Organic Chemical Industry S ector Notebook Project

EPA/310-R-02-001

EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project 

## Profile of the Organic Chemical Industry 2 nd 

## Edition

Novem b er 2002

Office of Com p liance Office of Enforcem ent and Com p liance Assurance U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 2224-A) W a shington, DC 20460Organic Chemical Industry S ector Notebook Project
This report is one in a series of volum es published by the U.S. Environme n tal Protection Agency (EPA) to provide infor m a t i on of general interest regarding environm ental issues associated with specific i ndustrial sectors. The docum ents were developed under contract by Abt Associates (Cam bridge, MA), GeoLogics Corporation (Alexa ndria, VA), Sci e nce Applications International Corporation (McLean, VA), and Booz-Allen & Ham ilt on, Inc. (McLean, VA). A listing of available Sector Notebooks is included on the following page.

Obtaining copies:

Electronic versions of all sector notebooks are available on the EPA’ s we bsite at: www.epa.gov/com p liance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/notebooks/.

Purchase pr i n t e d bound copies from the Government Printing Office (GPO) by consulting the order form at the back of this docum ent or orde r vi a the Internet by visiting the U.S. Governm e nt O n line B ookstore at: http://booksto re.gpo.gov/. Search using the exact title of the docum ent “Prof ile of the XXXX Industry” or sim p ly “Sector Notebook. ” W h en ordering, use the GPO docum ent

num ber found in the order form at the back of this docum ent.

A lim ited num ber of complimentary volumes are available to certain groups or s u bscribers, including public and academ ic libraries; federal, stat e, tribal, and local governm e nts; and the m e dia fr om EPA’s National Service Center for Environm ental Publications at (800) 490-9198 or www.epa.gov/ncepihom

. W h en ordering, use the EPA pub lication num ber found on the following page.
The Sector Notebooks were developed by the EP A’s Office of Com p liance. Di r ect general questions about the Sector Notebook Project to:

Coordinator, Sector Notebook Project US EPA Office of Com p liance 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (2224-A) W a shington, DC 20460 (202) 564-2310

For further inform ation, and for answers to questi ons pertaining to these docum ents, please refer to the contacts listed on the following page.

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## A VAILABLE 

## S ECTOR 

## N OTEBOOKS

Questions and com m e nts regarding the individual docum ents should be directed to Com p liance Assistance and Sector Program s Division at 202 564-2310 unless otherwise noted below. See the Notebook web page at: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publicatio ns/assistance/sectors/notebooks/ for the most recent titles and links to refreshed data.

EPA Publication Number Industry EPA/310-R-95-001. Profile of the Dry Cleaning Industry EPA/310-R-95-002. Profile of the Elect ronics and Com puter Industry* EPA/310-R-95-003. Profile of the W ood Furniture and Fixtures Industry EPA/310-R-95-004. Profile of the Inorganic Chem ical Industry* EPA/310-R-95-005. Profile of the Iron and Steel Industry EPA/310-R-95-006. Profile of the Lum b er and W ood Products Industry EPA/310-R-95-007. Profile of the Fabr icated Metal Products Industry* EPA/310-R-95-008. Profile of the Metal Mining Industry EPA/310-R-95-009. Profile of the Motor Vehicle Assem b ly Industry EPA/310-R-95-010. Profile of the Nonferrous Metals Industry EPA/310-R-95-011. Profile of the Non- Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry EPA/310-R-02-001. Profile of the Or ganic Chem ical Industry, 2 nd Edition* EPA/310-R-95-013. Profile of the Petroleum Refining Industry EPA/310-R-95-014. Profile of the Printing Industry EPA/310-R-02-002. Profile of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 2 nd Edition EPA/310-R-95-016. Profile of the Rubber and Plastic Industry EPA/310-R-95-017. Profile of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Ind. EPA/310-R-95-018. Profile of the Tran sportation Equipm ent Cleaning Ind. EPA/310-R-97-001. Profile of the Air Transportation Industry EPA/310-R-97-002. Profile of the Ground Transportation Industry EPA/310-R-97-003. Profile of the W a ter Transportation Industry EPA/310-R-97-004. Profile of the Metal Casting Industry EPA/310-R-97-005. Profile of th e Pharm aceuticals Industry EPA/310-R-97-006. Profile of the Plastic Resin and Man-m a de Fiber Ind. EPA/310-R-97-007. Profile of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry EPA/310-R-97-008. Profile of the Shipbuilding and Repair Industry EPA/310-R-97-009. Profile of the Textile Industry EPA/310-R-97-010. Sector Notebook Data Refresh-1997 ** EPA/310-R-98-001. Profile of the Aerospace Industry EPA/310-R-00-001. Profile of the Agricultural Crop Production Industry Contact: Ag Center, (888) 663-2155 EPA/310-R-00-002. Profile of the Agricultural Livestock Production Industry Contact: Ag Center, (888) 663-2155 EPA/310-R-00-003. Profile of the Agricultural Ch em ical, Pesticide and Fertilizer Industry Contact: Agriculture Division, 202 564-2320 EPA/310-R-00-004. Profile of the Oil and Gas Extraction Industry

Government Series EPA/310-R-99-001. Profile of Local Governm e nt Operations

* Spanish translations available of 1 st Editions in electronic form at only.

** This docum ent revises com p liance, enforcem ent, and t oxic release inventory data for a l l p r eviously published profiles. Visit the Sector Notebook web page to access the m o st current data.

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## DISCLAIMER

This Sector Notebook was created for em ployees of the U.S. Environm ental Protecti on Age n cy (EPA) and the general public for inform ational pur poses only. This docum ent has been extensively reviewed by experts from both insi de and outside the EPA, but its contents do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of EPA or any other organi zation m e ntioned within. Mention of trade nam e s
or com m e rcial products or events does not constitu te endorsem e nt or recom m e ndation for use. In addition, these docum ents are not intended and cannot be relied upon to crea t e a ny rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States.

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### Organic Chemical Industry (SIC 2861, 2865, and 2869)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS

....................................................... v i i i

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT ...................1 A. Sum m a ry of the Sector Notebook Project ..................................1 B

. A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n .................................................2

II. INTRODUCTION TO THE ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY ...............3 A. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook ........................3 B. Characterization of the Organic Chem icals Industry ..........................5 1. Product Characterization ..........................................5 2. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution ...........................7 3. Econom ic Trends ...............................................9

III. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..................................1 1 A. Industrial Processes in the Organic Chem icals Industry ......................1 1 1

. C h e m i c a l M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o c e s s e s ................................1 1 2

. C o m m o n C h e m i c a l R e a c t i o n s .....................................1 3 3. Com m on Organic Chem ical Production Chains .......................1 5 B. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs ................................2 3

IV. CHEMICAL RELEASE AND OTHER W A STE MANAGEMENT PROFILE ......2 4 A. EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Organic Chem icals Industry .............2 7 B

. S u m m a r y o f S e l e c t e d C h e m i c a l s R e l e a s e d ................................4 0 C

. O t h e r D a t a S o u r c e s ..................................................4 4 D. Com p arison of Toxic Release Inventory Between Selected Industries ...........4 5

V

. P O L L U T I O N P R E V E N T I O N O P P O R T U N I T I E S .............................4 9

VI. SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ....6 8 A

. G e n e r a l D e s c r i p t i o n o f M a j o r S t a t u t e s ...................................6 8 B. Industry Specific Requirem e nts .........................................8 4 C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirem e nts ...........................9 4

VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE ...........................9 6 A

. O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s C o m p l i a n c e H i s t o r y .................................1 0 1 B. Com p arison of Enforcem ent Activity Between Selected Industries ............1 0 3 C

. R e v i e w o f M a j o r L e g a l A c t i o n s ........................................1 0 8 1

. R e v i e w o f M a j o r C a s e s .........................................1 0 8 2. Supplem entary Environm ental Projects (SEPs) ......................1 1 1

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VIII. COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES ..........................1 1 7 A. Sector-related Environm ental Program s and Activities ......................1 1 7 B

. E P A V o l u n t a r y P r o g r a m s .............................................1 1 9 C. Trade Association/Industry Sponsored Activity ...........................1 2 3 1

. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o g r a m s .......................................1 2 3 2

. S u m m a r y o f T r a d e A s s o c i a t i o n s ..................................1 2 7

IX. C ONTACTS/ACKNOW LEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................1 3 3

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### LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Annual Volum e and Value of Com m on Organic Chem icals .....................7 Figure 2: Geographic Distribution of U.S. Organic Chem ical Manuf acturing Facilities .......8 F i g u r e 3 : O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s a n d B u i l d i n g B l o c k s F l o w D i a g r a m .......................1 5 Figure 4: Ethylene Products .....................................................1 8 Figure 5: Propylene Products ....................................................2 0 Figure 6: Benzene Products .....................................................2 2 Figure 7: 2000 Sum m a ry of TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry ....................4 7



### LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Structure of the Chem ical Industry (SIC 28) ..................................3 Table 2: SIC and NAICS Codes fo r the Organic Chem icals Industry ......................4 Table 3: Sum m a ry of Major Organic Chem ical Products ...............................6 Table 4: Facility Size Distribution of Organic Chem ical Facilities .......................8 Table 5: Top 20 U.S. Chem ical Producers in 2001 ...................................1 0 T a b l e 6 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U s e s f o r E t h y l e n e .........................................1 6 Table 7: Distribution of Propylene Use ............................................1 9 T a b l e 8 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B e n z e n e U s e .............................................2 1 T a b l e 9 : P o t e n t i a l R e l e a s e s D u r i n g O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l M a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................2 3 Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chem ical Facilities ..........................2 9 Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chem ical Facilities .........................3 5 Table 12: Ten Largest Volum e TRI Releasing Facilities in the Organic Chem icals Industry

. . 4 0 Table 13: Air Pollutant Releases by Industry Sector (tons/year) ........................4 5 Table 14: Toxics Release Inventory Data for Selected Industries ........................4 8 Table 15: Pollution Prevention Activities Can Reduce Costs ...........................5 0 Table 16: Process/Product Modifications Create Pollution Prevention Opportunities ........5 2 T a b l e 1 7 : M o d i f i c a t i o n s t o E q u i p m e n t C a n A l s o P r e v e n t P o l l u t i o n ......................6 1 Table 18: Five-Year Enforcem ent and Com p liance Sum m a ry for the Organic Chem icals Industry, by Region ....................................................1 0 2 Table 19: Five-Year Enforcem ent and Com p liance Sum m a ry for Selected Industries ......1 0 4 Table 20: Two-Year Enforcem ent and Com p liance Sum m a ry for Selected Industries .......1 0 5 Table 21: Five-Year Inspection and Enforcem en t Sum m a ry by Statute for Selected Industries 106 Table 22: Two-Year Inspection and Enforcem ent Sum m a ry by Statute for Selected Industries 107 Table 23: FY 1995-1999 Supplem ental Environm ental Projects Overview ...............1 1 3

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### LIST OF ACRONYMS

AFS A IRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database) AIRS Aerom e tric Inf o rm ation Retrieval System (CAA database) AOR Area of Review (SDW A) BAT B est Available Technology Econom ically Achievable BCT Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology BIFs Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA) BMP B est Managem e nt Practice BOD B iochem ical Oxygen Dem a nd BPT B est Practicable Technology Currently Available CAA C lean Air Act CAAA Clean Air Act Am endm ents of 1990 CERCLA C om prehensive Environm ental Response, Com p ensation and Liability Act CERCLIS CERCLA Inform ation System CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CFR C ode of Federal Regulations CGP C onstruction General Perm it (CW A ) CO Carbon Monoxide CO 2 Carbon Dioxide COD C hem i cal Oxygen Dem a nd CSI C om m on Sense Initiative CW A C lean W a ter Act CZMA Coastal Zone Managem e nt Act D&B D un and Bradstreet Marketing Index DOC United States Departm e nt of Com m e rce DPCC Discharge Prevention, Containm ent and Counterm easures EIS E nvironm ental Im pact Statem ent EPA U nited States Environm ental Protection Agency EPCRA Em ergency Planning and Com m unity Right-to-Know Act ESA E ndangered Species Act FIFRA F ederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FINDS Facility Indexing System FR Federal Register FRP F acility Response Plan HAPs H azardous Air Pollutants (CAA) HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank HSW A Hazardous and Solid W a ste Am endm ents IDEA Integrated Data for Enforcem ent Analysis LDR L and Disposal Restrictions (RCRA) LEPCs Local Em ergency Planning Com m ittees MACT Maxim u m Achievable Control Technology (CAA) MCLGs M axim um Contam inant Level Goals MCLs Maxim u m Contam inant Levels MEK M ethyl Ethyl Ketone

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MSDSs M aterial Saf e ty Data Sheets MSGP Multi-Sector General Perm it (CW A ) NAAQS National Am bient Air Quality Standards (CAA) NAFTA North Am erican Free Trade Agreem ent NAICS North Am erical Industr ial Classification System NCDB National Com p liance Database (for TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA) NCP N ational Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan NEC N ot Elsewhere Classified NEIC National Enforcem ent Investigations Center NEPA National Environm ental Policy Act NESHAP National Em ission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NICE 3 National Industrial Com p etitiveness Through Energy, Environm ent and Econom ics NO 2 Nitrogen Dioxide NOI Notice of Intent NOT Notice of Term ination NOV Notice of Violation NO
x Nitrogen Oxides NPDES N ational Pollution Discharge Elim ination System (CW A ) NPL N ational Priorities List NRC N ational Response Center NSPS New Source Perform a nce Standards (CAA) OAQPS O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards OAR Office of Air and Radiation OECA Office of Enforcem ent and Com p liance Assurance OMB O ffice of Managem e nt and Budget OPA O il Pollution Act OPPTS O ffice of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Adm i nistration OSW O ffice of Solid W a ste OSW E R O ffice of Solid W a ste and Em ergency Response OW Office of W a ter P2 Pollution Prevention PCS P erm it Com p liance System (CW A Database) PM10 Particulate Matter of 10 m i crons or less PMN P rem a nufacture Notice POTW Publicly Owned Treatm e nts W o rks PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration (CAA) PT Total Particulates RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRIS RCRA Inform ation System RQ Reportable Quantity (CERCLA) SARA Superfund Am endm ents and Reauthorization Act SDW A Safe Drinking W a ter Act SEPs Supplem entary Environm ental Projects SERCs State Em ergency Response Com m i ssions SIC S tandard Industrial Classification

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SIP S tate Im plem entation Plan SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide SO
x Sulf ur Oxides SOCMI S ynthetic Organic Chem ical Manufacturing Industry SPCC S pill Prevention Control and Counterm easures STEP Strategies for Today’s Environm ental Partnership SW PPP Storm W a ter Pollution Prevention Plan (CW A ) TOC T otal Organic Carbon TRI T oxic Release Inventory TRIS Toxic Release Inventory System TCRIS T oxic Chem ical Release Inventory System TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSD T reatm e nt Storage and Disposal TSP T otal Suspended Particulates TSS T otal Suspended Solids UIC U nderground Injection Control (SDW A) USDW Underground Sources of Drinking W a ter (SDW A) UST U nderground Storage Tanks (RCRA) VOCs V olatile Organic Com pounds

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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT

I.A. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project

Environm ental policies based upon com p rehe nsive analysis of air, water and land pollution (such as econom ic sector, and com m unity-based approaches) are an im portant supplem ent to traditional single-m e dia approaches t o environm ental protection. Environm en tal regulatory agencies are beginning to em brace com p rehensive, m u lti-statute solutions to facility perm itting,

com p liance assurance, education/outre a c h, research, and regulatory developm ent issues. The central concepts driving the new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environm ental m e dium (air, water and land) affect each other, and that environm ental strat e gies m u st actively identify and address these interrelationships by de s i gni ng policies for the “w hole” f acility. O n e w a y to achieve a w hole f ac ility f o cus is to design envi r onmental policies for sim ilar industrial facilities. By doing so,

e nvi r onm ental concerns that are com m on to the m a nufacturing of sim ilar products can be addressed in a com p re hensive m a nner. Recognition of the need to develop the industrial “sector-b ased” approach w ithin the E P A O f f i ce of Com p liance led to the creation of this docum ent.
The Sector Notebook Project was initiated by t h e Office of Com p liance within the Of f i ce of Enf o rcem ent and Com p liance Assurance (OECA) to provide its staff and m a nagers with s u mmary inform ation for eighteen specific industrial sectors. As other EPA offices, states, the regulated

com m unity, environm ental groups, and th e public becam e interested in this project, the scope of the original project was expanded. The ability to design

com p rehensive, com m on sense environm ental pr otection m e asures for specific industries is dependent on knowle dge of several interrelated topics. For the purposes of this proj e c t , t h e key elem ents chosen for inclusion are: ge neral industry inform ation (econom ic and geographic); a description of industrial processes; pollution outputs; pollution prevention opportunities; federal statutory and regulatory fram ework; com p liance history; and a description of partnerships that have been form ed bet w e e n r e gulatory agencies, the regulated com m unity and the public.

For any given industry, each topic listed above could alone be the subject of a lengthy volum e. However, in order to produce a m a nageable docum ent, this project focuses on providing sum m a ry inform ation for each topic. This form at pr ovi de s the reader with a s ynopsis of each issue, and references where m o re in-depth inform ation is ava ilable. Text within each profile was researched from a variety of sources, and was usually condensed from m o re detailed sources pertaining to specific topics. This appr oa c h allows for a wide coverage of activities that can be f u rther explored based upon the ref e rences listed at the end of this prof ile. As a check on the inf o rm ation

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included, each notebook went through an external docum ent review process. The Office of Com p liance appreciates the ef f o rts of all those that participated in this process and enabled us to develop m o re com p lete, accurate and up-todate sum m a ries. Many of t hose who reviewed this notebook are listed as contacts in Section IX and m a y be source s of a d ditional inform ation. The individuals and groups on this list do not necessarily concur with all statem ents within this notebook.

I.B. Additional Information

Providing Comments

OECA’s Office of Com p liance plans to periodically review and update the notebooks and w ill m a ke these update s available both in hard copy and electronically. If you have any com m e nts on the existing notebook, or if you would like to provide additional inform ation, plea s e s e nd a hard copy and

com puter disk to the EPA Office of Com p liance, Sector Notebook Project (2224-A), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW , W a shington, DC 20460. Com m e nts

can also be sent via the Sector Notebooks web page at: http://w w w .epa.gov/com p liance/resources /publications/assistance/sectors/ notebooks/. If you are interested in assisting i n the developm ent of new Notebooks, or if you ha ve r e com m e ndations on which sectors should have a Notebook, please contact the Office of Com p liance at 202-564-2310.

Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs
The scope of the industry sector descri bed in this notebook approxim a tes the national occurrence of facility types w ithin the sector. In m a ny instances, industries within specific geogr a phic regions or states m a y have unique characteristics that are not ful l y capt u red in these profiles. The Office of Com p liance encourages state and local environm ental agencies and other groups t o s upplem ent or re-package the inform ation included in this notebook to include m o re specific industrial and regulatory inform ation that

m a y be available. Additionally, interest ed states m a y want to supplem ent the “Sum m a ry of Applicable Federal Statut es and Regulations” section w ith state and local requirem e nts. Com p liance or t e c hni c a l assistance providers m a y also want to develop the “Pollution Prevention” section in m o re detail.

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II. INTRODUCTION TO THE OR GANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
This section provides background inform ation on the size, geographic distribution, em ploym ent, production, sales, and econom ic condition of the organic chem ical industry. The type of facil i ties described within the docum ent are also described in term s of their Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.

II.A. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook

The chem ical m a nuf acturing industry (SIC 28) produces an enorm ous
num ber of m a terials. EPA estim ate s that there are 15,000 chem icals

m a nufactured in the U.S. in quantities greater than 10,000 pounds ( E PA, 2002). The or ganic chem icals industry, which m a nufactures carboncontaining chem icals, accounts for m u ch of this diversity.

The general structure of the chem ical industry is displayed in Table 1. The organic and inorganic chem icals industries obtain raw m a terials (from pe t r oleum and m i ned products, respectively) and convert them to interm ediate m a terials or basic finished chem icals. The rem a ining industries in S I C 28 convert interm ediate m a terials into a spectrum of specialized finished products.

Table 1: Structure of the Chemical Industry (SIC 28)

SIC Code Industry Sector

281 Inorganic chem icals

282 Plastics m a terials and synthetics

283 Drugs

284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods

285 Paints and allied products

286 Organic chemicals

287 Agricultural chem icals

289 Miscellaneous chem ical products

This sector notebook addresses the organic chem icals industry (SIC 286). The industry is divided int o t h r e e categories: gum and wood chem icals, cyclic organic crudes & interm ediates, and industrial organic chem icals not elsewhere classified.

Sector Notebook Project 3 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ntroduction, Background, and Scope

Gum and wood che micals (SIC 2861) are m a terials that are distilled or otherwise separated from wood. The m o st com m on products of the industry are charcoal, tall oil, rosin, turpentine, pine tar, acetic acid, and m e thanol. Because the products are wood-based, m a ny of the m a jor producers are in the pulp and paper industry (Kline & Co., 1999).

Cy c l i c or gani c c r ude s and i n t e r

m e d i a t e s (SIC 2865) are m a terials processed from petroleum
, natural gas, and coal. Im portant products include benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. T ypically these products are consum ed by downstream industries included in Tabl e 1. Manufacturers of synthetic dyes and organic pigm ents also are included in this SIC code (U.S. Departm e nt of Labor, 2001).

Industrial organic chemicals, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2869) is by far the largest and m o st diverse com ponent of the organic chem icals industry. Its products m a y be either interm ediates or end products.

SIC codes were established by the O ffice of Managem e nt and Budget (OMB) t o track the flow of goods and services within the econom y. OMB ha s changed the SIC code sys t e m t o a system based on sim ilar production processes called the North Am erican Industrial Classific a t i on System (NAICS). Because m o st of the data presented in this notebook apply to the organic chem icals industry as defined by its SIC codes, this notebook

c ont inues to use the SIC system to define this sector. Table 2 present s t h e SIC codes for the organic chem istry industry and the corresponding NAICS codes. Table 2: SIC and NAICS Codes for the Organic Chemicals Industry

1987 SIC S IC Description 1997 NAICS NAICS Description

2861 Gum & wood chem icals 325191 Gum & wood chem ical m f g

2865 Cyclic crudes & interm ediate 325110 Petrochem i cal m f g (part)

325132 Synthetic organic dye & pigm ent m f g

325192 Cyclic crude & interm ediate m f g

2869 Industrial organic chem icals, not elsewhere classified 325110 Petrochem i cal m f g (part)

325120 Industrial gas m f g (part)

325188 All other basic inorganic chem ical m f g (part)

325193 Ethyl alcohol m f g

325199 All other basic organic chem ical m f g (part)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.

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II.B. Characteriz a tion of the Organic Chemicals Industry

II.B.1. Product Characteriz a tion

The chem ical industry produces m a ny m a terials that are essential to the

econom y and to m odern life: plastics, pharm aceuticals, and agricul t ural chem ical s a r e s o m e exam ples. Although these end products have very different characteristics, they are created from a relatively sm all num ber of

raw m a terials. The organic chem icals industry, as described in this notebook, converts these raw m a terials into interm ediate m a terials that are necessary to create desired end products.

The industrial organic chem ical m a rket has two broadly defined categories:

com m odity and specialty. Com m odity chem ical m a nufacturers com p ete on price and produce large volum es of sm all sets of chem icals using dedicated equipm ent with continuous and efficient processing. Spe c i a lty chem ical

m a nufacturers cater to custom m a rkets, m a nufacture a diverse set of chem icals, use two or three different reaction steps to produce a product, tend to use batch processes, com p ete on technological expertise and have a greater value added to their products. Commodi ty chem ical m a nufacturers have lower labor requirem e nts per volum e a nd require less professional labor per volum e.

Com m o n inputs, or f eedstocks, f o r th e industry are supplied by petroleum

r e fi ne r s : e t hyl e n e , propylene, be nz e n e , me t h a nol , t o l u e n e , xyl e n e , but a d i e ne , and butylene (Szm ant, 1989). As noted pr e v i o usly, other feedstocks com e from coal, natural gas, and wood. By using several processes outlined in Section III, a range of chem icals are pr oduced from these feedstocks. Table 3 presents com m on categories of products and their typical end uses.

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Table 3: Summary of Major Organic Chemical Products Category E xample Chemicals E xample End Uses Aliphatic and other acyclic organic chem icals Ethylene, butylene, and form aldehyde Polyethylene plastic, plywood

Solvents Butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol ether, perchloroethylene Degreasers, dry cleaning fluid

Polyhydric alcohols E thylene glycol, sorbitol, synthetic glycerin Antifreeze, soaps

Synthetic perfum e and flavoring m a terials Saccharin, citronellal, synthetic vanillin Food flavoring, cleaning product scents Rubber processing chem icals T hiuram , hexam e thylene tetram ine Tires, adhesives

Plasticizers P hosphoric acid, phthalic anhydride, and stearic acid Rain coats, inflatable toys

Synthetic tanning agents Naphthalene sulfonic acid condensates Leather coats and shoes

Chem ical warfare gases T ear gas, phosgene Military and law enforcem ent

Esters and/or am ines of polyhydric alcohols and fatty and other acids Allyl alcohol, diallyl m a leate P aints, electrical coatings

Cyclic crudes and interm ediates Benzene, toluene, m i xed xylenes, naphthalene Eyeglasses, foam s

Cyclic dyes and organic pigm ents Nitro dyes, organic paint pigm ents Fabric and plastic coloring

Natural gum and wood chem icals Methanol, acetic acid, rosin L atex, adhesives

Sources: U.S. Departm e nt of Labor, 2001; Am erican Chem istry Council, 2001.

On a volum e basis, interm ediate chem icals (chem i cals that are subsequently processed into final products) represent the m a jority of the production in the organic chem icals industry. Figure 1 presents the annual production rate in 1998 of the ten m o st-produced interm ediate chem icals in the U.S. The value of these shipm e nts also are presented. These selected chem icals account for roughly 60% of the production volum e of interm ediates.

Sector Notebook Project 6 Novem b er 2002������� ������ ������ ������� ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ����� Organic Chemical Industry I ntroduction, Background, and Scope
Figure 1: Annual Volume and Value of Common Organic ChemicalsEthylene dichlorideMTBEVinyl chlorideMethanol (synthetic)StyreneDimethyl terephthalateFormaldehydeEthylene oxideCumeneEthylene glycol 0 5 10 15 20 25Billion pounds

0 1 2 3 4 5Billion Dollars ����� Pounds Value ($) � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� � � ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ���� � � ���� ������ ������ � � ����� ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ����� ������� � � ����� ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ � � ���� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������

Source: Am erican Chem istry Council and Kline & Com p any, 1999.

II.B.2. Industry Siz e and Geographic Distribution
The organic chem icals industry accounted for approxim a tely $80 billion in shipm e nts in 2000, one fifth of the output of the entire chem ical industry (U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce, 2000). As noted in Table 4, som e facilities are quite large (greater than 500 employees). These f a cilities prim arily produce bulk com m odity chem icals such as those shown above in Figure 1. The industry is also characterized by a relatively high proportion of sm all f acilities. These f acilities predom inantly m a nuf acture specialty chem icals.

Sector Notebook Project 7 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ntroduction, Background, and Scope

Table 4: Facility Siz e Distribution of Organic Chemical Facilities

Industry Distribution of Facilities According to Number of Employees (% of Total in Parentheses)

1-19 Employees 20-99 Employees 100-499 Employees >499 Employees Total Facilities

Gum and wood chem icals (SIC 2861) 52 (74%) 10 (14%) 8 (11%) 0 (0%) 70 (100%)

Cyclic crudes and interm ediates (SIC 2865) 75 (38%) 67 (34%) 51 (26%) 6 (3%) 199 (100%)

Industrial organic chem icals, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2869) 268 (36%) 254 (34%) 177 (24%) 44 (6%) 743 (100%)

Source: U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce, 1998.

Organic chem icals f acilities generally are located in f our areas of the United States. Gum and wood chem ical production is found prim arily i n the southeast, near wood and pulp production facilities. Other organic chem icals facilit i e s are predom inantly located near the Gulf of Mexico, where m a ny petroleum

- based fe e d s t ocks are produced, and near downstream industrial users in the Northeast and Midwest.

Figure 2: Geographic Distribution of U.S. Organic Chemical Manufacturing Facilities

There are no organic chem ical facilities in Alaska or Hawaii. Source: U.S. EPA, Toxics Re lease Inventory Database, 1999.

Sector Notebook Project 8 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ntroduction, Background, and Scope

II.B.3. Economic Trends
The United States has the largest organi c chem icals industry in the world and is a net exporter of orga ni c c h em icals. However, m a ny of the chem icals produced by the industry are com m odities. As a r e sult, the industry faces signif i cant com p etition due to increased capacity in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin Am er i c a

. Difficulties between 1998 and 2001 included reduced shipm e nts to Asia because of its slowed econom y, worldwide overcapacity, and hi ghe r raw m a terial and fuel costs due to high oil prices (U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce, 2000).

Several trends are oc c u r r i ng within the industry to account for these and other changes. A considerable am ount of consolidation is occurring. Across the chem ical industry as a whole, there was approxi ma t e l y $45 billion in

m e rgers and acquisitions in 1999 (U.S. De pa rtm e nt of Com m e rce, 2000). Furtherm ore, m a ny chem ical com p anies are repositioning them selves in fundam e ntal ways. Com p anies such as ICI, Clariant, and Ciba now focus on specialty chem icals. Others, including Exxon, BP, and Shell, now produce basic chem icals alm o st exclusively. Finally, som e for m er chem ical

com p anies, such as Monsanto, Hoechst, and Novartis, exited the organic chem icals industry to specialize in lif e sciences (Speed, 2001). Table 5 lists the top 10 com p anies in the United Stat es in 2001 according to their sales of chem icals.

In the longer term , anticipated sustained growth in downs t ream industries such as agricultural chem icals (f ertilizers and pesticides) and pharm ace u ticals

a r e expected to provide growth opportunities for the organic chem i c a l s industry (Speed, 2001).

Sector Notebook Project 9 Novem b er 20021

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 Organic Chemical Industry I ntroduction, Background, and Scope

Table 5: Top 20 U.S. Chemical Producers in 2001

Rank Company 2001 Chemical Sales a (m illions of dollars)

D ow Chem ical 27,805

D uPont 26,787

E xxonMobil 15,943

H untsm an Corp. 8,500

G eneral Electric 7,069

B ASF 6,852

C hevron Phillips 6,010

PPG Industries 5,933

E quistar Chem icals 5,909

Shell Oil 5,524

Air Products 5,467

Eastm a n Chem ical 5,384

BP 5,300

Praxair 5,158

Rohm and Haas 4,917

Atofina 4,380

Monsanto 3,755 Honeywell 3,313 Lyondell Chem ical 3,226

Nova Chem icals 3,194

a Represents sales from chem ical segm ent of each com p any; organic chem icals m a y only be a portion of these sales. Source: “Annual Survey: Top 75 Chem ical Producers.” Chemical & Engineering News , Volum e 80, Num b er 19 (May 13, 2002); 21-25.

Sector Notebook Project 10 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

III. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION

This sec t i on describes the m a jor industrial processes within the organic chem ical industry, including t h e m a terials and equipm ent used, and the processes em ployed. The section is desi gned f o r those interested in gaining a general understanding of the industry, a nd for those interested in the interrelationship be t w e e n the industrial process and the topics described in subsequent sections of this profile -- pollutant outputs, pollution prevention opportunities, and Feder a l r e gulations. This section does not attem p t to

r e pl i c a t e publ i s he d e ngi ne e r i ng i n for m a t i on t h a t i s a v ailable for this indust r y. Refer to Section IX for a list of reference docum ents that are available.

This section specifically contains a description of com m only used production processes, associated raw m a terials, the by-products produced or re l e a s ed, and the m a terials either recycled or transferred off-site. This discussion, coupled with schem a tic drawings of the identified pr oc e s s e s, provides a concise description of where wastes m a y be produced in the proc e s s

. Thi s section also describes the potential f a te (via air, water, and soil pathways) of these waste products.

III.A. Industrial Processes in the Organic Chemicals Industry

Although the organic chem icals i ndustry m a nufactures thousands of chem ical s , t h ere are basic principles that are com m on to m o st production processes. This section provides a brie f overview of the processes, describes

com m on chem ical reactions, and discusses four chem icals that are particularly im portant building blocks for organic chem ical products.

III.A.1. Chemical Manufacturing Processes
As described in Section II, the organic chem icals industry requires raw

m a terials from upstream industries, such as petroleum refining, and sells its products either as finished m a terials or as interm ediates for further processing by ot her manufact ur er s. Assumi ng t h at r a w m a terials are received in suf f i cient purity, the two m a jor steps in chem ical m a nufacturing are 1) the chem ical reaction and 2) the purification of reaction products.

Chemical Reaction Processes

The prim ary types of chem ical reactions are batch and continuous

. In batch reactions , the reactant chem icals are added to the reaction vessel at the sam e tim e and the products are em ptied com p letely when the re a c t i on is

com p leted. The reactors ar e made of stainless st eel or glass-lined carbon steel and range in size from 50 to se veral thousand gallons (U.S. EPA, 1993). Batch reactors, also called stirred tank reactors or autoclaves, have an

Sector Notebook Project 11 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
agitator m echanism to m i x t h e reactants, an insulating jacket, and the appropri a t e pipes and valves to control the reaction conditions (U.S. EPA, 1993; Kroschwitz, 1986).

Batch processes generally are used for sm aller sca l e and experim e ntal processes. One advantage is that ba tch equipm ent can be adapted to m u ltiple uses – an im portant issue for fac ilities producing m a ny specialty chem icals. Also, these processes are easier to operate, m a intain, and repair. In general, facilities producing less than four m illi on pounds of a particular product per year use a batch process (Hocking, 1998).

An im portant subcategory of the batch process is toll manufacturing

. Many organic chem icals require m u lti-step m a nuf acturing processes. These steps often call for precise operating conditi ons, which in turn dem a nd specialized

e quipm ent and trained em ployees. In a tolling operation, a c o mpa n y outsources one or more steps in the m a nufacturing process to a contractor, who t h e n sends the product to yet another contractor to com p lete the production process. Toll m a nufacturing is highly useful from an engineering standpoint, but t h i s a r rangem e nt can also be used for econom ic reasons to utilize excess production capacity.

Cont i nuous processes occur either in a tank (a “continuous stirred tank reactor”) or in a pipe (a “pipe reactor”). In this case, the reactants are added and products a r e rem oved at a constant rate from the reactor, so that the volum e of reacting m a terial i n t h e vessel rem a ins constant. A continuous stirred tank reactor i s sim ilar to the batch reactor described above. A pipe reactor typically is a piece of tubing a rranged in a coil or helix shape that is jacketed in a heat transfer fluid. Reactants enter one end of the pipe, and the

m a terials mi x under the turbulent flow and react as they pass through the system

. Pipe reactor s are well suited for reactants that do not m i x well, because the turbulence in the pi pe s c a u s e s all m a terials to m i x thoroughly (Hocking, 1998).

Continuous processes require a substantial am ount of autom a tion and capital expendi tures, and the equipm ent generally m u st be dedicated to a single product. As a result, this type of pr oce s s i s used prim arily for large scale operations, such as those producing greater than 20 m illion pounds per year of a particular chem ical (Hocking, 1998). For facilities producing between 4 and 20 m illion pounds of a chem ical per ye ar , t h e c hoice of a batch or continuous process depends on the particul ar chem ical and other site-specific considerations.

In som e cases, a hybrid reaction proce ss, called a sem i -batch reactor, is needed. This is com m only used when the reaction is very f a st and potentially danger ous. One reactant is placed in the vessel at the beginning of the

Sector Notebook Project 12 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
reaction (like in a batch process) and the other reactant(s) is added gradually (Hocking, 1998).

Product Separation

Reaction products rarely are obtained in a pure form from a reaction. Often there are byproducts and unreacted inputs. Therefore, the de sired product

m

u st be isolated and purified in order to be used by custom ers or downstream

m a nufacturers. Com m on separation m e thods include filtration, distillation, and extraction. Depending on the partic ular m i xture and the desired purity,

m

u ltiple separation m e thods can be used.

Filtration Filtration is a process that separates so lids f r om liquids. A slurry, or m i xture of liquid and suspended particles, is passed through a porous barrier (filter) that traps the solids and allows the liquid to pass through. The liquid typically is passed through the filter via gravity. An alternat ive form of f iltration is centrifugation , in which the slurry i s placed in a porous basket that is spun rapidly. Th e outward f o rce pushes the liquid through the f ilter

or m e sh on the sides of the basket where the fluid is reclaim e d.

Distillation Distillation is a process that separates liquids that have dif f e ring boiling points. A m i xture of liquids is heated to the boiling point of the m o st volatile

c o mpound (i.e., the com pound with the lowest boiling point). Tha t

com pound becom e s gaseous and then is condensed back to a liquid form in an attached vessel. Additional com pounds can be isolated from the m i xture by increasing the tem p erature increm enta lly to the appropriate boiling point. It should be noted that m a terials existing as gases at room tem p erature can be separated via distillation when they are ref r igerated to a liquid f o rm and slowly warm ed to their boiling points.

Extraction Organic com pounds each have diffe r e nt solubility rates in fluids such as water or organic solvents. In an extr action, a m i xture is placed in a fluid in which the desired product is insoluble but the undesired m a terials are soluble. The result is that the desired m a terial is in a separate phase f r om the solvent and contam inants and can be rem oved (Buonicore and Davis, 1992).

III.A.2. Common Chemical Reactions
The following section presents som e of the chem ical reactions that are used to produce the m o st significant products of the or ganic chem icals industry, such as those listed in Figure 1 in Sec tion II. There are illustrations of each type of reaction. Note t h at the illustrations follow the chem istry standard practice of im plying that a carbon at om is found wherever lines m eet.

Sector Notebook Project 13 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

Details of the reactions were obtained form Organic Chemistry by Vollhardt and Schore, and the equation illustrations were obtained f r om the internet site http://products.cam bridgesoft.com /Chem F inder.cfm

. Halogenation

Halogenation is a process of adding a halogen atom on an organic com pound. (Halogen is the collective nam e for fluor ine, chlorine, brom ine, and iodine.) This is an im portant step in m a king chlorinated solvents such as ethylene dichloride. The following equation shows a sim p l i f i e d version of the halogenation of ethylene to form ethylene dichl o ride. This particular reaction generally is conducted with an iron chloride catalyst. (A catalyst is

m a terial that facilitates a react i on but is not actually consum ed in the process).

+ ———>

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a process of breaking down a large com pound into sma l l e r
com ponents by heating it ( i n t h e absence of oxygen) and exposing it to a catalyst. This process is also referred to as cracking

. Vinyl c h l o r i de is produced in this way by pyrolizing et hylene dichloride. Because pyrolysis can result in a variety of products, the catalyst and tem p erature m u st be carefully selected and controlled in orde r to m a xim i ze the yield of the desired product. The following equation shows the form ation of vinyl chloride in the presence of heat and a catalyst.

———>

Oxidation

In the context of organic chem istry, oxidation generally m eans the addition of a n electron-donating atom (such as oxygen) and/or the rem oval of hydrogen to a com pound. For exa m ple, form aldehyde is form ed by

rem oving two hydrogen atom s from m e thanol, as shown in the following equation. Oxygen and a m e tal catalyst, su ch as silver, typically are used in the reaction.

Sector Notebook Project 14 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

2 + ———> 2 + 2

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis involves the addition or substitution of water (H 2 O) into a

com pound. This process is used in th e m a nufacturing of ethylene glycol, the

m a in com ponent of antifreeze. The following equation shows how ethylene oxide is hydrolized to form ethylene glycol.

+ 2 ———>

III.A.3. Common Organic Chemical Production Chains
Most of the products of the organic ch em icals industry are derived from just a handful of feedstocks , or raw m a terials. Fi gure 3 dem onstrates this

conce p t u a l ly; a sm all num ber of chem icals derived from m a terials such as f o ssil f u els are then processed into the wide range of interm ediate and finished products used in the econom y.

Figure 3: Organic Chemicals and Building Blocks Flow Diagram

Sector Notebook Project 15 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

The rest of this section presents the reactions of three high-volum e chem icals (ethylene
, propylene, and benzene) chosen to illustrate the use of typical chem ical feedstocks. The three chem icals are all prim ary building blocks and their reaction products are used to produce still other chem icals. The f l owcharts below (Figures 4-6) illustra te som e of the com m on interm ediates and final products associated with each chem ical.

The chem icals described below illustrate several key points. First, prim ary building blocks are typically used in m o re reactions than the building blocks further down the chain. Second, m o st feed stocks can participate in m o re than one reaction and third, there is typically m o re than one reaction route to an end-product. The end-products of all of t h ese chem icals can be used in

num erous com m e rcia l applications; Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, listed in the reference section, describes m a ny uses.
Ethylene

The m a jor uses for ethylene are in the synthesis of polym ers (polyethylene) and i n e t hyl ene dichloride, a precursor to vinyl chloride. Other im portant products are ethylene oxide (a precursor to ethylene glycol) and ethylbenzene (a precursor to styrene). W h ile ethylen e itself is not generally considered a health threat, several of it s de r i va tives, such as ethylene oxide and vinyl chloride, have been shown to cause cancer

. The distribution of uses is shown in Table 6.

The m a nufact ur i ng processes that use ethylene as a feedstock are

sum m a rized in the table below along with reaction conditions and

com ponents. Ethylene dichloride, ethylbenzene, and ethylene oxide (products of ethylene reactions) are all am ong the top 50 high production volum e organic chem icals in the United States ( Chemical and Engineering News ).

Table 6: Distribution of Uses for Ethylene
Product P ercent of Ethylene Use Polyethylene 5 4 Ethylene dichloride 16 Ethylene oxide-glycol 1 3 Ethylbenzene-styrene 7 Linear olefins-alcohol 3 Vinyl acetate 2 Ethanol 1 Other 4

Source: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

.
Sector Notebook Project 16 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
Figure 4 pr esents a flowchart of the interm ediates produced from ethylene and exam ples of the m a jor finished products. Many of the products are plastics derived from polyethylene.

Sector Notebook Project 17 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

Figure 4: Ethylene Products

Lo w

D

e n s i t y Pol y e t hy l ene & L i n ear Low D

ens i t y Pol y e t hy l ene

Et hy l ene Ox i d e Et hy l ene G l y c ol

Fi ber s Et hy l ene D i c h l o r i de V i n y

l C

h lo r i d e PV C

C r

ud e O il/ Na

t u r

a l Ga s Foo d Pa c k

agi ng , F i l m , Tr

as h B a gs, D i aper s, Toy s , H ous e w

a r

es

H i gh D ens i t y Pol y e t hy l ene H ous e w

a r

es ,

C r

at es , D r

um

s , Foo d C ont ai n e r s , Bot

t l e

s

Si di ng, W

i nd ow Fr

am e s , Sw i m m i ng P

o o l Li ne r s , P i pe s

A

u to m o ti v

e A

n tifr e e

z e

Pant yho s e, Ca r p e t s , C l ot hi ng

Pol y e s

t e r Re

s i n Bot t l e

s Fi l m

M i s c el l a neou s

Et hy l benz ene St y r

en e

Li ne a r Al c

ohol s D e te r

g e n ts

Vi nyl A

c e t at e Adhes i v es ,

C

o a t i n g s , Tex t i l e

/ P

a per Fi ni s h i n g , F l oor i n g

M i s c el l a neou s Pol y s t

y r

ene Re

s i n s I n s u l a t i on, C ups , M

o del s

St

y r

en e Ac r y l oni t r i l e Re

s i n s In s t r

u m e n t L ens es , H ous e w

a r

es

St

y r

en e But a di ene

R

ubbe r Ti r e s , Foo t w

ear , Seal ant s

St

y r

en e But a di ene

La

t e

x

M i s c el l a neou s Ca r p e t Bac k i ng, Paper C

oat i n gs Et hy l ene

Source: Am erican Chem istry Council, 2001.

Sector Notebook Project 18 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
Propylene

Over half of the U.S. propylene s upplies are used in the production of chem icals. The prim ary products ar e polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, and isopropyl alcohol. Of these, propylene, acrylonitrile and propylene oxide are am ong the top fift y high-volum e chem icals produced in the United States. Acrylonitrile and propylene oxide have both been shown to cause cancer, while propylene itself is not generally consi d ered a health threat. Table 7 shows the use distribution of propylene.

Table 7: Distribution of Propylene Use

Product Percent of Propylene Use Polypropylene 3 6 Acrylonitrile 16 Propylene oxide 11

Cum e ne 9 Butyraldehydes 7 Oligom ers 6 Isopropyl alcohol 6

Other 9

Source: Szm a nt.

Figure 5 show s the m a jor interm ediates and finished products associated with propylene.

Sector Notebook Project 19 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
Figure 5: Propylene Products

C r ude Oi l P r opy l e ne P r opy l e ne Ox

i d e P r opy l e ne G l y c ol Po l y e s t e r s

Po l y u r e t h a n e

P o l y pr o p

yl ene Re s i n s

Fi ber s

I s opr op

yl

A

l c

o h o l Ac e t o n e Me t h y l M e

th a c r y l a

te

Ox

o

al c

oho l s Pl a s t i c i z e r

s PV C Pl a s t i c

s

So l v e n t s

Ac r y l o n i t r i l e P o l y ac r

y l oni t r i l e

Ac r y l i c Fi ber

Ac r y l i c Re s i n s M odac r y l i c Fi ber Po l y o l s Foa m s, C

o a

t i ngs , Lacquer s

Au t o St e e r i n g W h e e l s , K

n o b s , A u to

G r i l l s , P i p e , F i l m , S h ir t P a c k

a g e , S

t r

a pp i n g, R o p e &

Tw i n e

I n door / O ut d o or Ca r p e t s , M a t t i ng

S o l v ent s, C o at i n g s , Co

s m e t i c

s , He a l t h Ca r e P l as t i c

s , Si gns, P l e

x ig la s s , P a i n ts , T a i l

Li ght Len s e s , Li ght i n g Panel s

Ra i n Co a t s , In fl a t a b le Toys

Co a ti n gs

C a r p et s , S w

eat er s , D r

aper i e s , Dr

e s s e s , Co a t s

Lens es , Li g h t Fi x

t ur

e s , C o at i n g s , D

o m e st i c

s

Sy n t h e t i c

F u r s , Co a t i n g s

AB S R e s i n s Tel ephon es , Aut o Pa r

t s , Bat h T u b s Cu m e n e

P h enol P h enol i c R

e s i n s , N y l on Fi ber s , So l v e n t s

Su p e r Abs o r b e n t P o ly m e r s , C o a

t in g s , A

d hes i ve s, D e t e r

g ent s A

c r

y li c

A

c id

, Ac r y l a

t e

s

M i sce l l a n e o u s Au t o Pa t c h C

o mpound s, Fur n i t ur e P a r t s , Bo a t s , F i b e r s

Source: Am erican Chem istry Council, 2001.

Sector Notebook Project 20 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

Benzene

Benzene is an im portant interm ediate in the m a nufacture of indust r i a l chem icals. Over 95 percent of U.S. consum ption of benzene is for the preparation of ethylbenzene, cum e ne, c y c l ohexane, nitrobenz e n e , a nd va r i ous chlorobenzenes as shown in Table 8. Benzene is consider ed a hum an carcinogen by EPA.

Table 8: Distribution of Benz ene Use

Product P ercent of Benz ene Use Ethylbenzene 5 2

Cum e ne 22 Cyclohexane 14

Nitrobenzene 5
Chlorobenzenes 2 Linear detergent alkylate 2

Other 3

Source: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

.

Figure 6 sum m a rizes the prim ary benzene interm ediates and products.

Sector Notebook Project 21 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description
Figure 6: Benz ene Products

C r

ude Oi l

E t hyl ene Cr

a c k e r B enzene E t hyl ebe nzene S t yr

ene P o l y

s t

yr

ene Re

s i n s I n s u l a t i on, C ups , M

odel s

S

t yr

ene A

c r

y l oni t r i l e Re

s i n s In s t r u m e n t Lens es , H ous ew ar

es

S

t yr

ene B u t adi ene

R

ubber T i r e s , Foot w

ear , S eal ant s

S

t yr

ene B u t adi ene

Lat ex C a r pet B a c k i n g , P aper C

oat i ngs

M i s c el l aneou s

C u m ene A c e t one

P henol B i s phenol A

P henol i c Re

s i n s M i s c el l aneou s P

o l y

c a r b onat e Re

s i n s

E pox y Re

s i n s F oot bal l He l m e t s , E y egl as s e s , Co mp u t e r s

P r

ot ec t i v

e C

oat i ngs , A

dhes i v es

P l y

w

ood, C

oat i ngs , H ous i ngs

C

y c l ohex ane A d ip ic Ac i d

C

apr

ol ac t a m

M i s c el l aneou s N y l o n Fi ber s & R e s i n s

M i s c el l aneou s

N y l o n Fi ber s & R e s i n s

A

n ili n e I s o c y anat es

R

ubber C hem i c al s

P e

s t ic id e s

Dy

e s

M i s c el l aneou s

C h l o r obenzenes

M i s c el l aneou s P e s t ic id e s , Dy e s

Source: Am erican Chem istry Council, 2001.

Sector Notebook Project 22 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry I ndustrial Process Description

III.B. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs

I ndustrial organic chem ical m a nufacturers use and generate both large

num bers and quantities of chem icals. Th e industry releases chem icals to all

m e dia including air (through both fugitive and direct em issions), water (direct discharge and runoff) and land. The types of pol l u t a nt s a single f acility will release depend on the f eedstocks, processes, equipm ent in use and m a intenance practices. These can vary from hour to hour and can also

va r y with the part of the process that is underway. For exam ple, for batch reactions in a closed vessel, the chem i cals are m o re likely to be em itted at the beginning and end of a reaction step (associated with vessel loading and product transfer operations), than during the reaction. The potential sources of pollutant outputs by m e dia are shown below in Table 9.

Table 9: Potential Releases During Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Media Potential Sources of Emissions

Air P oint source em issions: stack, vent (e.g. laboratory hood, distillation unit, reactor, storage tank vent), m a terial loading/unloading operations (including rail cars, tank trucks, and m a rine vessels)

Fugitive em issions: pum ps, valves, flanges, sam p le collection, m echanical seals, relief devices, tanks

Secondary em issions: waste and wastewater treatm e nt units, cooling tower, process sewer, sum p , spill/leak areas Liquid wastes (Organic or Aqueous) Equipm ent wash solvent/water, lab sam p les, surplus chem icals, product washes/purif ications, seal f l ushes, scrubber blowdown, cooling water, steam jets, vacuum pum ps, leaks, spills, spent/used solvents, housekeeping (pad washdown), waste oils/lubricants f r om m a intenance

Solid Wastes Spent catalysts, spent filters, sl udges, wastewater treatm e nt biological sludge, contam inated soil, old equipm ent/insulation, packaging m a terial, reaction byproducts, spent carbon/resins, drying aids

Ground Water Contam ination Unlined ditches, process trenches, su m p s, pum ps/valves/fittings, wastewater treatm e nt ponds, product storage areas, tanks and tank f a rm s, aboveground and underground piping, loading/unloading areas/racks, m a nuf acturing

m a intenance facilities

Source: Chem ical Manufact urers Association, 1993.

Sector Notebook Project 23 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

IV. CHEMICAL RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT PROFILE
This section is designed to provide background inform ation on the pollutant releases that are reported by this indus try in correlation with other industries. The best source of com p arative pollutant release and other waste

m a nagem e nt inform ation is the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Pursuant to the Em ergency Planning and Com m unity Right-to-Know Act, TRI includes self -reported f acility release and other waste m a nagem e nt data f o r over 650 toxic chem icals and chem ical categories. Facilities within SIC Codes 10 (except 1011, 1081, and 1094), 12 (ex cept 1241), 20-39, 4911 (lim ited to f acilities that com bust coal and/or oil f o r the purpose of generating electricity for distr i but ion in com m e rce), 4931 (lim ited to facilities that com bust coal and/or oil for the purpose of gene r a t i ng electricity for distribution in

com m e rce), 4939 (lim ited to facilities tha t c o mbust coal and/or oil for the pur pos e of ge ne r a t i ng e l e c t r i c i t y for di s t r i but i on i n c o m m e rce), 4953 (li m i t e d to facilities regulated under the RCRA Subtitle C, 42 U.S.C. section 6921 et seq .) , 5169, 5171, and 7389 (lim ited to facilities prim arily engaged in solvents recovery services on a contract or fee ba s i s ) have m o re than 10

em ployees, and that m a nufactures, processes or otherwise uses li s t e d chem ical in quantities greater than the established threshold in the course of a calendar year are required to report to TRI annually release and other waste

m a nagem e nt quantities (on- and of f

- site ). The inf o rm ation presented within the sector notebooks is derived from the m o st recently available (2000) TRI reporting year (which includes over 650 chem icals and chem ical categories), and focuses prim aril y on the on-site releases reported by each sector. Because TRI requires consistent reporti ng r e gardless of sector, it is an excellent tool for drawing com p arisons across industries. TRI da t a provide the type, am ount and m e dia receptor of each chem ical released or otherwise

m a naged as waste.

Although this sector notebook does not pr esent historical inform ation regarding TRI chem ical releases over tim e, please note that in general, toxic chem ical releases have been declining. In fact, according to the 2000 Toxic Release Inventory Public Data Release, reported on-site and off-site releases of toxic chem icals to the environm ent from original TRI reporting industries (SIC codes 20-39) decrease d by m o re than 8 percent (644 m illion pounds) between 1999 and 2000 (not including chem icals added and rem o ved from the TRI chem ical list during this period). Reported on-site releases dropped by alm o st 57 percent between 1988 and 2000. Reported transfer s of TRI chem icals to of f

- site locations f o r dis posal increased by alm o st 7 percent (28

m illion pounds) between 1988 and 2000. More detailed inform ation can be obtained from EPA' s annual Toxics Rel ease Inventory Public Data Release Report (which is available through the EPCRA Call Cent er at 800-424-9346), or directly from the Internet at www.epa.gov/tri

.

W h erever possible, the sector notebooks present TRI data as t h e pr im ary indicator of chem ical release w i thin each industrial category. TR I data
Sector Notebook Project 24 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers
provide the type, am ount and m e dia receptor of e a c h c h em ical released or otherwise m a naged as waste. W h en other sources of pollutant re l e a s e data have be e n obt a i ned, these data have been included to augm ent the TRI inf o rm ation.

TRI Data Limitations

Certain lim itations exist regarding TRI data. W ithin som e sectors, (e.g., printing and transportation equipm ent cl eaning) the m a jority of f

acilities are not subject to TRI repor t i ng either because they do not fall under covered SIC codes, or because they are below the TRI reporting threshold am ounts. H o w e ver, EPA low e red threshold am ounts f o r persistent bioaccum u lative toxic (PBT) chem icals starting reporting year 2000. For these sectors, release inform ation from other sources has been included. In addition, m a ny facilities report to TRI under m o re than one SIC code, reflecting the m u ltiple operations carried out onsite whether or not the operations are the f acilities’ prim ary area of business as reported to the U.S. Census Bureau. Repor t e d chem icals are lim ited to the approxim a tely 650 TRI chem icals and chem ical categories. A portion of the em issions f r om organic chem icals f a cilities, therefore, are not captured by TRI. Also, reported releases and other waste

m a nagem e nt quantities m a y or m a y not all be associated with the industrial operations described in this notebook.

The reader should also be aware that TRI “pounds released” data presented within the notebooks is not equivalent to a “risk” ranking for each industry. W e ighting each pound of release equally does not factor in the relative to x i city of each chem ical th at is releas ed

. T h e A g en cy is in th e p r o c e s s o f de veloping an approach to assign toxicological weightings and population exposure levels to each chemi cal released so that one can differentiate between pollutants with signif i cant dif f e re nces in toxicity. This project, the Risk Screening Envir onme n tal Indicators Model, can be found at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/rsei/

. As a prelim inary indication of the environm ental im pact of the industry' s
m o st com m only released chem icals, this not e book briefly sum m a rizes the toxicological properties of the top five chem icals (by weight) reported by the organic chem ical industry.

Definitions Associated w i th Section IV Data Tables

General Definitions

SIC Code -- is the Standard Industrial Classific a t i on (SIC) is a statistical classification standard us e d for all establishm ent-based Federal econom ic

s t atis tics

. T h e SIC codes facilitate co m p arisons between facility and industry data.
Sector Notebook Project 25 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

TRI Facilities -- are f acilities that are within specif i ed SIC codes that have 10 or m o re full-tim e em ployees and are above established threshold am ounts f o r m a nuf acture or process or otherwis e use activities in the course of a calendar year. These facilities are in st andard industrial classification codes 10 (except 1011, 1081, and 1094), 12 (except 1241), 20-39, 4911 (lim ited to f acilities that com bust coal and/or oil f o r the purpose of generating electricity for distribution in com m e rce), 4931 (lim ited to facilities tha t c o m bust coal and/or oil for the purpos e of generating electricity for distribution in

com m e r c e ) , 4939 (lim ited to facilities that com bust coal and/or oil for the pur pos e of ge ne r a t i ng e l e c t r i c i t y for di s t r i but i on i n c o mme r c e ) , 4953 (lim ited to facilities regulated under the RCRA Subtitle C, 42 U.S.C. section 6921 et seq .), 5169, 5171, and 7389 (lim ited to f acilities prim arily engaged in solvents recovery services on a contr act or f ee basis), and f e deral f a cilities. Facilities m u st subm it release and other waste m a nagem e nt estim ates f o r all chem icals that are on the EPA' s defined list and are above m a nufacturing or processing or otherwise use thresholds.

Data Table Column Heading Definitions
The following definitions are based upon standard definitions developed by E P A ’ s T oxic R e lease Inventory Program

. The categories below represent th e possible pollutant destinations that can be reported.

ON-SITE RELEASES -- are an on-site discharge of a toxic chem ical to the environm ent. This includes em issions to the air, discharges to bodies of

wa t e r, releases at the facility to land, as well as contained disposal i n t o underground injection wells.

Releases to Air (Point and Fugitive Air Emissions) -- Include al l air

em issions from industry activity. Poin t em issions occur through confined air stream s as found in stacks, ducts, or pipes. Fugitive em issions include losses from equipm ent leaks, or evaporative losses from im poundm ents, spills, or leaks.

Releases to Water (Surface Water Discharges) -- encom p ass any releases going directly to stream s, rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water. Any estim ates for storm water runoff and non- point losses m u st also be included.

Releases to Land -- includes disposal of toxic chem icals in waste to on-site landfills, land treated or incorporation into soil, surface im poundm ents, spills, leaks, or waste piles. These activities m u st occur within the f acility' s boundaries for inclusion in this category.

Underground Injection -- is a contained release of a fluid into a subsurface well for the purpose of waste disposal.

Sector Notebook Project 26 Novem b er 2002- - Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

TRANSFERS -- is a transf er of toxic chem ic als in wastes to a f acility that is geographi c a l l y or physically separate from the facility reporting under TRI. The qua nt i ties reported represen t a m ovem e nt of the chem ical away f r om the reporting f acility. Except f o r of f

- site transf ers f o r disposal, these quantities do not necessarily represent entry of the chem ical into the environm ent.

Transfers to POTWs a r e wa s t e wa t e r s t r a n s f e r r e d t h r o ugh pi pe s or s e we r s to a publicly owned treatm e nts works (POTW )

. Treat m e nt and chem ical

rem oval depend on the chem ical' s nature a nd treatm e nt m e thods used. Chem i cals not treated or destroyed by the POTW are generally released to surface waters or land filled within the sludge. Metals and m e tal com pounds transferred to POTW s are considered as released to surface water.

Transfers to Recycling -- are sent off-site for the purposes of regenerating or recovering still valuable m a terials. Once these chem icals have been recycled, they m a y be returned to the originating f a cility or sold

com m e rcially.

Transfers to Energy Recovery -- are wastes com busted off-site in industrial furnaces for energy recovery. Treatm e nt of a chem ical by incineration is not considered to be energy recovery.

Transfers to Treatment -- are wastes m oved off-site for either neutralization, incineration, biol ogical destruction, or physical separation. In som e cases, the chem icals are not de stroyed but prepared for further waste

m a nagem e nt.

Trans f e r s t o Disposal -- are wastes taken to another f acility f o r disposal generally as a release to land or as an injection underground.

IV.A. EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Organic Chemicals Industry
According to the Toxics Release Inve ntory (TRI) data, 467 organic chem ical f acilities released (to the air, water or land) and transf erred (shipped of f

- site

or discharged to sewers) a total of 594 m illion pounds of toxic chem i c a l s during calendar year 2000. That represen ts approxim a tely 5.5 percent of the releases and transf ers f o r all f acilities reporting to TRI that year.

Because the chem ical industry (SIC 28) has historically released m o re TRI chem icals t h a n any other m a nufacturing industry, the EPA has worked to im prove environm ental perform a nce with in this sector. This has been done through a com b ination of enforcem ent actions, regulator y r e quirem e nts, pollution prevention pr oj ects, and voluntary program s. In addition, the chem ical industry has focused on reduci ng pollutant releases. For exam ple, the Am erican Chem istry Council’s Responsible Care ® initiative is intended Sector Notebook Project 27 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

to reduce or elim inate chem ical m a nufact urers’ wastes. All m e m b ers of the Council, firm s that account for the m a jor ity of U.S. chem ical industry sales and earnings, are r e qui red to participate in the program as a condition of Council m e m b ership. Parti c i p a tion involves dem onstrating a com m itm ent to the program ’s m a ndate of continuous im provem e nt of the environm ent, health, and safety. State-level toxics use reduction requirem e nts, public disclosure of release and transfer inform ation containe d i n TRI, and vol untary program s such as EPA’s 33/50 Program during the 1990' s ha ve also been given as reasons for release reductions.

Table 10 presents the num ber and volum es of chem icals released by organic chem ical facilities. The quantity of the basic f eedstocks released ref l ects their volum e of usage. The top inorganic chem icals released (am m onia, chlorine, nitric a c i d, a nd hydrochloric acid) are also large volum e reaction feedstocks. Forty three percent of releases occurred via on-site underground injection. Air releases accounted fo r another 38 percent (83 m illion pounds), 18 percent (39 m illion pounds) was released to water, and the rem a ining one percent (2.1 m illion pounds) was disposed of on land.

Table 11 presents the num ber and volum es of chem icals transf erred of f

- site by organic chem ical f acilities. O f f

- s ite transf ers account f o r the largest

am ount, 63 percent, of the organic chem ical industry' s tota l r e l eases and transfers as reported in TRI. One chem ical, m e thanol, accounted for 24 percent of the 374 m illion pounds transf erred by f a cilities in the industry. Approxim a tely 14 percent of transf ers are sent to recycling f acilities.

The f r equency with which chem icals ar e reported by f acilities within a sector is one indication of the diversit y of ope rations and processes. Many chem icals are released or transf erred by a sm all num ber of f

acilities, which indicates a wide diversity of production processes, particularly for specialty organic chem icals. Alm o st two-thirds of the 302 chem icals reported a r e released by fewer than 10 facilities. Ov erall, the organic chem icals industry reports the use of about half of the roughly 600 TRI reportable chem icals.

Sector Notebook Project 28 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility M e thanol 278 3, 912, 475 13, 933, 787 167, 959 7, 868, 577 132, 361 26, 015, 152 93, 580 T o luene 179 2, 657, 687 1, 328, 947 4, 488 154, 733 3, 423 4, 149, 278 23, 180 Am m onia 169 2, 380, 590 6, 631, 275 865, 496 17, 043, 040 144, 995 27, 065, 392 160, 150 Xy lene ( M ixed I s om er s) 128 623, 681 189, 952 13, 940 32, 055 8, 000 867, 628 6, 778 Benzene 103 521, 616 981, 150 1, 940 105, 954 3, 212 1, 613, 872 15, 669 Chlor i ne 92 84, 788 341, 885 37, 100 463, 773 5, 041 For m aldehy de 90 171, 456 590, 489 45, 016 3, 817, 671 6, 655 4, 631, 287 51, 459 E t hy lene Gly c ol 90 703, 306 263, 220 93, 569 455, 430 5, 833 1, 521, 358 16, 904 N- buty l Alcohol 89 202, 970 437, 658 3, 296 1, 890, 507 656 2, 535, 087 28, 484 Nitr ate Com pounds 88 517 4, 846 36, 970, 944 10, 326, 216 67, 602 47, 370, 128 538, 297 Hy dr ochlor ic Acid ( 1995 and after " A cid Aerosols" 87 320, 566 2, 436, 134 255 2, 756, 955 31, 689

E t hy lbenzene 7 5 308, 199 248, 117 2, 625 530, 250 2, 071 1, 091, 262 14, 550 E t hy lene 75 6, 016, 036 5, 229, 560 11, 245, 596 149, 941 Sty r ene 7 4 318, 753 414, 241 112 260, 000 7, 461 1, 000, 567 13, 521 N- hexane 72 1, 596, 421 1, 469, 279 1, 024 107, 705 1, 014 3, 175, 443 44, 103 Phenol 71 252, 980 177, 624 3, 283 1, 875, 339 53, 932 2, 363, 158 33, 284 Naphthalene 69 106, 289 319, 392 442 179, 721 1, 347 607, 191 8, 800 Cer t ain Gly c ol E t her s 69 143, 832 68, 906 43, 385 43, 140 16, 059 315, 322 4, 570 Pr opy lene 63 2, 728, 645 2, 231, 243 2, 607 5 4
, 962, 500 78, 770 Z i nc Com pounds 59 4, 226 8, 663 35, 256 454 437, 102 485, 701 8, 232 Acetaldehy de 51 302, 805 501, 401 4, 687 324, 571 219 1, 133, 683 22, 229 Cy clohexane 50 349, 609 232, 819 15, 166 81, 879 12 679, 485 13, 590 M a leic Anhy dr ide 4 8 29, 022 94, 141 6 280 123, 449 2, 572 M e thy l E t hy l Ketone 47 295, 954 153, 075 3, 768 139, 500 405 592, 702 12, 611 M e thy l I s obuty l Ketone 43 636, 118 240, 543 15, 182 2, 900 689 895, 432 20, 824 Copper Com pounds 42 325 2, 297 14, 943 64, 026 61, 133 142, 724 3, 398 Dichlor o m e thane 4 2 270, 914 1, 593, 846 4, 160 3 7 4 1
, 868, 997 44, 500 1, 2, 4- tr im ethy lbenzene 4 0 71, 232 22, 567 687 1, 955 96, 441 2, 411 Acr y lic Acid 39 96, 543 53, 143 5, 565 516, 946 342 672, 539 17, 245 Pr opy lene Oxide 3 9 61, 004 99, 296 233 2, 100 162, 633 4, 170 1, 3- butadiene 39 416, 282 556, 472 108 2 972, 864 24, 945 E t hy lene Oxide 3 8 104, 457 151, 142 1, 001 226 256, 826 6, 759 Nitr ic Acid 38 17, 428 35, 802 11, 518, 220 7, 641 11, 579, 091 304, 713 Bipheny l 3 8 87, 173 6, 268 1, 214 81 94, 736 2, 493 Aniline 3 7 60,746 110,058 9, 093 696,924 297 877,118 23,706 Chlor o m e thane 3 5 192, 552 481, 349 668 34, 177 3 708, 749 20, 250 For m ic Acid 34 97, 353 111, 538 113, 545 2, 740, 685 2, 059 3, 065, 180 90, 152 Poly cy clic Ar om atic Com pounds[PBT ] 3 2 21, 378 14, 199 2, 020 507 38, 104 1, 191 Cum e ne 30 181, 133 347, 323 97 550 11, 000 540, 103 18, 003 Sulfur ic Acid ( 1994 and after " A cid Aero so ls" On ly 30 33, 255 587, 041 1, 000 621, 296 20, 710

Bar i um Com pounds 30 2, 124 3, 542 28, 228 43 368, 655 402, 592 13, 420 N, n- dim e thy l for m am ide 2 9 34, 570 13, 035 1, 197 48, 802 1, 683 Nickel Com pounds 29 116 5, 429 16, 489 27, 745 19, 187 68, 966 2, 378 Sodium Nitr ite 28 174 1, 019 150, 413 2, 028, 206 85 2, 179, 897 77, 853 Chlor odifluor om ethane 27 1, 036, 287 853, 487 2, 891 1, 892, 665 70, 099 Chlor o ethane 27 117, 292 130, 617 680 248, 589 9, 207 Chlor obenzene 2 7 75, 227 301, 303 79 80, 008 1, 206 457, 823 16, 956 Phthalic Anhy dr ide 2 7 42, 872 86, 375 129, 247 4, 787 Acetonitr ile 27 121, 362 99, 411 10, 480 7, 594, 103 584 7, 825, 940 289, 850 Dim e thy l am ine 2 7 38, 044 38, 467 2, 410 950 3, 435 83, 306 3, 085 T e r t

- buty l Alcohol 26 537, 999 105, 206 1, 963 766, 176 477 1, 411, 821 54, 301 Acr y lonitr ile 26 83, 992 181, 243 216 3, 280, 408 1 3
, 545, 860 136, 379 Dicy clopentadiene 25 88, 752 15, 601 2, 433 29 106, 815 4, 273 Sector Notebook Project 29 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility Diethanolam ine 2 4 24, 166 2, 147 4, 801 51, 006 82, 120 3, 422 Viny l Acetate 2 4 519, 283 1, 174, 490 473 223, 177 4, 549 1, 921, 972 80, 082 Chr o m i um Com pounds 24 39 1, 233 2, 821 202 17, 645 21, 940 914 M e thy l M e thacr y l ate 2 2 183, 621 362, 406 2, 908 548, 935 24, 952 O- xy lene 22 123, 135 170, 981 2, 378 56 296, 550 13, 480 M a nganese Com pounds 21 1, 059 8, 323 91, 508 201, 094 301, 984 14, 380 1, 2- dichlor o ethane 20 74, 676 94, 852 35 14 169, 577 8, 479 Dioxin and Dioxin- L i ke Com pounds[PBT ] 20 5 121 88 440 654 33

Anthracene 2 0 8 ,333 7,653 111 1 16,098 805 Hy dr ogen Fluor ide 1 9 50, 221 176, 558 250 23 227, 052 11, 950 Phenanthr e ne 18 15, 747 11, 125 115 172 27, 159 1, 509 N- m e thy l

- 2

- p y r r o lidone 18 19, 542 2, 616 959 566, 036 19 589, 172 32, 732 T r iethy l am ine 1 8 22, 434 63, 340 10, 995 15, 180 13, 682 125, 631 6, 979 Buty l Acr y late 18 26, 597 54, 651 14, 460 271 95, 979 5, 332 Chlor o for m 18 14, 398 52, 751 281 67, 430 3, 746 Py r i dine 18 38, 335 19, 240 835, 760 893, 335 49, 630 Buty r a ldehy d e 1 7 70, 899 129, 169 15 200, 083 11, 770 E p ichlor ohy dr in 17 15, 125 5, 067 383 123 20, 698 1, 218 Cr esol ( M ixed I s om er s) 16 9, 857 9, 397 814 611, 641 3, 059 634, 768 39, 673 M e thy l Acr y late 16 127, 929 19, 488 289 13, 670 161, 376 10, 086 Hy dr oquinone 16 568 120 3, 160 171, 200 175, 048 10, 941 Diisocy a nates 1 6 42, 507 394 800 43, 701 2, 731 M e thy l T e r t

- buty l E t her 1 6 56, 181 76, 392 9, 529 70 7, 352 149, 524 9, 345 Hy dr ogen Cy anide 1 6 24, 208 268, 828 212 688, 362 55 981, 665 61, 354 Br om ine 1 6 16, 317 3, 916 20, 233 1, 265 Nickel 15 306 573 3, 466 11, 553 35, 249 51, 147 3, 410 Benzy l Chlor i de 15 8, 446 2, 176 83 10, 705 714 Cobalt Com pounds 15 454 12, 146 31, 180 3, 525 16, 550 63, 855 4, 257 L ead Com pounds[PBT ] 1 5 2
, 127 573 487 76 3, 263 218 Acr y lam i de 15 955 974 17 5, 339, 361 4 5 , 341, 311 356, 087 Ally l Alcohol 15 340, 164 25, 601 5, 452 283, 712 654, 929 43, 662 T r ichlor oethy l ene 1 5 25, 033 6, 375 1 31, 409 2, 094 Car bon Disulfide 1 4 34, 375 29, 537 1, 520 17, 326 372 83, 130 5, 938 T e tr achlor o ethy lene 14 50, 236 22, 549 77 1 72, 863 5, 204 Sec- buty l Alcohol 14 26, 859 13, 405 941 41, 205 2, 943 Cy anide Com pounds 14 118 4, 789 6, 202 2, 269, 181 912 2, 281, 202 162, 943 E t hy l Acr y late 14 12, 239 14, 301 9 403 2 26, 954 1, 925 Acr o lein 14 4, 765 11, 736 113 200, 550 217, 164 15, 512 Car bon T e tr achlor i de 13 21, 228 133, 443 45 154, 716 11, 901 Antim ony Com pounds 13 861 637 279 2, 777 85, 358 89, 912 6, 916 M e r c ur y Com pounds[PBT ] 1 3 222 5 1 7 244 19 Nitr obenzene 1 3 16, 780 13, 414 120 297, 084 18 327, 416 25, 186 Pr opionaldehy d e 1 3 18, 768 64, 296 3, 576 3, 100 2, 259 91, 999 7, 077 Ally l Chlor i de 13 4, 875 125, 390 130, 265 10, 020 Benzo( g, h, i) per y lene[PBT ] 1 3 943 4, 215 12 5, 170 398 O- toluidine 1 2 3
, 243 7, 326 25 7, 040 17, 634 1, 469 M e r c ur y [ PBT ] 12 136 3 1 140 12 P- xy lene 12 99, 796 395, 276 40 106 495, 218 41, 268 Cy clohexanol 12 74, 583 64, 772 4, 978 2, 652, 916 2, 797, 249 233, 104 I s obuty r aldehy de 12 110, 668 17, 328 129 128, 125 10, 677 1, 4- dioxane 12 20, 879 15, 697 30, 890 2, 700 70, 166 5, 847 2- m e thoxy ethanol 11 64, 019 4, 538 3, 286 71, 843 6, 531 1, 2- dichlor obenzene 1 1 15, 699 45, 506 585 1, 600 778 64, 168 5, 833 Hexachlor obenzene[PBT ] 11 43 5 3 7 8 5 8 Sector Notebook Project 30 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility 4, 4'- i sopr opy lidenediphenol 11 8, 087 9, 577 2, 107 1, 657 21, 428 1, 948 Viny l Chlor i de 10 53, 870 15, 903 69, 773 6, 977 Quinoline 1 0 2
, 452 4, 480 15 31, 413 6 38, 366 3, 837 Cr eosote 10 9, 910 26, 443 5 36, 358 3, 636 Dipheny lam i ne 10 9, 558 13, 990 32 3, 200 26, 780 2, 678 Hy dr azine 10 2, 555 127 10 2, 692 269 Benzoy l Chlor i de 10 6, 166 1, 169 7, 335 733 Dichlor odifluor om ethane 10 158, 393 28, 984 5 187, 382 18, 738 Phosgene 9 348 1, 294 1, 642 182 P- cr esol 9 6
, 179 7, 604 28 319, 553 333, 364 37, 040 Acetophenone 9 24, 202 16, 014 22 580, 000 16 620, 254 68, 917 1, 1- dichlor o

- 1

- f luor oethane 9 179, 758 261, 532 168 441, 458 49, 051 Poly chlor i nated Bipheny ls[PBT ] 9 18 23 15 56 6 Cum e ne Hy dr oper oxide 9 29, 846 782 94 130, 000 160, 722 17, 858 M

- xy lene 9 153, 987 59, 901 28 213, 916 23, 768 M

- cr esol 9 6
, 433 3, 678 37 542, 970 553, 118 61, 458 Copper 8 9 259 373 596 15, 524 16, 761 2, 095 4,4'-m ethylenedianiline 8 11,009 346 296 30,000 8 41,659 5,207 Vanadium Com pounds 8 151 52 78, 872 20, 105 10, 044 109, 224 13, 653 Dibenzofur an 8 9
, 442 14, 374 16 23, 832 2, 979 M o ly bdenum T r ioxide 8 1 5 1
, 374 94 71, 800 5, 409 78, 692 9, 836 2- chlor o

- 1
, 1
, 1
, 2

- t etr a fluor oethane 7 58, 227 13, 936 5 72, 168 10, 310 T r ichlor ofluor om ethane 7 117, 585 3, 242 885 121, 712 17, 387 Bor on T r ifluor ide 7 1, 463 523 1, 986 284 Fr eon 113 7 175, 354 51, 250 1, 272 227, 876 32, 554 O- cr esol 7 1
, 867 1, 756 9 501, 865 13 505, 510 72, 216 Dim e thy l Sulfate 7 596 34 22 40 692 99 1- chlor o

- 1
, 1

- d ifluor oethane 7 104, 544 183, 655 34 288, 233 41, 176 Chlor o acetic Acid 7 1
, 395 820 300 2, 515 359 1, 2, 4- tr ichlor obenzene 6 3, 541 51, 947 19 55, 507 9, 251 M e thy l I odide 6 20, 589 38, 522 22 8 1
, 002 60, 143 10, 024 Br om om ethane 6 594 327, 699 328, 293 54, 716 2- ethoxy ethanol 6 6
, 132 56, 640 129 62, 901 10, 483 Dibuty l Phthalate 6 687 455 2 150, 000 151, 144 25, 191 Diam inotoluene ( M ixed I s om er s) 6 4
, 827 3, 355 1, 809 23, 000 32, 991 5, 498 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine Dihy dr ochlor ide 6 16 5 2 1 4 N,n-dim e thylaniline 6 2,108 13,538 48 15,694 2,616 T o luene Diisocy a nate ( M ixed I s om er s) 6 1
, 674 158 1 1
, 833 305 1, 2- buty l ene Oxide 5 2, 388 1, 436 3, 824 765 Viny lidene Chlor i de 5 16, 247 5, 949 1, 623 36 23, 855 4, 771 Pr opar g y l Alcohol 5 1
, 944 1, 344 1, 031, 538 1, 034, 826 206, 965 4, 6- dinitr o- o- cr esol 5 5 118 123 25 Cr otonaldehy d e 5 3, 235 2, 842 33, 038 10 39, 125 7, 825 Acetam ide 5 42 2, 195, 410 2, 195, 452 439, 090 Di( 2

- e thy l hexy l) Phthalate 5 3, 660 237 3, 897 779 Dim e thy l Phthalate 5 33 1, 441 808 1, 900 3 4
, 185 837 1, 3- pheny lenediam ine 5 192 1, 716 179 36, 910 38, 997 7, 799 1, 1, 2- tr ichlor oethane 4 2, 870 124 2, 994 748 Phosphor us ( Y ellow or W h ite) 4 5 253 258 65 Diethy l Sulfate 4 2, 830 19 2, 849 712 Cadm ium Com pounds 4 8 24 5 3 7 9 M onochlor opentafluor oethane 4 54, 509 5, 240 5 59, 754 14, 939 Alum inum ( F um e or Dust) 4 60 24, 632 176 24, 868 6, 217 Dinitr otoluene ( M ixed I s om er s) 4 3
, 438 5, 104 4 3
, 300 11, 846 2, 961 2- m e thy l py r i dine 4 6
, 251 12, 486 22 11, 000 29, 759 7, 440 Sector Notebook Project 31 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility M e thacr y l onitr ile 4 989 54, 549 55, 538 13, 885 1, 3- dichlor obenzene 4 2, 819 2, 250 6 5 , 075 1, 269 Silver 4 121 79 200 50 2, 4- dim e thy l phenol 4 411 360 5 201, 020 201, 796 50, 449 1, 1, 1- tr ichlor oethane 4 16, 770 7, 108 53 23, 931 5, 983 Chlor opr ene 4 40 137 177 44 Pentachlorobenzene[ PBT] 3 2 2 1 T o luene- 2, 4- diisocy a nate 3 3 1 4 1 Bar i um 3 671 1 67, 000 67, 672 22, 557 1, 2- dichlor o ethy lene 3 9 3 783 876 292 1, 2- pheny lenediam ine 3 19 137 118 3, 497 3, 771 1, 257 Acifluor fen, Sodium Salt 3 2 7 305 5, 811 6, 143 2, 048 Vanadium ( E xcept W h en Contained in an Alloy) 3 145 8, 121 12, 777 21, 043 7, 014

1, 2- dibr om oethane 3 1, 801 1, 000 5 6 5 2
, 871 957 Z i nc ( F um e or Dust) 3 5 195 200 67 T itanium T e tr achlor i de 3 2
, 391 26 41 2, 458 819 Dichlor o tetr afluor oethane ( C fc- 114) 3 77, 516 21, 078 5 98, 599 32, 866 Benzoy l Per oxide 3 2
, 014 2, 014 671 Asbestos ( F r i able) 3 2- m e thy llactonitr ile 3 1
, 777 1, 002 139, 007 141, 786 47, 262 T e tr abr o m obisphenol A[PBT ] 3 5 468 473 158 1, 1, 2, 2- tetr achlor o ethane 3 128 22 150 50 M e thy l Chlor o car bonate 3 2
, 239 4 2
, 243 748 Per acetic Acid 3 1
, 109 2, 146 3, 255 1, 085 4- nitr ophenol 3 323 65 16 404 135 1, 4- dichlor obenzene 3 23, 570 33, 109 25 174 56, 878 18, 959 1, 1, 1, 2- tetr achlor o ethane 3 202 327 529 176 2, 4- dinitr otoluene 2 2 1 2 4 2 7 1 4 3- chlor o

- 2

- m ethy l- 1- pr opene 2 285 167 452 226 M e thy l ene Br om ide 2 15 1, 527 1, 542 771 I s opr opy l Alcohol ( M anufactur ing, Str ong- acid Pr oc 2 1
, 985 1, 827 3, 812 1, 906

P-chloroaniline 2 406 20 60 486 243 Benzal Chlor i de 2 236 9 245 122 P- pheny lenediam ine 2 15 34 7 954 1, 010 505 N- m e thy l olacr y l am ide 2 456 50 506 253 Decabrom odiphenyl Ox ide 2 912 3,285 4,197 2,098 Quinone 2 4 4 2 2, 4- dinitr ophenol 2 1 1 23, 287 23, 289 11, 645 P-nitroaniline 2 1, 911 2,020 3,931 1,965 Benom y l 2 5 1 6 3 Benzoic T r ichlor ide 2 493 45 538 269 Safr ole 2 251 9 260 130 Dihy dr osafr o le 2 251 9 260 130 O- anisidine 2 705 19 724 362 1, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1

- d ifluor oethane 2 5, 520 3, 705 45 9, 270 4, 635 Bis( 2- chlor o ethy l) E t her 2 133 8 141 71 Dicam ba 2 5 5 1 0 5 Dinitr obuty l Phenol 2 3 9 3 9 2 0 2- nitr ophenol 2 5 12 17 8 2- chlor o

- 1
, 1
, 1

- t r i fluor oethane 2 8, 350 69, 400 77, 750 38, 875 2- m e r captobenzothiazole 2 5 246 35, 268 35, 519 17, 760 Dichlor o fluor om ethane 2 13, 304 106, 405 119, 709 59, 855 P- cr esidine 2 1, 029 703 224 1, 956 978 Sector Notebook Project 32 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility Antim ony 2 4 6 3
, 296 38 3, 380 1, 690 2, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1
, 1

- t r i fluor oethane 2 15, 413 5, 518 5 20, 936 10, 468 Chr o m i um 2 3 0 4 3 346 419 209 Cobalt 2 1 265 996 300 1, 562 781 Catechol 2 250 200 450 225 E t hy lidene Dichlor i de 2 9 9 227 326 163 E t hy l Chlor o for m ate 2 1, 565 15 1, 580 790 Silver Com pounds 2 2 4 8 6 110 55 Piclor am 1 8 500 508 508 Nitrapyrin 1 M o linate 1 944 52 105 1, 101 1, 101 Pr opar g ite 1 3 6 215 251 251 C. i. Disper se Yellow 3 1 31 25 56 56 M a lononitr ile 1 255, 157 255, 157 255, 157 T h iour ea 1 736 74 810 810 Pr om etr y n 1 411 105 516 516 Sodium Dim e thyldithiocarbam a te 1 1 1 2 2 L ead[PBT ] 1 31, 340 31, 340 31, 340 M a nganese 1 74, 735 74, 735 74, 735 Ur ethane 1 2 1 29, 580 33 29, 634 29, 634 Piper ony l Butoxide 1 144 144 144 Cupfer r o n 1 343 343 343 T r ans- 1, 4- dichlor o

- 2

- butene 1 4 1 5 5 Ar senic 1 42, 189 42, 189 42, 189 P- dinitr obenzene 1 12 81 93 93 M

- dinitr obenzene 1 10 345 466 134 955 955 Ethyleneim ine 1 3 3 3 5-nitro-o-anisidine 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 Styrene Oxide 1 8 8 8 2, 4, 5- tr ichlor ophenol 1 5 6 271 51 378 378 Diazinon 1 1 3 4 4 1, 1, 2, 2- tetr achlor o

- 1

- f luor oethane 1 20 5 2 5 2 5 1, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1
, 2

- t r i fluor oethane 1 73, 027 35, 486 5 108, 518 108, 518 Car bony l Sulfide 1 466, 000 466, 000 466, 000 O- dinitr obenzene 1 1 4 4 6 0 105 105 2, 4- diam inotoluene 1 211 92 303 303 Bis( 2- chlor o ethoxy ) m ethane 1 1
, 320 10 9, 302 10, 632 10, 632 Ally lam i ne 1 250 750 1, 000 1, 000 2, 4- d Buty l E s ter 1 4 1 5 5 2, 4- d 1 8 1
, 030 248 33 1, 319 1, 319 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine 1 5 5 10 10 Per c hlor om ethy l M e r captan 1 5 8 5 9 0 9 0 Ozone 1 1 4 2 16 16 Fenbutatin Oxide 1 664 1, 260 1, 924 1, 924 Iron Pentacarbony l 1 1,280 3 1 ,283 1,283 2, 6- dinitr otoluene 1 2 7 2 7 2 7 Oryzalin 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 3, 3'- d im ethoxy benzidine Dihy dr ochlor ide 1 12 4 3 6 5 2 5 2 2- pheny lphenol 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Dichlorobenzene (Mixed Isom ers) 1 Chlor o m e thy l M e thy l E t her 1 1, 350 1, 350 1, 350 Meth yl Is o c yan a te 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 No rf lu razo n 1 Octachlorostyrene[ PBT] 1 Pendim e thalin[PBT ] 1 302 332 634 634 Sector Notebook Project 33 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 10: 2000 TRI Releases for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Releases Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical Fugitive Air Point Air Water Discharges Under g r ound Injection Lan d Disposal To tal Releases Avg. Releases Per Facility Hexazinone 1 2 1, 874 1, 876 1, 876 Per m ethr in 1 288 7 295 295 3- iodo- 2- pr opy ny l Buty lcar bam a te 1 Picr ic Acid 1 274 21, 093 21, 367 21, 367 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine Sulfate 1 Fom e safen 1 577 221 1, 176 1, 974 1, 974 Pr opanil 1 250 250 250 750 750 Ar senic Com pounds 1 E t hy l Dipr opy lthiocar bam a te 1 815 88 92 995 995 1, 4- dichlor o

- 2

- butene 1 89 89 89 Chlor ophenols 1 3 3 9 1 43 43 Am etr y n 1 403 157 560 560 2, 4- dichlor ophenol 1 266 149 25 440 440 2, 4, 6- tr ichlor ophenol 1 9 2 1 2 2 9 1 134 134 T e tr achlor v inphos 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 N- nitr osodipheny lam i ne 1 Saccharin (Manufacturing, No Supplier Notification 1 7 0 1 0 8 0 8 0

2- nitr opr opane 1 9
, 588 7, 017 224 16, 829 16, 829 Dim e thy l car bam y l Chlor i de 1 3 99 102 102 1, 2- dichlor opr opane 1 2 3 5 5 Par a ldehy d e 1 14 19 33 33 Hexachlor o cy clopentadiene 1 332 364 696 696 Pentachlor o ethane 1 9 1 1 0 1 0 Chlor o tr ifluor om ethane 1 1
, 420 14, 580 5 16, 005 16, 005 Atr azine 1 161 169 1 331 331 Pr opy leneim ine 1 17 53 70 70 467** 32, 553, 643 50, 360, 923 39, 171, 452 95, 144, 436 2, 124, 451 219, 354, 897 469, 710 [ P BT] Persistent, Bioaccum u lative, and Toxic * Refer to Section III for a discussion of the TRI data and its lim itations, m e thodology used to obtain this data, definitions of the colum n headings, and the def i nition of persistant , bioaccum u lative, and toxic chem icals. **Total num ber of facilities (not chem ical repor ts) reporting to TRI in this industry sector.

Sector Notebook Project 34 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Numbe r of Facilit ies Repo rting (Tr ansfers Re ported in p ounds/yea r)*

Chem ical Nam e M e thanol T o luene Am m onia Xy lene ( M ixed I s om er s) Benzene Chlor i ne For m aldehy de E t hy lene Gly c ol N- buty l Alcohol Nitr ate Com pounds # Repor ting POTW Disposal Recycling Treatm e nt En erg y To tal Avg Transf ers Chem ical Transf ers Transf ers Transf ers Transf ers Recover y Transf ers Per Facility 278 20, 036, 448 649, 306 7, 311, 495 20, 357, 616 39, 862, 432 88, 217, 297 317, 328 179 62, 687 354, 644 2, 767, 314 7, 781, 329 16, 786, 000 27, 751, 974 155, 039 169 2, 184, 927 1, 451, 355 117, 039 706, 756 111, 698 4, 571, 775 27, 052 128 12, 480 100, 443 1, 244, 063 2, 647, 063 7, 696, 733 11, 700, 782 91, 412 103 5, 091 20, 504 1, 212, 323 1, 236, 731 591, 636 3, 066, 285 29, 770 92 3, 624 454, 054 457, 678 4, 975 90 660, 534 113, 088 530 684, 406 285, 217 1, 743, 775 19, 375 90 10, 349, 832 959, 225 287, 020 1, 629, 396 9, 265, 735 22, 491, 208 249, 902 89 1, 442, 267 83, 406 1, 362 658, 121 3, 740, 885 5, 926, 041 66, 585 88 20, 333, 408 4, 816, 868 2, 247 6, 368, 480 31, 521, 003 358, 193 Hy dr ochlor ic Acid ( 1995 and after " A cid 87 20 7, 930 64, 315 3, 916 76, 181 Aerosols" E t hy lbenzene E t hy lene Sty r ene N- hexane Phenol Naphthalene Cer t ain Gly c ol E t her s Pr opy lene Z i nc Com pounds Acetaldehy de Cy clohexane M a leic Anhy dr ide M e thy l E t hy l Ketone M e thy l I s obuty l Ketone Copper Com pounds Dichlor o m e thane 1, 2, 4- tr im ethy lbenzene Acr y lic Acid Pr opy lene Oxide 1, 3- butadiene E t hy lene Oxide Nitr ic Acid Bipheny l Aniline Chlor o m e thane For m ic Acid 7 5 1
, 368 16, 912 593, 873 421, 897 1, 467, 573 2, 501, 623 33, 355 75 243 9 252 7 4 36, 907 1, 529 2, 500, 339 297, 338 1, 062, 455 3, 898, 568 52, 683 72 552 693 287, 599 3, 500, 079 1, 702, 555 5, 491, 478 76, 271 71 644, 708 28, 338 949, 527 3, 374, 972 4, 997, 545 70, 388 69 2, 446 177, 185 6, 303, 351 211, 928 576, 470 7, 271, 380 105, 382 69 955, 735 91, 488 1, 808 314, 744 1, 272, 662 2, 636, 437 38, 209 63 117, 735 52 117, 787 1, 870 59 9, 270 2, 326, 777 222, 427 2, 558, 474 43, 364 51 1, 188, 158 87 62 208, 154 300, 309 1, 696, 770 33, 270 50 108 2, 006 738, 733 817, 156 136, 306 1, 694, 309 33, 886 4 8 447 2, 956 777, 222 47, 270 827, 895 17, 248 47 487, 694 29, 778 5, 437 108, 173 2, 991, 541 3, 622, 623 77, 077 43 69, 780 9, 834 798, 627 920, 839 1, 426, 985 3, 226, 065 75, 025 42 27, 400 472, 058 2, 154, 659 2, 654, 117 63, 193 4 2 274 9, 754 452, 955 1, 529, 442 528, 907 2, 521, 332 60, 032 4 0 5 , 541 18, 786 1, 436 63, 184 419, 117 508, 064 12, 702 39 1, 128, 221 106, 333 806, 062 4, 584, 524 6, 625, 140 169, 875 3 9 151, 147 4, 860 2, 138 28, 521 186, 666 4, 786 39 250 153, 787 23, 001 10, 191 1, 578 188, 807 4, 841 3 8 63, 436 34 78 1 63, 549 1, 672 38 33, 987 6, 154, 652 60, 424 36, 624 6, 285, 687 165, 413 3 8 111, 285 12, 294 870, 770 252, 195 118, 799 1, 365, 343 35, 930 3 7 922,560 219,532 23,600 5, 666,448 1,797,480 8,629,620 233,233 3 5 281 7 117, 663 57, 286 175, 237 5, 007 34 79, 714 34, 552 10 691, 998 1, 533, 934 2, 340, 208 68, 830 Poly cy clic Ar om atic Com pounds[PBT ] 3 2 8 367, 218 64, 287 82, 195 95, 803 609, 511 19, 047 Cum e ne 30 5, 625 88, 228 74, 000 29, 023 211, 730 408, 606 13, 620 Sulfur ic Acid ( 1994 an d after " A cid 30 635 1, 869, 080 14, 414 1, 544 1, 885, 673 62, 856 Aero so ls" On ly Bar i um Com pounds N, n- dim e thy l for m am ide Nickel Com pounds Sodium Nitr ite Chlor odifluor om ethane Chlor o ethane Chlor obenzene Phthalic Anhy dr ide Acetonitr ile Dim e thy l am ine T e r t

- buty l Alcohol Acr y lonitr ile Dicy clopentadiene Diethanolam ine Viny l Acetate Chr o m i um Com pounds M e thy l M e thacr y l ate O- xy lene M a nganese Com pounds 1, 2- dichlor o ethane 30 176, 202 203, 370 561, 342 940, 914 31, 364 2 9 472, 318 428 24, 480 345, 967 258, 238 1, 101, 431 37, 980 29 8, 106 706, 377 976, 507 1, 690, 990 58, 310 28 202, 287 1, 294 20, 872 227, 037 2, 719 454, 209 16, 222 27 84, 770 231, 455 278, 097 594, 322 22, 012 27 354 130 165, 800 374, 786 131, 884 672, 954 24, 924 2 7 2
, 690 217 171 935, 980 552, 101 1, 491, 159 55, 228 2 7 110, 259 2, 539, 677 297, 427 682, 326 3, 629, 689 134, 433 27 8 39, 378 57 1, 504, 742 530, 637 2, 074, 822 76, 845 2 7 262, 166 1, 801 294 327, 605 3, 123 594, 989 22, 037 26 574, 667 71, 835 2, 023 499, 998 6, 480, 152 7, 628, 675 293, 411 26 61, 194 4, 585 78, 725 229, 595 374, 099 14, 388 25 844 270, 003 16, 056 332, 551 619, 454 24, 778 2 4 36, 432 153, 116 31, 076 546 221, 170 9, 215 2 4 30, 297 7, 432 745, 976 6, 539, 457 7, 323, 162 305, 132 24 1, 273 206, 649 549, 321 757, 243 31, 552 2 2 297 102, 287 75, 551 410, 427 588, 562 26, 753 22 61, 148 19, 586 31 767, 008 408, 987 1, 256, 760 57, 125 21 16, 125 943, 334 321, 814 1, 281, 273 61, 013 20 273 1, 744 6, 255, 710 175, 429 216, 088 6, 649, 244 332, 462 Dioxin and Dioxin- L i ke Com pounds[PBT ] 2 0 2 4 253 6, 798 1 7 , 076 354 Sector Notebook Project 35 Novem b er 2002 876

3Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Transfers Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical POTW Transf ers Disposal Transf ers Recycling Transf ers Treatm e nt Transf ers En erg y Recover y To tal Transf ers Avg Transf ers Per Facility Anthracene 2 0 8 6 48,914 103,836 103,091 255,927 12,796 Hy dr ogen Fluor ide 1 9 1
, 571 189, 168 5, 099 195, 838 10, 307 Phenanthr e ne 18 3 11, 932 496, 127 139, 744 127, 276 775, 082 43, 060 N- m e thy l

- 2

- p y r r o lidone 18 52, 677 7, 010 1, 092 16, 036 4, 503, 153 4, 579, 968 254, 443 T r iethy l am ine 1 8 5 18, 026 140, 970 104, 396 263, 397 14, 633 Buty l Acr y late 18 118, 677 7, 563 11, 016 77, 253 214, 509 11, 917 Chlor o for m 18 281 739 16, 900 396, 230 45, 681 459, 831 25, 546 Py r i dine 18 57, 935 34, 083 111, 499 279, 459 57, 329 540, 305 30, 017 Buty r a ldehy d e 1 7 36, 233 12, 203 1, 200 27, 967 529, 462 607, 065 35, 710 E p ichlor ohy dr in 17 9, 364 983 23, 863 14, 556 48, 766 2, 869 Cr esol ( M ixed I s om er s) 16 4, 541 3, 644 130, 496 26, 218 164, 899 10, 306 M e thy l Acr y late 16 255 11, 000 10, 623 491, 097 512, 975 32, 061 Hy dr oquinone 16 39, 814 23 7, 842 6, 787 54, 466 3, 404 Diisocy a nates 1 6 32, 129 93, 704 152, 194 278, 027 17, 377 M e thy l T e r t

- buty l E t her 1 6 1
, 001 560 14, 361 207, 617 223, 539 13, 971 Hy dr ogen Cy anide 1 6 858 682 11, 779 13, 319 832 Br om ine 1 6 128, 250 686 1, 696, 776 202, 220 2, 027, 932 126, 746 Nickel 15 500 42, 139 335, 179 377, 818 25, 188 Benzy l Chlor i de 15 1, 204 2, 640 2, 242 521, 926 528, 012 35, 201 Cobalt Com pounds 15 66 154, 276 641, 093 795, 435 53, 029 L ead Com pounds[PBT ] 1 5 1 5 104, 134 752, 822 856, 971 57, 131 Acr y lam i de 15 137, 481 1, 178 7, 270 16, 111 162, 040 10, 803 Ally l Alcohol 15 597 2 477, 729 483, 995 962, 323 64, 155 T r ichlor oethy l ene 1 5 1 0 44, 640 172, 103 117, 720 334, 473 22, 298 Car bon Disulfide 1 4 1
, 348 918 180 5, 552 31, 241 39, 239 2, 803 T e tr achlor o ethy lene 14 10 21 845, 291 15, 850 70, 544 931, 716 66, 551 Sec- buty l Alcohol 14 68, 930 270 1, 213 631, 395 701, 808 50, 129 Cy anide Com pounds 14 4, 739 5, 890 10, 868 10, 540 32, 037 2, 288 E t hy l Acr y late 14 429, 881 7, 727 141, 955 1, 241, 214 1, 820, 777 130, 055 Acr o lein 14 410 62 169, 678 170, 150 12, 154 Car bon T e tr achlor i de 13 117 2, 184 266, 856 21, 600 290, 757 22, 366 Antim ony Com pounds 13 2 63, 040 224, 152 287, 194 22, 092 M e r c ur y Com pounds[PBT ] 1 3 5 9 8 3 142 11 Nitr obenzene 1 3 107 6, 354 2, 165, 679 823, 282 2, 995, 422 230, 417 Pr opionaldehy d e 1 3 4
, 713 283 182 380 5, 558 428 Ally l Chlor i de 13 3, 375 82, 000 122, 052 229, 123 436, 550 33, 581 Benzo( g, h, i) per y lene[PBT ] 1 3 4 3 44, 923 3, 392 1, 144 2, 325 51, 827 3, 987 O- toluidine 1 2 2
, 056 219 128, 758 206, 023 337, 056 28, 088 M e r c ur y [ PBT ] 12 161 59 220 18 P- xy lene 12 43 43, 309 3, 872 47, 224 3, 935 Cy clohexanol 12 5, 593 4, 357 10, 976 18, 073 38, 999 3, 250 I s obuty r aldehy de 12 9, 087 149, 650 1, 200 50, 178 526, 289 736, 404 61, 367 1, 4- dioxane 12 20, 120 2, 185 1 169, 125 191, 431 15, 953 2- m e thoxy ethanol 11 37, 330 750 293, 197 331, 277 30, 116 1, 2- dichlor obenzene 1 1 5 9, 025 960 233, 199 445, 879 689, 068 62, 643 Hexachlor obenzene[PBT ] 11 3 608 1, 383 5, 952 7, 946 722 4, 4'- i sopr opy lidenediphenol 11 1 1
, 581 680 6, 374 6, 871 15, 507 1, 410 Viny l Chlor i de 10 54 7 58, 400 2, 515 96 61, 072 6, 107 Quinoline 1 0 250 2, 445 17, 476 3, 649 23, 820 2, 382 Cr eosote 10 20, 644 19, 315 286 40, 245 4, 024 Dipheny lam i ne 10 3, 039 23, 864 40, 158 56, 460 23, 465 146, 986 14, 699 Hy dr azine 10 85 46 131 13 Benzoy l Chlor i de 10 251 303, 839 304, 090 30, 409 Dichlor odifluor om ethane 10 7, 500 7, 500 750 Phosgene 9 4
, 565 4, 565 507 P- cr esol 9 1
, 086 32, 371 818, 151 4, 464 83, 257 939, 329 104, 370 Acetophenone 9 32, 546 2, 843 22, 737 10, 833, 075 10, 891, 201 1, 210, 133 1, 1- dichlor o

- 1

- f luor oethane 9 7 70, 661 981, 077 509, 863 1, 561, 608 173, 512 Poly chlor i nated Bipheny ls[PBT ] 9 290 320 24, 222 24, 832 2, 759 Cum e ne Hy dr oper oxide 9 353, 094 250 4, 407 804 358, 555 39, 839 M

- xy lene 9 12, 335 311 341, 011 700 239, 485 593, 842 65, 982 M

- cr esol 9 963 330 1, 660, 747 7, 346 500 1, 669, 886 185, 543 Copper 8 12, 002 139, 544 3, 579 155, 125 19, 391 Sector Notebook Project 36 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Transfers Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical POTW Transf ers Disposal Transf ers Recycling Transf ers Treatm e nt Transf ers En erg y Recover y To tal Transf ers Avg Transf ers Per Facility 4,4'-m ethylenedianiline 8 2,017 6,550 28,028 249 36,844 4,605 Vanadium Com pounds 8 186, 514 49, 040 235, 554 29, 444 Dibenzofur an 8 250 10, 306 288 52, 547 23, 827 87, 218 10, 902 M o ly bdenum T r ioxide 8 57, 930 40, 294 17, 385 20, 744 136, 353 17, 044 2

- ch lo ro -1 ,1 ,1 ,2 -tetraf l u o r o e th an e 7 T r ichlor ofluor om ethane 7 1 13, 200 16, 990 30, 191 4, 313 Bor on T r ifluor ide 7 11, 314 11, 314 1, 616 Fr eon 113 7 128, 504 117, 635 246, 139 35, 163 O- cr esol 7 1
, 556 4, 048 73, 853 79, 457 11, 351 Dim e thy l Sulfate 7 1 62, 518 212, 000 274, 519 39, 217 1- chlor o

- 1
, 1

- d ifluor oethane 7 161, 940 101, 208 263, 148 37, 593 Chlor o acetic Acid 7 389 389 56 1, 2, 4- tr ichlor obenzene 6 255 3, 700 570 187, 863 16, 700 209, 088 34, 848 M e thy l I odide 6 21, 282 64 395 21, 741 3, 623 Br om om ethane 6 2- ethoxy ethanol 6 225, 765 591 162 14, 400 240, 918 40, 153 Dibuty l Phthalate 6 10 23, 802 3, 863 27, 675 4, 612 Diam inotoluene ( M ixed I s om er s) 6 365 9, 026 28, 245 455, 801 493, 437 82, 240 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine Dihy dr oc hlor ide 6 5 2
, 300 37, 800 17, 000 57, 105 9, 517 N,n-dim e thy l aniline 6 19,098 60 104,111 123,269 20,545 T o luene Diisocy a nate ( M ixed I s om er s) 6 4
, 296 79, 221 7, 670 91, 187 15, 198 1, 2- buty l ene Oxide 5 477 277, 281 277, 758 55, 552 Viny lidene Chlor i de 5 259 7 11, 817 44, 400 56, 483 11, 297 Pr opar g y l Alcohol 5 29, 347 26, 096 11, 533 86 67, 062 13, 412 4, 6- dinitr o- o- cr esol 5 114, 579 69, 966 58, 658 243, 203 48, 641 Cr otonaldehy d e 5 11 1, 620 1, 631 326 Acetam ide 5 2, 442 2, 442 488 Di( 2

- e thy l hexy l) Phthalate 5 1, 383 73 3, 309 1, 030 5, 795 1, 159 Dim e thy l Phthalate 5 250 7, 270 21, 446 36 29, 002 5, 800 1, 3- pheny lenediam ine 5 2, 305 1, 276, 247 1, 671 1, 280, 223 256, 045 1, 1, 2- tr ichlor oethane 4 7 2
, 558, 590 11, 605 2, 570, 202 642, 550 Phosphor us ( Y ellow or W h ite) 4 720 720 180 Diethy l Sulfate 4 2, 008 621 662 5, 843, 600 5, 846, 891 1, 461, 723 Cadm ium Com pounds 4 2 4 6
, 117 6, 141 1, 535 M onochlor opentafluor oethane 4 2, 348 2, 348 587 Alum inum ( F um e or Dust) 4 5 13, 764 13, 769 3, 442 Dinitr otoluene ( M ixed I s om er s) 4 22, 093 841, 268 863, 361 215, 840 2- m e thy l py r i dine 4 2
, 647 4, 200 6, 847 1, 712 Methacrylonitrile 4 1, 3- dichlor obenzene 4 940 44, 830 45, 770 11, 443 Silver 4 665 224, 796 225, 461 56, 365 2, 4- dim e thy l phenol 4 7 , 998 7, 998 1, 999 1, 1, 1- tr ichlor oethane 4 115, 020 598, 000 713, 020 178, 255 Chlor opr ene 4 148, 400 630 149, 030 37, 258 Pentachlor obenzene[PBT ] 3 1 84 85 28 T o luene- 2, 4- diisocy a nate 3 240 240 80 Bar i um 3 32, 146 32, 146 10, 715 1, 2- dichlor o ethy lene 3 7 2, 310 1, 178 3, 495 1, 165 1, 2- pheny lenediam ine 3 10 46, 778 46, 788 15, 596 Acifluor fen, Sodium Salt 3 225, 664 2, 079 227, 743 75, 914 Vanadium ( E xcept W h en Con t ained in an Alloy) 3 202 4, 654 353 5, 209 1, 736

1, 2- dibr om oethane 3 5 2
, 838 8 2
, 851 950 Z i nc ( F um e or Dust) 3 80 80 27 T itanium T e tr achlor i de 3 9 2 1 6 142 250 83 Dichlor o tetr afluor oethane ( C fc- 114) 3 93, 520 93, 520 31, 173 Benzoy l Per oxide 3 35, 917 7, 192 43, 109 14, 370 Asbestos ( F r i able) 3 120, 435 120, 435 40, 145 2-m e thyllactonitrile 3 T e tr abr o m obisphenol A[PBT ] 3 553 581 1, 134 378 1, 1, 2, 2- tetr achlor o ethane 3 7 1 445 453 151 M e thy l Chlor o car bonate 3 Peracetic Acid 3 Sector Notebook Project 37 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Transfers Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical POTW Transf ers Disposal Transf ers Recycling Transf ers Treatm e nt Transf ers En erg y Recover y To tal Transf ers Avg Transf ers Per Facility 4- nitr ophenol 3 59, 511 59, 511 19, 837 1, 4- dichlor obenzene 3 209, 742 209, 742 69, 914 1, 1, 1, 2- tetr achlor o ethane 3 50, 317 837 51, 154 17, 051 2, 4- dinitr otoluene 2 2 4 2 4 1 2 3- chlor o

- 2

- m ethy l- 1- pr opene 2 7 , 213 7, 213 3, 606 Methylene Brom ide 2 I s opr opy l Alcohol ( M anufactur ing, Str ongacid Pr oc 2 402, 304 402, 304 201, 152

P-chloroaniline 2 10,947 850 11,797 5,898 Benzal Chlor i de 2 9 2 1
, 100, 000 1, 100, 092 550, 046 P- pheny lenediam ine 2 17, 981 17, 981 8, 990 N-m e thylolacrylam ide 2 Decabrom odiphenyl Oxide 2 Quinone 2 130 164, 935 124, 080 289, 145 144, 572 2, 4- dinitr ophenol 2 5 1 183, 793 58, 458 242, 302 121, 151 P-nitroaniline 2 8, 042 1,369 9,411 4,705 Benom y l 2 7 , 560 42, 029 49, 589 24, 795 Benzoic T r ichlor ide 2 1 1 1 Saf r ole 2 5 5 2 Dihy dr osafr o le 2 5 5 2 O- anisidine 2 1, 983 1, 983 991 1, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1

- d ifluor oethane 2 94, 254 94, 254 47, 127 Bis( 2- chlor o ethy l) E t her 2 130, 118 130, 118 65, 059 Dicam ba 2 500 380 880 440 Dinitr obuty l Phenol 2 8
, 850 8, 850 4, 425 2- nitr ophenol 2 2
, 509 15, 525 18, 034 9, 017 2- chlor o

- 1
, 1
, 1

- t r i fluor oethane 2 3, 600 3, 600 1, 800 2- m e r captobenzothiazole 2 192, 242 6, 028 1, 958 200, 228 100, 114 Dichlor o fluor om ethane 2 10, 570 60 10, 630 5, 315 P- cr esidine 2 13, 700 12, 249 25, 949 12, 975 Antim ony 2 15, 811 15, 811 7, 905 2, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1
, 1

- t r i fluor oethane 2 1, 246 5, 217 6, 463 3, 231 Chr o m i um 2 3
, 222 3, 000 6, 222 3, 111 Cobalt 2 2
, 822 2, 356 5, 178 2, 589 Catechol 2 1
, 260 1, 260 630 E t hy lidene Dichlor i de 2 7 32 347 386 193 Ethyl Chloroform ate 2 Silver Com pounds 2 340 119, 358 119, 698 59, 849 Picloram 1 Nitr apy r in 1 250 250 250 M o linate 1 1, 080 76, 999 78, 079 78, 079 Pr opar g ite 1 250 1, 101 3, 240 8, 330 12, 921 12, 921 C. i. Disper se Yellow 3 1 450 450 450 M a lononitr ile 1 T h iour ea 1 Prom etryn 1 Sodium Dim e thyldithiocarbam a te 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 L ead[PBT ] 1 3, 076 866 3, 942 3, 942 M a nganese 1 7 , 336 2, 066 9, 402 9, 402 Ur ethane 1 Piper ony l Butoxide 1 8
, 994 8, 994 8, 994 Cupfer r o n 1 T r ans- 1, 4- dichlor o

- 2

- butene 1 Ar senic 1 4, 141 1, 166 5, 307 5, 307 P- dinitr obenzene 1 17 17 17 M

- dinitr obenzene 1 473 473 473 Ethyleneim ine 1 5-nitro-o-anisidine 1 5 5 5 Styrene Oxide 1 2, 4, 5- tr ichlor ophenol 1 Diazinon 1 1, 1, 2, 2- tetr achlor o

- 1

- f luor oethane 1 7, 306 30, 589 37, 895 37, 895 1, 2- dichlor o

- 1
, 1
, 2

- t r i fluor oethane 1 Sector Notebook Project 38 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 11: 2000 TRI Transfers for Organic Chemical Facilities (SIC 286), by Number of Facilities Reporting (Transfers Reported in pounds/year)*

Chem ical Nam e # Repor ting Chem ical POTW Transf ers Disposal Transf ers Recycling Transf ers Treatm e nt Transf ers En erg y Recover y To tal Transf ers Avg Transf ers Per Facility Car bony l Sulfide 1 O- dinitr obenzene 1 61 61 61 2, 4- diam inotoluene 1 250 250 250 Bis( 2- chlor o ethoxy ) m ethane 1 450 17 467 467 Allylam i ne 1 2, 4- d Buty l E s ter 1 2, 4- d 1 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine 1 24 24, 000 19, 180 150, 000 193, 204 193, 204 Per c hlor om ethy l M e r captan 1 3 3 3 Ozone 1 Fenbutatin Oxide 1 Iron Pentacarbony l 1 2, 6- dinitr otoluene 1 110 110 110 Or

y zalin 1 11, 033 11, 033 11, 033 3, 3'- d im ethoxy benzidine Dihy dr ochlor ide 1 2- pheny lphenol 1 Dichlor obenzene ( M ixed I s om er s) 1 686 686 686 Chlorom e thyl Methyl Ether 1 Meth yl Is o c yan a te 1 Nor f lur azon 1 14, 462 448 14, 910 14, 910 Octachlorostyrene[ PBT] 1 1 9 1 9 1 9 Pendim e thalin[PBT] 1 Hexazinone 1 157, 038 157, 038 157, 038 Per m ethr in 1 4
, 900 4, 900 4, 900 3- iodo- 2- pr opy ny l Buty lcar bam a te 1 39, 780 39, 780 39, 780 Picric Acid 1 3, 3'- d ichlor obenzidine Sulfate 1 12, 500 12, 500 12, 500 Fom e safen 1 6, 240 1, 522 7, 762 7, 762 Pr opanil 1 750 750 750 Ar senic Com pounds 1 1 15 16 16 E t hy l Dipr opy lthiocar bam a te 1 762 53, 615 54, 377 54, 377 1, 4- dichlor o

- 2

- butene 1 92, 934 92, 934 92, 934 Chlor ophenols 1 Am etryn 1 2, 4- dichlor ophenol 1 2, 4, 6- tr ichlor ophenol 1 T e tr achlor v inphos 1 3
, 010 34, 600 37, 610 37, 610 N- nitr osodipheny lam i ne 1 41, 324 41, 324 41, 324 Saccharin (Manufacturing, No Supplier Notification 1 3 100 103 103

2- nitr opr opane 1 9 5 9 5 9 5 Dim e thylcarbam y l Chloride 1 1, 2- dichlor opr opane 1 Paraldehyde 1 Hexachlor o cy clopentadiene 1 530 31, 661 502 32, 693 32, 693 Pentachlor o ethane 1 Chlor o tr ifluor om ethane 1 Atrazine 1 Propyleneim ine 1 467** 65, 055, 291 26, 150, 154 50, 991, 020 79, 389, 964 152, 670, 979 374, 257, 408 801, 407 [ P BT] Persistent, Bioaccum u lative, and Toxic * Refer to Section III for a discussion of the TRI data and its lim itations, m e thodology used to obtain this data, definitions of the colum n headings, and the def i nition of persistant , bioaccum u lative, and toxic chem icals. **Total num ber of facilities (not chem ical repor ts) reporting to TRI in this industry sector.

Sector Notebook Project 39 Novem b er 20021 2 3 4
5 6
7 8 9 10 Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

The TRI database contains a detailed com p ilation of self -reported, facilityspecific chem ical releases. The top reporting faci l i ties for this sector are listed below (Table 12).

Table 12: Ten Largest Volume TRI Releasing Facilities in the Organic Chemicals Industry*

Rank Facility Total TRI Releases in Pounds B ASF Corporation - Freeport, TX 24,266,032
B P Chem icals Incorporated - Port Lavaca, TX 16,870,944
D u Pont Victoria Plant - Victoria, TX 14,799,253 S olutia Chocolate Bayou - Alvin, TX 11,282,922 S terling Chem icals Incorporated - Texas City, TX 10,648,084
E I Dupont De Nem ours & Com p any - Beaum ont, TX 10,306,093 A ngus Chem ical Com p any - Sterlington, LA 6,885,314
I nternational Specialty Products Tec hnologies Inc. - Texas City, TX 6,684,616
R

ubicon Incorporated - Geism a r, LA 5,846,299 Honeywell International Inco rporated - Hopewell, VA 4,882,960 Source: 2000 Toxics Release Inventory Database

* Being included in this list does not m ean that the release is associated with non-com p liance with environm ental laws.

IV.B. Summary of Selected Chemicals Released
The following is a synopsis of current scie ntific toxicity and fate inform ation f o r the top chem icals (by weight) that f acilities within this sector self

reported as released to the environm ent based upon 2000 TRI data. Because this section is based upon self-reported release data, it does not attem p t to provide inform ation on m a nagem e nt practi c e s em ployed by the sector to reduce the releases of these chem icals. Inform ation regardi n g pollutant release reductions over tim e m a y be available from EPA’s TRI program , or directly from the industrial trade associ ations that are listed in Section VIII of this docum ent. Since these descriptions a r e c u r s or y, please consult the sources referenced below for a m o re detailed description of both the chem icals described in this section, a nd the chem icals that appear on the full list of TRI chem icals appearing in Section IV.A.

The brief descriptions provided below were taken from the Hazardous Subst a n c e s Da ta Bank (HSDB), accessed via TOXNET. TOXNET is a

c o mputer system run by the National Li brary of Medicine. It include s a
num ber of toxicological database s m a naged by EPA, National Ca ncer

Sector Notebook Project 40 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers
Institute, and the National Institute f o r Occupational Saf e ty and Health. 1 HSDB contains chem ical-specific inform ation on ma nufacturing and use, chem ical and physical properties, safety and handling, toxicity and bi om edical effects, pharm acology, environm ental fate and exposure potential, exposure standards and regulations, m onitoring and analysis

m e thods, and additional references. The inform ation contained be l o w is based upon exposure assum p tions that have been conducted using standard scientific procedures. The effects listed below m u st be taken i n c ont e x t of these exposure assum p tions that are mo r e ful l y explained within the full chem ical profiles in HSDB. For m o re inform ation on TOXNET, contact the TOXNET help line at 800-231-3766 or see the website at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/

. Nitrate compounds

Toxicity. Nitrate com pounds that are soluble in water release nit r ate ions which can cause both hum an health and environm ental effects

. Hum a n i n fa nt s exposed to aqueous solutions of nitrate ion can develop a condition in which the blood’s ability to carry oxygen is reduced. This reduced supply of oxygen can lead to dam a ged organs and death. Because it is a source of nitrogen, an essential ele m e n t for aquatic plant growth, nitrate ion m a y contribute to eutrophi cat ion of standing or slow-m oving surface water, particularly in nitrogen-lim ited waters, such as the Chesapeake Bay.

Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that nitr a t e
com pounds are carcinogenic.

Environmental Fate. Nitrogen in nitrate is the f o rm of nitrogen m o st available to plants. In the environm en t, nitrate ion is taken up by plants and becom e s part of the natural nitrogen cycle. Excess nitrate can stim ulate prim ary pr oduction in plants and can produce changes in the dom inant species of plants, leadi ng t o cultural eutrophication and ultim ately to deterioration of water quality.

Methanol (CAS: 67-56-1)

Toxicity. Methanol is readily absorbed from the gastro in tes tin al tract and the

r e spiratory tract, and is toxic to hum ans in m oderate to high doses. In t h e body, m e thanol is converted into form aldehyde and form ic acid. Methanol is excreted as form ic acid. Observ ed toxic e ffe c t s a t high dose levels generally include central nervous syst em dam a ge and blindness. Long-term

1 Databases included in TOXNET are: CCRIS (Chem i cal Carcinogenesis Research Inform ation System ), DART (Developm ental and Reproductive Toxicity Database), DB IR (Directory of Biotechnology Inform ation Resources), EMICBACK (Environm ental Mutagen Inform ation Center Backfile), GENE-TOX (Genetic Toxicology), HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), IRIS (Integrated Risk Inform ation System ), RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem ical Substances), and TRI (Toxic Chem ical Release Inventory). Sector Notebook Project 41 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers
exposure to high levels of m e thanol via inhal a tion cause liver and blood dam a ge in anim als.

Ecologically, m e thanol is expected to ha ve low toxicity to aquatic organism s. Concentrations lethal to half the or ganism s of a test population are expected to exceed one m g m e thanol per liter water. Methanol is not likely to persist in water or to bioaccum u late in aquatic organism s.
Carcinogenicity. The r e i s currently no evidence to suggest that this chem ical is carcinogenic.

Environmental Fate. Liquid m e t h a nol i s likely to evaporate when left exposed. Methanol reacts in air to produce form aldehyde which contributes to the form ation of air pollutants. In the atm o sphere it can react with other atm o spheric chem icals or be washed out by rain. Methanol is readily degraded by m i croorganism s in soils and surface waters.

Physical Properties. Methanol is highly flam m a ble.

Ammonia (CAS: 7664-41-7)

Toxicity. Anhydrous am m onia is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and upper respiratory system

. Ecologically, am m onia is a source of nitrogen (an essential elem ent for aquatic plant growth), and m a y therefore contribut e t o eutrophication of st anding or slow-m oving surface water, particularly in nitrogen-lim ited waters such as the Chesapeake Bay. In addition, a queous am m onia is

m oderately toxic to aquatic organism s.
Carcinogenicity. T h ere is currently no evid ence to suggest that this chem ical is carcinogenic.

Environmental Fate. Am m onia com b ines with sulf ate ions in the atm o sphere and is washed out by rainfall, resulting in rapi d r e t u r n of

am m onia to the soil and surface waters.

Am m onia is a central com pound in the environm ental cycling of nitrogen. Am m onia in lakes, rivers, and stream s is converted to nitrate.

Physical Properties. Am m oni a i s a corrosive and severely irritating gas with a pungent odor.

Nitric Acid (CAS: 7697-37-2)

Toxicity. The toxicity of nitric acid is re lated to its potent corrosivity as an acid, with ulceration of all m e m b ranes and tissues with which it com e s in Sector Notebook Project 42 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

contact. Concentrated nitric aci d causes im m e diate opacification and blindness of the cornea when it com e s in contact with the eye. Inhalation of concentrated nitric acid causes severe, som e tim es fatal, corrosion of the respiratory tract. Ingestion of nit r i c a c i d leads to gastric hem o rrhaging, nausea, and vom iting. Circulatory shock is often the im m e diate cause of death due to nitric acid exposure. Da m a ge to the respiratory system m a y be delayed for m onths, and even years. P opulations at increased risk from nitric acid exposure include people with pre- existing skin, eye, or cardiopulm onary disorders.

Ecol ogi c a lly, gaseous nitric acid is a com ponent of acid rain. Acid rain causes serious and cum u lative dam a ge to surface waters and aquatic and terrestrial organism s by decreasing water and soil pH levels. Nitric acid in rainwater acts as a topical source of nitrogen, preventing “hardening off” of evergreen folia ge a nd increasing frost dam a ge to perennial plants in tem p erate regions. Nitric a c i d a l s o a c ts as an available nitrogen source in surface water, stim ulating plankton and aquatic weed growth.

Car c i noge nicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this chem ical is carcinogenic.

Environmental Fate. Nitric acid is m a inly transported in the atm o sphere as nitric acid vapors and in water as dissociated nitrate and hydrogen ions. In soil , nitric acid reacts with m i nerals such as calcium and m a gnesium
, becom i ng neutralized, and at t h e sam e tim e decreasing soil “buffering capacity” against changes in pH levels.

Nitric acid leaches readily to groundwat er, where it decreases the pH of the affected groundwater. In the winter, gase ous nitric acid is incorporated into snow, causing surges of acid dur i ng s p r i ng snow m e lt. Forested areas are strong sinks for nitric acid, incorporating the nitrate ions into plant tissues.

Physical Properties. Nitric acid is a colorle ss or yellow fum i ng liquid with an acrid sm ell; it is caustic and corrosive.

Ethylene (74-85-1)

Toxicity. Ethylene has been used as an anaesthetic; the effects reported here are related to its properties as an anaesthetic. Asphyxi a ma y occur from br eathing ethylene in enclosed spaces and in cases where the atm o spheric oxygen has been displaced to about 15 to 16 percent or less.

Carcinogenicity. According to the International Agency f o r Research on Cancer, there is inadequate evidence in hum ans and a n im als to suggest carcinogenicity in hum ans.

Sector Notebook Project 43 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Environmental Fate. In the air, ozone, nitrate ra dicals, and hydroxyl radicals m a y degrade ethylene. In water and soil, ethylene m a y be oxidized to produce ethylene oxide, and the chem ical m a y perm eate soil and sedim e nt. The m a jor environm ental fate process is volatilization. The m o st probable way hum ans are exposed is by inhaling ethylene from contam inated air.

Physical Properties. Ethylene is a colorless gas with a sweet sm ell and is non-corrosive.

IV.C. Other Data Sources

The toxic chem ical release data obtained from TRI captures the vast m a jority of facilities in the organic chem ical s industry. It al so a l l o ws for a

com p arison across years and industry sectors. Reported chem icals are lim ited however to the approxi m a t e l y 650 required by TRI. Most of the hydrocarbon em issions from organic chem ical facilities are not captured by TRI (EPA, 1992). The EPA Of f i ce of Air Quality Planning and Standards has com p iled air pollutant em ission f actors f o r determ ining the total air

em issions of priority pollutants (e.g., total hydrocarbons, SO
x , NO
x , CO, particulates, etc.) from m a ny chem ical m a nufacturing sources.

The EPA Office of Air’s Aerom e tric Inf o rm ation Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide range of inform ation related to stationary sources of air pollution, including the em issions of a num ber of a i r pollutants which m a y be of concern w ithin a particular i ndustry. W ith the ex ception of volatile organic com pounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI c h e m i cals repor t e d a bove. Table 13 sum m a rizes releases in 2001 of volatile organic

com pounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO
x ), carbon m onoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate m a tter of 10 m i crons or less (PM10).

Sector Notebook Project 44 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers

Table 13: Air Pollutant Releases by Industry Sector (tons/year) Industry Sector CO NO 2 PM10 PM25 SO 2 VOC Metal Mining 8,039 45, 341 61,358 32,534 10,926 2,109 Oil and Gas Extraction 151, 763 366,793 4,607 4,379 226,208 94,549 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mineral Mi ning 27,001 15,747 48,760 20,956 16,874 3,806 Textiles 7 ,448 15,043 5,343 3,386 25,544 18,286
Lum b er and W ood Products 142, 955 37,313 57,009 38,337 9,189 100,761
W ood Furniture and Fixtures 7,046 3,008 6,905 5,260 2,779 62,457 Pulp and Paper 567,542 318,263 85,403 63,577 488,029 144,373 Printing 604 2,466 1,723 1,723 1,915 80,982 Inorganic Chem icals 176, 697 94,938 19,549 12,586 201,994 43,563 Plastic Resins and Man-m a de Fibers 28,890 56,946 5,493 4,155 71,815 83,363 Pharm aceuticals 2 ,662 14, 676 2,273 1,455 17,132 13,407 Organic Chemicals 128,454 166,398 34,637 16,900 102,461 159,319 Agricultural Chem icals 18, 492 65,389 10,257 7,311 65,765 12,700 Petroleum Refining 438,375 298,602 33,620 26,870 478,998 161,207 Rubber and Plastic 2,515 9,565 5,209 3,217 20,368 87,258 Stone, Clay , Glass and Concre te 161,113 372,679 127,283 78,647 312,740 32,687 Iron and Steel 1,080,576 105, 794 60,962 47,501 307,981 44,608 Metal Castings 104,350 6, 298 22,393 15,654 4,770 17,285 Nonferrous Metals 418,647 30,882 24,019 17,433 244,413 8,663 Fabricated Metal Products 6,029 11,672 4,691 3,264 18,742 90,575 Electronics and Com puters 22,105 6,428 3,184 2,349 6,882 27,453 Motor Vehicle Assem b ly 13, 439 15,388 4,016 2,270 24,123 95,861 Aerospace 2,832 7,413 1,834 1,287 5,363 7,440 Shipbuilding and Repair 471 2,139 1,574 753 2,537 4,984 Ground Transportation 711,155 6, 681,163 285,932 165,029 12,976,279 191,063
W a ter Transportation 8 3 153 2,162 733 66 6,787 Air Transportation 5 ,231 2,079 186 140 90 2,398 Fossil Fuel Electric Power 436, 151 5,789,099 252,539 141,002 12,667,567 54,727 Dry Cleaning 217 438 190 117 220 3,163
Source: U.S. EPA Office of Air a nd Radiation, AIRS Database, 2001.

IV.D. Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Betw een Selected Industries
The following inform ation is presented as a com p arison of pollutant release and transfer data across industrial categories. It is provided to give a general sense as to the relative scal e of rel eases and transfers within each sector profiled under this project. Please note that the following figure and table do not contain releases and transfers for indust r ial categories that are not included in this project, and thus cannot be used to draw c onc l u sions regarding the total relea s e a nd transfer am ounts that are reported to TRI. Sim ilar inform ation is available within the annual TRI Public Data Release Book.

Sector Notebook Project 45 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers
Figure 7 is a graphical representation of a sum m a ry of the 2000 TRI data for the organic chem ical industry and the other sectors profiled i n s e parate notebooks. The bar graph presents the total TRI releases and total transfers on the lef t axis and the triangle points show the average releases per f a cility on the right axis. Industry sectors are presented in the or de r of increasing total TRI releases. The graph is base d on the data shown in Table 14 and is

me ant to facilitate com p arisons between the relative am ounts of relea s e s , transf ers, and releases per f acility both within and between these sectors. The reader should note, however, that diffe rences in the proportion of fa cilities captured by TRI exist between industry sect ors. This can be a factor of poor SIC m a tching and relative dif f e rences in the num ber of f

acilities reporting to TRI from the various sectors. In the case of the organic chem ical industry, the 1993 TRI data presented here covers 417 facilities. Only those facilities listing SIC Codes falling within SIC 286 were used.

Sector Notebook Project 46 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and Transfers
Figure 7: 2000 Summary of TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry

0 50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0

SI C R a n g eTotal Pounds (millions)

T o t a l R e le a s e s To t a l T r a n s f e r s10261-2632524222872862833, 28342821, 2823, 2824281271-27834333, 334332, 336331323029114911, 4933731372, 37637136

Key to Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes
SIC Range I ndustry Sector SIC Range I ndus try Sector SIC Range I ndustry Sector

02 Agr i cultur a l Cr ops, For e str y 281 I nor ganic Chem icals 333, 334 Nonfer r ous M e tals

01, 08 Agr i cultur a l L i vestock 2821, 2823, 2824 Plastic Resins and M a n- m a de Fibers 34 Fabricated Metals

10 Metal Mining 2833, 2834 Pharm aceutical s 3 6 E lectronics and Com puters
13 Oil and Gas E x tr action 286 Or ganic Chem icals 371 M o tor Vehicle Assem b ly

14 Non- Fuel, Non- M e tal M i ning 287 Agr i cultur a l Chem icals 372, 376 Aer o space
22 Textiles 2911 Petroleum Refini ng 3731 Shipbuilding and Repair

24 L u m b er and W ood Pr oducts 30 Rubber and Plastic 40, 42, 46, 4922- 4925, 4932 Gr ound T r anspor tation

25 Fur n itur e and Fixtur es 32 Stone, Clay
, Gl ass and Concr e te 44 W a ter T r anspor tation

261- 263 Pulp and Paper 331 I r on and Steel 45 Air T r anspor tation

271- 278 Pr inting 332, 336 M e tal Casting 4911, 493 Fossil Fuel E l ectr i c Power Gener a tion

7216 Dr y cleaning

Sector Notebook Project 47 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C hemical Releases and TransfersAverage Releases+ Transfers perFacility (pounds)(million lbs.)(pounds)(million lbs.)(pounds)(million lbs.)Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.695,731Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.32,54533,80238,517112,15172,119110,006117,673274,041128,210109,34437,92148,45751,249228,31749,930312,59846,75094,24762,51454,95132,20019,88412,316Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.87,684Industrysectorcurrentlynot subject to TRIreporting.2,830,957456,285Total Releases+Transfers404.917.043.726.6263.170.5220.0334.5214.0593.6108.3114.7171.298.8453.292.3314.2330.3142.7179.735.46.4466.74,701.910,715.4Table 14: Toxics Release Inventory Data for Selected IndustriesTRITransfersAve. Transfersper Facility4,89415,5275,49719,60521,97121,97145,92172,139254,76680,83330,41711,97320,09929,389164,98140,849128,25838,99188,27943,01946,67414,6471,213,016176,277TotalTransfers2.88.17.113.551.551.591.8205.1199.0374.330.136.271.056.7327.575.5128.9275.5133.7123.730.12.578.02,374.14,139.7TRI ReleasesAve. Releasesper Facility690,83717,01828,30518,91290,18050,14864,08545,53419,27547,37778,92725,94828,35821,86063,3369,081184,3407,7595,96819,4958,27773,0371,617,941280,007TotalReleases402.18.936.613.0211.619.0128.2129.515.1219.478.178.5100.242.1125.716.8185.354.89.056.05.34.0388.72,327.86,575.7# TRIFacilities581944102802681633433691514671721621,1544843254471812,047419622184396139,55223,484SICRange201,08101314222425261,262,263271-2782812821,2823,28242833, 283428628729113032331332,336333,3343436371372,376373140,42,46,4922-4925,493244454911,4937216NANAIndustry SectorAgricultural Crops,ForestryAgricultural LivestockMetal MiningOil and Gas ExtractionNon-Fuel,NonMetal MiningTextilesLumberand Wood ProductsFurnitureand FixturesPulp and PaperPrintingInorganic ChemicalsPlastic Resins and Manmade FibersPharmaceuticalsOrganic ChemicalsAgricultural ChemicalsPetroleumRefiningRubberand PlasticStone,Clay,Glass and ConcreteIron and SteelMetal CastingNonferrous MetalsFabricated MetalsElectronics and ComputersMotorVehicle AssemblyAerospaceShipbuilding and RepairGround TransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossil Fuel Electric PowerGenerationDrycleaningSector NotebookTotal2000 TRI TotalSource:US EPA Toxics ReleaseInventory Database, 2000.

Sector Notebook Project 48 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES
The best way to reduce pollution is to prevent it in the f i rst place. Som e
com p anies have creatively im plem en te d pollution prevention techniques that im prove efficiency and increase profits whi l e at the sam e tim e m i nim i zing envi r onme n tal im pacts. This can be done in m a ny ways such as reducing

m a terial inputs, re-engineering processes to reuse by-products, im proving

m a nagem e nt practices, and substituting benign chem icals f o r toxic ones. Som e sm aller f acilities are able to actually get below regulatory thresholds just by re ducing pollutant releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies.

In order to encourage these appr oa c h es, this section provides both general and com p any- s p e c i fic descriptions of som e pollution prevention advances that have been im plem ented within th e organic chem ical industry. W h ile the list is not exhaustive, it does provide core inform ation that can be used as the starting point f o r f acilities interested in beginning their own pollution prevention projects. W h en possible, this section provides inform ation from real activities that can, or are being im plem ented by this sector -- including a discussion of associated costs, tim e fram es, and expected rates of return. This section provides sum m a ry inform ation from a c t i v i ties that m a y be, or are being im ple m e n t e d by this sector. W h en possible, inform ation is provided that gives the context in which the technique can be effectively used. Please note that the activities described in this section do not necessarily apply to all f acilities that f a ll within this sector. Facility-specif i c conditions m u st be carefully consid ered when pollution prevention options are evaluated, and the full im pacts of the change m u st exami n e how each option affects air, land and water pollutant releases.

The leaders in the organic chem ical industry, sim ilar to those in the chem ical industry as a whole, have been prom oting pol l u t i on prevention through various m eans. The m o st visible of these e ffor t s is the Responsible Care ® initiative of the Am erican Chem istry Council. Responsible Care ® is

m a ndatory for Council m e m b ers who m u st com m it to act as stewards for products through use and ultim ate reuse or disposa l

. One of the guiding principles of this initiative is the inclusion of waste and release prevention objectives in research and in design of new or m odif i ed f acilities, processes and products. The Synthetic Organic Chem ical Manufactures Association (SOCMA) also requires its m e m b er s t o im plem ent the Responsible Care ® Guiding Principles as a condition of m e m b ership. SOCMA is instituting the Responsible Care ® m a nagem e nt practice codes on a phased-in basis to assist its approxim a tely 110 non-Council m e m b ers, which are prim arily sm all and batch chem ical m a nufacturers, in successfully im plem enting their program s.
Using pollution prevention techniques which prevent the release or generation of pollution in the first place have several advantages over end-ofSector Notebook Project 49 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention
pipe waste treatm e nt technologies. Ta bl e 15 below lists the direct and indirect benefits that could result.

Table 15: Pollution Prevention Activities Can Reduce Costs

Direct Benefits

• R educed waste treatm e nt costs Reduced capital and operating costs f o r waste treatm ent f acilities Reduced off-site treatm e nt and disposal costs

• R educed m a nufacturing costs due to im proved yields

• I ncom e or savings from sale or reuse of wastes

• R educed environm ental com p liance costs (e.g., fines, shutdowns)

• R educed or elim inated inventories or spills

• R educed secondary em issions from waste treatm e nt facilities

• R etained sales (production threatened by poor environm ental perform a nce or sales)

Indirect Benefits

• R educed likelihood of future costs from : Rem e diation Legal liabilities Com p lying with future regulations

• U se of em ission offsets (internal and external)

• I m p roved com m unity relations

• R educed societal costs

• I m p roved public health

Source: Chem ical Manuf acturers Association

, 1993.

These incentives m a y encourage organic chem ical m a nufacturers t o undertake pollution prevention activities voluntarily, but a num ber of barriers still exist in achieving widespread adopt i o n of pollution prevention. The U.S. Office of Technology Assessm ent has identified and characterized a

num ber of these barriers in its report titled Industry, Technology, and the Environment

. Pollution prevention can be carried out at any stage during the developm ent of a process. In general, changes m a de at the research and developm ent stage will h a v e th e g r e a t e s t im p a c t; h o w e v e r , c h a n g e s in th e p r o c e s s d e s i g n a n d operating practices can also yield significant results.

In the research and developm ent stage, all possible reaction pathwa ys for producing the desired product can be exam ined. These can then be evaluated in light of yield, undesirable by-products , and their health and environm ental im pacts. The area of “green synthesis” is the focus of considerable research funded jointly by the Agency and by the National Science Foundation. Several alternative syntheses have alr eady been developed that could reduce wastes. For exam ple, Joseph M. Desi mone of the University of North

Sector Notebook Project 50 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention
Carolina, Chapel Hill, has used supercritical carbon dioxide as a m e dium for carrying out disper s i on pol ym erizations. He uses a specially engineered f

r eeradical initiator to st ar t t h e reaction and a polym eric stabilizer to affect the polym erization of m e thyl me t h a c r ylate. Because the carbon dioxide can easily be separated from the reaction m i xtur e , t h i s reaction offers the possibility of reduced hazardous waste generation, pa r t i c ularly of aqueous stream s contam inated with residual m onom er and initiator.

Because of the large investm e nt in current technol ogy and the lifetim e of capital equipm ent, pollution prevention at the earliest stages is unlikely unless a com p any undertakes the design of a new production line or facility. Also, producers of specialty chem icals in particular m u st work wi t h in the specif i cations of custom ers and m a intain the f l exibility required to

m a nuf acture m a ny chem icals at a single f acility. Despite these lim itations, there are num erous pollution prevention opportunities that can be realized by

m odifying current processes and equipm en t. Table 16 presents exam ples for several areas of the chem ical m a nufacturing process.

Sector Notebook Project 51 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications C reate Pollution Prevention Opportunities

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach
By-products Co-products

Quantity and Quality

Uses and Outlets P Process inefficiencies result in the generation of undesired by-products and co-products. Inefficiencies will require larger volum es of raw m a terials and result in additional secondary products. Inefficiencies can also increase fugitive

em issions and wastes generated through

m a terial handling.

P By-products and co-products are not fully utilized, generating m a terial or waste that m u st be m a naged. P Increase product yield to reduce byproduct and co-product generation and raw

m a terial requirem e nts.

P Identify uses and develop a sales outlet. Collect inform ation necessary to firm up a purchase com m itm ent such as m i nim u m quality criteria, m a xim u m im purity levels that can be tolerated, and perform ance criteria.
Catalysts

Composition

Preparation and Handling P The presence of heavy m e tals in catalysts can result in contam inated process wastewater from catalyst handling and separation. These wastes

m a y require special treatm e nt and disposal procedures or facilities. Heavy

m e tals can be inhibitory or toxic to biological wastewater treatm e nt units. Sludge from wastewater treatm e nt units

m a y be classified as hazardous due to heavy m e tals content. Heavy m e tals generally exhibit low toxicity thresholds in aquatic environm ents and m a y bioaccum u late.

P Em issions or effluents are generated with catalyst activation or regeneration.

P Catalyst attrition and carryover into product requires de-ashing facilities, which are a likely source of wastewater and solid waste. P Catalysts com p rised of noble m e tals, because of their cost, are generally recycled by both onsite and offsite reclaim e rs.

P Obtain catalyst in the active form

.

P Provide insitu activation with appropriate processing/activation facilities.

P Develop a m o re robust catalyst or support.

Sector Notebook Project 52 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications Create Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach
Catalysts (cont.)

Preparation and Handling ( c ont.)

Effectiveness P Catalyst is spent and needs to be replaced.

P Pyrophoric catalyst needs to be kept wet, resulting in liquid contam inated with m e tals.

P Short catalyst life.

P Catalyzed reaction has by-product form ation, incom p lete conversion and less-than-perfect yield.

P Catalyzed reaction has by-product form ation, incom p lete conversion and less-than perfect yield. P In situ regeneration elim inates unloading/loading em issions and effluents versus offsite regeneration or disposal.

P Use a nonpryrophoric catalyst. Minim i ze am ount of water required to handle and store safely.

P Study and identify catalyst deactivitation

m echanism s

. Avoid conditions which prom ote therm a l or chem ical deactivation. By extending catalyst life, em issions and effluents associated with catalyst handling and regeneration can be reduced.

P Reduce catalyst consum ption with a

m o re active form

. A higher concentration of active ingredient or increased surface area can reduce catalyst loadings.

P Use a m o re selective catalyst which will reduce the yield of undesired by-products.

P Im prove reactor m i xing/contacting to increase catalyst effectiveness.

P Develop a thorough understanding of reaction to allow optim ization of reactor design. Include in the optim ization, catalyst consum ption and by-product yield.

Intermediate Products
Quantity and Quality P Interm ediate reaction products or chem ical species, including trace levels of toxic constituents, m a y contribute to process waste under both norm a l and upset conditions.

P Interm ediates m a y contain toxic constituents or have characteristics that are harm ful to the environm ent. P Modify reaction sequence to reduce

am ount or change com position of interm ediates.

P Modify reaction sequence to change interm ediate properties.

P Use equipm ent design and process control to reduce releases.

Sector Notebook Project 53 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications Create Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Process Conditions/ Configuration

Temperature P High heat exchange tube tem p eratures cause therm a l cracking/decom position of

m a ny chem icals. These lower m o lecular weight by-products are a source of “light ends” and fugitive em issions. High localized tem p erature gives rise to polym erization of reactive m onom ers, resulting in “ h eavies” or “ t ars.” Such

m a terials can foul heat exchange equipm ent or plug fixed-bed reactors, thereby requiring costly equipm ent cleaning and production outage.

P Higher operating tem p eratures im ply “heat input” usually via com bustion which generates em issions.

P Heat sources such as furnaces and boilers are a source of com bustion

em issions.

P Vapor pressure increases with increasing tem p erature. Loading/ unloading, tankage and fugitive

em issions generally increase with increasing vapor pressure. P Select operating tem p eratures at or near

am bient tem p erature whenever possible.

P Use lower pressure steam to lower tem p eratures.

P Use interm ediate exchangers to avoid contact with furnace tubes and walls.

P Use staged heating to m i nim i ze product degradation and unwanted side reactions.

P Use superheat of high-pressure steam in place of furnace.

P Monitor exchanger fouling to correlate process conditions which increase fouling, avoid conditions which rapidly foul exchangers.

P Use online tube cleaning technologies to keep tube surfaces clean to increase heat transfer.

P Use scraped wall exchangers in viscous service.

P Use falling film reboiler, pum ped recirculation reboiler or high-flux tubes.

P Explore heat integration opportunities (e.g., use waste heat to preheat m a terials and reduce the am ount of com bustion required.)

P Use therm o com p ressor to upgrade lowpressure steam to avoid the need for additional boilers and furnaces.

P If possible, cool m a terials before sending to storage.

P Use hot process stream s to reheat feeds.

Sector Notebook Project 54 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications Create Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Process Conditions/ Configuration (cont.)

Temperature ( c ont.)

Pressure

Corrosive Environment

Batch vs. Continuous Operations P W a ter solubility of m o st chem icals increases with increasing tem p erature.

P Fugitive em issions from equipm ent.

P Seal leakage potential due to pressure differential.

P Gas solubility increases with higher pressures.

P Material contam ination occurs from corrosion products. Equipm ent failures result in spills, leaks and increased

m a intenance costs.

P Increased waste generation due to addition of corrosion inhibitors or neutralization.

P Vent gas lost during batch fill.

P W a ste generated by cleaning/purging of process equipm ent between production batches. P Add vent condensers to recover vapors in storage tanks or process.

P Add closed dom e loading with vapor recovery condensers.

P Use lower tem p erature (vacuum processing).

P Equipm ent operating in vacuum service is not a source of fugitives; however, leaks into the process require control when system is degassed.

P Minim i ze operating pressure.

P Determ ine whether gases can be recovered, com p ressed, and reused or require controls.

P Im prove m e tallurgy or provide coating or lining.

P Neutralize corrosivity of m a terials contacting equipm ent.

P Use corrosion inhibitors.

P Im prove m e tallurgy or provide coating or lining or operate in a less corrosive environm ent.

P Equalize reactor and storage tank vent lines.

P Recover vapors through condenser, adsorber, etc.

P Use m a terials with low viscosity. Minim i ze equipm ent roughness.

Sector Notebook Project 55 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications C reate Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Process Conditions/ Configuration (cont.)

Batch vs. Continuous Operations ( c ont.)

Process Operation/Design P Process inefficiencies lower yield and increase em issions.

P Continuous process fugitive em issions and waste increase over tim e due to equipm ent failure through a lack of

m a intenance between turnarounds.

P Num e rous processing steps create wastes and opportunities for errors.

P Nonreactant m a terials (solvents, absorbants, etc.) create wastes. Each chem ical (including water) em ployed within the process introduces additional potential waste sources; the com position of generated wastes also tends to becom e
mo r e c o mp l e x

.

P High conversion with low yield results in wastes. P Optim ize product m a nufacturing sequence to m i nim i ze washing operations and cross-contam ination of subsequent batches.

P Sequence addition of reactants and reagents to optim ize yields and lower

em issions.

P Design facility to readily allow

m a intenance so as to avoid unexpected equipm ent failure and resultant release.

P Keep it sim p le. Make sure all operations are necessary. More operations and

com p lexity only tend to increase potential

em ission and waste sources.

P Evaluate unit operation or technologies (e.g., separation) that do not require the addition of solvents or other nonreactant chem icals.

P Recycle operations generally im prove overall use of raw m a terials and chem icals, thereby both increasing the yield of desired products while at the sam e tim e reducing the generation of wastes. A casein-point is to operate at a lower conversion per reaction cycle by reducing catalyst

consum ption, tem p erature, or residence tim e. Many tim es, this can result in a higher selectivity to desired products. The net effect upon recycle of unreacted reagents is an increase in product yield, while at the sam e tim e reducing the quantities of spent catalyst and less desirable by-products.

Sector Notebook Project 56 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications C reate Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Process Conditions/ Configuration (cont.)

Process Operation/Design P Non-regenerative treatm e nt system s result in increased waste versus regenerative system s. P Regenerative fixed bed treating or desiccant operation (e.g., alum inum oxide, silica, activated carbon, m o lecular sieves, etc.) will generate less quantities of solid or liquid waste than nonregenerative units (e.g., calcium chloride or activated clay). W ith regenerative units though, em issions during bed activation and regeneration can be significant. Further, side reactions during activation/regeneration can give rise to problem atic pollutants.

Product
Process Chemistry

Product Formulation P Insufficient R&D into alternative reaction pathways m a y m i ss pollution opportunities such as waste reduction or elim inating a hazardous constituent.

P Product based on end-use perform ance

m a y have undesirable environm ental im pacts or use raw m a terials or

com ponents that generate excessive or hazardous wastes. P R&D during process conception and laboratory studies should thoroughly investigate alternatives in process chem istry that affect pollution prevention.

P Reform ulate products by substituting different m a terial or using a m i xture of individual chem icals that m eet end-use perform ance specifications.

Raw Materials

Purity P Im purities m a y produce unwanted byproducts and waste. Toxic im purities, even in trace am ounts, can m a ke a waste hazardous and therefore subject to strict and costly regulation.

P Excessive im purities m a y require m o re processing and equipm ent to m eet product specifications, increasing costs and potential for fugitive em issions, leaks, and spills.

P Specifying a purity greater than needed by the process increases costs and can result in m o re waste generation by the supplier. P Use higher purity m a terials.

P Purify m a terials before use and reuse if practical.

P Use inhibitors to prevent side reactions.

P Achieve balance between feed purity, processing steps, product quality and waste generation.

P Specify a purity no greater than what the process needs.

Sector Notebook Project 57 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications C reate Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Raw Materials (cont.)

Purity ( c ont.)

Vapor Pressure

Water Solubility P Im purities in clean air can increase inert purges.

P Im purities m a y poison catalyst prem aturely resulting in increased wastes due to yield loss and m o re frequent catalyst replacem ent.

P Higher vapor pressures increase fugitive em issions in m a terial handling and storage.

P High vapor pressure with low odor threshold m a terials can cause nuisance odors.

P Toxic or nonbiodegradable m a terials that are water soluble m a y affect wastewater treatm e nt operation, efficiency, and cost.

P Higher solubility m a y increase potential for surface and groundwater contam ination and m a y require m o re careful spill prevention, containm ent, and cleanup (SPCC) plans.

P Higher solubility m a y increase potential for storm water contam ination in open areas.

P Process wastewater associated with water washing or hydrocarbon/water phase separation will be im pacted by containm ent solubility in water. Appropriate wastewater treatm e nt will be im pacted. P Use pure oxygen.

P Install guard beds to protect catalysts.

P Use m a terial with lower vapor pressure.

P Use m a terials with lower vapor pressure and higher odor threshold.

P Use less toxic or m o re biodegradable

ma t e r i a l s

.

P Use less soluble m a terials.

P Use less soluble m a terials.

P Prevent direct contact with storm water by diking or covering areas.

P Minim i ze water usage.

P Reuse wash water.

P Determ ine optim um process conditions for phase separation.

P Evaluate alternative separation technologies (coalescers, m e m b ranes, distillation, etc.)

Sector Notebook Project 58 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications C reate Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Raw Materials (cont.)

Toxicity

Regulatory

Form of Supply

Handling and Storage P Com m unity and worker safety and health concerns result from routine and nonroutine em issions. Em issions sources include vents, equipm ent leaks, wastewater em issions, em ergency pressure relief, etc.

P Surges or higher than norm a l continuous levels of toxic m a terials can shock or m i ss wastewater biological treatm e nt system s resulting in possible fines and possible toxicity in the receiving water.

P Hazardous or toxic m a terials are stringently regulated. They m a y require enhanced control and m onitoring; increased com p liance issues and paperwork for perm its and record keeping; stricter control for handling, shipping, and disposal; higher sam p ling and analytical costs; and increased health and safety costs.

P Sm all containers increase shipping frequency which increases chances of

m a terial releases and waste residues from shipping containers (including wash waters).

P Nonreturnable containers m a y increase waste.

P Physical state (solid, liquid, gaseous)

m a y raise unique environm ental, safety, and health issues with unloading operations and transfer to process equipm ent. P Use less toxic m a terials.

P Reduce exposure through equipm ent design and process control. Use system s which are passive for em ergency containm ent of toxic releases.

P Use less toxic m a terial.

P Reduce spills, leaks, and upset conditions through equipm ent and process control.

P Consider effect of chem icals on biological treatm e nt; provide unit pretreatm e nt or diversion capacity to

rem ove toxicity.

P Install surge capacity for flow and concentration equalization.

P Use m a terials which are less toxic or hazardous.

P Use better equipm ent and process design to m i nim i ze or control releases; in som e cases, m eeting certain regulatory criteria will exem pt a system from perm itting or other regulatory requirem e nts.

P Use bulk supply, ship by pipeline, or use “jum bo” drum s or sacks.

P In som e cases, product m a y be shipped out in the sam e containers the m a terial supply was shipped in without washing.

P Use returnable shipping containers or drum s.

P Use equipm ent and controls appropriate to the type of m a terials to control releases.

Sector Notebook Project 59 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 16: Process/Product Modifications Create Pollution Prevention Opportunities (Continued)

Area Potential Problem P ossible Approach

Raw Materials (cont.)

Handling and Storage ( c ont.) P Large inventories can lead to spills, inherent safety issues and m a terial expiration. P Minim i ze inventory by utilizing just-intim e delivery.

Waste Streams

Quantity and Quality

Composition

Properties

Disposal P Characteristics and sources of waste stream s are unknown.

P W a stes are generated as part of the process.

P Hazardous or toxic constituents are found in waste stream s. Exam ples are: sulfides, heavy m e tals, halogenated hydrocarbons, and polynuclear

arom atics.

P Environm ental fate and waste properties are not known or understood.

P Ability to treat and m a nage hazardous and toxic waste unknown or lim ited. P Docum e nt sources and quantities of waste stream s prior to pollution prevention

assessm ent.

P Determ ine what changes in process conditions would lower waste generation of toxicity.

P Determ ine if wastes can be recycled back into the process.

P Evaluate whether different process conditions, routes, or reagent chem icals (e.g., solvent catalysts) can be substituted or changed to reduce or elim inate hazardous or toxic com pounds.

P Evaluate waste characteristics using the following type properties: corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity, BTU content (energy recovery), biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, and bioaccum u lation potential of the waste and of its degradable products, and whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas.

P Consider and evaluate all onsite and offsite recycle, reuse, treatm e nt, and disposal options available. Determ ine availability of facilities to treat or m a nage wastes generated.

Source: Chemical Manufacturers Association, 1993.

Sector Notebook Project 60 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry P ollution Prevention

Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related

Com p ressors, blowers, fans P Shaft seal leaks, piston rod seal leaks, and vent stream s P Seal-less designs (diaphragm a tic, herm etic or

m a gnetic)

P Design for low em issions (internal balancing, double inlet, gland eductors)

P Shaft seal designs (carbon rings, double m echanical seals, buffered seals)

P Double seal with barrier fluid vented to control device P Preventive m a intenance program

Concrete pads, floors, sum p s P Leaks to groundwater P W a ter stops

P Em bedded m e tal plates

P Epoxy sealing

P Other im pervious sealing P Reduce unnecessary purges, transfers, and sam p ling

P Use drip pans where necessary

Controls P Shutdowns and startups generate waste and releases P Im prove on-line controls

P On-line instrum e ntation

P Autom a tic start-up and shutdown

P On-line vibration analysis

P Use “ c onsensus” system s (e.g., shutdown trip requires 2 out of 3 affirm ative responses) P Continuous versus batch

P Optim ize on-line run tim e

P Optim ize shutdown interlock inspection frequency

P Identify safety and environm ent critical instrum e nts and equipm ent

Distillation P Im purities rem a in in process stream s P Increase reflux ratio

P Add section to colum n

P Colum n intervals

P Change feed tray P Change colum n operating conditions - reflux ratio - feed tray - tem p erature - pressure - etc.

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Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution (Continued)

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related

Distillation (cont.) P Im purities rem a in in process stream s (cont.)

P Large am ounts of contam inated water condensate from stream stripping P Insulate to prevent heat loss

P Preheat colum n feed

P Increase vapor line size to lower pressure drop

P Use reboilers or inert gas stripping agents P Clean colum n to reduce fouling

P Use higher tem p erature steam

General

m a nufacturing equipm ent

areas P Contam inated rainwater

P Contam inated sprinkler and fire water

P Leaks and em issions during cleaning P Provide roof over process facilities

P Segregate process sewer from storm sewer (diking)

P Hard-pipe process stream s to process sewer

P Seal floors

P Drain to sum p

P Route to waste treatm e nt

P Design for cleaning

P Design for m i nim u m rinsing

P Design for m i nim u m sludge

P Provide vapor enclosure

P Drain to process P Return sam p les to process

P Monitor storm w ater discharge

P Use drip pans for m a intenance activities

P Rinse to sum p

P Reuse cleaning solutions

Heat exchangers P Increased waste due to high localized tem p eratures P Use interm ediate exchangers to avoid contact with furnace tubes and walls

P Use staged heating to m i nim i ze product degradation and unwanted side reactions. (waste heat >>low pressure steam >>high pressure steam ) P Select operating tem p eratures at or near am bient tem p erature when-ever possible. These are generally m o st desirable from a pollution prevention standpoint

P Use lower pressure steam to lower tem p eratures

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Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution (Continued)

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related

Heat exchangers (cont.) P Increased waste due to high localized tem p eratures (cont.)

P Contam inated

m a terials due to tubes leaking at tube sheets

P Furnace em issions P Use scraped wall exchangers in viscous service

P Using falling film reboiler, piped recirculation reboiler or high-flux tubes

P Use lowest pressure steam possible

P Use welded tubes or double tube sheets with inert purge. Mount vertically

P Use superheat of high-pressure steam in place of a furnace P Monitor exchanger fouling to correlate process conditions which increase fouling, avoid conditions which rapidly foul exchangers

P Use on-line tube cleaning techniques to keep tube surfaces clean

P Monitor for leaks

Piping P Leaks to groundwater; fugitive em issions P Design equipm ent layout so as to m i nim i ze pipe run length

P Elim inate underground piping or design for cathodic protection if necessary to install piping underground

P W e lded fittings

P Reduce num ber of flanges and valves

P All welded pipe

P Secondary containm ent

P Spiral-wound gaskets

P Use plugs and double valves for open end lines

P Change m e tallurgy

P Use lined pipe P Monitor for corrosion and erosion

P Paint to prevent external corrosion

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Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution (Continued)

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related Piping (cont.) P Releases when cleaning or purging lines P Use “ p igs” for cleaning

P Slope to low point drain

P Use heat tracing and insulation to prevent freezing

P Install equalizer lines P Flush to product storage tank

Pum p s P Fugitive em issions from shaft seal leaks

P Fugitive em issions from shaft seal leaks

P Residual “ h eel” of liquid during pum p

m a intenance

P Injection of seal flush fluid into process stream P Mechanical seal in lieu of packing

P Double m echanical seal with inert barrier fluid

P Double m achined seal with barrier fluid vented to control device

P Seal-less pum p (canned m o tor

m a gnetic drive)

P Vertical pum p

P Use pressure transfer to elim inate pum p

P Low point drain on pum p casing

P Use double m echanical seal with inert barrier fluid where practical P Seal installation practices

P Monitor for leaks

P Flush casing to process sewer for treatm e nt

P Increase the m ean tim e between pum p failures by: - selecting proper seal m a terial; - good alignm ent; - reduce pipe-induced stress - Maintaining seal lubrication

Reactors P Poor conversion or perform ance due to inadequate m i xing P Static m i xing

P Add baffles

P Change im pellers P Add ingredients with optim um sequence

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Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution (Continued)

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related

Reactors (cont.) P Poor conversion (cont.)

P W a ste by-product form ation P Add horsepower

P Add distributor

P Provide separate reactor for converting recycle stream s to usable products P Allow proper head space in reactor to enhance vortex effect

P Optim ize reaction conditions (tem perature, pressure, etc.)

Relief Valve P Leaks

P Fugitive em issions

P Discharge to environm ent from over pressure

P Frequent relief P Provide upstream rupture disc

P Vent to control or recovery device

P Pum p discharges to suction of pum p

P Therm a l relief to tanks

P Avoid discharge to roof areas to prevent contam ination of rainwater

P Use pilot operated relief valve

P Increase m a rgin between design and operating pressure P Monitor for leaks and for control efficiency

P Monitor for leaks

P Reduce operating pressure

P Review system perform ance

Sam p ling P W a ste generation due to sam p ling (disposal, containers, leaks, fugitives, etc.) P In-line insitu analyzers

P System for return to process

P Closed loop

P Drain to sum p P Reduce num ber and size of

sam p les required

P Sam p le at the lowest possible tem p erature

P Cool before sam p ling

Tanks P Tank breathing and working losses P Cool m a terials before storage

P Insulate tanks

P Vent to control device (flare, condenser, etc.)

P Vapor balancing

P Floating roof P Optim ize storage conditions to reduce losses

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Table 17: Modifications to Equipment Can Also Prevent Pollution (Continued)

Equipment Potential Environment Problem Possible Approach
Design Related Operational Related Tanks (cont.) P Tank breathing and working losses (cont.)

P Leak to groundwater

P Large waste heel P Floating roof

P Higher design pressure

P All aboveground (situated so bottom can routinely be checked for leaks)

P Secondary containm ent

P Im prove corrosion resistance

P Design for 100% de-inventory P Monitor for leaks and corrosion

P Recycle to process if practical

Vacuum System s P W a ste discharge from jets P Substitute m echanical vacuum pum p

P Evaluate using process fluid for powering jet P Monitor for air leaks

P Recycle condensate to process

Valves P Fugitive em issions from leaks P Bellow seals

P Reduce num ber where practical

P Special packing sets P Stringent adherence to packing procedures

Vents P Release to environm ent P Route to control or recovery device P Monitor perform ance

Source: Chemical Manufacturers Association, 1993.

It is critical to em phasize that polluti on prevention in the chem ical industry is process specific and oftentim es cons t r ained by site-specific considerations

. A s such, it is dif f i cult to generalize about the relative m e rits of dif f e rent pollution prevention strategies. The age, size, and purpose of the plant will influence the choice of the m o st e f f ective pollution prevention strategy. Com m odity chem ical m a nufacturers redesign their processes infrequently so that redesign of t h e reaction process or equipm ent is unlikely in the short term

. Here operational changes are the m o st f easible response. Specialty chem ical m a nufacturers are m a king a gr eater variety of chem icals and have

m o re process and design f l exibility. Incorporating changes at the earlier research and developm ent phases m a y be possible for them

.
Cha nges in operational practices m a y yield the m o st im m e diate gains with the least investm e nt. For exam ple, the m a jority of the waste generated by the

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chem ical processing industry is contam ina t ed water: Borden Chem ical Com p any has collected and isolated its waste water in a trench com i ng from the phenol rail car unloading area and reused the water in resin batches. This elim inated the entire waste stream with a capital inves t me nt of $3,000 and annual savings of $1,500 a year in treatm e nt costs. Rhone-Poulenc, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, is now sending all quality control and raw m a terial

sam p les back to be reused in the production process saving $20,000 per year and reducing waste volum e by 3,000 pounds.

Another area that can yield significant benefits is im proved process control so that less off-specification product is produced (that m u st be discarded) and the process is run m o re optim ally (fewer by-products). Exxon Chem ical Am ericas of Linde n, New Jersey, used continuous process optim ization to reduce the generation of acid coke, a process residue, thus saving $340,000 annually in treatm e nt costs. New in-line pr oc e ss controls are under development (a f e rtile area of research being pursued by the Center f o r Process Analytic Chem istry at the University of W a shington) that m a y allow better process optim ization through tighter process control.

Chem ical substitution, particularly of water for non-aqueous sol v ents, can also prevent pollution. For exam ple, Du Pont at the Cham ber W o rks in New Jersey is using a high-pressure water-jet system to clean polym er reaction vessels. This replaces organic solvent cleaning that annually produced 40,000 pounds of solvent wast e

. Installing the new cleaning system cost $125,000 but it will save $270,000 annually.

Im proved separations design also o ffers a pollution prevention opportunity since separations account for about 20 percent of energy use in the chem ical process industry. In one case, a so lvent wa s r e placed by an excess of a reaction com ponent, thus elim inating the need t o separate the solvent from the waste stream while reducing separation costs.

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VI. SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS

This section discusses the federal regulations that m a y apply to this sector. The purpose of this section is to highlight and briefly describe the applicable federal requirem e nts, and to provide citations for m o re detailed inform ation. The three following sections are included:

C Section VI.A contains a general overview of m a jor statutes

C Section VI.B contains a list of regulations specific to this industry

C Section VI.C contains a list of pendi ng a n d proposed regulatory requirem e nts.
The descriptions within Section VI are intended s o l e l y for general inform ation. Depending upon the nature or scope of the activities at a particular facility, these sum m a ries m a y or m a y not necessarily describe all applicable environm ental requirem e nts. Moreover, they do not constitute for m a l interpretations or clarifications of the statutes and regulations. For further inform ation, readers should consult the Code of Federal Regulations and other state or local regulatory ag encies. EPA Hotline contacts are also provided for each m a jor statute.

VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes

Clean Water Act

The prim ary objective of the Federal W a ter Pollution C o n t r o l A c t, c o m m o n l y ref e rred to as the Clean W a ter Act (CW A ), is to restore and m a intain the chem ical, physical, and biological inte gr i t y of the nation' s surface waters. Pollutants regulated under the CW A are classified as either “toxic” pollutants; “conventional” pollutants, such as biochem i cal oxygen dem a nd (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliform
, oil and grease, and pH; or “non-conventional” pollutants, including any pollutant not i d e n t i fied as either conventional or priority.

The CW A regulates both direct and “indirect” dischargers (those who discharge to publicly owned treatm e nt works). The National Pol l u t a nt Discharge Elim ination System (NPDES) perm itting program (CW A section 402) controls direct discharges into na vigable waters. Direct discharges or “point source” discharges are from sources such as pipes and sewers. NPDES perm its, issued by either EPA or an authorized state (EPA has authorized 43 states and one territory to adm i nister the NPDES program ), contain industry-specific, technology-based and water quality-based lim its and establish pollutant m onitoring and reporting requirem e nts. A f acility that proposes to discharge into the nation' s waters m u st obtain a perm it prior to initiating a discharge. A perm it applicant m u st provide quantitative analytical data identif ying the types of pollutants present in the f acility' s

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effluent. The perm it will then set fort h the conditions and effluent lim itations under which a facility m a y m a ke a discharge.

W a ter quality-based discharge lim its are based on f e deral or state water quality criteria or standards, that were designed to protect designated uses of surface waters, such as supporting aqua t i c life or recreation. These standards, unlike the technology-based standards, generally do not take into account technological feasibility or costs. W a ter quality criteria and standards vary from state to state, a nd s i t e to site, depending on the use classification of the receiving body of water. M o s t s t a t e s follow EPA guidelines which propose aquatic life and hum an health criteria for m a ny of the 126 priority pollutants.

Storm W a ter Discharges In 1987 t h e CW A was am ended to require EPA to establish a program to address storm water discharges. In response, EPA pr omul ga ted NPDES perm itting regulations f o r storm water di scharges. These regulations require that f acilities with the f o llowing types of storm water discharges, am ong others, apply for an NPDES perm it: (1) a discharge associated with industrial

a c t i v i t y; (2) a discharge from a large or m e dium m unicipal storm sewe r system ; or (3) a dis c harge which EPA or the state determ ines to contribute to a violation of a water quality standa rd or is a signif i cant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.

The term “storm water discharge asso ciated with industrial activity” m eans a storm water discharge from one of 11 categories of industrial a c tivity defined a t 40 CFR Part 122.26. Six of the categories are defined by SIC codes while the other five are identifie d through narrative descriptions of the regulated industrial activity. If the prim ary SIC code of the facility is one of those identif ied in the regulations, the f acility is subject to the storm water perm it application requirem e nts. If any activity at a facility is covered by one of the five narrative categories, st orm water discharges from those areas where the activiti es occur are subject to storm water discharge perm it application requirem e nts.

Those f acilities/activities that are subject to storm water discharge perm it application requirem e nts are identified below. To determ ine whether a particular facility falls within one of these categories, the regulation should be consulted.

Category i : Facilities subject to storm water ef f l uent guidelines, new source perform a nce standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards.

Category ii: Facilities cla ssif i ed as SIC 24-lum b er and w ood products (except wood kitchen cabinets); SIC 26-paper and allied products (except paperboard containers and products); SIC 28-chem icals and allied products

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(except drugs and paints); SIC 29-petroleum re fi ning; SIC 311-leather tanning and finishing; SIC 32 (except 323 )-stone, clay, glass, and concrete; SIC 33-prim ary m e tals; SIC 3441-fabri cated structural m e tal; and SIC 373- ship and boat building and repairing.

Category iii: Facilities classif i ed as SIC 10-m e tal m i ning; SIC 12-coal mi ning; SIC 13-oil and gas extraction; and SIC 14-nonm etallic m i ner a l

m i ning.

Category iv: Hazardous waste treatm e nt, storage, or disposal facilities.

Category v: Landfills, land application sites, and open dum ps that receive or have received industrial wastes.

Category vi: Facilities classified as SIC 5015-us ed m o tor vehicle parts; and SIC 5093-autom o tive scrap and waste m a terial recycling facilities.

Category vii: Steam electric power generating f acilities.

Category viii: Facilities classified as SIC 40 -railroad transportation; SIC 41- local passenger transportation; SIC 42-trucking and wa r e housing (except public warehousing and storage); SIC 43- U.S. Postal Service; SIC 44-water transportation; SIC 45-transportati on by ai r ; and SIC 5171-petroleum bulk storage stations and term inals.

Category ix: Sewage treatm e nt works.

Cat e gory x: Construction activities except operations that result in the disturbance of less than five acres of total land area.

Category xi: Facilities classified as SIC 20-food and kindred products; SIC 21-tobacco products; SIC 22-textile m ill products; SIC 23-apparel related products; SIC 2434-wood kitchen cabinet s m a nufacturing; SIC 25-furniture and fixtures; SIC 265-paperboard c ontainers and boxes; SIC 267-converted paper and paperboard pr oducts; SIC 27-printing, publishing, and allied industries; SIC 283-drugs; SIC 285-paints, varnishes, lacquer, enam els, and allied products; SIC 30-rubber and plastics; SIC 31-leather and leather products (except leather and tanning a nd finishing); SIC 323-glass products; SIC 34-fabricated m e tal pr oducts (except fabricated structural m e tal); SIC 35-industrial and com m e rcial m achinery and com puter equipm ent; SIC 36- electronic and other electric a l e quipm ent and com ponents; SIC 37- transportation equipm ent (except ship and boat building and repairing); SIC 38-m easuring, analyzing, and controlli ng instrum e nts; SIC 39-m i scellaneous

m a nufacturing industries; and SI C 4221-4225-public war e housing and storage.

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Phase II storm water requirem e nts were established in 1999. Perm its are now required for ce r t ain sm all m unicipal separate storm sewer system s (MS4s) and for construction activity disturbing between one a nd fi ve acres of land (i.e., sm all construction activities). The Phase II rule also revised the “no expos u re” exclusion and the tem porary exem ption for certain industrial facilities that had been established under Phase I regulations.

Pretreatm e nt Program Another type of discharge that is regulated by the CW A is one that goes to a publicly owned treatm e nt wor k s (POTW ) . The national pretreatm e nt program (CW A section 307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of pollutants to POTW s by “industrial users.” Facilities regulated under section 307(b)

m

u st m eet certain pretreatm e nt standards. The goal of the pretreatm e nt program is to protect m unicipal wast ewater treatm ent plants from dam a ge that m a y occur when hazardous, toxic, or other wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to protect the quality of sludge generated by these plants.

EPA has developed technology-based standards for industrial users of POTW s. Different standards apply to existing and new sources within each category. “Categorical” pretreatm e nt st andards applicable to an industry on a nationwide basis are de veloped by EPA. In addition, another kind of pretreatm e nt s t a nda rd, “local lim its,” are developed by the POTW in order to assist the POTW in achieving the e f f l uent lim itations in its NPDES perm it.

Regardless of whether a state is authorized to im plem ent either the NPDES or the pretreatm e nt program , if it de velops its own program , it m a y enforce requirem e nts m o re stringent than federal standards.

W e tlands W e tlands, com m only called swam ps, ma r s hes, fens, bogs, vernal pools, playas, and prairie potholes, are a subset of “waters of the United States,” as defined in Section 404 of t h e CWA. The placem ent of dredge and fill

m a terial into wetla nds a n d other water bodies (i.e., waters of the United States) is regulated by the U.S. Arm y Corps of Engineers (Corps) under 33 CFR Part 328. The Corps regulates wetlands by adm i nistering the CW A Section 404 perm i t program for activities that im pact wetlands. EPA’s authority under Section 404 includes veto power of Corps perm its, authority to interpret statutory exem ptions a nd jurisdiction, enforcem ent actions, and delegating the Section 404 program to the states.

EPA’s Office of Water, at 202-566-1730, will direct callers with que s t i o ns about the CWA to the appropri a te EPA office. EPA also maintains a bibliographic database of Office of Wat e r publications which can be accessed through the Ground Water and Drinking Water Resource Center, at 800-426-4791.

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Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation Section 311(b) of the CW A prohibits the discharge of oil, in such quantities

as m a y be harm f u l, into the navigable waters of the United States and adjoining shorelines. The EPA Discharge of Oil r e gulation, 40 CFR Part 110, provides inform ation regarding these discharges. The Oil Pol l u t i o n Prevention regulation, 40 CFR Part 112, under the authority of Section 311(j) of

the CW A, requires regulated f acilities to prepare and im plem ent Spill Prevention Control and Counterm easure (SPCC) plans. The intent of a SPCC plan is to prevent the discharg e of oil fromonshore and offshore nontransportation-related facilities. In 1990 Congress passed the Oil Pollution Ac t which am ended Section 311(j) of the CW A to require facilities that because of their location could reasonabl y be expected to cause “substantial harm ” to the environm ent by a discharge of oil to develop and im plem ent Facility Response Plans (FRP). The intent of a FRP is to provide for planned responses to discharges of oil.

A facility is SPCC-regulated if the facility, due to i t s location, could reasonably be expected to discharge oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines, and the f a cility m eets one of the following criteria regarding oil storage: (1) the capacity of any aboveground storage tank exceeds 660 gallons, or (2) the total aboveground storage capacity exceeds 1,320 gallons, or (3) the underground storage capacity exceeds 42,000 gallons. 40 CFR Part 112.7 c ontains the form at and content requirem e nts for a SPCC plan. In Ne w Jersey, SPCC plans can be com b ined with discharge prevention, containm en t and counterm easures (DPCC) plans, required by the state, provided there is an appropriate cross-reference index to the requirem e nts of both regulations at the front of the plan.

According to the FRP regulation, a fa c i l ity can cause “substantial harm ” if it m eets one of the following criteria: (1 ) the f acility has a total oil storage capacity greater than or equal to 42,000 gallons and transfers oil over water to or from vessels; or (2 ) the f acility has a total oil storage capacity greater than or equal to one m illion gallons and m eets any one of the following conditions: (i) does not have adequate secondar y containm ent, (ii) a discharge could cause “injury” to fish and wildlif e and sensitive environm ents, (iii) shut down a public dr inking water intake, or (iv) has had a reportable oil spill greater than or equal to 10,000 gallons in the past f i ve years. Appendix F of 40 CFR Part 112 cont ains the form at and content requirem e nts for a FRP. FRPs that m eet EPA’s requirem e nt s c a n be

com b ined with U.S. Coast Guard FRPs or other contingency plans, provided there is an appropriate cross- reference index to the requirem e nts of all applicable regulations at the front of the plan.

For additional information regar d i ng SPCC plans, contact EPA’s RCRA, Superfund, and E

P C R

A C a ll C e n t er , at 800-424-9346. Additional documents and re sources can be obtained from the hotline’s homepage at

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www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline

. The hotline operates weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays.

Safe Drinking Water Act

The Safe Drinking W a ter Act (SDW A) m a ndat e s t h a t EPA establish regulations to protect human health from contam inants in drinking water. The law authorizes EPA to develop na tional drinking water standards and to create a joint federal-state system to ensure com p liance with these standards. The SDW A also directs EPA t o pr otect underground sources of drinking water through the control of underground injection of fluid wastes.

EPA has developed prim ary and seconda ry drinking water standards under its SDW A authority. EPA and authorized states enforce the prim ary drinking water standards, which are contam inant-specific concent r at ion lim its that apply to certain public drinking wa ter supplies. Prim ary drinking water standards consist of m a xim u m contam in ant level goals (MCLGs), which are non-enforceable health-based goals, and m a xim u m contam inant levels (MCLs), which are enforceable lim its set generally as close t o MCLGs as possible, considering cost and f easibility of attainm e nt.

Part C of t h e SDWA mandates EP A to protect underground sources of drinking water from inadequate inj ection practices. EPA has publ i s hed regulations codified in 40 CFR Parts 144 to 148 to com p ly with this m a ndate. The Underground Injection Control (UIC ) regulations break down injection wells into five different types, de pending on the fluid inj e c t e d a n d the form ation that receives it. The regulations also include construction,

m onitoring, testing, and operating requirem e nts for injection well operators. All injection wells have to be aut horized by perm it or by rule depending on their potential to threaten Undergr ound Sources of Drinking W a ter (USDW )

. RCRA also regulat es hazardous waste injection wells and a UIC perm it is considered to m eet the requirem e nts of a RCRA perm it. EPA has authorized delegation of the UIC f o r all wells in 35 states, im plem ents the program in 10 states and all Indian lands, and shares responsibility with five states.

The SDW A also provides for a federa lly-im p lem e nted Sole Source Aquifer program , which prohibits federal funds from being expended on projects that

m a y contam inate the sole or principal source of drinking water for a given area, and for a state-im plem ented W e llhead Protection program , designed to protect drinking water wells and drinking water recharge areas.

The SDW A Am endm ent s of 1996 require states to develop and im plem ent source wat e r a s s e s s m e n t pr ogr a m s ( S W A Ps) to analyze existing and potential threats to the quality of the public dri nking water throughout the state. Every state is required to subm it a program to EPA and to com p lete all assessm ents within 3 1⁄2 years of EPA approval of the program

. SWAPs i n c l ude: (1)

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delineating the source water protection area, (2) conducting a contam inant source inventor y, (3) determ ining the susceptibility of the public water supply to contam ination from the inve ntories sources, and (4) releasing the results of the assessm ents to the public.

EPA’s S a f

e Dr i n k i n g W a t e r Ho t line, at 800-426-4791, answers questions and distributes guidance pert ai ni ng to SDWA standards. The Hotline operates from 9:00 a.m. through 5:30 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays. Visit the website at www.epa.gov/ogwdw for additional material.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

The Solid W a ste Disposal Act ( S WDA) , a s am ended by the Resource Conser vation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, addresses solid and hazardous waste m a nagem e nt activities. The Act is com m only referred to as RCRA. The Hazardous and Solid W a ste Am endm ents (HSW A) of 1984 strengthened RCRA’s waste m a nagem e nt pr ovi sions and added Subtitle I, which governs underground storage tanks (USTs).

Regulat i ons prom ulgated pursuant to Subtitle C of RCRA (40 CFR Parts 260-299) establish a “cr a d le-to-grave” system governing hazardous waste from the point of generation to disposal. RCRA hazardous wa s t e s include the specif i c m a terials listed in the regulations (discarded com m e rcial chem ical products, designated with the code “P” or “U”; hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designa ted with the code “K”; or hazardous wastes from non-specific sources, designate d with the code “F”) or m a terials which exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity and designated with the code “D”).

Entities that generate hazardous waste are subject to waste accumulation,

m a nifesting, and recordkeeping standards. A hazardous waste facility m a y
accum u late hazardous waste for up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the

am ount generated per m onth) without a perm it or interim status. Generators

m a y also treat hazardous w a ste in accu m u lation tanks or containers (in accordance with the requirem e nts of 40 CFR Part 262.34) without a perm it or interim status. Facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste are generally required to obtain a RCRA perm it.

Subtitle C perm its are required f o r treat m e nt, storage, or disposal f a cilities. These perm its contain general f acility standards such as contingency plans,

em ergency procedures, recordkeeping and reporting requirem e nts, financial

assurance m echanism s , and unit-specific standards. RCRA also contains provisions (40 CFR Subparts I and S) for conducting corrective actions which govern the cleanup of releases of hazardous waste or constituents from solid waste m a na g e me nt units at RCRA treatm e nt, storage, or disposal f acilities.

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Although RCRA is a fed e r a l s t atute, m a ny states im plem ent the RCRA program

. Currently, EPA ha s de legated its authority to im plem ent various provisions of RCRA to 47 of the 50 st a t e s a n d two U.S. territories. Delegation has not been given to Alaska, Hawaii, or Iowa.

Most RCRA requirem e nts are not industry specific but apply to any com p any that generates, transports, treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste. Here

are som e im portant RCRA regulatory requirem e nts:

C Criteria for Classification of So lid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices (40 CFR Part 257) establishes the criteria for determ ining which solid waste disposal f acilities and practices pose a reasonable probability of adverse ef f ects on health or the environm ent. The criteria were adopted to ensure non-m unicipal, non-hazardous waste disposal units that receive conditionally exem pt sm all quantity ge nerator waste do not present risks to hum an healt h a n d environm ent.

C Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (40 CFR Part 258) establishes m i nim u m national criteria f o r all m unicipal solid waste landf ill units, including those that are used to dispose of sewage sludge.

• Identification of Solid and Haz a rdous Wastes (40 CFR Part 261) establishes the standard to determ ine whether the m a terial in question is considered a solid waste and, if so, whether it is a hazardous waste or is exem pted from regulation.

• Standards for Generators of Haz a rdous Waste (40 CFR Part 262) establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste ge ne r a tors including obtaining an EPA identification num ber, pr e p a r ing a

m a nifest, ensuring proper packagi ng and labeling, m eeting standards for waste accum u lation units, and recordkeeping and reporting requirem e nts. G e nerators can accum u late hazardous w a ste on-site f o r up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the am ount of waste generated) without obtaining a perm it.

• Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) (40 CFR Part 268) are regulations prohibiting the disposal of hazardous waste on land without prior treatm e nt

. Unde r the LDRs program , m a terials m u st

m eet treatm e nt standards prior to placem ent in a RCRA land disposal unit (landf ill, land treatm e nt unit, waste pile, or surf ace im poundm ent). Generators of waste subject to the LDRs m u s t provide notif ication of such to the designated TSD f acility to ensure proper treatm e nt prior to disposal.

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• Used Oil Management Standards (40 CFR Part 279) im pose
m a nagem e nt requirem e nts affe cting the storage, transportation, burning, processing, and re-refining of the used oil. For parties that

m e rely generate used oil, regulations establish storage standards. For a party cons i d e r e d a used oil processor, re-refiner, burner, or

m a rketer (one who gene r a t e s and sells off-specification used oil directly to a used oil burne r )
, a dditional tracking and paperwork requirem e nts m u st be satisfied.

• RCRA conta i n s unit-specific standards for all units used to store, treat, or dispose of hazardous waste, including Tanks and C o ntainers . Tanks and containers used to store hazardous waste w ith a high volati l e organic concentration m u st m eet em ission standards under RCRA. Regulations (40 CFR Part 264- 265, Subpart CC) require generators to test the waste to determ ine the concentration of t h e wa s t e, to satisfy tank and container em issions standards, and t o inspect and m onitor regulat e d units. These regulations apply to all f acilities who store such waste, including large quantity generators

accum u lating waste prior to shipm e nt offsite.

• Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) conta i ni ng petroleum and hazardous substances are regulated under Subtitle I of RCRA. Subtitle I regulations ( 40 CFR Part 280) contain tank design and release detection requirem e nts, as well as financial responsibility and corrective action standards for USTs. The UST pr ogr am also includes upgrade requirem e nts for exis ting tanks that were to be m e t by Decem ber 22, 1998.

• Boilers and Industria l F u rnaces (BIFs) that use or burn fuel containing hazardous waste m u st com p ly with design and operating standards. BIF regulations (40 CF R Part 266, Subpart H) address unit design, provi de pe r f or

ma nc e s t a nda r d s , r e qui r e e m i s s i ons monitoring, and, in som e cases, restrict the type of waste that m a y be burned.

EPA's RCRA, Superfund, and EPCRA Call Center, at 800-424-9 3 46, responds to questions and distributes guidance regarding all RCRA regulations. Additional documents and resources can be obtained from the hotline’s homepage at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline

. The RCRA Hotline operat e s weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

The Com p rehensive Environm ental Response, Com p ensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), a 1980 law com m only know n as Superfund, authorizes EPA to respond to releases, or threatened releases, of ha z a r d ous substances that

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m a y endanger public health, welfare, or the envi r onme n t. CERCLA also enables EPA to force parties responsible for environm ental contam ination to clean it up or to reim burse the Superf und for response or rem e diation costs incurred by EPA. The Superfund Am endm ents and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 revised various secti ons of CERCLA, extended the taxing authority for the Superfund, and created a free-standing law, SARA Title III, also known as the Em ergency Planni ng and Com m unity Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA).

The CERCLA hazardous substance release reporting regulations (40 CFR Part 302) direct t h e pe r s on in charge of a facility to report to the National Response Center (NRC) any environm ental release of a hazardous substance which equals or exceeds a repor t a bl e quantity. Reportable quantities are listed in 40 CFR Part 302.4. A release report m a y trigger a response by EPA or by one or m o re federal or state em ergency response authorities.

EPA im plem ents hazardous substance responses according to procedur e s outlined in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (40 CFR Pa rt 300). The NCP includes provisions for cleanups. The National Priorities List (NPL) currently includes approxim a tely 1,300 sites. Both EPA a nd states can act at other sites; however, EPA provides responsible parties the opportunity to conduct cleanups and encourages com m unity involvem e nt throughout the Superfund response process.
EPA's RCRA, Superfund and EPCRA Call Center, at 800-424-9346, answers questions and ref e r e nces guidance pertaining to the Superfund program. Documents and resources can be obtaine d f r om t h e hotline’s homepage at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline . The Superfund Hotline operates weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays.

Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act

The Supe r f und Am endm ents and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 created the Em ergency Planning and Com m unity Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA, also known as SARA Ti tle III), a statute designed to im prove
com m unity access to inform ation about ch em ical hazards and to facilitate the development of chem ical em ergency response plans by state and local governm e nts. Under EPCRA, states establish State Em ergency Response Com m i ssions (SERCs), responsible for coordinating certain em ergency response activities and for appointi ng Local Em ergency Planning Com m ittees (LEPCs).

EPCRA and the EPCRA regulations ( 40 CFR Parts 350-372) establish four types of reporting obligations f o r f acilities which store or m a nage specif i ed chem icals:

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• EPCRA section 302 requires f acilities to notif y the SERC and LEPC of the presence of any extrem ely hazardous substance at the facility in an am ount in excess of the established threshold planning quantity. The list of extrem ely hazardous substances and their threshol d planning quantities is found at 40 CFR Part 355, Appendices A and B.

• EPCRA section 303 requires that each LEPC develop an em ergency plan. The plan m u st contain (but is not lim ited to) the identif ication of

f

acilities within the planning dist rict, likely routes f o r transporting extrem ely hazardous substances, a desc r i ption of the m e thods and procedures to be f o llowed by f acility owners and operators, and the designation of com m unity and facility em ergency response coordinators.

• EPCRA section 304 requires the f acility to notif y the SERC and the LEPC in the event of a release exceeding the reportable quantity of a CERCLA hazardous substance (defin ed at 40 CFR Part 302) or an EPCRA extrem ely hazardous substance.

• EPCRA sections 311 and 312 require a facility at which a hazardous

c h em ical, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, is present in an am ount exceeding a specified threshold to subm it to the SERC, LEPC and local fire departm e nt m a terial safety data sheets (MSDSs) or lists of MSDSs and ha zardous chem ical inventory form s (also known as Tier I and II form s). This inform ation helps the local governm e nt respond in the event of a spill or release of the chem ical.

• EPCRA section 313 requires certain covered facili t i es, including SI C codes 20 through 39 and others, which have ten or m o re
em ployees, and which m a nufactur e , pr ocess, or use specified chem icals in am ounts greater than threshold quantities, to subm it an annual toxic chem ical release repor t. This report, com m only known as the Form R, covers releases and t r ansfers of toxic chem icals to various f acilities and environm ental m e dia. EPA m a intains the data reported in a publically accessible database known as the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI).

All inform ation subm itted pursuant to EPCRA regulations is publicly accessible, unless protected by a trade secret claim

. EPA's RCRA, Superfund and EPCRA Call Center, at 800-424-9346, answers questions and distributes guidance regarding the emergency planning and community right-to-know regulations. Documents and resources can be obtained from the hotline ’ s homepage at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline.

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The EPCRA Hotline operates weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays.

Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act (CAA) and its am endm ents are designed to “protect and enhance the na t i on's air resources so as to prom ote the public health and welfare and the productive c a p a c i ty of the population.” The CAA consists of six sections, known as Titles, which direct EPA to establish national standards f o r am bient air quality and f o r EPA and the states to im plem ent,

m a intain, and enforce these standards through a variety of m e chanism s

. Under the CAA, m a ny f acilities are requi red to obtain operating perm its that consolidate their air em i s s i on requirem e nts. State and local governm e nts oversee, m a nage, and enforce m a ny of the requirem e nts of the CAA. CAA regulations appear at 40 CFR Parts 50-99.

Pursuant to Title I of the CAA, EP A has established national am bient air quality standards (NAAQSs) to lim it leve ls of “criteria pollutants,” including carbon m onoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate m a tter , oz one, and sulfur dioxide. Geographic a r e a s th at m eet NAAQSs for a given pollutant are desi g n a ted as attainm e nt areas; those that do not m eet NAAQSs are designated as non-attainm e nt areas. Under section110 and other provisions

o f

th e CAA, each s t ate m u s t d e v e lo p a S t ate Im p l em en tatio n P l an (S IP ) to identify sources of air pollution and to determ ine what reductions are required to m eet fe deral air quality standards. Revised NAAQSs for particulates and ozone were proposed in 1996 and will becom e effective in 2001.

Title I also authorizes EPA to esta blish New Source Perf orm a nce Standards (NSPS), which are nationally uniform em ission standards for new and

m odified stationary sources falling within particular industrial categories. NSPSs are based on t h e pollution control technology available to that category of industrial source (see 40 CFR Part 60).

Under Title I, EPA establishes and en f o rces National Em ission Standards f o r Hazardous Air Pollut a nt s ( N ESHAPs ) , na t i ona l l y uni for m standards oriented toward controlling specific hazardous ai r pollutants (HAPs). Section 112(c) of the CAA further directs EPA to develop a list of s ource categories that

em it any of 188 HAPs, and to develop regulations for these cat egories of

sources. To date EPA has listed 185 source categories and developed a schedule for the establishm ent of em ission s t a ndards. The em ission standards are being developed for both new and existing sources based on “m axim um achievable control technology” (MACT). The MACT is defined as the control technology achieving the m a xim u m degree of reduction in the

em ission of the HAPs, taking into account cost and other factors.

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Ti tle II of the CAA pertains to m obile sources, such as cars, trucks, buses, and planes. Reform ulat ed gasoline, autom obile pollution control devices, and vapor recovery nozzles on gas pum ps are a few of the m echanism s EPA uses to regulate m obile air em ission sources.

Title IV-A establishes a sulf ur dioxide and nitrogen oxides em issions program designed to reduce the form ati on of acid rain. Reduction of sulfur dioxide releases will be obtained by granting to certain sources lim ited

em issions allowances that are set below previous levels of sulfur dioxide releases.

Title V of the CAA establishes an operating perm it program f

o r all “m ajor sources” (and certain other sources) re gulated under the CAA. One purpose of the operating perm it is to include in a single docum ent all air em issions requirem e nts that apply to a given f ac ility. States have developed the perm it program s in accordance with guidance and regulat i ons fr om EPA. Once a state program is approved by EPA, perm its are issued and m onitored by that state.
Title VI is intended to protect stratospheric ozone by phasing out the

m a nufacture of ozone-de p l e ting chem icals and restricting their use and distribution. Production of Class I substanc e s , including 15 kinds of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were phase d out (except for essential uses) in 1996.

EPA's Cl ean Ai r Technol ogy Cent er, at 919-541-0800 or www.epa.gov/ttn/catc , provides general assistance and information on CAA standards. The Stratospheric Ozone Information Hotline, at 800-296-1996

or www.epa.gov/ozone , provides ge neral information about regulations promulgated under Title VI of the CAA; EPA's EPCRA Call Center, at 800- 424-9346 or www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline , answers questions about accidental release prevention under CAA section112(r) ; and information on air t o xics can be accessed through the Unified Air Toxics website at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/

. In addition, the Clean Air Technology Center’s website includes recent CAA rules, EPA guidanc e documents, and updates of EPA activities.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was first passed in 1947, and am ended nume r ous tim es, m o st recently by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. FIFRA provides EPA with the authority to oversee, am ong ot he r t h ings, the registration, distribution, sale and use of pesticides. The Act applies to all types of pe s t i c i d e s , including i n s e c t i c i d e s , he r b i c i d e s , fungicides, rodent i c i d e s a nd a n t i m i c r obi a l s

. FI FRA covers both intrastate and interstate com m e rce.

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Establishm ent Registration Section 7 of FIFRA requires that establishm ents producing pesticides, or active ingredients used in producing a pesticide subj ect to FIFRA, register with EPA. Registered establishm en ts m u st report the types and am ounts of pesticides and active ingredients they produce. The Act also provides EPA inspection authority and enables the agency to take enforcem ent actions against f acilities that are not in com p liance with FIFRA.

Product Registration Unde r s e ction 3 of FIFRA, all pes ticides (with f e w exceptions) sold or distributed in t h e U.S. m u st be regist ered by EPA. Pesticide registration is very specific and generally allows use of the product only as specified on the label. Each registration specifies th e use site i.e., where the product m a y be used and the am ount that m a y be applied. The person who seeks to register the pesticide m u st file an application for registration. The a ppl ication process often requires e i ther the citation or subm ission of extensive environm ental, health and safety data.

To register a pesticide, the EPA Adm i nistrator m u st m a ke a num ber of findings, one of which is that the pes ticide, when used in accordance with widespread and c o mmonly recognized practice, will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environm ent.

FI FRA defines “unreasonable adverse effects on the environm ent” as “( 1) any unreasonable risk to m a n or the environm ent , t a king into account the

econom ic, social, and environm ental cost s and benefits of the us e of the pesticide, or (2) a hum an dietary risk from residues that result from a use of a pesticide in or on any food inconsiste nt with the standard under section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosm etic Act (21 U.S.C. 346a).”

Under FIFRA section 6(a)(2), after a pesticide is registered, the registrant

m

u st also notify EPA of any additional fa c t s a nd inform ation concerning unreasonable advers e environm ental effects of the pesticide. Also, if EPA determ ines that additional data are n eeded to support a registered pesticide, registrants m a y be requested to provide additional data. If EPA determ ines that the registrant(s) did not com p ly w ith their request for m o re inform ation, the registration can be suspended under FIFRA section 3(c)(2)(B).

Use Restrictions As a part of the pesticide registra tion, EPA m u st classify t h e product for general use, restricted use, or general for som e uses and restricted for others (Miller, 1993). For pesticides that m a y cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environm ent, including injury to the applicator, EPA m a y require that the pesticide be applied either by or unde r the direct supervision of a certified applicator.

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Reregistration Due to concerns that m u ch of the sa fety data underlying pesticide registrations becom e s outdated and inad equate, in addition to providing that registrations be reviewed every 15 y ears, FIFRA requires EPA to reregister all pesticides that were registered prior to 1984 (section 4). After reviewing existing data, EPA m a y approve the reregistration, request additional data to support the registration, cancel, or suspend the pesticide.

Tolerances and Exem ptions A tolerance is the m a xim u m am ount of pesticide residue that can be on a raw product and still be considered safe. Be fore EPA can register a pesticide that is used on raw agricultural products, it m u st grant a tolerance or exem ption from a tolerance (40 CFR Parts 163.10 through 163.12). Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosm etic Act (FFDCA), a raw agricultur a l pr oduct is deem ed unsafe if it contains a pesticid e residue, unless the residue is within the lim its of a tolerance established by EPA or is exem pt f r om the requirem e nt.
Cancellation and Suspension EPA can cancel a registration if it is determined that the pesticide or its labeling does not com p l y with the requirem e nts of FIFRA or causes unreasonable adverse effects on the environm ent (Haugrud, 1993).

In cases where EPA believes that an “im m i nent hazard” would exist if a pesticide were to continue to be used through the cancellation proceedings, EPA m a y suspend the pesticide registra tion through an order and thereby halt the sale, distribution, and usage of t h e pesticide. An “im m i nent hazard” is de fined as an unreasonable adverse effect on the environm ent or a n unreasonable hazard to the survival of a threatened or endangered species that would be the likely result of allo wing continued use of a pesticide during a cancellation process.

W h en EPA believes an em ergency exists that does not perm it a hearing to be held prior to suspending, EPA can issu e an em ergency order which m a kes the suspension im m e diately effective.

Im ports and Exports Under FIFRA section 17(a), pesticide s not r e gistered in the U.S. and intended solely for export are not require d to be registered provided that the exporte r obtains and subm its to EPA, prior to export, a statem ent from the foreign purchaser acknowledging that the purchaser is aware that the product is not registered in the United States and cannot be sold for use there. EPA sends these statem ents to the governm e nt of the im porting country. FIFRA sets forth additional requirem e nts that m u st be m e t by pesticides intended solely for export. The enforcem ent po licy for exports is codified at 40 CFR Parts 168.65, 168.75, and 168.85.

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Unde r FI FRA section 17(c), im ported pesticides and devices m u st com p ly with U.S. pesticide law. Except where exem pted by regulation or statute, im ported pesticides m u st be registered. FIFRA s ection 17(c) requires that EPA be notified of the arrival of im ported pesticides and devices. This is

accom p lished through the Notice of Ar r i val (NOA) (EPA Form 3540-1), which is f illed out by the im porter prio r to im portation and subm itted to the EPA regional of f i ce applicable to the intended port of entry. U.S. Custom s regulations prohibit the im portation of pesticides without a com p leted NOA. The EPA-reviewed and signed form is returned to the impor t e r for presentation to U.S. Customs when the shipm e nt arrives in the U.S. NOA form s can be obtained from contacts in the EPA Regional Offices or www.epa.gov/oppfead1/international/noalist.htm

.
Additional i n f

o r m ation on FIFRA and the regulation of pesticides can be obtained from a variety of sources , including EPA’ s Office of Pesticide Programs www.epa.go v / p e s t i c i d e s , EPA’s Office of Compliance, Agriculture and Ecosystem Division http://www.epa.gov/compli ance/assistance/sectors/ agriculture.htm l , or T h e N a tional Agriculture Compliance Assistance Center, 888-663-2155 or http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/

. Other sources include the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network, 800-858-7378, and the National Antimicrobial Information Network, 800-447-6349.

Toxic Substances Control Act

Because the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) applies prim arily to the chem ical industry, it is discussed in Section VI.B., Industry Specific Requirem e nts.
Coastal Zone Management Act

The Coastal Zone Managem e nt Act (CZMA) encourages states/t r i bes to preserve, protect, develop, and where po ssible, restore or enhance valuable natural coastal resources such as wetl a nds , floodplains, estuaries, beaches, dunes, barrier islands, and coral reefs, as well as the fish and wildlife using those habitats. It includes areas bordering the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, Gulf of M e xico, Long Is land Sound, and Great Lakes. A unique feature of this law is that participation by states/tribes is voluntary.

In the Coastal Zone Mana ge m e nt Act Reauthorization Am endm ents (CZARA) of 1990, Congress identified nonpoint source pollution as a m a jor factor in the continuing degradation of c o astal waters. Congress also recognized that effective solutions to nonpoint s our c e pollution could be im plem ented at the state/tribe and local levels. In CZARA, Congress added Section 6217 (16 U.S.C. section 1455b), which calls upon states/tribes with federally-approved coastal zone m a nage m e nt program s to develop and im plem ent coastal nonpoint pollution control program s. The Section 6217

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program is adm i nistered at the f e deral level jointly by EPA and the National Oceanic and Atm o spheric Agency (NOAA).

Section 6217(g) called for EPA, in consultation with other agencies, to develop guidance on “m anagem ent m easures” for sources of nonpoint source pollution i n coastal waters. Under Section 6217, EPA is responsible for developing technical guidance to assist states/tribes in designing coastal nonpoint pollution control program s. On January 19, 1993, EPA issued its Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters , which addresses five m a jor sour ce categories of nonpoint pol l u tion: (1) urban runoff, (2) agriculture runoff, (3) forestry runoff, (4) m a rinas and recreational boating, and (5) hydrom odification.

Additional information on coastal z one management may be obtained from EPA’s Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, www.epa.gov/owow , or from the Watershed Information Network www.epa.gov/win. T h e N O

A A website, http://www.o c r m .nos.noaa.gov/czm/ , also contains additional information on coastal zone management.

VI.B. Industry Specific Requirements
The organic chem ical industry is affect ed by nearly all federal environm ental statutes. In addition, the industry is subject to num erous laws and regulations from state and local governm e nts designed to pr ot e c t a nd im prove the nation’s health, safety, and environm ent. A sum m a ry of the m a jor federal regulations affecting the chem ical industry follows.

Clean Air Act (CAA)

National Am bient Air Quality Standards At organic chem istry m a nuf acturing f acilities, air em issions f r om both processes and supporting equipm ent (e .g., boilers, storage tanks, and equipm ent leaks) are regulated unde r the N a tional A m bient A i r Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the State Im plem entation Plans (SIP) that enforce the standards. States m a y im plem ent controls to lim it em issions of particulate m a tter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and sulf ur dioxide (SO 2 ), lead, and carbon m onoxide (CO).

Although m a ny lim its are im plem ented a t t h e state level, there are national guidelines tha t s e r v e a s a basis for m o re specific lim its. Sources that are considered “m ajor” under the Clean Air Act are subject to new source review (NSR), which includes the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) review. Both NSR and PSD are perm it program s for fa c i l i ties that were constructed, reconstructed, or m odified after a certain date.

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Facilities i n NAAQS attainm e nt areas m u st follow PSD requirem e nts by dem onstrating that the construction/ m odif i cation project will not cause a violation of air quality lim its and by im plem enting the best available control technology (BACT).

New or m odified facilities in nonattainm e nt areas m u st fol l o w NSR requirem e nts , which require the source to m eet the lowest achievable

em i s s i on rate (LAER) and to obtain em ission offsets to ensure that the nonattainm e nt problem is not m a de worse by the new/m odified source.

In addition to the PSD/NSR pre-construction obligations, there are processspecific operational standards: New S ource Perform a nce Standards (NSPS). 40 CFR 60 lists t h e s e s t a ndards, which serve as m i nim u m requirem e nts in states SIPs. Individual states m a y im pose requirem e nts that are m o re strict. The following NSPSs are particularly relevant to the organic chem icals industry:

Subparts D, Db, Dc

Subpart Ka, Kb

Subpart VV

Subpart DDD

Subpart III

Subpart NNN

Subpart RRR Industrial boilers (Regulates PM, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from new boilers)

V o l a tile o r g a n i c liq u i d s t o r a g e v e s s e ls ( I n c l u d i n g Petroleum Liquid Storage Vessels) (Regulates VOC from applicable storage tanks containing volatile organic liquids)

Equipm ent leaks (Regulates VOC from e qui pm ent in the organic chem icals industry)

Polym e r m a nufacturing [ R egulates VOC f r om f acilities m a nuf acturing polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, or poly (ethylene terephthalate)]

Air oxidation unit processes (Regulates VOC from processes that use oxygen in air as a reactant)

Distillation operations (Regulates VOC fromprocesses that separate vaporphase chem icals from liquid-phase chem icals)

Reactor processes ( R egulates VOC from processes that com b ine or decom pose chem icals)

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Hazardous Air Pollutants Air toxics regulations apply to several parts of the organic chem ical

m a nufacturing pr oc e s s

. The mos t i m por tant National Em ission Standards f o r Ha zardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for the industry is the Hazardous Organic NESHAP, referred to as HON (40 CFR 63 subparts F,G,H, and I). The HON regulates em issions of 111 hazardous air pollutants em itted by the organic chem icals industry from proce ss vents, transfer operations, storage vessels, wastewater, and equipme n t leaks. The HON applies to “m ajor sources,” which are def i ned as facilitie s that em it or have the potential to

em it 10 tons per year or m o re of any haza rdous air pollutant (HAP) or 25 tons per year or m o re of any com b ination of HAPs.

Am ong other NESHAPs that are im portant to the industry are:

• V inyl chloride m a nufacturers (40 CFR part 61 subpart F)

• B enzene equipm ent leaks (40 CFR part 61 subpart J)

• E quipm ent leaks (fugitive em ission sources) (40 CFR 61 subpart V)

• B enzene storage vessels (40 CFR 61 subpart Y)

• B enzene transfer operations (40 CFR 61 subpart BB)

• B enzene waste operations (40 CFR part 61 subpart FF)

• I ndustrial cooling towers (40 CFR 63 subpart Q)

Part 61 NESHAPs can apply to a f acility of any size a nd are not lim ited to

m a jor sources.

Risk Managem e nt Program Organic chem ical facilities a r e subject to section 112(r) of CAA, which states that stationary sources using extrem el y ha zardous substances have a “general duty” to initiate spec if ic activities to prevent and m itigate accidental relea s e s

. The general duty requirem e nts apply to stationary sources that produce, process, handle, or store these substances, regardless of the quantity of m a naged at the facility. Although there is no list of “extrem ely hazardous substances,” EPA’s Chem ical Em ergency Preparedness and Prevention Office provides s o m e guidance at its website: http://yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/content/index.html

. The general duty clause requires facilities to id entify hazards t h at may result from accidental releases, to design and m a intain a safe facility, and to m i nim i ze the consequences of releases when they occur.

Many large organic chem ical facilities are subject to additional, m o re explicit risk m a nagem e nt requirem e nts. Facilitie s that have m o re than a threshold qua nt ity of any of the 140 regulated substances in a single process a r e required to develop a risk ma na gem e nt program and to sum m a rize their program in a risk m a nagem e nt plan (RMP). Facilities subject to the

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requirem e nts were required to subm it a registration a nd RMP in 1999 or whenever they first exceed the threshol d for a listed regulated substance after that date.

All f acilities m eeting the RMP threshold requirem e nts m u st f o llow Program 1 requirem e nts:

• A n offsite consequence analysis that evaluates specific potential release scenarios, including worst-case and alternative scenarios.

• A five-year history of certain accidental releases of regulated substances from covered processes.

• A risk m a nagem e nt plan, revised at least once every five years, that describes and docum ents these activities f o r all covered processes.

In addition, m a ny organic chem icals facilities m a y be subject to the requirem e nts of Program 2 or 3. These additional requirem e nts include:

• A n integrated prevention progra m to m a nage risk. The prevention program will include ident i f i cation of hazards, written operating procedures, training, m a intenance, and accident investigation.

• A n em ergency response program

.

• A n overall m a nagem e nt system to put these program elem ents i n t o effect.

The list of chem icals that trigger RMP requirem e nts can be found in 40 CFR 68.130; inform ation to determ ine the required program level als o c a n be found in 40 CFR 68.

Title V perm its Title V requires that all “m ajor sour ces” (and certain m i nor sources) obtain an operating perm it. Large organic chem ical f a cilities are required to have a Title V perm it, and m a y be required to subm it inform ation about em issions, control devices, and the general pro cess at the f acility in the perm it application. Perm its m a y lim it pollutant em issions and im pose m onitoring, record keeping, and reporting requirem e nts.
Monitoring requirem e nts f o r m a ny facilities with Title V perm its are specified in the Com p liance Assuran ce Monitoring (CAM) regulations. For facilities that m eet em issions requirem e nts on their perm its through the use of pollution control equipm ent, CA M requires that the facilities conduct

m onitoring of that control equipm ent in order to assure that the equipm ent is operated and m a intained as prescribed in their perm its.

Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection Many organic chem ical facilities operate industrial process refrigeration units, such as chillers f o r chlorine dioxide plants. For those units that utilize

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o z o n e -d ep leting chem icals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), facilities are required under Title VI to follow leak repair requirem e nts.
Consolidated Air Rule (CAR) The Consolidated Air Rule (CAR) is a pilot project for the synthetic organic chem ical m a nufacturing industry (SOCM I )

. The prim ary goal of the CAR is to reduce the burden and potential conf usion of com p lying with m u ltiple air regulations f o r the sources at a single f a cility, while ensuring protection of the environm ent and im proving com p liance. The program is an optional alternative rule f o r f acilities subject to SOCMI air regulations.

For f acilities that wish to com p ly w ith the CAR, the program consolidates

m a jor portions of the following new source perform a nce standards (NSPS) and national em ission standards f o r hazardous air pollutants (N E S H A P ) applicable to storage ve s s e ls, process vents, transfer operations, and equipm ent leaks within the SOCMI:

• 40 CFR part 60, subparts A, Ka , Kb, VV, DDD, III, NNN, and RRR

• 40 CFR part 61, subparts A, V, Y, and BB

• 40 CFR part 63, subparts A, F, G, and H

The CAR regulations, codified in 40 CFR 65, organize the requirem e nts by specific em ission point; as a result, the subparts m o re clearly delineate the requirem e nts that would apply to each plant function. It is im portant to note that the CAR consolidates only those CFR subpa r t s listed above. Organic chem icals facilities m a y be subject to other regulations under the CAA or other statutes, such as RCRA.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) granted EPA authority to create a regulatory framewor k to collect data on chem icals in order to evaluate,
assess, m itigate, and control risks that m a y be posed by their m a nuf acture, processing, and use. TSCA provides a va riety of control m e thods to prevent chem icals from posing unreasonable risk. It is im portant to note that pesticides as defined in FIFRA are not included in the definition of a “chem ical substance” when manufactur ed, processed, or distributed in

com m e rce for use as a pesticide.

Section 4 of TSCA requires testing of existing chem icals – both m i xtures and individual substances. EPA has established a “ M a s t e r Testing List” that presents testing priorities, based on risk and exposure potential. For

exam ple, EPA is currently working w ith m a nufacturers to encourage testing on chem icals that are produced and used in large volum es (High Production Volum e Testing). At present these tests are voluntary, but EPA has authority

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to develop a testing rule if it determin es such a rule is necessary. Detail is provided in 40 CFR 766, 790-799.

Section 5 states the requirement s for prem anufacture notices (PMNs). Chem ical m a nufactur e r s a r e required to notify EPA 90 days before

m a nufacturing or im porting a chem ical if the chem ical is not listed in EPA’s Chem ical Substance Inventory, or if its use would be a “significant new use.” See 40 CFR 700, 720-725, 747 for m o re inform ation.

Section 6 regulates or bans the use of chem icals that pose unreasonable risks. Chem icals regulated under this rule include asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), lead, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Details are listed in 40 CFR 747,749,761, and 763.

Section 8 ha s s e veral recordkeeping and reporting requirem e nts, which are listed in 40 CFR 710-717. The Inventory Update Rule (IUR) under TSCA Section 8(a) requires com p anies that m a nuf acture or im port m o re than 10,000 lbs. of certain chem icals included in t h e TSCA Chem ical Substance I nve nt or y to report current data on the production volum e, plant site, a n d site-lim ited status of these chem ical s. Reporting under the IUR takes place at four-year intervals that began in 1986.

The Prelim inary Assessm ent Inform ation Rule (PAIR) under TSCA Section 8( a ) requires site-specific inform ation on the m a nufacture or im porting for

com m e rcial purposes of a ny c h e m icals listed in 40 CFR 712.30. The inform ation includes: quantity of chem ical, am ount lost to the environm ent during production or i m portation, quantity of releases (controlled and noncontrolled) of the chem ical, and per release worker exposure inform ation.

The Allegations of Significant Advers e Reactions Rule under TSCA Section 8(c) requires com p anies to keep a file of allegations of significant adverse reactions (to hum an health or the environm ent) of any chem ical it

m a nufactures, im ports, processes, or di stributes. The com p any m u st provide this inform ation to EPA upon request.

The Unpublished Health and Safety St udies Rule under TSCA Section 8(d)

r e quires com p anies to subm it to EPA a list and/or copies of unpublishe d studies that address the health or safety issues of certain listed chem icals.

The Substantial Ris k I n form ation Requirem e nt in Section 8(e) requires

com p anies to report to EPA within 15 days any new inf o rmation that reasonably supports the conclusions that a substance or m i xture

m a nufactured, im ported, processed, or distributed by the com p any presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the environm ent.

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Section 12 of TSCA requires that exporte rs of chem icals subject to Sections 5, 6,or 7 of TSCA m u st notif y EPA of the country of destination the first tim e a chem ical is shipped to the country during a calendar year. C o m p anies

m a nufacturing chem icals subject to S ection 4 of TSCA m u st notify EPA of t h e country of destination the first tim e that chem ical is shippe d t o t h e country. Specific requirem e nts are listed in 40 CFR 707.

Section 13 require s im porters of a chem ical substance or m i xture to certify at the port of entry that the shipm e nt is either subject to and in com p liance with TSCA (a positive certif ication), or that the shipm e nt is not subject to TSCA ( a negative certification). De tails are listed in 40 CFR 707 and 19 CFR 12.118-12.128.
EPA’s TSCA Assistance Information Service, at 202-554-1404, an s w ers questions and distributes guidance pert aining to Toxic Substances Control Act standards. The Service operates from 8:30 a.m. through 4:30 p.m., EST, excluding federal holidays.

Clean Water Act ( C WA)

There are two industry-specific com pone nts of the Clean W a ter Act (CW A ) requirem e nts: NPDES perm itting and pret reatm e nt program s. Other general CW A requirem e nt s , such as those for wetlands and storm w ater, m a y also apply to the organic chem icals f acilitie s and are described in Section VI.A.

Individual NPDES requirem e nts have been developed for specific subcategories of t h e i ndustry; they are described in 40 CFR 414. For each of these subcategories (com m odity organic chem icals, bul k organic chem icals, and specialty organic chem icals), the regulations outline som e or all of the f o llowing f o r f acilities that di scharge wastewater directly to the environm ent:

• b est pr a c t icable control technology currently available (BPT) and best conventional control technology (BCT) guidelines for t h e c ont r o l of

conventional pollutants (biological oxygen dem a nd, total suspended solids, and pH).

• b est available technology econom i cally achievable (BAT) guidelines for the control of toxic and nonconventional pollutants.

• n ew source perform a nce st a ndards (NSPS) for the control of conventional, non-conventional, and toxic pollutants from new f acilities that discharge directly to the environm ent. Approxim a tely 60 chem icals are regulated under BA T and NSPS guidelines for the organic chem icals industry.

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For facilities that discharge their wast ewater to a publicly-owned treatm ent works (POTW ) , pretreatm e nt st a nda r d s m a y apply. In addition to general st a nda r d s established by EPA that address all industries, there are P r etreatm e nt Standards for New Sources (PSNS) and Pretreatm e nt Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) that are specific to 45 chem icals processed within the organic chem icals industry. These standards also are listed in 40 CFR 414.

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)

Three of the com ponents of EPCRA are directly relevant to the organic chem icals industry:

• E m e rgency Planning (§302(a)) - Busi nesses that produce, use or store “hazardous substances” m u st: 1) subm it m a terial safety data sheets or the equivalent, and 2) Tier I/ Tier II annual inventory report form s to the appropria t e l o cal em ergency planning com m i ssion. Those handling “extrem ely hazardous substances” above threshold planning quantities (TPQs) also are required to subm it a one-tim e notice to the state em ergency response com m i ssion.

• E m e rgency Notification of Extr em ely Hazardous Substance Release (§304) - A business that unintentionally releases a reportable quantity of an extrem ely hazardous subst a nc e must report that release to the state em ergency planning c o m m i ssion and the local em ergency planning com m i ssion.

• R elease Reporting (§313) - Manufacturing businesses with ten or

m o re em ployees tha t m a nufactured, processed, or otherwise used a listed toxic chem ical in excess of the “established threshold” m u st file annually a Toxic Chem ical Rel ease form with EPA and the state. Docum e nta t i o n supporting release estim ates m u st be kept for three years. If an organic chem ical s com p any produces chem icals on the TRI list, the com p any has a duty to notify its c u s t om ers of the percentage by weight of the listed chem icals. The com p any m u st also notify its custom ers whenever cha nges are m a de to the product that

a ffect the am ount of TRI chem i cals, or when chem icals i n i t s products becom e newly added to the TRI list by EPA.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Many RCRA requirem e nts outlined in Secti on VI.A pertain to facilities in th e organic chem icals industry. 40 CFR 261 presents guidelines for identifying

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hazardous waste. There are over 50 m a te rials listed as hazardous waste from specific s o urces in the organic chem icals industry (K wastes), and m a ny
m o re hazardous wastes from non-s p e c i fic sources (F wastes) and m a terials with hazardous waste characteristics (D wastes) are generated by the industry. Facilities that generate hazardous wastes m u st follow the standards for hazardous waste generators (40 CFR 262) as discussed in Section VI.A.

Many organic chem ical facilities store som e hazardous wastes at the facility beyond the accum u lation tim e lim its available to generators (e.g., 90 or 180 days). Such facilities are requir e d t o ha ve a RCRA treatm e nt, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) perm it (40 CFR 262.34)

. Som e organic chem ical f acilities are considered TSDF f acilities and theref ore m a y be subject to the following regulations covered under 40 CFR 264:

• C ontingency plans and em ergency procedures (subpart D)

• M anifesting, record keeping, and reporting (subpart E)

• U se and m a nagem e nt of containers (subpart I)

• T ank system s (subpart J)

• S urface im poundm ents (subpart K)

• L and treatm e nt (subpart I)

• C orrective action of hazardous waste releases (subpart S)

• A ir em issions standards for process vents of proces s e s t h a t process or generate hazardous wastes (subpart AA)

• E m i ssions standards for leaks in hazardous waste ha ndling equipm ent (subpart BB)

• E m i s s i ons s t a nda r d s for c ont a i ne r s , t a nks , a nd surface im poundm ents that contain hazardous wastes (subpart CC)

It should be noted that m a ny recyc ling and reclam ation activities involving hazardous waste are considered t o be “treatm e nt,” 2 depending on the particular recycling activities involved and the m a teria l s being recycled. Thus it is im portant to ensure that any tim e a facility is processing secondary

m a terials it is not unknowingly engaging in hazardous waste treatm e nt.
Many organic chem ical facilities are also subject to the underground storage tank (UST) program (40 CFR part 280). The UST regulations apply to f acilities that store either petroleum pr oducts or hazardous substances (except hazardous waste) i d entified under the Com p rehensive Environm ental Response, Com p ensation, and Liability Act. (Hazardous waste is regulated

2 40 CFR 260.10 states that the definition of treatm e nt is: “any m e thod, technique, or process, including neutralization, designed to change the physical, chem ical , or biological character or com position of any hazardous waste so as to neutralize such waste, or so as to recover energy or m a terial resources from the waste, or so as to render such waste non-hazardous, or less hazardous; safer to transport, store, or dispose of; or am enable for recovery, am enable for storage, or reduced in volum e.”

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by other com ponents of RCRA discussed above). UST regulations address design standards, leak detection, operating practices, response to releases, financial responsibility for releases, and closure standards.

A num ber of RCRA wastes have been prohibited fr om land disposal unless treated to m eet specific standards unde r the RCRA Land Disposal Restriction (LDR) program

. The wastes covere d by the RCRA LDRs are listed i n 40 CFR part 268 s ubpart C and include a num ber of wastes that could potentially be generated at organic ch em ical f acilities. Standards f o r the treatm e nt and storage of restricted wa stes are described in subparts D and E, respectively.

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VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements

Inform ation regarding proposed regulations affecting the organi c chem ical industry were obtained from EPA’s United Agenda, whi c h c a n be found at www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/unified.htm

. The United Agenda is updated twice per year

. The contacts listed after each proposed regulation can provide m o re inf o rm ation.

Clean Air Act

NSPS: Synthetic Organic Chem icals Manufacturing Industry – W a stewater This rule will develop a new source perf orm a nce standard to control air

em issions of VOCs from wastewater treatm e nt operations of the synthetic chem ical m a nufa c t uring industry. As of m i d-2002, a final rule was anticipated in Dece mbe r 2002. (Contact: Mary Tom Kissell, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-4516 or Kent Hustve dt, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5395).

NESHAP: Miscellaneous Organic Chem ical Manufacturing and Miscellaneous Coating Manufacturing This regulation will cover organic chem ical m a nuf acturing processes not covered by the HON or other MACT sta ndards. The regulation will control process vents (continuous and batch, including m i xing operations), equipm ent leaks, stor age tanks, wastewater, solvent recovery, and heat exchange system s. As m i d-2002, a final rule is anti c i pa t e d in late 2003. ( C ontact: Randy McDonald, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5402 or Penny Lassiter, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5396).

NESHAP: Com bustion Turbine The com bustion turbine source category is listed as a m a jor source of HAPs under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Com bustion turbines also em it NOx, SO 2 , CO, and PM. Com bustion turbines are already regulated for NOx and SO 2 em issions under section 111 of the C AA. EPA will gather inform ation on HAP em issions from com bustion turb ines and determ ine the appropriate

m a xim u m achievable control technology (MACT) to reduce HAP em issions. As of m i d-2002, a final rule was ant i c i p ated in late 2003. (Contact: Sim s Roy, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5263 or Robert J. W a yla nd, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-1045).

NESHAP: Generic MACT For Car bon Black, Ethylene, Cya n i d e and Spandex Several of the source categories that ar e subject to MACT standards contain only a few s our c e s ( e .g., less than five). EPA plans to develop a generic MACT standard for these source categorie s. As of m i d-2002, a final rule was im inent. (Contact: Mark Morris, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5416 or Penny Lassiter, Office of Air and Radiation, 919-541-5396).

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Standardized Perm it for RCRA Hazardous W a ste Managem e nt Facilities EPA is considering creating a new type of general perm it, called a standardized perm it, f o r f acilities that generate waste and routinely m a nage the waste on-site in tanks, containers, and containm ent buildings. Under the standardized perm it, f acility owners and operators would certif y com p liance with generic design and operating c ondi t i ons set on a national basis. The perm itting agency would review the certif ications subm itted by the f a cility owners and operators. The perm itting ag ency would also be able to im pose additional site-specific term s a nd c onditions for corrective action or other purposes, as called for by RCRA. The standardized perm it should stream line the perm it process by allowing f acilities to obtain and m odif y perm its m o re easily while m a intaining the protectiveness currently existing in the individual RCRA perm it process. As of m i d-2002, a final rule was anticipated i n early 2003. (Contact: Vernon Myers, Office of Solid W a ste and Em ergency Response, 703-308-8660).

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VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE

Background
Until recently, EPA has f o c u s e d m u ch of its attention on easuring com p liance with spe c i fi c environm ental statutes. This approach allows the Agency to track com p liance with the Clean Air Act, the Resourc e Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean W a ter Act, and other environm ental statutes. W ithin the last several years, the Agency has begun t o supplem ent singlem e dia com p liance indicators with f acility-specif i c, m u ltim edia indicators of

com p liance. In doing so, EPA is in a better position to track com p liance with all statutes at the facility level, and within specific industrial sectors.

A m a jo r s t e p in b u ild in g th e c a p a c ity to c o m p ile m u ltim ed ia d a ta f o r industrial sectors was the creation of EP A' s Integrated Data for Enforcem ent Analysis (IDEA) system

. IDEA has th e capacity to "read into" the Agency' s single-m e dia dat a bases, extract com p liance records, and m a tch the records to individual f acilities. The IDEA sy stem can match Air, W a ter, W a ste, Toxics/Pesticides/E P C R A
, T R I, an d E n f o rcem ent Docket records for a given facility, and generate a list of histori cal perm it, inspection, and enforcem ent activity. IDEA also has the capability to analyze data by geographic area and corporate holder. As the capacity to generate m u ltim edia com p liance data im proves, EPA will m a ke available m o re in-depth com p liance and enforcem ent inform ation. Additionally, sector-specific m e asures of success for com p liance assistance efforts are under developm ent.

Compliance and Enforcement Profile Description
Using inspection, violation and enforcem ent data from the IDEA system , this section provides inform ation re garding the historical com p liance and enforcem ent activity of t h is sector. Com p liance and enforcem ent records f r om EPA' s data system s are com p iled to the f acility level using the Facility Registry System ' s (FRS) Master Source ID, which links records from virtually any of EPA' s data system s to a f acility record. For each f a cility (i.e., Master Source ID), the Industry Sector Notebooks analysis us e s t h e f acility-level SIC code that is desi gnated by IDEA, which can be described as f o llows:

1. If the f acility reports to TRI, then the designated SIC code is the prim ary SIC reported in the m o st recent TRI reporting year.

2. If the facility does not report to TRI, the f i rst SIC codes f r om all linked AFS, PCS, RCRAInfo, BRS ID/per m its are assem b led. If m o re than one perm it/ID exists f o r a particular pr ogram then only one record f r om that data system is used. The SI C code th at occurs m o st often, if there is one,

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becom e s the designated SIC code.

3. If the f acility does not report to TRI and no SIC code occurs m o re often than others, the designated SIC code is chosen from the linked program s in the following order: AFS, PCS, BRS, RCR, NCD, DCK. If m o re than one perm it/ID exists f o r a particul ar program then only one record f r om that data system is used.

Note that EPA does not attem p t to def i ne the actual num ber of f

acilities that fall within each sector

. I n st ead, the in form ation presented in this section portrays the records of a subset of f

acilities within the sector that are well defined within EPA databases.

As a check on the relative size of the full sector universe, m o st notebooks contain an estim ated num ber of facilitie s within the sector according to the Bureau of Census (See Section II). W ith sectors domi nated by sm all businesses, such as m e tal finishers a nd printers, the reporting universe within the EPA databases m a y be s m a l l in com p arison to Census data. However, the group selected for inclusion in this data analysis section should be consistent with this sector' s general m a ke-up.

Following this introduction is a lis t defining each data colum n presented wit h in this section. These values represent a retrospective sum m a ry of inspections or enforcem ent actions, and solely reflect EPA, state and local

com p liance assurance activity that have been entered into EPA databases. To identify any changes in trends, the EPA ran two data queries, one for the past five calendar years (Septem b er 16, 1997 to Septem ber 15, 2002) and the other for the m o st recent 24-m onth pe riod (Septem b er 16, 2000 to Septem ber 15, 2002). The five-year analysis gives an average level of activity for that period for com p arison to the m o re recent activity.

Because m o st inspect i ons focus on single-m e dia requirem e nts, the data queries presented in this section are t a ke n from single m e dia databases. These databases do not provide data on whether inspections are state/local or EPA-led. However, the table breaking down the universe of violations does give the reader a general m easurem ent of the EPA' s and states' efforts within each m e dia program

. The pr esented data illustrate the variations across Regions for certain sectors. 3 This variation m a y be attributable to state/local data e n try variations, specific geographic concentrations, proxim ity to population cen ters, sensitive ecosystem s, highly toxic chem icals used in production, or hist orical noncom pliance. Hence, the exhibited data

3 EPA Regions include the following states: I (CT, MA, ME , RI, NH, VT); II (NJ, NY, PR, VI); III (DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV); IV (AL
, FL , GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, T N ); V (IL , IN, MI, MN, OH, WI); VI (AR, L A , NM, OK, T X ); VII (IA, KS, MO, NE); VIII (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, W Y ); IX (AZ, CA, HI, NV, Pacific Trust Territories); X (AK, ID, OR, WA).
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do not ra nk r e gi onal perform a nce or necessarily reflect which regions m a y have the m o st com p liance problem s.
Compliance and Enforcement Data Definitions

General Definitions

Facility Registry System (FRS) -- this system assigns a com m on Master Source ID to EPA single-m e dia perm it records. The Master Source ID allows EPA to com p ile and review a ll perm it, com p liance, enforcem ent and pollutant release data f o r any given regulated f acility.

Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) -- is a data integration system that can retrieve inf o rm ation f r om the m a jor EPA program of f i ce databases. IDEA uses the FRS m a inta ined Master Source ID identification

num ber to "glue together" separate data records from EPA’s databases. This is done to create a "m aster list" of da ta records for any given facility. Som e of t h e data system s accessible through IDEA are: AIRS (Air Facility Indexing and Retrieval Sys t e m , Office of Air and Radiation), PCS (Perm i t Com p liance System , Office of W a ter), RCRAInfo (Resource Con s ervation and Recovery Inform ation System , Offi ce of Solid W a ste), NCDB (National Com p l i a nc e Data Base, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances), CERCLIS (Com prehensive Environm ental and Liability Inform ation Syst em , Superfund), and TRIS (Toxic Release Inventory System ). IDEA also contains inform a tion from outside sources such as Dun and Bradstreet and the Occupa t i onal Safety and Health Adm i nistration (OSHA). Most data queries displaye d in notebook sections IV and VII were conducted using IDEA.

Data Table Column Heading Definitions

Facilities in Search -- are based on t h e num ber of the FRS m a intained Master Source IDs that were designated to the listed SIC code range. The SIC code range selected for each s earch is defined by each notebook' s selected SIC code coverage described in Section II.

Facilities Inspected - - indicates the level of EPA and state agency inspections f o r the f acilities in this da ta search. These values show what percentage of the f acility universe is inspected in a 24- or 60- m onth period.

Number of Inspections -- m easures the total number of inspections conducted in this sec t or. An inspection event is counted each tim e it is entered into a single m e dia database.

Average Time Betw een Inspections -- provides an average length of tim e, expressed in m onths, that a com p liance inspection occurs at a f acility within

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the defined universe.

Facilities w i th One or More Enforcement Actions -- expresses the num ber of

f

acilities that were party to at l east one enf o rcem ent action within the defined tim e period. This category is broken down further into federal and state actions. Data are obtained f o r adm i nistrative, civil/judicial, and crim inal enforcem ent actions. Adm i nistrative actions include Notices of Violation (NOVs). A facility with m u ltiple enforcem ent actions i s only counted once in this colum n (facility with three enforcem ent actions counts as one). All percentages that appear are ref e renced to the num ber of f

a cilities inspected.

Total Enforcement Actions -- describes the total num ber of enforcem ent actions identified for an industrial sector across all environm ental statutes. A facility with m u ltiple enforcem ent actions is counted m u ltiple t i m es (a facility with three enforcem ent actions counts as three).

State Lead Actions -- shows what percentage of the total enforcem ent actions are taken by state and local e nvironm ental agencies. Varying levels of use by states of EPA data system s m a y lim it the volum e of a c t ions accorded state enfor cement activity. Som e states extensively report enf o rcement activities into EPA data system s, while other states m a y use their own data system s.

Federal Lead Actions -- shows what percentage of the total enforcem ent acti ons are taken by the United States Environm ental Protection Agency. This value includes r e fer r a ls from state agencies. Many of these actions result from coordinated or joint state/federal efforts.

Enforcement t o Inspection Rate -- expresses how often enforcem ent actions result f r om inspections. This value is a ratio of enforcem ent actions to inspections, and is presented for com p arative purposes only. This m easure is a rough indicator of the relationshi p between inspections and enforcem ent. This m easure sim p ly indicates historically how m a ny enforcem ent actions can be attributed to inspection activity. Reported inspections and enforcem ent actions under the Cl e a n Wa t e r Act (PCS), the Clean Air Act (AFS) and the Re source Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are included in this ratio. Insp ections and acti ons fr om t h e TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA database are not f actored into this ratio because m o st of the actions taken under t h e s e program s are not the result of facility inspections. This ratio does not account for enforcem ent actions arising from non-inspection com p liance m onitoring activit i e s (e.g., self-reported water discharges) that can result in enfor cem ent action within the CAA, CW A and RCRA.

Facilities w i th One or More Violations Identified -- indicates the

Sector Notebook Project 99 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History
percentage of inspected f

acilities having a violation identif ied in one of the following data categories: In Viol ation or Significant Violation Status (CAA); Re portable Noncom pliance, Current Year Noncom pliance, Significant Nonc om pliance (CW A ); Noncom pliance and Significant Noncom pliance (FIFRA, TSCA, and EP CRA); Unresolved Violation and Unresolved High Priority Violation ( RCRA). The values presented for this colum n reflect the extent of noncom p liance within the m easured tim e fram e, but do not distinguish between the severity of the noncom pliance. Percentages within this colum n can exceed 100 percent because facilities can be in violation status without being inspected. Vi olation status m a y be a precursor to an enforcem ent action, but does not necessarily indicate that an enf o rcem ent action will occur.

Media Breakdow n of Enforcement Actions and Inspections -- four colum n s identify the proportion of tota l inspections and enforcem ent actions within EPA Air, W a ter, W a ste, and TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA databases. Each colum n is a percentage of ei t h er t h e “Total Inspections,” or the “Total Actions” colum n

.

Sector Notebook Project 100 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

VII.A. Organic Chemicals Compliance History

Table 18 provides an overview of the reported com p liance and enforcem ent data for the organic chem ical industry over the past five years (Septem b er 16, 1997 to Septem ber 15, 2002). These data are also broken out by EPA Region thereby perm itting geographical com p aris ons. A f e w points evident f r om the data are listed below.

C Regions 6, 4, and 5 contain the largest num b er of organic chem ical facilities, and account for the m a jority of inspections and enforcem ent actions.

C Region 3 conducts a disproportionately high num ber of inspections relative to the num ber of facilities in the r e gion, and the region has the lowest average tim e between inspections (5 m onths).

C Regions 9 and 1 have the highest average tim e between inspections of

organic chem icals f acilities (50 and 22 m onths, respectively), but also have the highest rate of enforcem ent a c t i ons per inspection (0.16).

Sector Notebook Project 101 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 18: Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summaryfor the Organic Chemicals Industry, by RegionJEnforcementto InspectionRate0.090.160.110.080.070.070.120.040.050.160.10IPercent ofFederal LeadActions28%50%22%20%18%41%31%35%83%83%42%HPercent ofState LeadActions72%50%78%80%82%59%69%65%17%17%58%GTotalEnforcementActions8111410510216376304236612FFacilities with1 or MoreEnforcementActions574128862102781842010108EAverageMonthsBetweenInspections82210568712125012DNumber ofInspections8,839889331,2252,2111,1652,43351611637115CFacilitiesInspected832251118315611821477161319BFacilities InSearch1,10732149106216156267103243123ARegionNational12345678910

Sector Notebook Project 102 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

VII.B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Betw een Selected Industries

Tables 19 and 20 allow t h e c o m p liance history of the organic chem ical industry to be com p ared with the ot her industries cove r e d by the industry sector notebooks. Com p arisons between Tables 19 a nd 20 perm it the identif ication of trends in com p lia nce and enforcem en t records of the industry by com p aring data covering the last five years to that of the past two years. Som e points evident from the data are listed below.

C The organic chem ical indus t r y has a relatively high frequency of inspections compared to the other sectors shown. On average, organic chem ical f acilities were inspected every six m onths.

C Organic chem ical industry has a relatively high percent of facilities with violations and enforcem ent actions and a relatively high rate of enforcem ent per inspection com p ared to the other sectors listed.

C Of the sectors shown, the or ga nic chem ical industry has one of the highest percentage of EPA led enforcem ent actions versus state led actions.

Tables 21 and 22 provide a m o re in-depth com p arison between the organic chem ical industry and other sectors by breaking out the com p liance and enforcem ent data by environm ental statute. As in Tables 18 and 19, the data cover the last five years (Table 21) a nd the previous two years (Table 22) to facilitate the identification of recent trends. A few points evident from the data are listed below.

C Inspections a n d actions conducted under the CAA and RCRA account for the vast majority of the industry’s inspections and actions.

C In the past two years, the propor t i o n of CAA inspections has decreased, but these inspections ha ve resulted in a higher proportion of CAA enforcem ent actions.

Sector Notebook Project 103 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 19:Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected IndustriesJEnforcementtoInspectionRate0.030.050.060.10.050.070.070.050.080.070.070.090.080.090.070.180.080.070.070.090.130.090.080.070.090.130.050.080.10.070.04IPercentFederalLeadActions40%67%18%6%6%14%15%14%15%13%26%16%22%28%48%31%12%10%28%22%11%25%26%18%38%26%0%18%26%17%9%HPercentStateLeadActions60%33%82%94%94%86%85%86%85%87%74%84%78%72%52%70%88%90%72%78%89%75%74%82%62%74%0%82%74%83%91%GTotalClosedEnforcementActions56606405482717593145033784214292158111601,1536859334933434461,59322038123911066233651,346141FFacilities with1 or MoreEnforcementActions108587945322788343863324343863202045742183488348383203382581,98229642425810079642721,062210EAverageMonthsBetweenInspections533718252119171852912914818527176221030372117162339391159DNumber ofInspections1641141,0036,38610,8064,00211,3365,8226,3835,1005,6544,9642,6058,8392,2906,2388,65113,1447,2853,7283,34016,9592,6705,3402,75685913,16040666918,1223,469CFacilitiesInspected73301881,6202,1939112,1811,1664951,5897005454638323753242,3132,2145178223585,2689251,2475491713,3161662422,3351,851BFacilitiesinSearch146712932,6753,7711,2843,2601,7465852,4451,0927796281,1076744763,8703,6257041,3835618,4261,6631,8807912304,9912634363,2953,390AIndustry SectorAgricultural Crop ProductionAgricultural Livestock ProductionMetal MiningOil and Gas ExtractionNon-Fuel,NonMetal MiningTextilesLumberand WoodWood Furnitureand FixturesPulp and PaperPrintingInorganic ChemicalsPlastic Resins and FibersPharmaceuticalsOrganic ChemicalsAg. Chem. Pesticide & FertilizerPetroleumRefiningRubberand PlasticStone,Clay,Glass and ConcreteIron and SteelMetal CastingsNonferrous MetalsMetal ProductsElectronics and ComputersMotorVehicle AssemblyAerospaceShipbuilding and RepairGround TransportationWaterTransportationAirTransportationFossil Fuel Electric PowerDryCleaning* Transportation equipment cleaning sector notincluded because sector is not classified by SIC code and no compliance data areavailable.

Sector Notebook Project 104 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

Sector Notebook Project Novem b er 2002 105Table 20: Two-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected IndustriesACDEFGHIndustry SectorFacilities inSearchFacilitiesInspectedNumber ofInspectionsFacilities with 1 or MoreViolationsFacilities with 1 or moreEnforcement ActionsTotal ClosedEnforcementActionsEnforcementto InspectionRateNumberPercent*NumberPercent*Agricultural Crop Production14638651026%25%10.02Agricultural Livestock Production71816675%675%50.31Metal Mining2931242907460%2823%230.08Oil and Gas Extraction2,6759312,13536339%54659%3520.16Non-Fuel,NonMetal Mining3,7711,3403,38932824%23417%2040.06Textiles1,2846301,25622035%17428%1450.12Lumberand Wood3,2601,4673,71458040%38026%3280.09Wood Furnitureand Fixtures1,7467521,91631642%18224%1390.07Pulp and Paper5853791,83723863%15842%1850.1Printing2,4458551,69935942%23427%1620.1Inorganic Chemicals1,0924731,79324251%17236%1410.08Plastic Resins and Fibers7794111,65221552%16440%1610.1Pharmaceuticals62828882815554%7626%620.07Organic Chemicals1,1075992,78236561%26444%2610.09Agricultural Chemical Pesticide & Fertilizer67423273410847%6026%370.05PetroleumRefining4762401,73819180%22493%4470.26Rubberand Plastic3,8701,4432,99264144%40828%3130.1Stone,Clay,Glass and Concrete3,6251,4884,25449633%38826%3510.08Iron and Steel7043732,20125067%14439%1490.07Metal Castings1,3834951,15330261%18036%1720.15Nonferrous Metals56122396515067%11853%1590.16Metal Products8,4262,9085,704172859%88430%5880.1Electronics and Computers1,66346986232068%14030%860.1MotorVehicle Assembly1,8808161,89741050%21827%1670.09Aerospace79132985417954%9629%690.08Shipbuilding and Repair2301002956363%4848%350.12Ground Transportation4,9912,0594,69649024%45822%3270.07WaterTransportation263811263138%67%40.03AirTransportation4361122165246%3229%180.08Fossil Fuel Electric PowerGeneration3,2951,8106,35570139%52029%4930.08DryCleaning3,3907851,21223830%749%500.04*Percentages in Columns E and F are based on the number of facilities inspected (Column C).because violations and actions can occur without a facility inspection.* Transportation equipment cleaning sector not included because sector is not classified by SIC code and no compliance data areavailable.BPercentages can exceed 100%Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

Sector Notebook Project Novem b er 2002 106Table 21:Summary by Statute for Selected IndustriesIndustry SectorFacilitiesInspectedTotalInspectionsTotalClosedEnforcementActionsClean Air ActClean Water ActRCRAFIFRA/TSCA/EPCRA/Other% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActionsAgricultural Crop Production73164561%40%0%0%36%20%3%40%Agricultural Livestock Production30114648%50%0%17%49%17%3%17%Metal Mining1881,0036061%52%26%43%13%3%1%2%Oil and Gas Extraction1,6206,38664096%93%0%1%4%6%0%0%Non-Fuel,NonMetal Mining2,19310,80654897%98%1%1%1%1%0%0%Textiles9114,00227174%56%13%27%13%13%1%4%Lumberand Wood2,18111,33675977%73%1%2%22%24%1%2%Wood Furnitureand Fixtures1,1665,82231475%74%0%1%24%24%1%1%Pulp and Paper4956,38350368%73%24%20%7%5%1%2%Printing1,5895,10037865%66%0%0%35%32%1%2%Inorganic Chemicals7005,65442150%50%12%13%36%28%2%10%Plastic Resins and Fibers5454,96442951%55%19%22%29%21%2%3%Pharmaceuticals4632,60521548%46%6%8%44%36%2%10%Organic Chemicals8328,83981148%48%12%15%38%30%3%7%Agricultural Chemical Pesticide &Fertilizer3752,29016057%31%12%9%26%21%5%39%PetroleumRefining3246,2381,15363%79%12%8%24%12%1%1%Rubberand Plastic2,3138,65168569%69%1%1%29%24%1%6%Stone,Clay,Glass and Concrete2,21413,14493386%87%1%1%12%10%1%2%Iron and Steel5177,28549366%62%11%14%23%21%0%3%Metal Castings8223,72834364%60%2%3%33%33%1%5%Nonferrous Metals3583,34044665%68%7%8%27%22%1%2%Metal Products5,26816,9591,59345%41%2%2%52%51%1%7%Electronics and Computers9252,67022034%16%4%4%60%67%2%13%MotorVehicle Assembly1,2475,34038161%59%1%1%37%36%0%4%Aerospace5492,75623948%36%3%3%48%57%0%3%Shipbuilding and Repair17185911058%30%5%9%36%61%1%0%Ground Transportation3,31613,16066278%0%1%0%21%0%0%0%WaterTransportation1664063340%33%2%0%57%67%1%0%AirTransportation2426696531%28%2%5%67%66%0%2%Fossil Fuel Electric PowerGeneration2,33518,1221,34675%85%19%9%5%4%1%2%DryCleaning1,8513,46914136%20%0%0%64%80%0%0%* Transportation equipment cleaning sector notincluded because sector is not classified by SIC code and no compliance data areavailable.Five-Year Inspection and EnforcementOrganic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

Sector Notebook Project Novem b er 2002 107Table 22: Two-Year Inspection and EnforcementSummary by Statute for Selected IndustriesIndustry SectorFacilitiesInspectedTotalInspectionsTotalClosedEnforcementActionsClean Air ActClean Water ActRCRAFIFRA/TSCA/EPCRA/Other% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActions% ofTotalInspections% ofTotalActionsAgricultural Crop Production3865159%100%0%0%37%0%5%0%Agricultural Livestock Production816581%60%0%20%19%0%0%20%Metal Mining1242902346%61%35%39%19%0%0%0%Oil and Gas Extraction9312,13535297%97%0%1%3%2%0%0%Non-Fuel,NonMetal Mining1,3403,38920497%99%1%1%2%1%0%1%Textiles6301,25614571%61%16%22%13%13%0%3%Lumberand Wood1,4673,71432875%75%1%1%24%22%0%2%Wood Furnitureand Fixtures7521,91613975%85%0%0%25%14%0%1%Pulp and Paper3791,83718564%81%28%13%7%4%0%1%Printing8551,69916264%0%0%0%35%0%1%0%Inorganic Chemicals4731,79314144%56%14%12%42%25%0%7%Plastic Resins and Fibers4111,65216150%65%21%14%29%19%0%2%Pharmaceuticals2888286244%45%7%11%49%37%0%6%Organic Chemicals5992,78226143%52%14%13%40%31%2%4%Agricultural Chemical Pesticide &Fertilizer2327343751%38%13%14%33%24%3%24%PetroleumRefining2401,73844752%83%16%6%32%10%0%1%Rubberand Plastic1,4432,99231369%79%2%0%29%20%0%2%Stone,Clay,Glass and Concrete1,4884,25435186%85%2%2%12%10%0%2%Iron and Steel3732,20114960%70%13%9%27%17%0%4%Metal Castings4951,15317258%60%3%2%38%33%0%4%Nonferrous Metals22396515959%80%8%3%32%16%0%2%Metal Products2,9085,70458843%46%3%1%54%43%0%9%Electronics and Computers4698628630%12%5%5%65%63%1%21%MotorVehicle Assembly8161,89716757%63%2%1%41%32%0%5%Aerospace3298546946%44%4%0%50%51%0%6%Shipbuilding and Repair1002953559%37%6%11%35%51%0%0%Ground Transportation2,0594,69632775%0%1%0%24%0%0%0%WaterTransportation81126443%50%2%0%56%50%0%0%AirTransportation1122161829%39%1%0%69%56%0%6%Fossil Fuel Electric PowerGeneration1,8106,35549373%87%21%8%6%3%0%2%DryCleaning7851,2125037%6%0%0%63%94%0%0%* Transportation equipment cleaning sector notincluded because sector is not classified by SIC code and no compliance data areavailable.Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History
Sector Facility Indexing Project -- Additional com p liance inf o rm ation f o r the pulp and paper industry is available through EPA’s Sector Facility Indexing Project (SFIP). This is a webs ite that brings together environm ental and other inf o rm ation f r om a num ber of data system s to produce facilityl e ve l profiles for five industry s ectors (pulp m a nufacturing, petroleum refini ng, iron and steel production, pr im ary nonferrous m e tal refining and

sm elting, and autom obile assem b ly) and a subset of m a jor federal facilities. SFIP inf o rm ation relates to com p liance and inspection history, chem ical releases and spills, dem ographi c s of the surrounding population and production. (Contact: SFIP hotline a t 617-520-3015 or the website at http://www.epa.gov/sfipm t n1/)

VII.C. Review of Major Legal Actions

This section provides sum m a ry inform ation about m a jor cases tha t have affected this sector, and a list of Suppl e m e n t a r y Environm ental Projects (SEPs). SEPs are com p liance agreem en ts that reduce a f acility' s stipulated penalty in return for an environm enta l project that exceeds the val u e of the reduction. Often, these projects fund pollution prevention activities that can signif i cantly reduce the f u ture pollutant loadings of a f acility.

This section discusses m a jor legal cases and pending litigation within the organic chem ical i ndustry as well as supplem ental environm ental projects (SEPs) involving organic chem icals facilities. Inform ation regarding m a jor cases or pending litigation is available f r om the Of f i ce of Regulatory Enforcem ent.

VII.C.1. Review of Major Cases

Amspec Chemical Corporation. In March 2000, Region 2 issued an adm i nistrative consent order resolving the m u lti-m e dia cas e s brought against this com p any under §313 of EPCRA and §§5 and 8 of TSCA. In addition to paying a $47,245 penalty, Am spec will perf orm two SEPs, with an estim ated value of over $115,000. The first one consists of t h e installation and operat i on of equipm ent to recover som e m a terials previously in the waste stream from the facility’s m a nufacturing ope r a t ions. The second SEP involves the com p any’s purchase of equi pm ent for the local city’s Office of Em ergency Managem e nt allowing it to m o re effecti v e l y respond to

em ergencies involving chem ical substances.

Troy Chemical. In June 2000, Region 2 issued a final adm i nistrative order on consent to Troy Chem ical. The agreem ent resolved a com b ined EPCRA §313 and TSC A §8 m u lti-m e dia enforcem ent action involving the com p any’s f acility in Newark, New Jersey. U nder the settlem e nt, Troy will perf orm three separate SEPs with a com b in ed worth of m o re than $220,000, and will also pay a civil penalty of $90,700. Troy will install equipm ent at its Newark

Sector Notebook Project 108 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History

f acility to reduce em issions of f

our listed chem ical substances to both air (appr oxi ma tely 10,000 pounds annually) and water (m ore than 200,000 pounds annually). Troy had been cited for failure to subm it TSCA-required Inventory Update Reports for five chem icals, and for under-reporting eleven others; and for failure to subm it EPCRA-required reports for two chem icals. These violations occurred in the early 1990' s.
Occidental and Olin Corporation. Re gion 2 entered a consent decree with Occidental (the successor to the Hooke r Chem ical Com p any) and Olin Corp. in October, 1999, resolving their liability for Superfund response costs incurred by the United States and th e State of New York at the 102 nd Street Landf ill Site in Niagara Falls, New York. Both com p anies disposed of hazardous substances at the site. The consent decr e e c a l l e d for the

c o m p anies to reim burse EPA about $6.87 m illion and New Yor k approxim a tely $690,000 for past costs and interest. In conjunction with

rem e dial work at the landfill valued at about $44 m illion, pursuant to a 1991 unilateral adm i nistrative order issued by Region 2, the com p anies will have paid about 96% of the total site response costs. The decree also secured the

com p anies' com m itm ent to about $700,000 in payment of natural resource dam a ges and replacem ent projects for lost resources.

Shell Chemical Company. On July 19, 2000, EPA issued a Cons e n t Agreem ent and Final Order (CAFO) in settlem e nt of a com p laint f iled on Septem ber 20, 1999, that included a proposed penalty of $27,500 (EPA Docket No. CAA-6-99-039-99), for viola tions of the Clean Air Act and the Louisiana State Im plem entation Plan. Th e f acility f a iled to correctly set the counter (FQ948) which resulted in a spill on Decem ber 8, 1998, of 148 lbs of hydrochloric acid to flow out t h r ough the hatch top of a tank car in violation of the Louisiana Adm i nistrat i v e Code: Title 33, Part III, Section 905. The facility agreed to pay a $6,875 penalty and fund a Supplem ental Environm ental Project (SEP) in th e am ount of $27,796. The SEP provides for the following equipm ent for the St. Charles Parish Depa r t m e nt of Em ergency Preparedness: a weather data unit; risk m a p em ergency response software; and an em ergency operation center phone system

. Westlake Petrochemicals Corporation. The U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency Region 6 (EPA), in consultati on with the Louisiana Departm e nt of E n v i r o n m e n ta l Q u a lity ( L D E Q )
, is s u e d a C o n s e n t A g r e e m e n t a n d F i n a l Or de r to W e stlake Petrochem i cals, for violations of federal and state regulations governing air em issions, the storage and handling of hazardous

m a terials, and the use of toxic substances. Federal assessed penalties total $76,458.

Clean Air Act alleged violations incl uded the f acility repeatedly f a iled to control the sm oke from a flare and failed to report t h e violations, failure to properly label at least five pieces of leaking equipm ent which contributed to

Sector Notebook Project 109 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History
illegal air em issions, and the f acility was cited f o r im properly sam p ling and testing waste for benzene. Under the Em ergency Planning and Com m unity Right to Know Act, the f acility had f a ile d to report its use of chlorine dioxide from 1993 through 1997, a chem ical which is required be to included in the annual Toxic Re l e a s e Inventory report. The EPA also alleged that the

com p any failed to accurately report its us e of pyrolysis oil as required by the Toxic Substances Control Act. U nder the Resource Conservation Recovery Act portion of the com p laint, the f acility is charged with im properly labeling and storing hazardous chem icals including m e rcury, chloroform and benzene, alleges that the com p any did not inspect areas where hazardous waste was stored to ensure that it was stored safely and that surrounding areas were not contam inated, and is charged with faili ng to train em ployees in safe handling of these m a terials and in correct em ergency response procedures.

W e stlake Petrochem i cal has agre e d t o i n stall and operate air m onitoring equipm ent at its fence-line to m easur e various hazardous constituents for 3 years. The f acility will also m a intain a web site, as a m echanism to provide data from its air m onitoring equipm ent. In addition, W e stlake Petrochem i cal has agreed to respond to local resident’s concerns regarding data from the air

m onitoring equipm ent within 24 hours of their request. The estim ated cost for im plem entation of the air m oni t o r i ng project is $568,500. W e stlake Petrochem i cal has also agreed t o perform a third party com p liance audit of its Sulphur facility. This audit will in clude all applicable State and Federal program s f o r its f acility.

E

. I

. D u P o n t d

e N e m o u r s . The Departm e nt of Justice and EPA reached a $1.5 m illion settlem e nt on August 1, 2000 with E.I. Du Pont de Nem ours (DuPont) related to a catastrophic chem i cal release in eastern Kentucky that led to the evacuation of several co m m unities surrounding the plant. DuPont is a large chem ical m a nufacturer that failed to m a intain a safe facility under the General Duty Clause of the Clean Air Act. The charge arose from DuPont’s use of cast iron piping in a tank used to store oleum (sulfur trioxide dissolved in sulfuric acid), and the co m p any’s failure to inspect the piping. The oleum solution corroded the cast iron piping, which ultim ately fractured leading to the release of 23,800 gallons of sulfuric acid into the air. DuPont agreed to pay a $850,000 penalty and spend about $650,000 to create a state of the art em ergency notification syst em for a 10-county region of Kentucky.

U.S. v. Jack L. Aronowitz, et al. On January 31, 2000, t h e Uni t e d States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Division, entered a judgm ent against Defendants, Jack L. Aronowitz and his com p any, Technical Chem icals and Products, Inc., and ordered them to pay past

rem a ining costs of $401,177, plus interest and enforcem ent costs in EPA’s CERCLA Section 107 Cost Recovery action to recover costs incurred at the Lauderdale Chem ical W a rehouse Site. On April 26, 2000, this Court granted the United States’ Request of Award of Trial and Related Expenses, holding

Sector Notebook Project 110 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement History
the defendants jointly and severally liable for an additiona l a m ount of $348,383.

In 1994, EPA conducted a fund lead rem oval action at the Lauderdale Chem ical W a rehouse Site, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida to rem ove chem ica l s that had been abandoned at the Site. From late 1977 through October 1992, this Site was used as a m e di c a l di a gnostic chem ical m a nufacturing plant, processing plant, and che m ical storehouse. In a referral subm itted to the Departm e nt of Justice in August of 1997, EPA requested a cost recovery suit be brought against the form er owner/ope rators at the facility, Dr. Theodore Holstein, Jack L. Aronowitz and hi s com p any Technical Chem icals & Products, Inc., D.H. Blair & Co. a nd its President, Kenton W ood. EPA settled with D.H. Blair & Co. a nd Kenton W ood for $80,000. EPA has also settled with Theodore Holstein for $230,000. EPA then went to trial for two weeks before the U.S. District Court for the Sout hern District of Florida to seek a judgm ent that the rem a ining pot entially responsible parties, Jack L. Aronowitz and his com p any, Technical Ch em icals and Products, Inc., pay all the United States’ outstanding costs in th is case, plus the costs of the trial. On January 31, 2000 the Court found for the United States, and against the defendants who are ordered to pay the United States’ outstanding costs of $401,177, plus interest and enforcem ent costs.

US. v. B.P. Amoco, Des Moines TCE Site, Des Moines, Iowa. This Consent Decree entered into pursuant to Sections 106 and 107 of CERCLA provides for the settling defendants (BP Am oco PLC, Bayer Cor por a tion, Chevron Chem ical Com p any, Monsanto Com p any, and Shell Oil) to pay the United States $2,513,808, pl us i n terest. This am ount represents the Settling Defendants’ fair share of all past a nd estim ates future response and oversight costs for Operable Units 2 and 4 (OU2/4 ) of the Des Moines TCE Site. EPA

ca l c ul a t e d the Settling Defendants’ fair share based upon a Non-Binding Prelim inary Allocation of Responsibility (NBAR) prepared in accordance with Section 122(e) (3) of CERCLA. This am ount includes a settlem e nt prem ium based on anticipated future wo rk at the site. This am ount exceeds EPA’s outstanding costs, with interest, so the balance of the settlem e nt

am ount will be placed in a Special Account to be used for future work at the Site, i.e., long-term ope r a t i on a nd ma i n t e na nc e of a l r e a dy c o mpl e t e d r e mova l actions and institutional controls.

T h e other tw o identif ied potentially res ponsible parties, D i co, Inc. and its parent Titan W h eel International, wh ich own and operate the Site, declined to participate in the settlem e nt negotiati ons and are not parties to the Consent Decree.

VII.C.2. Supplementary Environmental Projects (SEPs)

SEPs are com p liance agreem ents that reduce a f acility' s non-compliance

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penalty in return f o r an environm ental project that exceeds the value of the reduction. Often, these projects fund pollution prevention activities that can reduce the f u ture pollutant loadings of a f acility. Inf o rm ation on SEP cases can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/com p liance/resources/ policies/civil/seps/index.htm l

. Table 36 presents 25 exam ples of SE Ps negotiated with f a cilities. The

m a jority of SEPs were developed in Region VI (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahom a, and Texas).

The three m o st com m on types of SEPs undertaken by the organic chem ical industry were process changes
, c ontrol technology installations or im provem e nts, and non process-related projects.

• N ine of the SEPs were associated wit h pr ocess changes. Projects have included the recirculation of wastewater for reuse, the enclosure of equipm ent that previously released pollutants to the environm ent, and the replacem ent of PCB-containing elect r i cal transform e rs. The value of these projects ranged from $22,280 to $12,000,000.

• F ive of the projects involved cont rol technology. These include the installation of particulate m a tter filtration units, upgraded therm a l oxidizers, and concrete containm ent structures. The value of these projects ranged from $134,000 to $1,000,000.

• T welve of the projects were not process- r e l a ted. One of these required a cl eanup of contam inated soil, but m o st of the others involved funding of Local Em erge ncy Planning Com m ittees (LEPC) or other em ergency response orga nizations. The s e SEPs supported LEPC conferences and em ergency response groups with equipm ent. The value of projects ranged from $3,000 to $19,596.

Sector Notebook Project 112 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 23: FY 1995-1999 Supplemental Environmental Projects Overview:Organic Chemical IndustrySupplemental Environmental ProjectInformationSEP DescriptionPurchase emergencyresponse equipmentfor Buffalo Fire Department.Donate $1,500 in equipment to LEPC and$8,000 to Oklahoma LEPC regionalconference.Donate $4,000 in equipment, $5,500 toOklahoma LEPC conference, and $4,000 inassistance over two yearsto LEPC.Purchase emergencyresponse equipmentfor Niagara CountyHealth Department at acost of $26,439.Donate $5,000 in equipment, $5,000 toLake Charles LEPC conference, and $4,000in assistance to LEPC.Purchase, install, and implement facilitychemical tracking system(FCTS)to createand maintain central database to trackchemical usage and inventories to supportpollution prevention.Donate $2,000 in equipment, $3,000 toOklahoma LEPC regional conference, and$4,000 in assistance over to years to LEPC.Donate $5,000 to Oklahoma LEPCconference and $10,000 for ICS trainingcourse.SEP Category$19,596Emergencyplanningand response$9,500Emergencyplanningand response$13,500Emergencyplanningand response$25,675Emergencyplanningand response$14,000Emergencyplanningand response$22,280Pollution prevention$9,000Emergencyplanningand preparedness$15,000Emergencyplanningand preparednessViolation InformationSEPCost toCompanyAssessedPenalty$12,364$2,500$1,500$47,810$4,000$17,000$3,000$3,000TypeCERCLA103EPCRA304CERCLA103CERCLA103CERCLA103EPCRA 104CERCLA103EPCRA 313CERCLA103CERCLA103General InformationState/RegionNYTXLANYLACOLATXCompanyNameBuffalo ColorCorporationDow ChemicalCompanyFormosa PlasticsCorporationOlin CorporationShell ChemicalCompany–Geismar PlantBoulder ScientificCo.Condea VistaCompanyDow ChemicalCompanyDocket #02-1997-034206-1998-015106-1997-079202-1995-017106-1998-074408-95-013106-97-054206-97-0212FY19981998199819981998199719971997

Sector Notebook Project 113 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 23: FY 1995-1999 Supplemental Environmental ProjectsOverview:Organic Chemical Industry (Continued)Supplemental Environmental ProjectInformationSEP DescriptionConduct pollution prevention audit andfugitive emissions audit; install regenerativethermal oxidizer, benzene tank tie-in, andtoluene tank tie-in; upgrade carbon beds andinstall CEMS.Remediate contaminated soil area.Modifyproduction tanks to significantlyreduce working loss emissions of phenol – ahazardous air pollutant.Institute a process change at PO/MTBE unitin Port Neches, TX, which involvesinstallation of systems to treat propylenerecoverycolumnoverheads.Donate $6,000 to Oklahoma LEPC regionalconference, $2,000 in assistance over oneyear, and $4,000 for employee training onrelease reporting.Construction of a fullyenclosed processingsystem, an auto make repackaging systemand a dust control baghouse to reduceexposure to pyromellitic acid (PMA)powder.SEP Category$1,094,338Assessments andauditsPollution preventionPollution reduction$15,000Environmentalrestoration andprotection$140,185Pollution prevention$945,000Pollution preventionPollution reduction$14,000Emergencyplanningand preparedness$148,148Pollution preventionPollution reductionViolation InformationSEPCost toCompanyAssessedPenalty$370,000$3,750$7,000$300,000$4,000$8,500TypeCAA 112RCRA 3002RCRA 3004RCRA 3005RCRA 3002RCRA 3005RCRA 3005CAA 110CERCLA103EPCRA 313RCRA 3002TSCA15(1)(c)CERCLA103TSCA 15General InformationState/RegionWALATXTXLAKSCompanyNameKalama Chemical,Inc.MackenzieCorporationSchenectadyInternational, Inc.Texaco ChemicalCo. (now known asHuntsmanPetrochemical Co.)WITCOCorporationALLCO ChemicalCorporationDocket #10-92-022606-97-068906-97-028606-92-009106-97-072007-95-0004FY199719971997199719971996

Sector Notebook Project 114 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 23: FY 1995-1999 Supplemental Environmental ProjectsOverview:Organic Chemical Industry (Continued)Supplemental Environmental ProjectInformationSEP DescriptionDonate equipment to LEPC, fund a LEPCconference, provide 2 yearsassistance toLEPC ($4,000), and purchase pollutionprevention equipment.Donate equipment toLEPC, Perform ahazards analysis of hazardous materials.Conduct an in-plant drill with LEPC, SERC,and EPA.Change of heat transfer fluid to eliminatethe source of inadvertentlyproduced PCBs.Replace 69 PCB capacitors with non-PCBcapacitors, and reclassifyfive PCBcontaminated transformers to non-PCBtransformers.Install concrete containment structures fortwo non-hazardous waste oil storage tanksto prevent spillage.Fund an LEPC regional conference.Remove four operational PCB transformersfromits Philadelphia facility(cost:$68,000), improve, above regulatoryrequirements, the air fabric filtration systemfor antimonyoxide particulate matter at itsLoredo, TX facility(cost: $134,000).Anzon alsocleaned up PCB leaksat thePhiladelphia facility.SEP Category$19,167Emergencyplanningand preparedness$7,200Emergencyplanningand preparedness$324,318Pollution preventionPollution reduction$390,000Pollution reduction$3,000Emergencyplanningand preparedness$198,000PollutionreductionViolation InformationSEPCost toCompanyAssessedPenalty$3,750$200$8,182$0$1,250$57,800TypeCERCLA103CERCLA103TSCA15(1)(c)RCRA 3004RCRA 3005RCRA 3007RCRA 3008CERCLA103TSCA 16General InformationState/RegionTXLALAPATXPACompanyNameE.I. duPont deNemours & Co.Olin ChemicalPPG Industries,Inc.Neville ChemicalCompanyWITCOCorporationAnzon, Inc.Docket #06-96-011806-96-000806-91-010603-92-043206-96-020703-93-0108FY199619961996199619961995

Sector Notebook Project 115 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ompliance and Enforcement HistoryTable 23: FY 1995-1999 Supplemental Environmental ProjectsOverview:Organic Chemical Industry (Continued)Supplemental Environmental ProjectInformationSEP DescriptionModifythe dinitrobenzene manufacturingprocess byinstalling automatic water flowcontrols.This will enable DuPont to reducedinitrobenzene output in waste byup to50,000 pounds per year.DuPont is requiredto provide status reports at six, twelve, andeighteen months.Reduce the release of pollutants to theenvironment byeliminating the current useof a sluicewaywhere chemicalsare treatedand subsequentlydischarged into theDelaware River, and modifythe currentindustrial process at the Marcus Hokmanufacturing plant byrecirculating andrecycling the wastewater for processreuse.Donate computerequipment to LEPC.Install a thermal oxidizer to destroychloroethane.Modifyin-process refrigeration systems;eliminate CFC usage; modifyfood gradeoxidant process; reformulate filmmanufacturing process; and 2 CBI materialsubstitution/process modification SEPs.SEP Category$70,000Pollution reduction$951,000Pollution prevention$7,140Emergencyplanningand preparedness$1,000,000Pollution reduction$12,000,000Pollution preventionPollution reductionViolation InformationSEPCost toCompanyAssessedPenalty$56,250$350,000$7,140$5,100$5,000,000TypeEPCRA 313RCRA 3008CERCLA103(a)EPCRA 304EPCRA 313CERCLA104RCRA 3002RCRA 3004RCRA 3005RCRA 9003General InformationState/RegionNJDE, PANHNJNYCompanyNameE.I. DuPont deNemours & Co.General ChemicalCorporation(Allied-Signal)HampshireChemicalCorporationMonsanto, TheChemical GroupEastman KodakDocket #02-94-014003-89-161801-95-006002-94-026002-91-0208FY19951995199519951995

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VIII. COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES
This section highlights the activities undertaken by this industry sector and public agencies to voluntar ily im prove the sector' s environm ental perf orm a nce. These activities include those independently initiated by industr i a l t r ade associations. In this section, the notebook also contains a listing and description of national and regional trade associations.

VIII.A. Sector-related Environmental Programs and Activities

ChemAlliance

Chem Alliance is an internet-based source of regulatory inf o rm ation f o r the chem ical industry. It is funded by EP A and is operated by a partnership of environm ental professionals in academ ia , governm e nt and industry. It seeks to help the industry com p ly with environm ental regulations by providing the following resources:

• R egular f eature articles by Chem Alliance staf f and guest authors, providing tim ely and inform ative views on issues of im portance to its readers.

• U p-to-date inform ation on the regulations affect i n g chem ical

m a nufacturers, and cost-effective strategies to insure com p liance

• R egulatory and com p liance tools for tec hnical assistance providers and industry professionals alike

• I nform a tion about pollution preventi on in the chem ical industry, and why it is an im portant part of any com p liance strategy.

• F un tools f o r m a naging inf o rm ation and custom izing Chem Alliance to m eet users’ needs.

Chem Alliance can be found at www.chemalliance.org

. New Jersey Chemical Industry Project

The U.S. Envi r onme n t a l Pr ot e c t i on Age n c y 's Industry Sector Policy Division is working with the New Jersey Depart m e nt of Environm ental Protection (NJ DEP), US EPA Region 2, and a stakehol der group of industry, environm ental groups, and com m unity representatives on a project with the batch chem ical

m a nufacturing industry in New Jersey. The New Jersey Chem ical Industry Proj e c t is an effort to assess current environm ental protection strategies on a sector basis and develop better approaches.

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The project has identified and ana l yz ed corporate decision-m a king factors (drivers and barriers) that affect envi ronm ental perform a nce at batch process chem ical m a nuf acturing f acilities in New Jersey. New environm ental protection strategies are being tested with a sm all num ber of these f a cilities. These strategies have been designed to address key issues identified i n t h e analysi s of drivers and barriers. Th e issues relate to perm itting, reporting, process changes to reduce em issions, voluntary perform a nce program s, and other types of flexibility in exchange f o r better environm ental results. The stakeholder process ensures that the expertise and perspectives of industry, environm ental groups, and com m unity m e m b ers are included in developing and evaluating the new strategies. (C ontact: Catherine Tunis at EPA’s Office Policy, Econom ics, and I nnovation at 202-260-2698 or Tunis.Catherine@epa.gov
, or see the pr oj ect’s website at http://www.epa.gov/sectors/sectors.html#chemical

. Green Chemistry Initiative

EPA' s Green Chem istry Program prom otes the r e s e a r ch, developm ent, and im plem entation of innovative chem ical technologies that accom p lish pollution prevention in both a scientif ically-sound and cost-ef f ective m a nner. To accom p lish these goals, the G r een C h em istry Program recognizes and supports chem ical technologies that redu ce or elim inate the use or generation of hazardous substances during the design, m a nufacture, and use of chem ical products and processes. More specifically, the Green Chem istry Progr a m supports fundam e ntal research in the area of environm entally benign chem istry as well as a variety of educational activitie s, international activities, conferences and m eetings, and tool developm ent, a l l through voluntary partnerships with academ ia, industry, other governm e nt agencies, and non-governm e nt organizations. There are 45 com p anies, trade associations, scientific and research organizations, and other groups that are partners i n the program

. (Contact: Rich Engler at 202-564-8587 or engler.richard@epa.gov
, or Carol Farris at 202-564-8554 or farris.carol@epa.gov in the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, or see the website at www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/ .)

Design for the Environment

The Design for the Environm ent (DfE) Pr ogram works with individual industry sectors to com p are and im prove the perform a nce and hum an health and environm ental risks and costs of e x i s ting and alternative products, processes, and practices. DfE partne r s hi p projects prom ote integrating cleaner, cheaper, and sm arter solutions into ever yday business practices. D f E has developed partnerships with i ndustries directly dow nstream f

r om the organic chem ical industry, including de t e rgent form ulators, adhesive

m a nufacturers, and ink m a nufacturers. (Contact: David Di Fiore at 202-260- 3374 or difiore.david@epa.gov , or Ma r y Cus h m ac at 202-260-4443 or

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cushmac.mary@epa.gov in the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, or see the website at www.epa.gov/dfe/projects/formulat/ .)

VIII.B. EPA Voluntary Programs
High Production Volume Challenge

As part of EPA’s Chem ical Right-to-Know Initi a t i v e , chem ical producers and i m porters have been invited to provide basic toxicity inform ation volunta r i l y on their high production volum e (HPV) chem icals. HPV chem icals are those chem icals which ar e produced in or im ported to the U.S. in am ounts over 1 m illion pounds per year. The inform ation generated through the Voluntary Challenge Progr a m i s m a de available to the public through the EPA website.

Chem ical com p anies that participate in the voluntary program m a ke

com m itm ents identif ying the chem icals they will adopt a nd test, and the schedule of which chem icals they will begin to test in each year of the program . Following the guidance established by EPA, participating

com p anies will assess the adequacy of existing data; design and subm it test plans; provide test results as they are generated; and pr e p a r e sum m a ries of the data characterizing each chem ical.

The voluntary progr a m uses the sam e tests, testing protocols, and basic inform ation sum m a ry form ats em ployed by the Screening Inform ation Data Set (SIDS) program , a cooperative, international effort to secure basic toxicity inform ation on HPV chem icals worldwide. Inform ation prepared for this U.S. dom estic program will be acceptable in the international effort as well. As of 2002, the program has b een very successful; 403 com p anies have

com m itted to providing health and environm ental data on 2,011 chem icals. (For m o re inform ation, see the website at www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/ ).

National Environmental Performance Track

The US EPA' s National Environm ental Perform a nce Track Program i s designed to m o tivate and reward top environm ental perform a nce. By encouraging a system atic ap p r o ach to m a naging environm ental responsibilities, taking extra steps to reduce and prevent pollution, and being good corporate neighbors, the program is rewarding com p anies that strive for environm ental excellence. At the sam e tim e, m a ny participating com p anies are fi nding that they are saving m oney and im proving productivity. A

num ber of organic chem ical m a nuf acturi ng f acilities are participating in the Peform ance Track program

. (Contact: Perform a nce Track hotline at 888- 339-PTRK or the website at www.epa.gov/performancetrack/ .)

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WasteWi$e Program

The W a steW i$e Program was started in 1994 by EPA’s Office of Solid Wa ste and Em ergency Response. The program is aim e d at r e duc i n g
m

unicipal solid wastes by prom oting waste m i nim i zation, recycl ing collection and the m a nufacturing and pur chase of recycled products. As of 2001, the program had a bout 1,175 com p anies as m e m b ers, including a numbe r of m a jor corporations. Mem b ers agree to identify and im plem ent actions to reduce their solid wastes a nd m u st provide EPA with their waste reduction goals along with yearly progress reports. EPA in t u r n provides technical assistance to m e m b er com p anies and allows the use of the W a steW i$e logo for prom otional purposes. Over thirty chem ical com p anies currently ar e m e m b ers of W a steW i$e. (Contact: Jeff Tum a rkin at EPA’s Office of Soli d W a ste and Em ergency Response at (703) 308-8686 or T

u m a rkin.Jeff@epa.gov , or the W a steW i$e Hotline at 800-EPA-W I SE (372- 9473) or www.epa.gov/wastewise .)

Project XL
Project XL, which stands for “eXcellence and Leadership,” is a national pilot program that allows state and l o cal governm e nts, businesses and federal facilities to develop with EPA innovative strategies t o t e st better or m o re cost-effective ways of achieving environm ental and public health protection. I n e x c h a n g e , E P A will is s u e r e g u l a t o r y , p r o g r a m , p o lic y , o r p r o c e d u r a l fl e x i b i lities to conduct the experim e nt. Under Project XL, private businesses, f e deral f acilities, business sectors and state and local governm e nts are conducting experim e nts that address the following eight Project XL selection criteria:

• p r oduc e s upe r i or e nvi r onme n t a l r e s u lts beyond thos e t h a t woul d ha ve been achieved under current and reasonably anticipated future regulations or policies

• p roduce benefits such a s c o st savings, paperwork reduction, regulatory flexibility or other types of f

l exibility that serve as an incentive to both project sponsors and regulators

• s upported by stakeholders

• achieve innovation/pollution prevention

• p roduce lessons or data that are transf erable to other f a cilities

• d em onstrate f easibility

• e stablish accountability through agreed upon m e thods of m onitoring,

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reporting, and evaluations

• a void shifting the risk burden, i.e., do not create worker safety or environm ental justice problem s as a result of the experim e nt.
By 2001, three chem ical com p anies (Crom p ton, Eastm a n Kodak, and PPG) had undertaken projects under Project XL. (For m o re inf o rm ation, contact Chris Knopes in the Office of Rei nvention Program s at (202) 260-9298 or Knopes.Christopher@epa.gov

, or the website at www.epa.gov/projectxl .)

Energy Star ®

In 1991, EPA introduced Green Lights ® , a program designed for businesses and organizations to proactively com b at pollution by installing energy efficient lighting technologies in thei r com m e rcial and industrial buildings. I n Apr i l 1995, Green Lights ® expanded into Energy Star ® Buildings— a strategy that optim izes whole-buildi ng energy-efficiency opportunities. The energy needed to run c o m m e rcial and industrial buildings in the United States produces 19 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide em issions, 12 percent of nitrogen oxides, and 25 percent of sulf ur dioxide, at a cost of $110 billion a year. If im plem ented in every U.S. com m e rcial and industrial building, the Energy Star ® Buildings upgrade approach c ould prevent up to 35 percent of the em issions associated with these bu ildings and cut the nation’s energy bill by up to $25 billion annually.

The m o re than 7,000 participants include corporations, sm all businesses, universities, health care f acilities, nonprof it organizations, school districts, and federal and local governm e nts. Energy Star ® has successfully delivered energy and cost savings across the count ry, saving businesses, organizations, and consum ers m o re than $5 billion a year. Over the past decade, Energy Star ® has been a driving force behind the m o re widespread use of s u ch t e chnological innovations as LED t r a ffi c l i ght s , e ffi c i e n t fl uor e s c e n t l i ght i ng, power m a nagem e nt system s for office equipm ent, a n d low standby energy

use.

Manufacturers can becom e partners in Energy Star ® by pledging to undertake the f o llowing steps:

• M easure, track, and benchm ark their organization’s energy perform a nce by using tools such as those offered by Energy Star ®

• D evelop and im plem ent a plan to im prove energy perform a nce in their facilities and operations by adopting the strategy provided by Energy Star ®

• E ducate their staff and the public about our partnership with Energy

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Star ® , and highlight our achievem e nts with the Energy Sta r l a bel, where available.

(Contact: Energy Star Hotline, 1-888-STAR-YES (1-888-782-7937) or visit the website at http://www.energystar.gov/default.shtml

. )

NICE 3

The U.S. Departm e nt of Energy adm i ni s t e r s a grant program called The National Industrial Com p etiti ve ness through Energy, Environm ent, and Econom ics (NICE 3 ). By providing grants of up to 50 percent of the total project cost, the program encourages industry to reduce industrial waste at its source and becom e m o re energy-efficient and cost-competitive through waste m i nim i zation efforts. Grants are use d by i ndustry to design, test, dem onstrate, and assess the f easibility of new processes and/or equipm ent with t h e potential to reduce pollution and increase energy efficiency. The program is open to all industries; howev er, priority is given to proposals from participants in the chem icals, agricu lture, alum inum , pulp and paper, glass,

m e tal casting, m i ning, petroleum
, and steel industries. (Contac t: DOE’s Golden Field Offi c e at 303-275-4728, or see the website at www.oit.doe.gov/nice3 .)

EPA Audit Policy

The U.S. Envi ronm ental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages com p anies with m u ltiple f acilities to take advantage of the Agency' s Audit Policy (Incentives for Self-Policing: Discovery, Di s c losure, Correction and Prevention of Violations, 65 Fed. Reg. 19618 (April 11, 2000) ) to conduct audits and develop environm ental com p liance system s. The Audit Policy elim inates gravity-based penalties f o r companies that voluntarily discover, prom ptly di s c lose and expeditiously correct violations of federal environm ental law. More i n for m a t i on on EPA’s Audit Policy can be obtained from the W e b site at: http://www.epa.gov/com p liance/resources/policies/ incentives/ auditing/index.htm l

. Small Business Compliance Policy

The Sm all Business Com p liance Policy prom otes environm ental com p liance

am ong sm all businesses (those with 100 or fewer em ployees) by providing incentive s to discover and correct environm ental problem s. EPA will elim inate or signif i cantly reduce penalties for sm all businesses that voluntarily discover violations of envi ronm ental law and prom ptly disclose and correct them . A wide range of resources are available to help sm all businesses learn about environm ental co m p liance and take advantage of the Sm all Business Com p l i a nce Policy. These resources include: training, checklists, com p liance guides, m e ntoring program s, and other activities.

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B u sinesses can f i nd m o re inf o rm ation through links on the W e b site: http://www.epa.gov/sm allbusiness/.

Compliance Assistance Clearinghouse

The Na t i onal Environm ental Com p liance Assistance Clearinghouse is a W e b-based clearinghouse designed to provide quic k access to com p liance assistance tools, contacts, and planned activities across EPA and other

com p liance assistance providers. The Clearinghouse also serves as a forum to collaborate and exchange inform ation. The Clearinghouse provides links to com p liance assistance activities, tools, or technical assistance that: 1) assist the regulated com m u ni ty in understanding and com p lying with envi r o nm ental regulations; or 2) assist com p liance assistance providers in helping the regulated com m unity to co m p ly with environm ental regulations. The Clearinghouse W e b site is http://www.epa.gov/clearinghouse/.

VIII.C. Trade Association/Industry Sponsored Activity

VIII.C.1. Environmental Programs
Responsible Care ®

The Re sponsible Care ® initiative of the Am erican Chem istry Council requires all m e m b ers and partners to continuously im prove the i r health, safety, and environm ental perform a nce in a m a nner that is responsive to the public. Launched in 1988, the Responsible Care ® concepts are now being applied in over 40 countries around the world. Responsible Care ® is a

com p rehensive, perf orm a nce-oriented initiative com posed of the f o llowing ten elem ents:

• G uiding principles. The Responsible Care ® Guiding Principles are

com m itm ents that detail et hi c a l ways the chem istry industry can benefit society, the environm ent and the econom y. Every m e m b er and partner com p any CEO m u st sign the Guiding Principles and

com m it their com p any to working toward the vision of no accidents, injuries, or harm to the environm ent.

• Codes of management practices. The Codes are environmental, health and safety guidelines that m e m b er and partner com p anies m u st im plem ent. Individual codes reflect the following: com m unity awareness and em ergency response, pollution pre v ention, process safety, distributi o n, em ployee health and safety, and product stewardship.

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• Di alogue w i th the public. W ith the help of environm entalists, educators, and health and safety sp ecialists, we seek to identif y and address public concerns.

• Self

- e valuation. Each m e m b er and partner m u st annually report their progress toward im plem e n t i ng t h e Codes to help us direct our assistance efforts.

• Measures of performance. W ith specific perform a nce m easures, the industry and public can readily view the progress of Responsible Care ®

.

• Performance goals. To m easure individual progress, each m e m b er and partner m u st establish com p any-spec i f i c goals to be publicly reported each year.

• Management systems verification. This process provides m e m b ers and partners with an independent re view of the effec tiveness of their system s for im plem enting Responsible Care.

• Mutual assistance. Com p any-to-com pany dialogue at all levels is one of the m o st effective m e thods of advancing Responsible Care ®

. Networking occurs in organized leadership groups, regional forum s and via the Internet.

• Partnership program. W e help com p anies who transport, store, or distribute chem icals to participate in Responsible Care ®

.

• Obligation of membership. As council m e m b ers and partners, all

com p anies are required to participate in Responsible Care ® and follow each of these requirem e nts.

These elem ents cover all aspects of the chem ical industry’s operations, from research to m a nufacturing, distributi on, transportation, sales and m a rketing, and to downstream users of chem ical products. Through Responsible Care ®

, Council m e m b ers and partners gain insight from the public through, am ong other m eans , a national Public Advisory Panel and over 250 local Com m unity Advisory Panels. This, coupl ed with the fact that participation in Responsible Care ® is an obligation of m e m b er ship with the Council, m a ke this perf orm a nce im provem e nt initiative unique.

The Synthetic Organi c Chem ical Manufacturers Association (SOCMA), whose m e m b er s h ip consists of sm aller batch and custom chem ical

m a nufacturers wi t h t ypically fewer than 50 em ployees and less than $50

m illion in annual sales, also has m a ndated that its m e m b ers com p ly with Responsible Care ®

. (Contact: Am erican Chem istry Council, 703-741-5000or

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http://www.americanchemistry.com/ , or SOCMA at 202-721-4100 or

www.socma.com .)

Green Chemistry Institute

The Green Chem istry Institute (GCI) is a non-profit organization founded in 1997 to prom ote Green Chem istry through research, education, inform ation dissem i nation, conferences and sym posia . GCI works across disciplines and academ ic, governm e nt and industry sector s to prom ote the developm ent and im plem entation of science and technology to avoid the generation and produc tion of hazardous wastes. GCI Board m e m b ers are drawn from governm e nt, indus t r y, academ ia and the National Laboratories to reflect a broad set of environm ental interests and capabilities. GCI activities strive to discover, develop and deploy quantifiable new science and technology alternatives to existing chem ical prac tice and achieve m easurable declines in dam a ge to hum an health and the envir onm ent. Green chem istry is a sciencebased approach t o pollution prev ention that has proven econom ically profitable to com p anies who have adopted greener technologies.

In January 2001, GCI ente r e d into a partnership agreem ent with The Am erican Chem ical Society (ACS). ACS seeks to address global issues at the intersection of chem istry and the environm ent. The ACS believes that it is better to prevent the entry of chem ical substances into the environm ent than to address their known and unknown consequences at a later date. The ACS has articulated its support of green c h em istry in its statem ents on sustainability and environm ental protection. The alliance between ACS and the Green Chem istry Institute affords an opportunity to reaffirm and extend the im portance of gr een chem istry in pollution prevention. (Contact: Dr. Dennis L. Hjeresen, Director, at 202-872-4078, or see the ACS website at www.chemistry.org .)

Center for Waste Reduction Technologies

The Center for W a ste Reduction Technologies is under the aegis of t h e Am erican Institute of Chem ical E ngineers. The center coordinates collaborative research on innovative, non-propr i e t a ry technologies and organizes regular m eetings to help its m e m b ers re duc e environm ental im pacts. The center f o cuses its resour ces on f our areas: sustainability, source reduction, waste m a nagem e nt, and rem e diation. (Contact: 212-591-7424 or www.aiche.org/cwrt .)

Global Environmental Management Initiative

The Global Environm ental Managem e nt Initiative (GEMI) is m a de up of group of leading com p anies dedicated to fostering environm ental excellence by business. GEMI prom otes a worldw ide business ethic for environm ental

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m a nagem e nt and sustainable developm ent, to i m prove the environm ental perform a nce of business through exam ple and leadership. In 2001, GEMI’s

m e m b ership consisted of about 40 m a jor corporations including Ashland, Dow Chem ical, DuPont, Eastm a n Kodak, Koch Industries, and Occidental. (Contact: GEMI at 202-296-7449 or see the website at: www.gemi.org .)

ISO 14000

IS O 14000 is a series of internationally-accepted standard s f o r en v i ro n m en tal

m a nagem e nt. The series includes standards for environm ental m a nagem e nt system s (EMS), guidelines on conducting EMS audits, standards for auditor qualifications, and standards and guidance for conducting product lifecycle analysis. Standards for auditing and EMS were adopted in Septem ber 1996, while other elem ents of the ISO 14000 se r i e s a r e c u rrently in draft form

. W h ile regulations and levels of envir onm ental control vary from country to country, ISO 14000 attem p ts to pr ovi de a com m on standard for

e nvironm ental m a nagem e nt. The governing body for ISO 14000 is t h e International Organiz a t i on for St a nda r d ization (ISO), a worldw ide f e deration of over 110 country m e m b ers based in Geneva, Switzerland. The Am erican National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the United States representative to ISO. Information on ISO is available at the f o llowing Internet site: http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/ISOOnline.openerpage

.

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VIII.C.2. Summary of Trade Associations

American Chemical Society

1155 16th Street, NW W a shington, D.C. 20036 Phone: 202-872-4600 Fax: 202-872-4615 Internet: www.chemistry.org Budget: $192,000,000 Staff: 1,700 Mem b ers: 145,000

The Am erican Chem ical Society (ACS) has an educational and research focus. The ACS produces approxim a tely thirty different industry periodicals and research journals, including Environmental Science and Technology and Chemical Research in Toxicology

. In addition to publishing, the ACS presently conducts studies and surveys; legislation m onitoring, analysis, and reporting; and operates a variety of e ducational program s. The ACS library and on-line inform ation services are exte nsive. Available fee-based services include STN ® , which offers current and arch ival inform ation from over 200 scientific, technical, business, and patent databases covering a broad r a nge of s c ientific fields, including chem istry, engineering, life sciences, pharm aceutics, biotechnology, regulatory com p liance, patents, business. Founded in 1876, the ACS is presently com p rised of 184 local groups a n d nearly 900 student groups nationwide.

American Chemistry Council

1300 W ilson Boulevard Mem b ers: 185 Arlington, VA Staff: 246 Phone: 703-741-5000 Budget: $36,000,000 Fax: 703-741-6000 Interne t : http://www.americanchemistry.com

A principal focus of the Am erican Chem istry Council is on regulatory issues facing chem ical m a nufacturers at the local , state, and federal l e ve l s

. At its inception in 1872, the f o cus of th e Council (f orm e rly the Chem ical Manufacturers Association) was on se rving chem ical m a nufacturers through research. Research is still ongoing at the Council. Mem b er com m ittees, task groups, and work groups routinely sponsor research and technical data collection t h at is then provided to the public in support of the Council’s advocacy. Much additional research takes place through the CHEMSTAR ®
program

. CHEMSTAR ® consists of a variety of self-funded panels working on si ngle-chem ical research agendas. This research f its within the overall regulatory focus of the Council; CHEMSTAR ® study results are provided to both the Council m e mbership and regulatory agencies. Other initiatives include the Responsible Care ® progr a m, which includes six codes of

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m a nagem e nt practices designed to go beyond sim p le regulatory com p liance. (This program is described earlier in S ection VIII.C.1 of this docum ent.) The Council also conducts workshops and technical sym posia, prom otes in-plant safety, operates a chem ical em ergency center (CHEMTREC ® ) which offers guidance in chem ical e m e r ge ncy situations, and operates the Chem ical Referral Center which provides chem ical health and saf e ty inf o rm ation to the public.

Ethylene Oxide Industry Council

c/o Am erican Chem istry Council 1300 W ilson Boulevard Arlington, VA Phone: 703-741-5000

The Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (EOIC), founded in 1981, is an

exam ple of a panel gr oup within the CHEMSTAR ® program of the Am erican Chem istry Council. The EOIC cons ists of ethylene oxide producers and

users. Ethylene oxide is used in the m a nufacture of antifreeze and polyester f i bers, and is widely us ed as a sterilizing agent. The EOIC develops scientific, technological, and econom ic data on the safe use and m a nufacture of ethylene oxide. Other duties i n c l ude inform ing scientific and governm e ntal organizations of the industry' s views and interests.

Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturers Association

1850 M St N.W ., Suite 700 Mem b ers: 250 W a shington, D.C. 20036 Staff: 50 Phone: 202-721-4100 Fax: 202-296-8120 Internet: www.socma.org
Synthetic Organic Chem icals Manufacturers Assoc i a tion (SOCMA) is the national trade assoc i a tion representing the legislative, regulatory, and

com m e rcial interests of som e 300 com p an ies that m a nufacture, distribute, or

m a rket organic chem icals. Most of SOCMA’s m e m b ers are batch and

c u s t om chem ical m a nufacturers who are the highly innovative
, entrepreneurial and custom er-driven s ector of t h e U.S. chem ical industry. The m a jority of SOCMA’s m e m b ers ar e sm all businesses with annual sales of less than $50 m illion and fewer than 50 em ployees. SOCMA assists its

m e m b ers in im proving their environm enta l, safety, and health perform a nce through var i ous pr ogram s focusing on continuous im provem e nt. A bim onthly newsletter pr ovides inform ation on legislative and regulatory developm ents, as well as on education and training opportunities. SOCMA

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holds an annual m eeting in May and also sponsors INFORMEX, the largest custom chem ical trade show in the U. S. In addition, SOCMA’s Association Managem e nt Center includes 40 se lf-funded groups that focus on single chem ical issues.

Consumer Specialties Products Association

900 17th St, NW , Suite 300 Mem b ers: 425 W a shington, DC 20006 St aff: 31 Phone: 202-872-8110 Fax: 202-872-8114 Internet: www.cspa.org
This organization represents the m a nufacturers of such specialty chem ical products as pesticides, cleaners, disinf ectants, sanitizers, and polishes. The Consum er Specialties Products Association (CSPA) was founded in 1914. Today, the CSPA works with federal and s t a t e a g encies and public representatives, to provide their m e m b ershi p wi th inform ation on governm e ntal activities and scientif ic developm ents. Som e com m ittees include: Governm e nt Affairs Advisory and Scien tif ic Af f a irs. Publications include t h e quarterly Chemical Times & Trends , and the biweekly E x e c utive Newswatch , an electronic newsletter sum m a rizing legislative, regulatory and

m a rketing developm ents.

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

2001 L Street NW , Suite 506a Mem b ers: 200 Budget: $1,400,000 W a shington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-775-0232 Fax: 202-833-0381 Internet: www.hsia.org

The goal of the Halogenated Solvents I ndustry Alliance (HSIA) is to develop program s to address problem s involving halogenated solvents. The group is actively involved in legislative and re gulatory issues affecting the industry, providing industry com m e nts and inform ation to agencies, and representing the industry at adm i nistrative hearings. The HSIA also sponsors working groups on issues specifi c to the solvent industry. Publications include the bim onthly newsletter Halogenated Solvents Industry Allianc e , which includes a listing of publications available from the group and the m onthly newsletter Solvents Update , which covers regulatory developm ent and HSIA actions.

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American Institute of Chemical Engineers

3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 Phone: 212-591-7338 Fax: 212-591-8897 Internet: www.aiche.org Mem b ers: 54,000 Staff: 103

The Am erican Institute of Chem ical Engineers (AICHE) is a prof essional society of chem ical engineers. AICHE develops chem ical engineering curricula and sponsors a variety of chem ical study forum s

. AICHE is split into twelve divisi ons i n cluding the Environm ental, Forest Products, Fuels and Petrochem i ca l
, a nd Sa fe t y a nd He a lth divisions. Approxim ately f ourteen publications are produced by AICHE, such as the quarterly Environmental Progress , a periodic dire c t or y of m e m b ers, and a variety of pam phlets. AICHE holds three conferences per year in various locations.

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Color Pigments Manufacturers Association, Inc.

300 N. W a shington St., Ste. 102 Mem b ers: 50 Alexandria, VA 22314 St aff: 5 Phone: 703-684-4044 Fax: 703-684-1795

The Color Pigm ents Manufacturers Associ at ion (CPMA) represents North Am erican m a nufacturers of pigm ents and pigm ent ingredients (i.e., dyes). The CPMA also represents the affilia tes of m a nufacturers of those products who happen to m a nufacture the product overseas. The CPMA represents its

m e m b ership before governm e nt agencies. No furt he r i n for m a tion is available at this tim e.

Fire Retardant Chemical Association

1681 Crown Avenue, Suite 202 Mem b ers: 42 St aff: 5 Lancaster, PA 17601 Phone: 717-291-5616 Fax: 717-295-8455 Internet: www.fireretardants.org

Chem ical distributors/m a nufacturers active in prom oting fire safety through chem ical technology c o m p rise the Fire Retardant Chem ical Association (FRCA), founded in 1973. The FRCA serves as a for u m for inform ation dissem i nation on new developm ents, new applications, and current testing procedures for fire retardants and chem ical fire safety products. Publications include the periodic Fire Retardant Chemicals Association - Membership Directory and the Fire Retardant Che m i c al Association Proceedings

. Educational conferences are held sem i annually.

National Paint and Coatings Association

1500 Rhode Island Avenue, NW Mem b ers: 700 St aff: 40 W a shington, DC 20005 Phone: 202-462-6272 Fax: 202-462-8549 Internet: www.paint.org
Founded in 1933, the National Paint and Coatings Associa t i on (NPCA) represents m a nufacturers of paints and chem ical coatings as well as suppliers of paint m a nufacturing equipm ent and ra w m a terials. NPCA is involved in governm e nt relations program s, statistical surveys, and industry research.

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Com m ittees include Labeling, Scientific, a nd Governm e nt Supply. The NPCA publishes an annual report, a pe riodic newsletter and trade directory, and a variety of guides.

Drug, Chemical, and Allied Trades Association

510 Route 130, Suite B1 Mem b ers:500 East W i ndsor, NJ 08520 St aff: 3 Phone: 609-448-1000 Budget: $500,000 Fax: 609-448-1944

Founded in 1890, The Drug, Chem ica l & Allied Trades Association, Inc. (DCAT) is a business developm ent association whose m e m b ership is

com p rised of com p anies that m a nufactur e, distribute or provide services to the drug, chem ical, nutritional and related industries. The Association provides services, program s and activities designed to support the business developm ent objectives of its m e m b ership.

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National Association of Chemical Recyclers

1875 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 1200 W a shington, DC 20009 Phone: 202-986-8150 Fax: 202-986-2021 Mem b ers: 70 St aff: 3

National Association of Chem ical Recycl e r s (NACR) founded in 1980, consists of recyclers of used industrial solvents. The organization prom otes “responsible and intelligent” regulation and t h e beneficial reuse of waste. NACR m onitors and reports on regulatory and legislative action affecting the practice of solve n t r e c y cling. NACR also com p iles industry statistics. NACR publishes Fl ashpoint and a sem i annual m e m b ership list. NACR holds a sem i annual conference, usually in April or October.

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I X

. C ONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/R ESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY

For further inform ation on selected topics within the organic chem ical industry a list of publications and contacts are provided below:

Contacts 4

Name Organization C ontact Information Subject

Walter DeRieux U .S. E P A, Office of Enforcem ent and Com p liance Assistance 202-564-7067 derieux.walter@epa.gov Organic chem ical industry sector lead

Marcia Mia U .S. E P A, Office of Enforcem ent and Com p liance Assistance 202-564-7042

m i a.m a rcia@epa.gov Industrial processes and enforcem ent issues

Bruce Varner U.S. EPA, Region V 312-886-6793 varner.bruce@epa.gov Clean Air Act, air toxics

Carol Rawie U .S. E P A, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 202-564-8798 rawie.carol@epa.gov Toxic Substances Control Act

Velu Senthil U .S. E P A, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 202-566-0749 senthil.velu@epa.gov Toxics Release Inventory

Jim Seidel EPA, National Enforcem ent Investigations Center 303-236-6147 seidel.jim m y @epa.gov Industrial processes and regulatory requirem e nts

Dickson Ozokwelu U .S. Departm e nt of Energy, Office of Industrial Technology 202-586-8501 dickson.ozokwelu@ee.doe .gov Technologies and processes with the potential for energy, environm ental, and cost savings

Jeff Gunnulfsen Synthetic Organic Chem ical Manufacturers Association 202-721-4198 gunnulfsenj@socm a.org Industrial processes and federal environm ental requirem e nts

4 Many of the contacts listed above have provided va luable background inform ation and com m e nts during developm ent of this docum ent. EPA appreciates this support and acknowledges that the individuals listed do not necessarily endorse all statem ents m a de within this notebook.
Sector Notebook Project 134 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References

General Profile

Am erican Chem istry Council, 2001. Chemistry Product Chains.

Charles H. Kline & Co., 1999. Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry, 6 th ed . Little Falls, NJ.

Speed, Phillip, 1999. “The Changing Com p etitive Landscape of the Chem ical Industry.” Chemical Bond . Synthetic Organic Chem icals Manufacturers Association. July.

Szm a nt, H. Harry, 1989. Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry . New York: John W iley and Sons.

U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce, 1998. 1997 County Business Patterns for the United States

. U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce/Census Bureau, 2000. 1997 Economic Census: Bridge Between NAICS and SIC.

U.S. Departm e nt of Com m e rce/International Trade Adm i nistration, 2000. U.S. Industry & Trade Outlook 2000. U.S. Departm e nt of Congress, McGraw-Hill.

U.S. Departm e nt of Labor/Occupational Safety and Health Adm i nistration, 2001. Standard Industrial Classification Search. www.osha.gov/oshstats/sicser.html

.
U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency/Offi ce of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2002. Chemical Testing and Information

. www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemtest

.
U.S. International Trade Com m i ssion, Synthetic Organic Chem icals, United States Production and Sales, 1992. [Published annually]

1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, I ndustrial Organic Chem icals, Bureau of the Census.

Process Descriptions and Chemical Use Profiles

Buonicore, A.J., and Davis, W

. T., 1992. Air Pollution Engineering Manual - Chapter 16: Pharmaceutical Industry, Richard Crum e and Jeffrey Portzer, eds. Air and W a ste Managem e nt Association. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Chem ical Manufacturers Association, 1993. Designing Pollution Prevention into the Process - Research, Development and Engineering

. Franck, H.G. and J.W

. Stadelhofer, 1987. Industrial Aromatic Chemistry . Berlin: SpringerVerlag.

Sector Notebook Project 135 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References
Hocking, M.B., 1998. Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control

. San Diego: Academ ic Press, Second Edition.

Kent, J.(ed.), 1992. Reigel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry

. New York: von Nostrand Reinhold, Ninth Edition.

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (appropriate volum es).

Perry, Robert H. and Cecil H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook . New York: McGrawHill Book Com p any.
Peters, Max S. and Klaus D. Tim m e rhaus, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers

. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Com p any.
Shreve, Chemical Process Industries

. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.

Szm a nt, H. Harry, 1989. Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry , New York: John W iley and Sons.

Tom e s Plus Inform ation System

. Denver, CO: Microm edia, Inc. Contains inform ation on chem ical use, production, and health effects. (303) 831-1400.

Ullman's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (appropriate volum es).

U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency, 1987. Development Document of Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers Point Source Category , EPA 440/1-87/009.

U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency, 1993. Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Batch Processes . EPA450R94020.

W e lls, G. Margaret, 1991. Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes

. Aldershot, England: Gower Publishing Com p any.

Chemical Releases and Transfers

National Library of Medicine, 2001. Hazardous Substances Data Bank

. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/

U.S. EPA, 1985. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Chapter 9, Petroleum Industry . Septem ber.

U.S. EPA, 1992. Amoco - U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention Project, Yorktown, Virginia, Project

Sector Notebook Project 136 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References
Summary , January.
U.S. EPA, 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Database.

U.S. EPA, 2001a. AIRS Database. Offi ce of Air and Radiation. Novem b er.

Regulatory Profile

U.S. EPA, 2001b. Using the SOCMI CAR: An Enabling Manual for the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) Consolidated Federal Air Rule (CAR)

. Septem ber.

U.S. Governm e nt Printing Office, 2001a. Unified Agenda . Volum e 66, Num b er 93, Page 26177- 26178.

U.S. Governm e nt Printing Office, 2001b. Unified Agenda . Volum e 66, Num b er 93, Pages 26232-26233.

Pollution Prevention

Breen, Joseph J., and Michael J. Dellarco, 1992. Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes: The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry

. W a shington, DC: Am erican Chem ical Society.

Chem ical and Engineering News “Design for the Environm ent: Chem ical Syntheses that Don’t Pollute” Septem ber 5, 1994. Article on the 1994 Am erican Chem ical Society sym posium “Design for the Environm ent: A New Paradigm for the 21st Century.”

Chem ical Manufacturers Association, 1993. Designing Pollution Prevention into the Process: Research, Development and Engineering

. Du Pont Corporation and U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency, 1993. Du Pont Chamber Works Waste Minimization Project

.
Dorfm a n, M.H. et al. Environmental Dividends: Cutting More Chemical Wastes . New York, NY: INFORM, Inc.

Forester, W illiam S., and John H. Skinner, 1992. Waste Minimization and Clean Technology: Waste Management Strategies for the Future

. San Diego, CA: Academ ic Press.

The Hazardous Waste Consultant , New York: Elsevier Science Inc. (A bim onthly journal.)

Overcash, Michael R., 1986. Techniques for Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Compendium for Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste Minimization . Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

Sector Notebook Project 137 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References
Sawyer, Donald T., and Arthur E. Martell, 1992. Industrial Environmental Chemistry: Waste Minimization in Industrial Processes and Remediation of Hazardous Waste . New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Synthetic Organic Chem icals Manufacturers Association, 1993. SOCMA Pollution Prevention Study

. Theodore, Louis, and Young C. McGuinn, 1992. Pollution Prevention . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessm ent,1994. Industry, Technology, and the Environment: Competitive Challenges and Business Opportunities , OTA-ITE-586. January.

Information Sources and Agencies

Pollution Prevention Inform ation Clearinghouse (PPIC) U.S. EPA

The International Cleaner Production Inform ation Clearinghouse (ICPIC); United Nations Environm ental Program m e (UNEP), U.S. EPA

Books, Reports and Documents

Noyes Data Corporation, “Alternative Form ulations and Packaging to Reduce Use of Chlorofluorocarbons,” 1990, ISBN0-8155-1257-0.

Research Triangle Institute, “Alternatives for Measuring Hazardous W a ste Reduction,” 1991, PB91-208595.

Noyes Data Corporation, “Aqueous Cleaning as an Alternative to CFC and Chlorinated SolventBased Cleaning,” 1991, ISBN0-8155-1285-6.

EPA, “Background Docum e nt on Clean Products Research and Im plem entation,” 1990, EPA/600/S2-90/048.

EPA, “Case Studies from the Pollution Prevention Inform ation Clearinghouse: Solvent Recovery,” 1989, ISM-4 (PPIC).

Governm e nt Institutes, “Case Studies in W a ste Minim i zation,” 1991, ISBN0-86587-267-8.

United Nations Environm ental Program m e (UNE P), “Cleaner Production Newsletter,” Industry and Environm ental Office, ICPIC-1 (PPIC).

EPA, “Degreaser System Pollution Pr evention Evaluation,” 1990, EPA/600/S2-90/052.

Sector Notebook Project 138 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References
Oregon Departm e nt of Environm ental Quality, “Guidelines for W a ste Reduction and Recycling: Solvents,” 1989, ISM-13 (PPIC).

EPA, “Guides to Pollution Prevention: Research and Educational Institutions,” 1990, ISM-19 (PPIC).

EPA, “Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Com posite Plastics Industry,” ISM-19 (PPIC).

McGraw-Hill, Inc., “Hazardous W a ste Minim i zation,” 1990, ISBN0-07-022043-3.

Lewis Publishers, “Hazardous W a ste Minim i zation Handbook,” 1989, ISBN0-87371-176-9.

ASTM, “Hazardous and Industrial Solid W a ste Minim i zation Practices,” 1989, ISBN0-8031- 1269-6.

EPA, “Industrial Pollution Prevention for the 1990s,” 1991, EPA/600/S8-91/052.

EPA, “Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual: Volum e 1 (Draft),” 1989, W A M-1 (PPIC).

EPA, “Pollution Prevention Fact Sheets: Chem ical Production,” FREG-1 (PPIC), free.

EPA, “Pollution Prevention Inform ation Exchange System (PIES) User Guide,” Version 1.1, 1989, EPA/600/9-89/086, free.

City of Los Angeles, “Pollution Prevention Opportunities Checklist: Chem ical Manufacturing,” FCLA-1-1 (PPIC).
CMA, “Pollution Prevention Resource Manual,” 1991, $75.00 (non-m e m b ers), $50.00 (m em bers, Order no. 018031).

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 10: Control of Accidental Releases of Hydrogen Cyanide,” 1987, EPA/600-S8-87/034j.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 11: Control of Accidental Releases of Am m onia,” 1987, EPA/600-S8-87/034k.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 12: Control of Accidental Releases of Sulfur Dioxi de,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034l.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 13: Control of Accidental Releases of Methyl Isocyanate,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034m

. EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 14: Control of Accidental Releases of Phosgene,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034n.

Sector Notebook Project 139 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References
EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 15: Control of Accidental Releases of Sulfur Tri oxide,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034o.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 1: Control of Accidental Releases of Hydrogen Fluoride (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034a.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 2: Control of Accidental Releases of Chlorine (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034b.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 3: Control of Accidental Releases of Hydrogen Cyanide (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034c.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 4: Control of Accidental Releases of Am m onia Cyanide (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034d.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 7: Control of Accidental Releases of Chloropicrin Cyan ide (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034g.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 8: Control of Accidental Releases of Hydrogen Fluoride,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034h.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 9: Control of Accidental Releases of Chlorine,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034i.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Chem ical Specific, Volum e 6: Control of Accidental Releases of Carbon Tetrachloride (SCAQMD),” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/034f.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Control Technologies. Volum e 2: Post-Release Mitigation Measures for Controlling Accidental Re leases of Air Toxics,” 1987, EPA/600/S8- 87/039b.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Control Technologies. Volum e 1: Prevention and Protection Technologies for Controlling A ccidental Releases of Air Toxics,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/039a.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: Overviews on Preventing and Controlling Accidental Releases of Selected Toxic Chem icals,” 1988, EPA/600/S8-88/074.

EPA, “Prevention Reference Manual: User' s Guide, Overview for Controlling Accidental Releases of Air Toxics,” 1987, EPA/600/S8-87/028.

EPA, “Proceedings of the International W o rkshop on Research in Pesticide Treatm e nt/Disposal/ W a ste Minim i zation,” 1991, EPA/600-S9-91/047.

Alaska Health Project, “Profiting from W a st e Reduction in Your Sm all Business,” 1988, free, QAM-2 (PPIC).

Sector Notebook Project 140 Novem b er 2002Organic Chemical Industry C ontacts and References

National Academ y Press, “Reducing Hazardous W a ste Generation: An Evaluation and a Call for Action,” 1985, $9.95, ISBN 0-309-03498-1.

Noyes, Data Corporation, “Solvent W a ste Reduction,” 1990, $45, ISBN 0-8155-1254-6.

EPA, “Solvent W a ste Reduction Alternatives,” 1989, EPA/625/4-89/021.

EPA, “Source Characterization and Control Technology Assessm ent of Methylene Choride Em issions from Eastm a n Kodak Com p a ny,” Rochester, NY, 1989, EPA/600-S2-043.

Governm e nt Institutes, “The Greening of Am erican Business: Making Bottom

- Line Sense of Environm ental Responsibility,” 1992, $24.95, ISBN: 0-86587-295-3.

Van Nostrand Reinhold, “The Recycler' s Manual for Business, Governm e nt, and the Environm ental Com m unity,” 1992, $64.95, ISBN 0-442-01190-3.

National Academ y Press, “Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities: Engineering Mass Balance Versus Materials Accounting,” 1990, ISBN 0-0309-04086-8.

EPA, “W aste Exchange Inform ation Package,” 1991, free, GEN-13 (PPIC).

EPA, “W aste Minim i zation: Environm ental Quality with Econom ic Benefits,” 1990, free, EPA/530-SW -87-026 (also GEN-14 (PPIC)).

Governm e nt Institutes, “W aste Minim i zation Manual,” 1987, $57.00, ISBN: 0-86587-731-9.

EPA, “W aste Minim i zation Opportunity Assessm ent Manual,” 1988, EPA/625/7-88/003.

CMA, “W aste Minim i zation W o rkshop Handbook,” 1987, $250.00 (non-m e m b ers); $100.00 (m em bers), Order no. 018016.

API, “W aste Minim i zation in the Petroleum Industry: A Com p endium of Practices,” 1991, $35.00, Order no. 849-30200.

Lewis Publishers, “W aste Minim i zation: Im plem enting an Effective Program ,” due 1992, $59.00, ISBN 0-87371-521-7.

Noyes Data Corporation, “W aste Oil: Reclai m i ng Technology, Utilization, and Disposal,” 1989, $39.00, ISBN 0-8155-1193-0.

California Departm e nt of Health Service, “W aste Reduction Fact Sheet: Pesticide Form ulating Industry,” free, FCAD-7 (PPIC).

Executive Enterprises, “W aste Reduction: Policy and Practice,” $39.95, ISBN 1-55840-272-1.

Sector Notebook Project 141 Novem b er 2002Charge your order, It’s easy!

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