# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for making channel assignments to reduce interference and increase capacity of wireless networks

## Abstract

Techniques for making channel assignments to reduce interference and increase capacity of wireless networks are described. In an implementation, a set of OFDMA subcarriers available for assignment is divided into a plurality of subsets of subcarriers that include at least a first subset for relatively strong signals within a cell, a second subset for relatively weak signals within the cell, and a third subset for signals within the cell that correspond to stations used by preferred users. Signals are received from a plurality of other stations, and relative signal strengths of the signals are determined based on a comparison between the signals. Each station is assigned a transmit subchannel that is formed for a predetermined period of time by one of the plurality of subsets of subcarriers, the transmit subchannel assigned based on a relative signal strength of a signal received from station.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/714,183, filed Dec. 13, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,897,796 filed Aug. 3, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,010,118, filed Jul. 13, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,257,376, filed Jun. 30, 2005, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to wireless network channel assignments and more particularly to systems and methods for making such assignments in a manner to reduce interference and increase capacity in wireless networks.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In wireless systems it is often desired to use all channels (or all of the allocated spectrums) in every cell. These systems are called N=1 reuse systems. In such systems it is possible for a mobile station (MS) to receive signals of equal power on the same channel from two base stations (BS).
Current methods of solving this problem include CDMA where different codes are transmitted by different BSs and, depending on the spreading factors, a signal can be extracted from the interference with greater reliability. Unfortunately, in such systems spreading reduces the overall through-put in direct proportion.
Another solution involves frequency hopping. In this case the BSs randomly select channels to send to the MS and if only a few mobiles are in use the chances of collisions can be made small because each channel is used only a small fraction of the time. However, as loading (increased MSs) increases, collision possibility increases until with 100% of possible users on at each BS collisions occur in every instance. The damage due to interference done at each instant depends upon the instantaneous transmitter power of the interfering BSs and the relative distances the MSs are from their respective BSs.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
There is disclosed a system and method for improving wireless system capacity by reducing collisions where the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is high in systems having a channel reuse of 1. By intelligently assigning (ordering) the channel assignment in each of the interfering cells according to a pattern, for example, according to the distance from a BS, the MSs will become paired on the same channel in a manner to reduce interference between them. A second step is to optionally control the power of the BS and MS transmitter to further optimize user capacity or reduce interference.
In one embodiment, this intelligent assignment is accomplished by assigning MSs in one cell such that the MS having the strongest signal is assigned channel A while in the interfering cell, the MS with the weakest signal, is assigned to channel A. In another embodiment, certain preferred MSs are assigned either interference-free channels or channels paired with weak interference MSs.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of wireless cells ordered according to a pattern;
FIG. 2 shows one assignment pattern;
FIG. 3 shows a simulation of theoretical capacity distributions for random and intelligent channel assignment; and
FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of an algorithm for assigning channels.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment 10 in which BS1 makes channel assignments for MSs from the nearest (strongest power levels) to the farthest (weakest power levels), while BS2 makes channel assignments to MSs from the farthest (weakest power levels) to the nearest (strongest power levels). This assignment pattern is shown in FIG. 2.
Using this channel assignment, pattern MS1-A(1) having a strong signal, is assigned channel A in cell 1. MS7 which is at the edge of cell 2, and has a relatively weak signal from BS2 is assigned the channel A in cell 2. This assignment avoids the situation where MS3 and MS7 are paired on the same channel. Were that to occur, S≈I for transmission in each direction from BS to MS and from MS to BS yielding high interference.
Each BS can make new channel assignments from time to time so that for the most part the MSs remain assigned according to their relative strength even though they are moving.
Intelligent assignments can be done in other ways to achieve different objectives. For example, some MSs can be designated as preferred users so that the preferred user will always be paired with the weakest interferer in every instance. For example, if MS4 was a preferred user it would be paired with MS7 in the example of FIG. 1.
Another objective may be to provide maximum capacity to a particular user. In such a case a clear channel could be guaranteed to the user or the user could be paired with the weakest user in the other cell.
Another objective may be to reduce interference in a cell by having a BS and/or selected MS transmit at a slower rate at reduced power.
The strategies discussed herein can be implemented at each BS without prior knowledge of the signals and interferences at the interfering BS. An alternative would be a centralized controller that has access to the signal levels and the interference levels of all MSs, and which then implements a centralized strategy, say to maximize the capacity of the entire network. In principle, a computer could evaluate every possible pairing combination and select from that a desired result such as maximum network capacity or minimizing high interference conditions.
FIG. 3 shows simulation 30 of high to low ordering paired with the low to high (graph 303) at the interfering BS as shown in FIG. 2. Graphs 301, 302 and 303 represent the capacity distributions of the three strategies. For example, at the 25% point, this means 75% of all users enjoy capacities exceeding 4, 3 and 2.5 BPH respectively. Or looking the other way 25% of all user s have capacity less than 4, 3 and 2.5 BPH. The results using 16 sub-carriers show increased bandwidth (theoretical capacity), i.e., a significant reduction in high interference events for a greater number of users over either the preference channel assignment method (graph 301) or random assignment (graph 302), all using 100% of the channels in both of the interfering cells. Note that using preference pairing (which can be a premium service available to select number of MSs) a higher capacity (graph 301) can be achieved, but for a lower number of MSs.
Graph 302 shows, for example, a typical OFDMA system where individual MS are assigned a subset of all the available sub-carriers. In a typical transmission slot the BS may have available 16, 32 or more sub-channels. A sub-channel usually has several sub-carriers, each carrying independent information. Normally, the sub-channels are assigned on a first come first serve basis to the mobile users who normally are randomly distributed within their respective cells.
Pairing using graph 303 can be changed, for example, as discussed above, every 5 MS, to be sure that in cell 1 the strongest station remains on channel A, while the weakest station is on channel D, while in cell 2 the weakest station is on channel A, while the strongest is on channel D. Strongest can be defined using any convenient metric so long as the potentially interfering cells agree on the metric. One example would be using high signal to interference ratios (SIR) as a measure of strength.
Using the preference assignment cell 1 would leave, say the first 5-10% of channels open for assignment to preferred customers, and would leave the last 5-10% of channels vacant. Cell 2 would do the reverse, i.e., leave its first 5-10% of channels vacant and assign its preferred customers to the last 5-10% of channels. Also, it could be established that preferred users would always get the weakest interferences from the other cell, as discussed above. Graph 301 was simulated for the case of the preferred user being paired with the weakest interferer (weakest one out of 16 at random locations).
FIG. 4 shows one embodiment 40 of a process for assigning channels in a wireless system. Process 401 controls requests for service from a MS (user) and process 402 optionally determines if the requesting user is a preferred user. If it is then process 403 assigns a channel according to a class of service or other identifying characteristic of the MS depending upon contractual arrangements with the user.
If the requesting user is not a preferred user then process 404 determines relative signal strength, as discussed above, and process 405, following an assignment pattern as shown in FIG. 2, assigns a proper channel in conjunction with processes 406, 407, 408 and 409 which check to be sure there is no prohibition on the use of certain channels (such as, for example, would occur if certain channels were to be maintained vacant).
Process 410 controls the reassignment from time to time of the channel assignments to insure that the pattern established by FIG. 2 is maintained, at least on the average.
In one embodiment the allocated spectrum is divided into channels. A channel is defined as a portion (may be all) of the allocated spectrum being used for a specified period of time. The inventive concepts apply to FDMA, TDMA, TD-CDMA, OFDMA or combinations thereof.
Note that the capacity of a BS or the capacities of certain MSs can be raised or lowered by trading power for throughput (capacity). A simple example: If a user needs less capacity, then lower the power and change the modulation rate.
C=log 2 (1+S/N+I). Reduce S to 1⁄4S and the new C=1⁄2 the old C.
Increase S to 4 S and the new C is doubled.
This is a tradeoff. Every time the BS lowers power it helps the neighbor cell, but if it increases power to certain MS it causes more interference. However, if the channels that are increased in power are part of the reserved set, then it may not matter.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

## Claims

1. A method comprising:
dividing a set of OFDMA subcarriers available for assignment into a plurality of subsets of subcarriers that include at least a first subset of subcarriers for a first subset of signals that are relatively strong in comparison to signals received at a first station from a plurality of other stations, a second subset of subcarriers for a second subset of signals that are relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the first station from the plurality of other stations, and a third subset of subcarriers for a third subset of signals that correspond to stations associated with preferred users;
receiving at the first station the signals from the plurality of other stations;
determining relative signal strengths of the signals received from the plurality of other stations based on a comparison between the signals; and
assigning to each station of the plurality of other stations a transmit subchannel formed for a predetermined period of time by one of the plurality of subsets of subcarriers, the transmit subchannel assigned to a station based on a relative signal strength of a signal received from the station.

2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first station comprises a base station and at least one of the plurality of other stations comprises a mobile station.

3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
determining that a signal strength of a signal received from at least one of the plurality of other stations is relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the first station from the plurality of other stations; and
assigning the at least one of the plurality of other stations to a transmit subchannel formed by the second subset of subcarriers based on the determination that the signal strength received from at least one of the plurality of other stations is relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the first station from the plurality of other stations.

4. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
determining that a signal strength of a signal received from at least one of the plurality of other stations is relatively strong in comparison to the signals received at the first station from the plurality of other stations; and
assigning the at least one of the plurality of other stations to a transmit subchannel formed by the first subset of subcarriers based on the determination that the signal strength received from at least one of the plurality of other stations is relatively strong in comparison to the signals received at the first station from the plurality of other stations.

5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising adjusting power corresponding to an assigned transmit subchannel to effect a change in capacity associated with the assigned transmit subchannel.

6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising causing a change to a transmit modulation rate of at least one of the plurality of other stations for an assigned transmit subchannel.

7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein determining the relative signal strengths of the signals received from the plurality of other stations comprises using a signal-to-interference ratio as a measure of strength of a respective signal.

8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising dividing the set of OFDMA subcarriers available for assignment into at least a fourth subset of subcarriers for relatively weak signals within an additional cell adjacent to the cell in comparison to other signals within the additional cell.

9. A method, the method comprising:
dividing a set of OFDMA subcarriers available for assignment into a plurality of subsets of subcarriers that include at least a first subset of subcarriers for a first subset of signals that are relatively strong in comparison to signals received at the base station from a plurality of mobile stations, a second subset of subcarriers for a second subset of signals that are relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the base station from the plurality of mobile stations, and a third subset of subcarriers for a third subset of signals that correspond to preferred mobile stations;
receiving the signals from the plurality of mobile stations;
determining relative signal strengths of the signals received from the plurality of mobile stations based on a comparison between the signals; and
assigning to each mobile station a transmit subchannel formed for a predetermined period of time by one of the plurality of subsets of subcarriers, the transmit subchannel assigned to a mobile station based on a relative signal strength of a signal received from the mobile station.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one of the received signals comprises a request for service.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the assigned subchannel comprises a modulation rate that is adjustable based on a capacity of a corresponding mobile station.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the relative signal strengths are determined based on a signal-to-interference ratio associated with a respective signal.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein:
at least one received signal is determined to be relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the base station from the plurality of mobile stations; and
a mobile station that transmitted the at least one received signal is assigned to a transmit subchannel formed by the second subset of subcarriers based on the determination that the at least one received signal is relatively weak in comparison to the signals received at the base station from the plurality of mobile stations.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein:
at least one received signal is determined to be relatively strong in comparison to the signals received at the base station from the plurality of mobile stations; and
a mobile station that transmitted the at least one received signal is assigned to a transmit subchannel formed by the first subset of subcarriers based on the determination that the at least one received signal is relatively strong in comparison to the signals received at the base station from the plurality of mobile stations.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one mobile station is assigned the transmit subchannel based at least in part on a level of interference from another mobile station in an additional cell adjacent to the cell.

16. A method, the method comprising:
transmitting a signal comprising a request for service to a base station; and
receiving a transmit subchannel assignment, the transmit subchannel assignment being drawn from one of a plurality of subsets of OFDMA subcarriers based on a signal strength of the signal compared to signal strengths associated with one or more other mobile stations within a same cell, the plurality of OFDMA subcarriers including a first subset of subcarriers for a first subset of signals that are relatively strong in comparison to other signals within a cell, a second subset of subcarriers for a second subset of signals that are relatively weak in comparison to the other signals within the cell, and a third subset of subcarriers for signals within the cell that correspond to mobile stations used by preferred users, the transmit subchannel assignment corresponding to a transmit subchannel that is formed for a predetermined duration of time.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the signal strength is measured based on a signal-to-interference ratio of the signal.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the subchannel assignment is based on an interference level of one or more additional stations in a second cell.

19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving a transmit subchannel reassignment to a different transmit subchannel based on a change in the signal strength of the signal.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the assigned transmit subchannel comprises a modulation rate that is adjustable based on a capacity of the mobile station.