

administrative, and logistic procedures; b.

common or compatible technical

procedures and criteria; c. common,

compatible, or interchangeable supplies,

components, weapons, or equipment; and

d. common or compatible tactical doctrine

with corresponding organizational

compatibility.

standard operating procedure — See

standing operating procedure.

standard parallel — (*) A parallel on a map

or chart along which the scale is as stated

for that map or chart.

standard pattern — (*) In land mine

warfare, the agreed pattern to which mines

are normally laid.

standard positioning system — One of two

levels of service provided by the global

positioning system, the standard positioning

system normally offers users a horizontal

accuracy of 100 meters or better with a 95%

probability. Also called SPS.

standard route — In naval control of

shipping, a pre-planned single track that is
411

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assigned a code name and connects

positions within the main shipping lanes.

standard unit — A type unit whose unit-type

code and movement characteristics are

described in the type unit characteristics file.

standard use Army aircraft flight route —

Routes established below the coordinating

altitude to facilitate the movement of Army

aviation assets. Routes are normally located

in the corps through brigade rear areas of

operation and do not require approval by

the airspace control authority. Also called

SAAFR. (JP 3-52)

Standby Reserve — Those units and

members of the Reserve Components (other

than those in the Ready Reserve or Retired

Reserve) who are liable for active duty only,

as provided in the US Code, title 10 (DOD),

sections 10151, 12301, and 12306. See also

active duty; Ready Reserve; Reserve

Components; Retired Reserve. (JP 4-05)

stand fast — (*) In artillery, the order at

which all action on the position ceases

immediately.

standing operating procedure — (*) A set

of instructions covering those features of

operations which lend themselves to a

definite or standardized procedure without

loss of effectiveness. The procedure is

applicable unless ordered otherwise. Also

called SOP.

standing order — (*) A promulgated order

which remains in force until amended or

cancelled.

state and regional defense airlift — The

program for use during an emergency of

civil aircraft other than air carrier aircraft.

stateless person — Civilian who has been

denationalized or whose country of origin

cannot be determined or who cannot

establish a right to the nationality claimed.

See also dislocated civilian; displaced

person; evacuee; expellee; refugee.

(JP 3-07.6)

state of readiness — See defense readiness

condition; weapons readiness state.

state of readiness--state 1--safe — The state

of a demolition target upon or within which

the demolition charge has been placed and

secured. The firing or initiating circuits

have been installed, but not connected to

the demolition charge. Detonators or

initiators have not been connected nor

installed. See also state of readiness--state

2--armed.

state of readiness--state 2--armed — The

state of a demolition target in which the

demolition charges are in place, the firing

and priming circuits are installed and

complete, and the charge is ready for

immediate firing. See also state of

readiness--state 1--safe.

static air temperature — (*) The

temperature at a point at rest relative to the

ambient air.

static line (air transport) — A line attached

to a parachute pack and to a strop or anchor

cable in an aircraft so that, when the load is

dropped, the parachute is deployed

automatically.

static line cable — See anchor cable.

static marking — (*) Marks on photographic

negatives and other imagery caused by

unwanted discharges of static electricity.

station — 1. A general term meaning any

military or naval activity at a fixed land

location. 2. A particular kind of activity to

which other activities or individuals may

come for a specific service, often of a

technical nature, e.g., aid station. 3. An
412 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

assigned or prescribed position in a naval

formation or cruising disposition; or an

assigned area in an approach, contact, or

battle disposition. 4. Any place of duty or

post or position in the field to which an

individual, group of individuals, or a unit

may be assigned. 5. One or more

transmitters or receivers or a combination

of transmitters and receivers, including the

accessory equipment necessary at one

location, for carrying on radio

communication service. Each station will

be classified by the service in which it

operates permanently or temporarily.

station authentication — A security measure

designed to establish the authenticity of a

transmitting or receiving station.

station time — (*) In air transport operations,

the time at which crews, passengers, and

cargo are to be on board and ready for the

flight.

status-of-forces agreement — An agreement

that defines the legal position of a visiting

military force deployed in the territory of a

friendly state. Agreements delineating the

status of visiting military forces may be

bilateral or multilateral. Provisions

pertaining to the status of visiting forces

may be set forth in a separate agreement,

or they may form a part of a more

comprehensive agreement. These

provisions describe how the authorities of

a visiting force may control members of

that force and the amenability of the force

or its members to the local law or to the

authority of local officials. To the extent

that agreements delineate matters affecting

the relations between a military force and

civilian authorities and population, they

may be considered as civil affairs

agreements. Also called SOFA. See also

civil affairs agreement. (JP 3-07.2)

stay behind — Agent or agent organization

established in a given country to be

activated in the event of hostile overrun or

other circumstances under which normal

access would be denied.

stay behind force — (*) A force which is

left in position to conduct a specified

mission when the remainder of the force

withdraws or retires from the area.

stellar guidance — A system wherein a

guided missile may follow a predetermined

course with reference primarily to the

relative position of the missile and certain

preselected celestial bodies.

stepped-up separation — (*) The vertical

separation in a formation of aircraft

measured from an aircraft ahead upward to

the next aircraft behind or in echelon.

stereographic coverage — Photographic

coverage with overlapping air photographs

to provide a three-dimensional presentation

of the picture; 60 percent overlap is

considered normal and 53 percent is

generally regarded as the minimum.

sterilize — (*) 1. In naval mine warfare, to

permanently render a mine incapable of

firing by means of a device (e.g., sterilizer)

within the mine. 2. (DOD only) To

remove from material to be used in covert

and clandestine operations, marks or

devices which can identify it as emanating

from the sponsoring nation or organization.

sterilizer — (*) In mine warfare, a device

included in mines to render the mine

permanently inoperative on expiration of a

pre-determined time after laying.

stick (air transport) — A number of

paratroopers who jump from one aperture

or door of an aircraft during one run over a

drop zone.

stick commander (air transport) — A

designated individual who controls
413

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

paratroops from the time they enter the

aircraft until their exit. See also

jumpmaster.

stimulants — Controlled drugs that make the

user feel stronger, more decisive, and

self-possessed; includes cocaine and

amphetamines. (JP 3-07.4)

stockage objective — The maximum

quantities of materiel to be maintained on

hand to sustain current operations. It will

consist of the sum of stocks represented by

the operating level and the safety level. See

also level of supply.

stock control — (*) Process of maintaining

inventory data on the quantity, location, and

condition of supplies and equipment due-in,

on-hand, and due-out, to determine

quantities of material and equipment

available and/or required for issue and to

facilitate distribution and management of

materiel. See also inventory control.

stock coordination — A supply management

function exercised usually at department

level that controls the assignment of

material cognizance for items or categories

of material to inventory managers.

stock level — See level of supply.

Stock Number — See National Stock

Number.

stockpile to target sequence — 1. The order

of events involved in removing a nuclear

weapon from storage and assembling,

testing, transporting, and delivering it on

the target. 2. A document that defines the

logistic and employment concepts and

related physical environments involved in

the delivery of a nuclear weapon from the

stockpile to the target. It may also define

the logistic flow involved in moving nuclear

weapons to and from the stockpile for

quality assurance testing, modification and

retrofit, and the recycling of limited life

components.

stock record account — A basic record

showing by item the receipt and issuance

of property, the balances on hand, and such

other identifying or stock control data as

may be required by proper authority.

stop-loss — Presidential authority under Title

10 US Code 12305 to suspend laws relating

to promotion, retirement, or separation of

any member of the Armed Forces

determined essential to the national security

of the United States (“laws relating to

promotion” broadly includes, among

others, grade tables, current general or flag

officer authorizations, and E8 and 9 limits).

This authority may be exercised by the

President only if Reservists are serving on

active duty under Title 10 authorities for

Presidential Selected Reserve Callup,

partial mobilization, or full mobilization.

See also mobilization; partial

mobilization; Presidential Selected

Reserve Callup Authority. (JP 1-0)

storage — 1. The retention of data in any

form, usually for the purpose of orderly

retrieval and documentation. 2. A device

consisting of electronic, electrostatic,

electrical, hardware, or other elements into

which data may be entered, and from which

data may be obtained as desired. See also

ammunition and toxic material open

space; bin storage; bulk storage; igloo

space; large-lot storage; medium-lot

storage; open improved storage space;

open unimproved wet space; small-lot

storage.

storage life — (*) The length of time for

which an item of supply, including

explosives, given specific storage

conditions, may be expected to remain

serviceable and, if relevant, safe. See also

shelf life.
414 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

storage or stowage — Storage is the act of

placing material or ammunition and other

supplies onboard the vessel. Stowage

relates to the act of securing those items

stored in such a manner that they do not

shift or move during at-sea periods, using

methods and equipment as approved by

higher authority. See also storage;

stowage. (JP 3-04.1)

stores — See naval stores; supplies.

stowage — The method of placing cargo into

a single hold or compartment of a ship to

prevent damage, shifting, etc. (JP 3-02)

stowage diagram — (*) A scaled drawing

included in the loading plan of a vessel for

each deck or platform showing the exact

location of all cargo. See also stowage

plan.

stowage factor — The number that expresses

the space, in cubic feet, occupied by a long

ton of any commodity as prepared for

shipment, including all crating or

packaging.

stowage plan — A completed stowage

diagram showing what materiel has been

loaded and its stowage location in each

hold, between-deck compartment, or other

space in a ship, including deck space. Each

port of discharge is indicated by colors or

other appropriate means. Deck and

between-deck cargo normally is shown in

perspective, while cargo stowed in the

lower hold is shown in profile, except that

vehicles usually are shown in perspective

regardless of stowage. See also stowage

diagram.

strafing — The delivery of automatic

weapons fire by aircraft on ground targets.

straggler — (*) 1. Any personnel, vehicles,

ships, or aircraft which, without apparent

purpose or assigned mission, become

separated from their unit, column, or

formation. 2. A ship separated from its

convoy by more than 5 nautical miles,

through inability to keep up, and unable to

rejoin before dark, or over 10 nautical miles

from its convoy whether or not it can rejoin

before dark. See also romper.

strapping — 1. An operation by which

supply containers, such as cartons or boxes,

are reinforced by bands, metal straps, or

wire, placed at specified intervals around

them, drawn taut, and then sealed or

clamped by a machine. 2. Measurement

of storage tanks and calculation of volume

to provide tables for conversion of depth

of product in linear units of measurement

to volume of contents.

strategic advantage — The overall relative

power relationship of opponents that

enables one nation or group of nations

effectively to control the course of a military

or political situation.

strategic airlift — The common-user airlift

linking theaters to the continental United

States (CONUS) and to other theaters as

well as the airlift within CONUS. These

airlift assets are assigned to the Commander

in Chief, United States Transportation

Command. Due to the intertheater ranges

usually involved, strategic airlift is normally

comprised of the heavy, longer range,

intercontinental airlift assets, but may be

augmented with shorter range aircraft when

required. Also called intertheater airlift.

See also theater airlift. (JP 4-01.1)

strategic air transport — The movement of

personnel and materiel by air in accordance

with a strategic plan.

strategic air transport operations — (*)

The carriage of passengers and cargo

between theaters by means of: a. scheduled

service; b. special flight; c. air logistic

support; d. aeromedical evacuation.
415

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

strategic air warfare — Air combat and

supporting operations designed to effect,

through the systematic application of force

to a selected series of vital targets, the

progressive destruction and disintegration

of the enemy’s war-making capacity to a

point where the enemy no longer retains

the ability or the will to wage war. Vital

targets may include key manufacturing

systems, sources of raw material, critical

material, stockpiles, power systems,

transportation systems, communication

facilities, concentration of uncommitted

elements of enemy armed forces, key

agricultural areas, and other such target

systems.

strategic concentration — (*) The assembly

of designated forces in areas from which it

is intended that operations of the assembled

force shall begin so that they are best

disposed to initiate the plan of campaign.

strategic concept — The course of action

accepted as the result of the estimate of the

strategic situation. It is a statement of what

is to be done in broad terms sufficiently

flexible to permit its use in framing the

military, diplomatic, economic,

informational, and other measures which

stem from it. See also basic undertakings.

strategic estimate — The estimate of the

broad strategic factors that influence the

determination of missions, objectives, and

courses of action. The estimate is

continuous and includes the strategic

direction received from the National

Command Authorities or the authoritative

body of an alliance or coalition. See also

commander’s estimate of the situation;

estimate; logistic estimate of the

situation; national intelligence estimate.

(JP 3-0)

strategic intelligence — Intelligence that is

required for the formulation of strategy,

policy, and military plans and operations at

national and theater levels. See also

intelligence; operational intelligence;

tactical intelligence. (JP 2-0)

strategic level of war — The level of war at

which a nation, often as a member of a

group of nations, determines national or

multinational (alliance or coalition) security

objectives and guidance, and develops and

uses national resources to accomplish these

objectives. Activities at this level establish

national and multinational military

objectives; sequence initiatives; define

limits and assess risks for the use of military

and other instruments of national power;

develop global plans or theater war plans

to achieve these objectives; and provide

military forces and other capabilities in

accordance with strategic plans. See also

operational level of war; tactical level of

war. (JP 3-0)

strategic map — A map of medium scale or

smaller used for planning of operations,

including the movement, concentration, and

supply of troops. See also map.

strategic material (critical) — Material

required for essential uses in a war

emergency, the procurement of which in

adequate quantity, quality, or time, is

sufficiently uncertain, for any reason, to

require prior provision of the supply thereof.

strategic mining — A long-term mining

operation designed to deny the enemy the

use of specific sea routes or sea areas.

(JP 3-15)

strategic mission — A mission directed

against one or more of a selected series of

enemy targets with the purpose of

progressive destruction and disintegration

of the enemy’s warmaking capacity and will

to make war. Targets include key

manufacturing systems, sources of raw

material, critical material, stockpiles, power

systems, transportation systems,
416 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

communication facilities, and other such

target systems. As opposed to tactical

operations, strategic operations are

designed to have a long-range rather than

immediate effect on the enemy and its

military forces.

strategic mobility — The capability to deploy

and sustain military forces worldwide in

support of national strategy. See also

mobility.

strategic plan — A plan for the overall

conduct of a war.

strategic psychological activities — (*)

Planned psychological activities in peace,

crisis, and war which pursue objectives to

gain the support and cooperation of friendly

and neutral countries and to reduce the will

and the capacity of hostile or potentially

hostile countries to wage war.

strategic sealift — The afloat pre-positioning

and ocean movement of military materiel

in support of US and multinational forces.

Sealift forces include organic and

commercially acquired shipping and

shipping services, including chartered

foreign-flag vessels and associated shipping

services. (JP 4-01.5)

strategic sealift forces — Sealift forces

composed of ships, cargo handling and

delivery systems, and the necessary

operating personnel. They include US

Navy, US Marine Corps, and US Army

elements with Active and Reserve

components. Merchant marine vessels

manned by civilian mariners may constitute

part of this force. See also force. (JP 4-01.6)

strategic sealift shipping — Common-user

ships of the Military Sealift Command

(MSC) force, including pre-positioned

ships after their pre-positioning mission has

been completed and they have been

returned to the operational control of MSC.

See also Military Sealift Command;

Military Sealift Command force. (JP 4-01.6)

strategic transport aircraft — (*) Aircraft

designed primarily for the carriage of

personnel and/or cargo over long distances.

strategic vulnerability — The susceptibility

of vital instruments of national power to

being seriously decreased or adversely

changed by the application of actions

within the capability of another nation to

impose. Strategic vulnerability may pertain

to political, geographic, economic,

informational, scientific, sociological, or

military factors.

strategic warning — A warning prior to the

initiation of a threatening act. See also

strategic warning lead time; strategic

warning post-decision time; strategic

warning pre-decision time; tactical

warning; warning; warning of war.

strategic warning lead time — That time

between the receipt of strategic warning and

the beginning of hostilities. This time may

include two action periods: strategic

warning pre-decision time and strategic

warning post-decision time. See also

commander’s estimate of the situation;

strategic concept; strategic warning.

strategic warning post-decision time —

That time beginning after the decision,

made at the highest levels of government(s)

in response to strategic warning, is ordered

executed and ending with the start of

hostilities or termination of the threat. It is

that part of strategic warning lead time

available for executing pre-hostility actions

to strengthen the national strategic posture;

however, some preparatory actions may be

initiated in the predecision period. See also

strategic warning; strategic warning lead

time.
417

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

strategic warning pre-decision time — That

time which begins upon receipt of strategic

warning and ends when a decision is

ordered executed. It is that part of strategic

warning lead time available to the highest

levels of government(s) to determine that

strategic course of action to be executed.

See also strategic warning; strategic

warning lead time.

strategy — The art and science of developing

and employing instruments of national

power in a synchronized and integrated

fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or

multinational objectives. See also military

strategy; national strategy. (JP 3-0)

strategy determination — The Joint

Operation Planning and Execution System

function in which analysis of changing

events in the international environment and

the development of national strategy to

respond to those events is conducted. In

joint operation planning, the responsibility

for recommending military strategy to the

National Command Authorities lies with

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

in consultation with the other members of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff and in concert with

supported commanders. In the deliberate

planning process, the Joint Strategic

Capabilities Plan is produced as a result of

this process. In the crisis assessment phase

of the crisis action planning process, crisis

action planning procedures are used to

formulate decisions for direct development

of possible military courses of action.

stretcher — See litter.

stretch out — A reduction in the delivery rate

specified for a program without a reduction

in the total quantity to be delivered.

strike — (*) An attack which is intended to

inflict damage on, seize, or destroy an

objective.

strikedown — A term used to describe the

movement of aircraft from the flight deck

to the hangar deck level. See also aircraft;

flight deck. (JP 3-04.1)

strike photography — (*) Air photographs

taken during an air strike.

strip marker — (*) In land mine warfare, a

marker, natural, artificial, or specially

installed, located at the start and finish of a

mine strip. See also marker.

strip plot — (*) A portion of a map or overlay

on which a number of photographs taken

along a flight line is delineated without

defining the outlines of individual prints.

strong point — (*) A key point in a defensive

position, usually strongly fortified and

heavily armed with automatic weapons,

around which other positions are grouped

for its protection.

structured message text — (*) A message

text composed of paragraphs ordered in a

specified sequence, each paragraph

characterized by an identifier and

containing information in free form. It is

designed to facilitate manual handling and

processing. See also formatted message

text; free form message text.

stuffing — Packing of cargo into a container.

See also unstuffing. (JP 4-01.7)

subassembly — (*) In logistics, a portion of

an assembly, consisting of two or more

parts, that can be provisioned and replaced

as an entity. See also assembly;

component.

subgravity — A condition in which the

resultant ambient acceleration is between

0 and 1 G.

subkiloton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon

producing a yield below one kiloton. See
418 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

also kiloton weapon; megaton weapon;

nominal weapon.

submarine operating authority — (*) The

naval commander exercising operational

control of submarines. Also called

SUBOPAUTH.

submarine operations area — A geographic

area defined for submarine operations for

peacetime or warfare activities.

submarine patrol area — A restricted area

established to allow submarine operations:

a. unimpeded by the operation of, or

possible attack from, friendly forces in

wartime; b. without submerged mutual

interference in peacetime.

submunition — (*) Any munition that, to

perform its task, separates from a parent

munition.

subordinate command — A command

consisting of the commander and all those

individuals, units, detachments,

organizations, or installations that have

been placed under the command by the

authority establishing the subordinate

command.

subordinate unified command — A

command established by commanders of

unified commands, when so authorized

through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff, to conduct operations on a

continuing basis in accordance with the

criteria set forth for unified commands. A

subordinate unified command may be

established on an area or functional basis.

Commanders of subordinate unified

commands have functions and

responsibilities similar to those of the

commanders of unified commands and

exercise operational control of assigned

commands and forces within the assigned

operational area. Also called subunified

command. See also area command;

functional component command;

operational control; subordinate

command; unified command. (JP 0-2)

subscription — An agreement by a nation’s

Military Services to agree to accept and

abide by, with or without reservation, the

details of a standardization agreement. See

also implementation; ratification;

reservation.

subsidiary landing — (*) In an amphibious

operation, a landing usually made outside

the designated landing area, the purpose of

which is to support the main landing.

subsonic — Of or pertaining to speeds less

than the speed of sound. See also speed of

sound.

substitute transport-type vehicle — A

wheeled vehicle designed to perform,

within certain limitations, the same military

function as military transport vehicles, but

not requiring all the special characteristics

thereof. They are developed from civilian

designs by addition of certain features, or

from military designs by deletion of certain

features.

subunified command — See subordinate

unified command. (JP 0-2)

subversion — Action designed to undermine

the military, economic, psychological, or

political strength or morale of a regime. See

also unconventional warfare.

subversion of Department of Defense

personnel — Actions designed to

undermine the loyalty, morale, or discipline

of Department of Defense military and

civilian personnel.

subversive activity — Anyone lending aid,

comfort, and moral support to individuals,

groups, or organizations that advocate the

overthrow of incumbent governments by
419

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

force and violence is subversive and is

engaged in subversive activity. All willful

acts that are intended to be detrimental to

the best interests of the government and that

do not fall into the categories of treason,

sedition, sabotage, or espionage will be

placed in the category of subversive activity.

subversive political action — A planned

series of activities designed to accomplish

political objectives by influencing,

dominating, or displacing individuals or

groups who are so placed as to affect the

decisions and actions of another

government.

summit — The highest altitude above mean

sea level that a projectile reaches in its flight

from the gun to the target; the algebraic sum

of the maximum ordinate and the altitude

of the gun.

sun synchronous orbit — An orbit where

the satellite’s orbital plane is at a fixed

orientation to the sun, i.e., the orbit

precesses about the earth at the same rate

that the earth orbits the sun. It has the

characteristics of maintaining similar sun

angles along its ground trace for all orbits,

and typically has an inclination from 96 to

98 degrees, depending on orbit altitude and

orbit shape (eccentricity).

supercargo — Personnel that accompany

cargo on board a ship for the purpose of

accomplishing en route maintenance and

security.

supersonic — Of or pertaining to speed in

excess of the speed of sound. See also

speed of sound.

supervised route — (*) In road traffic, a

roadway over which limited control is

exercised by means of traffic control posts,

traffic patrols, or both. Movement credit is

required for its use by a column of vehicles

or a vehicle of exceptional size or weight.

See also route.

supplementary facilities — (*) Facilities

required at a particular location to provide

a specified minimum of support for

reinforcing forces, which exceed the

facilities required to support in-place forces.

supplies — In logistics, all materiel and items

used in the equipment, support, and

maintenance of military forces. See also

assembly; component; equipment;

subassembly.

supply — The procurement, distribution,

maintenance while in storage, and salvage

of supplies, including the determination of

kind and quantity of supplies. a. producer

phase — That phase of military supply that

extends from determination of procurement

schedules to acceptance of finished supplies

by the Military Services. b. consumer

phase — That phase of military supply

which extends from receipt of finished

supplies by the Military Services through

issue for use or consumption.

supply by air — See airdrop; air movement.

supply chain — The linked activities

associated with providing materiel from a

raw materiel stage to an end user as a

finished product. See also supply; supply

chain management. (JP 4-09)

supply chain management — A crossfunctional approach to procuring,

producing, and delivering products and

services to customers. The broad

management scope includes sub-suppliers,

suppliers, internal information, and funds

flow. See also supply; supply chain.

(JP 4-09)

supply control — The process by which an

item of supply is controlled within the
420 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

supply system, including requisitioning,

receipt, storage, stock control, shipment,

disposition, identification, and accounting.

supplying ship — (*) The ship in a

replenishment unit that provides the

personnel and/or supplies to be transferred.

supply management — See inventory

control.

supply point — A location where supplies,

services, and materiels are located and

issued. These locations are temporary and

mobile, normally being occupied for up to

72 hours.

supply support activity — Activities

assigned a Department of Defense activity

address code and that have a supply support

mission, i.e., direct support supply units,

missile support elements, and maintenance

support units. Also called SSA. (JP 4-01.7)

supply transaction reporting — Reporting

on individual transactions affecting the

stock status of materiel to the appropriate

supply accounting activity as they occur.

support — 1. The action of a force that aids,

protects, complements, or sustains another

force in accordance with a directive

requiring such action. 2. A unit that helps

another unit in battle. 3. An element of a

command that assists, protects, or supplies

other forces in combat. See also close

support; direct support; general

support; interdepartmental or agency

support; international logistic support;

inter-Service support; mutual support.

(JP 0-2)

supported commander — 1. The

commander having primary responsibility

for all aspects of a task assigned by the Joint

Strategic Capabilities Plan or other joint

operation planning authority. In the context

of joint operation planning, this term refers

to the commander who prepares operation

plans or operation orders in response to

requirements of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff. 2. In the context of a support

command relationship, the commander who

receives assistance from another

commander’s force or capabilities, and who

is responsible for ensuring that the

supporting commander understands the

assistance required. See also support;

supporting commander. (JP 3-0)

supporting aircraft — All active aircraft

other than unit aircraft. See also aircraft.

supporting arms — Weapons and weapons

systems of all types employed to support

forces by indirect or direct fire.

supporting arms coordination center — A

single location on board an amphibious

command ship in which all communication

facilities incident to the coordination of fire

support of the artillery, air, and naval gunfire

are centralized. This is the naval

counterpart to the fire support coordination

center utilized by the landing force. Also

called SACC. See also fire support

coordination center.

supporting artillery — Artillery that

executes fire missions in support of a

specific unit, usually infantry, but remains

under the command of the next higher

artillery commander.

supporting attack — (*) An offensive

operation carried out in conjunction with a

main attack and designed to achieve one or

more of the following: a. deceive the

enemy; b. destroy or pin down enemy

forces which could interfere with the main

attack; c. control ground whose occupation

by the enemy will hinder the main attack;

or d. force the enemy to commit reserves

prematurely or in an indecisive area.
421

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

supporting commander — 1. A commander

who provides augmentation forces or other

support to a supported commander or who

develops a supporting plan. Includes the

designated combatant commands and

Defense agencies as appropriate. 2. In the

context of a support command relationship,

the commander who aids, protects,

complements, or sustains another

commander’s force, and who is responsible

for providing the assistance required by the

supported commander. See also support;

supported commander. (JP 3-0)

supporting fire — (*) Fire delivered by

supporting units to assist or protect a unit

in combat. See also direct supporting fire.

supporting forces — Forces stationed in or

to be deployed to an operational area to

provide support for the execution of an

operation order. Combatant command

(command authority) of supporting forces

is not passed to the supported commander.

supporting operations — In amphibious

operations, those operations conducted by

forces other than those conducted by the

amphibious force. See also amphibious

force; amphibious operation. (JP 3-02)

supporting plan — An operation plan

prepared by a supporting commander or a

subordinate commander to satisfy the

requests or requirements of the supported

commander’s plan. See also supported

commander; supporting commander.

support items — Items subordinate to or

associated with an end item (i.e., spares,

repair parts, tools, test equipment, and

sundry materiel) and required to operate,

service, repair, or overhaul an end item.

support to counterinsurgency — Support

provided to a government in the military,

paramilitary, political, economic,

psychological, and civic actions it

undertakes to defeat insurgency. See also

support to insurgency. (JP 3-07)

support to insurgency — Support provided

to an organized movement aimed at the

overthrow of a constituted government

through use of subversion and armed

conflict. See also support to

counterinsurgency. (JP 3-07)

suppression — Temporary or transient

degradation by an opposing force of the

performance of a weapons system below

the level needed to fulfill its mission

objectives.

suppression mission — A mission to

suppress an actual or suspected weapons

system for the purpose of degrading its

performance below the level needed to

fulfill its mission objectives at a specific

time for a specified duration.

suppression of enemy air defenses — That

activity that neutralizes, destroys, or

temporarily degrades surface-based enemy

air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive

means. Also called SEAD. See also

electromagnetic spectrum; electronic

warfare.

suppressive fire — Fires on or about a

weapons system to degrade its performance

below the level needed to fulfill its mission

objectives, during the conduct of the fire

mission. See also fire.

surface action group — A temporary or

standing organization of combatant ships,

other than carriers, tailored for a specific

tactical mission. Also called SAG. See

group; mission. (JP 3-33)

surface code — See panel code.

surface combatant — A ship constructed and

armed for combat use with the capability
422 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

to conduct operations in multiple maritime

roles against air, surface and subsurface

threats, and land targets.

surface smuggling event — In counterdrug

operations, the sighting of a suspected drug

smuggling vessel or arrival of a suspected

drug smuggling vessel. See also arrival

zone; counterdrug operations; transit

zone. (JP 3-07.4)

surface-to-air guided missile — (*) A

surface-launched guided missile for use

against air targets.

surface-to-air missile envelope — That air

space within the kill capabilities of a

specific surface-to-air missile system.

surface-to-air missile installation — A

surface-to-air missile site with the

surface-to-air missile system hardware

installed.

surface-to-air missile site — A plot of

ground prepared in such a manner that it

will readily accept the hardware used in

surface-to-air missile system.

surface-to-air weapon — A surfacelaunched weapon for use against airborne

targets. Future developments in air defense

systems may lead to the employment of

weapons other than missiles. Examples

include rockets, directed-energy weapons,

and air defense guns. (JP 3-09.3)

surface-to-surface guided missile — (*) A

surface-launched guided missile for use

against surface targets.

surface warfare — That portion of maritime

warfare in which operations are conducted

to destroy or neutralize enemy naval surface

forces and merchant vessels. Also called

SUW. (JP 3-33)

surface zero — See ground zero.

surf line — The point offshore where waves

and swells are affected by the underwater

surface and become breakers. See also

breaker. (JP 4-01.6)

surf zone — The area of water from the surf

line to the beach. See also surf line.

(JP 4-01.6)

surplus property — Any excess property not

required for the needs and for the discharge

of the responsibilities of all federal agencies,

including the Department of Defense, as

determined by the General Services

Administration.

surprise dosage attack — (*) A chemical

operation which establishes on target a

dosage sufficient to produce the desired

casualties before the troops can mask or

otherwise protect themselves.

surveillance — (*) The systematic

observation of aerospace, surface, or

subsurface areas, places, persons, or things,

by visual, aural, electronic, photographic,

or other means. See also air surveillance;

satellite and missile surveillance; sea

surveillance.

surveillance approach — An instrument

approach conducted in accordance with

directions issued by a controller referring

to the surveillance radar display.

survey — The directed effort to determine

the location and the nature of a chemical,

biological, and radiological hazard in an

area. (JP 3-11)

survey control point — A survey station used

to coordinate survey control.
423

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

survey information center — A place where

survey data are collected, correlated, and

made available to subordinate units.

survey, liaison, and reconnaissance party

— A task organization formed from the

Marine air-ground task force and Navy

support element, which is introduced into

the objective area prior to arrival of the flyin echelon (FIE). The survey, liaison, and

reconnaissance party conducts initial

reconnaissance, establishes liaison with in

theater authorities and initiates preparations

for arrival of the main body of the FIE and

the maritime pre-positioning ships

squadron. Also called SLRP.

survey photography — See air

cartographic photography.

survivability — Concept which includes all

aspects of protecting personnel, weapons,

and supplies while simultaneously

deceiving the enemy. Survivability tactics

include building a good defense; employing

frequent movement; using concealment,

deception, and camouflage; and

constructing fighting and protective

positions for both individuals and

equipment. (JP 3-34)

susceptibility — (*) The vulnerability of a

target audience to particular forms of

psychological operations approach.

suspect — 1. In counterdrug operations, a

track of interest where correlating

information actually ties the track of interest

to alleged illegal drug operations. See also

counterdrug operations; special interest

target; track of interest. 2. An identity

applied to a track that is potentially hostile

because of its characteristics, behavior,

origin, or nationality. See also assumed

friend; hostile; neutral; unknown.

suspension equipment — (*) All aircraft

devices such as racks, adapters, missile

launchers, and pylons used for carriage,

employment, and jettison of aircraft stores.

suspension strop — (*) A length of webbing

or wire rope between the helicopter and

cargo sling.

sustainability — See military capability.

sustained attrition minefield — (*) In naval

mine warfare, a minefield which is

replenished to maintain its danger to the

enemy in the face of countermeasures.

sustained rate of fire — (*) Actual rate of

fire that a weapon can continue to deliver

for an indefinite length of time without

seriously overheating.

sustaining stocks — (*) Stocks to support

the execution of approved operation plans

beyond the initial predetermined period

covered by basic stocks until resupply is

available for support of continued

operations.

sustainment — The provision of personnel,

logistic, and other support required to

maintain and prolong operations or combat

until successful accomplishment or revision

of the mission or of the national objective.

swell — Ocean waves that have traveled out

of their fetch. Swell characteristically

exhibits a more regular and longer period

and has flatter crests than waves within their

fetch. (JP 4-01.6)

sweep — To employ technical means to

uncover planted microphones or other

surveillance devices. See also technical

survey.
424 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

sweeper track — See hunter track.

sweep jamming — (*) A narrow band of

jamming that is swept back and forth over

a relatively wide operating band of

frequencies.

swept path — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

width of the lane swept by the mechanical

sweep at all depths less than the sweep

depth.

switch horn — (*) In naval mine warfare, a

switch in a mine operated by a projecting

spike. See also horn.

sympathetic detonation — (*) Detonation

of a charge by exploding another charge

adjacent to it.

synchronization — 1. The arrangement of

military actions in time, space, and purpose

to produce maximum relative combat

power at a decisive place and time. 2. In

the intelligence context, application of

intelligence sources and methods in concert

with the operation plan. (JP 2-0)

synchronized clock — A technique of timing

the delivery of fires by placing all units on

a common time. The synchronized clock

uses a specific hour and minute based on

either local or universal time. Local time

is established using the local time zone.

(JP 3-09.3)

synthesis — In intelligence usage, the

examining and combining of processed

information with other information and

intelligence for final interpretation.

synthetic exercise — (*) An exercise in

which enemy and/or friendly forces are

generated, displayed, and moved by

electronic or other means on simulators,

radar scopes, or other training devices.

systems architecture — Descriptions,

including graphics, of systems and

interconnections providing for or

supporting warfighting functions.

systems design — The preparation of an

assembly of methods, procedures, or

techniques united by regulated interaction

to form an organized whole.

systems support contractors — Contract

personnel, normally with high levels of

technical expertise, hired to support specific

military systems. See also external

support contractors; theater support

contractors. (JP 4-07)
T

425

table of allowance — An equipment

allowance document that prescribes basic

allowances of organizational equipment,

and provides the control to develop, revise,

or change equipment authorization

inventory data. Also called TOA.

TABOO frequencies — Any friendly

frequency of such importance that it must

never be deliberately jammed or interfered

with by friendly forces. Normally, these

frequencies include international distress,

CEASE BUZZER, safety, and controller

frequencies. These frequencies are

generally long standing. However, they

may be time-oriented in that, as the combat

or exercise situation changes, the

restrictions may be removed. See also

CEASE BUZZER; electronic warfare.

(JP 3-51)

TACAN — (*) An ultrahigh frequency

electronic air navigation system, able to

provide continuous bearing and slant range

to a selected station. The term is derived

from tactical air navigation.

tacit arms control agreement — An arms

control course of action in which two or

more nations participate without any formal

agreement having been made.

tactical aeromedical evacuation — (*) That

phase of evacuation which provides airlift

for patients from the combat zone to points

outside the combat zone, and between

points within the communications zone.

tactical air commander (ashore) — The

officer (aviator) responsible to the landing

force commander for control and

coordination of air operations within the

landing force commander’s area of

operations when control of these operations

is passed ashore.

tactical air control center — The principal

air operations installation (ship-based) from

which all aircraft and air warning functions

of tactical air operations are controlled.

Also called Navy TACC. (JP 3-09.3)

tactical air coordinator (airborne) — An

officer who coordinates, from an aircraft,

the actions of other aircraft engaged in air

support of ground or sea forces. Also called

TAC(A). See also forward observer.

tactical air direction center — An air

operations installation under the overall

control of the tactical air control center

(afloat) or tactical air command center,

from which aircraft and air warning service

functions of tactical air operations in an area

of concern are directed. Also called TADC.

tactical airfield fuel dispensing system —

A tactical aircraft refueling system deployed

by a Marine air-ground task force in support

of air operations at an expeditionary airfield

or a forward arming and refueling point.

Also called TAFDS.

tactical air groups (shore-based) — Task

organizations of tactical air units assigned

to the amphibious task force that are to be

land-based within, or sufficiently close to,

the objective area to provide tactical air

support to the amphibious task force.

(JP 3-02)

tactical air officer (afloat) — The officer

(aviator) under the amphibious task force

commander who coordinates planning of

all phases of air participation of the

amphibious operation and air operations of

supporting forces en route to and in the

objective area. Until control is passed

ashore, this officer exercises control over

all operations of the tactical air control

center (afloat) and is charged with the

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
426 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

following: a. control of all aircraft in the

objective area assigned for tactical air

operations, including offensive and

defensive air; b. control of all other aircraft

entering or passing through the objective

area; and c. control of all air warning

facilities in the objective area.

tactical air operation — An air operation

involving the employment of air power in

coordination with ground or naval forces

to: a. gain and maintain air superiority; b.

prevent movement of enemy forces into and

within the objective area and to seek out

and destroy these forces and their

supporting installations; c. join with ground

or naval forces in operations within the

objective area, in order to assist directly in

attainment of their immediate objective.

tactical air operations center — The

principal air control agency of the US

Marine air command and control system

responsible for airspace control and

management. It provides real-time

surveillance, direction, positive control, and

navigational assistance for friendly aircraft.

It performs real-time direction and control

of all antiair warfare operations, to include

manned interceptors and surface-to-air

weapons. It is subordinate to the tactical

air command center. Also called TAOC.

(JP 3-09.3)

tactical air reconnaissance — The use of air

vehicles to obtain information concerning

terrain, weather, and the disposition,

composition, movement, installations, lines

of communications, electronic and

communication emissions of enemy forces.

Also included are artillery and naval gunfire

adjustment, and systematic and random

observation of ground battle areas, targets,

and/or sectors of airspace.

tactical air support — (*) Air operations

carried out in coordination with surface

forces and which directly assist land or

maritime operations. See also air support.

tactical air support element — An element

of a US Army division, corps, or field army

tactical operations center consisting of

Army component intelligence staff officer

and Army component operations staff

officer air personnel who coordinate and

integrate tactical air support with current

tactical ground operations.

tactical air transport operations — (*) The

carriage of passengers and cargo within a

theater by means of: a. airborne operations:

(1) parachute assault, (2) helicopterborne

assault, (3) air landing; b. air logistic

support; c. special missions; d. aeromedical

evacuation missions.

tactical assembly area — An area that is

generally out of the reach of light artillery

and the location where units make final

preparations (pre-combat checks and

inspections) and rest, prior to moving to the

line of departure. See also assembly area;

line of departure. (JP 3-35)

tactical call sign — (*) A call sign which

identifies a tactical command or tactical

communication facility. See also call sign.

tactical combat force — A combat unit, with

appropriate combat support and combat

service support assets, that is assigned the

mission of defeating Level III threats. Also

called TCF. (JP 3-10.1)

tactical command, control, communications,

and computer system(s) — The facilities,

equipment, communications, procedures,

and personnel essential to theater-level and

below-theater-level commanders for

planning, directing, and controlling

operations of assigned and attached forces

pursuant to the mission assigned and that

provide for the conveyance and/or
427

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

exchange of data and information from one

person or force to another. See also

command, control, and computer

systems. (JP 6-0)

tactical concept — (*) A statement, in broad

outline, which provides a common basis

for future development of tactical doctrine.

See also tactical sub-concept.

tactical control — Command authority over

assigned or attached forces or commands,

or military capability or forces made

available for tasking, that is limited to the

detailed direction and control of movements

or maneuvers within the operational area

necessary to accomplish missions or tasks

assigned. Tactical control is inherent in

operational control. Tactical control may

be delegated to, and exercised at any level

at or below the level of combatant

command. When forces are transferred

between combatant commands, the

command relationship the gaining

commander will exercise (and the losing

commander will relinquish) over these

forces must be specified by the Secretary

of Defense. Tactical control provides

sufficient authority for controlling and

directing the application of force or tactical

use of combat support assets within the

assigned mission or task. Also called

TACON. See also combatant command;

combatant command (command

authority); operational control. (JP 0-2)

tactical deception group — A task

organization that conducts deception

operations against the enemy, including

electronic, communication, visual, and

other methods designed to misinform and

confuse the enemy. (JP 3-02)

tactical digital information link — A Joint

Staff-approved, standardized communication

link suitable for transmission of digital

information. Tactical digital information

links interface two or more command and

control or weapons systems via a single or

multiple network architecture and multiple

communication media for exchange of

tactical information. Also called TADIL.

tactical diversion — See diversion.

tactical event system — Current architecture

for reporting theater ballistic missile events.

The tactical event system is composed of

three independent processing and reporting

elements: the joint tactical ground stations,

attack launch early warning, and tactical

detection and reporting. Also called TES.

tactical exploitation of national capabilities

— Congressionally mandated program to

improve the combat effectiveness of the

Services through more effective military use

of national programs. Also called

TENCAP.

tactical information processing and

interpretation system — A tactical,

mobile, land-based, automated

information-handling system designed to

store and retrieve intelligence information

and to process and interpret imagery or

nonimagery data. Also called TIPI.

tactical intelligence — Intelligence that is

required for planning and conducting

tactical operations. Also called TACINTEL.

See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

tactical intelligence and related activities —

Those activities outside the National

Foreign Intelligence Program that

accomplish the following: a. respond to

operational commanders’ tasking for timesensitive information on foreign entities; b.

respond to national intelligence community

tasking of systems whose primary mission

is support to operating forces; c. train

personnel for intelligence duties; d. provide

an intelligence reserve; or e. are devoted to

research and development of intelligence or

related capabilities. Specifically excluded
428 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

are programs that are so closely integrated

with a weapon system that their primary

function is to provide immediate-use

targeting data. Also called TIARA.

tactical level of war — The level of war at

which battles and engagements are planned

and executed to accomplish military

objectives assigned to tactical units or task

forces. Activities at this level focus on the

ordered arrangement and maneuver of

combat elements in relation to each other

and to the enemy to achieve combat

objectives. See also operational level of

war; strategic level of war.

tactical loading — See combat loading; unit

loading.

tactical locality — (*) An area of terrain

which, because of its location or features,

possesses a tactical significance in the

particular circumstances existing at a

particular time.

tactical-logistical group — Representatives

designated by troop commanders to assist

Navy control officers aboard control ships

in the ship-to-shore movement of troops,

equipment, and supplies. Also called

TACLOG group.

tactical map — A large-scale map used for

tactical and administrative purposes. See

also map.

tactical minefield — A minefield that is

employed to directly attack enemy

maneuver as part of a formation obstacle

plan and is laid to delay, channel, or break

up an enemy advance, giving the defending

element a positional advantage over the

attacker.

tactical mining — (*) In naval mine warfare,

mining designed to influence a specific

operation or to counter a known or

presumed tactical aim of the enemy.

Implicit in tactical mining is a limited period

of effectiveness of the minefield.

tactical nuclear weapon employment —

The use of nuclear weapons by land, sea,

or air forces against opposing forces,

supporting installations or facilities, in

support of operations that contribute to the

accomplishment of a military mission of

limited scope, or in support of the military

commander’s scheme of maneuver, usually

limited to the area of military operations.

tactical obstacles — Those obstacles

employed to disrupt enemy formations, to

turn them into a desired area, to fix them in

position under direct and indirect fires, and

to block enemy penetrations. (JP 3-15)

tactical operations center — A physical

groupment of those elements of a general

and special staff concerned with the current

tactical operations and the tactical support

thereof. Also called TOC. See also

command post.

tactical range — (*) A range in which

realistic targets are in use and a certain

freedom of maneuver is allowed.

tactical reserve — A part of a force held

under the control of the commander as a

maneuvering force to influence future

action.

tactical security — (*) In operations, the

measures necessary to deny information to

the enemy and to ensure that a force retains

its freedom of action and is warned or

protected against an unexpected encounter

with the enemy or an attack. See also

physical security; security. (JP 3-07.2)

tactical sub-concept — (*) A statement, in

broad outline, for a specific field of military

capability within a tactical concept which

provides a common basis both for

equipment and weapon system
429

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

development and for future development

of tactical doctrine. See also tactical

concept.

tactical transport aircraft — (*) Aircraft

designed primarily for the carriage of

personnel and/or cargo over short or

medium distances.

tactical troops — Combat troops, together

with any service troops required for their

direct support, who are organized under one

commander to operate as a unit and engage

the enemy in combat. See also troops.

tactical unit — An organization of troops,

aircraft, or ships that is intended to serve as

a single unit in combat. It may include

service units required for its direct support.

tactical vehicle — See military designed

vehicle.

tactical warning — 1. A warning after

initiation of a threatening or hostile act

based on an evaluation of information from

all available sources. 2. In satellite and

missile surveillance, a notification to

operational command centers that a specific

threat event is occurring. The component

elements that describe threat events are as

follows: a. country of origin — Country

or countries initiating hostilities; b. event

type and size — Identification of the type

of event and determination of the size or

number of weapons; c. country under

attack — Determined by observing

trajectory of an object and predicting its

impact point; and d. event time — Time

the hostile event occurred. Also called

integrated tactical warning. See also

attack assessment; strategic warning.

tactical warning and assessment — A

composite term. See separate definitions

for tactical warning and for attack

assessment.

tactical warning and attack assessment —

A composite term. See separate definitions

for tactical warning and for attack

assessment. Also called TW/AA.

tactics — 1. The employment of units in

combat. 2. The ordered arrangement and

maneuver of units in relation to each other

and/or to the enemy in order to use their

full potentialities.

tagline — A line attached to a draft of cargo

or container to provide control and

minimize pendulation of cargo during

lifting operations. See also container;

draft. (JP 4-01.6)

tanker airlift control center — The Air

Mobility Command direct reporting unit

responsible for tasking and controlling

operational missions for all activities

involving forces supporting US

Transportation Command’s global air

mobility mission. The tanker airlift control

center is comprised of the following

functions: current operations, command

and control, logistic operations, aerial port

operations, aeromedical evacuation, flight

planning, diplomatic clearances, weather,

and intelligence. Also called TACC. See

also tanker airlift control element.

(JP 3-17)

tanker airlift control element — A mobile

command and control organization

deployed to support strategic and theater

air mobility operations at fixed, en route,

and deployed locations where air mobility

operational support is nonexistent or

insufficient. The tanker airlift control

element (TALCE) provides on-site

management of air mobility airfield

operations to include command and control,

communications, aerial port services,

maintenance, security, transportation,

weather, intelligence, and other support

functions, as necessary. The TALCE is
430 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

composed of mission support elements

from various units and deploys in support

of peacetime, contingency, and emergency

relief operations on both planned and “no

notice” basis. Also called TALCE. See also

tanker airlift control center. (JP 3-17)

tare weight — The weight of a container

deducted from gross weight to obtain net

weight or the weight of an empty container.

(JP 4-01.7)

target — 1. An area, complex, installation,

force, equipment, capability, function, or

behavior identified for possible action to

support the commander’s objectives,

guidance, and intent. Targets fall into two

general categories: planned and immediate.

2. In intelligence usage, a country, area,

installation, agency, or person against which

intelligence operations are directed. 3. An

area designated and numbered for future

firing. 4. In gunfire support usage, an

impact burst that hits the target. Also called

TGT. See also objective area. (JP 3-60)

target acquisition — (*) The detection,

identification, and location of a target in

sufficient detail to permit the effective

employment of weapons. Also called TA.

See also target analysis.

target analysis — (*) An examination of

potential targets to determine military

importance, priority of attack, and weapons

required to obtain a desired level of damage

or casualties. See also target acquisition.

target approach point — (*) In air transport

operations, a navigational check point over

which the final turn into the drop zone/

landing zone is made. See also initial point.

target area of interest — The geographical

area where high-value targets can be

acquired and engaged by friendly forces.

Not all target areas of interest will form part

of the friendly course of action; only target

areas of interest associated with high

priority targets are of interest to the staff.

These are identified during staff planning

and wargaming. Target areas of interest

differ from engagement areas in degree.

Engagement areas plan for the use of all

available weapons; target areas of interest

might be engaged by a single weapon. Also

called TAI. See also area of interest; highvalue target; target. (JP 2-01.3)

target area survey base — (*) A base line

used for the locating of targets or other

points by the intersection of observations

from two stations located at opposite ends

on the line.

target array — A graphic representation of

enemy forces, personnel, and facilities in a

specific situation, accompanied by a target

analysis.

target audience — (*) An individual or

group selected for influence or attack by

means of psychological operations.

target base line — A line connecting prime

targets along the periphery of a geographic

area.

target bearing — 1. true — The true

compass bearing of a target from a firing

ship. 2. relative — The bearing of a target

measured in the horizontal from the bow

of one’s own ship clockwise from 0 degrees

to 360 degrees, or from the nose of one’s

own aircraft in hours of the clock.

target classification — A grouping of targets

in accordance with their threat to the

amphibious task force and its component

elements: targets not to be fired upon prior

to D-day and targets not to be destroyed

except on direct orders.

target complex — (*) A geographically

integrated series of target concentrations.

See also target.
431

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

target component — A set of targets within

a target system performing a similar

function. See also target; target critical

damage point. (JP 3-60)

target concentration — (*) A grouping of

geographically proximate targets. See also

target; target complex.

target critical damage point — The part of

a target component that is most vital. Also

called critical node. See also target; target

component. (JP 3-05.5)

target data inventory — A basic targeting

program that provides a standardized target

data in support of the requirements of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Departments,

and unified and specified commands for

target planning coordination and weapons

application. Also called TDI.

target date — (*) The date on which it is

desired that an action be accomplished or

initiated.

target discrimination — (*) The ability of

a surveillance or guidance system to

identify or engage any one target when

multiple targets are present.

target dossier — (*) A file of assembled

target intelligence about a specific

geographic area.

target folder — (*) A folder containing target

intelligence and related materials prepared

for planning and executing action against a

specific target.

target information center — The agency or

activity responsible for collecting,

displaying, evaluating, and disseminating

information pertaining to potential targets.

See also target. (JP 3-02)

targeting — The process of selecting and

prioritizing targets and matching the

appropriate response to them, taking

account of operational requirements and

capabilities. See also joint targeting

coordination board; target. (JP 3-60)

targeting effects — The cumulative results

of actions taken to attack targets and target

systems by lethal and nonlethal means. See

also target; targeting. (JP 3-60)

target intelligence — (*) Intelligence that

portrays and locates the components of a

target or target complex and indicates its

vulnerability and relative importance. See

also target; target complex.

target list — The listing of targets maintained

and promulgated by the senior echelon of

command; it contains those targets that are

to be engaged by supporting arms, as

distinguished from a “list of targets” that

may be maintained by any echelon as

confirmed, suspected, or possible targets for

informational and planning purposes. See

also joint target list; list of targets.

target materials — Graphic, textual, tabular,

digital, video, or other presentations of

target intelligence, primarily designed to

support operations against designated

targets by one or more weapon(s) systems.

Target materials are suitable for training,

planning, executing, and evaluating military

operations. See also Air Target Materials

Program. (JP 2-0)

target nomination list — A list of targets

nominated by component commanders,

national agencies, or the joint force

commander staff for potential inclusion on

the joint integrated prioritized target list to

support joint force commander objectives

and priorities. Also called TNL. See also

joint integrated prioritized target list;

target. (JP 3-60)

target of opportunity — A target visible to

a surface or air sensor or observer, which is
432 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

within range of available weapons and

against which fire has not been scheduled

or requested. See also target. (JP 3-60)

target overlay — (*) A transparent sheet

which, when superimposed on a particular

chart, map, drawing, tracing or other

representation, depicts target locations and

designations. The target overlay may also

show boundaries between maneuver

elements, objectives and friendly forward

dispositions.

target pattern — The flight path of aircraft

during the attack phase. Also called attack

pattern.

target priority — A grouping of targets with

the indicated sequence of attack.

target range — See range.

target response (nuclear) — The effect on

men, material, and equipment of blast, heat,

light, and nuclear radiation resulting from

the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

target signature — (*) 1. The characteristic

pattern of a target displayed by detection

and identification equipment. 2. In naval

mine warfare, the variation in the influence

field produced by the passage of a ship or

sweep.

target stress point — The weakest point

(most vulnerable to damage) on the critical

damage point. Also called vulnerable

node. See also target critical damage

point. (JP 3-05.5)

target system — (*) 1. All the targets situated

in a particular geographic area and

functionally related. 2. (DOD only) A

group of targets that are so related that their

destruction will produce some particular

effect desired by the attacker. See also

target; target complex.

target system component — A set of targets

belonging to one or more groups of

industries and basic utilities required to

produce component parts of an end product

such as periscopes, or one type of a series

of interrelated commodities, such as

aviation gasoline.

task component — A subdivision of a fleet,

task force, task group, or task unit,

organized by the respective commander or

by higher authority for the accomplishment

of specific tasks.

task element — A component of a naval task

unit organized by the commander of a task

unit or higher authority.

task force — (*) 1. A temporary grouping

of units, under one commander, formed for

the purpose of carrying out a specific

operation or mission. 2. A semi-permanent

organization of units, under one

commander, formed for the purpose of

carrying out a continuing specific task. 3.

A component of a fleet organized by the

commander of a task fleet or higher

authority for the accomplishment of a

specific task or tasks. Also called TF. See

also force.

task group — A component of a naval task

force organized by the commander of a task

force or higher authority. Also called TG.

tasking order — A method used to task and

to disseminate to components, subordinate

units, and command and control agencies

projected targets and specific missions. In

addition, the tasking order provides specific

instructions concerning the mission

planning agent, targets, and other control

agencies, as well as general instructions for

accomplishment of the mission. Also called

TASKORD. See also mission; order;

target. (JP 3-05.1)
433

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

task organization — 1. In the Navy, an

organization which assigns to responsible

commanders the means with which to

accomplish their assigned tasks in any

planned action. 2. An organization table

pertaining to a specific naval directive.

task-organizing — The act of designing an

operating force, support staff, or logistic

package of specific size and composition

to meet a unique task or mission.

Characteristics to examine when

task-organizing the force include, but are

not limited to: training, experience,

equipage, sustainability, operating

environment, enemy threat, and mobility.

(JP 3-05)

task unit — A component of a naval task

group organized by the commander of a task

group or higher authority.

taxiway — (*) A specially prepared or

designated path on an airfield for the use of

taxiing aircraft.

T-day — See times.

tear line — A physical line on an intelligence

message or document separating categories

of information that have been approved for

foreign disclosure and release. Normally,

the intelligence below the tear line is that

which has been previously cleared for

disclosure or release. (JP 2-0)

technical analysis — (*) In imagery

interpretation, the precise description of

details appearing on imagery.

technical architecture — A minimal set of

rules governing the arrangement,

interaction, and interdependence of the parts

or elements whose purpose is to ensure that

a conformant system satisfies a specified

set of requirements.

technical assistance — The providing of

advice, assistance, and training pertaining

to the installation, operation, and

maintenance of equipment.

technical characteristics — Those

characteristics of equipment that pertain

primarily to the engineering principles

involved in producing equipment

possessing desired military characteristics;

e.g., for electronic equipment, technical

characteristics include such items as

circuitry as well as types and arrangement

of components.

technical documentation — Visual

information documentation (with or

without sound as an integral documentation

component) of an actual event made for

purposes of evaluation. Typically, technical

documentation contributes to the study of

human or mechanical factors, procedures,

and processes in the fields of medicine,

science, logistics, research, development,

test and evaluation, intelligence,

investigations, and armament delivery.

Also called TECDOC. See also visual

information documentation.

technical escort — An individual technically

qualified and properly equipped to

accompany designated material requiring

a high degree of safety or security during

shipment.

technical evaluation — The study and

investigations by a developing agency to

determine the technical suitability of

material, equipment, or a system for use in

the Military Services. See also operational

evaluation.

technical information — Information,

including scientific information, that relates

to research, development, engineering, test,

evaluation, production, operation, use, and
434 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

maintenance of munitions and other

military supplies and equipment.

technical intelligence — Intelligence derived

from exploitation of foreign material,

produced for strategic, operational, and

tactical level commanders. Technical

intelligence begins when an individual

service member finds something new on

the battlefield and takes the proper steps to

report it. The item is then exploited at

succeedingly higher levels until a

countermeasure is produced to neutralize

the adversary’s technological advantage.

Also called TECHINT. See also

exploitation; intelligence. (JP 2-01.3)

technical operational intelligence — A

Defense Intelligence Agency initiative to

provide enhanced scientific and technical

intelligence to the commanders of unified

commands and their subordinates through

a closed loop system involving all Service

and Defense Intelligence Agency scientific

and technical intelligence centers. Through

a system manager in the National Military

Joint Intelligence Center, the technical

operational intelligence program provides

timely collection, analysis, and

dissemination of area of responsibilityspecific scientific and technical intelligence

to combatant commanders and their

subordinates for planning, training, and

executing joint operations. Also called

TOPINT. (JP 2-0)

technical review authority — The

organization tasked to provide specialized

technical or administrative expertise to the

primary review authority or coordinating

review authority for joint publications.

Also called TRA. See also coordinating

review authority; joint publication;

primary review authority. (JP 1-01)

technical specification — A detailed

description of technical requirements,

usually with specific acceptance criteria,

stated in terms suitable to form the basis

for the actual design development and

production processes of an item having the

qualities specified in the operational

characteristics. See also operational

characteristics.

technical supply operations — Operations

performed by supply units or technical

supply elements of supply and maintenance

units in acquiring, accounting for, storing,

and issuing Class II and IV items needed

by supported units and maintenance

activities.

technical surveillance countermeasures —

Techniques and measures to detect and

neutralize a wide variety of hostile

penetration technologies that are used to

obtain unauthorized access to classified and

sensitive information. Technical

penetrations include the employment of

optical, electro-optical, electromagnetic,

fluidic, and acoustic means as the sensor

and transmission medium, or the use of

various types of stimulation or modification

to equipment or building components

for the direct or indirect transmission of

information meant to be protected. Also

called TSCM. See also counterintelligence.

(JP 2-01.2)

technical survey — A complete electronic

and physical inspection to ascertain that

offices, conference rooms, war rooms, and

other similar locations where classified

information is discussed are free of

monitoring systems. See also sweep.

telecommunication — (*) Any transmission,

emission, or reception of signs, signals,

writings, images, sounds, or information of

any nature by wire, radio, visual, or other

electromagnetic systems. (JP 6-0)

telecommunications center — A facility,

normally serving more than one

organization or terminal, responsible for
435

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

transmission, receipt, acceptance,

processing, and distribution of incoming

and outgoing messages.

teleconference — (*) A conference between

persons remote from one another but linked

by a telecommunications system.

teleprocessing — The combining of

telecommunications and computer

operations interacting in the automatic

processing, reception, and transmission of

data and/or information.

television imagery — Imagery acquired by

a television camera and recorded or

transmitted electronically.

telling — See track telling.

temperature gradient — At sea, a

temperature gradient is the change of

temperature with depth; a positive gradient

is a temperature increase with an increase

in depth, and a negative gradient is a

temperature decrease with an increase in

depth.

tempest — An unclassified term referring to

technical investigations for compromising

emanations from electrically operated

information processing equipment; these

investigations are conducted in support of

emanations and emissions security. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

temporary interment — A site for the

purpose of: a. the interment of the remains

if the circumstances permit; or b. the

reburial of remains exhumed from an

emergency interment. See also emergency

interment; group interment; mortuary

affairs; trench interment. (JP 4-06)

terminal — A facility designed to transfer

cargo from one means of conveyance to

another. (Conveyance is the piece of

equipment used to transport cargo; i.e.,

railcar to truck or truck to truck. This is as

opposed to mode, which is the type of

equipment; i.e., ship to rail, rail to truck.)

See also facility. (JP 4-01.6)

terminal clearance capacity — The amount

of cargo or personnel that can be moved

through and out of a terminal on a daily

basis.

terminal control — 1. The authority to direct

the maneuver of aircraft which are

delivering ordnance, passengers, or cargo

to a specific location or target. Terminal

control is a type of air control. 2. Any

electronic, mechanical, or visual control

given to aircraft to facilitate target

acquisition and resolution. (JP 3-09.3)

terminal control area — A control area or

portion thereof normally situated at the

confluence of air traffic service routes in

the vicinity of one or more major airfields.

See also airway; control area; controlled

airspace; control zone.

terminal guidance — 1. The guidance

applied to a guided missile between

midcourse guidance and arrival in the

vicinity of the target. 2. Electronic,

mechanical, visual, or other assistance given

an aircraft pilot to facilitate arrival at,

operation within or over, landing upon, or

departure from an air landing or airdrop

facility.

terminal operations — The reception,

processing, and staging of passengers; the

receipt, transit, storage, and marshalling of

cargo; the loading and unloading of ships

or aircraft; and the manifesting and

forwarding of cargo and passengers to

destination.

terminal phase — That portion of the

trajectory of a ballistic missile between

reentry into the atmosphere or the end of

the mid-course phase and impact or arrival
436 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

in the vicinity of the target. See also boost

phase; midcourse phase; reentry phase.

terminal velocity — (*) 1. Hypothetical

maximum speed a body could attain along

a specified flight path under given

conditions of weight and thrust if diving

through an unlimited distance in air of

specified uniform density. 2. Remaining

speed of a projectile at the point in its

downward path where it is level with the

muzzle of the weapon.

terms of reference — Terms of reference

allude to a mutual agreement under which

a command, element, or unit exercises

authority or undertakes specific missions

or tasks relative to another command,

element, or unit. Also called TORs.

(JP 3-0)

terrain analysis — (*) The collection,

analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of

geographic information on the natural and

manmade features of the terrain, combined

with other relevant factors, to predict the

effect of the terrain on military operations.

terrain avoidance system — (*) A system

which provides the pilot or navigator of an

aircraft with a situation display of the

ground or obstacles which project above

either a horizontal plane through the aircraft

or a plane parallel to it, so that the pilot can

maneuver the aircraft to avoid the

obstruction.

terrain clearance system — (*) A system

which provides the pilot, or autopilot, of

an aircraft with climb or dive signals such

that the aircraft will maintain a selected

height over flat ground and clear the peaks

of undulating ground within the selected

height in a vertical plane through the flight

vector. This system differs from terrain

following in that the aircraft need not

descend into a valley to follow the ground

contour.

terrain exercise — An exercise in which a

stated military situation is solved on the

ground, the troops being imaginary and the

solution usually being in writing.

terrain flight — (*) Flight close to the Earth’s

surface during which airspeed, height, and/

or altitude are adapted to the contours and

cover of the ground in order to avoid enemy

detection and fire. Also called TERF.

terrain following system — (*) A system

which provides the pilot or autopilot of an

aircraft with climb or dive signals such that

the aircraft will maintain as closely as

possible a selected height above a ground

contour in a vertical plane through the flight

vector.

terrain intelligence — Intelligence on the

military significance of natural and

manmade characteristics of an area.

terrain study — An analysis and

interpretation of natural and manmade

features of an area, their effects on military

operations, and the effect of weather and

climate on these features.

terrestrial environment — The Earth’s land

area, including its manmade and natural

surface and sub-surface features, and its

interfaces and interactions with the

atmosphere and the oceans.

terrestrial reference guidance — The

technique of providing intelligence to a

missile from certain characteristics of the

surface over which the missile is flown,

thereby achieving flight along a

predetermined path.

territorial airspace — Airspace above land

territory, internal waters, archipelagic

waters, and territorial seas.

territorial sea — A belt of ocean space

adjacent to and measured from the coastal
437

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

state’s baseline to a maximum width of 12

nm. Throughout the vertical and horizontal

planes of the territorial sea, the coastal state

exercises sovereign jurisdiction, subject to

the right of innocent passage of vessels on

the surface and the right of transit passage

in, under, and over international straits.

Territorial sea areas that are a continuation

of sea lanes through archipelagoes are

subject to archipelagic sealane passage,

with the same transit rights as those that

apply to international straits.

terrorism — The calculated use of unlawful

violence or threat of unlawful violence to

inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to

intimidate governments or societies in the

pursuit of goals that are generally political,

religious, or ideological. See also

antiterrorism; combatting terrorism;

counterterrorism; terrorist; terrorist

groups; terrorist threat conditions.

(JP 3-07.2)

terrorist — An individual who uses violence,

terror, and intimidation to achieve a result.

See also terrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

terrorist groups — Any element, regardless

of size or espoused cause, that commits

acts of violence or threatens violence in

pursuit of its political, religious, or

ideological objectives. See also terrorism.

(JP 3-07.2)

terrorist threat condition — A Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-approved

program standardizing the Military

Services’ identification of and

recommended responses to terrorist threats

against US personnel and facilities. This

program facilitates inter-Service

coordination and support for antiterrorism

activities. Also called THREATCON.

There are four THREATCONs above

normal. a. THREATCON ALPHA —

This condition applies when there is a

general threat of possible terrorist activity

against personnel and facilities, the nature

and extent of which are unpredictable, and

circumstances do not justify full

implementation of THREATCON BRAVO

measures. However, it may be necessary

to implement certain measures from higher

THREATCONs resulting from intelligence

received or as a deterrent. The measures in

this THREATCON must be capable of

being maintained indefinitely. b.

THREATCON BRAVO — This

condition applies when an increased and

more predictable threat of terrorist activity

exists. The measures in this THREATCON

must be capable of being maintained for

weeks without causing undue hardship,

affecting operational capability, and

aggravating relations with local authorities.

c. THREATCON CHARLIE — This

condition applies when an incident occurs

or intelligence is received indicating some

form of terrorist action against personnel

and facilities is imminent. Implementation

of measures in this THREATCON for more

than a short period probably will create

hardship and affect the peacetime activities

of the unit and its personnel. d.

THREATCON DELTA — This condition

applies in the immediate area where a

terrorist attack has occurred or when

intelligence has been received that terrorist

action against a specific location or person

is likely. Normally, this THREATCON is

declared as a localized condition. See also

antiterrorism; force protection. (JP 3-07.2)

terrorist threat level — An intelligence threat

assessment of the level of terrorist threat

faced by US personnel and interests in a

foreign country. The assessment is based

on a continuous intelligence analysis of a

minimum of five elements: terrorist group

existence, capability, history, trends, and

targeting. There are five threat levels:

NEGLIGIBLE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH,

and CRITICAL. Threat levels should not

be confused with terrorist threat conditions

(THREATCON). Threat level assessments
438 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

are provided to senior leaders to assist them

in determining the appropriate local

THREATCON. (Department of State also

makes threat assessments, which may differ

from those determined by Department of

Defense.)

test depth — (*) The depth to which the

submarine is tested by actual or simulated

submergence. See also maximum

operating depth.

tests — See service test; troop test.

theater — The geographical area outside the

continental United States for which a

commander of a combatant command has

been assigned responsibility.

theater airlift — That airlift assigned or

attached to a combatant commander other

than Commander in Chief, US

Transportation Command, that provides air

movement and delivery of personnel and

equipment directly into objective areas

through air landing, airdrop, extraction, or

other delivery techniques; and the air

logistic support of all theater forces,

including those engaged in combat

operations, to meet specific theater

objectives and requirements. Also called

intratheater airlift. See also strategic

airlift. (JP 4-01.1)

theater airlift liaison officer — An officer

specially trained to implement the theater

air control system and to control tactical

airlift assets. Theater airlift liaison officers

are highly qualified, rated airlift officers

with tactical (airdrop) airlift experience and

assigned duties, supporting US Army units.

Also called TALO. (JP 3-17)

theater-assigned transportation assets —

Transportation assets that are assigned

under the combatant command (command

authority) of a geographic combatant

commander. See also combatant

command (command authority); single

manager for transportation. (JP 4-01)

theater distribution — The flow of

personnel, equipment, and materiel within

theater to meet the geographic combatant

commander’s missions. See also

distribution; theater; theater

distribution system. (JP 4-01.4)

theater distribution management — The

function of optimizing the distribution

networks to achieve the effective and

efficient flow of personnel, equipment, and

materiel to meet the combatant

commander’s requirements. See also

distribution;theater;theater distribution.

(JP 4-01.4)

theater distribution system — A distribution

system comprised of four independent

and mutually supported networks

within theater to meet the geographic

combatant commander’s requirements; the

physical network; the financial network;

the information network; and the

communications network. See also

distribution; distribution plan;

distribution system; theater; theater

distribution. (JP 4-01.4)

theater missile — A missile, which may be a

ballistic missile, a cruise missile, or an airto-surface missile (not including shortrange, non-nuclear, direct fire missiles,

bombs, or rockets such as Maverick or wireguided missiles), whose target is within a

given theater of operation. Also called TM.

See also joint theater missile defense.

(JP 3-01)

theater of operations — A subarea within a

theater of war defined by the geographic

combatant commander required to conduct

or support specific combat operations.

Different theaters of operations within the

same theater of war will normally be

geographically separate and focused on
439

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

different enemy forces. Theaters of

operations are usually of significant size,

allowing for operations over extended

periods of time. Also called TO. See also

theater of war. (JP 5-0)

theater of war — Defined by the National

Command Authorities or the geographic

combatant commander, the area of air, land,

and water that is, or may become, directly

involved in the conduct of the war. A

theater of war does not normally encompass

the geographic combatant commander’s

entire area of responsibility and may contain

more than one theater of operations. See

also area of responsibility; theater of

operations. (JP 5-0)

theater strategic environment — A

composite of the conditions, circumstances,

and influences in the theater that describes

the diplomatic-military situation, affect the

employment of military forces, and affect

the decisions of the operational chain of

command. See also theater. (JP 5-00.1)

theater strategy — The art and science of

developing integrated strategic concepts

and courses of action directed toward

securing the objectives of national and

alliance or coalition security policy and

strategy by the use of force, threatened use

of force, or operations not involving the use

of force within a theater. See also military

strategy; national military strategy;

national security strategy; strategy. (JP 3-0)

theater support contractors — Contract

personnel hired in, and operating in, a

specific operational area. See also external

support contractors; systems support

contractors. (JP 4-07)

thermal crossover — The natural

phenomenon that normally occurs twice

daily when temperature conditions are such

that there is a loss of contrast between two

adjacent objects on infrared imagery.

thermal energy — The energy emitted from

the fireball as thermal radiation. The total

amount of thermal energy received per unit

area at a specified distance from a nuclear

explosion is generally expressed in terms

of calories per square centimeter.

thermal exposure — The total normal

component of thermal radiation striking a

given surface throughout the course of a

detonation; expressed in calories per square

centimeter or megajoules per square meter.

thermal imagery — (*) Imagery produced

by sensing and recording the thermal energy

emitted or reflected from the objects which

are imaged.

thermal pulse — The radiant power versus

time pulse from a nuclear weapon

detonation.

thermal radiation — (*) 1. The heat and

light produced by a nuclear explosion.

2. (DOD only) Electromagnetic radiations

emitted from a heat or light source as a

consequence of its temperature; it consists

essentially of ultraviolet, visible, and

infrared radiations.

thermal shadow — (*) The tone contrast

difference of infrared linescan imagery

which is caused by a thermal gradient which

persists as a result of a shadow of an object

which has been moved.

thermal X-rays — (*) The electromagnetic

radiation, mainly in the soft (low-energy)

X-ray region, emitted by the debris of a

nuclear weapon by virtue of its extremely

high temperature.

thermonuclear — An adjective referring to

the process (or processes) in which very

high temperatures are used to bring about

the fusion of light nuclei with the

accompanying release of energy.
440 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

thermonuclear weapon — (*) A weapon in

which very high temperatures are used to

bring about the fusion of light nuclei such

as those of hydrogen isotopes (e.g.,

deuterium and tritium) with the

accompanying release of energy. The high

temperatures required are obtained by

means of fission.

thorough decontamination —

Decontamination carried out by a unit, with

or without external support, to reduce

contamination on personnel, equipment,

materiel, and/or working areas equal to

natural background or to the lowest possible

levels, to permit the partial or total removal

of individual protective equipment and to

maintain operations with minimum

degradation. This may include terrain

decontamination beyond the scope of

operational decontamination. See also

immediate decontamination; operational

decontamination.

threat analysis — In antiterrorism, a

continual process of compiling and

examining all available information

concerning potential terrorist activities by

terrorist groups which could target a facility.

A threat analysis will review the factors of

a terrorist group’s existence, capability,

intentions, history, and targeting, as well as

the security environment within which

friendly forces operate. Threat analysis is

an essential step in identifying probability

of terrorist attack and results in a threat

assessment. See also antiterrorism.

(JP 3-07.2)

threat and vulnerability assessment — In

antiterrorism, the pairing of a facility’s

threat analysis and vulnerability analysis.

See also antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2)

THREATCON ALPHA — See terrorist

threat condition.

THREATCON BRAVO — See terrorist

threat condition.

THREATCON CHARLIE — See terrorist

threat condition.

THREATCON DELTA — See terrorist

threat condition.

threat identification and assessment — The

Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System function that provides: timely

warning of potential threats to US interests;

intelligence collection requirements; the

effects of environmental, physical, and

health hazards, and cultural factors on

friendly and enemy operations; and

determines the enemy military posture and

possible intentions.

threat-oriented munitions — (*) In

stockpile planning, munitions intended to

neutralize a finite assessed threat and for

which the total requirement is determined

by an agreed mathematical model. See also

level-of-effort munitions.

threshold — (*) The beginning of that

portion of the runway usable for landing.

throughput — The average quantity of cargo

and passengers that can pass through a port

on a daily basis from arrival at the port to

loading onto a ship or plane, or from the

discharge from a ship or plane to the exit

(clearance) from the port complex.

Throughput is usually expressed in

measurement tons, short tons, or

passengers. Reception and storage

limitation may affect final throughput.

tie down diagram — (*) A drawing

indicating the prescribed method of

securing a particular item of cargo within a

specific type of vehicle.
441

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

tie down point — (*) An attachment point

provided on or within a vehicle for securing

cargo.

tie down point pattern — (*) The pattern

of tie down points within a vehicle.

tilt angle — (*) The angle between the optical

axis of an air camera and the vertical at the

time of exposure.

time and frequency standard — A reference

value of time and time interval. Standards

of time and frequency are determined by

astronomical observations and by the

operation of atomic clocks and other

advanced timekeeping instruments. They

are disseminated by transport of clocks,

radio transmissions, satellite relay, and other

means.

time-definite delivery — The delivery of

requested logistics support at a time and

destination specified by the receiving

activity. See also logistic support. (JP 4-0)

time fuze — (*) A fuze which contains a

graduated time element to regulate the time

interval after which the fuze will function.

time interval — Duration of a segment of

time without reference to when the time

interval begins or ends. Time intervals may

be given in seconds of time or fractions

thereof.

time of attack — The hour at which the attack

is to be launched. If a line of departure is

prescribed, it is the hour at which the line

is to be crossed by the leading elements of

the attack.

time of delivery — The time at which the

addressee or responsible relay agency

receipts for a message.

time of flight — In artillery, mortar, and naval

gunfire support, the time in seconds from

the instant a weapon is fired, launched, or

released from the delivery vehicle or

weapons system to the instant it strikes or

detonates.

time of origin — The time at which a message

is released for transmission.

time of receipt — The time at which a

receiving station completes reception of a

message.

time on target — 1. Time at which aircraft

are scheduled to attack/photograph the

target. 2. The actual time at which aircraft

attack/photograph the target. 3. The time

at which a nuclear detonation is planned at

a specified desired ground zero.

time over target conflict — A situation

wherein two or more delivery vehicles are

scheduled such that their proximity violates

the established separation criteria for yield,

time, distance, or all three.

time over target (nuclear) — See time on

target — Part 3.

time-phased force and deployment data —

The Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System database portion of an

operation plan; it contains time-phased

force data, non-unit-related cargo and

personnel data, and movement data for the

operation plan, including the following: a.

In-place units; b. Units to be deployed to

support the operation plan with a priority

indicating the desired sequence for their

arrival at the port of debarkation; c.

Routing of forces to be deployed; d.

Movement data associated with deploying

forces; e. Estimates of non-unit-related

cargo and personnel movements to be

conducted concurrently with the

deployment of forces; and f. Estimate of

transportation requirements that must be

fulfilled by common-user lift resources as

well as those requirements that can be
442 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

fulfilled by assigned or attached

transportation resources. Also called

TPFDD. See also time-phased force and

deployment data maintenance; timephased force and deployment data

refinement; time-phased force and

deployment list. (JP 5-0)

time-phased force and deployment data

maintenance — The deliberate planning

process that requires a supported

commander to incorporate changes to timephased force and deployment data

(TPFDD) that occur after the TPFDD

becomes effective for execution. TPFDD

maintenance is conducted by the supported

combatant commander in coordination

with the supporting combatant

commanders, Service components, US

Transportation Command, and other

agencies as required. At designated

intervals, changes to data in the TPFDD,

including force structure, standard reference

files, and Services’ type unit characteristics

files, are updated in Joint Operation

Planning and Execution System (JOPES)

to ensure currency of deployment data.

TPFDD maintenance may also be used to

update the TPFDD for Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff or Joint Strategic

Capabilities Plan submission in lieu of

refinement during the JOPES plan

development phase. Also called TPFDD

maintenance. See also time-phased force

and deployment data; time-phased force

and deployment data refinement; timephased force and deployment list.

time-phased force and deployment data

refinement — For both global and regional

operation plan development, the process

consists of several discrete phases

time-phased force and deployment data

(TPFDD) that may be conducted

sequentially or concurrently, in whole or in

part. These phases are concept, plan

development, and review. The plan

development phase consists of several

subphases: forces, logistics, and

transportation, with shortfall identification

associated with each phase. The plan

development phases are collectively

referred to as TPFDD refinement. The

normal TPFDD refinement process consists

of sequentially refining force, logistic

(non-unit-related personnel and

sustainment), and transportation data to

develop a TPFDD file that supports a

feasible and adequate overlapping of

several refinement phases. The decision is

made by the supported commander, unless

otherwise directed by the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff. For global planning,

refinement conferences are conducted by

the Joint Staff in conjunction with US

Transportation Command. TPFDD

refinement is conducted in coordination

with supported and supporting

commanders, Services, the Joint Staff, and

other supporting agencies. Commander in

Chief, US Transportation Command, will

normally host refinement conferences at the

request of the Joint Staff or the supported

commander. Also called TPFDD

refinement. See also time-phased force

and deployment data; time-phased force

and deployment data maintenance;

time-phased force and deployment list.

time-phased force and deployment list —

A Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System database located at Appendix 1 to

Annex A of deliberate plans. It identifies

types and/or actual units required to support

the operation plan and indicates origin and

ports of debarkation or ocean area. This

listing is to include both a. In-place units;

and b. Units to be deployed to support the

deliberate plan. Also called TPFDL. See

also Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System; time-phased force

and deployment data;time-phased force

and deployment data maintenance;timephased force and deployment data

refinement. (JP 3-35)
443

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

times — (C-, D-, M-days end at 2400 hours

Universal Time (Zulu time) and are

assumed to be 24 hours long for planning.)

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

normally coordinates the proposed date

with the commanders of the appropriate

unified and specified commands, as well

as any recommended changes to C-day. Lhour will be established per plan, crisis, or

theater of operations and will apply to both

air and surface movements. Normally, Lhour will be established to allow C-day to

be a 24-hour day. a. C-day. The unnamed

day on which a deployment operation

commences or is to commence. The

deployment may be movement of troops,

cargo, weapon systems, or a combination

of these elements using any or all types of

transport. The letter “C” will be the only

one used to denote the above. The highest

command or headquarters responsible for

coordinating the planning will specify the

exact meaning of C-day within the

aforementioned definition. The command

or headquarters directly responsible for the

execution of the operation, if other than the

one coordinating the planning, will do so

in light of the meaning specified by the

highest command or headquarters

coordinating the planning. b. D-day. The

unnamed day on which a particular

operation commences or is to commence.

c. F-hour. The effective time of

announcement by the Secretary of Defense

to the Military Departments of a decision

to mobilize Reserve units. d. H-hour. The

specific hour on D-day at which a particular

operation commences. e. H-hour

(amphibious operations). For amphibious

operations, the time the first assault

elements are scheduled to touch down on

the beach, or a landing zone, and in some

cases the commencement of countermine

breaching operations. f. L-hour. The

specific hour on C-day at which a

deployment operation commences or is to

commence. g. L-hour (amphibious

operations). In amphibious operations, the

time at which the first helicopter of the

helicopter-borne assault wave touches

down in the landing zone. h. M-day. The

term used to designate the unnamed day on

which full mobilization commences or is

due to commence. i. N-day. The unnamed

day an active duty unit is notified for

deployment or redeployment. j. R-day.

Redeployment day. The day on which

redeployment of major combat, combat

support, and combat service support forces

begins in an operation. k. S-day. The day

the President authorizes Selective Reserve

callup (not more than 200,000). l. T-day.

The effective day coincident with

Presidential declaration of national

emergency and authorization of partial

mobilization (not more than 1,000,000

personnel exclusive of the 200,000 callup).

m. W-day. Declared by the National

Command Authorities, W-day is associated

with an adversary decision to prepare for

war (unambiguous strategic warning).

(JP 3-02)

time-sensitive targets — Those targets

requiring immediate response because they

pose (or will soon pose) a danger to friendly

forces or are highly lucrative, fleeting

targets of opportunity. Also called TSTs.

(JP 3-60)

time slot — (*) Period of time during which

certain activities are governed by specific

regulations.

time to target — The number of minutes and

seconds to elapse before aircraft ordnance

impacts on target. Also called TTT. (JP 3-09.3)

tip — See pitch.

tips — External fuel tanks.

title block — See information box.

TNT equivalent — (*) A measure of the

energy released from the detonation of a
444 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

nuclear weapon, or from the explosion of a

given quantity of fissionable material, in

terms of the amount of TNT

(trinitrotoluene) which could release the

same amount of energy when exploded.

tolerance dose — The amount of radiation

that may be received by an individual within

a specified period with negligible results.

tone down — See attenuation.

tophandler — A device specially designed

to permit the lifting and handling of

containers from the top with rough terrain

container handlers. See also container.

(JP 4-01.6)

topographic base — See chart base.

topographic engineering — Those

engineering tasks that provide geospatial

information and services to commanders

and staffs across the range of military

operations. These tasks include terrain

analyses, terrain visualization, digitized

terrain products, nonstandard map products,

and baseline survey data. See also

geospatial information and services.

(JP 3-34)

topographic map — A map that presents the

vertical position of features in measurable

form as well as their horizontal positions.

See also map.

topography — The configuration of the

ground to include its relief and all features.

Topography addresses both dry land and

the sea floor (underwater topography).

(JP 4-01.6)

top secret — See security classification.

torpedo defense net — (*) A net employed

to close an inner harbor to torpedoes fired

from seaward or to protect an individual

ship at anchor or underway.

toss bombing — A method of bombing

where an aircraft flies on a line towards the

target, pulls up in a vertical plane, releasing

the bomb at an angle that will compensate

for the effect of gravity drop on the bomb.

Similar to loft bombing; unrestricted as to

altitude. See also loft bombing.

total active aircraft authorization — The

sum of the primary and backup aircraft

authorizations.

total active aircraft inventory — The sum

of the primary and backup aircraft assigned

to meet the total active aircraft

authorization.

total asset visibility — The capability to

provide users with timely and accurate

information on the location, movement,

status, and identity of units, personnel,

equipment, materiel, and supplies. It also

includes the capability to act upon that

information to improve overall

performance of the Department of

Defense’s logistic practices. Also called

TAV. See also automated identification

technology; in-transit visibility; joint

total asset visibility. (JP 4-01.8)

total dosage attack — (*) A chemical

operation which does not involve a time

limit within which to produce the required

toxic level.

total materiel assets — The total quantity of

an item available in the military system

worldwide and all funded procurement of

the item with adjustments to provide for

transfers out of or into the inventory through

the appropriation and procurement

lead-time periods. It includes peacetime

force materiel assets and war reserve stock.

total materiel requirement — The sum of

the peacetime force material requirement

and the war reserve material requirement.
445

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

total mobilization — See mobilization.

total overall aircraft inventory — The sum

of the total active aircraft inventory and the

inactive aircraft inventory. Also called

TOAI.

total pressure — (*) The sum of dynamic

and static pressures.

touchdown zone — (*) 1. For fixed wing

aircraft — The first 3,000 feet or 1,000

meters of runway beginning at the

threshold. 2. For rotary wings and vectored

thrust aircraft — That portion of the

helicopter landing area or runway used for

landing.

toxic chemical — Any chemical which,

through its chemical action on life

processes, can cause death, temporary

incapacitation, or permanent harm to

humans or animals. This includes all such

chemicals, regardless of their origin or of

their method of production, and regardless

of whether they are produced in facilities,

in munitions or elsewhere. (JP 3-11)

toxic chemical, biological, or radiological

attack — An attack directed at personnel,

animals, or crops, using injurious agents of

chemical, biological, or radiological origin.

toxin — See toxin agent. (JP 3-11)

toxin agent — A poison formed as a specific

secretion product in the metabolism of a

vegetable or animal organism, as

distinguished from inorganic poisons. Such

poisons can also be manufactured by

synthetic processes.

track — 1. A series of related contacts

displayed on a data display console or other

display device. 2. To display or record the

successive positions of a moving object. 3.

To lock onto a point of radiation and obtain

guidance therefrom. 4. To keep a gun

properly aimed, or to point continuously a

target-locating instrument at a moving

target. 5. The actual path of an aircraft

above or a ship on the surface of the Earth.

The course is the path that is planned; the

track is the path that is actually taken. 6.

One of the two endless belts on which a

full-track or half-track vehicle runs. 7. A

metal part forming a path for a moving

object; e.g., the track around the inside of a

vehicle for moving a mounted machine gun.

track correlation — Correlating track

information for identification purposes

using all available data.

track management — Defined set of

procedures whereby the commander

ensures accurate friendly and enemy unit

and/or platform locations, and a

dissemination procedure for filtering,

combining, and passing that information to

higher, adjacent, and subordinate

commanders.

track of interest — In counterdrug

operations, contacts that meet the initial

sorting criteria applicable in the area where

the contacts are detected. Also called TOI.

See also special interest target; suspect.

track production area — (*) An area in

which tracks are produced by one radar

station.

track symbology — (*) Symbols used to

display tracks on a data display console or

other display device.

track telling — The process of

communicating air surveillance and tactical

data information between command and

control systems or between facilities within

the systems. Telling may be classified into

the following types: back tell; cross tell;

forward tell; lateral tell; overlap tell; and

relateral tell.
446 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

trafficability — Capability of terrain to bear

traffic. It refers to the extent to which the

terrain will permit continued movement of

any or all types of traffic.

traffic circulation map — A map showing

traffic routes and the measures for traffic

regulation. It indicates the roads for use of

certain classes of traffic, the location of

traffic control stations, and the directions

in which traffic may move. Also called

circulation map. See also map.

traffic control police — Any persons ordered

by a military commander and/or by national

authorities to facilitate the movement of

traffic and to prevent and/or report any

breach of road traffic regulations.

traffic density — (*) The average number of

vehicles that occupy one mile or one

kilometer of road space, expressed in

vehicles per mile or per kilometer.

traffic flow — (*) The total number of

vehicles passing a given point in a given

time. Traffic flow is expressed as vehicles

per hour.

traffic flow security — The protection

resulting from features, inherent in some

cryptoequipment, that conceal the presence

of valid messages on a communications

circuit, normally achieved by causing the

circuit to appear busy at all times.

traffic information (radar) — Information

issued to alert an aircraft to any radar targets

observed on the radar display that may be

in such proximity to its position or intended

route of flight to warrant its attention.

traffic management — The direction,

control, and supervision of all functions

incident to the procurement and use of

freight and passenger transportation

services.

traffic pattern — The traffic flow that is

prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on,

and taking off from an airport. The usual

components of a traffic pattern are upwind

leg, crosswind leg, downwind leg, base leg,

and final approach.

train — 1. A service force or group of service

elements that provides logistic support, e.g.,

an organization of naval auxiliary ships or

merchant ships or merchant ships attached

to a fleet for this purpose; similarly, the

vehicles and operating personnel that

furnish supply, evacuation, and

maintenance services to a land unit. 2.

Bombs dropped in short intervals or

sequence.

trained strength in units — Those reservists

assigned to units who have completed initial

active duty for training of 12 weeks or its

equivalent and are eligible for deployment

overseas on land when mobilized under

proper authority. Excludes personnel in

non-deployable accounts or a training

pipeline.

train headway — The interval of time

between two trains boarded by the same

unit at the same point.

training aids — Any item developed or

procured with the primary intent that it shall

assist in training and the process of learning.

training and readiness oversight — The

authority that combatant commanders may

exercise over assigned Reserve Component

(RC) forces when not on active duty or

when on active duty for training. As a

matter of Department of Defense policy, this

authority includes: a. Providing guidance

to Service component commanders on

operational requirements and priorities to

be addressed in Military Department

training and readiness programs; b.

Commenting on Service component
447

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

program recommendations and budget

requests; c. Coordinating and approving

participation by assigned RC forces in joint

exercises and other joint training when on

active duty for training or performing

inactive duty for training; d. Obtaining and

reviewing readiness and inspection reports

on assigned RC forces; and e. Coordinating

and reviewing mobilization plans

(including post-mobilization training

activities and deployability validation

procedures) developed for assigned RC

forces. Also called TRO. See also

combatant commander. (JP 0-2)

training and retirement category — The

category identifying (by specific training

and retirement category designator) a

reservist’s training or retirement status in a

reserve component category and Reserve

Component.

training-pay category — A designation

identifying the number of days of training

and pay required for members of Reserve

Components.

training period — An authorized and

scheduled regular inactive duty training

period. A training period must be at least

two hours for retirement point credit and

four hours for pay. Previously used

interchangeably with other common terms

such as drills, drill period, assemblies,

periods of instruction, etc.

training pipeline — A Reserve Component

category designation that identifies

untrained officer and enlisted personnel

who have not completed initial active duty

for training of 12 weeks or its equivalent.

See also nondeployable account.

training unit — A unit established to provide

military training to individual reservists or

to Reserve Component units.

train path — (*) In railway terminology,

the timing of a possible movement of a train

along a given route. All the train paths on

a given route constitute a timetable.

trajectory — See ballistic trajectory.

transattack period — 1. In nuclear warfare,

the period from the initiation of the attack

to its termination. 2. As applied to the

Single Integrated Operational Plan, the

period that extends from execution (or

enemy attack, whichever is sooner) to

termination of the Single Integrated

Operational Plan. See also postattack

period.

transfer loader — (*) A wheeled or tracked

vehicle with a platform capable of vertical

and horizontal adjustment used in the

loading and unloading of aircraft, ships, or

other vehicles.

transient — 1. Personnel, ships, or craft

stopping temporarily at a post, station, or

port to which they are not assigned or

attached, and having destination elsewhere.

2. An independent merchant ship calling

at a port and sailing within 12 hours, and

for which routing instructions to a further

port have been promulgated. 3. An

individual awaiting orders, transport, etc.,

at a post or station to which he or she is not

attached or assigned.

transient forces — Forces that pass or stage

through, or base temporarily within, the

operational area of another command but

are not under its operational control. See

also force; transient. (JP 0-2)

transit area — See staging area.

transit bearing — (*) A bearing determined

by noting the time at which two features

on the Earth’s surface have the same relative

bearing.
448 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

transition altitude — The altitude at or below

which the vertical position of an aircraft is

controlled by reference to true altitude.

transition layer — (*) The airspace between

the transition altitude and the transition

level.

transition level — (*) The lowest flight level

available for use above the transition

altitude. See also altitude; transition

altitude.

transit passage — The nonsuspendable right

of continuous and expeditious navigation

and/or overflight in the normal mode

through an international strait linking one

part of the high seas (or exclusive economic

zone) with another.

transit route — (*) A sea route which crosses

open waters normally joining two coastal

routes.

transit zone — The path taken by either

airborne or seaborne smugglers. Zone can

include transfer operations to another

carrier (airdrop, at-sea transfer, etc.). See

also arrival zone. (JP 3-07.4)

transmission factor (nuclear) — The ratio

of the dose inside the shielding material to

the outside (ambient) dose. Transmission

factor is used to calculate the dose received

through the shielding material. See also

half thickness; shielding.

transmission security — See communications

security.

transonic — (*) Of or pertaining to the speed

of a body in a surrounding fluid when the

relative speed of the fluid is subsonic in

some places and supersonic in others. This

is encountered when passing from subsonic

to supersonic speed and vice versa. See

also speed of sound.

transponder — (*) A receiver-transmitter

which will generate a reply signal, upon

proper interrogation. See also responsor.

transportability — The capability of material

to be moved by towing, self-propulsion, or

carrier via any means, such as railways,

highways, waterways, pipelines, oceans,

and airways.

transport aircraft — (*) Aircraft designed

primarily for the carriage of personnel and/

or cargo. Transport aircraft may be classed

according to range, as follows: a.

Short-range — Not to exceed 1200

nautical miles at normal cruising conditions

(2222 km). b. Medium-range — Between

1200 and 3500 nautical miles at normal

cruising conditions (2222 and 6482 km).

c. Long-range — Exceeds 3500 nautical

miles at normal cruising conditions (6482

km). See also strategic transport aircraft;

tactical transport aircraft.

transport area — In amphibious operations,

an area assigned to a transport organization

for the purpose of debarking troops and

equipment. See also inner transport area;

outer transport area.

transportation closure — The actual arrival

date of a specified movement requirement

at port of debarkation.

transportation component command —

The three component commands of United

States Transportation Command: Air Force

Air Mobility Command; Navy Military

Sealift Command; and Army Military

Traffic Management Command. Each

transportation component command

remains a major command of its parent

Service and continues to organize, train, and

equip its forces as specified by law. Each

transportation component command also

continues to perform Service-unique

missions. Also called TCC. See also
449

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

United States Transportation Command.

(JP 4-0)

transportation emergency — A situation

created by a shortage of normal

transportation capability and of a magnitude

sufficient to frustrate military movement

requirements, and which requires

extraordinary action by the President or

other designated authority to ensure

continued movement of essential

Department of Defense traffic.

transportation feasibility — Operation plans

and operation plans in concept format are

considered transportation feasible when the

capability to move forces, equipment, and

supplies exists from the point of origin to

the final destination according to the plan.

Transportation feasibility determination

will require concurrent analysis and

assessment of available strategic and theater

lift assets, transportation infrastructure, and

competing demands and restrictions. a. The

supported commander of a combatant

command (CINC) will analyze deployment,

joint reception, staging, onward movement,

and integration (JRSOI), and theater

distribution of forces, equipment, and

supplies to final destination. b. Supporting

CINCs will provide an assessment on

movement of forces from point of origin to

aerial port of embarkation and/or seaport

of embarkation. c. The Commander in

Chief, United States Transportation

Command will assess the strategic leg of

the time-phased force and deployment data

for transportation feasibility, indicating to

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

and supported CINC that movements arrive

at the port of debarkation consistent with

the supported CINC’s assessment of JRSOI

and theater distribution. d. Following

analysis of all inputs, the supported CINC

is responsible for declaring a plan end-toend executable. See also operation plan.

(JP 3-35)

transportation movement requirement —

The need for transport of units, personnel,

or materiel from a specified origin to a

specified destination within a specified

timeframe. (JP 4-01)

transportation operating agencies — Those

Federal agencies having responsibilities

under national emergency conditions for the

operational direction of one or more forms

of transportation. Also called federal

modal agencies; federal transport

agencies.

transportation priorities — Indicators

assigned to eligible traffic that establish its

movement precedence. Appropriate

priority systems apply to the movement of

traffic by sea and air. In times of emergency,

priorities may be applicable to continental

United States movements by land, water,

or air.

transportation system — All the land, water,

and air routes and transportation assets

engaged in the movement of US forces and

their supplies across the range of military

operations, involving both mature and

immature theaters and at the strategic,

operational, and tactical levels of war.

(JP 4-0)

transport control center (air transport) —

The operations center through which the

air transport force commander exercises

control over the air transport system.

transport group — An element that directly

deploys and supports the landing of the

landing force (LF), and is functionally

designated as a transport group in the

amphibious task force organization. A

transport group provides for the

embarkation, movement to the objective,

landing, and logistic support of the LF.

Transport groups comprise all sealift and

airlift in which the LF is embarked. They
450 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

are categorized as follows: a. airlifted

groups; b. Navy amphibious ship transport

groups; and c. strategic sealift shipping

groups. (JP 3-02.2)

transporting (ordnance) — The movement

or repositioning of ordnance or explosive

devices along established explosive routes

(does not apply to the aircraft flight line).

See also ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

transshipment point — (*) A location where

material is transferred between vehicles.

traverse — (*) 1. To turn a weapon to the

right or left on its mount. 2. A method of

surveying in which lengths and directions

of lines between points on the earth are

obtained by or from field measurements,

and used in determining positions of the

points

traverse level — (*) That vertical

displacement above low-level air defense

systems, expressed both as a height and

altitude, at which aircraft can cross the area.

traverse racking test load value —

Externally applied force in pounds or

kilograms at the top-corner fitting that will

strain or stretch end structures of the

container sideways. (JP 4-01.7)

treason — Violation of the allegiance owed

to one’s sovereign or state; betrayal of one’s

country.

trench interment — A method of interment

in which remains are placed head-to-toe.

Used only for temporary multiple burials.

See also emergency interment; group

interment; mortuary affairs, temporary

interment. (JP 4-06)

trend — The straying of the fall of shot, such

as might be caused by incorrect speed

settings of the fire support ship.

triangulation station — (*) A point on the

Earth, the position of which is determined

by triangulation. Also called trig point.

tri-camera photography — (*)

Photography obtained by simultaneous

exposure of three cameras systematically

disposed in the air vehicle at fixed

overlapping angles relative to each other

in order to cover a wide field. See also fan

camera photography.

trig list — A list published by certain Army

units that includes essential information of

accurately located survey points.

trim — The difference in draft at the bow

and stern of a vessel or the manner in which

a vessel floats in the water based on the

distribution of cargo, stores and ballast

aboard the vessel. See also draft;

watercraft. (JP 4-01.6)

triple point — The intersection of the

incident, reflected, and fused (or Mach)

shock fronts accompanying an air burst.

The height of the triple point above the

surface, i.e., the height of the Mach stem,

increases with increasing distance from a

given explosion.

troop basis — An approved list of those

military units and individuals (including

civilians) required for the performance of a

particular mission by numbers, organization

and equipment and, in the case of larger

commands, by deployment.

troops — A collective term for uniformed

military personnel (usually not applicable

to naval personnel afloat). See also

airborne troops; combat service support

elements; combat support troops; service

troops; tactical troops.

troop safety (nuclear) — An element that

defines a distance from the proposed burst
451

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

location beyond which personnel meeting

the criteria described under degree of risk

will be safe to the degree prescribed. It is

expressed as a combination of a degree of

risk and vulnerability category. See also

emergency risk (nuclear); negligible risk

(nuclear); unwarned exposed; warned

protected.

troop space cargo — Cargo such as sea or

barracks bags, bedding rolls or hammocks,

locker trunks, and office equipment,

normally stowed in an accessible place.

This cargo will also include normal

hand-carried combat equipment and

weapons to be carried ashore by the assault

troops.

troop test — A test conducted in the field for

the purpose of evaluating operational or

organizational concepts, doctrine, tactics,

and techniques, or to gain further

information on material. See also service

test.

tropical storm — A tropical cyclone in which

the surface wind speed is at least 34, but

not more than 63 knots.

tropopause — (*) The transition zone

between the stratosphere and the

troposphere. The tropopause normally

occurs at an altitude of about 25,000 to

45,000 feet (8 to 15 kilometers) in polar

and temperate zones, and at 55,000 feet (20

kilometers) in the tropics.

true airspeed indicator — An instrument

which displays the speed of the aircraft

relative to the ambient air.

true altitude — The height of an aircraft as

measured from mean sea level.

true bearing — The direction to an object

from a point; expressed as a horizontal angle

measured clockwise from true north.

true convergence — The angle at which one

meridian is inclined to another on the

surface of the Earth. See also convergence.

true horizon — (*) 1. The boundary of a

horizontal plane passing through a point of

vision. 2. In photogrammetry, the boundary

of a horizontal plane passing through the

perspective center of a lens system.

true north — (*) The direction from an

observer’s position to the geographic North

Pole. The north direction of any geographic

meridian.

turbojet — A jet engine whose air is supplied

by a turbine-driven compressor, the turbine

being activated by exhaust gases.

turnaround — (*) The length of time

between arriving at a point and being ready

to depart from that point. It is used in this

sense for the loading, unloading, re-fueling,

and re-arming, where appropriate, of

vehicles, aircraft, and ships. See also

turnaround cycle.

turnaround cycle — (*) A term used in

conjunction with vehicles, ships, and

aircraft, and comprising the following:

loading time at departure point; time to and

from destination; unloading and loading

time at destination; unloading time at

returning point; planned maintenance time;

and, where applicable, time awaiting

facilities. See also turnaround.

turning movement — (*) A variation of the

envelopment in which the attacking force

passes around or over the enemy’s principal

defensive positions to secure objectives

deep in the enemy’s rear to force the enemy

to abandon his position or divert major

forces to meet the threat.

turning point — (*) In land mine warfare, a

point on the centerline of a mine strip or

row where it changes direction.
452 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

turn-off guidance — Information which

enables the pilot of a landing aircraft to

select and follow the correct taxiway from

the time the aircraft leaves the runway until

it may safely be brought to a halt clear of

the active runway.

two-person control — The continuous

surveillance and control of positive control

material at all times by a minimum of two

authorized individuals, each capable of

detecting incorrect or unauthorized

procedures with respect to the task being

performed and each familiar with

established security requirements. Also

called TPC.

two-person rule — A system designed to

prohibit access by an individual to nuclear

weapons and certain designated

components by requiring the presence at

all times of at least two authorized persons,

each capable of detecting incorrect or

unauthorized procedures with respect to the

task to be performed.

types of burst — See airburst; fallout safe

height of burst; height of burst; high

airburst; high altitude burst; low

airburst; nuclear airburst; nuclear

exoatmospheric burst; nuclear contactsurface burst; nuclear proximity-surface

burst; nuclear underground burst;

nuclear underwater burst; optimum

height of burst; safe burst height.

type unit — A type of organizational or

functional entity established within the

Armed Forces and uniquely identified by a

five-character, alphanumeric code called a

unit type code.

type unit data file — A file that provides

standard planning data and movement

characteristics for personnel, cargo, and

accompanying supplies associated with

type units.
U

453

ultraviolet imagery — That imagery

produced as a result of sensing ultraviolet

radiations reflected from a given target

surface.

unaccounted for — An inclusive term (not a

casualty status) applicable to personnel

whose person or remains are not recovered

or otherwise accounted for following

hostile action. Commonly used when

referring to personnel who are killed in

action and whose bodies are not recovered.

See also casualty; casualty category;

casualty status; casualty type.

unanticipated immediate targets — Those

immediate targets that are unknown or not

expected to exist in an operational area. See

also operational area; target. (JP 3-60)

uncertain environment — See operational

environment. (JP 3-05.3)

uncharged demolition target — (*) A

demolition target for which charges have

been calculated, prepared, and stored in a

safe place, and for which execution

procedures have been established. See also

demolition target.

unclassified matter — (*) Official matter

which does not require the application of

security safeguards, but the disclosure of

which may be subject to control for other

reasons. See also classified matter.

unconventional assisted recovery — Evader

recovery conducted by directed

unconventional warfare forces, dedicated

extraction teams, and/or unconventional

assisted recovery mechanisms operated by

guerrilla groups or other clandestine

organizations to seek out, contact,

authenticate, support, and return evaders to

friendly control. Also called UAR. See

also assisted recovery; authenticate;

evader; recovery. (JP 3-50.3)

unconventional assisted recovery

coordination center — A compartmented

special operations forces (SOF) facility

suitably staffed by supervisory personnel

and tactical planners to coordinate,

synchronize and de-conflict nonconventional assisted recovery (NAR)

operations on a 24-hour basis within the

geographical area assigned to the joint force

commander. The unconventional assisted

recovery coordination center (UARCC) is

an integral part of the joint force

commander’s (JFC’s) comprehensive

personnel recovery architecture and the

functional equivalent of a component

rescue coordination center. When directed

by the JFC, through the joint force special

operations component commander, the

special operations command Operations

Directorate establishes the UARCC

(normally within the Joint Operations

Center (JOC)) to serve as the focal point

for all NAR operations. The UARCC

interfaces and coordinates with the JOC,

joint search and rescue center, component

rescue coordination centers (RCCs)

(including the SOF RCC) and the special

activities cell. Also called UARCC. See

also joint operations center; joint search

and rescue center; special operations

forces; unconventional assisted recovery.

(JP 3-05.1)

unconventional assisted recovery

mechanism — That entity, group of

entities, or organizations within enemy-held

or hostile areas that operates to receive,

support, move, and exfiltrate military

personnel or selected individuals to friendly

control. Also called UARM. See also

assisted recovery; recovery;

unconventional assisted recovery.

(JP 3-50.3)

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
454 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

unconventional recovery operation —

Evader recovery operations conducted by

unconventional forces. See also evader;

recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

unconventional warfare — A broad

spectrum of military and paramilitary

operations, normally of long duration,

predominantly conducted by indigenous or

surrogate forces who are organized, trained,

equipped, supported, and directed in

varying degrees by an external source. It

includes guerrilla warfare and other direct

offensive, low visibility, covert, or

clandestine operations, as well as the

indirect activities of subversion, sabotage,

intelligence activities, and evasion and

escape. Also called UW. (JP 3-05.5)

unconventional warfare forces — US forces

having an existing unconventional warfare

capability.

undersea warfare — Operations conducted

to establish battlespace dominance in the

underwater environment, which permits

friendly forces to accomplish the full range

of potential missions and denies an

opposing force the effective use of

underwater systems and weapons. It

includes offensive and defensive

submarine, antisubmarine, and mine

warfare operations. Also called USW. See

also antisubmarine warfare; mine

warfare.

understowed cargo — See flatted cargo.

underwater demolition — (*) The

destruction or neutralization of underwater

obstacles; this is normally accomplished by

underwater demolition teams.

underwater demolition team — A group of

officers and enlisted specially trained and

equipped for making hydrographic

reconnaissance of approaches to

prospective landing beaches; for effecting

demolition of obstacles and clearing mines

in certain areas; locating, improving, and

marking of useable channels; channel and

harbor clearance; acquisition of pertinent

data during pre-assault operations,

including military information; observing

the hinterland to gain information useful to

the landing force; and for performing

miscellaneous underwater and surface tasks

within their capabilities. Also called UDT.

underway replenishment — See

replenishment at sea.

underway replenishment force — (*) A

task force of fleet auxiliaries (consisting of

oilers, ammunition ships, stores issue ships,

etc.) adequately protected by escorts

furnished by the responsible operational

commander. The function of this force is

to provide underway logistic support for

naval forces. See also force.

underway replenishment group — A task

group configured to provide logistic

replenishment of ships underway by

transfer-at-sea methods.

unexpended weapons or ordnance —

Airborne weapons that have not been

subjected to attempts to fire or drop and

are presumed to be in normal operating

conditions and can be fired or jettisoned if

necessary. See also ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

unexploded explosive ordnance — (*)

Explosive ordnance which has been primed,

fused, armed or otherwise prepared for

action, and which has been fired, dropped,

launched, projected, or placed in such a

manner as to constitute a hazard to

operations, installations, personnel, or

material and remains unexploded either by

malfunction or design or for any other

cause. Also called UXO. See also

explosive ordnance. (JP 3-15)
455

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

unified action — A broad generic term that

describes the wide scope of actions

(including the synchronization of activities

with governmental and nongovernmental

agencies) taking place within unified

commands, subordinate unified commands,

or joint task forces under the overall

direction of the commanders of those

commands. See also joint task force;

subordinate unified command; unified

command. (JP 0-2)

Unified Action Armed Forces — A

publication setting forth the policies,

principles, doctrines, and functions

governing the activities and performance

of the Armed Forces of the United States

when two or more Military Departments

or Service elements thereof are acting

together. Also called UNAAF. (JP 0-2)

unified combatant command — See unified

command. (JP 0-2)

unified command — A command with a

broad continuing mission under a single

commander and composed of significant

assigned components of two or more

Military Departments, that is established

and so designated by the President through

the Secretary of Defense with the advice

and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff. Also called unified

combatant command. See also combatant

command; subordinate unified command.

(JP 0-2)

Unified Command Plan — The document,

approved by the President, that sets forth

basic guidance to all unified combatant

commanders; establishes their missions,

responsibilities, and force structure;

delineates the general geographical area of

responsibility for geographic combatant

commanders; and specifies functional

responsibilities for functional combatant

commanders. Also called UCP. See also

combatant command; combatant

commander. (JP 0-2)

uniformed services — The Army, Navy, Air

Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, and Public Health Services.

See also Military Department; Military

Service.

unilateral arms control measure — An arms

control course of action taken by a nation

without any compensating concession

being required of other nations.

unintentional radiation exploitation —

Exploitation for operational purposes of

noninformation-bearing elements of

electromagnetic energy unintentionally

emanated by targets of interest.

unintentional radiation intelligence —

Intelligence derived from the collection and

analysis of noninformation-bearing

elements extracted from the

electromagnetic energy unintentionally

emanated by foreign devices, equipment,

and systems, excluding those generated by

the detonation of nuclear weapons. Also

called RINT. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

uni-Service command — A command

comprised of forces of a single Service.

unit — 1. Any military element whose

structure is prescribed by competent

authority, such as a table of organization

and equipment; specifically, part of an

organization. 2. An organization title of a

subdivision of a group in a task force. 3. A

standard or basic quantity into which an

item of supply is divided, issued, or used.

In this meaning, also called unit of issue.

4. With regard to Reserve Components of

the Armed Forces, denotes a Selected

Reserve unit organized, equipped, and

trained for mobilization to serve on active
456 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

duty as a unit or to augment or be

augmented by another unit. Headquarters

and support functions without wartime

missions are not considered units.

unit aircraft — Those aircraft provided an

aircraft unit for the performance of a flying

mission. See also aircraft.

unit combat readiness — See combat

readiness.

unit commitment status — (*) The degree

of commitment of any unit designated and

categorized as a force allocated to NATO.

unit designation list — A list of actual units

by unit identification code designated to

fulfill requirements of a force list.

United States — Includes the land area,

internal waters, territorial sea, and airspace

of the United States, including the

following: a. US territories, possessions,

and commonwealths; and b. Other areas

over which the US Government has

complete jurisdiction and control or has

exclusive authority or defense responsibility.

United States Armed Forces — Used to

denote collectively only the regular

components of the Army, Navy, Air Force,

Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also

Armed Forces of the United States.

United States Civil Authorities — Those

elected and appointed public officials and

employees who constitute the governments

of the 50 States, District of Columbia,

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US

possessions and territories, and political

subdivisions thereof.

United States Civilian Internee

Information Center — The national center

of information in the United States for

enemy and US civilian internees.

United States controlled shipping — That

shipping under US flag and selected ships

under foreign flag considered to be under

“effective US control,” i.e., that can

reasonably be expected to be made

available to the United States in time of

national emergency. See also effective US

controlled ships.

United States message text format — A

program designed to enhance joint and

combined combat effectiveness through

standardization of message formats, data

elements, and information exchange

procedures. Standard message formats with

standard information content provides all

tactical commanders at the joint interface

with a common playing field and a common

language. Also called USMTF.

United States Military Service-funded

foreign training — Training that is

provided to foreign nationals in United

States Military Service schools and

installations under authority other than the

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

United States Naval Ship — A public vessel

of the United States that is in the custody

of the Navy and is: a. Operated by the

Military Sealift Command and manned by

a civil service crew; or b. Operated by a

commercial company under contract to the

Military Sealift Command and manned by

a merchant marine crew. Also called

USNS. See also Military Sealift

Command. (JP 3-02.2)

United States Prisoner of War Information

Center — The national center of

information in the United States for enemy

and US prisoners of war.

United States Signals Intelligence System

— The unified organization of signals

intelligence activities under the direction of

the Director, National Security Agency/
457

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Chief, Central Security Service. It consists

of the National Security Agency/Central

Security Service, the components of the

Military Services authorized to conduct

signals intelligence, and such other entities

(other than the Federal Bureau of

Investigation) authorized by the National

Security Council or the Secretary of

Defense to conduct signals intelligence

activities. Also called USSS. See also

counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

United States Transportation Command

— The unified command with the mission

to provide strategic air, land, and sea

transportation for the Department of

Defense, across the range of military

operations. Also called USTRANSCOM.

See also global transportation network;

single port manager; transportation

component command; unified

command. (JP 4-01)

unit identification code — A six-character,

alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies

each Active, Reserve, and National Guard

unit of the Armed Forces. Also called UIC.

unitized load — A single item or a number

of items packaged, packed, or arranged in

a specified manner and capable of being

handled as a unit. Unitization may be

accomplished by placing the item or items

in a container or by banding them securely

together. See also palletized unit load.

unit line number — A seven-character

alphanumeric code that describes a unique

increment of a unit deployment, i.e.,

advance party, main body, equipment by sea

and air, reception team, or trail party, in a

Joint Operation Planning and Execution

System time-phased force and deployment

data. Also called ULN.

unit loading — (*) The loading of troop units

with their equipment and supplies in the

same vessels, aircraft, or land vehicles. See

also loading.

unit movement control center — A

temporary organization activated by major

subordinate commands and subordinate

units during deployment to control and

manage marshalling and movement. Also

called UMCC. See also deployment;

marshaling; unit. (JP 4-01.8)

unit of issue — In its special storage meaning,

refers to the quantity of an item; as each

number, dozen, gallon, pair, pound, ream,

set, yard. Usually termed unit of issue to

distinguish from “unit price.” See also unit.

unit movement data — A unit equipment

and/or supply listing containing

corresponding transportability data.

Tailored unit movement data has been

modified to reflect a specific movement

requirement. Also called UMD.

unit personnel and tonnage table — A table

included in the loading plan of a combatloaded ship as a recapitulation of totals of

personnel and cargo by type, listing cubic

measurements and weight. Also called

UP&TT.

unit price — The cost or price of an item of

supply based on the unit of issue.

unit readiness — See readiness.

unit-related equipment and supplies — All

equipment and supplies that are assigned

to a specific unit or that are designated as

accompanying supplies. The logistic

dimensions of these items are contained in

the type unit characteristics file standard.

unit reserves — Prescribed quantities of

supplies carried by a unit as a reserve to

cover emergencies. See also reserve

supplies.
458 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

unit training assembly — An authorized and

scheduled period of unit inactive duty

training of a prescribed length of time.

unit type code — A Joint Chiefs of Staff

developed and assigned code, consisting of

five characters that uniquely identify a “type

unit.”

Universal Joint Task List — A menu of

capabilities (mission-derived tasks with

associated conditions and standards, i.e., the

tools) that may be selected by a joint force

commander to accomplish the assigned

mission. Once identified as essential to

mission accomplishment, the tasks are

reflected within the command joint mission

essential task list. Also called UJTL.

(JP 3-33)

universal polar stereographic grid — A

military grid prescribed for joint use in

operations in limited areas and used for

operations requiring precise position

reporting. It covers areas between the 80

degree parallels and the poles.

Universal Postal Union — A worldwide

postal organization to which the United

States and most other countries are

members. The exchange of mail, except

parcel post, between the United States and

other nations is governed by the provisions

of the Universal Postal Union convention.

Also called UPU.

Universal Time — A measure of time that

conforms, within a close approximation, to

the mean diurnal rotation of the Earth and

serves as the basis of civil timekeeping.

Universal Time (UT1) is determined from

observations of the stars, radio sources, and

also from ranging observations of the moon

and artificial Earth satellites. The scale

determined directly from such observations

is designated Universal Time Observed

(UTO); it is slightly dependent on the place

of observation. When UTO is corrected

for the shift in longitude of the observing

station caused by polar motion, the time

scale UT1 is obtained. When an accuracy

better than one second is not required,

Universal Time can be used to mean

Coordinated Universal Time. Also called

ZULU time. Formerly called Greenwich

Mean Time.

universal transverse mercator grid — (*)

A grid coordinate system based on the

transverse mercator projection, applied to

maps of the Earth’s surface extending to

84 degrees N and 80 degrees S latitudes.

Also called UTM grid.

unknown — 1. A code meaning “information

not available.” 2. An unidentified target.

An aircraft or ship that has not been

determined to be hostile, friendly, or neutral

using identification friend or foe and other

techniques, but that must be tracked by air

defense or naval engagement systems. 3.

An identity applied to an evaluated track

that has not been identified. See also

assumed friend; friend; hostile; neutral;

suspect.

unlimited war — Not to be used. See

general war.

unmanned aerial vehicle — A powered,

aerial vehicle that does not carry a human

operator, uses aerodynamic forces to

provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously

or be piloted remotely, can be expendable

or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or

nonlethal payload. Ballistic or semiballistic

vehicles, cruise missiles, and artillery

projectiles are not considered unmanned

aerial vehicles. Also called UAV. (JP 3-55.1)

unplanned immediate targets — Those

immediate targets that are known to exist
459

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

in an operational area but are not detected,

located, or selected for action in sufficient

time to be included in the normal targeting

process. See also immediate targets;

operational area; target. (JP 3-60)

unpremeditated expansion of a war — Not

to be used. See escalation.

unscheduled convoy phase — (*) The

period in the early days of war when

convoys are instituted on an ad hoc basis

before the introduction of convoy schedules

in the regular convoy phase.

unstuffing — The removal of cargo from a

container. Also called stripping.

unwanted cargo — (*) A cargo loaded in

peacetime which is not required by the

consignee country in wartime.

unwarned exposed — (*) The vulnerability

of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects.

In this condition, personnel are assumed to

be standing in the open at burst time, but

have dropped to a prone position by the time

the blast wave arrives. They are expected

to have areas of bare skin exposed to direct

thermal radiation, and some personnel may

suffer dazzle. See also warned exposed;

warned protected.

urgent mining — (*) In naval mine warfare,

the laying of mines with correct spacing but

not in the ordered or planned positions. The

mines may be laid either inside or outside

the allowed area in such positions that they

will hamper the movements of the enemy

more than those of our own forces.

urgent priority — A category of immediate

mission request that is lower than

emergency priority but takes precedence

over ordinary priority; e.g., enemy artillery

or mortar fire that is falling on friendly

troops and causing casualties or enemy

troops or mechanized units moving up in

such force as to threaten a breakthrough.

See also immediate mission request;

priority of immediate mission requests.

US commercial assets — US commercial

aircraft, spacecraft, flag shipping, offshore,

and land-based assets located landward of

the outer limit of the continental shelf of

the United States, its territories, and

possessions, and excluding those privately

owned oil rigs operating under foreign

license in disputed offshore areas.

use of force policy — Policy guidance issued

by the Commandant, US Coast Guard, on

the use of force and weapons.

US Defense Representative — A senior US

officer in a foreign country representing the

Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the commander

of the unified command that coordinates the

security matters regarding in-country, noncombat Department of Defense (DOD)

elements (i.e., DOD personnel and

organizations under the command of a

combatant commander but not assigned to,

or attached to, the combatant commander).

Also called USDR.

US forces — All Armed Forces (including

the Coast Guard) of the United States, any

person in the Armed Forces of the United

States, and all equipment of any description

that either belongs to the US Armed Forces

or is being used (including Type I and II

Military Sealift Command vessels),

escorted, or conveyed by the US Armed

Forces.

US national — US citizen and US permanent

and temporary legal resident aliens.
460 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

US Transportation Command coordinating

instructions — Instructions of the US

Transportation Command that establish

suspense dates for selected members of the

joint planning and execution community to

complete updates to the operation plan

database. Instructions will ensure that the

target date movement requirements will be

validated and available for scheduling.
V

461

validate — Execution procedure used by

combatant command components,

supporting combatant commanders, and

providing organizations to confirm to the

supported commander and US

Transportation Command that all the

information records in a time-phased force

and deployment data not only are error-free

for automation purposes, but also accurately

reflect the current status, attributes, and

availability of units and requirements. Unit

readiness, movement dates, passengers, and

cargo details should be confirmed with the

unit before validation occurs.

validation — 1. A process normally

associated with the collection of intelligence

that provides official status to an identified

requirement and confirms that the

requirement is appropriate for a given

collector and has not been previously

satisfied. 2. In computer modeling and

simulation, the process of determining the

degree to which a model or simulation is

an accurate representation of the real world

from the perspective of the intended uses

of the model or simulation. See also

accreditation; independent review;

verification. (JP 2-0)

valuable cargo — (*) Cargo which may be

of value during a later stage of the war.

value engineering — An organized effort

directed at analyzing the function of

Department of Defense systems,

equipment, facilities, procedures, and

supplies for the purpose of achieving the

required function at the lowest total cost of

effective ownership, consistent with

requirements for performance, reliability,

quality, and maintainability.

variability — (*) The manner in which the

probability of damage to a specific target

decreases with the distance from ground

zero; or, in damage assessment, a

mathematical factor introduced to average

the effects of orientation, minor shielding,

and uncertainty of target response to the

effects considered.

variable safety level — See safety level of

supply.

variant — 1. One of two or more cipher or

code symbols that have the same plain text

equivalent. 2. One of several plain text

meanings that are represented by a single

code group. Also called alternative.

variation — The angular difference between

true and magnetic north. See also

deviation.

vectored attack — (*) Attack in which a

weapon carrier (air, surface, or subsurface)

not holding contact on the target is vectored

to the weapon delivery point by a unit (air,

surface, or subsurface) which holds contact

on the target.

vehicle cargo — Wheeled or tracked

equipment, including weapons, that require

certain deck space, head room, and other

definite clearance.

vehicle distance — (*) The clearance

between vehicles in a column which is

measured from the rear of one vehicle to

the front of the following vehicle.

vehicle summary and priority table — A

table listing all vehicles by priority of

debarkation from a combat-loaded ship. It

includes the nomenclature, dimensions,

square feet, cubic feet, weight, and stowage

location of each vehicle; the cargo loaded

in each vehicle; and the name of the unit to

which the vehicle belongs.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
462 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

verification — 1. In arms control, any action,

including inspection, detection, and

identification, taken to ascertain compliance

with agreed measures. 2. In computer

modeling and simulation, the process of

determining that a model or simulation

implementation accurately represents the

developer’s conceptual description and

specifications. See also accreditation;

configuration management; independent

review; validation.

verify — (*) To ensure that the meaning and

phraseology of the transmitted message

conveys the exact intention of the originator.

vertex — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire

support, the highest point in the trajectory

of a projectile.

vertex height — See maximum ordinate.

vertical air photograph — (*) An air

photograph taken with the optical axis of

the camera perpendicular to the surface of

the Earth.

vertical and/or short takeoff and landing

— Vertical and/or short takeoff and landing

capability for aircraft.

vertical envelopment — A tactical maneuver

in which troops, either air-dropped or

air-landed, attack the rear and flanks of a

force, in effect cutting off or encircling the

force.

vertical interval — Difference in altitude

between two specified points or locations,

e.g., the battery or firing ship and the target;

observer location and the target; location

of previously fired target and new target;

observer and a height of burst; and battery

or firing ship and a height of burst, etc.

vertical landing zone — A specified ground

area for landing vertical takeoff and landing

aircraft to embark or disembark troops and/

or cargo. A landing zone may contain one

or more landing sites. Also called VLZ.

See also landing zone; vertical takeoff

and landing aircraft. (JP 3-02)

vertical loading — (*) A type of loading

whereby items of like character are

vertically tiered throughout the holds of a

ship so that selected items are available at

any stage of the unloading. See also

loading.

vertical probable error — The product of

the range probable error and the slope of

fall.

vertical replenishment — (*) The use of a

helicopter for the transfer of materiel to or

from a ship. Also called VERTREP.

vertical separation — (*) Separation

between aircraft expressed in units of

vertical distance.

vertical strip — A single flightline of

overlapping photos. Photography of this

type is normally taken of long, narrow

targets such as beaches or roads.

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft —

Fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters capable

of taking off or landing vertically. Also

called VTOL aircraft. See also vertical

landing zone; vertical takeoff and

landing aircraft transport area. (JP 3-02)

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft

transport area — Area to the seaward and

on the flanks of the outer transport and

landing ship areas, but preferably inside the

area screen, for launching and/or recovering

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. Also

called VTOL aircraft transport area. See

also vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.

(JP 3-02)

very seriously ill or injured — The casualty

status of a person whose illness or injury is
463

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

classified by medical authority to be of such

severity that life is imminently endangered.

Also called VSII. See also casualty status.

very small aperture terminal — Refers to a

fixed satellite terminal whose antenna

diameter typically does not exceed two

meters. Also called VSAT.

vesicant agent — See blister agent.

vignetting — (*) A method of producing a

band of color or tone on a map or chart, the

density of which is reduced uniformly from

edge to edge.

visibility range — The horizontal distance

(in kilometers or miles) at which a large

dark object can just be seen against the

horizon sky in daylight.

visual call sign — (*) A call sign provided

primarily for visual signaling. See also call

sign.

visual information — Use of one or more of

the various visual media with or without

sound. Generally, visual information

includes still photography, motion picture

photography, video or audio recording,

graphic arts, visual aids, models, display,

visual presentation services, and the support

processes. Also called VI.

visual information documentation —

Motion media, still photography, and audio

recording of technical and nontechnical

events while they occur, usually not

controlled by the recording crew. Visual

information documentation encompasses

Combat Camera, operational documentation,

and technical documentation. Also called

VIDOC. See also combat camera;

operational documentation; technical

documentation.

visual meteorological conditions — Weather

conditions in which visual flight rules

apply; expressed in terms of visibility,

ceiling height, and aircraft clearance from

clouds along the path of flight. When these

criteria do not exist, instrument

meteorological conditions prevail and

instrument flight rules must be complied

with. Also called VMC. See also

instrument meteorological conditions.

(JP 3-04.1)

visual mine firing indicator — (*) A device

used with exercise mines to indicate that

the mine would have detonated had it been

poised.

vital area — (*) A designated area or

installation to be defended by air defense

units.

vital ground — (*) Ground of such

importance that it must be retained or

controlled for the success of the mission.

See also key terrain.

voice call sign — (*) A call sign provided

primarily for voice communication. See

also call sign.

Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement

— The objective of the Voluntary

Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) is to

provide the Department of Defense (DOD)

with assured access to US flag assets, both

vessel capacity and intermodal systems, to

meet DOD contingency requirements.

VISA is an improvement to the Sealift

Readiness Program and both programs will

be utilized to provide required lift assets.

VISA is modeled after the DOD Civil

Reserve Air Fleet program. Carriers

contractually commit specified portions of

their fleet to meet time-phased DOD

contingency requirements. The worldwide

intermodal system provided by these

carriers provides extensive and flexible

capabilities to the Department of Defense.

Also called VISA. See also intermodal;
464 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

intermodal systems; Sealift Readiness

Program. (JP 4-09)

voluntary tanker agreement — An

agreement established by the Maritime

Administration to provide for US

commercial tanker owners and operators to

voluntarily make their vessels available to

satisfy Department of Defense needs. It is

designed to meet contingency or war

requirements for point-to-point petroleum,

oils, and lubricants movements, and not to

deal with capacity shortages in resupply

operations. Also called VTA. (JP 4-01.2)

voluntary training — Training in a non-pay

status for Individual Ready Reservists and

active status Standby Reservists.

Participation in voluntary training is for

retirement points only and may be achieved

by training with Selected Reserve or

voluntary training units; by active duty for

training; by completion of authorized

military correspondence courses; by

attendance at designated courses of

instruction; by performing equivalent duty;

by participation in special military and

professional events designated by the

Military Departments; or by participation

in authorized Civil Defense activities.

Retirees may voluntarily train with

organizations to which they are properly

preassigned by orders for recall to active

duty in a national emergency or declaration

of war. Such training shall be limited to

that training made available within the

resources authorized by the Secretary

concerned.

voluntary training unit — A unit formed

by volunteers to provide Reserve

Component training in a non-pay status for

Individual Ready Reservists and active

status Standby Reservists attached under

competent orders and participating in such

units for retirement points. Also called

reinforcement training unit.

VOR — (*) An air navigational radio aid

which uses phase comparison of a ground

transmitted signal to determine bearing.

This term is derived from the words “very

high frequency omnidirectional radio

range.”

vulnerability — 1. The susceptibility of a

nation or military force to any action by

any means through which its war potential

or combat effectiveness may be reduced or

its will to fight diminished. 2. The

characteristics of a system that cause it to

suffer a definite degradation (incapability

to perform the designated mission) as a

result of having been subjected to a certain

level of effects in an unnatural (manmade)

hostile environment. 3. In information

operations, a weakness in information

system security design, procedures,

implementation, or internal controls that

could be exploited to gain unauthorized

access to information or an information

system. See also information;

information operations; information

system. (JP 3-13)

vulnerability analysis — In information

operations, a systematic examination of an

information system or product to determine

the adequacy of security measures, identify

security deficiencies, provide data from

which to predict the effectiveness of

proposed security measures, and confirm

the adequacy of such measures after

implementation. See also information

operations; information system;

security; vulnerability. (JP 3-13)

vulnerability assessment — A Department

of Defense, command, or unit-level

evaluation (assessment) to determine the

vulnerability of a terrorist attack against an

installation, unit, exercise, port, ship,

residence, facility, or other site. Identifies

areas of improvement to withstand,

mitigate, or deter acts of violence or

terrorism.
465

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

vulnerability program — A program to

determine the degree of any existing

susceptibility of nuclear weapon systems

to enemy countermeasures, accidental fire,

and accidental shock and to remedy these

weaknesses insofar as possible.

vulnerability study — An analysis of the

capabilities and limitations of a force in a

specific situation to determine

vulnerabilities capable of exploitation by

an opposing force.

vulnerable area — See vital area.

vulnerable node — See target stress point.

vulnerable point — See vital area.
466 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
W

467

wading crossing — See deep fording

capability; shallow fording.

walking patient — A patient whose injuries

and/or illness are relatively minor,

permitting the patient to walk and not

require a litter. See also litter; patient;

slightly wounded. (JP 4-02)

wanted cargo — (*) In naval control of

shipping, a cargo which is not immediately

required by the consignee country but will

be needed later.

warble — (*) In naval mine warfare, the

process of varying the frequency of sound

produced by a narrow band noisemaker to

ensure that the frequency to which the mine

will respond is covered.

warden system — An informal method of

communication used to pass information to

US citizens during emergencies. See also

noncombatant evacuation operations.

(JP 3-07.5)

war game — A simulation, by whatever

means, of a military operation involving

two or more opposing forces using rules,

data, and procedures designed to depict an

actual or assumed real life situation.

warhead — That part of a missile, projectile,

torpedo, rocket, or other munition which

contains either the nuclear or thermonuclear

system, high explosive system, chemical or

biological agents, or inert materials

intended to inflict damage.

warhead mating — The act of attaching a

warhead section to a rocket or missile body,

torpedo, airframe, motor, or guidance

section.

warhead section — (*) A completely

assembled warhead, including appropriate

skin sections and related components.

war materiel procurement capability —

The quantity of an item that can be acquired

by orders placed on or after the day an

operation commences (D-day) from

industry or from any other available source

during the period prescribed for war

materiel procurement planning purposes.

war materiel requirement — The quantity

of an item required to equip and support

the approved forces specified in the current

Secretary of Defense guidance through the

period prescribed for war materiel planning

purposes.

warned exposed — (*) The vulnerability of

friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects.

In this condition, personnel are assumed to

be prone with all skin covered and with

thermal protection at least that provided by

a two-layer summer uniform. See also

unwarned exposed; warned protected.

warned protected — (*) The vulnerability

of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects.

In this condition, personnel are assumed to

have some protection against heat, blast,

and radiation such as that afforded in closed

armored vehicles or crouched in fox holes

with improvised overhead shielding. See

also unwarned exposed; warned exposed.

warning — 1. A communication and

acknowledgment of dangers implicit in a

wide spectrum of activities by potential

opponents ranging from routine defense

measures to substantial increases in

readiness and force preparedness and to acts

of terrorism or political, economic, or

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
468 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

military provocation. 2. Operating

procedures, practices, or conditions that

may result in injury or death if not carefully

observed or followed. (JP 3-04.1)

warning area — See danger area.

warning net — A communication system

established for the purpose of disseminating

warning information of enemy movement

or action to all interested commands.

warning of attack — A warning to national

policymakers that an adversary is not only

preparing its armed forces for war, but

intends to launch an attack in the near future.

See also tactical warning; warning;

warning of war.

warning of war — A warning to national

policymakers that a state or alliance intends

war, or is on a course that substantially

increases the risks of war and is taking steps

to prepare for war. See also strategic

warning; warning; warning of attack.

warning order — (*) 1. A preliminary notice

of an order or action which is to follow.

2. (DOD only) A crisis action planning

directive issued by the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff that initiates the

development and evaluation of courses of

action by a supported commander and

requests that a commander’s estimate be

submitted. 3. (DOD only) A planning

directive that describes the situation,

allocates forces and resources, establishes

command relationships, provides other

initial planning guidance, and initiates

subordinate unit mission planning. (JP 5-0)

warning red — See air defense warning

conditions.

warning shots — The firing of shots or

delivery of ordnance by personnel or

weapons systems in the vicinity of a person,

vessel, or aircraft as a signal to immediately

cease activity. Warning shots are one

measure to convince a potentially hostile

force to withdraw or cease its threatening

actions.

warning white — See air defense warning

conditions.

warning yellow — See air defense warning

conditions.

warp — To haul a ship ahead by line or

anchor. (JP 4-01.6)

war reserve materiel requirement — That

portion of the war materiel requirement

required to be on hand on D-day. This level

consists of the war materiel requirement less

the sum of the peacetime assets assumed to

be available on D-day and the war materiel

procurement capability.

war reserve materiel requirement, balance

— That portion of the war reserve materiel

requirement that has not been acquired or

funded. This level consists of the war

reserve materiel requirement less the war

reserve materiel requirement, protectable.

war reserve materiel requirement,

protectable — That portion of the war

reserve materiel requirement that is either

on hand and/or previously funded that shall

be protected; if issued for peacetime use, it

shall be promptly reconstituted. This level

consists of the pre-positioned war reserve

materiel requirement, protectable, and the

other war reserve materiel requirement,

protectable.

war reserve (nuclear) — Nuclear weapons

materiel stockpiled in the custody of the

Department of Energy or transferred to the

custody of the Department of Defense and

intended for employment in the event of

war.
469

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

war reserves — (*) Stocks of materiel

amassed in peacetime to meet the increase

in military requirements consequent upon

an outbreak of war. War reserves are

intended to provide the interim support

essential to sustain operations until resupply

can be effected.

war reserve stock — That portion of total

materiel assets designated to satisfy the war

reserve materiel requirement. Also called

WRS. See also reserve; war reserve

materiel requirement; war reserves.

(JP 2-03)

war reserve stocks for allies — A

Department of Defense program to have the

Services procure or retain in their

inventories those minimum stockpiles of

materiel such as munitions, equipment, and

combat-essential consumables to ensure

support for selected allied forces in time of

war until future in-country production and

external resupply can meet the estimated

combat consumption.

wartime load — The maximum quantity of

supplies of all kinds which a ship can carry.

The composition of the load is prescribed

by proper authority.

wartime manpower planning system — A

standardized Department of Defense

(DOD)-wide procedure, structure, and

database for computing, compiling,

projecting, and portraying the time-phased

wartime manpower requirements, demand,

and supply of the DOD components. Also

called WARMAPS. See also S-day.

wartime reserve modes — Characteristics

and operating procedures of sensor,

communications, navigation aids, threat

recognition, weapons, and countermeasures

systems that will contribute to military

effectiveness if unknown to or

misunderstood by opposing commanders

before they are used, but could be exploited

or neutralized if known in advance.

Wartime reserve modes are deliberately

held in reserve for wartime or emergency

use and seldom, if ever, applied or

intercepted prior to such use. Also called

WARM.

watching mine — (*) In naval mine warfare,

a mine secured to its mooring but showing

on the surface, possibly only in certain tidal

conditions. See also floating mine; mine.

watercraft — Any vessel or craft designed

specifically and only for movement on the

surface of the water. (JP 4-01.6)

waterspace management — The allocation

of waterspace in terms of antisubmarine

warfare attack procedures to permit the

rapid and effective engagement of hostile

submarines while preventing inadvertent

attacks on friendly submarines.

water terminal — A facility for berthing

ships simultaneously at piers, quays, and/

or working anchorages, normally located

within sheltered coastal waters adjacent to

rail, highway, air, and/or inland water

transportation networks. (JP 4-01.5)

wave — (*) 1. A formation of forces, landing

ships, craft, amphibious vehicles or aircraft,

required to beach or land about the same

time. Can be classified as to type, function

or order as shown: a. assault wave; b. boat

wave; c. helicopter wave; d. numbered

wave; e. on-call wave; f. scheduled wave.

2. (DOD only) An undulation of water

caused by the progressive movement of

energy from point to point along the surface

of the water. (JP 4-01.6)

wave crest — The highest part of a wave.

See also crest; wave. (JP 4-01.6)

wave height — The vertical distance between

trough and crest, usually expressed in feet.

See also wave. (JP 4-01.6)
470 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

wave length — The horizontal distance

between successive wave crests measured

perpendicular to the crest, usually expressed

in feet. See also crest; wave; wave crest.

(JP 4-01.6)

wave-off — An action to abort a landing,

initiated by the bridge, primary flight

control, landing safety officer or enlisted

man, or pilot at his or her discretion. The

response to a wave-off signal is mandatory.

See also abort; primary flight control.

(JP 3-04.1)

wave period — The time it takes for two

successive wave crests to pass a given point.

See also wave; wave crest. (JP 4-01.6)

wave trough — The lowest part of the wave

between crests. See also crest; wave.

(JP 4-01.6)

wave velocity — The speed at which a wave

form advances across the sea, usually

expressed in knots. See also wave.

(JP 4-01.6)

way point — 1. In air operations, a point or

a series of points in space to which an

aircraft, ship, or cruise missile may be

vectored. 2. A designated point or series of

points loaded and stored in a global

positioning system or other electronic

navigational aid system to facilitate

movement.

W-day — See times.

weapon and payload identification — 1.

The determination of the type of weapon

being used in an attack. 2. The

discrimination of a re-entry vehicle from

penetration aids being utilized with the

re-entry vehicle. See also attack

assessment.

weapon debris (nuclear) — The residue of

a nuclear weapon after it has exploded; that

is, materials used for the casing and other

components of the weapon, plus

unexpended plutonium or uranium,

together with fission products.

weaponeering — The process of determining

the quantity of a specific type of lethal or

nonlethal weapons required to achieve a

specific level of damage to a given target,

considering target vulnerability, weapons

effect, munitions delivery accuracy, damage

criteria, probability of kill, and weapon

reliability. (JP 2-0)

weapon engagement zone — In air defense,

airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement of

air threats normally rests with a particular

weapon system. Also called WEZ. a.

fighter engagement zone. In air defense,

that airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement of

air threats normally rests with fighter

aircraft. Also called FEZ. b. high-altitude

missile engagement zone. In air defense,

that airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement of

air threats normally rests with high-altitude

surface-to-air missiles. Also called

HIMEZ. c. low-altitude missile

engagement zone. In air defense, that

airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement of

air threats normally rests with low- to

medium-altitude surface-to-air missiles.

Also called LOMEZ. d. short-range air

defense engagement zone. In air defense,

that airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement of

air threats normally rests with short-range

air defense weapons. It may be established

within a low- or high-altitude missile

engagement zone. Also called

SHORADEZ. e. joint engagement zone.

In air defense, that airspace of defined

dimensions within which multiple air

defense systems (surface-to-air missiles and
471

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

aircraft) are simultaneously employed to

engage air threats. Also called JEZ. (JP 3-52)

weapons assignment — (*) In air defense,

the process by which weapons are assigned

to individual air weapons controllers for use

in accomplishing an assigned mission.

weapons free zone — An air defense zone

established for the protection of key assets

or facilities, other than air bases, where

weapon systems may be fired at any target

not positively recognized as friendly.

(JP 3-52)

weapons of mass destruction — Weapons

that are capable of a high order of

destruction and/or of being used in such a

manner as to destroy large numbers of

people. Weapons of mass destruction can

be high explosives or nuclear, biological,

chemical, and radiological weapons, but

exclude the means of transporting or

propelling the weapon where such means

is a separable and divisible part of the

weapon. Also called WMD. See also

destruction; special operations.

weapons readiness state — The degree of

readiness of air defense weapons which can

become airborne or be launched to carry

out an assigned task. Weapons readiness

states are expressed in numbers of weapons

and numbers of minutes. Weapon readiness

states are defined as follows: a. 2 minutes

— Weapons can be launched within two

minutes. b. 5 minutes — Weapons can be

launched within five minutes. c. 15

minutes — Weapons can be launched

within fifteen minutes. d. 30 minutes —

Weapons can be launched within thirty

minutes. e. 1 hour — Weapons can be

launched within one hour. f. 3 hours —

Weapons can be launched within three

hours. g. released — Weapons are released

from defense commitment for a specified

period of time.

weapons recommendation sheet — (*) A

sheet or chart which defines the intention

of the attack, and recommends the nature

of weapons, and resulting damage expected,

tonnage, fuzing, spacing, desired mean

points of impact, and intervals of reattack.

weapons state of readiness — See weapons

readiness state.

weapon(s) system — (*) A combination of

one or more weapons with all related

equipment, materials, services, personnel,

and means of delivery and deployment (if

applicable) required for self-sufficiency.

weapon system employment concept — (*)

A description in broad terms, based on

established outline characteristics, of the

application of a particular equipment or

weapon system within the framework of

tactical concept and future doctrines.

weapon-target line — An imaginary straight

line from a weapon to a target.

weather central — An organization that

collects, collates, evaluates, and

disseminates meteorological information in

such manner that it becomes a principal

source of such information for a given area.

weather deck — A deck having no overhead

protection; uppermost deck. (JP 4-01.6)

weather minimum — The worst weather

conditions under which aviation operations

may be conducted under either visual or

instrument flight rules. Usually prescribed

by directives and standing operating

procedures in terms of minimum ceiling,

visibility, or specific hazards to flight.

weight and balance sheet — (*) A sheet

which records the distribution of weight in

an aircraft and shows the center of gravity

of an aircraft at takeoff and landing.
472 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

wellness — Force health protection program

that consolidates and incorporates physical

and mental fitness, health promotion, and

environmental and occupational health. See

also force health protection. (JP 4-02)

wharf — A structure built of open rather than

solid construction along a shore or a bank

that provides cargo-handling facilities. A

similar facility of solid construction is called

a quay. See also quay. (JP 4-01.5)

wheel load capacity — The capacity of

airfield runways, taxiways, parking areas,

or roadways to bear the pressures exerted

by aircraft or vehicles in a gross weight

static configuration.

white cap — A small wave breaking offshore

as a result of the action of strong winds.

See also wave. (JP 4-01.6)

whiteout — (*) Loss of orientation with

respect to the horizon caused by sun

reflecting on snow and overcast sky.

white propaganda — Propaganda

disseminated and acknowledged by the

sponsor or by an accredited agency thereof.

See also propaganda.

Wilson cloud — See condensation cloud.

winch — A hoisting machine used for loading

and discharging cargo and stores or for

hauling in lines. See also stores. (JP 4-01.6)

wind shear — A change of wind direction

and magnitude.

wind velocity — (*) The horizontal direction

and speed of air motion.

wing — 1. An Air Force unit composed

normally of one primary mission group and

the necessary supporting organizations, i.e.,

organizations designed to render supply,

maintenance, hospitalization, and other

services required by the primary mission

groups. Primary mission groups may be

functional, such as combat, training,

transport, or service. 2. A fleet air wing is

the basic organizational and administrative

unit for naval-, land-, and tender-based

aviation. Such wings are mobile units to

which are assigned aircraft squadrons and

tenders for administrative organization

control. 3. A balanced Marine Corps task

organization of aircraft groups and

squadrons, together with appropriate

command, air control, administrative,

service, and maintenance units. A standard

Marine Corps aircraft wing contains the

aviation elements normally required for the

air support of a Marine division. 4. A flank

unit; that part of a military force to the right

or left of the main body.

wingman — An aviator subordinate to and

in support of the designated section leader;

also, the aircraft flown in this role.

withdrawal operation — A planned

retrograde operation in which a force in

contact disengages from an enemy force

and moves in a direction away from the

enemy.

withhold (nuclear) — The limiting of

authority to employ nuclear weapons by

denying their use within specified

geographical areas or certain countries.

working anchorage — An anchorage where

ships lie to discharge cargoes over-side to

coasters or lighters. See also emergency

anchorage.

working capital fund — A revolving fund

established to finance inventories of

supplies and other stores, or to provide

working capital for industrial-type

activities.

work order — A specific or blanket

authorization to perform certain work —
473

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

usually broader in scope than a job order.

It is sometimes used synonymously with

job order.

world geographic reference system — See

georef.

wounded — See seriously wounded;

slightly wounded.

wounded in action — A casualty category

applicable to a hostile casualty, other than

the victim of a terrorist activity, who has

incurred an injury due to an external agent

or cause. The term encompasses all kinds

of wounds and other injuries incurred in

action, whether there is a piercing of the

body, as in a penetration or perforated

wound, or none, as in the contused wound.

These include fractures, burns, blast

concussions, all effects of biological and

chemical warfare agents, and the effects of

an exposure to ionizing radiation or any

other destructive weapon or agent. The

hostile casualty’s status may be categorized

as “very seriously ill or injured,” “seriously

ill or injured,” “incapacitating illness or

injury,” or “not seriously injured.” Also

called WIA. See also casualty category.

wreckage locator chart — A chart indicating

the geographic location of all known aircraft

wreckage sites and all known vessel wrecks

that show above low water or can be seen

from the air. It consists of a visual plot of

each wreckage, numbered in chronological

order, and cross referenced with a wreckage

locator file containing all pertinent data

concerning the wreckage.
474 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
X

475

Intentionally Blank

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
476 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
Y

477

yaw — (*) 1. The rotation of an aircraft,

ship, or missile about its vertical axis so as

to cause the longitudinal axis of the aircraft,

ship, or missile to deviate from the flight

line or heading in its horizontal plane. 2.

Angle between the longitudinal axis of a

projectile at any moment and the tangent

to the trajectory in the corresponding point

of flight of the projectile.

yield — See nuclear yields.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
478 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
Z

479

zero-length launching — (*) A technique

in which the first motion of the missile or

aircraft removes it from the launcher.

zero point — The location of the center of a

burst of a nuclear weapon at the instant of

detonation. The zero point may be in the

air, or on or beneath the surface of land or

water, depending upon the type of burst,

and it is thus to be distinguished from

ground zero.

zone I (nuclear) — A circular area

determined by using minimum safe distance

I as the radius and the desired ground zero

as the center from which all armed forces

are evacuated. If evacuation is not possible

or if a commander elects a higher degree of

risk, maximum protective measures will be

required.

zone II (nuclear) — A circular area (less

zone I) determined by using minimum safe

distance II as the radius and the desired

ground zero as the center in which all

personnel require maximum protection.

Maximum protection denotes that armed

forces personnel are in “buttoned up” tanks

or crouched in foxholes with improvised

overhead shielding.

zone III (nuclear) — A circular area (less

zones I and II) determined by using

minimum safe distance III as the radius and

the desired ground zero as the center in

which all personnel require minimum

protection. Minimum protection denotes

that armed forces personnel are prone on

open ground with all skin areas covered and

with an overall thermal protection at least

equal to that provided by a two-layer

uniform.

zone of action — (*) A tactical subdivision

of a larger area, the responsibility for which

is assigned to a tactical unit; generally

applied to offensive action. See also sector.

zone of fire — An area into which a

designated ground unit or fire support ship

delivers, or is prepared to deliver, fire

support. Fire may or may not be observed.

ZULU time — See Universal Time.

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
480 JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX A

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A-1

A

A analog

A&P administrative and personnel

A2C2 Army airspace command and control

AA avenue of approach

AAA antiaircraft artillery; arrival and assembly area; assign

alternate area

AAAS amphibious aviation assault ship

AABB American Association of Blood Banks

AABFS amphibious assault bulk fuel system

AABWS amphibious assault bulk water system

AADC area air defense commander

AAFES Army and Air Force Exchange Service

AAFIF automated air facility information file

AAFSF amphibious assault fuel supply facility

AAGS Army air-ground system

AAMDC area air and missile defense command

AAOE arrival and assembly operations element

AAOG arrival and assembly operations group

AAP Allied administrative publication; assign alternate parent

AAR after action report; after action review

AAT automatic analog test

AAU analog applique unit

AAV amphibious assault vehicle

AAW antiair warfare

AB airbase

ABCA American, British, Canadian, Australian Armies

Standardization Program

ABCCC airborne battlefield command and control center

ABD airbase defense

ABFC advanced base functional component

ABFS amphibious bulk fuel system

ABGD air base ground defense

ABL airborne laser

ABM antiballistic missile

ABN airborne

ABNCP Airborne Command Post

ABO air base operability; blood typing system

A/C aircraft

AC Active Component; aircraft commander; alternating current

AC-130 Hercules

ACA airlift clearance authority; airspace control authority;

airspace coordination area

As Amended Through 23 January 2002
A-2

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

ACAA automatic chemical agent alarm

ACAPS area communications electronics capabilities

ACB amphibious construction battalion

ACC Air Combat Command; air component commander; area

coordination center

ACCON acoustic condition

ACCS air command and control system

ACCSA Allied Communications and Computer Security Agency

ACDO assistant command duty officer

ACE airborne command element (USAF); air combat element

(NATO); Allied Command Europe; aviation combat

element Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF)

ACF air contingency force

ACI assign call inhibit

ACIC Army Counterintelligence Center

ACINT acoustic intelligence

ACK acknowledgement

ACL access control list; allowable cabin load

ACLANT Allied Command Atlantic

ACM advanced cruise missile; advanced conventional munitions;

air combat maneuver; air contingency Marine air-ground

task force (MAGTF); airspace control measure

ACN assign commercial network

ACO airspace control order

ACOC area communications operations center

ACOCC air combat operations command center

ACP airspace control plan; Allied Communications Publication;

assign common pool

ACR armored cavalry regiment (Army); assign channel

reassignment

ACS agile combat support; air-capable ship; airspace control

system; auxiliary crane ship

ACSA acquisition and cross-servicing agreement; Allied

Communications Security Agency

AC/S, C4I Assistant Chief of Staff, Command, Control,

Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (USMC)

ACT activity

ACU assault craft unit

ACV air cushion vehicle; armored combat vehicle

ACW advanced conventional weapons

A/D analog-to-digital

AD active duty; advanced deployability; air defense; priority

add-on

ADA air defense artillery

A/DACG arrival/departure airfield control group

ADAL authorized dental allowance list

ADANS Air Mobility Command Deployment Analysis System

ADC area damage control
A-3

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADCAP advanced capability

A/DCG arrival/departure control group

ADCON administrative control

ADD assign on-line diagnostic

ADDO Assistant Deputy Director for Operations

ADDO(MS) Assistant Deputy Director for Operations/Military Support

ADE air defense emergency; assign digit editing

ADF automatic direction finding

ADIZ air defense identification zone

ADKC/RCU Automatic Key Distribution Center/Rekeying Control Unit

ADL armistice demarcation line; assign XX (SL) routing

ADMIN administration

ADN Allied Command Europe desired ground zero number

ADNET anti-drug network

ADOC air defense operations center

ADP automated data process(ing)

ADPE automated data processing equipment

ADPS automatic data processing system

ADR accident data recorder; aircraft damage repair; armament

delivery recording

ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency

ADS amphibian discharge site

ADSIA Allied Data Systems Interoperability Agency

ADT active duty for training; assign digital transmission group;

automatic digital tester

ADVON advanced echelon

ADSW active duty for special work

AE aeromedical evacuation; assault echelon; attenuation

equalizer

AECA Arms Export Control Act

AECC aeromedical evacuation coordination center

AECM aeromedical evacuation crew member

AEF aerospace expeditionary force

AEG aerospace expeditionary group

AELT aeromedical evacuation liaison team

AEOS aeromedical evacuation operations squadron

AEOT aeromedical evacuation operations team

AEPS aircrew escape propulsion system

AES aeromedical evacuation squadron; aeromedical evacuation

system

AETC Air Education and Training Command

AETF air and space expeditionary task force

AEU assign essential user bypass

AEW airborne early warning; air expeditionary wing

AEW&C airborne early warning and control

AF amphibious force

AFAARS Air Force After Action Reporting System

AFARN Air Force air request net
A-4

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System

AFB Air Force Base

AFC area frequency coordinator; automatic frequency control

AFCA Air Force Communications Agency

AFCAP Air Force contract augmentation program; Armed Forces

contract augmentation program

AFCC Air Force Component Commander

AFCENT Allied Forces Central Europe (NATO)

AFCERT Air Force computer emergency response team

AFCS automatic flight control system

AFD assign fixed directory

AFDC Air Force Doctrine Center

AFDIGS Air Force digital graphics system

AF/DP Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, United States Air

Force

AFEES Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Station

AFFIS Air Facilities File Information System

AFFMA Air Force Frequency Management Agency

AFFOR Air Force forces

AFI Air Force Instruction

AFID anti-fratricide identification device

AF/IL Deputy Chief of Staff for Installations and Logistics, USAF

AFIRB Armed Forces Identification Review Board

AFIWC Air Force Information Warfare Center

AFJMAN Air Force Joint Manual

AFLC Air Force Logistics Command

AFLE Air Force Liaison Element

AFLNO Air Force liaison officer

AFMAN Air Force Manual

AFMC Air Force Materiel Command

AFME Armed Forces medical examiner

AFMIC Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center

AFMLO Air Force Medical Logistics Office

AFMS Air Force Medical Service

AFNORTH Allied Forces Northern Europe (NATO)

AFNORTHWEST Allied Forces North West Europe (NATO)

AFNSEP Air Force National Security and Emergency Preparedness

Agency

AFOE assault follow-on echelon

AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigations

AFPAM Air Force pamphlet

AFPC Air Force Personnel Center

AFPD Air Force Policy Directive

AFPEO Armed Forces Professional Entertainment Overseas

AFR Air Force Reserve; assign frequency for networking

AFRC Air Force Reserve Command; Armed Forces Recreation

Center

AFRCC Air Force rescue coordination center
A-5

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

AFRRI Armed Forces radiological research center

AFRTS Armed Forces Radio and Television Service

AFS aeronautical fixed service

AFSATCOM Air Force satellite communications (system)

AFSC Armed Forces Staff College; United States Air Force

specialty code

AFSOB Air Force special operations base

AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command; Air Force special

operations component

AFSOCC Air Force special operations control center

AFSOD Air Force special operations detachment

AFSOE Air Force special operations element

AFSOF Air Force special operations forces

AFSOUTH Allied Forces, South (NATO)

AFSPACE United States Space Command Air Force

AFSPC Air Force Space Command

AFSPOC Air Force Space Operations Center

AFTAC Air Force Technical Applications Center

AFTH Air Force Theater Hospital

AFTN Aeronautical Feed Telecommunications Network

AFTO Air Force technical order

AFWCF Air Force working capital fund

AF/XO Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, United

States Air Force

AF/XOI Air Force Director of Intelligence, Surveillance, and

Reconnaissance

AF/XOO Director of Operations, United States Air Force

A/G air to ground

AG adjutant general (Army)

AGARD Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

AGE aerospace ground equipment

AGIL airborne general illumination lightself

AGL above ground level

AGM-28A Hound Dog

AGM-65 Maverick

AGM-69 short range attack missile

AGR Active Guard and Reserve

AI airborne interceptor; air interdiction; area of interest

AIA Air Intelligence Agency

AIASA annual integrated assessment for security assistance

AIC air intercept controller; assign individual compressed dial;

Atlantic Intelligence Command

AICF/USA Action Internationale Contre La Faim (International Action

Against Hunger)

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIF automated installation intelligence file

AIG addressee indicator group

AIIRS automated intelligence information reporting system
A-6

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

AIM Airman’s Information Manual

AIM-7 Sparrow

AIM-9 Sidewinder

AIM-54A Phoenix

AIMD aircraft intermediate maintenance department

AIQC antiterrorism instructor qualification course

AIRCENT Allied Air Forces Central Europe (NATO)

AIREVACCONFIRM air evacuation confirmation

AIREVACREQ air evacuation request

AIREVACRESP air evacuation response

AIRNORTHWEST Allied Air Forces North West Europe (NATO)

AIRREQRECON air request reconnaissance

AIRSOUTH Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (NATO)

AIRSUPREQ air support request

AIS automated information system

AIT automated identification technology

AIU Automatic Digital Network Interface Unit

AJ anti-jam

AJBPO Area Joint Blood Program Office

AJCC alternate joint communications center

AJ/CM anti-jam control modem

AJFP adaptive joint force packaging

AJMRO area joint medical regulating office

AJNPE airborne joint nuclear planning element

AK commercial cargo ship

AKNLDG acknowledge message

ALCC airlift control center; airlift coordination cell

ALCE airlift control element

ALCG analog line conditioning group

ALCM air launched cruise missile

ALCOM United States Alaskan Command

ALCON all concerned

ALD accounting line designator; airborne laser designator;

available-to-load date

ALE airlift liaison element

ALERFA alert phase (ICAO)

ALERT attack and launch early reporting to theater

ALLOREQ allocation request

ALMSNSCD airlift mission schedule

ALNOT alert notice; search and rescue alert notice

ALO air liaison officer

ALOC air lines of communications

ALORD alert launch order

ALSA Air Land Sea Application (Center)

ALSS advanced logistic support site

ALTTSC alternate Tomahawk strike coordinator

A/M approach and moor

AM amplitude modulation
A-7

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

AMAL authorized medical allowance list

AMB air mobility branch; ambassador

AMBUS ambulance bus

AMC airborne mission commander; Air Mobility Command;

Army Materiel Command: midpoint compromise search

area

AMCC alternate military command center

AMCIT American citizen

AMCM airborne mine countermeasures

AMD air mobility division

AME air mobility element; antenna mounted electronics

AMEDD Army Medical Department

AMEDDCS U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School

AMEMB American Embassy

AMF(L) ACE Mobile Force (Land) (NATO)

AMH automated message handler

AMIO alien migrant interdiction operations

AMMO ammunition

AMOCC air mobility operations control center

AMOG air mobility operations group

AMOPES Army Mobilization and Operations Planning and

Execution System

AMOPS Army mobilization and operations planning system; Army

mobilization operations system

AMP amplifier

AMPE automated message processing exchange

AMPN amplification

AMPSSO Automated Message Processing System Security Office

(or Officer)

AMRAAM advanced medium-range air-to-air missile

AMS Army management structure

AMVER automated mutual-assistance vessel rescue system

AMW air mobility wing; amphibious warfare

AMX air mobility express

AN alphanumeric; analog nonsecure

ANCA Allied Naval Communications Agency

ANDVT advanced narrowband digital voice terminal

ANG Air National Guard

A/NM administrative/network management

ANMCC Alternate National Military Command Center

ANN assign NNX routing

ANR Alaskan NORAD Region

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ANX assign NNXX routing

ANY assign NYX routing

ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Treaty

AO action officer; administration officer; air officer; area of

operations; aviation ordnance person
A-8

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

AO&M administration, operation, and maintenance

AOA amphibious objective area

AOB advanced operations base; aviation operations branch

AOC air operations center; Army operations center

AOCC air operations control center

AOC-E Aviation Operations Center-East (USCS)

AOCU analog orderwire control unit

AOC-W Aviation Operations Center-West (USCS)

AOD on-line diagnostic

AOI area of interest

AOL area of limitation

AOP air operations plan; area of probability

AOR area of responsibility

AOS area of separation

AOSS aviation ordnance safety supervisor

AP average power

APC aerial port commander; armored personnel carrier; assign

preprogrammed conference list

APCC aerial port control center; alternate processing and

correlation center

APF afloat pre-positioning force

APIC allied press information center

APO afloat pre-positioning operations; Army Post Office

APOD aerial port of debarkation

APOE aerial port of embarkation

APORT aerial port

APORTSREP air operations bases report

APPS analytical photogrammetric positioning system

APR assign primary zone routing

APS afloat pre-positioning ships

APU auxiliary power unit

AR air refueling; Army regulation; Army reserve

ARB alternate recovery base; assign receive bypass lists

ARBS angle rate bombing system

ARC air Reserve Components; American (National) Red Cross

ARCENT United States Army Central Command

ARCP air refueling control point

ARCT air refueling control time

ARDF automatic radio direction finding

AREC air resource element coordinator

ARFOR Army forces

ARG amphibious ready group

ARGO automatic ranging grid overlay

ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated

ARIP air refueling initiation point

ARL-M airborne reconnaissance low-multifunction

ARM antiradiation missiles

ARNG Army National Guard
A-9

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ARP air refueling point

ARPERCEN United States Army Reserve Personnel Center

ARQ automatic request-repeat

ARRC Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (NATO)

ARRDATE arrival date

ARS air rescue service

ARSOA Army special operations aviation

ARSOC Army special operations component

ARSOF Army special operations forces

ARSOTF Army special operations task force

ARSPACE Army Space Command

ARSPOC Army space operations center

ART air reserve technician

ARTCC air route traffic control center

ARTS III Automated Radar Tracking System

AS analog secure; aviation ship

ASA automatic spectrum analyzer

ASARS Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System

ASAS All Source Analysis System

ASAT antisatellite weapon

ASBP Armed Services Blood Program

ASBPO Armed Services Blood Program Office

ASC acting Service chief; Aeronautical Systems Center; Air

Systems Command; assign switch classmark; Automatic

Digital Network switching center

ASCC Air Standardization Coordinating Committee

ASCIET all Services combat identification evaluation team

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASCS air support control section

ASD(A&L) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Logistics)

ASD(C) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)

ASD(C3I) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control,

Communications, and Intelligence)

ASD(FM&P) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management and

Personnel)

ASD(FMP) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management Policy)

ASD(HA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs)

ASDI analog simple data interface

ASD(ISA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security

Affairs)

ASD(ISP) Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security

Policy)

ASD(LA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Legislative Affairs)

ASD(P&L) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Production and Logistics)

ASD(PA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)

ASD(PA&E) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and

Evaluation)

ASD(RA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs)
A-10

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

ASD(RSA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Regional Security Affairs)

ASD(S&R) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Strategy and

Requirements)

ASD(SO/LIC) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations and

Low Intensity Conflict)

ASE aircraft survivability equipment; automated stabilization

equipment

ASF aeromedical staging facility

ASG area support group

ASI assign and display switch initialization

ASIF Airlift Support Industrial Fund

ASL allowable supply list; archipelagic sea lane; assign switch

locator (SL) routing; authorized stockage list (Army)

ASM armored scout mission; automated scheduling message

ASMD antiship missile defense

ASO air support operations

ASOC air support operations center

ASOFDTG as of date/time group

ASPP acquisition systems protection program

ASPPO Armed Service Production Planning Office

ASR available supply rate

ASSETREP transportation assets report

AST assign secondary traffic channels

ASTS aeromedical staging squadron

ASW antisubmarine warfare; average surface wind

ASWBPL Armed Services Whole Blood Processing Laboratories

ASWC antisubmarine warfare commander

AT annual training; antiterrorism

At total attainable search area

ATA Airlift Tanker Association; airport traffic area

ATAC antiterrorism alert center (Navy)

ATACC advanced tactical air command center

ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System

ATACO air tactical actions control officer

ATACS Army Tactical Communications System

ATAF Allied Tactical Air Force (NATO)

ATBM antitactical ballistic missile

ATC air target chart; Air Threat Conference; air traffic control;

air transportable clinic (USAF)

ATCA Allied Tactical Communications Agency

ATCAA air traffic control assigned airspace

ATCALS air traffic control and landing system

ATCC air traffic control center; Antiterrorism Coordinating

Committee

ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System

ATCS air traffic control section

ATDL1 Army tactical data link 1

ATDLS Advanced Tactical Data Link System
A-11

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ATDM adaptive time division multiplexer

ATDS airborne tactical data system

ATF amphibious task force; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

Firearms (TREAS)

AT/FP antiterrorism/force protection

ATG assign trunk group cluster

ATGM antitank guided missile; antitank guided munition

ATH air transportable hospital; assign thresholds

ATHS Airborne Target Handover System

ATM air target material; assign traffic metering

ATMCT air terminal movement control team

ATMP Air Target Materials Program

ATN assign thresholds

ATO air tasking order

ATOC air tactical operations center; air terminal operations center

ATOCONF air tasking order/confirmation

ATP Allied tactical publication

ATR attrition reserve

ATS air traffic service; assign terminal service

ATSD(AE) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy)

ATSD(IO) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Intelligence

Oversight)

ATT assign terminal type

ATTU air transportable treatment unit

AUEL automated unit equipment list

AUG application user group

AUIC active duty unit identification code

AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network

AUTOSEVOCOM Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network

AUX auxiliary

AV air vehicle

AV-8 Harrier

AVDTG analog via digital trunk group

AVGAS aviation gasoline

AVIM aviation intermediate maintenance

AVL assign variable location

AVOU analog voice orderwire unit

AVOW analog voice orderwire

AVS audiovisual squadron

AVUM aviation unit maintenance

AV/VI audiovisual/visual information

AW acoustic warfare; air warfare

AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System

AWADS adverse weather aerial delivery system

AWC air warfare commander

AWCAP airborne weapons corrective action program

AWCCM acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures

AWCM acoustic warfare countermeasures
A-12

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

AWN Automated Weather Network

AWOL absent without leave

AWS Air Weather Service

AWSE armament weapons support equipment

AWSIM air warfare simulation model

AWSR Air Weather Service regulation

AXP ambulance exchange point

AXX assign XXX routing

AZR assign zone restriction lists

B

B cross-over barrier pattern

B-52 Stratofortress

B&A boat and aircraft

BAF backup alert force

BAG baggage

BAH basic allowance for housing

BAI backup aircraft inventory; battlefield air interdiction

BAS basic allowance for subsistence; battalion aid station

BATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

B/B baseband

BB breakbulk

BBL barrel (42 US gallons)

BC bottom current

BCAT beddown capability assessment tool

BCD battlefield coordination detachment

BCI bit count integrity

BCN beacon

BCOC base cluster operations center

BCR baseline change request

BCTP battle command training program

BCU beach clearance unit

BDA battle damage assessment

BDC blood donor center

BDE brigade

BDL beach discharge lighter

BDOC base defense operations center

BDR battle damage repair

BDZ base defense zone

BE basic encyclopedia

BEN base encyclopedia number

BE number basic encyclopedia number

BER bit error ratio

BES budget estimate submission

BGC boat group commander

BI battle injury

BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs
A-13

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

BIAS Battlefield Illumination Assistance System

BIDDS Base Information Digital Distribution System

BIDE basic identity data element

BIFC Boise Interagency Fire Center

BIH International Time Bureau (Bureau International

d’l’Heure)

BINM Bureau of International Narcotics Matters

BIO biological; Bureau of International Organizations

BISS base installation security system

BIT built-in test

BITE built-in test equipment

BIU beach interface unit

BLCP beach lighterage control point

BLDREP blood report

BLDSHIPREP blood shipment report

BLM Bureau of Land Management

BLOS beyond line of sight

BLS beach landing site

BLT battalion landing team

BM battle management; beachmaster

BMC4I Battle Management Command, Control, Communications,

Computers, and Intelligence

BMCT begin morning civil twilight

BMD ballistic missile defense

BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization

BMEWS ballistic missile early warning system

BMU beachmaster unit

BN battalion

BMNT begin morning nautical twilight

BOC base operations center

BOCCA Bureau of Coordination of Civil Aircraft (NATO)

BOG beach operations group

BOH bottom of hill

BOS base operating support

BOSG base operations support group

BP battle position; block parity

BPD blood products depot

BPG beach party group

BPI bits per inch

BPO blood program office

BPPBS bi-annual planning, programming, and budget system

BPS basic psychological operations study; bits per second

BPSK biphase shift keying

BPT beach party team

BPWRR bulk petroleum war reserve requirement

BPWRS bulk petroleum war reserve stocks

BR budget review

BRAC base realignment and closure
A-14

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

BRC base recovery course

BS battle staff; broadcast source

BSA beach support area; brigade support area

BSC black station clock

BSC ro black station clock receive out

BSP base support plan

BSSG brigade service support group

BSU blood supply unit

BTB believed-to-be

BTC blood transshipment center

BTG basic target graphic

BTOC battalion tactical operations center

BTU beach termination unit

BULK bulk cargo

BVR beyond visual range

BW bandwidth; biological warfare; biological weapon

BZ buffer zone

C

C centigrade; clock; coverage factor; creeping line pattern

C&A certification and accreditation

C&LAT cargo and loading analysis table

C2 command and control

C2-attack an offensive form of command and control warfare

C2E command and control element

C2IP Command and Control Initiatives Program

C2IPS Command and Control Information Processing System

C2P command and control protection

C2-protect a defensive form of command and control warfare

C2S command and control support

C2W command and control warfare

C3 command, control, and communications

C3AG Command, Control, and Communications Advisory Group

C3CM command, control, and communications countermeasures

C3I command, control, communications, and intelligence

C3IC coalition coordination, communications, and integration

center

C3SMP Command, Control, and Communications Systems Master

Plan

C4 command, control, communications, and computers

C4CM command, control, communications, and computer

countermeasures

C4I command, control, communications, computers, and

intelligence

C4IFTW command, control, communications, computers, and

intelligence for the Warrior
A-15

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

C4ISR command, control, communications, computers,

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

C4S command, control, communications, and computer

systems

C4 systems command, control, communications, and computer

systems

C-5 Galaxy

C-17 Globemaster III

C-21 Learjet

C-27 Spartan

C-130 Hercules

C-141 Starlifter

CA civil administration; civil affairs; combat assessment

CAA civil air augmentation; Command Arrangement

Agreements

CAB combat aviation brigade

CAC current actions center

CACTIS community automated intelligence system

CAD cartridge actuated device; collective address designator

CADRS concern and deficiency reporting system

CADS containerized ammunition distribution system

CAEMS Computer-aided Embarkation Management System

CAF Canadian Air Force; Combat Air Forces

CAFMS computer-assisted force management system

CAG civil affairs group; collective address group

CAIMS conventional ammunition integrated management system

CAINS carrier aircraft inertial navigation system

CAL caliber

CALCM conventional air-launched cruise missile

CALMS computer-aided load manifesting system

CAM chemical agent monitor; crisis action module

CAMPS consolidated air mobility planning system

CAMT countering air and missile threats

CANA convalescent antidote for nerve agent

CANR Canadian NORAD region

CANUS Canada-United States

CAO chief administrative officer; counterair operation

CAOC combat air operations center; combined air operations

center

CAO SOP standing operating procedures for coordination of atomic

operations

CAP Civil Air Patrol; combat air patrol; configuration and alarm

panel; Consolidated Appeals Process (UN); crisis action

planning

CAR Chief of the Army Reserve

CARDA continental United States airborne reconnaissance for

damage assessment; continental United States area

reconnaissance for damage assessment
A-16

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere

(CAREUSA)

CARIBROC Caribbean Regional Operations Center

CARP computed air release point; contingency alternate route

plan

CARS combat arms regimental system

CARVER criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect,

recognizability

CAS casualty; civil aviation security; close air support

CASEVAC casualty evacuation

CASP computer-aided search planning

CASPER contact area summary position report

CASREP casualty report

CASREQ close air support request

CAT category; crisis action team

CATCC carrier air traffic control center

CATF commander, amphibious task force

CAU crypto ancillary unit; cryptographic auxiliary unit

CAVU ceiling and visibility unlimited

CAW carrier air wing

CAW/ESS crisis action weather and environmental support system

CAX computer-assisted exercise

C-B chemical-biological

CB chemical-biological; construction battalion (SEABEES)

CBBLS hundreds of barrels

CBD chemical, biological defense

CBFS cesium beam frequency standard

CBLTU common battery line terminal unit

CBMR capabilities-based munitions requirements

CBMU construction battalion maintenance unit

CBPO Consolidated Base Personnel Office

CBPS chemical biological protective shelter

CBR chemical, biological, and radiological

CBRN Caribbean Basin Radar Network; chemical, biological,

radiological, or nuclear

CBS common battery signaling

CBT combatting terrorism; common battery terminal

CBTZ combat zone

CBU cluster bomb unit; conference bridge unit; construction

battalion unit

CBW chemical and biological warfare

C/C cabin cruiser; cast off and clear

CC command center; component command (NATO)

CCA carrier-controlled approach; circuit card assembly;

container control activity; contamination control area;

contingency capabilities assessment; contract

construction agent (DOD)
A-17

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CCB Community Counterterrorism Board; Configuration

Control Board

CCC crisis coordination center; critical control circuit; coalition

coordination cell; cross-cultural communications course

CCD camouflage, concealment, and deception

CCE container control element; continuing criminal enterprise

CCEB Combined Communications-Electronics Board

CCF collection coordination facility

CCG crisis coordination group

CCGD commander, Coast Guard district

CCIB command center integration branch

CCIR commander’s critical information requirements;

International Radio Consultative Committee

CCIS common channel interswitch signaling

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative

Committee

CCIU CEF control interface unit

CCJTF commander, combined joint task force

CCL communications/computer link

CCO central control officer; combat cargo officer

CCP casualty collection point; consolidated cryptologic

program; consolidation and containerization point

CCPDS command center processing and display system

CCRD CINCs required delivery date

CCS central control ship; container control site

CCSA containership cargo stowage adapter

CCSD command communications service designator; control

communications service designator

CCT collaborative contingency targeting; combat control team

CCTI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff commended training

issue

CCTV closed circuit television

CCW 1980 United Nations Convention on Conventional

Weapons; continuous carrier wave

CD channel designator; counterdrug

C-day unnamed day on which a deployment operation begins

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDF combined distribution frame

CDI cargo disposition instructions; conditioned diphase

C di conditioned diphase

CDIP combined defense improvement project

CDIPO counterdrug intelligence preparation for operations

CDLMS common data link management system

CDM cable driver modem

CDMGB cable driver modem group buffer

CDN compressed dial number

CDO command duty officer

CDOC counterdrug operations center
A-18

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

CDOPS counterdrug operations

CDP landing craft air cushion departure point

CDR commander; continuous data recording

CDRESC commander, electronic security command

CDREUDAC Commander, European Command Defense Analysis

Center (ELINT) or European Data Analysis Center

CDRFORSCOM Commander, Forces Command

CDRG catastrophic disaster response group (FEMA)

CDRL contract data requirements list

CDRMTMC Commander, Military Traffic Management Command

CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory

CDRUSAINSCOM Commander, United States Army Intelligence and Security

Command

CDRUSELEMNORAD Commander, United States Element, North American

Aerospace Defense Command

CDS Chief of Defence Staff (Canada); container delivery system

CDSO counterdrug support office

CDSSC continuity of operations plan designated successor service

chief

CDU counterdrug update

C-E communications-electronics

CE civil engineering; command element (MAGTF);

communications-electronics; counterespionage

CEB combat engineer battalion

CEC civil engineering corps

CECOM communications-electronics command

CEDREP communications-electronics deployment report

CEE captured enemy equipment

CEF civil engineering file; common equipment facility

CEG common equipment group

CEI critical employment indicator

CEM combined effects munition

CEMC communications-electronics management center

CEOI communications-electronics operating instructions

CEP cable entrance panel; circular error probable

CEPOD communications-electronics post-deployment report

CERF Central Emergency Revolving Fund (UN)

CERT computer emergency response team

CERTSUB certain submarine

CES coast earth station

CESE civil engineering support equipment; communications

equipment support element

CESG communications equipment support group

CESO civil engineer support office

CESP civil engineering support plan

CESPG civil engineering support plan group; civil engineering

support planning generator

CF causeway ferry; drift error confidence factor
A-19

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CFA Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes (UN)

CFACC combined force air component commander

CFC Combined Forces Command, Korea

CFL Contingency Planning Facilities List; coordinated fire line

CFM cubic feet per minute

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CFSO counterintelligence force protection source operations

CG Chairman’s guidance; Coast Guard; comptroller general

CGAS Coast Guard Air Station

CGAUX Coast Guard Auxiliary

CGC Coast Guard Cutter

CGCAP Coast Guard capabilities plan

CGFMFLANT Commanding General, Fleet Marine Forces, Atlantic

CGFMFPAC Commanding General, Fleet Marine Forces, Pacific

CGLSMP Coast Guard logistic support and mobilization plan

CGS common ground station; continental United States ground

station

CH channel; contingency hospital

CH-53 Sea Stallion

CHAMPUS Civilian Health and Medical Program for the Uniformed

Services

CHB cargo handling battalion

CHCSS Chief, Central Security Service

CHE cargo-handling equipment; container-handling equipment

CHET customs high endurance tracker

CHOP change of operational control

CHPPM US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive

Medicine

CHRIS chemical hazard response information system

CHSTR characteristics of transportation resources

CHSTREP characteristics of transportation resources report

CI civilian internee; counterintelligence

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CIAP central intelligence architecture plan; command, control,

communications, computers, intelligence surveillance,

reconnaissance (C4ISR) integrated architecture program;

command intelligence architecture plan; command

intelligence architecture program

CIAS counterintelligence analysis section

CIAT counterintelligence analytic team

CIB combined information bureau; controlled image base

CIC combat information center; combat intelligence center

(Marine Corps); combined intelligence center;

communications interface controller; content indicator

code; counterintelligence center

CID combat identification; combat intelligence division;

criminal investigation division

CIDB common intelligence database
A-20

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

CIDC Criminal Investigation Division Command

CIEG/CIEL common information exchange glossary and language

CIF CINC Initiative Fund

CIG communications interface group

CIHO counterintelligence/human intelligence officer

CIL critical item list

CILO counterintelligence liaison officer

CIMIC civil-military cooperation

CIN cargo increment number

CINC combatant commander; commander in chief; commander

of a combatant command

CINCAFLANT Commander in Chief, Air Forces Atlantic

CINCARLANT Commander in Chief, Army Forces Atlantic

CINCCENT Commander in Chief, United States Central Command

CINCCFC Commander in Chief, Combined Forces Command

CINCJFCOM Commander in Chief, United States Joint Forces Command

CINCLANTFLT Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet

CINCNET CINCs’ network

CINCNORAD Commander in Chief, North American Aerospace Defense

Command

CINCPACAF Commander in Chief, Pacific Air Forces

CINCPACFLT Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet

CINCUNC Commander in Chief, United Nations Command

CINCUSAREUR Commander in Chief, United States Army, Europe

CINCUSNAVEUR Commander in Chief, United States Naval Forces, Europe

CIP communications interface processor

CIPSU communications interface processor pseudo line

CIR continuing intelligence requirement

CIRM International Radio-Medical Center

CIRV common interswitch rekeying variable

CIRVIS communications instructions for reporting vital intelligence

sightings

CIS common item support; Commonwealth of Independent

States; communications interface shelter

CISO counterintelligence support officer

CIV civilian

CIWG communications interoperability working group

CJATF commander, joint amphibious task force

CJB Congressional Justification Book

CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

CJCSAN Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Alerting Network

CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction

CJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual

CJDA critical joint duty assignment

CJMAO Central Joint Mortuary Affairs Office; Chief, joint

mortuary affairs office

CJTF combined joint task force (NATO); commander, joint task

force
A-21

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CKT circuit

CLA landing craft air cushion launch area

CLEA civilian law enforcement agency

C-level category level

CLF cantilever lifting frame; combat logistics force;

commander, landing force

CLGP cannon-launched guided projectile

CLIPS communications link interface planning system

CLPSB CINC Logistic Procurement Support Board

CLS contracted logistic support

CLZ craft landing zone; cushion landing zone

CM Chairman’s memorandum; collection manager;

configuration management; consequence management;

control modem; countermine

Cm mean coverage factor

CMA collection management authority

CMAH commander of a combatant command’s Mobile Alternate

Headquarters

CMC Commandant of the Marine Corps

Cmc midpoint compromise coverage factor

CMD command; cruise missile defense

CMO chief military observer; civil-military operations;

collections management office(r); configuration

management office

CMOC Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center; civil-military

operations center

CMOS cargo movement operations system; complementary

metal-oxide semiconductor

CMP communications message processor

CMS cockpit management system; command management

system; community management staff; community

security materiel system; contingency mutual support;

crisis management system

CMTS comments

CMTU cartridge magnetic tape unit

CMX crisis management exercise

CN counternarcotic

CNA computer network attack

CNAC Customs National Aviation Center (USCS)

CNASP chairman’s net assessment for strategic planning

CNC Counter-Narcotics Center (CIA); Crime and Narcotics

Center

CNCE communications nodal control element

CND computer network defense; counternarcotics division

CNGB Chief, National Guard Bureau

CNO Chief of Naval Operations

CNOG Chairman, Nuclear Operations Group

CNRF Commander, Naval Reserve Forces
A-22

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

CNTY country

CNWDI critical nuclear weapons design information

CO commanding officer

COA course of action

COB collocated operating base

COBOL common business-oriented language

COC combat operations center

COCOM combatant command (command authority)

COD carrier onboard delivery; combat operations division

COE Army Corps of Engineers; common operating environment

COFC container on flatcar

COGs centers of gravity

COGARD Coast Guard

COIN counterinsurgency

COLDS cargo offload and discharge system

COLISEUM community on-line intelligence system for end-users and

managers

COLT combat observation and lasing team

COM chief of mission; collection operations management;

commander

COMACC Commander, Air Combat Command

COMAFFOR commander, Air Force forces

COMAFSOC Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command

COMALF commander airlift forces

COMARFOR commander, Army forces

COMCAM combat camera

COMCARGRU commander, carrier group

COMCEN communications center

COMCRUDESGRU commander, cruiser destroyer group

COMDCAEUR Commander, Defense Communications Agency Europe

COMDESRON commander destroyer squadron

COMDT COGARD Commandant, United States Coast Guard

COMDTINST Commandant, United States Coast Guard Instruction

COMICEDEFOR Commander, United States Forces, Iceland

COMIDEASTFOR Commander, Middle East Forces

COMINEWARCOM Commander, Mine Warfare Command

COMINT communications intelligence

COMJCSE Commander, Joint Communications Support Element

COMJIC Commander, Joint Intelligence Center

COMJSOTF commander, joint special operations task force

COMLANDFOR commander, land forces

COMLANTAREACOGARD Commander, Coast Guard Atlantic Area

COMLOGGRU combat logistics group

COMM communications

COMMARFOR commander, Marine Corps forces

COMMDZ Commander, Maritime Defense Zone

COMMZ communications zone
A-23

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

COMNAV Committee for European Airspace Coordination Working

Group on Communications and Navigation Aids

COMNAVAIRLANT Commander, Naval Air Force, Atlantic

COMNAVAIRPAC Commander, Naval Air Force, Pacific

COMNAVAIRSYSCOM Commander, Naval Air Systems Command

COMNAVCOMTELCOM Commander, Naval Computer and Telecommunications

Command

COMNAVFOR commander, naval forces

COMNAVSEASYSCOM Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command

COMNAVSECGRP Commander, United States Navy Security Group

COMNAVSURFLANT Commander, Naval Surface Force, Atlantic

COMNAVSURFPAC Commander, Naval Surface Force, Pacific

COMP component

COMPACAREACOGARD Commander, Coast Guard Pacific Area

COMPASS common operational modeling, planning, and simulation

strategy

COMPES contingency operations mobility planning and execution

system

COMPLAN communications plan

COMPUSEC computer security

COMSAT communications satellite

COMSC Commander, Military Sealift Command

COMSEC communications security

COMSOCCENT Commander, Special Operations Command, United States

Central Command

COMSOCEUR Commander, Special Operations Command, United States

European Command

COMSOCLANT Commander Special Operations Command, United States

Atlantic Command

COMSOCPAC Commander Special Operations Command, United States

Pacific Command

COMSOCSOUTH Commander Special Operations Command, United States

Southern Command

COMSOF commander, special operations forces

COMSTAT communications status

COMSUBLANT Commander Submarine Force, United States Atlantic Fleet

COMSUBPAC Commander Submarine Force, United States Pacific Fleet

COMSUPNAVFOR commander, supporting naval forces

COMTAC tactical communications

COMUSAFE Commander in Chief, United States Air Force in Europe

COMUSARCENT Commander, United States Army Forces, Central

Command

COMUSCENTAF Commander, United States Air Force, Central Command

COMUSFORAZ Commander, United States Forces, Azores

COMUSJ Commander, United States Forces, Japan

COMUSK Commander, United States Forces, Korea
A-24

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

COMUSMARCENT Commander, United States Marine Forces, Central

Command

COMUSNAVCENT Commander, United States Navy, Central Command

CONCAP construction capabilities contract; Construction

Capabilities Contract Process; construction capabilities

contract program

CONEX container express

CONEXPLAN contingency and exercise plan

CONOPS concept of operations

CONPLAN concept plan; operation plan in concept format

CONR continental United States North American Aerospace

Defense Command Region

CONTRAIL condensation trail

CONUS continental United States

CONUSA Continental United States Army

COOP continuity of operations

COP common operational picture

COPE custodian of postal effects

COPG chairman, operations planners group

COPS communications operational planning system

CORE contingency response program

COS chief of staff; chief of station; critical occupational specialty

COSCOM corps support command

COSMIC North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) security

category

COSPAS cosmicheskaya sistyema poiska avariynch sudov - space

system for search of distressed vessels (Russian satellite

system)

COT commanding officer of troops

COTHEN Customs Over-the Horizon Enforcement Network (USCS)

COTP captain of the port

COTS cargo offload and transfer system; commercial off-the-shelf

COU cable orderwire unit

counter C3 counter command, control, and communications

COVCOM covert communications

CP check point; collection point; command post; contact point;

counterproliferation

CP&I coastal patrol and interdiction

CPA Chairman’s program assessment; closest point of approach

CPD combat plans division

CPE customer premise equipment

CPFL contingency planning facilities list

CPG central processor group; Contingency Planning Guidance

CPI crash position indicator

CPM civilian personnel manual

CPO chief petty officer; complete provisions only

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Chairman’s program

recommendation
A-25

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CPS characters per second; collective protective shelter

CPU central processing unit

CPX command post exercise

CRA command relationships agreement; coordinating review

authority

CRAF civil reserve air fleet

CRAM control random access memory

CRB configuration review board

CRC circuit routing chart; control and reporting center, CONUS

replacement center; COOP response cell; cyclic

redundancy rate

CRD capstone requirements document; chemical reconnaissance

detachment; CINC’s required date

CRE control reporting element

CRF channel reassignment function

CRI collective routing indicator

CRIF cargo routing information file

CRITIC critical information; critical intelligence communication;

critical message (intelligence)

CRITICOMM critical intelligence communications system

CRM collection requirements management; crew resource

management;

CRP control and reporting post

CRRC combat rubber raiding craft

CRS Catholic Relief Services; Chairman’s readiness system;

coastal radio station; community relations service;

container recovery system

CRSP centralized receiving and shipping point

CRT cathode ray tube

CRTS casualty receiving and treatment ship

CR-UAV close-range unmanned aerial vehicle

CRYPTO cryptographic

CS call sign; Chaplain Service (Air Force); circuit switch;

coastal station; combat support; controlled space;

creeping line single-unit; critical source

CSA Chief of Staff, United States Army; container stuffing

activity

CSAAS combat support agency assessment system

CSADR combat support agency director’s report

CSAF Chief of Staff, United States Air Force

CSAM computer security for acquisition managers

CSAR combat search and rescue

CSAR3 combat support agency responsiveness and readiness

report

CSARTE combat search and rescue task element

CSARTF combat search and rescue task force
A-26

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

CSC commander in chief’s (CINC’s) Strategic Concept;

community support center; creeping line single-unit

coordinated; International Convention for Safe

Containers

CSCC coastal sea control commander

CSE client server environment

CSEL circuit switch select line; combat survivor evader locator

CSEP Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff -sponsored exercise

program

CSG Chairman’s Staff Group; coordinating subgroup;

Cryptologic Services Group (NSA)

CSGN coordinating subgroup for narcotics

CSH combat support hospital

CSI critical safety item; critical sustainability item

CSIF communications service industrial fund

CSIPG circuit switch interface planning guide

CSL combat stores list

CSNP causeway section, nonpowered

CSNP(BE) causeway section, nonpowered (beach end)

CSNP(I) causeway section, nonpowered (intermediate)

CSNP(SE) causeway section, nonpowered (sea end)

CSO communications support organization

CSOA combined special operations area

CSOB command systems operations branch

CSOD command systems operation division

CSP call service position; causeway section, powered;

commence search point; contracting support plan; crisis

staffing procedures (JCS); cryptologic support package

CSPAR commander in chief’s (CINC’s) preparedness assessment

report

CSR commander in chief’s (CINC’s) summary report

CSRF common source route file

CSS central security service; combat service support;

communications subsystem; coordinator surface search

CSSA combat service support area

CSSC coded switch set controller

CSSE combat service support element (MAGTF)

CSSU combat service support unit

CSW compartment stowage worksheet

CT communications terminal; control telemetry;

counterterrorism

CTA common table of allowance

CTAPS contingency Theater Air Control System automated

planning system

CTC counterterrorist center

CTF combined task force

CTG commander, task group

CTID communications transmission identifier
A-27

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CTOC corps tactical operations center

CTRIF Combatting Terrorism Readiness Initiative Fund

CTSS central targeting support staff

CU cubic capacity; common unit

CUL common-user logistics

CULT common-user land transportation

CV aircraft carrier; carrier; curriculum vitae

CVBG carrier battle group

CVISC combat visual information support center

CVN aircraft carrier, nuclear

CVR cockpit voice recorder

CVSD continuous variable slope delta

CVW carrier air wing; cryptovariable weekly (GPS)

CW carrier wave; chemical warfare; continuous wave

CWC Chemical Weapons Convention; composite warfare

commander

CWDE chemical warfare defense equipment

CWO communications watch officer

CWP causeway pier

CWPD Conventional War Plans Division, Joint Staff (J-7)

CWR calm water ramp

CY calendar year

D

D total drift, data

d surface drift

D&M detection and monitoring

D3A decide, detect, deliver, and assess

D/A digital-to-analog

DA data adapter aerospace drift; data administrator;

Department of the Army; direct action; Directorate for

Administration (DIA)

Da aerospace drift

DA&M Director of Administration and Management

DAA designated approving authority; display alternate area

routing lists

DAAS defense automatic addressing system

DAASO defense automatic addressing system office

DAB Defense Acquisition Board

DAC Directorate for Administrative Counterintelligence and

Security Activity

DACB data adapter control block

DACG departure airfield control group

DACM data adapter control mode

DADCAP dawn and dusk combat air patrol

DAF Department of the Air Force

DAICC domestic air interdiction coordinator center
A-28

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

DAL defended asset list

DALS downed aviator locator system

DAMA demand assigned multiple access

DAMES defense automatic addressing system (DAAS) automated

message exchange system

DAN Diver’s Alert Network

DAO Defense Attaché Office; defense attaché officer;

department/agency/organization

DAR distortion adaptive receiver

DARO Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DART disaster assistance response team; downed aircraft recovery

team; dynamic analysis and replanning tool

DAS deep air support (USMC); direct access subscriber; direct

air support

DAS3 decentralized automated service support system

DASA Department of the Army (DA) staff agencies

DASC direct air support center

DASC-A direct air support center (airborne)

DASD Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense

DASD(H&RA) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Humanitarian &

Refugee Affairs)

DASD(I) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Intelligence)

DASD(P&HA) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Peacekeeping and

Humanitarian Affairs)

DASSS decentralized automated service support system

DAT deployment action team

DATT defense attaché

DATU data adapter termination unit

dB decibel

DBA database administrator

DBG database generation

DBI defense budget issue

DBMS database management system

DBOF Defense Business Operations Fund

D/C downconverter

DC Deputies Committee; direct current; dislocated civilian

DCA Defense Communications Agency; defensive counterair;

dual-capable aircraft

DCAA Defense Contract Audit Agency

DCC damage control center; deployment control center

DCCC defense collection coordination center

DCCEP developing country combined exercise program

DCD data collection device

DCI Director of Central Intelligence; dual channel interchange

D/CI&SP Director, Counterintelligence and Security Programs

DCID Director of Central Intelligence Directive

DCJTF deputy commander, joint task force
A-29

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

DCM data channel multiplexer; deputy chief of mission

DCMC Office of Deputy Chairman, Military Committee

DCMO deputy chief military observer

DCN data link coordination net

DCNO Deputy Chief of Naval Operations

DCO defense coordinating officer (DOD); dial central office

DCPA Defense Civil Preparedness Agency

DCPG digital clock pulse generator

DCS Defense Communications System; Defense Courier

Service; deputy chief of staff; digital computer system

DCSCU dual capability servo control unit

DC/S for RA Deputy Chief of Staff for Reserve Affairs

DCSINT Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

DCSLOG Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, US Army

DCSOPS Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, United

States Army

DCSPER Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, United States Army

DD destroyer (Navy ship)

DDA Deputy Director for Administration (CIA); designated

development activity

D-day unnamed day on which operations commence or are

scheduled to commence

DDC data distribution center

DDCI Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (CIA)

DDG guided missile destroyer

DDI Deputy Director of Intelligence (CIA)

DDL digital data link

DDM digital data modem

DDMS deputy director for military support

DDN Defense Data Network

DDO Deputy Director of Operations (CIA)

DDR&E director of defense research and engineering

DDS defense dissemination system; dry deck shelter

DDS&T Deputy Director for Science & Technology (CIA)

DDWSO Deputy Director for Wargaming, Simulation, and

Operations

DE damage expectancy; delay equalizer; directed energy

De total drift error

de individual drift error

DEA Drug Enforcement Administration

dea aerospace drift error

DEACN Drug Enforcement Administration Communications

Network

DEAR disease and environmental alert report

DEARAS Department of Defense (DOD) Emergency Authorities

Retrieval and Analysis System

DeCA Defense Commissary Agency

DECL declassify
A-30

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

DEFCON defense readiness condition

DEFSMAC Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center

DEL deployable equipment list

DEMARC demarcation

de max maximum drift error

de min minimum drift error

de minimax minimax drift error

DeMS deployment management system

DEMUX demultiplex

DEP Delayed Entry Program; deployed

DEP&S Drug Enforcement Plans and Support

DEPCJTF deputy commander, joint task force

DEPID deployment indicator code

DEPMEDS deployable medical systems

DepOpsDeps Service deputy operations deputies

DESCOM Depot System Command (Army)

DESIGAREA designated area message

DEST destination

DET detachment; detainee

DETRESFA distress phase (ICAO)

DEW directed-energy warfare

DF direction finding; dispersion factor; disposition form

DFAS Defense Finance and Accounting Service

DFC deputy force commander

DFE division force equivalent

DFM deterrent force module

DFO disaster field office (FEMA)

DFR Defense Fuel Region

DFR/E Defense Fuel Region, Europe

DFR/ME Defense Fuel Region, Middle East

DFSC Defense Fuel Supply Center

DFSP Defense Fuel Support Point

DFT deployment for training

DG defense guidance

DGIAP Defense General Intelligence and Applications Program

DGM digital group multiplex

DGZ desired ground zero

DH death due to hostilities

DHHS Department of Health and Human Services

DHS Defense Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Service; Director

of Health Services

DI DIA Directorate for Intelligence Production; discrete

identifier; dynamic interface

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DIAC Defense Intelligence Analysis Center

DIAM Defense Intelligence Agency manual; Defense Intelligence

Agency memorandum

DIAR Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) regulation
A-31

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

DIBITS digital in-band interswitch trunk signaling

DIBRS defense incident-based reporting system

DIBTS digital in-band trunk signaling

DICO Data Information Coordination Office

DIDHS Deployable Intelligence Data Handling System

DIDS Defense Intelligence Dissemination System

DIEB Defense Intelligence Executive Board

DIEPS Digital Imagery Exploitation Production System

DIG digital

DII defense information infrastructure

DIILS Defense Institute of International Legal Studies

DILPA diphase loop modem-A

DIMA drilling individual mobilization augmentee

DIN defense intelligence notice

DINET Defense Industrial Net

DIOC drug interdiction operations center

DIPC defense industrial plant equipment center

DIPGM diphase supergroup modem

DIRINT Director of Intelligence

DIRJIATF director, joint inter-agency task force

DIRLAUTH direct liaison authorized

DIRM Directorate for Information and Resource Management

DIRMOBFOR director of mobility forces

DIRNSA Director, National Security Agency

DIS daily intelligence summary; defense information system;

Defense Investigative Service; distributed interactive

simulation

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DISANMOC Defense Information Systems Agency Network

Management and Operations Center

DISCOM division support command (Army)

DISGM diphase supergroup

DISN Defense Information Systems Network

DISN-E Defense Information Systems Network – Europe

DISO Defense Intelligence Support Office

DISP drug investigation support program (FAA)

DISUM daily intelligence summary

DITDS defense information threat data system; defense

intelligence threat data system

DITSUM defense intelligence terrorist summary

DJS Director, Joint Staff

DJSM Director, Joint Staff memorandum

DJTFAC deployable joint task force augmentation cell

DLA Defense Logistics Agency

DLAM Defense Logistics Agency manual

DLAR Defense Logistics Agency regulation

DLEA drug law enforcement agency

DLED dedicated loop encryption device
A-32

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

DLP data link processor

DLPMA diphase loop modem A

DLQ deck landing qualification

DLR depot-level repairable

DLSA Defense Legal Services Agency

DLTM digital line termination module

DLTU digital line termination unit

DM detection and monitoring

dmax maximum drift distance

DMB datum marker buoy

DMC data mode control

DMD digital message device

DMDC defense management data center; defense manpower data

center

DME distance measuring equipment

DMI director military intelligence

dmin minimum drift distance

DML data manipulation language

DMO directory maintenance official

DMOS duty military occupational specialty

DMPI designated mean point of impact

DMRD defense management resource decision

DMRIS defense medical regulating information system

DMS defense message system; defense meteorological system;

director of military support

DMSB Defense Medical Standardization Board

DMSO Defense Modeling and Simulation Office; director of major

staff office; Division Medical Supply Office

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

DMSSC defense medical systems support center

DMT disaster management team (UN)

DMU disk memory unit

DMZ demilitarized zone

DN digital nonsecure

DNA Defense Nuclear Agency; deoxyribonucleic acid

DNBI disease and nonbattle injury

DNBI casualty disease and nonbattle injury casualty

DNC digital nautical chart

DNI Director of Naval Intelligence

DNIF duty not involving flying

DNMSP driftnet monitoring support program

DNSO Defense Network Systems Organization

DNVT digital nonsecure voice terminal

DNY display area code (NYX) routing

DO Directorate for Intelligence Operations (DIA)

DOA dead on arrival; director of administration

DOB date of birth; dispersal operating base

DOC designed operational capability
A-33

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

DOCC deep operations coordination cell

DOCDIV documents division

DOCEX document exploitation

DOD Department of Defense

DODAAC Department of Defense activity address code

DODAC DOD ammunition code

DODD Department of Defense directive

DODDS Department of Defense Dependent Schools

DODEX Department of Defense intelligence system information

system extension

DODI Department of Defense instruction

DODIC Department of Defense identification code

DODID Department of Defense Intelligence Digest

DODIIS Department of Defense Intelligence Information System

DODIPC Department of Defense intelligence production community

DODIPP Department of Defense Intelligence Production Program

DOD-JIC Department of Defense Joint Intelligence Center

DODM data orderwire diphase modem; Department of Defense

manual

DODR Department of Defense regulation

DOE Department of Energy

DOF degree of freedom

DOI Defense Special Security Communications System

(DSSCS) Operating Instructions; Department of Interior

DOJ Department of Justice

DOL Department of Labor

DOM day of month

DOMS director of military support

DON Department of the Navy

DOPMA Defense Officer Personnel Management Act

DOR date of rank

DOS date of separation; day of supply; denial of service;

Department of State; disk operating system

DOT Department of Transportation

DOTEO Department of Transportation emergency organization

DOW data orderwire; died of wounds

DOX-T direct operational exchange - tactical

DOY day of year

DP Air Force component plans officer (staff); Directorate for

Policy Support (DIA)

dp parachute drift

DPA Defense Production Act

DPAS Defense Priorities and Allocation System

DPC Defense Planning Committee (NATO)

DPG Defense Planning Guidance

DPICM dual purpose improved conventional munitions

DPLSM dipulse group modem

DPM dissemination program manager
A-34

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

DPMO Defense Prisoner of War (POW)/Missing Personnel (MP)

Office

DPP data patch panel; distributed production program

DPPDB digital point positioning database

DPQ defense planning questionnaire (NATO)

DPR display non-nodal routing

DPRB Defense Planning and Resources Board

DPRE displaced persons, refugees, and evacuees

DPS data processing system

DPSC Defense Personnel Support Center

DPSK differential phase shift keying

DR dead reckoning; digital receiver; disaster relief

DRB Defense Resources Board

DRe dead reckoning error

DRMD deployments requirements manning document

DRMO Defense Reutilization Marketing Office

DRMS distance root-mean-square

DRT dead reckoning tracer

DRTC designated reporting technical control

DS Directorate for Information Systems and Services (DIA);

direct support; doctrine sponsor

DSA defense special assessment (DIA)

DSAA Defense Security Assistance Agency

DSAR Defense Supply Agency regulation

DSB digital in-band trunk signaling (DIBTS) signaling buffer

DSC digital selective calling

DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System

DSCSOC Defense Satellite Communications System operations

center

DSDI digital simple data interface

DSG digital signal generator

DSI defense simulation internet

DSL display switch locator (SL) routing

DSMAC digital scene-matching area correlation

DSN Defense Switched Network

DSNET Defense Secure Network

DSNET-2 Defense Secure Network-2

DSO domestic support operation

DSOE deployment schedule of events

DSP Defense Satellite Program; Defense Support Program

DSPL display system programming language

DSPS Director, Security Plans and Service

DSSCS Defense Special Security Communications System

DSSO data system support organization; defense systems support

organization

DSTP Director of Strategic Target Planning

DSTR destroy

DSVL doppler sonar velocity log
A-35

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

DSVT digital subscriber voice terminal

DTE data terminal equipment; developmental test and

evaluation

DTED digital terrain elevation data

DTG date-time group; digital trunk group (digital transmission

group)

DTMF dual tone multi-frequency

DTMR defense traffic management regulation

DTO division transportation office

DTOC division tactical operations center

DTR defense transportation regulation

DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency

DTS Defense Transportation System; diplomatic

telecommunications service

DUSDL Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Logistics

DUSDP Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

DUSTWUN duty status-whereabouts unknown

DVA Department of Veterans Affairs

DVITS Digital Video Imagery Transmission System

DVOW digital voice orderwire

DWMCF double-wide modular causeway ferry

DWRIA died of wounds received in action

DWT deadweight tonnage

DWTS Digital Wideband Transmission System

DX direct exchange

DZ drop zone

DZC drop zone controller

DZCO drop zone control officer

DZSO drop zone safety officer

DZST drop zone support team

DZSTL drop zone support team leader

E

E total probable error

E&DCP evaluation and data collection plan

E&E evasion and escape

E&M ear and mouth; special signaling leads

E&R evasion and recovery

E1 Echelon 1

E2 Echelon 2

E3 Echelon 3; electromagnetic environmental effects

E4 Echelon 4

E5 Echelon 5

E-8C joint surveillance, target attack radar system (JSTARS)

aircraft

EA electronic attack (previously ECM); emergency action;

executive agent; executive assistant
A-36

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

ea each

EAC echelons above corps (Army); emergency action;

emergency action committee

EAD earliest arrival date; echelons above division (Army);

extended active duty

EAF expeditionary aerospace forces

EALT earliest anticipated launch time

EAM emergency action message

EAP emergency action plan; emergency action procedures

EAP-CJCS emergency action procedures of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff

EARLY evasion and recovery supplemental data report

E-ARTS en route automated radar tracking system

EASTPAC eastern Pacific Ocean

EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange code

EC electronic combat; error control; European Community

ECAC Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center

ECB echelons corps and below (Army)

ECC evacuation control center

ECN electronic change notice; Minimum Essential Emergency

Communications Network

ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN)

ECP emergency command precedence; engineering change

proposal

ECS expeditionary combat support

ECU environmental control unit

ED envelope delay; evaluation directive

EDC estimated date of completion

EDD earliest delivery date

EDI electronic data interchange

EDSS equipment deployment and storage system

EE emergency establishment

EEBD emergency escape breathing device

EECT end evening civil twilight

EED electro-explosive device

EEFI essential elements of friendly information

EELV evolved expendable launch vehicle

EEO equal employment opportunity

EEPROM electronic erasable programmable read-only memory

EER extended echo ranging

EEZ exclusive economic zone

EFTO encrypt for transmission only

EGS Earth ground station

EHF extremely high frequency

EI exercise item

EIA Electronic Industries Association

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ELBA emergency locator beacon
A-37

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ELCAS elevated causeway system

ELCAS(M) elevated causeway system (modular)

ELCAS(NL) elevated causeway system (Navy lighterage)

ELD emitter locating data

ELECTRO-OPTINT electro-optical intelligence

ELINT electronic intelligence

ELOS extended line of sight

ELPP equal level patch panel

ELR extra-long-range aircraft

ELSEC electronics security

ELSET element set

ELT emergency locator transmitter

ELV expendable launch vehicle

ELVA emergency low visibility approach

EM executive manager

EMC electromagnetic compatibility

EMCON emission control

EMCON orders emission control orders

EME electromagnetic environment

EMEDS Expeditionary Medical Support

EMI electromagnetic interface; electromagnetic interference

EMP electromagnetic pulse

EMR hazards electromagnetic radiation hazards

EMS emergency medical services

EMSEC emanations security

EMT emergency medical technician; emergency medical

treatment

EMV electromagnetic vulnerability

ENDEX exercise termination

ENL enlisted

ENSCE enemy situation correlation element

ENWGS Enhanced Naval Warfare Gaming System

EO electro-optical; end office; equal opportunity; executive

order; eyes only

EOB electronic order of battle; enemy order of battle

EOC early operational capability; emergency operations center

EOD explosive ordnance disposal

EOI electro-optic(al) imagery

EO-IR electro-optical-infrared

EOL end of link

EOM end of message

EOP emergency operating procedures

EOW engineering orderwire

EP electronic protection; emergency procedures; execution

planning

EPA Environmental Protection Agency; evasion plan of action

EPBX electronic private branch exchange

EPF enhanced palletized load system (PLS) flatrack
A-38

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

EPH emergency planning handbook

EPIC El Paso Intelligence Center

EPIRB emergency position-indicating radio beacon

EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory

EPW enemy prisoner of war

EPW/CI enemy prisoner of war/civilian internee

ERGM extended range guided munitions

ERO engine running on or offload

ERSD estimated return to service date

ERT emergency response team (FEMA)

ERT-A emergency response team – advance

ES electronic warfare support (previously ESM)

ESB engineer support battalion

ESC Electronics Systems Center

ESF Economic Support Fund; emergency support function

ESG executive steering group

ESGN electrically suspended gyro navigation

ESI extremely sensitive information

ESO embarkation staff officer

EST emergency service team; emergency support team

(FEMA); en route support team

ETA estimated time of arrival

ETAC emergency tactical air control; enlisted terminal attack

controller

ETD estimated time of departure

ETI estimated time of intercept

ETIC estimated time for completion; estimated time in

commission

ETM electronic transmission

ETPL endorsed TEMPEST products list

ETR export traffic release

ETS European telephone system

ETSS extended training service specialist

ETX end of text

EU European Union

E-UAV endurance unmanned aerial vehicle

EUB essential user bypass

EURV essential user rekeying variable

EUSA Eighth US Army

EUSCS effective US controlled ships

EVC evasion chart

EW early warning; electronic warfare

EWC electronic warfare coordinator

EWCS electronic warfare control ship

EW/GCI early warning/ground-controlled intercept

EWIR electronic warfare integrated reprogramming

EWO electronic warfare officer

EXCIMS Executive Council for Modeling and Simulations
A-39

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

EXCOM extended communications search

ExCom executive committee

EXDIR Executive Director (CIA)

EXDIR/ICA Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs

(USG)

EXER exercise

EXORD execute order

EXPLAN exercise plan

EZ extraction zone

EZCO extraction zone control officer

F

F flare patterns; flash

FA feasibility assessment; field artillery

FAA Federal Aviation Administration; Foreign Assistance Act

FAC forward air controller

FAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)

FACSFAC fleet area control and surveillance facility

FAD feasible arrival date; force activity designator

FAE fuel air explosive

FAM functional area manager

FAMP forward area minefield planning

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN); foreign area

officer

FAPES Force Augmentation Planning and Execution System

FAR Federal Aviation Regulation

FARP forward arming and refueling point

FAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA); frequency

assignment subcommittee; fueling at sea; functional

account symbol

FASCAM family of scatterable mines

FAX facsimile

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service

FC field circular; floating causeway; floating craft; force

commander

FCA functional configuration audit

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FCE forward command element

FCG foreign clearance guide

FCO Federal coordinating officer

FCP fire control party

FCT firepower control team

FDA Food and Drug Administration

FDBM functional database manager

FDC fire direction center

FDESC force description
A-40

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

FDL fast deployment logistics

FDLP flight deck landing practice

FDM frequency division multiplexing

FDO fire direction officer; flexible deterrent option; flight deck

officer

FDR/FA flight data recorder/fault analyzer

FDS fault detection system

FDSL fixed directory subscriber list

FDSS fault detection subsystem

FDSSS flight deck status and signaling system

FDUL fixed directory unit list

FDX full duplex

FEBA forward edge of the battle area

FEC forward error correction

FED-STD federal standard

FEK frequency exchange keying

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

FEP fleet satellite (FLTSAT) extremely high frequency (EHF)

package

FEU forty-foot equivalent unit

FEZ fighter engagement zone

FF navy fast frigate

Ff fatigue correction factor

FFA free-fire area

FFCC force fires coordination center

FFE fire for effect; flame field expedients

FFG guided missile frigate

FFH fast frequency hopping

FFH-net fast-frequency-hopping net

FFHT-net fast-frequency-hopping training net

FFP fresh frozen plasma

FFTU forward freight terminal unit

FG fighter group

FGMDSS Future Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

FH fleet hospital

FHA Bureau for Food and Humanitarian Assistance; Federal

Highway Administration; foreign humanitarian

assistance

F-hour effective time of announcement by the Secretary of Defense

to the Military Departments of a decision to mobilize

Reserve units

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FIA functional interoperability architecture

FIC force indicator code

FID foreign internal defense

FIDAF foreign internal defense augmentation force

FIE fly-in echelon

FIFO first-in-first-out
A-41

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

FIR first-impressions report; flight information region

FIRCAP foreign intelligence requirements capabilities and priorities

FIS flight information service; foreign intelligence service

FISC fleet and industrial supply center

FISINT foreign instrumentation signals intelligence

FISS foreign intelligence security service

FIST fire support team; fleet imagery support terminal

FIWC fleet information warfare center

FIXe navigational fix error

FLAR forward-looking airborne radar

FLETC Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

FLIP flight information publication; flight instruction procedures

FLIR forward-looking infrared

FLO/FLO float-on/float-off

FLOLS fresnel lens optical landing system

FLOT forward line of own troops

FLP force level planning

FLS forward logistic site

FLTCINC fleet commander in chief

FLTSAT fleet satellite

FLTSATCOM fleet satellite communications

FM field manual (Army); financial management; flare

multiunit; force module; frequency modulation;

functional manager

FMA-net frequency management A-net

FMAS foreign media analysis subsystem

FMC force movement characteristics; full mission-capable

FMCC force movement control center (USMC)

FMCH fleet multichannel

FMCR Fleet Marine Corps Reserve

FMF Fleet Marine Force

FMFP foreign military financing program

FMID force module identifier

FMO frequency management office

FMP force module package

FMS force module subsystem; foreign military sales

FMSC frequency management sub-committee

FMT-net frequency management training net

FNOC Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Command

FNS foreign nation support

FO fiber optic; flash override; forward observer

FOB forward operating base; forward operations base

FOC full operational capability

FOD field operations division; foreign object damage

FOFW fiber optic field wire

FOI fault detection isolation

FOIA Freedom of Information Act

FOIU fiber optic interface unit
A-42

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

FOL fiber optic link; forward operating location

FON freedom of navigation (operations)

FORSCOM United States Army Forces Command

FORSTAT force status and identity report

FOS full operational status

FOT follow-on operational test

FOUO for official use only

FOV field of view

FP firing point; force protection; frequency panel

FPA foreign policy advisor

FPC field press censorship

FPD foreign post differential

FPM Federal personnel manual

FPO Fleet post office

FPTS forward propagation by tropospheric scatter

FR final report; frequency response

FRA Federal Railroad Administration (DOT)

FRAG fragmentation code

FRAG order fragmentary order

FRD formerly restricted data

FREQ frequency

FRMAC Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center

(DOE)

FRN force requirement number

FROG free rocket over ground

FRP Federal response plan (USG)

FRRS frequency resource record system

FS fighter squadron; file separator; file server; flare single-unit

fs search radius safety factor

FSA fire support area

FSB fire support base; forward staging base; forward support

battalion

FSC fire support coordinator

FSCC fire support coordination center

FSCL fire support coordination line

FSCM fire support coordinating measure

FSCOORD fire support coordinator

FSE fire support element

FSK frequency shift key

FSN foreign service national

FSO fire support officer; flight safety officer; foreign service

officer

FSS fast sealift ships; fire support station; flight service station

FSSG force service support group (USMC)

FSST forward space support to theater

FST fleet surgical team

FSU former Soviet Union; forward support unit

FSW feet of seawater
A-43

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ft feet; foot

ft3 cubic feet

FTC Federal Trade Commission

FTRG fleet tactical readiness group

FTS Federal telecommunications system; Federal telephone

service; file transfer service

FTU field training unit; freight terminal unit

FTX field training exercise

FUAC functional area code

F/V fishing vessel

Fv aircraft speed correction factor

FVT Force Validation Tool

FW fighter wing; weather correction factor

FWD forward

FWDA friendly weapon danger area

FWF former warring factions

FY fiscal year

FYDP Future Years Defense Program

G

G-1 Army or Marine Corps component manpower or personnel

staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps

brigade or higher staff)

G-2 Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff officer

(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or

higher staff)

G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer

(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or

higher staff)

G-4 Army or Marine Corps component logistics staff officer

(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or

higher staff)

G/A ground to air

GA Tabun, a nerve agent

GAA general agency agreement

GAMSS global air mobility support system

GAO General Accounting Office

GATB guidance, apportionment, and targeting board

GB group buffer; Sarin, a nerve agent

GBL government bill of lading

GBR ground-based radar

GBS Global Broadcast Service; Global Broadcast System

GC Geneva Convention

GC3A global command, control, and communications assessment

GC4A global command, control, communications, and computer

assessment

GCA ground controlled approach
A-44

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

GCCS Global Command and Control System

GCE ground combat element (MAGTF)

GCI ground control intercept

GCRI general collective routing indicator (RI)

GCS ground control station

GCSS Global Combat Support System

GD Soman, a nerve agent

GDIP General Defense Intelligence Program

GDIPP General Defense Intelligence Proposed Program

GDP General Defense Plan (SACEUR)

GDSS Global Decision Support System

GE general engineering

GENADMIN general admin (message)

GENSER general service (message)

GENTEXT general text

GEO geosynchronous earth orbit

GEOCODE geographic code

GEOFILE geolocation code file; standard specified geographic

location file

GEOLOC geographic location; geographic location code

GEOREF geographic reference; world geographic reference system

GF a nerve agent

GFE government-furnished equipment

GFI government-furnished information

GFM government-furnished material

GFMPL Graphics Fleet Mission Program Library

GFOAR global family of operation plans assessment report

GFU group framing unit

GHz gigahertz

GI&S geospatial information and services

GIAC graphic input aggregate control

GIC (gabarit international de chargement) international loading

gauge

GII global information infrastructure

GLCM ground launched cruise missile

GLINT gated laser intensifier

GLO ground liaison officer

GM group modem

GMD group mux and/or demux

GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

GMF ground mobile forces

GMI general military intelligence

GMR graduated mobilization response; ground mobile radar

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GMTI ground moving target indicator

GOCO government-owned, contractor-operated

GOES geostationary operational environmental satellite

GOS grade of service
A-45

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

GOSG general officer steering group

GOTS government off-the-shelf

GP group

GPD gallons per day

GPEE general purpose encryption equipment

GPM gallons per minute

GPMDM group modem

GPMRC Global Patient Movement Requirements Center

GPS global positioning system

GR graduated response

GRASP general retrieval and sort processor

GRCA ground reference coverage area

GRREG graves registration

GS general service; general support; ground speed; group

separator

GSA General Services Administration; general support artillery

GSE ground support equipment

GSI glide slope indicator

GSM ground station module

GSO general services officer

GS-R general support-reinforcing

GSR general support-reinforcing; ground surveillance radar

GSSA general supply support area

GSSC Global Satellite Communications Support Center

gt gross ton

GTL gun-target line

GTM global transportation management

GTN Global Transportation Network

GUARD US National Guard and Air Guard

GUARDS General Unified Ammunition Reporting Data System

G/VLLD ground/vehicle laser locator designator

GW guerrilla warfare

GWC global weather central

GWEN Ground Wave Emergency Network

H

H&I harassing and interdicting

HA holding area

HAARS high-altitude airdrop resupply system

HAB high altitude burst

HAC helicopter aircraft commander

HACC humanitarian assistance coordination center

HAHO high-altitude high-opening parachute technique

HALO high-altitude low-opening parachute technique

HARM high-speed antiradiation missile

HARP high altitude release point

HAST humanitarian assistance survey team
A-46

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

HATR hazardous air traffic report

HAZ hazardous cargo

HAZMAT hazardous materials

HB heavy boat

HCA humanitarian and civic assistance

HCAS hostile casualty

HCL hydrochloride

HCO helicopter control officer

HCP hardcopy printer

HCS helicopter combat support (Navy); helicopter control

station; helicopter coordination section

HD a mustard agent; harmonic distortion

HDC harbor defense commander; helicopter direction center

HDPLX half duplex

HE heavy equipment; high explosive

HEAT helicopter external air transport; high explosive antitank

HEC helicopter element coordinator

HEFOE hydraulic electrical fuel oxygen engine

HEL-H heavy helicopter

HEL-L light helicopter

HEL-M medium helicopter

HELO helicopter

HEMP high-altitude electromagnetic pulse

HEMTT heavy expanded mobile tactical truck

HEO highly elliptical orbit

HERF hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuel

HERO electromagnetic radiation hazards; hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to ordnance

HERP hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel

HET heavy equipment transporter

HF high frequency

HFDF high frequency direction-finding

HH homing pattern

HHD headquarters and headquarters detachment

H-hour seaborne assault landing hour; specific time an operation

or exercise begins

HICAP high-capacity firefighting foam station

HIDACZ high-density airspace control zone

HIDTA high-intensity drug trafficking area

HIFR helicopter in-flight refueling

HIMEZ high-altitude missile engagement zone

HIRSS hover infrared suppressor subsystem

HIV human immuno-deficiency virus

HJ crypto key change

HLPS heavy-lift pre-position ship

HLZ helicopter landing zone

HMH Marine heavy helicopter squadron

HMLA Marine light/attack helicopter squadron
A-47

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

HMM Marine medium helicopter squadron

HMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

HMW health, morale, and welfare

HN host nation

HNS host-nation support

HOB height of burst

HOC human intelligence operations cell; humanitarian

operations center

HOD head of delegation

HOGE hover out of ground effect

HOIS hostile intelligence service

HOM head of mission

HOSTAC helicopter operations from ships other than aircraft carriers

(USN publication)

HOTPHOTOREP hot photo interpretation report

HPA high power amplifier

HPMSK high priority mission support kit

HPT high-payoff target

HQ HAVE QUICK; headquarters

HQCOMDT headquarters commandant

HQDA Headquarters, Department of the Army

HQFM-net HAVE QUICK frequency modulation net

HQFMT-net HAVE QUICK frequency modulation training net

HQMC Headquarters, Marine Corps

HRJTF humanitarian relief joint task force

HRS horizon reference system

HRT hostage rescue team

HS helicopter antisubmarine warfare squadron (Navy);

homing single-unit

HSB high speed boat

HSCDM high speed cable driver modem

HSD human intelligence support detachment

HSE headquarters support element; human intelligence support

element

HSEP hospital surgical expansion package (USAF)

HSI hyperspectral imagery

HSLS health service logistic support

HSM humanitarian service medal

HSPR high speed pulse restorer

HSS health service support

HSSDB high speed serial data buffer

HST helicopter support team

HT hatch team

HTERRCAS hostile terrorist casualty

HTG hard target graphic

HTH high test hypochlorite

HU hospital unit

HUD head-up display
A-48

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

HUMINT human intelligence; human resources intelligence

HUMRO humanitarian relief operation

HUS hardened unique storage

HVAA high value airborne asset

HVT high-value target

HWM high water mark

Hz hertz

I

I immediate; individual

I&W indications and warning

IA information assurance; initial assessment

IADB Inter-American Defense Board

IADS Integrated Air Defense System

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (UN)

IAF initial approach fix

IAP international airport

IAR interoperability assessment report

IASC Interagency Standing Committee (UN); interim acting

service chief

IATA International Air Transport Association

IATACS Improved Army Tactical Communications System

IATO interim authority to operate

IAW in accordance with

I/B inboard

IBB International Broadcasting Bureau

IBES intelligence budget estimate submission

IBM International Business Machines

IBS Integrated Broadcast System

IC incident commander; intelligence community; intercept

ICAD individual concern and deficiency

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile

ICC information coordination center; intelligence coordination

center (USCG)

ICD International Code of Diseases; International Cooperation

and Development Program (USDA)

ICEDEFOR Iceland Defense Forces

IC/EXCOM Intelligence Community Executive Committee

ICITAP International Crime Investigative Training Assistance

Program (DOJ)

ICM improved conventional munitions; integrated collection

management

ICN idle channel noise; interface control net

ICNIA integrated communications, navigation, and identification

avionics

ICOD intelligence cutoff data
A-49

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ICON imagery communications and operations node;

intermediate coordination node

ICP incident control point; intertheater communications

security (COMSEC) package; interface change proposal;

inventory control point

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

ICRI interswitch collective routing indicator

ICS incident command system; internal communications

system; inter-Service chaplain support

ICSAR interagency committee on search and rescue

ICU intensive care unit; interface control unit

ICVA International Council of Voluntary Agencies

ID identification

IDAD internal defense and development

IDB integrated database

IDCA International Development Cooperation Agency

IDDF intermediate data distribution facility

IDEAS Intelligence Data Elements Authorized Standards

IDEX imagery data exploitation system

IDF intermediate distribution frame

IDHS intelligence data handling system

IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN)

IDO installation deployment officer

IDP imminent danger pay

IDS individual deployment site; integrated deployment system;

interface design standards; intrusion detection system

IDSS interoperability decision support system

IDT inactive duty training

IDZ inner defense zone

IED improvised explosive device

IEL illustrative evaluation scenario

IEMATS improved emergency message automatic transmission

system

IER information exchange requirement

IES imagery exploitation system

IESS imagery exploitation support system

IEW intelligence and electronic warfare

IF intermediate frequency

IFC intelligence fusion center

IFCS improved fire control system

IFF identification, friend or foe

IFFN identification, friend, foe, or neutral

IFF/SIF identification, friend or foe/selective identification feature

IFR instrument flight rules

IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent

Societies

IG inspector general

IGSM interim ground station module (JSTARS)
A-50

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

IHADSS integrated helmet and display sight system (Army)

IIB interagency information bureau

IICL Institute of International Container Lessors

III incapacitating illness or injury

IIM intelligence information management

IIP interoperability improvement program

IIR imagery interpretation report; imaging infrared;

intelligence information report

IJC3S initial joint command, control, and communications

system; Integrated Joint Command, Control, and

Communications System

IL intermediate location

ILO International Labor Organization (UN)

ILS instrument landing system; integrated logistic support

IMA individual mobilization augmentee

IMC instrument meteorological conditions; International

Medical Corps

IMDG international maritime dangerous goods (UN)

IMET international military education and training

IMF International Monetary Fund (UN)

IMI international military information

IMINT imagery intelligence

IMIT international military information team

IMLTU intermatrix line termination unit

IMM integrated materiel management

IMMDELREQ immediate delivery required

IMO information management officer; International Maritime

Organization

IMOSAR International Maritime Organization (IMO) search

and rescue manual

IMP implementation; inventory management plan

IMS information management system; international military

staff; international military standardization

IMSU installation medical support unit

IMU intermatrix unit; inertial measuring unit

IN Air Force component intelligence officer (staff); impulse

noise; instructor

INCERFA uncertainty phase (ICAO)

INCNR increment number

INCSEA incidents at sea

IND improvised nuclear device

INF infantry

INFLIGHTREP in-flight report (voice only)

INFOSEC information security

ING Inactive National Guard

INID intercept network in dialing

INJILL injured or ill
A-51

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

INL International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs

(USG)

INM international narcotics matters

INMARSAT international maritime satellite

INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State

INREQ information request

INS Immigration and Naturalization Service; inertial navigation

system; insert code

INSCOM United States Army Intelligence and Security Command

INTAC individual terrorism awareness course

INTACS integrated tactical communications system

INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

INTELSITSUM intelligence situation summary

INTERCO International Code of signals

INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization

INTERPOL-USNCB International Criminal Police Organization, United States

National Central Bureau (DOJ)

INTREP intelligence report

INTSUM intelligence summary

INU inertial navigation unit; integration unit

INV invalid

INVOL involuntary

I/O input/output

IO information objectives; information operations;

intelligence oversight; international organization

IOC Industrial Operations Command; initial operational

capability; intelligence operations center; investigations

operations center

IOI injured other than hostilities or illness

IOM installation, operation, and maintenance; International

Organization for Migration

IOP interface operating procedure

IOU input/output unit

IP initial point; initial position; instructor pilot; Internet

Protocol

IPA intelligence production agency

IPB intelligence preparation of the battlespace

IPBD intelligence program budget decision

IPC interagency planning cell

IPDM intelligence program decision memorandum

IPDP inland petroleum distribution plan

IPDS imagery processing and dissemination system; inland

petroleum distribution system

IPE industrial plant equipment

IPIR initial photo interpretation report

IPL integrated priority list

IPO International Program Office

IPOM intelligence program objective memorandum
A-52

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

IPP impact point prediction; industrial preparedness program

IPR intelligence production requirement

IPRG intelligence program review group

IPS illustrative planning scenario; interoperability planning

system

IPSG intelligence program support group

IPSP intelligence priorities for strategic planning

IPT integrated planning team; integrated process team;

Integrated Product Team

I/R internment/resettlement

IR incident report; information rate; information requirement;

infrared; intelligence requirement

IRAC interdepartment radio advisory committee

IRC International Red Cross; International Rescue Committee

IRCCM infrared counter countermeasures

IRCM infrared countermeasures

IRDS infrared detection set

IRF Immediate Reaction Forces (NATO)

IRINT infrared intelligence

IRO international relief organization

IR pointer infrared pointer

IRR Individual Ready Reserve; integrated readiness report

IRS Internal Revenue Service

IRST infrared search and track

IRSTS infrared search and track sensor; Infrared Search and Track

System

IRT Initial Response Team

IS information system; interswitch

ISA inter-Service agreement

ISB intermediate staging base

ISDB integrated satellite communications (SATCOM) database

ISE intelligence support element

ISMMP integrated continental United States (CONUS) medical

mobilization plan

ISO International Organization for Standardization; isolation

ISOO Information Security Oversight Office

ISOPAK International Organization for Standardization package

ISOPREP isolated personnel report

ISP internet service provider

ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

ISSA inter-Service support agreement

ISSM information system security manager

ISSO information systems security organization

IST integrated system test; interswitch trunk

ITA international telegraphic alphabet

ITAC intelligence and threat analysis center (Army)

ITALD improved tactical air-launched decoy

ITAR international traffic in arms regulation (coassembly)
A-53

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ITF intelligence task force (DIA)

ITO installation transportation officer

ITRO inter-Service training organization

ITU International Telecommunications Union

ITV in-transit visibility

ITW/AA integrated tactical warning and attack assessment

IUWG inshore undersea warfare group

IV intravenous

IVSN Initial Voice Switched Network

IW information warfare

IW-D defensive information warfare

IWG intelligence working group; interagency working group

IWSC Information Warfare Support Center

J

J-3 operations directorate of a joint staff

J-4 logistics directorate of a joint staff

J-5 plans directorate of a joint staff

J-6 command, control, communications, and computer

systems directorate of a joint staff

J-7 Operational Plans and Joint Force Development

Directorate, Joint Staff

J-8 Director for Force Structure, Resource, and Assessment,

Joint Staff

JAAP joint airborne advance party

JAAR joint after-action report

JAARS joint after-action reporting system

JAAT joint air attack team

JA/ATT joint airborne/air transportability training

JAC joint analysis center

JACC joint airspace control center

JACCC joint airlift coordination and control cell

JACC/CP joint airborne communications center/command post

JADO joint air defense operations

JAG Judge Advocate General

JAI joint administrative instruction; joint airdrop inspection

JAIC joint air intelligence center

JAIEG joint atomic information exchange group

JAMPS Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control

Systems (JINTACCS) automated message preparation

system

JANAP Joint Army, Navy, Air Force publication

JAO joint air operations

JAOC joint air operations center

JAPO joint area petroleum office

JAR joint activity report

JARCC joint air reconnaissance control center
A-54

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

JARS joint automated readiness system

JASC joint action steering committee

JASSM Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile

JAT joint acceptance test

JATACS joint advanced tactical cryptological support

JATF joint amphibious task force

JBP Joint Blood Program

JBPO Joint Blood Program Office

JC2WC joint command and control warfare center

JCASREP joint casualty report

JCAT joint crisis action team

JCC joint command center; joint course catalog

JCCB Joint Configuration Control Board

JCCC joint combat camera center; joint communications control

center

JCCP joint casualty collection point

JCEOI joint communications-electronics operating instructions

JCET joint combined exercise for training

JCEWS joint force commander’s electronic warfare staff

JCGRO joint central graves registration office

JCIDO Joint Combat Identification Office

JCIOC joint counterintelligence operations center

JCISB Joint Counterintelligence Support Branch

JCLL joint center for lessons learned

JCMA joint communications security (COMSEC) monitor

activity

JCMC joint crisis management capability

JCMEB joint civil-military engineering board

JCMEC joint captured materiel exploitation center

JCMOTF joint civil-military operations task force

JCMPO Joint Cruise Missile Project Office

JCMT joint collection management tools

JCN joint communications network

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff

JCSAN Joint Chiefs of Staff Alerting Network

JCSAR joint combat search and rescue

JCSC joint communications satellite center

JCSE joint communications support element

JCSM Joint Chiefs of Staff memorandum

JCSS joint communications support squadron

JCTN joint composite track network

JDA joint duty assignment

JDAL Joint Duty Assignment List

JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition

JDAMIS Joint Duty Assignment Management Information System

JDC joint deployment community; Joint Doctrine Center

JDEC joint document exploitation center

JDIG Joint Drug Intelligence Group
A-55

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

JDISS joint deployable intelligence support system

JDN joint data network

JDSS Joint Decision Support System

JDSSC Joint Data Systems Support Center

JDST joint decision support tools

JDTC joint deployment training center

JDWP Joint Doctrine Working Party

JEAP Joint Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Analysis Program

JECG joint exercise control group

JECPO Joint Electronic Commerce Program Office

JEEP joint emergency evacuation plan

JEL Joint Electronic Library

JEM joint exercise manual

JEMP joint exercise management package

JEPES Joint Engineer Planning and Execution System

JET Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES)

editing tool

JEWC Joint Electronic Warfare Center

JEZ joint engagement zone

JFA joint field activity

JFACC joint force air component commander

JFAST joint flow and analysis system for transportation

JFC joint force commander

JFE joint fires element

JFIP Japanese facilities improvement project

JFLCC joint force land component commander

JFMCC joint force maritime component commander

JFMO Joint Frequency Management Office

JFP joint force package (packaging)

JFRB Joint Foreign Release Board

JFRG joint force requirements generator

JFS joint force surgeon

JFSOCC joint force special operations component commander

JFTR joint Federal travel regulations

JFUB Joint Facilities Utilization Board

JI joint inspection

JIADS joint integrated air defense system

JIATF joint interagency task force (DOD)

JIATF-E joint interagency task force - East

JIATF-S joint interagency task force - South

JIATF-W joint interagency task force - West

JIB joint information bureau

JIC joint intelligence center

JICC joint information coordination center

JICO joint interface control officer

JICPAC Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific

JIDC joint interrogation and debriefing center

JIEO joint interoperability engineering organization
A-56

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

JIEP joint intelligence estimate for planning

JIES joint interoperability evaluation system

JILE joint intelligence liaison element

JIMP joint implementation master plan

JIMPP joint industrial mobilization planning process

JIMS joint information management system

JINTACCS Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control

Systems

JIOP joint interface operational procedures

JIOP-MTF joint interface operating procedures-message text formats

JIPB joint intelligence preparation of the battlespace

JIPC joint imagery production complex

JIPTL joint integrated prioritized target list

JISE joint intelligence support element

JITC joint interoperability test command

JLCC joint lighterage control center

JLNCHREP joint launch report

JLOTS joint logistics over-the-shore

JLRC joint logistics readiness center

JM&S joint modeling and simulation

JMAARS joint model after-action review system

JMAO joint mortuary affairs office; joint mortuary affairs officer

JMAS joint manpower automation system

JMAT joint mobility assistance team

JMC joint military command; joint movement center

JMCG Joint Mobility Control Group

JMCIS joint maritime command information system

JMCOMS joint maritime communications system

JMEM Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual

JMEM-SO Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual-Special Operations

JMET joint mission-essential task

JMETL joint mission-essential task list

JMFU joint meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) forecast

unit

JMIC Joint Military Intelligence College

JMICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

(JWICS) mobile integrated communications system

JMIE joint maritime information element

JMIP joint military intelligence program

JMITC Joint Military Intelligence Training Center

JMMC Joint Material Management Center

JMNA joint military net assessment

JMO joint force meteorological and oceanographic (METOC)

officer; joint maritime operations

JMO(AIR) joint maritime operations (air)

JMP joint manpower program

JMPA joint military postal activity; joint military satellite

communications (MILSATCOM) panel administrator
A-57

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

JMPAB Joint Materiel Priorities and Allocation Board

JMRC joint mobile relay center

JMRO Joint Medical Regulating Office

JMRR Joint Monthly Readiness Review

JMSEP joint modeling and simulation executive panel

JMSWG Joint Multi-Tactical Digital Information Link

(Multi-TADIL) Standards Working Group

JMT joint military training

JMTCA joint munitions transportation coordinating activity

JMTCSS Joint Maritime Tactical Communications Switching

System

JMUA Joint Meritorious Unit Award

JNACC joint nuclear accident coordinating center

JNOCC Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES)

Network Operation Control Center

JNPE joint nuclear planning element

JOA joint operations area

JOC joint operations center; joint oversight committee

JOCC joint operations command center

JOG joint operations graphic

JOGS joint operation graphics system

JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System

JOPESIR Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Incident

Reporting System

JOPESREP Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Reporting

System

JOPP joint operation planning process

JOR joint operational requirement

JORD joint operational requirements document

JOSG joint operational steering group

JOT&E joint operational test and evaluation

JOTS Joint Operational Tactical System

JP joint publication

JPATS joint primary aircraft training system

JPC joint planning cell

JPD joint planning document

JPEC joint planning and execution community

JPERSTAT joint personnel status and casualty report

JPG joint planning group

JPMRC joint patient movement requirements center

JPMT joint patient movement team

JPN joint planning network

JPO Joint Petroleum Office; Joint Program Office

JPOC joint planning orientation course

JPOI joint program of instruction

JPOM joint preparation and onward movement

JPO-STC Joint Program Office for Special Technology

Countermeasures
A-58

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

JPOTF joint psychological operations task force

JPOTG joint psychological operations task group

JPRC joint personnel reception center

JPRC joint personnel receiving center

JPS joint processing system

JPTTA joint personnel training and tracking activity

JQR joint qualification requirements

JRA joint rear area

JRAC joint rear area coordinator

JRACO joint rear area communications officer

JRADS Joint Resource Assessment Data System

JRAOC joint rear area operations center

JRB Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) Review

Board

JRC joint reception center; joint reconnaissance center

JRCC joint reception coordination center

JRFL joint restricted frequency list

JRG joint review group

JRMB Joint Requirements and Management Board

JROC Joint Requirements Oversight Council

JRS joint reporting structure

JRSC jam-resistant secure communications; joint rescue

sub-center

JRSOI joint reception, staging, onward movement, and integration

JRTC joint readiness training center

JRTOC joint rear tactical operations center

JS joint staff

JSAC joint strike analysis cell; joint strike analysis center

JSAM joint security assistance memorandum; Joint Service

Achievement Medal; joint standoff surface attack missile

JSAN Joint Staff automation for the nineties

JSAS joint strike analysis system

JSC Joint Spectrum Center

JSCAT joint staff crisis action team

JSCC joint Services coordination committee

JSCM joint Service commendation medal

JSCP Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan

JSDS Joint Staff doctrine sponsor

J-SEAD joint suppression of enemy air defenses

JSIDS joint Services imagery digitizing system

JSIR joint spectrum interference resolution

JSISC Joint Staff Information Service Center

JSMS joint spectrum management system

JSO joint specialty officer or joint specialist

JSOA joint special operations area

JSOACC joint special operations air component commander

JSOC joint special operations command

JSOFI Joint Special Operations Forces Institute
A-59

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

JSOTF joint special operations task force

JSOW joint stand-off weapon

JSPD joint strategic planning document

JSPDSA joint strategic planning document supporting analyses

JSPS Joint Strategic Planning System

JSR joint strategy review

JSRC joint search and rescue center; joint subregional command

(NATO)

JSS joint surveillance system

JSSA joint Services survival, evasion, resistance, and escape

(SERE) agency

JSSIS joint staff support information system

JSST joint space support team

JSTAR joint system threat assessment report

JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

JSTE joint system training exercise

JTA joint table of allowances; joint technical architecture

JTADS Joint Tactical Air Defense System (Army); Joint Tactical

Display System

JTAGS joint tactical ground station (Army); joint tactical ground

system

JTAMD joint theater air and missile defense

JTAO joint tactical air operations

JTAR joint tactical air strike request

JTASC joint training analysis and simulation center

JTASG Joint Targeting Automation Steering Group

JTAV joint total asset visibility

JTB Joint Transportation Board

JTC joint technical committee

JTCB joint targeting coordination board

JTCC joint transportation corporate information management

center

JTDC joint track data coordinator

JTCG-ME Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions

Effectiveness

JTD joint table of distribution

JT&E joint test and evaluation

JTF joint task force

JTF-6 joint task force-6

JTF-B joint task force-Bravo

JTFCEM joint task force contingency engineering management

JTF HQ joint task force headquarters

JTFP Joint Tactical Fusion Program

JTIC joint transportation intelligence center

JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System

JTL joint target list

JTLS joint theater-level simulation

JTM joint training manual
A-60

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

JTMD joint table of mobilization distribution; Joint Terminology

Master Database; joint theater missile defense

JTMP joint training master plan

JTMS joint training master schedule

JTP joint training plan

JTR joint travel regulations

JTRB joint telecommunication resources board

JTSG joint targeting steering group

JTSSCCB Joint Tactical Switched Systems Configuration Control

Board

JTSST joint training system support team

JTT joint targeting toolbox; joint training team

JTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

JUH-MTF Joint User Handbook-Message Text Formats

JUIC joint unit identification code

JULL Joint Universal Lessons Learned (report)

JULLS Joint Universal Lessons Learned System

JUO joint urban operation

JUSMAG Joint United States Military Advisory Group

JUWTF joint unconventional warfare task force

JVB Joint Visitors Bureau

JVIDS Joint Visual Integrated Display System

JWAC joint warfare analysis center

JWARS Joint Warfare Analysis and Requirements System

JWC Joint Warfare Center

JWCA joint warfighting capabilities assessment

JWFC Joint Warfighting Center

JWG joint working group

JWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

JWID joint warrior interoperability demonstration

K

KAL key assets list

KAPP Key Assets Protection Program

kb kilobit

kbps kilobits per second

KC-135 Stratotanker

KEK key encryption key

KG key generator

kg kilogram

kHz kilohertz

KIA killed in action

km kilometer

KP key pulse

kt kiloton(s); knot (nautical miles per hour)

KVG key variable generator
A-61

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

kW kilowatt

KWOC keyword-out-of-context

L

L length

l search subarea length

LA lead agent; legal adviser; line amplifier; loop key generator

(LKG) adapter

LAADS low altitude air defense system

LAAM light anti-aircraft missile

LACH lightweight amphibious container handler

LACV lighter, air cushioned vehicle

LAD latest arrival date

LAMPS Light Airborne Multipurpose System (helicopter)

LAN local area network

LANDCENT Allied Land Forces Central Europe (NATO)

LANDSAT land satellite

LANDSOUTH Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (NATO)

LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night

LAO limited attack option

LAPES low-altitude parachute extraction system

LARC lighter, amphibious resupply, cargo

LARS lightweight airborne recovery system

LASH lighter aboard ship

LASINT laser intelligence

LAT latitude

LAV light armored vehicle

lb pound

LBR Laser Beam Rider

LC lake current

LCAC landing craft air cushion

LCAP low combat air patrol

LCB line of constant bearing

LCC amphibious command ship; land component commander;

launch control center; lighterage control center; link

communications circuit

LCCS landing craft control ship

LCE logistics capability estimator

LCES line conditioning equipment scanner

LCM landing craft, mechanized; life-cycle management

LCO lighterage control officer

LCP lighterage control point

LCPL landing craft personnel (large)

LCU landing craft, utility; launch correlation unit

LCVP landing craft, vehicle, personnel

LD line of departure
A-62

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

LDF lightweight digital facsimile

LDI line driver interface

LDO laser designator operator

LDR leader; low data rate

LEA law enforcement agency

LEAP Light ExoAtmospheric Projectile

LEASAT leased satellite

LEAU Law Enforcement Assistance Unit (FAA)

LED law enforcement desk; light emitting diode

LEDET Law Enforcement Detachment (USCG)

LEO low Earth orbit

LEP linear error probable

LERTCON alert condition

LES law enforcement sensitive; leave and earnings statement;

Lincoln Laboratories Experimental Satellite

LET light equipment transport

LF landing force; low frequency

LFA lead federal agency

LFORM landing force operational reserve material

LFSP landing force support party

LG deputy chief of staff for logistics

LGB laser-guided bomb

LGM laser-guided missile; loop group multiplexer

LGM-30 Minuteman

LGW laser guided weapon

LHA amphibious assault ship (general purpose); amphibious

assault ship (multi-purpose)

L-hour specific hour on C-day at which a deployment operation

commences or is to commence

LHT line-haul tractor

LIMDIS limited distribution

LIMFAC limiting factor

LIS logistics information system

LIWA land information warfare activity

LKA attack cargo ship

LKG loop key generator

LKP last known position

LLLGB low-level laser-guided bomb

LLLTV low-light level television

LLTR low-level transit route

LM loop modem

LMAV laser MAVERICK

LMCC logistic and movement control center

LMF language media format

LMSR large, medium speed roll-on/roll-off

LMW lead mobility wing

LNA low voice amplifier

LNO liaison officer
A-63

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

LOA Lead Operational Authority; letter of assist; letter of offer

and acceptance; logistics over-the-shore (LOTS)

operation area

LOAC law of armed conflict

LOAL lock-on after launch

LOBL lock-on before launch

LOC line of communications; logistics operations center

LOC ACC location accuracy

LOCAP low combat air patrol

LOCE Linked Operational Intelligence Centers Europe; Linked

Operations-Intelligence Centers Europe

LOG logistics

LOGAIR logistics aircraft

LOGAIS logistics automated information system

LOGCAP logistics civilian augmentation program

LOGCAT logistics capability assessment tool

LOGDET logistics detail

LOGEX logistics exercise

LOGFAC Logistics Feasibility Assessment Capability

LOGFOR logistics force packaging system

LOGMARS logistics applications of automated marking and reading

symbols

LOGMOD logistics module

LOGPLAN logistics planning system

LOGSAFE logistic sustainment analysis and feasibility estimator

LOI letter of instruction; loss of input

LO/LO lift-on/lift-off

LOMEZ low-altitude missile engagement zone

LONG longitude

LOP line of position

LORAN long-range aid to navigation

LO/RO lift-on/roll-off

LOROP long range oblique photography

LOS line of sight

LOTS logistics over-the-shore

LP listening post

LPD amphibious transport dock; low probability of detection

LPH amphibious assault ship, landing platform helicopter

LPI low probability of intercept

LPU line printer unit

LPV laser-protective visor

LRC logistics readiness center

LRD laser range finder-detector

LRG long-range aircraft

LRM low rate multiplexer

LRP load and roll pallet

LRRP long range reconnaissance patrol

LRS launch and recovery site
A-64

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

LRST long-range surveillance team

LRSU long-range surveillance unit

LSA logistic support analysis

LSB landing support battalion; lower sideband

LSCDM low speed cable driver modem

LSD landing ship dock; least significant digit

LSE landing signal enlisted

LSO landing safety officer; landing signal officer

LSPR low speed pulse restorer

LSS local sensor subsystem

LST landing ship, tank; laser spot tracker; tank landing ship

LSV logistics support vessel

LT large tug; local terminal; long ton

L/T long ton

LTD laser target designator

LTD/R laser target designator/ranger

LTG local timing generator

LTON long ton

LTS low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night

(LANTIRN) targeting system

LTT loss to theater

LTU line termination unit

LUA launch under attack

LUT local user terminal

LVS Logistics Vehicle System (USMC)

LW leeway

LWR Lutheran World Relief

LZ landing zone

LZCO landing zone control officer

M

M&S modeling and simulation

M88A1 recovery vehicle

MA master

mA milliampere(s)

MAAG military assistance advisory group

MAAP master air attack plan

MACCS Marine air command and control system

MACG Marine air control group

MACOM major command (Army)

MACP mortuary affairs collection point

MACSAT multiple access commercial satellite

MAD military air distress

MADCP mortuary affairs decontamination collection point

MAEB mean area of effectiveness for blast

MAEF mean area of effectiveness for fragments

MAF mobility air forces
A-65

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

MAFC Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) all-source fusion

center

MAG Marine aircraft group

MAGTF Marine air-ground task force

MAGTF ACE Marine air-ground task force aviation combat element

MAJCOM major command (USAF)

MANFOR manpower force packaging system

MANPADS man-portable air defense system

MANPER manpower and personnel module

MAP Military Assistance Program; missed approach point;

missed approach procedure

MARAD Maritime Administration

MARDIV Marine division

MARFOR Marine Corps forces

MARFOREUR Marine Corps Forces, Europe

MARFORLANT Marine Corps Forces, Atlantic

MARFORPAC Marine Corps Forces, Pacific

MARINCEN Maritime Intelligence Center

MARLO Marine liaison officer

MAROP marine operators

MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

from Ships

MARS Military Affiliate Radio System

MARSA military assumes responsibility for separation of aircraft

MART mobile Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) remote

terminal

MASCAL mass casualty

MASF mobile aeromedical staging facility

MASH mobile Army surgical hospital

MASINT measurement and signature intelligence

MAST military assistance to safety and traffic; mobile ashore

support terminal

MATCALS Marine air traffic control and landing system

MAW Marine aircraft wing

MAX maximum

MB medium boat; megabyte

MBA main battle area

MBBLs thousands of barrels

MBI major budget issue

Mbps megabytes per second

Mbs megabits per second

MC military community; mission-capable

MC-130 Combat Talon (I and II)

MCA maximum calling area; military civic action; mission

concept approval; movement control agency

MCAP maximum calling area precedence

MCAS Marine Corps air station
A-66

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

MCC Marine component commander; master control center;

military cooperation committee; military coordinating

committee; mission control center; mobility control

center; movement control center

MCCC mobile consolidated command center

MCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development Command

MCCISWG military command, control, and information systems

working group

MCD medical crew director

MCDA military and civil defense assets (UN)

MCDS modular cargo delivery system

MCEB Military Communications-Electronics Board

MCEWG Military Communications-Electronics Working Group

MCIA Marine Corps Intelligence Activity

MCIO military criminal investigation organization

MCM Manual for Courts-Martial; military classification manual;

mine countermeasures

MCMG Military Committee Meteorological Group (NATO)

MCMOPS mine countermeasures operations

M/CM/S mobility, countermobility, and/or survivability

MCO Marine Corps order

MCOO modified combined obstacle overlay

MCS maneuver control system; mine countermeasures ship;

modular causeway system

MCSF mobile cryptologic support facility

MCT movement control team

MCU maintenance communications unit

MCW modulated carrier wave

M-DARC military direct access radar channel

M-day mobilization day; unnamed day on which mobilization of

forces begins

MDCI multidiscipline counterintelligence

MDF Main Defense Forces (NATO); main distribution frame

MDITDS migration defense intelligence threat data system

MDR medium data rate

MDS mission design series

MDSS II Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) Deployment

System II

MDSU mobile diving and salvage unit

MDW Military District of Washington

MDZ maritime defense zone

MEA munitions effect assessment; munitions effectiveness

assessment

MEB Marine expeditionary brigade

MEBU mission essential backup

MEC medium endurance cutter

MED manipulative electronic deception

MEDCAP medical civic action program
A-67

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

MEDCOM US Army Medical Command

MEDEVAC medical evacuation

MEDINT medical intelligence

MEDLOG medical logistics (USAF AIS)

MEDLOGCO medical logistics company

MEDLOG JR medical logistics, junior (USAF)

MEDMOB Medical Mobilization Planning and Execution System

MEDNEO medical noncombatant evacuation operation

MEDREGREP medical regulating report

MEDRETE medical readiness training exercise

MEDS meteorological data system

MEDSOM medical supply, optical, and maintenance unit

MEDSTAT medical status

MEF Marine expeditionary force

MEF (FWD) Marine expeditionary force (forward)

MEFPAKA manpower and equipment force packaging

MEL maintenance expenditure limit; minimum equipment list

MEP mobile electric power

MEPCOM military entrance processing command

MEPES Medical Planning and Execution System

MEPRS Military Entrance Processing and Reporting System

MERCO merchant ship reporting and control

MERINT merchant intelligence

MERSHIPS merchant ships

MESAR minimum-essential security assistance requirements

MET medium equipment transporter

METAR meteorological airfield report; meteorological aviation

report

METARS routine aviation weather report (roughly translated from

French; international standard code format for hourly

surface weather observations)

METCON control of meteorological information (roughly translated

from French); meteorological control (Navy)

METL mission-essential task list

METOC meteorological and oceanographic

METSAT meteorological satellite

METT-T mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support

available—time available

MEU Marine expeditionary unit

MEU(SOC) Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)

MEWSG Multi-Service Electronic Warfare Support Group (NATO)

MEZ missile engagement zone

MF medium frequency; mobile facility; multi-frequency

MFC meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) forecast

center; multinational force commander

MFDS Modular Fuel Delivery System

MFE manpower force element

MFFIMS mass fatality field information management system
A-68

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

MFO multinational force and observers

MFP major force program

MFPF minefield planning folder

MFS multifunction switch

MGM master group multiplexer

MGRS military grid reference system

MGS mobile ground system

MGT management

MHC management headquarters ceiling

MHE materials handling equipment

MHW mean high water

MHz megahertz

MI military intelligence; movement instructions

MIA missing in action

MIB Military Intelligence Board

MICAP mission capable/mission capability

MICON mission concept

MICRO-MICS micro-medical inventory control system

MICRO-SNAP micro-shipboard non-tactical automated data processing

system

MIDB modernized integrated database; modernized intelligence

database

MIF maritime interception force

MIIDS/IDB Military Intelligence Integrated Data System/Integrated

Database

MIJI meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusion

MILCON military construction

MILDEC military deception

MILDEP Military Department

MILGP military group (assigned to American Embassy in host

nation)

MILOB military observer

MILOC military oceanography group (NATO)

MILPERS military personnel

MILSATCOM military satellite communications

MILSPEC military performance specification

MILSTAMP military standard transportation and movement procedures

MILSTAR military strategic and tactical relay system

MIL-STD military standard

MILSTRIP military standard requisitioning and issue procedure

MILTECH military technician

MILVAN military van (container)

MIM maintenance instruction manual

MINEOPS joint minelaying operations

MIO maritime interception operations

MIPE mobile intelligence processing element

MIPR military interdepartmental purchase request

MIS maritime intelligence summary
A-69

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

MISCAP mission capability

MISREP mission report

MISS missing

MIST military information support team

MITASK mission tasking

MITO minimum interval takeoff

MITT mobile integrated tactical terminal

MIUW mobile inshore undersea warfare

MIUWU mobile inshore undersea warfare unit

MIW mine warfare

MJCS Joint Chiefs of Staff memorandum

MJSOTF multinational joint special operations task force

MLA mission load allowance

MLC Marine Logistics Command

MLE maritime law enforcement

MLO military liaison office

MLP message load plan

MLPP multilevel precedence and preemption

MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System

MLS microwave landing system; multilevel security

MLW mean low water

MMC materiel management center

MMG DOD Master Mobilization Guide

MMI man/machine interface

MMLS mobile microwave landing system

MNF multinational force

MNFC multinational force commander

MNP master navigation plan

MNS mine neutralization system (USN); mission needs

statement

MO medical officer; month

MOA memorandum of agreement; military operating area

MOADS maneuver-oriented ammunition distribution system

MOB main operations base; mobilization

MOBCON mobilization control

MOBREP military manpower mobilization and accession status

report

MOCC mobile operations control center

MOD Minister (Ministry) of Defense

MODEM modulator/demodulator

MODLOC miscellaneous operational details, local operations

MOD T-AGOS modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance

MOE measure of effectiveness

MOG maximum (aircraft) on ground; movement on ground

(aircraft); multinational observer group

MOGAS motor gasoline

MOLE multichannel operational line evaluator

MOM military ordinary mail
A-70

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

MOMAT mobility matting

MOMSS mode and message selection system

MOOTW military operations other than war

MOP measure of performance; memorandum of policy

MOPP mission-oriented protective posture

MOR memorandum of record

MOS military occupational specialty

MOU memorandum of understanding

MOUT military operations in urban terrain; military

operations on urbanized terrain

MOVREP movement report

MOW maintenance orderwire

MP military police

MPA maritime patrol aircraft; mission and payload assessment;

mission planning agent

MPAT military patient administration team

MPC military payment certificate; military personnel center

MPE/S maritime pre-positioning equipment and supplies

MPF maritime pre-positioning force

MPG mensurated point graphic

mph miles per hour

MPLAN Marine Corps Mobilization Management Plan

MPM medical planning module

MPO military post office

MPS maritime pre-positioning ship; message processor shelter;

Military Postal Service

MPSA Military Postal Service Agency

MPSRON maritime pre-positioning ships squadron

MR milliradian; mobile reserve

MRAALS Marine remote area approach and landing system

MRCI maximum rescue coverage intercept

MRE meal, ready to eat

MRG movement requirements generator

MRL minimum-risk level

MRMC US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

MRO medical regulating office

MROC multicommand required operational capability

MRR minimum-risk route

MRRR mobility requirement resource roster

MRS meteorological radar subsystem; movement report system

MRSA Materiel Readiness Support Agency

MRT maintenance recovery team

MRU mountain rescue unit

MS message switch

ms millisecond

MSC major subordinate command; Military Sealift Command;

military staff committee; mission support confirmation

MSCA military support to civil authorities
A-71

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

MSCD military support to civil defense

MSCLEA military support to civilian law enforcement agencies

MSCO Military Sealift Command Office

MSD marginal support date; mobile security division

MS-DOS Microsoft disk operating system

MSDS mission specific data set

MSE mission support element; mobile subscriber equipment;

MSECR HIS 6000 security module

MSEL master scenario events list

MSF Medicins Sans Frontieres (“Doctors Without Borders”);

mission support force; multiplex signal format

MSG Marine Security Guard; message

MSGID message identification

MSI multi-spectral imagery

MSIC Missile and Space Intelligence Center

MSIS Marine safety information system

MSK mission support kit

MSL master station log; mean sea level

MSNAP merchant ship naval augmentation program

MSO marine safety office(r); military satellite communications

(MILSATCOM) systems organization; mobilization staff

officer

MSP mission support plan

MSPES mobilization stationing, planning, and execution system

MSPF maritime special purpose force

MSPS mobilization stationing and planning system

MSR main supply route; mission support request

MSRR modeling and simulation resource repository

MSRV message switch rekeying variable

MSS meteorological satellite subsystem

MSSG Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) service support group

MST mission support team

M/T measurement ton

MT measurement ton; military technician; ministry team

MTA military training agreement

MTBF mean time between failures

MT Bn motor transport battalion

MT/D measurement tons per day

MTF medical treatment facility; message text format

MTG master timing generator

MTI moving target indicator

MTL mission tasking letter

MTMC Military Traffic Management Command

MTMCTEA Military Traffic Management Command Transportation

Engineering Agency

MTMS maritime tactical message system

MTO message to observer; mission type order

MTOE modified table of organization and equipment
A-72

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

MTON measurement ton

MTP mission tasking package

MTS/SOF-IRIS multifunction system

MTT magnetic tape transport; mobile training team

MTW major theater war

MTX message text format

MU marry up

MUL master urgency list (DOD)

MULE modular universal laser equipment

MUREP munitions report

MUSARC major United States Army reserve commands

MUST medical unit, self-contained, transportable

MUX multiplex

MV merchant vessel; motor vessel

mV millivolt

MWBP missile warning bypass

MWC Missile Warning Center (NORAD)

MWD military working dog

MWDT military working dog team

MWF medical working file

MWOD multiple word-of-day

MWR missile warning receiver; morale, welfare, and recreation

MWSS Marine wing support squadron

N

N number of required track spacings; number of search and

rescue units (SRUs)

N-1 Navy component manpower or personnel staff officer

N-2 Navy component intelligence staff officer

N-3 Navy component operations staff officer

N-4 Navy component logistics staff officer

N-5 Navy component plans staff officer

N-6 Navy component communications staff officer

NAAG North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Army

Armaments Group

NAC North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)

Air Center; North Atlantic Council (NATO)

NACE National Military Command System (NMCS) Automated

Control Executive

NACISA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Communications and Information Systems Agency

NACISC North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Communications and Information Systems Committee

NACSEM National Communications Security/Emanations Security

(COMSEC/EMSEC) Information Memorandum

NACSI national communications security (COMSEC) instruction
A-73

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

NACSIM national communications security (COMSEC) information

memorandum

NADEFCOL North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Defense

College

NADEP naval aircraft depot

NAF naval air facility; nonappropriated funds

NAFAG North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Air Force

Armaments Group

NAI named area of interest

NAIC National Air Intelligence Center

NAK negative acknowledgement

NALC naval ammunition logistic code

NALE naval and amphibious liaison element

NALSS naval advanced logistic support site

NAMP North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Annual

Manpower Plan

NAMTO Navy material transportation office

NAOC national airborne operations center (E-4B aircraft)

NAPCAP North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Allied

Pre-Committed Civil Aircraft Program

NAPMA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Airborne

Early Warning and Control Program Management

Agency

NAR notice of ammunition reclassification

NARC non-automatic relay center

NAS naval air station

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASAR National Association for Search and Rescue

NAS computer national airspace system computer

NAT nonair-transportable (cargo)

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATOPS Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures

Standardization

NAU Narcotics Assistance Unit

NAVAIDS navigational aids

NAVAIR naval air; Naval Air Systems Command

NAVAIRSYSCOM Naval Air Systems Command (Also called NAVAIR)

NAVATAC Navy Antiterrorism Analysis Center; Navy Antiterrorist

Alert Center

NAVCHAPDET naval cargo handling and port group detachment

NAVCHAPGRU Navy cargo handling and port group

NAVCOMSTA naval communications station

NAVFACENGCOM naval facilities engineering command

NAVFOR Navy forces

NAVMAG naval magazine

NAVMEDCOMINST Navy medical command instruction

NAVMEDLOGCOM Navy Medical Logistical Command

NAVMEDP Navy medical pamphlet
A-74

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

NAVMTO naval military transportation office

NAVORD naval ordnance

NAVORDSTA naval ordnance station

NAVSAFECEN naval safety center

NAVSAT navigation satellite

NAVSEA naval sea

NAVSEAINST naval sea instruction

NAVSEALOGCEN naval sea logistics center

NAVSEASYSCOM Naval Sea Systems Command

NAVSO United States Navy Forces, Southern Command

NAVSOC naval special operations command; naval special

operations component; naval special warfare special

operations component; Navy special operations

component

NAVSOF naval special operations forces

NAVSPACECOM Naval Space Command

NAVSPECWARCOM Naval Special Warfare Command

NAVSPOC Naval Space Operations Center

NAVSUP naval supply

NAVSUPINST Navy Support Instruction

NAVSUPSYSCOM Naval Supply Systems Command

NAWCAD Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division

NB narrowband

NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical

NBCCS nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) contamination

survivability

NBDP narrow band direct printing

NBG naval beach group

NBI nonbattle injury

NBS National Bureau of Standards

NBST narrowband secure terminal

NC3A nuclear command, control, and communications (C3)

assessment

NCA National Command Authorities

NCAA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Civil Airlift

Agency

NCB naval construction brigade

NCC naval component commander; Navy component

command; network control center; North American

Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Command

Center

NCCS Nuclear Command and Control System

NCD net control device

NCF naval construction force

NCFSU naval construction force support unit

NCHB Navy cargo handling battalion

NCHF Navy cargo handling force

NCIC National Crime Information Center
A-75

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

NCIS Naval Criminal Investigative Service

NCISRA Naval Criminal Investigative Service resident agent

NCISRO Naval Criminal Investigative Service regional office

NCISRU Naval Criminal Investigative Service resident unit

NCMP Navy Capabilities and Mobilization Plan

NCO noncombat operations; noncommissioned officer

NCOIC noncommissioned officer in charge

NCR national cryptologic representative; National Security

Agency/Central Security Service Representative; naval

construction regiment

NCRDEF national cryptologic representative defense

NCS National Communications System; naval control of

shipping; net control station

NCSC National Computer Security Center

NCSE national intelligence support team (NIST) communications

support element

NCSORG naval control of shipping organization

NCT network control terminal

NCTAMS naval computer and telecommunications area master

station

NCTS naval computer and telecommunications station

NCW naval coastal warfare

NCWC naval coastal warfare commander

NDA national defense area

NDAA National Defense Authorization Act

N-day day an active duty unit is notified for deployment or

redeployment

NDB nondirectional beacon

NDCS national drug control strategy

NDHQ National Defence Headquarters, Canada

NDL national desired ground zero list

NDMC North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Defense

Manpower Committee

NDMS National Disaster Medical System

NDOC National Defense Operations Center

NDP national disclosure policy

NDPB National Drug Policy Board

NDPC National Disclosure Policy Committee

NDRF National Defense Reserve Fleet

NDSF National Defense Sealift Fund

NDU National Defense University

NEA Northeast Asia

NEAT naval embarked advisory team

NEMT National Emergency Management Team

NEO noncombatant evacuation operation

NEOPACK noncombatant evacuation operation package

NEREP Nuclear Execution and Reporting Plan
A-76

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

NESDIS National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information

Service (DOC)

NETS Nationwide Emergency Telecommunications System

NETT new equipment training team

NEW naval expeditionary warfare; net explosive weight

NEWAC North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Electronic

Warfare Advisory Committee

NFA no-fire area

NFD nodal fault diagnostics

NFIB National Foreign Intelligence Board

NFIP National Flood Insurance Program (FEMA); National

Foreign Intelligence Program

NFLS naval forward logistic site

NFO naval flight officer

NG National Guard

NGB National Guard Bureau

NGFS naval gunfire support

NGIC National Ground Intelligence Center

NGO nongovernmental organization

NHCS nonhostile casualty

NI national identification (number); noted item

NIBRS National Incident-Based Reporting System

NIC National Intelligence Council; naval intelligence center

NICI National Interagency Counternarcotics Institute

NID naval intelligence database

NIDMS National Military Command System (NMCS) Information

for Decision Makers System

NIDS National Military Command Center (NMCC) information

display system

NIE national intelligence estimate

NIEX no-notice interoperability exercise

NIEXPG No-Notice Interoperability Exercise Planning Group

NII national information infrastructure

NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency

NIMCAMP National Information Management and Communications

Master Plan

NIPRNET Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router Network

NIPS Naval Intelligence Processing System

NISH noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) intelligence

support handbook

NISP Nuclear Weapons Intelligence Support Plan

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology; national

intelligence support team

NITF national imagery transmission format

NIU North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) interface unit

NIWA naval information warfare activity

NL Navy lighterage

NLO naval liaison officer
A-77

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

.NL. not less than

NLT not later than

NM network management

nm nautical mile

NMB North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military

body

NMCB naval mobile construction battalion

NMCC National Military Command Center

NMCM not mission capable, maintenance

NMCS National Military Command System; not mission capable,

supply

NMD national missile defense

NMET naval mobile environmental team

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Services

NMIST National Military Intelligence Support Team (DIA)

NMJIC National Military Joint Intelligence Center

NMOC network management operations center

NMPS Navy mobilization processing site

NMR news media representative

NMS national military strategy

NMSA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Mutual

Support Act

NNAG North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Naval

Armaments Group

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOACT Navy overseas air cargo terminal

NOC network operations center

NOCONTRACT not releasable to contractors or consultants

NOEA nuclear operations emergency action

NOFORN not releasable to foreign nationals

NOG Nuclear Operations Group

NOIC Naval Operational Intelligence Center

NOK next of kin

NOMS Nuclear Operations Monitoring System

NOP nuclear operations

NOPLAN no operation plan available or prepared

NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command

NORM normal; not operationally ready, maintenance

NORS not operationally ready, supply

NOSC Network Operations and Security Center

NOTAM notice to airmen

NOTMAR notice to mariners

NPC Nonproliferation Center

NPES Nuclear Planning and Execution System

NPG nonunit personnel generator

NPS National Park Service; nonprior service; Nuclear Planning

System

NPWIC National Prisoner of War Information Center
A-78

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

NQ nonquota

NR North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) restricted;

number

NRC National Response Center; non-unit-related cargo

NRCHB Naval Reserve cargo handling battalion

NRCHF Naval Reserve cargo handling force

NRCHTB Naval Reserve cargo handling training battalion

NRFI not ready for issue

NRG notional requirements generator

NRL nuclear weapons (NUWEP) reconnaissance list

NRO National Reconnaissance Office

NROC Northern Regional Operations Center (CARIBROC-CBRN)

NRP non-unit-related personnel

NRPC Naval Reserve Personnel Center

NRT near real time

NRTD near real time dissemination

NRZ non-return-to-zero

NS nuclear survivability

NSA National Security Agency; national shipping authority;

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Standardization Agency

NSA/CSS National Security Agency/Central Security Service

NSC National Security Council

NSC/DC Deputies Committee of the National Security Council

NSCID National Security Council Intelligence Directive

NSC/IWG National Security Council/Interagency Working Group

NSC/PC National Security Council/Principals Committee

NSCS National Security Council System

NSD National Security Directive

NSDA non-self deployment aircraft

NSDD national security decision directive

NSE national support element; Navy support element

NSEP national security emergency preparedness

NSF National Science Foundation

NSFS naval surface fire support

NSG north-seeking gyro

NSI not seriously injured

NSL no-strike list

NSM national search and rescue (SAR) manual

NSN National Stock Number

NSNF nonstrategic nuclear forces

NSO non-Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) option

NSOC National Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Operations Center;

Navy Satellite Operations Center

NSOOC North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Staff Officer

Orientation Course

NSP national search and rescue plan
A-79

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

N-Sp/CC North American Aerospace Defense Command

(NORAD)-US Space Command/Command Center

NSRL national signals intelligence (SIGINT) requirements list

NSS national security strategy; non-self-sustaining

NSSA National Security Space Architect

NSSCS non-self-sustaining containership

NSST naval space support team

NSTISSC National Security Telecommunications and Information

Systems Security Committee

NSTL national strategic targets list

NSTS National Secure Telephone System

NSW naval special warfare

NSWG naval special warfare group

NSWTE naval special warfare task element

NSWTG naval special warfare task group

NSWTU naval special warfare task unit

NSWU naval special warfare unit

NT nodal terminal

NTACS Navy tactical air control system

NTAP National Track Analysis Program

NTB national target base

NTC National Training Center

NTCS-A Navy Tactical Command System Afloat

NTDS naval tactical data system

NTF nuclear task force

NTIC Navy Tactical Intelligence Center

NTISS National Telecommunications and Information Security

System

NTISSI National Telecommunications and Information Security

System (NTISS) Instruction

NTISSP National Telecommunications and Information Security

System (NTISS) Policy

NTMPDE National Telecommunications Master Plan for Drug

Enforcement

NTMS national telecommunications management structure

NTPS near-term pre-positioned ships

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

NTSS National Time-Sensitive System

NTU new threat upgrade

NUC non-unit-related cargo

NUCINT nuclear intelligence

NUDET nuclear detonation

NUDETS nuclear detonation detection and reporting system

NUP non-unit-related personnel

NURC non-unit-related cargo

NUWEP policy guidance for the employment of nuclear weapons

NVD night vision device

NVG night vision goggle
A-80

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

NW not waiverable

NWARS National Wargaming System

NWB normal wideband

NWBLTU normal wideband line termination unit

NWDC Navy Warfare Development Command

NWFP Northwest Frontier Province (Pakistan)

NWP naval warfare publication

NWREP nuclear weapons report

NWS National Weather Service

NWT normal wideband terminal

O

O contour pattern

O&M operation and maintenance

OA objective area; operating assembly

OADR originating agency’s determination required

OAE operational area evaluation

OAFME Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner

OAG operations advisory group

OAJCG Operation Alliance joint control group

OAR Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff operation plans

assessment report

OAS offensive air support; Organization of American States

OASD Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense

OAU Organization of African Unity

O/B outboard

OB order of battle

OBA oxygen breathing apparatus

OBFS offshore bulk fuel system

OBST obstacle

OCA offensive counterair; operational control authority

OCC Operations Computer Center (USCG)

OCCA Ocean Cargo Clearance Authority

OCD orderwire clock distributor

OCE officer conducting the exercise

OCEANCON control of oceanographic information

OCJCS Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

OCJCS-PA Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-Public

Affairs

OCMI officer in charge, Marine inspection

OCO offload control officer

OCONUS outside the continental United States

OCOP outline contingency operation plan

OCP operational configuration processing

OCR Office of Collateral Responsibility

OCU orderwire control unit (Types I, II, and III)

OCU-1 orderwire control unit-1
A-81

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

OD operational detachment; other detainee

ODA operational detachment-Alpha

ODATE organization date

O-Day off-load day

ODB operational detachment-Bravo

ODC Office of Defense Cooperation

ODCSLOG Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (Army)

ODCSOPS Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and

Plans (Army)

ODCSPER Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (Army)

ODIN Operational Digital Network

ODJS Office of the Director, Joint Staff

ODR Office of Defense representative

ODZ outer defense zone

OEBGD Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document

OEG operational exposure guide

OER operational electronic intelligence (ELINT) requirements

OES office of emergency services

OET Office of Emergency Transportation (DOT)

OF officer (NATO)

OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

OFHIS operational fleet hospital information system

OFOESA Office of Field Operational and External Support Activities

OGA other government agency

OGS overseas ground station

OH overhead

OI Office of Intelligence (USCS); operating instruction

OIC officer in charge

OICC operational intelligence coordination center

OID operation order (OPORD) identification

OIR operational intelligence requirements; other intelligence

requirements

OJT on-the-job training

OLD on-line tests and diagnostics

OLS operational linescan system; optical landing system

OM contour multiunit

OMA Office of Military Affairs (CIA)

OMB Office of Management and Budget

OMC Office of Military Cooperation

OMF officer master file

OMT orthogonal mode transducer

OMT/OMTP operational maintenance test(ing)/test plan

ONDCP Office of National Drug Control Policy

ONI Office of Naval Intelligence

OOB order of battle

OOD officer of the deck

OODA observe, orient, decide, act

OOS out of service
A-82

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

OP observation post; operational publication (USN); ordnance

pamphlet

OP3 overt peacetime psychological operations (PSYOP)

program

OPBAT Operation Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos

OPCEN operations center (USCG)

OPCOM operational command (NATO)

OPCON operational control

OPDEC operational deception

OPDOC operational documentation

OPDS offshore petroleum discharge system

OPELINT operational electronic intelligence

OPFOR opposing force; opposition force

OPG operations planning group

OPLAN operation plan

OPLAW operational law

OPM Office of Personnel Management; operations per minute

OPNAVINST Chief of Naval Operations Instruction

OPORD operation order

OPP off-load preparation party; orderwire patch panel

OPR office of primary responsibility

OPREP operational report

OPS operational project stock; operations

OPSDEPS Service Operations Deputies

OPSEC operations security

OPSTK operational stock

OPSUM operation summary

OPT operational planning team

OPTAR operating target

OPTEMPO operating tempo

OPTINT optical intelligence

OPZONE operation zone

OR operational readiness; other rank(s) (NATO)

ORBAT order of battle

ORCON originator controlled

ORD Operational Requirements Document

ORG origin (GEOLOC)

ORIG origin

OS operating system

OSA operational support airlift

OSAT out-of-service analog test

OSC on-scene commander; operations support center

OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

OSE on scene endurance

OSG operational support group

OSI open system interconnection; operational subsystem

interface

OSIA on-site inspection activity
A-83

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

OSINT open-source intelligence

OSIS open-source information system

OSO operational support office

OSOCC on-site operations coordination center

OSP operations support package

OSPG overseas security policy group

OSRI originating station routing indicator

OSV ocean station vessel

OT operational test

OT&E operational test and evaluation

OTC officer in tactical command; over the counter

OTG operational target graphic

OTH over the horizon

OTH-B over-the-horizon backscatter (radar)

OTHT over-the-horizon targeting

OTS Officer Training School

OUB offshore petroleum discharge system (OPDS) utility boat

OUSD Office of the Under Secretary of Defense

OUSD(AT&L) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition,

Technology, and Logistics)

OUSD(P) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Policy)

OUT outsize cargo

OVE on-vehicle equipment

OVER oversize cargo

OW orderwire

P

P parallel pattern; priority

PA parent relay; probability of arrival; public affairs

PAA primary aircraft authorization

PABX private automatic branch exchange (telephone)

PAD positional adjustment; precision aircraft direction

PADD person authorized to direct disposition of remains

PADS position azimuth determining system

PAG public affairs guidance

PAI primary aircraft inventory

PAL permissive action link; personnel allowance list; program

assembler language

PALS precision approach landing system

PAM pulse amplitude modulation

PANS procedures for air navigation services

PAO Public Affairs Office; public affairs officer

PAR performance assessment report; population at risk;

precision approach radar

PARKHILL high frequency cryptological device

PARPRO peacetime application of reconnaissance programs

PAS personnel accounting symbol
A-84

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

PAT public affairs team

PAWS phased array warning system

PAX passengers; public affairs plans

PB particle beam; patrol boat; President’s budget

PBA production base analysis

PBCR portable bar code recorder

PBD program budget decisions

PC patrol craft; personal computer; pilot in command;

principals committee

Pc cumulative probability of detection

PCC policy coordinating committee; primary control center

PCF personnel control facility

PCL positive control launch

PC-LITE processor, laptop imagery transmission equipment

PCM pulse code modulation

PCO primary control officer

PCRTS primary casualty receiving and treatment ship

PCS permanent change of station; personal communications

system; primary control ship; processing subsystem;

processor controlled strapping

PCT personnel control team

PCZ physical control zone

PD position description; Presidential directive; probability of

damage; probability of detection; procedures description;

program definition; program director

Pd drift compensated parallelogram pattern

PDAI primary development/test aircraft inventory

PDD Presidential decision directive

PDDA power driven decontamination apparatus

PDG positional data graphic

PDM program decision memorandum

PDOP position dilution of precision

PDS position determining system; protected distribution system

PE peace enforcement; peacetime establishment; personal

effects; program element

PEAD Presidential emergency action document

PEAS psychological operations (PSYOP) effects analysis

subsystem

PEC program element code

PECK patient evacuation contingency kit

PEDB planning and execution database

PEGEO personnel geographic location

PEI principal end item

PEM program element monitor

PEO peace enforcement operations

PEP personnel exchange program

PER personnel

PERE person eligible to receive effects
A-85

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

PERINTSUM periodic intelligence summary

PERMREP permanent representative (NATO)

PERSCO personnel support for contingency operations

PERSCOM personnel command (Army)

PERSINS personnel information system

PES preparedness evaluation system

PFD personal flotation device

PFDB planning factors database

PFIAB President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

PFID positive friendly identification

PFP Partnership for Peace (NATO)

PGM precision-guided munitions

PHIBCB amphibious construction battalion

PHIBGRU amphibious group

PHIBOP amphibious operation

PHIBRON amphibious squadron

PHOTINT photographic intelligence

PHS Public Health Service

PI point of impact; probability of incapacitation; procedural

item

PIC parent indicator code; person identification code; pilot in

command

PID plan identification number

PIDD planned inactivation or discontinued date

PIF problem identification flag

PII pre-incident indicators

PIM pretrained individual manpower

PIN personnel increment number

PINS precise integrated navigation system

PIO press information officer; public information officer

PIPS plans integration partitioning system

PIR priority intelligence requirements

PIRAZ positive identification and radar advisory zone

PIW person in water

PK peacekeeping; probability of kill

PKG-POL packaged petroleum, oils, and lubricants

PKI public key infrastructure

PKO peacekeeping operations

PKP purple k powder

PL phase line; public law

PLA plain language address

PLAD plain language address directory

PLAT pilot’s landing aid television

PLB personal locator beacon

PLC power line conditioner

PLGR precise lightweight global positioning system (GPS)

receiver

PLL phase locked loop
A-86

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

PLL/ASL prescribed load list/authorized stock level

PLRS position location reporting system

PLS palletized load system; personal locator system; pillars of

logistic support

PLT platoon; program library tape

PM parallel track multiunit; preventive medicine; program

manager; provost marshal

PMAI primary mission aircraft inventory

P/M/C passengers/mail/cargo

PMC parallel multiunit circle; partial mission-capable

PMCM partial mission-capable, maintenance

PMCS partial mission-capable, supply

PMD program management directive

PME professional military education

PMEL precision measurement equipment laboratory

PMGM program manager’s guidance memorandum

PMI patient movement item

PMIS psychological operations (PSYOP) management

information subsystem

PMN parallel track multiunit non-return

PMO production management office(r); program management

office

PMOS primary military occupational specialty

PMR parallel track multiunit return; patient movement request

PMRC patient movement requirements center

PMS portable meteorological subsystem

PN pseudonoise

PNID precedence network in dialing

PNVS pilot night vision system

P/O part of

PO peace operations; petty officer

POADS psychological operations automated data system

POAI primary other aircraft inventory

POAT psychological operations assessment team

POB persons on board; psychological operations battalion

POC point of contact

POD plan of the day; port of debarkation; probability of detection

POE port of embarkation; port of entry

POG port operations group; psychological operations group

POI period of interest; program of instruction

POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants

POLAD political advisor

POLCAP bulk petroleum capabilities report

POM program objective memorandum

POMCUS pre-positioning of materiel configured to unit sets

POLMIL political-military

POMSO Plans, Operations, and Military Support Office(r) (NG)

POP performance oriented packaging
A-87

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

POPS port operational performance simulator

POR proposed operational requirement

PORTS portable remote telecommunications system

POS port of support; position; primary operating stocks;

probability of success

POSF port of support file

POSSUB possible submarine

POSTMOB post mobilization

POTF psychological operations task force

POTG psychological operations task group

POTUS President of the United States

POV privately owned vehicle

POW prisoner of war

P/P patch panel

p-p peak-to-peak

PPA personnel information system (PERSINS) personnel

activity

PPAG proposed public affairs guidance

PPBS Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System

PPD program planning document

PPDB point positioning database

PPE personal protective equipment

Pplan programming plan

ppm parts per million

PPP power projection platform; primary patch panel; priority

placement program

PPR prior permission required

PPS precision positioning service

PR personnel recovery; primary zone; production requirement;

program review

PRA primary review authority

PRANG Puerto Rican Air National Guard

PRBS pseudorandom binary sequence

PRC populace and resources control

PRCA Presidential Reserve Callup Authority

PRD personnel readiness division; Presidential review directive

PRECOM preliminary communications search

PREMOB pre-mobilization

PREPO pre-positioned force, equipment, or supplies; prepositioning

PRF personnel resources file; pulse repetition frequency

PRG program review group

PRI movement priority for forces having the same latest arrival

date (LAD); priority; progressive routing indicator

PRIFLY primary flight control

Prime BEEF Prime Base Engineer Emergency Forces

PRM Presidential review memorandum

PRMFL perm file
A-88

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

PRN pseudorandom noise

PROBSUB probable submarine

PROC processor; Puerto Rican Operations Center

PROFIS professional officer filler information system

PROM programmable read-only memory

PROPIN caution, proprietary information involved

PROVORG providing organization

proword procedure word

PRP personnel reliability program

PRRIS Puerto Rican radar integration system

PRSL primary zone/switch location

PRT pararescue team

PRU pararescue unit; primary reporting unit

PS parallel track single-unit; processing subsystem

PSA port support activity

PSB poststrike base

PSC principal subordinate command

PSD planning systems division

PSE peculiar support equipment

PSHD port security and harbor defense

PSHDGRU port security and harbor defense group

PSI personnel security investigation

PSK phase shift keying

PSL parallel track single-unit long-range aid to navigation

(LORAN)

PSMS Personnel Status Monitoring System

PSN packet switching node; public switch network

PSO post security officer

PSP perforated steel planking; power support platform

PSPS psychological operations (PSYOP) studies program

subsystem

PSS parallel single-unit spiral

P-STATIC precipitation static

PSTN public switched telephone network

PSU port security unit

PSV pseudosynthetic video

PSYOP psychological operations

PSYWAR psychological warfare

PTA position, time, altitude

PTAI primary training aircraft inventory

PTC peace through confrontation; primary traffic channel

PTT postal telephone and telegraph; public telephone and

telegraph; push-to-talk

PTTI precise time and time interval

pub publication

PUK packup kit

PUL parent unit level

PVNTMED preventive medicine
A-89

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

PVT positioning, velocity, and timing

PW prisoner of war

pW picowatt

PWB printed wiring board (assembly)

PWD programmed warhead detonation

PWF personnel working file

PWIS Prisoner of War Information System

PWR pre-positioned wartime reserves

PWRMR pre-positioned war materiel requirement

PWRMS pre-positioned war reserve materiel stock

PWRS pre-positioned war reserve stock

PZ pickup zone

Q

QA quality assurance

QAM quadrature amplitude modulation

QAT quality assurance team

QC quality control

QD quality distance

QDR quality deficiency report

QEEM quick erect expandable mast

QM quartermaster

QPSK quadrature phase shift keying

QRA quick reaction antenna

QRE quick reaction element

QRG quick response graphic

QRP quick response posture

QRS quick reaction strike

QRSA quick reaction satellite antenna

Q-ship decoy ship

QSTAG quadripartite standardization agreement

QTY quantity

QUADCON quadruple container

R

R routine; search radius

R&D research and development

R&R rest and recuperation

R2P2 rapid response planning process

RA risk analysis

RAA redeployment assembly area

RABFAC radar beacon forward air controller

RADAREXREP radar exploitation report

RADAY radio day

RADC regional air defense commander

RADF radarfind
A-90

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

RADHAZ electromagnetic radiation hazards

RADINT radar intelligence

RAE right of assistance entry

RAF Royal Air Force (UK)

R-AFF regimental affiliation

RAM raised angle marker; random access memory

RAMCC regional air movement coordination center

RAOB rawindsonde observation

RAOC rear area operations center; regional air operations center

RAP Radiological Assistance Program (DOE); rear area

protection; Remedial Action Projects Program (JCS)

RAS recovery activation signal

RAST recovery assistance, securing, and traversing systems

RASU random access storage unit

RATT radio teletype

RB radar beacon; short-range coastal or river boat

RBC red blood cell

RBE remain-behind equipment

RBECS Revised Battlefield Electronic Communications,

Electronics, Intelligence, and Operations (CEIO) System

RBI RED/BLACK isolator

RB std rubidium standard

RC receive clock; regional coordinator; Reserve Component;

river current

RCA residual capabilities assessment; riot control agent

RCAT regional counterdrug analysis team

RCC relocation coordination center; rescue coordination center

RCCPDS Reserve Component common personnel data system

RCEM regional contingency engineering management

RCHB reserve cargo handling battalion

RCM Rules for Courts-Martial

RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police

RC NORTH Regional Command North (NATO)

RCO regional coordinating office (DOE)

RCP resynchronization control panel

RCS radar cross section

RC SOUTH Regional Command South (NATO)

RCSP remote call service position

RCT rescue coordination team (Navy)

RCU rate changes unit; remote control unit

RCVR receiver

RD receive data; ringdown

RDA research, development, and acquisition

R-day redeployment day

RDD required delivery date

RDF radio direction finder; rapid deployment force

RDO request for deployment order

RDT&E research, development, test and evaluation
A-91

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

REACT rapid execution and combat targeting

REAC/TS radiation emergency assistance center/training site (DOE)

READY resource augmentation duty program

RECA Residual Capability Assessment

RECAS residual capability assessment system

RECAT residual capability assessment team

RECCE reconnaissance

RECCEXREP reconnaissance exploitation report

RECMOB reconstitution-mobilization

RECON reconnaissance

RED HORSE Rapid Engineers Deployable Heavy Operations Repair

Squadron, Engineers

REF reference(s)

REGT regiment

REL relative

RELCAN releasable to Canada

REM roentgen equivalent mammal

REMT regional emergency management team

REPOL petroleum damage and deficiency report; reporting

emergency petroleum, oils, and lubricants

REPSHIP report of shipment

REPUNIT reporting unit

REQCONF request confirmation

REQSTATASK air mission request status tasking

RESA research, evaluation, and system analysis

RESCAP rescue combat air patrol

RESCORT rescue escort

RET retired

RF radio frequency; reserve force; response force

RFA radio frequency authorization; restrictive fire area

RFC response force commander

RF/EMPINT radio frequency/electromagnetic pulse intelligence

RFI radio frequency interference; ready for issue; request for

information

RFL restrictive fire line

RFP request for proposal

RFS request for service

RFW request for waiver

RG reconstitution group

RGR Rangers

RH reentry home

Rh Rhesus factor

RHIB rigid hull inflatable boat

RI radiation intensity; Refugees International; routing

indicator

RIB rubberized inflatable boat

RIC routing indicator code

RIG recognition identification group
A-92

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

RIMS registrant information management system

RINT unintentional radiation intelligence

RIP register of intelligence publications

RIS reconnaissance information system

RISOP red integrated strategic offensive plan

RISTA reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target

acquisition

RIT remote imagery transceiver

RJTD reconstitution joint table of distribution

RLD ready-to-load date

RLE rail liaison element

RLG regional liaison group; ring laser gyro

RLGM remote loop group multiplexer

RLGM/CD remote loop group multiplexer/cable driver

RLP remote line printer

RM risk management

RMC remote multiplexer combiner; rescue mission commander;

Resource Management Committee (CSIF); returned to

military control

RMKS remarks

RMO regional Marine officer

RMS requirements management system; root-mean-square

RMU receiver matrix unit

RNAV area navigation

RNP remote network processor

R/O receive only

Ro search radius rounded to next highest whole number

ROA restricted operations area

ROC regional operations center; required operational capability

ROCU remote orderwire control unit

ROE rules of engagement

ROEX rules of engagement exercise

ROG railhead operations group

ROK Republic of Korea

ROM read-only memory; rough order of magnitude

RON remain overnight

RO/RO roll-on/roll-off

ROS reduced operational status

ROTC Reserve Officer Training Corps

ROTHR relocatable over-the-horizon backscatter radar (USN)

ROWPU reverse osmosis water purification unit

ROZ restricted operations zone

RP reconstitution priority; release point (road); retained

personnel

RPT report

RPTOR reporting organization

RPV remotely piloted vehicle

RQMT requirement
A-93

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

RQT rapid query tool

RR reattack recommendations

RRC regional reporting center

RRDF roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) discharge facility

RRF rapid reaction force; Ready Reserve Fleet; Ready Reserve

Force

RRPP rapid response planning process

RS rate synthesizer; requirement submission

RSA retrograde storage area

RSC red station clock; rescue sub-center

RSG reference signal generator

RSI rationalization, standardization, and interoperability

RSL received signal level

RSO regional security officer

RSOC regional signals intelligence (SIGINT) operations center

RSOI reception, staging, onward movement, and integration

RSP recognized surface picture; Red Switch Project (DOD)

RSPA Research and Special Programs Administration

RSS radio subsystem; remote sensors subsystem;

root-sum-squared

RSSC regional satellite communications (SATCOM) support

center; regional satellite support cell; regional signals

intelligence (SIGINT) support center (NSA); regional

space support center

RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition

RSTV real-time synthetic video

RSU rapid support unit; rear support unit; remote switching unit

R/T receiver/transmitter

RT remote terminal; rough terrain

RTA residual threat assessment

RTB return to base

RTCC rough terrain container crane

RTCH rough terrain container handler

RTD returned to duty

RTF return to force

RTFL rough terrain forklift

RTLP receiver test level point

RTM real-time mode

RTOC rear tactical operations center

RTS remote transfer switch

RTTY radio teletype

RU release unit; rescue unit

RUIC Reserve unit identification number

RUSCOM rapid ultrahigh frequency (UHF) satellite communications

RV long-range seagoing rescue vessel; reentry vehicle;

rekeying variable; rendezvous

RVR runway visibility recorder

RVT remote video terminal
A-94

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

RWCM regional wartime construction manager

RWI radio and wire integration

RWR radar warning receiver

RX receive; receiver

RZ recovery zone; return-to-zero

S

S&F store-and-forward

S&M scheduling and movement

S&T scientific and technical

S&TI scientific and technical intelligence

S-2 battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer (Army; Marine

Corps battalion or regiment)

S-3 battalion or brigade operations staff officer (Army; Marine

Corps battalion or regiment)

S-4 battalion or brigade logistics staff officer (Army; Marine

Corps battalion or regiment)

SA security assistance; selective availability (GPS); senior

adviser; situational awareness; staging area; stand-alone

switch

SAAFR standard use Army aircraft flight route

SAAM special assignment airlift mission

SAB scientific advisory board (USAF)

SABER situational awareness beacon with reply

SAC special agent in charge

SACC supporting arms coordination center

SACEUR Supreme Allied Command, Europe

SACLANT Supreme Allied Command, Atlantic

SACS secure telephone unit (STU) access control system

SAF Secretary of the Air Force

SAFE selected area for evasion

SAFE-CP selected area for evasion-contact point

SAFER evasion and recovery selected area for evasion (SAFE)

area activation request

SAG surface action group

SAI single agency item

SAID selected area for evasion (SAFE) area intelligence

description

SAL small arms locker

SAL-GP semiactive laser-guided projectile (USN)

SALM single-anchor leg mooring

SALT supporting arms liaison team

SALTS streamlined automated logistics transfer system;

streamlined automated logistics transmission system

SALUTE size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment

SAM space available mail; special airlift mission; surface-to-air

missile
A-95

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

SAMM security assistance management manual

SAMS School of Advanced Military Studies

SAO security assistance office/officer; security assistance

organization; selected attack option

SAOC sector air operations center

SAP special access program

SAPI special access program for intelligence

SAPO subarea petroleum office

SAR satellite access request; search and rescue; special access

requirement; synthetic aperture radar;

SARC surveillance and reconnaissance center

SARIR search and rescue incident report

SARMC search and rescue mission coordinator

SARMIS search and rescue management information system

SARREQ search and rescue request

SARSAT search and rescue satellite-aided tracking

SARSIT search and rescue situation summary report

SARTEL search and rescue (SAR) telephone (private hotline)

SARTF search and rescue task force

SAS sealed authenticator system; special ammunition storage

SASP special ammunition supply point

SASS supporting arms special staff

SASSY supported activities supply systems

SAT satellite; security alert team

SATCOM satellite communications

SAW surface acoustic wave

SAU search attack unit

SB standby base

SBIRS space-based infrared system

SBL space-based laser

SBPO Service blood program officer

SBR special boat squadron

SBRPT subordinate reporting organization

SBS senior battle staff; support battle staff

SBSS science-based stockpile stewardship

SBU special boat unit

SC sea current; search and rescue (SAR) coordinator; station

clock

SCAS stability control augment system

SCATANA security control of air traffic and navigation aids

SC ATLANTIC Strategic Command, Atlantic (NATO)

SCATMINEWARN scatterable minefield warning

SCC security classification code; Space Control Center

(USSPACECOM); Standards Coordinating Committee

SCDL surveillance control data link

SCE service cryptologic element

SC EUROPE Strategic Command, Europe (NATO)

SCF(UK) Save the Children Fund (United Kingdom)
A-96

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

SCF(US) Save the Children Federation (United States)

SCG switching controller group

SCI sensitive compartmented information

SCIF sensitive compartmented information facility

SCMP strategic command, control, and communications (C3)

master plan

SCNE self-contained navigation equipment

SCO state coordinating officer

SCOC systems control and operations concept

SCONUM ship control number

SCP secure conferencing project; system change proposal

SCPT strategic connectivity performance test

SCRB software configuration review board

SCT shipping control teams; single channel transponder

SCTIS single channel transponder injection system

SCTS single channel transponder system

SCT-UR single channel transponder ultrahigh frequency (UHF)

receiver

SCUD surface-to-surface missile system

SDA Seventh-Day Adventist (ADRA)

S-day day the President authorizes selective reserve call-up

SDF self defense force

SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization

SDLS satellite data link standards

SDMX space division matrix

SDN system development notification

SDNRIU secure digital net radio interface unit

SDR system design review

SDSG space division switching group

SDSM space division switching matrix

SDV sea-air-land team (SEAL) delivery vehicle; submerged

delivery vehicle

SEABEE Navy construction engineer; sea barge

SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses

SEAL sea-air-land team

SEAVAN military container moved via ocean

SEC submarine element coordinator

SECAF Secretary of the Air Force

SECARMY Secretary of the Army

SecDef Secretary of Defense

SECNAV Secretary of the Navy

SECNAVINST Secretary of the Navy instruction

SECOMP secure en route communications package

SECORD secure cord switchboard

SECRA secondary radar data only

SECSTATE Secretary of State

SECTRANS Secretary of Transportation

SED signals external data
A-97

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

SEDAS spurious emission detection acquisition system

SEF sealift enhancement feature

SEI specific emitter identification

SEL REL selective release

SELRES Selected Reserve

SEMA special electronic mission aircraft

SEMS standard embarkation management system

SEO/SEP special enforcement operation/special enforcement

program

SEP sealift enhancement program; signal entrance panel;

spherical error probable

SERE survival, evasion, resistance, escape

SERER survival, evasion, resistance, escape, recovery

SETA system engineering and technical assistance

SEW shared early warning

S/EWCC signals intelligence/electronic warfare coordination center

SEWS satellite early warning system

SF security forces; single frequency; special forces

SFAF standard frequency action format

SFCP shore fire control party

SFG security forces group; special forces group

SFI spectral composition

SFMS special forces medical sergeant

SFOB special forces operations base

SFOD-A/B/C special forces operational detachment-A/B/C

SFS security forces squadron

SG supergroup; Surgeon General

SGEMP system-generated electromagnetic pulse

SGSA squadron group systems advisor

SGSI stabilized glide slope indicator

SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe

SHD special handling designator

SHF super-high frequency

SHORAD short-range air defense

SHORADEZ short-range air defense engagement zone

SI special intelligence

SIA station of initial assignment

SIAGL survey instrument azimuth gyroscope lightweight

SIC subject identification code

SICR specific intelligence collection requirement

SID secondary imagery dissemination; standard instrument

departure

SIDAC single integrated damage analysis capability

SIDL standard intelligence documents list

SIDS secondary imagery dissemination system

SIF selective identification feature

SIG signal

SIGINT signals intelligence
A-98

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

SIGSEC signal security

SII seriously ill or injured; statement of intelligence interest

SIMLM single integrated medical logistics management; single

integrated medical logistics manager

SINCGARS single-channel ground and airborne radio system

SINS ship’s inertial navigation system

SIO senior intelligence officer; special information operations

SIOP Single Integrated Operational Plan

SIOP-ESI Single Integrated Operational Plan-Extremely Sensitive

Information

SIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network

SIR serious incident report; specific information requirement

SIRADS stored imagery repository and dissemination system

SIRMO senior information resources management official

SIS special information systems

SIT special interest target

SITLM single integrated theater logistic manager

SITREP situation report

SIV special interest vessel

SJA Staff Judge Advocate

SJS Secretary, Joint Staff

SKE station-keeping equipment

SL sea level; switch locator

SLAM stand-off land attack missile

SLAR side-looking airborne radar

SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile

SLC satellite laser communications; single line concept

SLCM sea-launched cruise missile

SLCP ship lighterage control point; ship’s loading characteristics

pamphlet

SLD system link designator

SLEP service life extension program

SLGR small, lightweight ground receiver (GPS)

SLIT serial-lot item tracking

SLO space liaison officer

SLOC sea line of communications

SLP seaward launch point

SLRP survey, liaison, and reconnaissance party

SLWT side loadable warping tug

SM Secretary, Joint Staff, memorandum; staff memorandum;

system manager

SMART special medical augmentation response team

SMC midpoint compromise track spacing; search and rescue

(SAR) mission coordinator; system master catalog

SMCA single manager for conventional ammunition

SMCC strategic mobile command center

SMCM surface mine countermeasures

SMCOO spectrum management concept of operations
A-99

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

SMCR Selected Marine Corps Reserve

SMD strategic missile defense

SMDC Space & Missile Defense Command (Army)

SMEB significant military exercise brief

SMEO small end office

SMFT semitrailer mounted fabric tank

SMI security management infrastructure

SMIO search and rescue (SAR) mission information officer

SMO senior meteorological and oceanographic officer; strategic

mobility office(r); support to military operations

SMP sub-motor pool

SMPT School of Military Packaging Technology

SMRI service message routing indicator

SMTP simple message transfer protocol

SMU special mission unit; supported activities supply system

(SASSY) management unit

S/N signal to noise

SNCO staff noncommissioned officer

SNIE special national intelligence estimates

SNF strategic nuclear forces

SNLC Senior North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Logisticians Conference

SNM system notification message

SNOI signal not of interest

SO safety observer; special operations

SOA separate operating agency; special operations aviation;

speed of advance; status of action; sustained operations

ashore

SOAF status of action file

SOC special operations command

SOCA special operations communications assembly

SOCC Sector Operations Control Center (NORAD)

SOCCE special operations command and control element

SOCCENT Special Operations Component, United States Central

Command

SOCCT special operations combat control team

SOCEUR Special Operations Component, United States European

Command

SOCEX special operations capable exercise

SOCLANT Special Operations Component, United States Atlantic

Command

SOCOORD special operations coordination element

SOCP special operations communication package

SOCPAC Special Operations Component, United States Pacific

Command

SOCRATES Special Operations Command, Research, Analysis, and

Threat Evaluation System
A-100

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

SOCSOUTH Special Operations Component, United States Southern

Command

SOD special operations division; strategy and options decision

(Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System)

SODARS special operations debrief and retrieval system

SOE special operations executive

SOF special operations forces; supervisor of flying

SOFA status-of-forces agreement

SOFAR sound fixing and ranging

SOFME special operations forces medical element

SOG special operations group

SOI signal of interest; signal operating instructions; space object

identification

SOIC senior officer of the intelligence community

SOLAS safety of life at sea

SOLE special operations liaison element

SOLL special operations low-level

SOM start of message

SOMA status of mission agreement

SOMPF special operations mission planning folder

SONMET special operations naval mobile environment team

SOP standard operating procedure; standing operating

procedure

SOPA senior officer present afloat (USN)

SO-peculiar special operations-peculiar

SOR statement of requirement

SORTIEALOT sortie allotment message

SORTS Status of Resources and Training System

SOS special operations squadron

SOSB special operations support battalion

SOSC special operations support command (theater army)

SOSE special operations staff element

SOSG station operations support group

SOSR suppress, obscure, secure, and reduce

SOTA signals intelligence (SIGINT) operational tasking authority

SOTAC special operations terminal attack controller

SOUTHAF Southern Command Air Forces

SOUTHROC Southern Region Operational Center (USSOUTHCOM)

SOW special operations wing; standoff weapon; statement of

work

SOWT special operations weather team

SOWT/TE special operations weather team/tactical element

SP security police

SPA special psychological operations (PSYOP) assessment;

submarine patrol area

SPCC ships parts control center (USN)

SPEAR strike protection evaluation and antiair research

SPEC specified
A-101

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

SPECAT special category

SPECWAR special warfare

SPINS special instructions

SPINTCOMM special intelligence communications handling system

SPIREP specialist intelligence report; spot intelligence report

SPLX simplex

SPM single point mooring; single port manager

SPMAGTF special purpose Marine air-ground task force

SPO system program office

SPOC search and rescue (SAR) points of contact; space command

operations center; Space Operations Center

(USSPACECOM)

SPOD seaport of debarkation

SPOE seaport of embarkation

SPOTREP spot report

SPP shared production program

SPR software problem report

SPRINT special psychiatric rapid intervention team

SPS special psychological operations (PSYOP) study; standard

positioning system

SPSC system planning and system control

SPTD CMD supported command

SPTG CMD supporting command

sqft square feet

SR special reconnaissance

SRA specialized-repair activity

SRAM short-range air-to-surface attack missile; system

replacement and modernization

SRB software release bulletin; system review board (JOPES)

SRBM short-range ballistic missile

SRC Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) response cell;

standard requirements code; survival recovery center

SRCC service reserve coordination center

SRF secure Reserve force

SRG short-range aircraft

SRI surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence (Marine

Corps)

SRIG surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence group

(USMC)

SROC Senior Readiness Oversight Council; Southern Region

Operational Center, United States Southern Command

SROE standing rules of engagement

SRP Sealift Readiness Program; sealift reserve program;

seaward recovery point; Single Integrated Operational

Plan (SIOP) reconnaissance plan

SRP/PDS stabilization reference package/position determining

system

SRR search and rescue region
A-102

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

SRS search and rescue sector

SRSG special representative to the Secretary-General

SRT scheduled return time; special reaction team; standard

remote terminal; strategic relocatable target

SRTD signals research and target development

SRU search and rescue unit

SR-UAV short-range unmanned aerial vehicle

SRWBR short range wide band radio

S/S steamship

SS submarine

SSA software support activity; special support activity (NSA);

strapdown sensor assembly; supply support activity;

supply support area

SSB single side band; surveillance support branch

SSBN fleet ballistic missile submarine

SSB-SC single sideband-suppressed carrier

SSC small scale contingency; surveillance support center

SSCO shipper’s service control office

SSCRA Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act

SSF software support facility

SSI standing signal instruction

SSM surface-to-surface missile

SSMI special sensor microwave imager

SSMS single shelter message switch

SSN attack submarine, nuclear; Social Security number; space

surveillance network

SS (number) sea state (number)

SSO special security officer; spot security office

SSP signals intelligence (SIGINT) support plan

SSPO strategic systems program office

SSS Selective Service System; shelter subsystem

SSSC surface, subsurface search surveillance coordination

SST space support team

ST short ton; small tug; strike team

S/T short ton

ST&E security test and evaluation

STA system tape A

STAB space tactical awareness brief

STA clk station clock

STAMMIS standard Army multi-command management information

system

STANAG standardization agreement (NATO)

STANAVFORLANT Standing Naval Forces, Atlantic (NATO)

STAR scheduled theater airlift route; standard attribute reference;

standard terminal arrival route; surface-to-air recovery;

system threat assessment report

STARC state area coordinators

START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
A-103

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

STARTEX start of exercise

STB super tropical bleach

STC secondary traffic channel

STD standard

STDM synchronous time division multiplexer

STEL STU III Standford telecommunications (secure telephone)

STEP software test and evaluation program; standard tactical

entry point; standard tool for employment planning

STICS scalable transportable intelligence communications system

STO special technical operations

STOC special technical operations coordinator

STOD special technical operations division

STOL short takeoff and landing

STOMPS stand-alone tactical operational message processing system

STON short ton

STOVL short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft

STP security technical procedure

STR strength

STRATOPS strategic operations division

STREAM standard tensioned replenishment alongside method

STS special tactics squadron

STT special tactics team

STU secure telephone unit

STU-III secure telephone unit III

STW strike warfare

STWC strike warfare commander

STX start of text

SU search unit

SUBJ subject

sub-JIB subordinate joint information bureau

SUBOPAUTH submarine operating authority

SUBROC submarine rocket

SUC surf current

SUIC service unit identification code

SUPE supervisory commands program

SURG surgeon

SUROBS surf observation

SURPIC surface picture

SUW surface warfare

SUWC surface warfare commander

S/V sailboat

SVC Service

SVIP secure voice improvement program

SVLTU service line termination unit

SVR surface vessel radar

SVS secure voice system

Sw switch

SWA Southwest Asia
A-104

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

SWAT special weapons and tactics

SWBD switchboard

SWC strike warfare commander; swell/wave current

SWO staff weather officer

SWORD submarine warfare operations research division

SWSOCC Southwest Sector Operation Control Center North

American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)

SYDP six year defense plan

SYG Secretary General (UN)

SYNC synchronization

SYS system

SYSCON systems control

T

T search time available; short ton; trackline pattern

T&DE test and diagnostic equipment

T&E test and evaluation

T2 technology transfer

TA target acquisition; theater Army

TAA tactical assembly area

TAACOM Theater Army Area Command

TAADS The Army Authorization Document System

TAB tactical air base

TAC tactical advanced computer; terminal access controller

TAC(A) tactical air coordinator (airborne)

TACAIR tactical air

TACAMO take charge and move out (EA-6B aircraft)

TACAN tactical air navigation

TACC tactical air command center (USMC); tactical air control

center (USN); tanker/airlift control center (USAF)

TAC-D tactical deception

TACDAR tactical detection and reporting

TACINTEL tactical intelligence

TACLOG tactical-logistical

TACM tactical air command manual

TACON tactical control

TACOPDAT tactical operational data

TA/CP technology assessment/control plan

TACP tactical air control party

TACRON tactical air control squadron

T-ACS tactical auxiliary crane ship

TACS tactical air control system; theater air control system

TACSAT tactical satellite

TACSIM tactical simulation

TACSTANS tactical standards

TACT tactical aviation control team

TACTRAGRULANT Tactical Training Group, Atlantic
A-105

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

TAD tactical air direction; temporary additional duty

(non-unit-related personnel); theater air defense; time

available for delivery

TADC tactical air direction center

TADCS tactical airborne digital camera system

TADIL tactical digital information link

TADS Tactical Air Defense System

TAES theater aeromedical evacuation system

TAF tactical air force

TAFDS tactical airfield fuel dispensing system

TAFIM technical architecture framework for information

management

TAFS tactical aerodrome forecasts

TAFT technical assistance field team

TAG technical assessment group; The Adjutant General;

Tomahawk land-attack missile aimpoint graphic

T-AGOS tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance

T-AH hospital ship

TAI International Atomic Time; target area of interest; total

active inventory

TAIS transportation automated information systems

TAK cargo ship

T-AKR fast logistics ship

TALCE tanker airlift control element

TALD tactical air-launched decoy

TALO theater airlift liaison officer

TAMCA theater Army movement control agency

TAMCO theater Army movement control center

TAMMC theater army material management command

TAMMIS theater Army medical management and information system

tanalt tangent altitude

TAO tactical actions officer

TAOC tactical air operations center (USMC)

TAP troopship

TAR Training and Administration of the Reserve

TARBUL target bulletin

TARE tactical record evaluation

TAREX target plans and operations

TARS tethered aerostat radar system

TAS tactical atmospheric summary; true air speed

T-ASA Television Audio Support Agency

TASCID tactical Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) satellite

compensation interface device

TASCO tactical automatic switch control officer

TASIP tailored analytic intelligence support to individual

electronic warfare and command and control warfare

projects

TASMO tactical air support for maritime operations
A-106

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

TASOSC theater Army special operations support command

TASS tactical automated security system; tactical automated

switch system

TAT tactical analysis team; technical assistance team

TATC tactical air traffic control

TAV total asset visibility

T-AVB aviation logistics support ship

TAW tactical airlift wing

TBD to be determined

TBM tactical ballistic missile; theater ballistic missile

TBMCS theater battle management core system

TBMD theater ballistic missile defense

TBP to be published

TBSL to be supplied later

TBTC transportable blood transshipment center

TC tidal current; transmit clock and/or telemetry combiner;

Transportation Corps (Army)

TCA terminal control area; time of closest approach; traditional

CINC activity

TC-ACCIS Transportation Coordinator's Automated Command and

Control Information System

TC-AIMS Transportation Coordinator’s Automated Information for

Movement System

TCAIMS II Transportation Coordinator’s Automated Information for

Movement System II

TCC transmission control code; transportation component

command

TCCF tactical communications control facility

TCEM theater contingency engineering management

TCF tactical combat force; technical control facility

TCM theater construction manager

TCMD transportation control and movement document

TCN third country national; transportation control number

TCSEC trusted computer system evaluation criteria

TD timing distributor; total drift; transmit data

TDA Table of Distribution and Allowance

TDAD Table of Distribution and Allowance (TDA) designation

T-day effective day coincident with Presidential declaration of a

National Emergency and authorization of partial

mobilization

TDBM technical database management

TDD target desired ground zero (DGZ) designator

TDF tactical digital facsimile

TDI target data inventory

TDIC time division interface controller

TDIG time division interface group

TDIM time division interface module

TDM time division multiplexed
A-107

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

TDMA time division multiple access

TDMF time division matrix function

TDMM time division memory module

TDMX time division matrix

TDSG time division switching group

TDSGM time division switching group modified

TDT theater display terminal

TDY temporary duty

TE transaction editor

TEA Transportation Engineering Agency

tech technical

TECHCON technical control

TECHDOC technical documentation

TECHEVAL technical evaluation

TECHINT technical intelligence

TECHOPDAT technical operational data

TECS II Treasury Enforcement Communications System

TED trunk encryption device

TEL transporter-erector-launcher (missile platform)

TELEX teletype

TELINT telemetry intelligence

TELNET telecommunication network

TENCAP tactical exploitation of national capabilities

TEOB tactical electronic order of battle

TEP test and evaluation plan; theater engagement plan

TERCOM terrain contour matching

TERF terrain flight

TERPES tactical electronic reconnaissance processing and

evaluation system

TERPROM terrain profile matching

TERS tactical event reporting system

TES tactical event system; theater event system

TEU twenty-foot equivalent unit

TF task force

TFCICA task force counterintelligence coordinating authority

TFE tactical field exchange; transportation feasibility estimator

TFR temporary flight restriction

TFS tactical fighter squadron

TG task group

TGC trunk group cluster

TGEN table generate

TGM trunk group multiplexer

TGMOW transmission group module and/or orderwire

TGT target

TGTINFOREP target information report

TGU trunk compatibility unit

THREATCON terrorist threat condition

TI threat identification; training instructor
A-108

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

TIAP theater intelligence architecture program

TIARA tactical intelligence and related activities

TIBS tactical information broadcast service

TIC target information center

TIDP technical interface design plan

TIDS tactical imagery dissemination system

TIFF tagged image file format

TII total inactive inventory

TIO target intelligence officer

TIP target intelligence package

TIPG telephone interface planning guide

TIPI tactical information processing and interpretation system;

tactical information processing interpretation

TIPS tactical optical surveillance system (TOSS) imagery

processing system

TIS technical interface specification; thermal imaging system

TISG technical interoperability standards group

TISS thermal imaging sensor system

TL team leader

TLAM Tomahawk land-attack missile

TLAM/N Tomahawk land attack missile/nuclear

TLC traffic load control

TLCF teleconference

TLP transmission level point

TLR trailer

TLX teletype

TM tactical missile; target materials; team member; technical

manual; theater missile; TROPO modem

TMAO theater mortuary affairs officer

TMD tactical munitions dispenser; theater missile defense

TMEP theater mortuary evacuation point

TMG timing

TMIS theater medical information system

TML terminal

TMMMC theater medical materiel management center

TMN trackline multiunit non-return

TMO traffic management office; transportation management

office

TMP target materials program; telecommunications

management program; theater manpower forces

TMR trackline multiunit return

T/M/S type, model, and/or series (also as TMS)

TNAPS tactical network analysis and planning system

TNAPS+ tactical network analysis and planning system plus

T-net training net

TNF theater nuclear force

T/O table of organization

TO technical order; theater of operations
A-109

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

TO&E table of organization and equipment

TOA table of allowance

TOAI total overall aircraft inventory

TOC tactical operations center

TOCU tropospheric scatter (TROPO) orderwire control unit

TOD time of day

TOE table of organization and equipment

TOFC trailer on flatcar

TOH top of hill

TOI track of interest

TOPINT technical operational intelligence

TOR term of reference; time of receipt

TOS time on station

TOSS tactical optical surveillance system

TOT time on target

TP technical publication; turn point

TPB tactical psychological operations battalion

TPC two person control

TPC/PC tactical pilotage chart and/or pilotage chart

TPED tasking, processing, exploitation, and dissemination

TPERS type personnel element

TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data

TPFDL time-phased force and deployment list

TPL technical publications list; telephone private line

TPMRC theater patient movement requirements center

TPT tactical petroleum terminal

TPTRL time-phased transportation requirements list

TPU tank pump unit

TRA technical review authority

TRAC2ES transportation command regulating and command and

control evacuation system

TRACON terminal radar approach control facility

TRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine Command

TRAM target recognition attack multisensor

TRANSEC transmission security

TRAP tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (Marine Corps);

tactical related applications; tanks, racks, adapters, and

pylons; terrorism research and analysis program

TRC tactical radio communication; transmission release code

TRCC tactical record communications center

TRE tactical receive equipment

TREAS Department of the Treasury

TREE transient radiation effects on electronics

TRICON triple container

TRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program

TRK truck; trunk

TRNG training

TRO training and readiness oversight
A-110

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

TROPO troposphere; tropospheric scatter

TRS tactical reconnaissance squadron

TS terminal service; top secret

TSA theater storage area; travel security advisory

TSB trunk signaling buffer

TSCM technical surveillance countermeasures

TSCO target selection confusion of the operator; top secret control

officer

TSE tactical support element

TSEC transmission security

TSG test signal generator

TSGCE tri-Service group on communications and electronics

TSGCEE tri-Service group on communications and electronic

equipment (NATO)

TSM trunk signaling message

TSN trackline single-unit non-return; track supervision net

TSO technical standard order; telecommunications service order

TSP telecommunications service priority

TSR telecommunications service request; trackline single-unit

return

TSS tactical shelter system; timesharing system; time signal

set; traffic service station

TSSP tactical satellite signal processor

TSSR tropospheric scatter (TROPO)-satellite support radio

TST tactical support team; theater support team

TSWA temporary secure working areas

TT terminal transfer

TT&C telemetry, tracking, and commanding

TTB transportation terminal battalion

TTD technical task directive

TTL transistor-transistor logic

TTM threat training manual

TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

TTR tactical training range

TTT time to target

TTU transportation terminal unit

TTY teletype

TUBA transition unit box assembly

TUCHA type unit characteristics file

TUCHAREP type unit characteristics report

TUDET type unit equipment detail file

TV television

TVA Tennessee Valley Authority

TW/AA tactical warning and attack assessment

TWC total water current

TWCF transportation working Capital Fund

TWCM theater wartime construction manager

TWD transnational warfare counterdrug analysis
A-111

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

TWDS tactical water distribution system

TWPL teletypewriter private line

TWX teletypewriter exchange

TX transmitter; transmit

TYCOM type commander

U

U wind speed

UARM unconventional assisted recovery mechanism

UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

U/C unit cost; upconverter

UCFF Unit Type Code Consumption Factors File

UCMJ Uniform Code of Military Justice

UCP Unified Command Plan

UCT underwater construction team

UDAC unauthorized disclosure analysis center

UDC unit descriptor code

UDESC unit description

UDL unit designation list

UDP unit deployment program

UDT underwater demolition team

UE unit equipment

UFO ultrahigh frequency (UHF) follow-on satellite system

UGM-84A Harpoon

UGM-96A Trident I

UHF ultrahigh frequency

UAOBS upper air observation

UAR unconventional assisted recovery

UHV Upper Huallaga Valley

UIC unit identification code

UICIO unit identification code information officer

UIRV unique interswitch rekeying variable

UIS unit identification system

UJTL Universal Joint Task List

UK United Kingdom

UK(I) United Kingdom and Ireland

ULC unit level code

ULF ultra low frequency

ULN unit line number

UMCC unit movement control center

UMD unit manning document; unit movement data

UMIB urgent marine information broadcast

UMMIPS uniform material movement and issue priority system

UMPR unit manpower personnel record

UMT unit ministry team

UN United Nations

UNAAF Unified Action Armed Forces
A-112

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

UNC United Nations Command

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UND urgency of need designator

UNDHA United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs

UN-DMT United Nations disaster management team

UNDP United Nations development programme

UNDPKO United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations

UNEF United Nations emergency force

UNEP United Nations environment program

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization

UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for

Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

UNITAF unified task force

UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research

UNITREP unit status and identity report

UNLOC United Nations logistic course

UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti

UNMILPOC United Nations military police course

UNMOC United Nations military observers course

UNMOVCC United Nations movement control course

UNO unit number

UNODIR unless otherwise directed

UNPA United Nations Participation Act

UNPROFOR United Nations protection force

UNREP underway replenishment

UNREP CONSOL underway replenishment consolidation

UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine

Refugees in the Near East

UNSC United Nations Security Council

UNSOC United Nations staff officers course

UNSCR United Nations Security Council resolution

UNTAC United Nations Transition Authority in Cambodia

UNTSO United Nations Truce and Supervision Organization

UP&TT unit personnel and tonnage table

UPU Universal Postal Union

URDB user requirements data base

USA United States Army

USAB United States Army barracks

USACCSA United States Army Command and Control Support

Agency

USACFSC United States Army Community and Family Support

Center

USACIDC United States Army Criminal Investigations Command

USAF United States Air Force
A-113

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

USAFE United States Air Forces in Europe

USAFEP United States Air Force, Europe pamphlet

USAFLANT United States Air Force, Atlantic Command

USAFR United States Air Force Reserve

USAFSOC United States Air Force, Special Operations Command

USAFSOF United States Air Force, Special Operations Forces

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USAITAC United States Army Intelligence Threat Analysis Center

USAJFKSWC United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare

Center

USAMMA United States Army Medical Materiel Agency

USAMPS United States Army Military Police School

USAO United States Attorney Office

USAR United States Army Reserve

USARCENT United States Army, Central Command

USAREUR United States Army, European Command

USARJ United States Army, Japan

USARLANT United States Army, Atlantic Command

USARPAC United States Army, Pacific Command

USARSO United States Army, Southern Command

USASOC United States Army, Special Operations Command

USB upper side band

USBP United States Border Patrol

USC United States Code

USCENTAF United States Central Command Air Forces

USCENTCOM United States Central Command

USCG United States Coast Guard

USCINCACOM Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Command

USCINCCENT Commander in Chief, United States Central Command

USCINCEUR United States Commander in Chief, Europe

USCINCPAC Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Command

USCINCSO Commander in Chief, United States Southern Command

USCINCSOC Commander in Chief, United States Special Operations

Command

USCINCSPACE Commander in Chief, United States Space Command

USCINCSTRAT Commander in Chief, United States Strategic Command

USCINCTRANS Commander in Chief, United States Transportation

Command

USCS United States Cryptologic System; United States Customs

Service

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USD(A&T) Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and

Technology

USDAO United States Defense Attaché Office

USDELMC United States Delegation to the NATO Military Committee

USD(P) Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

USDR United States Defense Representative

USD(R&E) Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
A-114

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

USELEMNORAD United States Element, North American Aerospace

Defense Command

USERID user identification

USEUCOM United States European Command

USFJ United States Forces, Japan

USFK United States Forces, Korea

USFORAZORES United States Forces, Azores

USFS United States Forest Service

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USG United States Government

USIA United States Information Agency

USIC United States interdiction coordinator

USIS United States Information Service

USJFCOM United States Joint Forces Command

USLANTFLT United States Atlantic Fleet

USLO United States liaison officer

USMARFORCENT United States Marine Component, Central Command

USMARFORLANT United States Marine Component, Atlantic Command

USMARFORPAC United States Marine Component, Pacific Command

USMARFORSOUTH United States Marine Component, Southern Command

USMC United States Marine Corps

USMCEB United States Military Communications-Electronics Board

USMCR United States Marine Corps Reserve

USMER United States merchant ship vessel locator reporting system

USMILGP United States military group

USMILREP United States military representative

USMOG-W United States Military Observer Group - Washington

USMS United States Marshals Service

USMTF United States message text format

USMTM United States military training mission

USN United States Navy

USNAVCENT United States Naval Forces, Central Command

USNAVEUR United States Naval Forces, Europe

USNCB United States National Central Bureau (INTERPOL)

USNMR United States National Military representative

USNMTG United States North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military Terminology Group

USNR United States Navy Reserve

USNS United States Naval Ship

USPACAF United States Air Forces, Pacific Command

USPACFLT United States Pacific Fleet

USPACOM United States Pacific Command

USPHS United States Public Health Service

USPS United States Postal Service

USREPMC United States representative to the military committee

(NATO)

USSOCOM United States Special Operations Command

USSOUTHAF United States Air Force, Southern Command
A-115

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

USSOUTHCOM United States Southern Command

USSPACECOM United States Space Command

USSS United States Secret Service (TREAS); United States

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) System

USSTRATCOM United States Strategic Command

USTRANSCOM United States Transportation Command

USUN United States Mission to the United Nations

USW undersea warfare

USW/USWC undersea warfare and/or undersea warfare commander

USYG Under Secretary General

UT1 unit trainer; Universal Time

UTC Coordinated Universal Time; unit type code

UTM universal transverse mercator

UTO unit table of organization

UTR underwater tracking range

UUV unmanned underwater vehicle

UVEPROM ultraviolet erasable programmable read-only memory

UW unconventional warfare

UWOA unconventional warfare operating area

UXO unexploded explosive ordnance; unexploded ordnance

V

V search and rescue unit ground speed; sector pattern; volt

v velocity of target drift

VA Veterans Administration; vulnerability assessment

VAC volts, alternating current

VARVAL vessel arrival data, list of vessels available to marine safety

offices and captains of the port

VAT B (weather) visibility (in miles), amount (of clouds, in

eighths), (height of cloud) top (in thousands of feet),

(height of cloud) base (in thousands of feet)

VBS visit, board, search

VBSS visit, board, search, and seizure

VCC voice communications circuit

VCNOG Vice Chairman, Nuclear Operations Group

VCO voltage controlled oscillator

VCOPG Vice Chairman, Operations Planners Group

VCR violent crime report

VCXO voltage controlled crystal oscillator; voltage controlled

oscillator

VDC volts, direct current

VDR voice digitization rate

VDS video subsystem

VDSD visual distress signaling device

VDU visual display unit

VDUC visual display unit controller

VEH vehicle; vehicular cargo
A-116

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

VERTREP vertical replenishment

VF voice frequency

VFR visual flight rules

VFTG voice frequency telegraph

VHF very high frequency

VI visual information

VICE advice

VID visual identification information display

VIDOC visual information documentation

VINSON encrypted ultrahigh frequency communications system

VIP very important person; visual information processor

VIRS verbally initiated release system

VIS visual imaging system

VISA Voluntary Intermodel Sealift Agreement; Voluntary

Intermodal Shipping Agreement

VISOBS visual observer

VIXS video information exchange system

VLA vertical line array; visual landing aid

VLF very low frequency

VLR very-long-range aircraft

VLZ vertical landing zone

VMC visual meteorological conditions

VMF variable message format

VNTK target vulnerability indicator designating degree of

hardness; susceptibility of blast; and K-factor

VO validation office

VOCODER voice encoder

VOCU voice orderwire control unit

VOD vertical onboard delivery

VOL volunteer

vol volume

VOLS vertical optical landing system

VOR very high frequency omnidirectional range station

VORTAC very high frequency omnidirectional range station and/or

tactical air navigation

VOX voice actuation (keying)

VP video processor

VPB version planning board

VPD version planning document

VS sector single-unit

VS&PT vehicle summary and priority table

VSAT very small aperture terminal

VSII very seriously ill or injured

VSP voice selection panel

VSR sector single-unit radar

V/STOL vertical and/or short takeoff and landing aircraft

VTA voluntary tanker agreement

VTC video teleconferencing
A-117

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

VTOL vertical takeoff and landing

VTOL-UAV vertical takeoff and landing unmanned aerial vehicle

VTS vessel traffic service

VTT video teletraining

VU volume unit

VV&A verification, validation, and accreditation

VV&C verification, validation, and certification

W

W sweep width

w search subarea width

WAAR Wartime Aircraft Activity Report

WACBE World Area Code Basic Encyclopedia

WAGB icebreaker (USCG)

WAN wide-area network

WARM wartime reserve mode

WARMAPS wartime manpower planning system

WAS wide area surveillance

WASP war air service program

WATCHCON watch condition

WB wideband

WC wind current

WCA water clearance authority

WCCS Wing Command and Control System

WCDO War Consumables Distribution Objective

W-day declared by the NCA, W-day is associated with an

adversary decision to prepare for war

WDT warning and display terminal

WEAX weather

WES weapon engagement status

WETM weather team

WEU Western European Union

WEZ weapon engagement zone

WFE warfighting environment

WFP World Food Programme (UN)

WGS World Geodetic System

WGS-84 World Geodetic System 1984

WH wounded due to hostilities

WHEC high-endurance cutter (USCG)

WHNRS wartime host-nation religious support

WHNS wartime host-nation support

WHNSIMS Wartime Host Nation Support Information Management

System

WHO World Health Organization

WIA wounded in action
A-118

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

WISDIM Warfighting and Intelligence Systems Dictionary for

Information Management; WIS Dictionary for

Information Management

WISP Wartime Information Security Program

WLG Washington liaison group

WMD weapons of mass destruction

WMEC Coast Guard medium-endurance cutter

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WMP Air Force War and Mobilization Plan; War and

Mobilization Plan

WOC wing operations center (USAF)

WOD word-of-day

WORM write once read many

WPA water jet propulsion assembly

WPAL wartime personnel allowance list

WPARR War Plans Additive Requirements Roster

WPB Coast Guard patrol boat

WPC Washington Planning Center

WPM words per minute

WPN weapon

WPS Worldwide Port System

WR war reserve; weapon radius

WRC World Radiocommunication Conference

WRL weapons release line

WRM war reserve materiel

WRMS war reserve materiel stock

WRR weapons response range (as well as wpns release rg)

WRS war reserve stock

WRSK war readiness spares kit; war reserve spares kit

WSC Worldwide Military Command and Control System

(WWMCCS) Intercomputer Network (WIN) site

coordinator

WSE weapon support equipment

WSES surface effect ship (USCG)

WSESRB Weapon System Explosive Safety Review Board

WSR weapon system reliability

WT gross weight; warping tug; weight

WTCA water terminal clearance authority

WTLO water terminal logistic office

Wu uncorrected sweep width

WVRD World Vision Relief and Development, Inc.

WWABNCP worldwide airborne command post

WWII World War II

WWSVCS Worldwide Secure Voice Conferencing System

WX weather
A-119

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Abbreviations and Acronyms

X

X initial position error

XCVR transceiver

XO executive officer

XSB barrier single unit

Y

Y search and rescue unit (SRU) error

YR year

Z

Z zulu

z effort

Zt total available effort

ZULU time zone indicator for Universal Time
A-120

Appendix A

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002

Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX B

TERMINOLOGY POINTS OF CONTACT

B-1

1. US NATO Military Terminology Group

a. Office, US NATO Military Terminology Group, Operational Plans and Joint Force

Development Directorate, J-7, JDETD, ATTN: Chairman, US NATO Military Terminology

Group, 7000 Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000; Tel (703) 695-6292, DSN

225-6292; Fax (703) 693-8897, DSN 223-8897

b. Military Service Terminology Representatives

• Army: US Army HQDA, ODSCSOPS (DAMO-SSP), Washington, DC 20310-0460;

Tel (703) 697-6949, DSN 227-6949; Fax (703) 614-2896, DSN 224-2896

• Navy: Navy Warfare Development Command (N5T), Sims Hall, 686 Cushing Road,

Newport, RI 02841-1207; Tel (401) 841-2717; DSN 948-2717; Fax (401) 841-3286;

Fax DSN 948-3286

• Air Force: HQ AFDC/DL, 1480 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330-1480;

Tel (703) 693-7932, DSN 223-7932; Fax (703) 695-8245, DSN 225-8245

• Marine Corps: Doctrine Division (C427), Marine Corps Combat Development

Command Quantico, VA 22134-5021; Tel (703) 784-6227, DSN 278-6227; Fax (703)

784-2917, DSN 278-2917

• Coast Guard: US Coast Guard Headquarters (OPD1), 2100 2nd St SW, Washington,

DC 20593- 0001; Tel (202) 267-0583; Fax (202) 297-4278

2. DOD Terminology Points of Contact

a. Office of the Secretary of Defense, WHS Directives and Records Division, Rm. 2A286,

Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155; Tel (703) 697-4111, DSN 227-4111; Fax (703)

614-8532, DSN 224-8532

b. Joint Staff Manpower and Personnel Directorate (J-1) Military Secretariat, 1000

Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-1000; Tel (703) 697-9644, DSN 227-9644;

Fax (703) 693-1596, DSN 223-1596

• Operations Directorate (J-3) Office of the Military Secretariat, 3000 Joint Staff,

Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-3000; Tel (703) 695-4705, DSN 225-4705; Fax (703)

614-1755, DSN 224-1755

• Logistics Directorate (J-4) Logistics Planning Division, 4000 Joint Staff, Pentagon,

Washington, DC 20318-4000; Tel (703) 697-0595, DSN 227-0595; Fax (703) 697-0566,

DSN 227-0566
B-2

Appendix B

JP 1-02

• Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J-5) Policy Division, 5000 Joint Staff, Pentagon,

Washington, DC 20318-5000; Tel (703) 614-8715, DSN 224-8715; Fax (703) 697-1337,

DSN 227-1337

• Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems Directorate (J-6)

C4 Architecture and Integration Division, 6000 Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, DC

20318-6000; Tel (703) 693-5332, DSN 223-5332; Fax (703) 697-6610, DSN 227-6610

• Operational Plans and Joint Force Development Directorate (J-7) Joint Doctrine

Division, ATTN: Chairman, US NATO Military Terminology Group, 7000 Joint Staff,

Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000; Tel (703) 695-6292, DSN 225-6292; Fax (703)

693-8897, DSN 223-8897

• Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment Directorate (J-8) Forces Division, 8000

Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-8000; Tel (703) 697-0799, DSN 227-0799;

Fax (703) 614-6601, DSN 224-6601

• US Military Communications-Electronics Board (USMCEB), Washington, DC 20318-

6100; Tel (703) 614-7924, DSN 224-7924; Fax (703) 693-3322, DSN 223-3322

c. Defense Agencies

• Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), JIEO, Center for Standards, 10701

Parkridge Boulevard, Reston, VA 22091-4398; Tel (703) 735-3532, DSN 364-3532;

Fax (703) 735-3256, DSN 364-3256

• Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) ATTN: J2J, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20340-

5037; Tel (703) 695-1032, DSN 225-1032; Fax (703) 697-9650, DSN 227-9650

• Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) ATTN: DASC-DD, 8725 Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir,

VA 22060-6220; Tel (703) 767-1268, DSN 427-1268; Fax (703) 767-5559, DSN

427-5559

• National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) ATTN: PCO/DFJ, Mail Stop P-37,

12310 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20191-3449; Tel (703) 263-3148, DSN

570-3148; Fax (703) 264-3139, DSN 570-3139

• Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) ATTN: OPOE, 6801 Telegraph Road,

Alexandria, VA 22310-3398; Tel (703) 325-6844, DSN 221-6844; Fax (703) 325-6226,

DSN 221-6226

• National Security Agency (NSA) Central Security Service, ATTN: N-51, Rm. 2A256,

Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155; Tel (301) 688-7819, DSN 923-7819; Fax (301)

497-2844, DSN 923-2844
B-3

Terminology Points of Contact

d. Combatant Commands

• US Central Command (USCENTCOM) ATTN: CCJ5-O, 7115 S Boundary Blvd,

MacDill AFB, FL 33621-5101; Tel (813) 828-6447, DSN 968-6447; Fax (813) 828-5917,

DSN 968-5917

• US European Command (USEUCOM) ATTN: CHF, ECJ5-D Unit 30400, Box 1000,

APO AE 09128-4209; Tel 011-49-711-680-5277, DSN 314-430-5277; Fax 011-49-711-

680-7338, DSN 314-430-7338

• US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) ATTN: JWFC Code JW100, 116 Lake View

Parkway, Suffolk, VA 23435-2697

• US Pacific Command (USPACOM) ATTN: J383 Box 64013, Camp H. M. Smith, HI

96861-4013; Tel (808) 477-8268, DSN 477-1164; Fax (808) 477-8280, DSN 477-8280

• US Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) ATTN: SCJ5-PS 3511 NW 91st Ave,

Miami, FL 33172-1217; Tel (305) 437-1511, DSN 312-567-1511, Fax (305) 437-1854,

DSN 312-567-1854

• US Space Command (USSPACECOM) ATTN: J5X, 250 S Peterson Blvd, Suite 116,

Peterson AFB, CO 80914-3130; Tel (719) 554-3164, DSN 692-3164; Fax (719)

554-5493, DSN 692-5493

• US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) ATTN: SOOP-PJ-D, 7701 Tampa

Point Boulevard, MacDill AFB, FL 33608-6001; Tel (813) 828-7548/3114, DSN

299-7548/3114; Fax (813) 828-9805, DSN 299-9805

• US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) ATTN: J512, 901 SAC Boulevard, Ste

2E-18, Offutt AFB, NE 68113-6500; Tel (402) 294-2080, DSN 271-2080; Fax (402)

294-1035, DSN 271-1035

• US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) ATTN: TCJ5-SR, 508 Scott Drive,

Scott AFB, IL 62225-7001; Tel (618) 256-5103, DSN 576-5103; Fax (618) 256-7957,

DSN 576-7957
B-4

Appendix B

JP 1-02

Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX C

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

C-1

1. User Comments

Users are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the Operational

Plans and Joint Force Development Directorate, J-7, Joint Doctrine Division, ATTN:

Chairman, US NATO Military Terminology Group, 7000 Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington,

DC 20318-7000; Tel (703) 695-6292, DSN 225-6292; Fax (703) 693-8897, DSN 223-8897.

These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization),

writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and the Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director for

Operational Plans and Joint Force Development (J-7).

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes JP 1-02, 23 March 1994, Department of Defense Dictionary

of Military and Associated Terms.

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDETD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and Joint Force

Development (J-7), JDETD, ATTN: Chairman, US NATO Military Terminology Group,

7000 Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000 via the designated terminology

point of contact found in Appendix B.

b. Sample Format for Submission of Proposed Changes:

To: (Designated Terminology Point of Contact – See Appendix B.)

Subject: Recommendation for Changes to the “DOD Dictionary of Military and

Associated Terms (JP 1-02)”

1. The following changes are recommended for JP 1-02:

a. Change: grazing fire – Fire which is approximately parallel to the ground and

where the center of the cone of fire does not rise above the height of a man standing

one meter from the ground. See also fire.
C-2

Appendix C

JP 1-02

Reason: (State the reason for the recommended change, and include appropriate

reference to source material, if applicable.)

NOTE: For proposed changes, added words are underlined, deleted words

are line through.

b. Add: lines of communications – All the routes, land, water, and air, which

connect an operating military force with a base of operations and along which supplies

and military forces move.

Reason: (State the reason for the recommended addition and include appropriate

reference to source material, if applicable.)

c. Delete: frustrated cargo.

Reason: (State the reason for deleting the term and include appropriate reference to

source material, if applicable.)

2. Point of contact for this action is: ________________________

(name and rank or title)

Tel. XXX-XXXX

Address of Submitting Office:

________________________

________________________

________________________

c. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of

Staff that would change terminology reflected in this publication, that directorate will

include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal.

d. Record of Changes:

15 October 2001: JMTGM-50-01 (JP 3-0), JMTGM-051-01 (JPs 4-07, 0-2, 3-18, 4-02,

and 3-07.6), and JMTGM-052-01 (JP 3-02) added.

19 December 2001: JPs 4-04, 4-09, and 3-05.1 added.

23 January 2002: JPs 3-60 and 5-00.1 added.

5. Distribution

a. JP 1-02 may be purchased from the Government Printing Office (GPO). Tel. (202)

512-0312, GPO Bookstore, or write to: Superintendent of Documents, US Government

Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
C-3

Administrative Instructions

b. 

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL

1655 Woodson Road

Attn: Joint Publications

St. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point

700 Robbins Avenue

Bldg 1, Customer Service

Philadelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Commander (Attn: Publications)

814 Radford Blvd, Suite 20321

Albany, GA 31704-0321

Coast Guard: Commandant (G-OPD), US Coast Guard

2100 2nd Street, SW

Washington, DC 20593-0001

Commander

USJFCOM JWFC Code JW2102

Doctrine Division (Publication Distribution)

116 Lake View Parkway

Suffolk, VA 23435-2697

c. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted.

However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint publications must

be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R, Information Security Program.
C-4

Appendix C

JP 1-02

Intentionally Blank