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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1880 Filed 03/01/17 Page 1 of 42
	


 
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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1881 Filed 03/01/17 Page 2 of 42
	


 
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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1882 Filed 03/01/17 Page 3 of 42
	


 
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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1883 Filed 03/01/17 Page 4 of 42
	


 
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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1884 Filed 03/01/17 Page 5 of 42
	


 
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Footnotes

* The Honorable Thomas M. Reavley, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation.

** This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

End of Document © 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1885 Filed 03/01/17 Page 6 of 42
	

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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1887 Filed 03/01/17 Page 8 of 42
	

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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1889 Filed 03/01/17 Page 10 of 42
	

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Footnotes

* The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.

1 Sapp's crewmates were Tim Fan, Tommy Pewitt, and Larry Peacock.

2 According to Sapp, the switch maintenance required jacking the switch up, dumping rocks underneath it, and using the

backhoe to tamp the earth down to achieve the correct elevation.

3 CSX also filed a motion for permission to respond to the issue of mitigation of damages. The ruling on this issue is not

before us on appeal.

End of Document © 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1894 Filed 03/01/17 Page 15 of 42
	



	


		


	
	

	



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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1895 Filed 03/01/17 Page 16 of 42
	



	


		


	
	

	



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Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1896 Filed 03/01/17 Page 17 of 42
	



	


		


	
	

	



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B. Factual Background .................... 2

C. Legal Standard ...................... 5

D. Preliminary Matters .................... 7

1. Sufficiency of Defendant's Declarations ............... ................ 7

2. Choice of Law .................... ................ 8

E. Age and Sex Discrimination (Count I of Plaintiff's Complaint) .............. 11

1. Discrimination Claims Under ELCRA Generally ............... .............. 11

Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1900 Filed 03/01/17 Page 21 of 42
	




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2. Analysis .................... .............. 13

a. Sex Discrimination........................................................................................ 14

b. Age Discrimination........................................................................................ 19

F. Contract and Related Equitable Claims (Counts II-V) .......... 21

1. Bonuses and Commissions ............... .............. 21

2. Termination .................. .............. 27

3. Severance .................. .............. 28

4. Holdback Bonus ................ .............. 29

G. Fraud (Count VI) .................... 30

H. Accounting and Exemplary Damages (Counts VII-VIII) .............. 33

I. Right to Know Act (Count IX) ............... 33

J. ERISA Interference (Count X) ............... 35

K. Conclusion .................... 38

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Footnotes

1 Plaintiff's initial complaint included other parties as defendants. These other parties were parent companies of defendant

Reliastar.

2 This section discusses the background facts relating to plaintiff's employment with defendant. More specific facts relating

to plaintiff's claims, in particular facts relating to other employees, are discussed in the sections which analyze plaintiff's

claims.

3 The parties dispute whether the move was in fact a “promotion” and whether plaintiff viewed it as such. This semantic

dispute does not affect the merits of plaintiff's claims.

4 Plaintiff avers that Femrite approached her at the company's 2004 Christmas party and told her “to watch her back

because the Defendant was trying to get rid of her.” Pl.'s Aff., ¶ 5.

Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1916 Filed 03/01/17 Page 37 of 42
	




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5 The original memorandum is dated April 18, 2005. See Def.'s Br., Ex. G. Plaintiff disputes having received this

memorandum; however, there is no dispute that she received it by, at the latest, May 31, 2005. See id.; Pl.'s Dep., at

293-95.

6 The amended declarations are identical to the original declarations but for the addition of the language required by §

1746 in the final paragraph of each declaration. For ease of reference, I cite throughout this Report to the declarations

by the exhibit designation as originally filed.

7 A number of cases also note that the parties stipulated to the governing law and assume that the stipulation is controlling,

without discussing the matter in detail. See, e.g., National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Emhart Corp., 11 F.3d 1524, 1528-29

(10th Cir.1993); Wagenheim v. Natural Science Indus., Ltd., No. 1:04CV0239, 2006 WL 2794790, at *3 (N.D.Ohio

Sept.27, 2006); Ethicon, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 805 F.Supp. 203, 204 n. 1 (S.D.N.Y.1992), aff'd, 993 F.2d

1532 (2d Cir.1993); Mariculture Prods. Ltd. v. Those Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's of London Individually Subscribing

to Certificate No. 1395/91, 84 Conn.App. 688, 854 A.2d 1100, 1103 n. 2 (Conn.Ct.App.2004)

8 Some cases use the term “gender discrimination” as opposed to “sex discrimination.” The ELCRA, however, uses the

term “sex discrimination,” see MICH. COMP. LAWS § 37.2202(1)(a), and that term is more accurate as a linguistic matter.

See J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 157 n. 1, 114 S.Ct. 1419, 128 L.Ed.2d 89 (1994) (Scalia, J., dissenting).

9 Although original adopted for claims of race discrimination under the ELCRA, this framework applies equally to claims of

age and sex discrimination. See Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 464 Mich. 456, 462-63, 628 N.W.2d 515, 521 (2001).

10 Further, even if the change in policy were sufficient to satisfy plaintiff's prima facie case, Wood's declaration provides

evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the change in policy, and plaintiff has presented no evidence to

show that defendant's business reason for this change was mere pretext for unlawful discrimination. See Dozier v. Potter,

No. CCB-06-2273, 2007 WL 2332320, at *9 (D.Md. July 20, 2007); Schultes v. Naylor, 195 Mich.App. 640, 646, 491

N.W.2d 240, 243 (1992).

11 In addition to the arguments addressed in this section, plaintiff also argues that defendant is precluded from relying on the

Agreement because of its violation of the Bullard-Plawecki Right to Know Act. This argument is addressed in part I, infra.

12 Oser v. Clear!Blue Mgmt., Inc., 478 Mich. 889, 731 N.W.2d 774 (2007), upon which plaintiff relies on her letter of

supplemental authority, does not alter this conclusion. The court's summary order in Oser merely concluded that, in that

case, the plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to withstand summary disposition with respect to whether her firing

was not for just cause so that she became entitled to contractual severance benefits. Oser does not address the condition

precedent issue.

13 Plaintiff points to Coffel v. Stryker Corp., 284 F.3d 625 (5th Cir.2002), as a case which is factually indistinguishable

from her case and in which the court permitted the fraud claim to proceed. While Coffel is factually similar to this

case, it is legally distinguishable. In the first place, the Coffel court considered only whether the plaintiff's fraud claims

satisfied the elements of fraud under Texas law. The court did not consider specifically the economic loss rule-requiring a

separation of contractual and tort claims-applied here as the principal basis for rejecting plaintiff's claim. See id. at 631-37.

Moreover, it appears that Texas law differs significantly from Michigan law when it comes to the viability of fraud claims

predicated upon promises of future performance. Compare Gilmartin v. KVTV-Channel 13, 985 S.W.2d 553, 557-58

(Tex.Ct.App.1998) (allowing claim of fraud by at-will employee based on promise that he would not be terminated if he

performed satisfactorily), with Novak, 235 Mich.App. at 689-91, 599 N.W.2d at 554 (reaching contrary result) and Nieves,

204 Mich.App. at 464, 517 N.W.2d at 237 (same). Thus, Coffel is not persuasive authority for plaintiff's argument.

14 It is questionable whether the evidentiary exclusion set forth in § 423.502 is applicable in this federal court proceeding.

See Burke v. Health Plus of Mich., Inc., No. 01-10335-BC, 2003 WL 102800, at *8 (E.D.Mich. Jan.7, 2003) (Lawson, J.).

Because plaintiff has failed to establish a violation of the Act, the Court need not resolve this issue.

15 Plaintiff's reliance on Asmo v. Keane, Inc., 471 F.3d 588 (6th Cir.2006), is misplaced. In that case, there was only a two

month gap between the decision maker's learning of the plaintiff's pregnancy, qualifying her for ERISA health benefits,

and the decision to terminate her, and there was other evidence of the defendant's discriminatory animus. See id. at

595-98. Here, the gap is much longer, and there is no other evidence supporting an inference of ERISA discrimination.

Plaintiff's evidence of discriminatory animus, even if it were otherwise sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact,

does not relate to her ERISA benefits, but her gender. Accordingly, Asmo is inapposite.

End of Document © 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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Footnotes

1 The Court does note that whatever psychological limitations Plaintiff was suffering from on June 26, 2012, she appears

to have sufficiently recovered from, at least as of April 12, 2013, when she fully participated in her Examination Under

Oath and competently responded to questions and requests for documents.

End of Document © 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Case 2:15-cv-12312-MOB-EAS ECF No. 62-2, PageID.1921 Filed 03/01/17 Page 42 of 42