- 

b *- 

B;wrl of TNIlccJ 

Thomas B. Annsuong 

(Chair, Boud8f Truatks) 

(Chair, Council of 

onivcaity of Kparas 

IMliNtiOM) 

Roger Arnoldy 

Paul J. Coleman, Jr. 

University of New Hampshire 

University of California 

(Los Angeles) 

(USRA President) 

Johns Hopk~ns University 

(University of Illinois) 

Paul Feldmnn 

C. William Gcar 

(Uh-Champnign) 

Eugene lsaafson 

Morley Kare 

Thomas McCord 

New York University 

Monell Chemical Senses Center 

University of Hawaii 

UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH 

600 MARYLAND AVENUE, SW, SUITE 303, WEST WING 

WASHINGTON, DC 20024 0 (202) 479-2609 

September 19, 1988 

Abraham Ptled IBM 

Albe~ Sheppard 

Georgia InsciNte of 

Tcchmrlogy 

Member Institutions 

Alabama, University of 

Alaska. University of 

Arizona State University 

Arizona, University of Boston College 

Brandeis University 

British Columbia. University of Brown University 

California, University of 

California. University of 

(Huntsville) 

(Berkeley) 

Richard Newton 

Richard OCOnnell 

Simon Ostrach 

Frito-Lay corp. Publications Section 

Hward University Code 253.1 

cw western Reserve University Goddard Space Fight Center 

(Los Angeles) 

(San Diego) 

University 

(Boulder) 

California, University of 

Case Western Reserve 

Chicago, University of Colorado, University of 

Cornell University 

Denver. University of 

Florida, University of 

(Gainesville) 

Georgetown University 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Harvard University 

Hawaii, University of 

Houston, University of 

Illinois, University of 

(Urbana-Champaign) 

Indiana University 

Johns Hopkins University 

Kansas. University of 

Louisiana State University 

Maryland, University of 

Massachusetts Institute of 

Lehigh University Enclosure 

(Baton Rouge) 

(College Park) 

ASSOCIATION 

Greenbelt, MD 20771 

Enclosed is please find one 

1987 through April 1, 1988 

in Atmospheric Sciences. 

copy of our Annual Status Report for the period April 2, 

for our contract NAS5-28 135, Visiting Scientist Program 

Sincerely, 

Kevin Schmadel 

Associate Director, 

Atmospheric Sciences Program 

(NASA-CR-183421) A VISITING SCIENTIST 

PROGRAM IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE FOB TEE 

Apr. 1984 - Sep. 1988 @Universities Space 

Research Association) 36 p CSCL O4A 

Technology 

(AM Arbor) 

(Mi~eapoli~) 

(Buffalo) 

(Stony Brwk) 

Michigan, University of 

Mmnesota, University of 

~~~Hampsh~re,~niversityor GODDARD SPACE PLIGHT CENTER Final Report, New York, State University 

New York, State University of 

New York UNversitv 

Noflhwestem Univekty Ohio State University 

Old Dominion University 

Pennsylvania State University 

Pittsburgh, University of 

Princeton University 

Purdue University 

Rensselaer Polytechnic 

Rice University 

Rochester University 

Rockefeller University 

Stanford University 

Tel Aviv University 

Tennessee, University of 

Texas A & M University 

Texas, University of 

Texas, University of 

Toronto. University of 

Utah State University 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

& State University 

Virginia, University of 

Washington University 

Institute 

(Knoxville) 

(Austin) 

(Dallas) 

Nag -247 56 

Unclas 

G3/46 0205410 

(SI. Guis) 

Washington, University of 

William and Mary, College of 

Wisconsin. University of 

(Madison) 

Yale University 
A VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAM IN QTMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 

FOR THE GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER I 

Prepared by: 

M. H. Davis, Ph.Dmr Program Director 

Universities Space Research Association 

Boulder Program Office 

P.O. Box 391 

Boulder, Colorado 80306-0391 

CONTRACTOR: 

Universities Space Research Association 

American City Building Suite 212 

Columbia, Maryland 21044 

January, 1989 

FINAL REPORT - Contract NASS-28135 , 

Contract Period: fipril 1984 - September 1988 

L 

Prepared forr 

GODDARD SPKE FLIGHT CENTER 

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 

. . . . . . . . . . .. .._. -... ..~ .. 
I *' 

-I 

', 

_. 

._ 

2. Gvernment Accqrsion No. I 1. Repon Ha. 

4. Titie nnd. hotitle 

A VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAM IN ATMOSPHERIC 

SCIENCES FOR THE GODDARD SPCICE FLIGHT CENTER 

7. Aurhor(r) 

9. Permtming Ofpanixotioa Nonu and Ad&esS 

M. H. Davis, Ph.D., USRA Program Director 

Universities Space Research Association 

American City Building, Suite 212 

Columbia7 Maryland 21044 

2. .$onsoring Agency Name and Address - 

Goddard Space Flight Center . . 

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 

5. Supp1rmrat.v Norms 

3. Recipient's Cotolop No. 

3. Ropon Dote 

-~ 

6. Performing Organirorion Code 

8. Pen'orming Orgonixation Report No 

,O. Work Unit NO. 

11. Gntmct or Grwnr No. .. 

3. Type of Report and Pwiod Camred 

.* -8 . 

4. Sponsoring Agency Cede . 

. .. 

~~ ~~ 

6. Abrtrac? - - 

/Narrative report of sponsored research task activities during the 

[contract period, April, 1984 - September, 1988. Research results 

1 : _. 

!are not given. .. . 

Goddard, atmospheric sciences, 

.. . .. -. 

/ 

USRA 

18. Distribution Statoaent 

..-_ . 

of this peg.) - '21. No. of Pages 

I i Unc 1 assi f ied Unclassified I I 

.-. .. . .., 

.. .. .. .- 
PREFFtCE 

The purpose of Contract NAS5-28135 between The Universities Space 

Research Association and The Goddard Space Flight Center was to 

provide Goddard with expert researchers to perform specified research 

tasks in collaboration with government scientists. The contract 

covered efforts for the time period April, 1984 through September, 

1988. USRA was able to provide suitable research persons for each 

assigned task. Details of the conduct of the specific tasks are 

provided in the body of this Final Report. The Report does not, 

however, discuss details of research findings, for which reference 

should be made to publications by the individual scientists. 
INTRODUCTION 

This document is the Final Report for Contract NAS5-28135 

between the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) and the 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Under this contract, USRA operated a visiting scientist program 

and conducts research in the atmospheric sciences and related areas 

at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (LA) and at designated 

off-base sites, as specified by task assignments, for the period 

April 2, 1984 through September 30, 1988. USRA visiting scientists 

and consultants performed research in mathematical analysis as 

applied to computer modeling of the atmosphere, development of 

atmospheric modeling programs, analysis of remotely sensed 

atmospheric, surface, and oceanic data and its incorporation into 

atmospheric models, development of advanced remote sensing 

instrumentation, and related research areas. This report details 

specific research efforts by task. The dates accompanying each task 

assignment show the period of the supported effort during the 

period of the contract. 

USRA appreciates the opportunity this contract ha5 afforded to 

participate in and contribute to the Goddard research program in the 

atmospheric sciences. 
.DETAILS OF RESEARCH PERFORMED ON EACH ASSIGNED TASK 

TASK 1 

April 2, 1984 - November 2, 1984 

Dr. Dennis Reuter was the visiting scientist who performed research 

under this task assignment. He improved and extended the 

parameterization of long-wave radiative heat transfer in the 

stratospheric version of the GLAS GCM. November 2, 1984, Dr. Reuter 

terminated to accept a government research position. During his tour 

with USFIA, Dr. Reuter presented papers at the 39th Annual Symposium 

on Molecular Spectroscopy, which was held in Columbus, Ohio, and also 

at workshops on remote sensing and Earth sciences held at 

Williamsburg, Virginia, and at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

TASK 2 

April 2, 1984 - January 31, 1985 

Dr. Richard L. Wobus performed theoretical research in remote sensing 

of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface using data from 

satellite-borne IR and microwave radiometers. He also investigated 

the design of sounders to improve the accuracy of soundings to obtain 

multi-level cloud and water vapor profiles. He was able to achieve 

more accurate parameterization of the carbon dioxide 15 micron band 

for the GLA GCM by using an improved regression method. He left 

USRA to join a private firm. 
TASK 3 

April 2, 1984 - January 6, 1985 

Supported by this task, Dr. Noah Wolfson performed diagnostic studies 

of "significant" meteorological events during the periods of the 

First Global GARP Experiment (FGGE) and the post-FGGE period. He 

carried out extensive numerical prediction experiments using the GLAS 

models. Wolfson participated in the Remote Sensing workshop at 

Williamsburg and the Tenth Conference on Weather Forecasting and 

Analysis at Clearwater Beach, Florida. 

TASK 4 

April 2, 1984 - April 1, 1988 

Dr. Stephen C. Bloom, as USRA visiting scientist, carried out 

research in areas of meteorological data analysis and assimilation, 

using the GLA 4th Order GCM and Optimum Interpolation systems. 

His first research tasks involved the development of initialization 

techniques for the GLAS 4th Order GCM and the application of these 

techniques to diagnostic studies of the systematic short-term 

forecast errors of the GLAS GCM. He also performed research on 

vectorized methods. He authored a paper entitled "Experiments with a 

Three-Dimensional Statistical Objective Analysis Scheme Using FGGE 

Data" with Stephen Bloom (USRA) and Wayman Baker (NASA/GSFC) and 

others. 

During the 1986-87 period, Bloom performed initial experiments with a 

diabatic initialization procedure and characterized the vertical 

structures in the GLA GCM that are needed to retain the Hadley 

Circulation after initialization. With Dr. Robert Atlas and others 

he authored the paper "Global Surface Wind and Flux Fields from Model 

Assimilation of SEASAT ...I' which was submitted to the J. Geophvs. 

Res. 

A major accomplishment during 1987 was the development of a series of 

methods for assigning directions to the abundant scalar wind speed 

data over oceans. In February, 1988, Bloom presented a paper at the 

3rd Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography at Anaheim, 

California -sponsored by the AMs. 

TASK 5 

April 2, 1987 - December 17, I987 

The Task Assignment for Task 5 was (a) to maintain and improve 

software systems that apply to correlation spectra and the spectral 

filter program, and (b) to carry out a study of the marine boundary 

layer, in particular, to study the air mass transformation over warm 
water using MASEX and GALE data, to study the characteristics of the 

marine surface layer, and to study aircraft soundings from GALE. The 

assignment was carried out by Dr. Eueng-nan Yeh in collaboration with 

NASA/GSFC scientists, particularly Dr. S-H Chou. 

Dr. Yeh, in collaboration with Dr. S-H Chou and Dr. David Atlas 

prepared a paper in 1984 on "Turbulence in a Convective Marine 

Atmospheric Boundary Layer." They found a greater importance of wind 

shear than had been previously noted. The paper was published in the 

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. In November, 1985, Yeh attended 

the GALE planning meeting (GALE="Genesis of Atlantic Lows 

Experiment") in Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina. 

Yeh's studies of the marine boundary layer continued through 1985-87. 

He left USRA in December, 1987 and joined a company in the private 

sector. 

TASK 6 

April 2, 1984 - September 30, 1988 

Dr. Li Peng was the USR4 Visiting Scientist sponsored by Task 6. His 

research assignment was to carry out theoretical and numerical 

studies aimed toward an understanding of the dynamics of the 

tropical oscillations at intraseasonal and interannual time-scales; 

their origins, spatial and spectral structure, the responsible 

mechanisms, and the relationship between the multiple spatial and 

temporal scales of the oscillations. 

Dr. Peng performed research in climate sensitivity to external 

radiative forcingr along with investigations of influences on the El 

Nino/Southern Oscillation. Much of this work was in collaboration 

with Dr. M. D. Chou and Dr. Alan Arking. In 1985-86, Peng developed 

an atmosphere-ocean coupled model to study the climate response to a 

projected carbon dioxide trend in the next hundred years. In 

1986-87, in collaboration with Dr. K. Lau, Peng developed a theory 

for the origin of the 30-60 day oscillation in the tropical 

atmosphere. The model shows that under realistic conditions the 

development of an eastward moving 30-60 day wave is generally 

accompanied by smaller scale convective cells moving with a speed 

nearly equal to that of the wave, but in the opposite direction, i.e. 

westward. This is in agreement with the most recent observational 

studies using satellite data of smaller time interval - 3 hours. An 

eigenvalue analysis of a multilayer atmosphere-ocean system shows 

that there are two types of unstable modes. One is an essentially 

atmospheric mode excited by moist convection, and the other is the 

mode excited by the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean. 

Both types of modes have similar baroclinic vertical structures. 

Peng participated in the Conference on the Variability of the 

Atmosphere and the Oceans on Time Scales of a Month to Several Years 
that was held in London in 1986, and the 4th Conference on Climate 

Variations held in Baltimore in March, 1987. He also attended the 

Sixth Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, 

August 25-28, 1987, Seattle, Washington, and presented the results of 

the study on atmosphere-ocean unstable modes. 

Publications include: 

Chou, M.D., Peng, L, and A. Arking, 1984, "Climate Studies with a 

Multilayer Energy Balance Mode, Part III", J. Atmos. Sci, 41, 

759-767. 

Chou, M.D., Peng, L.> and A. Qrking, 1984, "Characteristics of 

Radiatively Forced Climate Changes in a Multilayer Energy Balance 

Mode 1 " 

Peng, L., Chou, M.D., and A. Qrking, 1985: "Climate Warming due to 

Increasing Atmospheric COE" 

Lau, K., and L. Peng "Origin of Low Frequency (Interseasonal) 

. Oscillations in the Tropical Atmosphere, Part I, Basic Theory" 

TASK 7 

April 2, 1984 - September 30, 1988 

The purpose of Task 7 was to assist the Rtmospheric Dynamics and 

Radiation Branch, Earth Science and applications Division of NASA 

Headquarters. The principal in this effort was Dr. Robert Turner, 

who acted as a USRA consultant, with collaborating consultants Dr. 

Walter Frost and Dr. William Vaughan. 

Dr. Frost collaborated with Dr. John Theon of NASA Headquarters on 

several papers dealing with atmospheric turbulence measurements and 

field studies of boundary layer models. 

Dr. Turner carried out a comprehensive literature search on turbulent 

fluxes in the atmosphere. As another assignment, he collected data on 

meteorological services requirements and assisted in the planning and 

conduct of several major meetings of the RIAA. In 1987, he assisted 

in the preparation for the Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) 

Symposium held at Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan, October 28-30, 1987 

and provided assistance to Dr. Theon on NASA Center inputs to OFCM 

along with preparations for the AIM 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

Jan 11-14, 1988, Reno, Nevada, and coordination with major 

participants. Recently, Turner has begun to work on planning for the 

1989 Reno meeting. He acted as planner for the Natural Lightning 

Hazard Short Course held at the SimuFlite Training International 

Division, Dallas/Ft. Worth, in Julys 1988, and handled all 

arrangements. 
Dr. Vaughan provided assistance to Dr. Theon on the organization 

and administration of meetings. 

June to September of 1987 Dr. K.R. Kimble collaborated with Dr. 

Wayman Baker of GLA on the application of artificial intelligence 

tools to problems in mesoscale modelling. 

In March 1988, the travel of Prof. T. Sakata, one of Asia's foremost 

authorities on remote sensing, was sponsored from Japan to the United 

States. Dr. Sakata participated in several meetings and delivered a 

colloquium at Goddard. 

In March 1988, Prof. K. Okamoto of the Japan Radio Research 

Laboratory visited ASA/GSFC to participate in the engineering meeting 

of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. 

TASK 8 

February 20, 1985 - February 19, 1987 

Dr. Kenji Nakamura worked on this Task as a USRA Visiting Scientist 

from February 20, 1985 to October 29, 1985. It was a cooperative 

airborne meteorological experiment effort between Goddard/Wallops 

Flight Facility, and the Radio Research Laboratory (RRL) of Japan. 

The purpose of the program was to test methods of measuring rain from 

space. Four rain observation flights were carried out and the data 

were analyzed. A presentation entitled "Comparisons of Methods 

Using Data from an Airborne Dual-wavelength Radar" was given at the 

23rd Conference on Radar Meteorology. 

Dr. Toshiaki Kozu assisted Dr. Nakamura during November and December, 

1986. 

TASK 9 

October 9, 1984 - September 30, 1988 

This task supported an internship program designed to provide the 

opportunity for university researchers to become familiar with such 

Goddard research computing resources as the GLA global modeling 

programs. Other related efforts were also supported. 

Under the sponsorship of Task 9, Dr. Cort Willmott and Dr. Clinton 

Rowe of the University of Delaware visited GSFC in 1984-5 and gained 

familiarity with the computing facilities and the GCM programs. Dr. 

Noah Wolfson traveled to GSFC from Tel Aviv University several times 

and collaborated with Dr. Robert Atlas and Dr. Eugenia Kalnay. Dr. 

Richard Pfeffer of Florida State University visited GSFC and 

conferred with Dr. Kalnay. 
Vikram Mehta of Florida State University visited Goddard and 

worked with Dr. Y. Sud of GL4 on the GLA-GCM to investigate various 

types of sea-surface temperature anomalies. Mehta also worked with 

Dr. M. Suarez at GLA in the development of a coupled atmosphere-ocean 

model. This work was part of Mehta's Ph.D. dissertation. 

Dr. Sirpa Hakkinen was supported briefly under this task in her work 

on modeling air-sea-ice interactions. Her support continued 

under Task 24. 

During the summer of 1988, Dr. T. 0. Aro of the Department of 

Physics, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, visited GSFC under the 

sponsorship of the Internship Program and worked with Dr. Joel 

Susskind on analyses of satellite HIRS/MSU (High Resolution Infrared 

Sounder/Microwave Sounding Unit) to retrieve clear-air precipit'able 

water data over the West Africa tropical region bounded by the Gulf 

of Guinea and the southern borders of the Sahel. At the end of his 

tour at Goddard, Dr. Aro returned to his home institution. Other 

senior visitors to Goddard during the summer of '88 whose visits were 

sponsored by Task 9 included Dr. Akio Arakawa,.Dr. Noah Wolfson and 

Dr. Donald Johnson. During his recent stay at Goddard, Wolfson's 

research concentrated on finding the causes responsible for the 

initiation of the 1980 heat wave. 

TASK 10 

February 2, 1985 - September 10, 1986 

Dr. Jeffrey Augenbaum was the Visiting Scientist under Task 10. 

Dr. Augenbaum engaged in a collaborative project with members of the 

Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University to 

develop highly efficient methods for the numerical solution of the 

primitive equations that describe atmospheric motions. His papers 

included "A Factored Implicit Scheme for Numerical Weather 

Prediction" (with S. Cohn, D.Dee, E. Isaacsonr and D. Marchesin) in 

Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics 38, 503-517 (1985); "43 

Fully Implicit Scheme for Global Numerical Weather Prediction (with 

S. Cohn, D. Dee, E. Isaacson, and D. Marchesin) in the Reprint volume 

of the Seventh Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, 1985; and 

"Eliminating Grid Orientation Errors in Alternating Direction 

Implicit Schemes" (with S. Cohn and D. Marchensin). 

FIugenbaum traveled to the NYU Currant Institute several times, and 

attended the 7th Conference on Numerical Weather frediction in 1985 

in Montreal, and the SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing which was 

held November, 1985 in Norfolk, Virginia. He left USRA in Sept'ember, 

1986 to accept a position in the Mathematics Department of the 

University of Connecticut. 

-7- 

, 
.. 

T4SK 11 

February 11, 1985 three months 

Under the sponsorship of Task 11, USRA assembled a committee of experts 

to examine the feasibility of developing a program at GSFC focused on the 

applications of high-speed vector or parallel processors to computational 

requirements of atmospheric research involving space-derived data. r 

TASK 12 

June 15, 1985 - October 31, 1986 

Dr. Gerard Szejwach joined the USRA staff of visiting scientists to perform 

research under Task 12. He developed and made use of a radiative 

transfer model to study the feasibility of inferring cloud structure 

and rain information from passive microwave measurements. Szejwach 

participated in the GALS experiment in February, 1986. In October, 

1986, Dr. Szejwach left USRA to become Technical Head of the newly ’ 

created European Organization fur the Exploitation of Meteorological 

Satellites. 

TASK 13 

June 1, 1985 - August 31, 1985 

Under the sponsorship of this task an independent laser scientist provided 

expertise to NASA, working with senior laser specialists at the University 

of Arizona. 

Dr. Hiroshi Tanaka traveled from Nagoya9 Japan to GSFC in May, 1986 and 

returned to Japan in September, 1986. While at GSFC, working as a USRA 

visiting scientist, he implemented sub-grid-scale gravity wave 

parameterization in a general circulation model extending from the Earth’s 

surface to the stratosphere. 

TASK 15 

January 1, 1987 - December 31, 1987 

Dr. Louis Gonzalez, from Lille, France, worked at GSFC under USRCI 

sponsorship to develop techniques and analysis routines for the Claud 

Cover Pressure System. The analysis includes comparisons of cloud 

cover parameters retrieved from satellite observations at various 

resolutions with aircraft and ground-based measurements of the same 

parameters and at extremely high resolution. 

I 

I 

~. 
TASK 16 

November 3, 1986 - September 30, 1988 

Dr. Daniel Rosenfeld performed research in collaboration with Goddard 

scientists to 1) study the evolution of convective rain cloud systems 

in various climatic regimes by means of weather radars; 2) develop 

the algorithms, perform the quality control, and process the data of 

a network of several weather radars around the world in tropical 

regions, as a major part of the ground-truth of NASA’s Tropical 

Measuring Mission (TRMM). 

Art ic les : 

Rosenfeld, D-, 1987: Objective method for analysis and tracking of 

convective cells as seen by radar, J. Cltmos. Ocean. Tech., 4, 

422-434. 

Rosenfeld, D., and Y. Mintz, 1988: Evaporation of rain falling from 

convective clouds as derived from radar measurements. J. Appl. 

Meteor. (accepted). 

Schlesinger, M.E., J. Oh, and D. Rosenfeld, 1988: A parameterization 

of the evaporation of rainfall, Mon. Wea. Rev. (in press). 

Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, and D.A. Short, 1988: The estimation of 

convective rainfall by area integrals. Part I: The theoretical and 

empirical basis. Conference on Mesoscale precipitation: Analysis, 

Simulation, and Forecasting, MIT, Cambridge, MA., September 13-17, 

1988 (accepted,) 

Rosenfeld, D., D. Atlas, and D.A. Short, 1988: The estimation of 

convective rainfall by area integrals. Part It: The height area 

rainfall threshold (HART) method. ibid. 

Seminars, Meetings: I 

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Workshop, November, 1986, Washington, 

DC . 

International Workshop on the ValidAtion of Satellite-Derived Precipitation ~ 

Measurements for the Global Precipitation Climatology Project of the World 

Climate Research Program, November, 1986, Washington, DC. 

~ 

I 

July 7-8, 1987: Visited Kennedy Space Center to adapt the weather 

radar for accurate rainfall measurements. 

November, 1987: Conference on Radar Meteorology, Boston, MA 

December, 1987: Participated in a collaborative research effort with 

the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, which took 

place in Darwin, Australia, to perform quality control of the data 

gathered by meteorological doppler radar which NASA installed in I 

Darwin. I 
TASK 17 

May 4, 1987 - Sepbember 30, 1988 

Dr. S. Moorthi was sponsored as USRA Visiting Scientist to design and 

develop an efficient, finite-difference, multi-level primitive equation 

atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) with realistic physics for the 

study of climate, air-sea interaction, etc. 

Moorthi completed a version of the model with horizontal resolution 4 x 5 

degrees latitude/longitude and 8 layers in the vertical. He developed 

a convective adjustment scheme and also a Revised Arakawa-Schubert 

cumulus parameterization scheme for use in GCMs. 

In 1988, Dr. Moorthi completed version 4 of the model which includes 

the convective parameterization and has interactive cloudiness for 

the purpose of radiation calculation. This version of the model 

produces reasonable winter and summer climatology of the earth’s 

atmosphere. 

Moorthi participated in the AMS meeting held in Baltimore, Fcb. 

22-26, 1988. He also participated in the N4SA Review of the 

Modeling, Data Analysis, and Instrument Development Research during 

July 27-29, 1987. 

TASK 18 

December 1, 1986 - July 5, 1988 

Task 18 sponsored the start-up phase of the new USRA Center of , 

Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences (CESDIS) at 

Goddard. The first step was the organization, management, and 

convening of a committee of experts to study the establishment of 

CESDIS Membership of this committee included Dr. Barry Leiner, Dr. 

Jack Schwartz, Dr. Donald R. Johnson, Dr. Robert Kurucz, Dr. Anthony 

Hearn, Dr. Bruce W. Arden, Dr. Stephen E. Cohn, Dr. Barnard A. 

Galler, Dr. Shelton Alexander, Dr, Ethan Schreir. Several meetings 

were held, and by the end of 1987, the CESDIS project took shape. 

A Call for Proposals was sent out to computer science departments 

throughout the country, and a search was conducted for a permanent 

CESDIS director by a search committee headed by Dean Robert Dorfman 

of the University of Maryland. During this formative period, the 

interim director was Prof. John Hopcroft, Head of the Computer 

Science Department at Cornel1 University. To guide the development 

of the Center, an executive committee was formed whose membership 

included Dr. Joel Moses, Dr. Louis Lanzerotti, Dr. Milton Halem, Dr. 

David Landgrebe, Dr. Ken Kennedy, and Dr. Jack Minker. In the Spring 

of 1988, Dr. Raymond Miller of The Georgia Institute of Technology 

accepted the position of Director of CESDIS. 

4 peer review was held of the over 80 proposals that were 

submitted in response to the Call for Proposals, and by the 

-10- 
conclusion of the Task, several outstanding programs had been 

selected for funding by the new Center. Work under this task came to 

an end when the contract between NASA and USRA supporting CESDIS was 

in place. 

TASK 19 

July 20, 1987 - September 30, 1988 

Toshiaki Kozu was sponsored to develop software development and 

radar hardware modification for data acquisition and processing 

associated with an airborne rain measuring experiment conducted by 

the Communications Research Laboratory (old name: "Radio Research 

Laboratory") of Japan and NASA/GSFC, continuing the effort that had 

begun under Task 8 with Dr. Kozu. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring 

Mission (TRMM) project is a joint US-Japan space program for which 

the first spaceborne rain radar has been proposed. The feasibility 

study of the TRMM was conducted in 1987. Koru contributed to this 

study mainly in the field of radar design with NASA and Japanese 

staff. 

PUBLICATIONS: 

T. Kozu et. al. "Observation of Oil Slicks on the Ocean by an X-band 

SLAR"' Proc. of IGARSS '87 Symposium, Ann Arbor, Mich., May 1987. 

K. Okamoto, T. Kozu, K. Nakamura, and T. Ihara, "Tropical Rainfall 

Measuring Mission Rain Radar", First Symposium on Tropical 

Precipitation Measurements, 8-08, Tokyo, Japan, Octaber, 1987 

T. Suitz, S. Yoshikado, T. Kuroso, T. KOZU, and T. Umehara, 

"Backscattering Coefficient of Rice Crops and Rice Fields by an 

X-Band Scatterometer", Twenty-First International Symposium on Remote 

Sensing of the Environment, Ann Arbor, Mich., October, 1987. 

T. KUZOS K. Nakamura, J. ewaka, and M. Takeuchi, "Development of 

Ku-Band FM-CW/Pulse-compression radar for rain observations on a 

slant path", Journal of Radio Reseakch laboratory, Japan, 34, 143, 

95-113, Nov., 1987. 

T. KOZU, J. Awaka, H. Fukuchi, and K. Nakamura, "Rain Attenuation 

ratios on 30/20 and 14/12 GHZ Satellite-to Earth Paths" Radio 

Science, vol. 23. No. 3, 409-418, May-June, 1988. 

J. Awaka, T. Kotu, and K. Okamoto, "A feasibility study of rain radar 

for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission: Determination of basic 

system parameters", J. of the Communications Research Laboratory, 

Japan, vol 35, No. 145, 111-133, July, 1988. 

K. Okamoto, J. Awaka, and TI KOZU, "A feasibility study of rain radar 

for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission: CS case study of rain 

radar system", J. of the Communications Research laboratory, Japan, 

VOl. 35, NO 145, 183-2089 July, 1988. 

-1 1- I 
During his tenure, Kozu attended 

1. the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment 

(University of Michigan, Oct. 26-30, 1988) to present the paper 

"Backscattering Coefficient of Rice Crops and Rice Fields by an 

X-Band Scatterometer" as one of the authors. 

2. the AMS 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference as a member 

of the panel "Airborne/Spaceborne Radar". Kozu also contributed to 

the panel report and the review paper. 

3. the ISY Mission to Planet Earth Conference (Univ. of New 

Hampshire, Durham, NH, April 29-May 1, 1988) as the representative of 

N. Fugono, CRL, Japany and served as a member of the working group 

for the global standard for observing systems. 

4. the ERS-1 40 First Experiments Meeting (ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 

May 2-6, 1988) a5 the representative of the PIS of the proposals 

from Japan. 

TASK 20 

June 1, 1987 - August 30, 1987 

The visiting scientist supported under Task 20 was Insik Kang, a 

visitor from Korea. 

.. .. 

During the summer of 1987, Kang performed research on the global 

angular momentum fluctuations in time scale of 50 days, with emphasis 

on the tropical influence. He attended the 6th Conference on 

Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, August 25-29, Seattle, 

Washington and presented the paper "Influence of zonal mean flow 

changes on the stationary wave fluctuations." 

TASK 21 

August 1, 1987 - September 30, 1987 

Under sponsorship of Task 21, Guiseppe Dalu investigated the optical 

properties of clouds in the IR utilizing the Nimbus-4 IRIS data and 

developed a theoretical framework to perform multiple scattering 

computations. 

The following publication was submitted to the JCAM: 

Prabhakara, Fraser, Dalu, Wu, Curran and Styles,, "Thin Cirrus Clouds: 

Seasonal Distribution over Oceans Deduced from Nimbus-4 IRIS". 
TASK 22 

December 1, 1987 - September 30, 1988 

The Task Assignment for Task 22 calls for analysis of hierarchy of 

tropical convection over the western Pacific using satellite derived 

cloud information and conventional meteorological data. This 

research was carried out by Tetsuo Nakazawa. 

Nakazawa prepared the following articles for publication: 

1. "Clnalysis of the super cloud cluster by Geostationary 

Meteorologicdl Satellite IR 3-hourly data", October, 87. 

Submitted to the Proceedings of the International Symposium on 

Tropical Precipitation Measurements. 

2. "Evidence of the existence and eastward motion of super clusters 

at the equator" (with Yoshi-Yuki Hayashi) November, 1987. Submitted 

to Monthly Weather Review of the AMs. 

3. "Tropical super clusters under intraseasonal variations, 

November, 1987", published in Meteorological Research Report, 88-1, 

Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, 

76-86. 

4. "Tropical cloud clusters within intraseasonal variations over the 

western Pacific" March, 1988. Submitted to the Journal of 

Meteorological Society of Japan. 

5. "Dynamics of super cloud clusters, westerly wind bursts, 30-60 day 

oscillations and ENSO" by K.M. Lau, L. Peng, C.H. Sui, and T. 

Nakazawa. (Submitted to the Journal of Meteorological Society of 

Japan in August, 1988. .. 

.. 

During his tenure, Nakazawa attended: 

1. International Symposium on Tropical Precipitation Measurements, 

October, 1987, presented "Analysis of the super cloud cluster by GMS 

IR 3-hourly data." 

2. Japan-US workshop on the El Nino - Southern Oscillational 

Phenomenon. Nov., 1987. Presented."Tropical superclusters under 

intraseasonal variations." 

3. Jacob Bjerknes Symposium on air-sea interactions by the AMs. 

February, 1988. Presented "Analysis of eastward moving supercluster 

under intraseasonal variation in the trupics." 

-13- 
August 15, 1987 - October 1, 1987 

I 

I 

Under the subcontract established by Task 23, Dr. Bruce Morton of 

Monash University (Australia) provided support to a study of bulk 

entrainment into cumuli growing through wind shear. An analysis was 

made of model computer runs to develop measures of the strength and 

vertical extent of organized pairs of vertical vortices within clouds 

which were then related the ambient wind shear state. 

TASK 24 

February 1, 1988 - June 30, 1988 

Dr. Sirpa M. 4. Hakkinen was sponsored by USRFI to study air-sea-ice 

interactions, specifically heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere 

in the Norwegian-Greenland Seas, and the deep (bottom) water 

formation/water mass modification using numerically coupled ice-ocean 

models. Previously, Dr. Hakkinen was sponsored for a brief period 

under Task 9. 

PUBLICATIONS: 

Hakkinen, S., "A coupled dynamic-thermodynamic model of an ice-ocean 

system in the marginal ice zone," J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9469-9478 

(1987) 

Crowley, T.J., and S. Hakkinen, "A new mechanism for decreasing 

North-Atlantic deep water production rates during pleistocene," to 

appear in Paleoceanography (1988). 

Hakkinen, S., "A note on deep water production via a 'chimney' 

formation in the ice edge regions," to appear in J. Geophys. Res. 

(1988) 

c 

Hakkinen, S. and L. P. Roed, "Models" in Polar Oceanography) (ed. W. 

0. Smith). Pergamon Press, 1988 (in preparation). 

Hakkinen, S., and D. J. Cavalieri, "A study of surface heat fluxes in 

the Norwegian, Greenland and Earents Seas," submitted to J. Geophys. 

Res.l 1988. 

PRESENTATIONS: 

IUGG Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, Aug 1 1987: "A coupled 

dynamic-thermodynamic model of an ice-ocean system - the marginal ice 

zone. I' 
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Sept., 1987 (invited): 

"Ice-ocean interactions in the MIZ" 

GFDLIPrinceton University, Sept., 1987 (invited): "Modeling 

dynamic-thermodynamic interactions of an ice-ocean system" 

CIRES, Boulder, September, 1987 (invited) 

"A coupled ice-ocean model for the MIZ" 

AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 1987: 

"A new mechanism for decreasing North Atlantic deep water production 

rates during the pleistocene" 

Director's Seminar9 NASA GSFC, April, 1988: 

"Modeling deep water formation at the ice edge" 

TASK 25 

March 3, 1987 - September 30, 1988 

The Task Assignment for Task 25 called for research to develop 

wavemeter techniques to measure and control the frequency of 

the pulsed solid state laser (alexandrite laser) used in the pressure 

temperature lidar (PR lidar), These efforts were carried out by 

Coorg R. Prasad. 

Publication: "Laser wavelength measurement in the presence of 

speckles", Coorg R. Prasad, C. Laurence Korb and Geary K. Schwemmer, 

p. 253. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Laser Radar 

Conference, Innichen-San Candido, Italy, June 20-24, 1988. 

TASK 26 

June 1, 1988 - September 30, 1988 

Dr. Christian Kummerow's research project was to develop and test 

strategies to measure precipitation from space using microwave 

radiometry, and to develop radiative transfer models to simulate the 

three-dimensional structure of precipitation. A model was developed 

to combine both passive and active microwave sensor information. 

Publications: 

Kummerow, C., R. A. Mack and 1. M. Hakkarinen, 1988: A 

Self Consistency approach to Improve Microwave Rainfall Estimates 

from Space. (Submitted to the J. Appl. Meteor.) 

-15- 
Negri, A.J., R. F. Adler, and C. Kummerow, 1988: False Color Display 

of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) Data. (Submitted for 

cover of Bull. Arner. Meteorol. Soc.) 

Conference Papers: 

Kummerow, C., 1988: Rainfall estimates from airborne Multichannel 

Passive Microwave Radiometric Observatians. Paper presented at 

International Radiation Symposium, Lille, France, 18 - 24 August. 

Weinman, J.A., C. Kummerow and C.S. Atwater, 1988: An Algorithm to 

Derive Precipitation from a Downward Viewing Radar and a 

Multifrequency Passive Radiometer. Proceedings of IGARRS '88 

Symposium, Edinburgh, Scotland, 13- 16 September, 29-234. 

TASK 27 

July 1 - August 30, 1988 

Sponsored by Task 27, Dr. Insik Kang again visited Goddard to perform 

data analyses and modeling studies on empirical relationships between 

tropical convection and global angular momentum and NMC forecast 

experiments to assess extended range predictability. He collaborated 

with Dr. William Lau on research on the influence of tropical sea 

surface temperatures on the climate of the Western Pacific and 

Eastern Asia. 

TASK 28 

July I - September 30, 1988 - 

Dr. Lee Miller visited Goddard Space Flight Center and worked on 

radar design engineering involving the specifications of the overall 

radar design of the ER-2 doppler radar. He collaborated with 

engineers at Goddard/Wal lops. 

TASK 29 

September 26, 1988 - September 30, 1988 

Dr. David Adamec was sponsored for several days at the end of 

September, 1988 prior to the onset of a new contract. His work was 

on mid-latitude ocean modeling in support of satellite altimetry and 

ocean color in collaboration with Dr. Tony Busalacchi. 
’. 

TFISK 30 

September 19, 1988 - September 30, 1988 

Dr. Joan Rosenfield joined Goddard as a USRA Visiting Scientist 

during this period, prior to the beginning of a new contract. She 

worked on stratospheric modeling in collaboration with Dr. Marvin 

Geller of NhSA/GSFC. 

-17- 
INTRODUCTION 

This document is the Annual Report for Contract NASS-28135 between the Universities 

Space Research Association (USRA) and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Under this contract, USRA operates a visiting scientist program and conducts research in 

the atmospheric sciences and related areas at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (LA) 

and at designated off-base sites, as specified by task assignments. During the reporting 

period, April 2, 1987 to April 1, 1988, USRA visiting scientists performed research in 

mathematical analysis as applied to computer modeling of the atmosphere, development of 

atmospheric modeling programs, analysis of remotely sensed atmospheric, surface, and oceanic 

data and its incorporation into atmospheric models, development of advanced remote sensing 

instrumentation, and related research areas. This report details specific research 

accomplishments by task. The dates accompanying each task assignment show the period of 

the supported effort during the contract year. 

The present contract is scheduled to terminate by October 1, 1988. 

USRA appreciates the opportunity this contract has afforded to participate in and 

contribute to the Goddard research program in the atmospheric sciences. 

I 
TASK 4 

April 2, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Stephen C. Bloom 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

Research in areas of meteorological data analysis and assimilation, using the GLA 4th Order 

GCM and Optimum Interpolation systems. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 

The major accomplishment during the past year was the development of a series of methods 

which can assign directions to scalar wind speed data over oceans. Such data are currently 

available in abundance (from the SMMR instrument on Nimbus-7 and SSMI instruments on 

DMSP satellites.) These assignment methods make varying use of GCM first guesses and 

assumptions about atmospheric balance. Preliminary work with the simplest of the assignment 

methods using the GLS Simulation System' has been encouraging. 

TRAVEL, SEMINARS: 

February, 1988, Bloom attended the 3rd Conference on Satellite Meteorology and 

Oceanography at Anaheim,, California - sponsored by the AMs, and presented the paper (with 

R. Atlas as coauthor): "Assimilation of Satellite Surface Wind Speed Data using the GLS 

Analysis/Forecast System". 

This task was completed on April 1, 1988. 
TASK 5 

April 2, 1987 - December 15, 1987 

Eueng-nan Yeh 

TASK .4SSIGNMENT: 

A) Maintain and improve the software systems: 

(1) Correlation spectra 

(2) Spectral Filter program 

B) Marine boundary layer study 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) Aircraft sounding from GALE 

Air mass transformation over warm water: MASEX and GALE 

Characteristics of the marine surface layer 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS : 

Spectral analysis of surface layer data collected during Mesoscale Air-Sea Exchange (MASEX) 

experiment indicated that {he behavior of high-frequency spectra is consistent with local 

isotropy. In the inertial subrange, a 4/3 ratio is observed between velocity spectra normal to 

and those along the aircraft heading. 

Due to the existence of various organized convection regimes in the surface layer, the shapes 

of the spectra and cospectra appear to vary with the sampling direction. The results from 

turbulent kinetic energy budget analysis imply that more energy is available for storm 

development over the ocean than over the land. 
TASK 6 

April 2, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Li Peng 

TASK ASSIGNMENT: 

The assignment is to carry out theoretical and numerical studies aiming toward an 

understanding of the dynamics of the tropical oscillations of intraseasonal and interannual 

time-scales; their origins, spatial and spectral structure, the responsible mechanisms, and the 

relationship between the multiple spatial and temporal scales of the oscillations. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS: 

An updated theory of the 30-60 day oscillation has been developed based on numerical 

experiments using a multi-layer model of the tropical atmosphere. The model shows that 

under realistic conditions the development of an eastward moving 30-60 day wave is generally 

accompanied by smaller scale convective cells moving with a speed nearly equal to that of the 

wave, but in the opposite direction, i.e. westward. This is in agreement with the most recent 

observational studies using satellite data of smaller time interval - 3 hours. 

An eigenvalue analysis of a, multi-layer atmosphere-ocean system shows that there are two 

types of interactive unstable modes. One is an essentially atmospheric mode excited by moist 

convection, and the other is the mode excited by the interaction between the atmosphere and 

the ocean. Both types of modes have similar baroclinic vertical structures. 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS 

Peng attended the Sixth Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, August 

25-28, 1987, Seattle, Washington, and presented the results of the study on atmosphere-ocean 

unstable modes. 

FUTURE GOALS: 

Theoretical and numerical study of intraseasonal and interannual tropical oscillations in shear 

flow and the effect of these oscillations on extra-tropical flow. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 7 

April 2, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Robert E. Turner 

William Vaughan 

K.R. Kimble 

And Others 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

Assist the Atmospheric Dynamics and Radiation Branch, Earth Science and Applications 

Division, NASA Headquarters in collecting and assembling information, preparing documents 

and reports, and organizing meetings, workshops and reviews, and related activities. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

Preparation for the Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) Symposium to be held at 

Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan, October 28-30, 1987. 

Dr. Turner provided assistance to Dr. Theon on NASA Center inputs to OFCM along with 

preparations for the AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Jan 11-14, 1988, Reno, Nevada, 

and coordination with major participants. 

Dr. Vaughan provided asdtance to Dr. Theon on organization and administration of meetings. 

Dr. Kimble consulted on the application of artificial intelligence tools to problems in mesoscale computational fluid modelling of the atmosphere. 

TRAVEL / SYMPOSIUMS 

In March 1988, the travel of Prof. T. Sakata was sponsored from Japan to the United States. 

Prof. Sakata is one of the foremost authorities on remote sensing in Asia. He presented an 

important colloquium at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and conferred with scientists 

there. 

In March 1988, Prof. K. Okamoto of the Japan Radio Research Laboratory visited ASA/GSFC 

to participate in the engineering meeting of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Prof. 

Okamoto consulted with colleagues including Dr. J. Theon, Dr. M. Geller, Dr. J. Simpson, and 

Dr. D. Atlas. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 9 

April 2, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

(internship program) 

TASK ASSIGNMENT: 

This task supports an internship program which provides the opportunity for university 

researchers to become familiar with such Goddard research resources as the GLA global 

modeling programs. 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

Vikram Mehta of Florida State University visited Goddard and worked with Dr. Y. Sud of 

GLA on the GLA-GCM to investigate various types of sea-surface temperature anomalies. 

Mehta also worked with Dr. M. Suarez at GLA in the development of a coupled atmosphereocean model. This work will be a part of Mehta’s Ph.D. dissertation. 

Dr. Sirpa Hakkinen was supported briefly under this task in her work on modeling air-sea-ice 

interactions. Her support was continued under Task 24 (q.v.). 

Dr. Noah Wolfson traveled to Goddard from the University of Tel Aviv, and worked with Dr. 

Atlas on the evaluation of {he predictive power of the GLA model and its implementation in 

the forecast of the Summer-of-1980 heat wave. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 15 

April 2, 1987 - October 6, 1987 

L. Gonzalez 

Develop techniques and analysis routin for the Cloud Cover Pressure SI em. The nalysis 

includes comparisons of cloud cover parameters retrieved from satellite observations at various 

resolutions, with aircraft and ground-based measurements of the same parameters and at 

extremely high resolution. The routines provide statistics on the differences as a function of 

time, location, and cloud characteristics, and display the results in the form of tables and 

graphs. 
TASK 16 

April 2, 1987 - April 2, 1988 

Daniel Rosenfeld 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

1. Study the evolution of convective rain cloud systems in various climatic regimes by means 

of weather radars. 

2. Develop the algorithms, perform the quality control, and process the data of a network of 

several weather radars around the world in tropical regions, as a major part of the groundtruth of NASA's Tropical Measuring Mission (TRMM). 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS: 

Rosenfeld, D., 1987: Objective method for analysis and tracking of convective cells as seen by 

radar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 4, 422-434. 

Rosenfeld, D., and Y. Mintz, 1988: Evaporation of rain falling from convective clouds as 

derived from radar measurements. Journal of Applied Meteorology (accepted). 

Schlesinger, M.E., J. Oh, a,nd D. Rosenfeld, 1988: A parameterization of the evaporation of 

rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev. (in press). 

Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, and D.A. Short, 1988: The estimation of convective rainfall by area 

integrals. Part I: The theoretical and empirical basis. Conference on Mesoscale precipitation: 

Analysis, Simulation, and Forecasting, MIT, Cambridge, MA., September 13- 17, 1988 

(accepted.) 

Rosenfeld, D., D. Atlas, and D.A. Short, 1988: The estimation of convective rainfall by area 

integrals. Part 11: The height area rainfall threshold (HART) method. ibid. 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS : 

July 7-8, 1987: Visited Kennedy Space Center to adapt the weather radar for accurate rainfall 

measurements. 

November, 1987: Conference on Radar Meteorology, Boston, MA 

December, 1987: Participated in a collaborative research effort with the Australian Bureau of 

Meteorology Research Centre, which took place in Darwin, Australia, to perform quality 

control of the data gathered by meteorological doppler radar which NASA installed in Darwin. 

April 11-12, 1988: Visited NASA/KSC for a meeting concerning improving the quality of the 

weather radar. 

FUTURE GOALS: 

1. Improve methods of rain measurement from spaceborne radar. 

2. Find more accurate ways to derive rainfall amounts from conventional weather radar data. 

3. Analyze rain enhancement projects with new powerful methods for physical and statistical 

evaluation. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 17 

May 4, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Shrivinas Moorthi 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

Design and develop an efficient, finite-difference, multi-level primitive equation atmospheric 

general circulation model (GCM) with realistic physics for the study of climate, air-sea 

interaction, etc. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS 

1. Version 3 of the model with horizontal resolution 4 x 5 degrees latitude/longitude and 8 

layers in the vertical has been successfully completed. This version does not include any 

convective parameterization and assumes zonally uniform cloudiness (obtained from 

observation) for radiation calculation. 

2. A convective adjustment scheme was coded and successfully tested. 

3. Developed a "Revised Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme for use in 

GCMs". This is currently being documented as a NASA technical report. An expert version 

of this code has also been developed. 

4. Version 4 of the model was successfully completed. This version includes the above 

convective parameterization and has interactive cloudiness for the purpose of radiation 

calculation. This version of the model produces reasonable winter and summer climatology of 

the earth's atmosphere. We are currently performing long-term simulation using this version 

of the model. The results are still being analyzed. 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS 

1. Gave a review seminar to Code 611, GMSB staff on Arakawa-Schubert cumulus 

parameterization. 

2. Participated in the Eighth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction (WP) of the AMs, 

held in Baltimore, Feb. 22-26, 1988. 

3. Participated in the NASA Review of the Modeling, Data Analysis, and Instrument 

Development Research during July 27-29, 1987. 

FUTURE GOALS: 

1. Develop high resolution versions of the model (2 x 2.5 degrees and 1 x 1 1/4 degrees). 

2. Apply the model for short range NWP experiments, particularly with reference to the 

monsoon problem. 

3. Couple the atmospheric GCM with an oceanic GCM and study the ocean-atmosphere 

interaction and site effects on climate. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 19 

July 20, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Toshiaki Kozu 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

The tasks assigned are software development and radar hardware modification for data 

acquisition and processing associated with an airborne rain measuring experiment conducted by 

the Communications Research Laboratory (formerly Radio Research Laboratory) of Japan and 

NASA/GSFC. In addition, the experimental data is to be analyzed to test the accuracy of rain 

estimation algorithms. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 

1. Software development and hardware modification 

The design of data acquisition software and the radar modification have been 

accomplished. Performance tests of new antennas to obtain high resolution and sensitivity 

were successfully made. Basic operational tests of the software were also completed. For the 

experiment scheduled for this fall, radar modification and software debugging are in progress. 

2. TRMM feasibility study, 

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project is a joint US- Japan space 

program for which the first spaceborne rain radar has been proposed. The feasibility study of 

the TRMM was conducted in 1987. Kozu contributed to this study mainly in the field of 

radar design with NASA and Japanese staff. 

3. PUBLICATIONS 

T. Kozu et al. "Observation of Oil Slicks on the Ocean by an X-band SLAR Proc. of IGARSS 

'87 Symposium, Ann Arbor, Mich., May 1987. 

K. Okamoto, T. Kozu, K. Nakamura, and T. Ihara, "Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Rain 

Radar", First Symposium on Tropical Precipitation Measurements, B-08, Tokyo, Japan, 

October, 1987 

T. Suitz, S. Yoshikado, T. Kuroso, T. Kozu, and T. Umehara, "Backscattering Coefficient of 

Rice Crops and Rice Fields by an X-Band Scatterometer", Twenty-First International 

Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Ann Arbor, Mich., October, 1987. 

T. Kozu, K. Nakamura, J. Awaka, and M. Takeuchi, "Development of Ku-Band FMCW/Pulse-compression radar for rain observations on a slant path", Journal of Radio Research 

Laboratory, Japan, 34, 143, 95-1 13, Nov.; 1987. 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS: 

1. Attended the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment (University 

of Michigan, Oct. 26-30, 1988) to present the paper "Backscattering Coefficient of Rice Crops 

and Rice Fields by an X-Band Scatterometer" as one of the authors. 

2. Attended the AMS 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference as a member of the 

panel "Airborne/Spaceborne Radar". Kozu also contributed to the panel report and the review 

paper. 
3. Kozu attended the ISY Mission to Planet Earth Conference (Univ. of New Hampshire, 

Durham, NH, April 29-May 1, 1988) as the representative of N. Fugono, CRL, Japan, and 

served as a member of the working group for the global standard for observing systems. 

4. Attended the ERS-1 A0 First Experiments Meeting (ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, May 2-6, 

1988) as the representative of the PI’S of the proposals from Japan. 

FUTURE GOALS: 

1. Aircraft Experiment 

Test flight and preliminary observation flight will be made this fall. Externally radar 

calibration is also planned in these flights. Preliminary data analysis and system debugging 

will be made this winter. The main experiment is scheduled for next spring. Detailed data 

analysis will test the validity and limitations of existing rainfall retrieval algorithms, and 

should lead to improved or new algorithms. 

2. Studies on spaceborne rain radars 

Studies to be made include the system design of TRMM radar, problems in pulse 

compression, rainfall retrieval algorithms from space, etc. 

This is an ongoing task. 

* 
TASK 20 

June 1, 1987 - August 30, 1987 

Insik Kang 

TASK ASSIGNMENT: 

Global angular momentum fluctuations in time scale of 50 days: the tropical influence. 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS: 

The results obtained are the following: 

1. Power spectrum of global angular momentum fluctuations (50 day peak found) 

2. Association of SO-day fluctuation of global angular momentum fluctuations with regional 

(tropical) OLR and zonal wind fields. 

3. The amplitude and preferred time scale of zonal mean wind at each latitude 

4. Principal modes of zonal mean fluctuations such as [u], [VI, and [OLR]. 

5. Seasonal cycle of zonal mean fields. 

6. Intercomparison of NMC and ECMWF climatological data sets (just initiated). 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS: 

Travel to GFD Laboratory at Princeton in June, 1987 to obtain data to be used in the present 

research and to discuss the task with Dr. Isaac Held. 

6th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, August 25-28, Seattle, 

Washington. Presented the paper "Influence of zonal mean flow changes on the stationary wave 

fluctuations." 

FUTURE GOALS 

Continue this research in Korea, and organize the results obtained at NASA and the results 

obtained there into a publication. 
TASK 21 

April 2, 1987 - September 30, 1987 

Giuseppe Dalu 

TASK ASSIGNMENT. 

Investigate the optical properties of clouds in the IR utilizing the Nimbus-4 IRIS data. 

Develop a theoretical framework to perform multiple scattering computations. 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS: 

A radiative transfer model has been developed to calculate radiances in a cloudy atmosphere 

utilizing multiple scattering by spherical ice and water particles. With the help of this model 

two types of optically thin clouds have been investigated. 

The first type is the thin high altitude cirrus cloud, which is produced by intense convective 

storms. The IR interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS, flown on Nimbus-4) data show that 

extinction due to cloud particles at 12.6 micron is larger than that at 10.8 micron. Multiple 

scattering radiative transfer model simulations showed that this spectral signature can be 

explained by water or ice particles, provided that their size is smaller than the wavelength of 

radiation. The particular signature found (maximum temperature difference at a relatively low 

temperature, and the fact that such a signature was sensed by IRIS about 100 to 200 km away 

from the center of high altitude cold clouds, led to the conclusion that it was characteristic of 

optically thin cirrus clouds. 

The second type is the boundary layer thin stratus cloud. The spectral signature of these 

clouds is revealed by the relative strength of the water vapor lines in the window region, that 

are shown by the high resolution IRIS spectral measurements. This signature is evident in 

regions where trade wind inversions prevail, and boundary layer thin cirrus cloud formation is 

most probable. 

Prabhakara, Fraser, Dah, Wu, Curran and Styles, Thin Cirrus Clouds: Seasonal Distribution 

over Oceans Deduced from Nimbus-4 IRIS. (Submitted to the J.C.A.M.) 
TASK 22 

December 1, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Tetsuo Nakazawa 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

Analysis of hierarchy of tropical convection over the western Pacific using satellite derived 

cloud information and conventionalmeteorological data. 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS 

1. Analysis of the super cloud cluster by Geostationary Meteorological Satellite IR 3-hourly 

data., October, 87. Submitted to the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical 

Precipitation Measurements. 

2. Evidence of the existence and eastward motion of super clusters at the equator. (with 

Yoshi-Yuki Hayashi) November, 1987. Submitted to Monthly Weather Review of the AMs. 

3. Tropical super clusters under intraseasonal variations, November, 1987, published in 

Meteorological Research Report, 88- 1, Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, 

University of Tokyo, 76-86. 

4. Tropical cloud clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. March, 

1988. Submitted to the Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan. 

4 

TRAVEL / SEMINARS 

1. International Symposium on Tropical Precipitation Measurements, October, 1987, presented 

"Analysis of the super cloud cluster by GMS IR 3-hourly data." 

2. Japan-US workshop on the El Nino - Southern Oscillational Phenomenon. Nov., 1987. 

Presented "Tropical superclusters under intraseasonal variations." 

3. Jacob Bjerknes Symposium on air-sea interactions by the AMs. February, 1988. Presented 

"Analysis of eastward moving supercluster under intraseasonal variation in the tropics." 

FUTURE GOALS: 

Examine the following fields: 

1. Interannual and intraseasonal variability of the convection and circulation over the tropics. 

2. Dynamical process for the SSCs and relationship between different time-space phenomena. 

3. Analysis of the SSCs over the Atlantic by using GOES data. 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 24 

February 1, 1988 - April 2, 1988 

Sirpa M. A. Hakkinen 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

To study air-sea-ice interactions, specifically heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in 

the Norwegian-Greenland Seas, and the deep (bottom) water formation/water mass 

modification using numerically coupled ice-ocean models. 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS / PUBLICATIONS 

Hakkinen, S., "A coupled dynamic- thermodynamic model of an ice-ocean system in the 

marginal ice zone," Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 9469-9478 (1 987) 

Crowley, T.J., and S. Hakkinen, "A new mechanism for decreasing North- Atlantic deep water 

production rates during pleistocene," to appear in Paleoceanography (1988). 

Hakkinen, S., "A note on deep water production via a 'chimney' formation in the ice edge 

regions," to appear in Journal of Geophysical Research (1988) 

Hakkinen, S. and L. P. Rged, "Models" in Polar Oceanography) (ed. W. 0. Smith). Pergamon 

Press, 1988 (in preparation). 

Hakkinen, S., and D. J. Cavalieri, "A study of surface heat fluxes in the Norwegian, 

Greenland and Barents Seas," submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research, 1988. 

SEMINARS AND PRESENTATIONS: 

IUGG Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, Aug 1 1987: "A coupled dynamic-thermodynamic model 

of an ice-ocean system - the marginal ice zone." 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Sept., 1987 (invited): "Ice-ocean interactions in the 

MIZ 

GFDLIPrinceton University, Sept., 1987 (invited):' "Modeling dynamic-thermodynamic 

interactions of an ice-ocean system" 

CIRES, Boulder, September, 1987 (invited) "A coupled ice-ocean model for the MIZ" 

AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 1987: "A new mechanism for decreasing North 

Atlantic deep water production rates during the pleistocene" 

Director's Seminar, NASA GSFC, April, 1988: "Modeling deep water formation at the ice edge" 

This is an ongoing task. 
TASK 25 

April 2, 1987 - April 1, 1988 

Coorg R. Prasad 

TASK ASSIGNMENT 

Develop wavemeter techniques to measure and control the frequency of the pulsed solid state 

laser (alexandrite laser) used in the pressure temperature lidar (PT lidar). 

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS OR PUBLICATIONS 

The first step in this task was to measure the frequency of the pulsed tunable alexandrite laser. 

For this purpose a Fizeau wavemeter available with the PT Lidar group was used. The 

frequency stability of the alexandrite laser was found to be much worse than is acceptable for 

the lidar. During the period in question (March-April, 1988) Prasad was involved in making 

modifications to the alexandrite to improve its frequency stability in addition to measuring its 

frequency. This work included development and modifications of different types of flash 

lamp coupling reflectors, a heating system for temperature control of the laser rod, etc. 

Significant improvements in frequency stability of the laser have been observed. 

FUTURE GOALS 

The goal of this work is to'control the frequency of the pulsed alexandrite laser to better than 

0.005 cm-' about the laser frequency of 13000 cm-' using the wavemeter to measure and 

supply the correction signal. 

This is an ongoing task.