14 advancedata

Table 7. Mean thiamine intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,

1971-74 (HANES |)

White male Negro male White female Negro female

Age licome Income Income Income Income Income Income Income

below above below above below above below above

poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty

level level level tevel level level level level
Mean thiamine intake

1 year. 158 175 173 193 163 198 163 205
23 years 168 173 195 163 175 173 163 188
45 years... 168 165 193 208 163 163 180 188
6-7 years . 165 163 165 163 150 163 168 163
8-9 years... 145 152 152 170 180 163 168 165
10-11 years 175 163 165 163 167 150 175 173
12-14 years 170 150 165 163 170 158 160 165
15-17 years 152 162 158 143 135 158 152 198
18-19 years 147 145 163 140 167 157 150 163
20-24 years 155 145 152 145 160 160 172 170
25-34 years 163 156 162 160 160 163 167 155
35-44 years 157 147 165 147 163 163 157 165
45-54 years 145 155 172 172 147 170 198 170
55-64 years 160 165 177 163 172 180 167 177
65 years and over.. 167 172 182 172 180 185 190 170

Table 8, Mean riboflavin intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,

1971-74 (HANES |)

White male Negro male White female Negro female

Age Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income

below above below above below above below above

poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty

tevel level level level level level level level
Mean riboflavin intake

256 242 233 222 293 260 200 247
215 207 193 175 218 215 211 180
185 200 173 218 198 205 176 180
169 202 196 189 198 196 173 167
181 202 162 175 202 195 156 173
10-11 years 196 195 164 167 167 193 164 160
12-14 years 184 187 189 145 178 187 165 142
15-17 years 185 178 149 142 158 181 142 185
18-19 years 173 169 129 145 149 173 140 149
20-24 years 167 158 169 132 158 167 156 136
25:34 years 162 160 145 140 162 175 149 134
35-44 years 181 158 129 153 178 167 142 163
45-54 years 162 163 154 166 222 178 193 158
55-64 years 180 173 205 154 191 196 153 171
65 years and over. 169 178 158 200 194 196 176 165



advancedata 5

unknown. These persons were excluded from
the two income classification groups, but they
were included in the total group.

The mean nutritive content of diets con-
sumed by different age, sex, racé, and income
groups was compared with the recommended
dietary allowances for calories, protein, calcium,
iron, vitamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin.

Iron, on the basis of mean intakes, was the

nutrient most often found below the recom-
mended dietary allowance in population groups.
This was shown in nearly all age groups for
white and Negro females in both income groups.
Children of ages 1-3 years had means that were
41 to 68 percent below the recommended die-
tary allowance; adolescents 12-17 years had
means that were 35 to 55 percent below the
recommended allowance; and women of child-

dietary allowance for males, by income level, race, and age: United States, 1971-74.

24-hour recall]
Calcium (mg) tron (mg) Vitamin A (1.U.) Vitamin C (mg)
an Below | Above A Below | Above | ay Below | Above All Below | Above
incomes} Poverty | poverty | incomes | Poverty | poverty |incomesf Poverty | Poverty | incomes | Poverty | poverty
level? level? level? tevell level level? level? level
XXXX XXXK XXXX KEY
XK biaias XA x = Below by 1-10 percent
x x x kx = Below by 11-20 percent
xxx = Below by 21-29 percent
xxxx = Below by 30 percent or
more
x x Fa
x Xxx, x
x xX, x
xx
xx
x x
XXX XXX XXX
XXX XXX XXXX
x Xx x
x x
x
Fa x
Xxx XXX Xxx x
Xx x XXX



10 advancedata

ance for all the female income, race, and age
groups and for males in the preschool years and
adolescence.

There is such a discrepancy between these
patterns of nutrition adequacy of iron and calo-
ries as measured by the mean intake relative to

recommended daily allowances, as compared with
the much smaller extent of inadequacy as meas-
ured by physiological measures,8»9 that one
must reserve judgment about the relationships of
income, race, sex, and age to malnutrition until
these measures are interpreted together.

REFERENCES

\National Center for Health Statistics: Calorie and
Selected Nutrient Intake Values of Persons, 1-74 Years,
United States, 1971-1974. Vital and Health Statistics.
Series 11. Health Resources Administration, DHEW,
Rockville, Md. To be published.

2Caloric Requirements, FAO Nutr. Stud. No. 15,
Rome (1957); Protein Requirements, FAO/WHO, FAO
Nutr. Meetings Rep. Ser. No. 37, WHO Tech Rep. Ser.
No. 301, Rome (1965); Calcium Requirements, FAO/
WHO. FAO Nutr. Meet. Rep. Ser. No. 30. WHO Tech.
Rep. Ser. No. 230, Rome (1962); Requirements of Vita-
min A, Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Niacin. FAO/WHO
FAO Nutr. Rep. No. 41. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 362,
Rome (1967); and Requirements of Ascorbic Acid, Vita-
min D. Vitamin B, 4, Folate and Iron, FAO Nutr. Meet.
Rep. Ser. 47. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 452, Geneva
(1970).

‘Inter-departmental Committee on Nutrition for Na-
tional Defense: Manual for Nutrition Surveys, 2d. ed.
National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Md., 1963.

National Academy of Sciences-National Research
Council: Recommended Dietary Allowances. National
Research Council Pub. 1694, 7th ed. Washington, D.C.,
1968.

5Center for Disease Control: “Ten-State Nutrition
Survey in the United States,” 1968-1970, V-Dietary,
DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 72-8133. Atlanta, Ga. Health
Services and Mental Health Administration, 1972.

®kKeys, A., and Grande, F.: Body weight, body com-
position, and calorie status in R. S. Goodhart and M. E.
Shils, eds., Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Phil-
adelphia. Lea and Febiger, 1973. p. 20.

7Hegsted, D. M.: Dietary Standards. J.Am. Dietetic
Association, p. 18-21, 1974. .

8National Center for Health Statistics: Preliminary
findings of the First Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, United States, 1971-1972, Dietary Intake and
Biochemical Findings. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)
74-1219-1. Health Resources Administration. Washing-
ton. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1974.

National Center for Health Statistics: Preliminary
findings of the First Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, United States, 1971-72, Anthropometric and
Clinical Findings. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 75-1229.
Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Apr. 1975.


advancedata 7

gro male youths 15-17 years in the lower income
group had means 30 percent below the recom-
mended allowance, and those 15-19 years in up-
per income groups had means that averaged 26
percent below the recommended allowance.
Higher density iron food sources are needed,
especially by women, if the recommended die-
tary allowances for iron are to be attained. The
desirability of meeting these recommended die-
tary allowances cannot, however, be determined
from data presented in this report, but must de-

pend upon finding physiological and health re-
lated evidence of inadequate iron nutrition in
the population. The second Health and Nutri-
tion Examination Survey (HANES II), now in
operation, will provide some additional data rel-
evant to making such a determination.

White boys 1-9 years in both income groups
had mean caloric intakes that approached or ex-
ceeded the recommended dietary allowances.
This was also true for white girls and Negro boys
1-7 years. For Negro girls, however, the corre-

dietary allowance for females, by income level, race, and age: United States, 1971-74.

24-hour recall]
Calcium (mg) Tron (mg) Vitamin A (1.U.) Vitamin C (mg)

All Below | Above | ay Below | Above | ay Below | Above Al Below | Above
; joverty | poverty |, poverty | poverty | joverty | poverty |; joverty | poverty
incomes | Fever | Ptevett | incomes | Fever’ | “rover! | incomes | Fave” | Pleven | incomes | Fevea” | Proven

xxx | xxxx | 200 x
xxxx | xxx | xxxx
xx xx xx.
x cy x
x x KEY
rxxx | xnxx | xxx
XXXX XXXX XXX x = Below by 1-10 percent
XXX XXXX XXX x xx = Below by 11-20 percent
xxxx | sooo | xx x Below by 21-29 percent
XXXK XXXX XXXX xx Below by 30 percent or
HK KK | EK x more
x xxx | 90K | xxx x
3GaGe | 000C [0
x x Xx x
x x x x xx x
Xxx Po xxx | 2xxx
rox F200 | 200%
xx x xx
x x x
xx x XXX
xox | 00 | xxxx
2X J 000 | 900K WK
x xxx J xxxx | 000 x XXX
x xxx | xnxx | woo | xxx
1x xx xx | 20000 | 9000C | 3000
XXXx xxx fxm | xxx | rex | dexxx
xxxx | s00% xxx | xxx | 00x | xx
HHO 3K | EK | GEC | EG] se
xxx J 200K. XXX Xx XxX. xX
XXX XXX XXX XxX XxX xx



6 advancedata

bearing ages, 18-44 years, had means that were
41 to 53 percent below the recommended allow-

ance.

White females aged 65 years and over in the
upper income group approached the recom-
mended allowance (96 percent of the recom-
mended allowance), but white females in the
lower income group and Negro females in both
income groups had means ranging from 16 to 26
percent below the recommended allowance.

White and Negro males in most age groups

for both income levels had iron intakes that ei-
ther approached or were above the recom-
mended allowance. The exceptions were boys
aged 1-3 years who had means consistently be-
low the recommended allowances for all race
and income groups, 41 to 56 percent. White
male youths 15-19 years in the lower income
group had means that averaged 17 percent below
the recommended allowance. Negro boys 4-5
years in the lower income group had means 13
percent below the recommended allowance. Ne-

Figure 3. Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below recommended
[Based on I-day diets

Calories Protein (gm)
Sex and age
all Below Above Alt Below Above
, poverty | poverty | . poverty | poverty
incomes levelt level | imeomes level? level?
White female
x x
Xxx xx Xxx
x x x
TKK FRX TOK
sce XXX, XXX x xx
xx XXX xx x
TOK TK TX x
xx xx Xx
xx XxX xx x
x XX Xx x
xx Xxx xx xx
Xxx XXX Xxx x xx x
Negro female
1 yea
23 years
45 years
6-7 years x xx x
89 years XxX Xxx XXX
10-11 years XXX Xxx xx
12-14 years XX, XXX Kx
18-17 years XXX XXXX Xxx x x
18-19 years xx xx Xxx
20-24 years THX XxX XxX %
25-34 years xx xx Xxx x x x
36-44 years XXX Xxx XXXX xx xx xx
45.54 years TOK RK FRX x % %
55-64 years Xxx XXXX XXX xx x00 xx
65 years and ove XXXX XXxX Xxx Xx xx xx

* Excludes persons with unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the recommended dietary allowance for thiamine and riboflavin.


advancedata 9

Negro girls and women also had average pro-
tein intakes above the recommended dietary al-
lowances in both income groups except for
those women aged 35-44 and 55 years and over
in both income groups whose values averaged
about 16 percent below the recommended die-
tary allowances.

Other nutrients examined showed even less
evidence of any inadequacy in the general diet.

White and Negro males and white females of
all ages (1-74 years) and in both income groups
had mean calcium intakes that approached or
were above the recommended dietary allow-
ances. Only Negro females at ages 20-74 years in
the lower income group and at ages 18-74 years
in the upper income group had calcium intakes
that ranged from 12 to 39 percent, on the aver-
age, below the recommended dietary allowances.

Males had mean vitamin A intakes at all ages
in both race and income groups that approached
or exceeded the recommended allowances. This
was also true for females in almost all age, race,
and income groups. The exceptions were white
females 20-24 years in the lower income group
whose means were 12 percent below the recom-
mended allowances, and Negro females 12-14
years in the upper income group and those
15-17 years in the lower income group whose
means were 15 and 27 percent, respectively, be-
low the recommended allowances.

Mean nutrient intakes of thiamine and ribo-
flavin were above the recommended allowances
for all age, race, sex, and income groups. Mean
nutrients for vitamin C intakes were above the
recommended allowances for all age, race, sex,
and income groups, except for white males
25-34 and 45-54 years in the lower income
group whose intakes averaged 15 percent below
the recommended allowances.

CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

The mean percent of dietary intake relative
to recommended dietary allowances has been
presented for calories, protein, calcium, iron, vi-
tamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin. These
data, however, did not consider the distribution
of nutrient intakes because only the mean was
presented. The mean intake has limited value in
light of the variability of some nutrient distribu-

tions. High mean intakes can mask the fact that
a substantial proportion of individuals within a
group may have usual nutrient intakes far below
the recommended dietary allowances. However,
this habitual intake of individuals cannot be esti-
mated from knowledge of a single-day’s intake
as collected in HANES I.7 Single-day intake
data, in contrast with intake data over larger pe-
tiods of time, result in greater variability of nu-
trient intakes that leads to a higher prevalence of
low intake when compared with the recom-
mended dietary allowances, thus overestimating
the prevalence of habitual low nutrient intakes.

In spite of the limitations of the single-day
intake data to estimate individual habitual in-
take, the distributions of the means across
population subsamples are useful in identifying
influences on the diet related to population
characteristics. The presentation of dietary in-
takes relative to the recommended daily allow-
ances of nutrients permits a comparison across
age and sex groups, which have different dietary
requirements.

Some nutrients, namely riboflavin and thia-
mine, show adequate or more than adequate
mean intake for all population subgroups de-
fined by two levels of poverty, race, sex, and
age. Other nutrients, namely protein, calcium,
and vitamins A and C revealed some, but not
most, population subgroups with lower mean in-
take than the recommended dietary allowance.
Calcium mean intake was consistently lower
than recommended allowances only for adult
Negro women regardless of income. Vitamin A
mean intake was below recommended daily al-
lowance in white adolescents and young adult
women in low income groups and among adoles-
cent Negro women regardless of income. Protein
mean intake was also below the recommended
allowances for adolescents, adult women, and
older men in the low income group. This pattem
was also observed for adult Negro females and
Negro older men and for older white females in
the upper income group.

The mean dietary intakes of calories and
iron were below the recommended daily allow-
ances for most of the population subgroups. Ca-
loric intake was below the recommended daily
allowances for all except the younger child re-
gardless of sex, race, and income group. Iron
intake was below the recommended daily allow-


dvancedat

FROM VITAL & HEALTH STATISTICS OF THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE | No. 6

March 30, 1977 | Public Health Service -Healih Resources Administration

Dietary Intake of Persons 1-74 Years of Age in the United States®

‘Information on food intake for 1 day was
obtained during the Health and Nutrition Exam-
ination Survey (HANES) conducted by the
National Center for Health Statistics April 1971
through June 1974 from a national probability
sample of persons 1-74 years of age in the U.S.
civilian noninstitutional population.

Dietary intake data in HANES were ob-
tained at 65 primary sampling units on 28,043
sample persons selected to represent 194 million
persons aged 1-74 years in the U.S. population.
The program examined 20,749 persons, or 74
percent of the sample. This represents an effec-
tive response rate of 75 percent when adjust-
ment is made for the effect of oversampling
among the poor, preschool children, women of
childbearing age, and the elderly. Detailed esti-
mates of the distribution of calories and selected
nutrient intakes ingested on a single day and the
proportions of persons who did not ingest on
that day the levels of nutrients necessary to
meet the recommended daily allowance will be
described and analyzed in a forthcoming report
in the Vital and Health Statistics series.! Selec-
ted means as they relate to the recommended
daily allowances from that report are presented
here in tables 1-8 and in figures 1-3.

Information on food intake was obtained by
the 24-hour recall method for the day, midnight
to midnight, preceeding the interview. The 24-
hour period accounted for all regular meals eaten
as well as for between-meal foods or snacks. Food
recall included foods eaten on Monday through

This report prepared by Sidney Abraham, Margaret
D. Carroll, M.S.P.H., Connie M. Dresser, R.D., and
Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., Division of Health Exam-
ination Statistics.

Friday but excluded foods eaten on weekends
which may pertain to unusual food intakes.

Individual nutrient intakes for the single
day reported are evaluated in relation to recom-
mended dietary allowances. The mean of the per-
centages of the nutrient standard is presented.
This mean is a crude estimate of desirable
or expected nutrient intakes, and it proves use-
ful for comparisons of dietary intake data be-
tween population subgroups. However, percents
of standard below 100 do not necessarily mean
inadequate nutrient intakes. The recommended
allowances are designed for the maintenance of
good nutrition in healthy persons in the United
States. They allow for some margin above what
is really needed by most individuals with the
objective of maintaining good health im all. Asa
guideline to interpreting the dietary data, a set
of recommended daily allowances for the evalua-
tion of HANES dietary data was developed with
advice from an ad hoc advisory group. The
groups considered recommended daily allow-
ances from the World Health Organization,? the
Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for
National Defense Manual, the National Re-
search Council Food and Nutrition Board Rec-
ommended Dietary Allowances,* and from
those used in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey.
Except for protein and calories, the recom-
mended daily allowances as presented in table A
are all related to age, physiological state, or to
caloric intake.

Standards for assessing caloric and protein
allowances for adults are based on expected
median body weight for sex and height at ages
20-29 years. More specifically, an expected body
weight at ages 20-29 years was computed for
each individual adult based on height and sex.
The median of the distribution of expected


12 advancedata

Table 3, Mean calcium intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,

1971-74 (HANES 1)

White male Negro male White female Negro female
Age income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income
below above below above below above below above
poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty Poverty poverty poverty
level level level level level level level level
Mean calcium intake
234 213 174 160 252 207 134 182
218 196 160 159 181 199 152 162
207 234 152 206 214 204 157 166
219 260 204 242 248 234 163 172
238 276 205 194 243 132 155 164
10-11 years 189 192 115 158 135 183 119 124
12-14 years 181 211 120 140 144 156 118 108
15-17 years 250 239 139 144 109 139 99 114
18-19 years 209 242 148 164 119 143 112 79
20-24 years 238 294 247 162 106 116 88 85
25-34 years 210 276 157 198 100 113 74 69
35-44 years 331 228 146 194 99 104 66 72
45-54 years 207 217 161 145 104 102 74 61
55-64 years 204 198 134 160 102 98 68 76
65 years and over. 155 188 140 135 1 98 78 72

Table 4, Mean iron intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,

1971-74 (HANES 1)

White male Negro male White female Negro female

Age Income Income Income Income income Income Income Income

below above below above below above below above

poverty poverty poverty Poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty

level level tevel level level level level level
Mean iron intake

49 51 44 39 32 51 43 46
53 56 58 52 49 47 45 58
92 95 87 97 86 82 93 89
124 112 94 105 89 97 90 98
116 112 107 1 1 98 98 74
130 128 94 133 66 57 61 59
95 97 105 90 65 56 56 61
78 95 70 7 45 53 49 59
88 94 95 n 51 58 57 51
143 171 132 140 52 56 54 59
25-34 years 174 168 174 159 53 58 54 53
38-44 years 174 160 136 149 52 59 47 49
45-54 years 129 148 123 133 54 59 48 50
55-64 years 111 140 108 139 86 99 75 84
65 years and over.. 113 125 112 104 a1 96 74 84



Table 1. Mean caloric intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,
1971-74 (HANES I)

White male Negro male White female Negro female
Age Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income
below above below above below above below above
Poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty
level level level level level level level level

Mean caloric intake

1 year... 139 125 115 116 126 125 17 126
23 years... 132 124 126 128 116 119 111 116
45 years... 124 121 103 120 124 109 104 111
6-7 years. 127 112 107 108 104 98 88 a1
8-9 years... 99 95 87 7 87 78 72 65
10-11 year: 87 95 68 82 94 98 78 81
12-14 years 78 84 69 74 75 72 14 76
15-17 years 80 88 66 1 66 69 69 n
18-19 years 81 94 87 82 79 85 89 1
20-24 years 86 97 78 84 78 78 78 79
25.34 years 80 93 87 94 81 83 81 79
35-44 years 98 90 83 85 78 85 14 70
45-54 years 82 85 67 75 89 86 1 72
55-64 years 70 81 57 78 77 81 66 74
65 years and over n 75 67 64 72 79 68 n

Table 2. Mean protein intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,
1971-74 (HANES I)

White male Negro male White female Negro female
Age Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income
below above below above below above below above
poverty poverty Poverty poverty poverty poverty Poverty poverty
level level level level level level level level

Mean protein intake

256 236 224 224 254 244 217 224
243 228 238 214 232 221 203 225
232 235 195 222 247 214 206 214
293 265 237 249 243 226 197 209
233 216 187 162 214 180 164 142
10-11 years .. 192 200 135 179 185 172 161 154
12-14 years .. 156 164 127 135 126 119 110 125
15-17 years... 142 159 120 123 85 101 93 101
18-19 years... 147 161 138 122 99 119 124 106
20-24 years... 124 148 122 119 95 105 92 106
25-34 years .. 137 142 149 142 100 107 94 97
35-44 years .. 154 134 110 134 97 104 88 87
45.54 years. 113 126 114 122 98 109 95 91
55-64 years. 92 116 87 115 85 100 73 87
65 years and over 92 103 88 85 83 92 85 85



8 advancedata

sponding pattern was evident only at ages 1-5
years for those in the lower income group and at
ages 1-7 years for those in the upper income
group.

White boys and men 10 through 74 years in
the lower income group generally had mean ca-
loric intakes below the recommended dietary al-
Jowances. In the upper income group, this obser-
vation was evident only at ages 12-17 and 45-74
years. For those in the upper income group at
ages 10-11 and 18-44, the mean caloric intake
approached the standards.

Negro males and white and Negro females at
all ages from 8 through 74 years and in both
income groups had mean caloric intakes below
the standards.

The distribution of the mean caloric intake
as a percent of the recommended dietary allow-
ances in population subgroups does not corre-
spond to the distribution of the lean and obese
persons across similar population subgroups.
Various possible explanations for this discrep-
ancy range from reporting biases in the 24-hour
recall method of dietary interview to differences
in physical activity that are not reflected in the

recommended dietary allowances or to the al-
lowances themselves. The National Center for
Health Statistics is presently collecting data for
the purpose of examining the caloric-exercise-
obesity relationship.

Mean protein intake for white boys and men
approached or exceeded the recommended die-
tary allowances for all income groups. Negro
boys and men 1-54 years in both income groups
also had high protein in relation to the recom-
mended dietary allowances, but at ages 55-64
years men in the lower income group and those
65 years and over in both income groups had
mean protein intakes that averaged about 13
percent below the recommended dietary allow-
ances.

Mean protein intake for white girls and
women in the income group above poverty level
approached or exceeded the recommended die-
tary allowances at all ages. Corresponding values
for white girls and women in the lower income
group were similar except for those aged 15-17
and 55 years and over whose mean values aver-
aged about 16 percent below the recommended
dietary allowances.

Table B. Weighted average thresholds at the low income level in 1971, by farm-nonfarm residence, sex of family head, and size of family:
United States, 1971

Nonfarm Farm
Size of family Total Male Female Male Female
Total head? head? Total head? head?

All unrelated individuals . $2,033 $2,040 $2,136 $1,978 $1,727 $1,783 $1,669
Under 65 years 2/093 2,098 2181 2,017 1/805 1/853 1,715
65 years and over 1931 1940 1959 4,934 1,652 1,666 11643

3,700 3,724 3,764 3,428 3,235 3,242 3,079
2,612 2/633 21641 2,581 2/219 2,224 2,130
Head under 65 years 2,699 2.716 2,731 2/635 2/317 2/322 2;195
Head 65 years and
2,424 2,448 2,450 2,437 2,082 2,081 2,089
3,207 3,229 31246 3,127 2.745 2,749 21627
4.113 4137 4139 4116 3/527 3,528 31513
4,845 4,880 4\g84 41837 4,159 4,159 4.148
5441 5,489 5,492 5,460 4.688 4,689 4,656
6,678 6,751 6,771 6,583 5,736 8,749 5,516

1 For unrelated individuals, sex of the individual.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census: Characteristics of the low-income

No. 86. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1972.

population, 1971, Current Population Reports, Series P-60,


4 advancedata

The income status for each examined person is
expressed by the Poverty Income Ratio (table
B). Families and unrelated individuals are classi-
fied as being above or below the low income or
poverty level, using the poverty level index a-
dopted by the Federal Interagency Committee
in 1969. This index, in contrast with total family
income, reflects the different consumption re-
quirements of families based on their size, com-

position, sex, age of the family head, and farm-

nonfarm residence.

For analysis, two groups of income levels are
presented—income below poverty level, a ratio
of less than one, and income at and above pov-
erty level, a ratio of one or more. A later, more
detailed analysis may show differences not ap-
parent here. There were 723 persons (3.5 per-
cent of the total) examined whose income was

Figure 2. Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below recommended
[Based on 1-day diets

Calories Protein (gm)
Sex and age
Atl Below Above All Below Above
, poverty | poverty | , poverty | poverty
tncomes level? level incomes levell levell
White male
x x x
10-11 years x xx x
12-14 years XX TOK Xx
15-17 years xx xx xx
18-19 years x xx x
20-24 years x 4 x
25-34 years x Xx x
35-44 years x x x
45-54 years XK 7% WX
55-64 years Xx Xxx xx x
65 years and over XXX XXX XXX x
Negro male
1 year
23 years.
45 years.
6-7 years .
89 years. xx xx xxx
10-11 years Xxx XxX xx
12-14 years cog HHH TX
15-17 years XXX XXXX XXX
18-19 years xx Xx xx
20-24 years xx Foxx xX
25-34 years x Xx x
35-44 years xx xx xx
45-54 years XxX THX THX
55-64 years XxX XXX XXX Xx
65 years and over. XXXX XXX XxX xx xx xx

J Excludes persons with unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the recommended dietary allowance for thiamine and riboflavin.


advancedata 15

TECHNICAL NOTES

The sampling plan for the 65 préselected ex-
amination locations in the Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (HANES) followed a highly
stratified multistage probability design in which
a sample of the civilian noniristitutionalized pop-
ulation of the conterminous United States 1-74
years of age was selected. Successive elements
dealt with in the process of sampling were the
primary sampling unit, census enumeration dis-
trict, segment (a cluster of households), house-
hold, eligible person, and finally, sample person.
The sampling design provided for oversampling
among persons living in poverty areas, preschool
shildren, women of childbearing age, and the
iderly.

The caloric and selected nutrient intake val-
ues are shown as population estimates, that is,
the dietary intake findings for each individual
have been “weighted” by the reciprocal of the
probability of selecting the person. An adjust-
ment. for persons in the sample who were not
examined and poststratified ratio adjustments
were also made, so that the final sampling esti-
mates of the population size agree exactly with
the independent U.S. Bureau of the Census esti-
mates for the civilian noninstitutionalized popu-
lation of the United States as of November 1,
1972, by race, sex, and age.

(Issued: October 18, 1976)

Previous issues of -ldvance Data From Vital and Health Statistics

No. 1. Blood Pressure of Persons 6-74 Years of Age in the United States

No. 2. Hypertension: United States, 1974 (Issued: November 8, 1976)

No. 3. Height and Weight of Adults 18-74 Years in the United States (Is-
sued: November 19, 1976)

No. 4. Prevalence of Dermatological Diseases Among Persons 1-74 Years of
Age, United States (Issued: January 26, 1977)

No. 5.

A Comparison of Levels of Serum Cholesterol of Adults 18-74 Years
of Age in the United States in 1960-62 and 1971-74



advancedata

increase of the body’s cell mass. In fact, cell mass
tends to decrease with age even as weight in-
creases,® which indicates that these standardized
allowances tend to overstate the nutrient needs
of older people as compared with younger. This
bias is much less, however, than the presentation
of nutrient intake per kilogram of body weight.
Those who weigh less than the height-sex-specific
weight at 20-29 years of age are presumed to be
underweight, and their nutrient needs may be pre-
sumed to be greater than their weight implied.

A similar method was used to obtain height-
standardized allowances for assessing caloric and
protein dietary intakes of children. The ex-
pected median body weight for age, sex, and
height was derived from anthropometric data
collected in HANES.

In addition to age and race, income status
is another population characteristic considered
when nutritional data are presented because
quantity and quality of dietary intake have been
known to be associated with level of income.

Table A. Standards for evaluation of daily dietary intake used in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, by age, sex, and

physiological state:

United States, 1971-74

‘Age, sex, and Calories is sper Calcium tron Viramnin | Viternin B vitamins
physiological state (per kg) ee (mg) (mg) (Wu) (ma) (all ages)
Age and sex
1-5 years: Thiamine
12-23 months, male and 0.4 mg
female... 90 19 450 15 2,000 40 | per 1,000
24.47 months, male and calories
female 86 17 450 15 2,000 40
48-71 months, male and Riboflavin
female 82 15 450 10 2,000 40 | 0.55 mg
6-7 years, male and fe! 82 13 450 10 2/500 40 | per 1,000
89 years, male and female .. 82 13 450 10 2/500 40 | calories
10-12 years... sal 68 12 650 10 2,500 40
64 12 650 18 2/500 40| Niacin
13-16 years. 60 12 650 18 3,500 50] 6.6 mg
48 12 650 18 3,500 50 | per 1,000
17-9 years.. 44 14 560 18 3,500 55 | calories
35 14 560 18 3/500 50
40 1.0 400 10 3,500 60
35 10 600 18 3,500 55
38 1.0 400 10 3,500 60
33 1.0 600 18 3,500 55
40-49 years.. 37 1.0 400 10 3/500 60
31 1.0 600 18 3,500 55
50-54 years.. 36 1.0 400 10 3/500 60
30 1.0 600 18 3,500 55
55-59 years.. 36 1.0 400 10 3,500 60
30 1.0 600 10 3/500 55
60-69 years. 34 1.0 400 10 3,500 60
23 1.0 600 10 3,500 55
70 years and over 34 1.0 400 10 3,500 60
29 1.0 600 10 3,500 55
Physiological state
Pregnancy (5th month and
beyond), add to basic
standard sssesseoe 200 20 200 1,000 25
Lactating, add to basic
standard .. 1,000 25 500 1,000 5

2 Assumed 70 percent carotene, 30 percent retinol.
2 For all pregnancies.


2 advancedata

weight for each height and sex group was deter-
mined. The standardized allowance for each in-
dividual 20 years and over was then calculated
by multiplying the median expected weight for
height and sex by the recommended nutrient al-
lowance per kilogram of body weight (table A).
The resultant product was then taken as that
individual’s sex-height-standardized allowance.
The reported caloric or protein intake for each

individual was then divided by this standardized
allowance to arrive at the “percent of recom-
mended daily allowance.” Height-sex-specific
weight at ages 20-29 is used because at these
ages it is thought to most closely approximate
the body’s cell mass. Cell mass, the metaboli-
cally active part of the body, is the major deter-
minant of adult nutrient needs. Weight gain after
20-29 years is presumed to be fat, with little

Figure 1, Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below recommended dietary allowance, by income level, sex, and
age: United States, 1971-74.

{Based on 1-day diet; 24-hour recall]

Calories Protein (gm) Calcium (mg) Iron (mg)
Sex and age an | Below | Above |, | Below | Above | 4, | Below | Above | 4, | Below | Above
overt overt Poverty | poverty |. overt poverty |. Poverty | poverty
incomes | Fevert | revert | ncomes | Fieveit’ | Prove” fincomes | even” | Prevert | incomes | “ievelt | “revel?
Male
— KEY
1 year. xxxx | 20x | 2000x
2:3 years.. x = Below by 1-10 percent xXx xxx | 2x.
45 years. Below by 11-20 percent x x x
6-7 years. Below by 21-29 percent
89 years. x x x xxxx = Below by 30 percent or
10-11 years., x XXX x more
12-14 years.. xe woe 9 x x %
15-17 years.. xx XXX xx x XxX x
18-19 years.. x xx x x xx x
20-24 years.. x x x
25-34 years.. x xx x
35-44 years... x x x
45.54 years.. XX TOK WX
55-64 years.. xXx] xxx xx x
65 years and
over. xxx] xxxx Xxx x x
Female
20x P2000 | 20eKx
2x0 J xxxx | xXxX
xx Xx Xx
x x x % 3 x
XXX xx xx x x
xx xx xx rox | xxxx | xox
12-14 years.. XXX HX HX KKK PR | ORK
15-17 years.. | xxxx | xxxx | xxxx x xx Xxx J xxxx | xxx
18-19 years.. Xx xx Xx xxx J xxx | KK
20-24 years.. XXX XXX XXX x SH PIR | IO
25-34 years.. Xx Xx Xx x x xxxx Po oxxxx | xxxx
35-44 years.. xx Xxx Xx x xx xxxx J xxxx | xxxx
45-54 years... HX 300 XK x x x KY RRR | RRR RRR
55.64 years.. xx XxX XX x Xx x x x x x XX x
65 years and
over Xxx XXX Xxx x xx x x xx x x xx x

1£xcludes persons with unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin.


13

Table 5. Mean vitamin A intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,
1971-74 (HANES I)

White male Negro male White female Negro female
Age Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income
below above below above below above below above
Poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty
level level level level level level level level
Mean vitamin A intake

276 187 179 138 138 175 181 266

190 179 213 154 144 147 195 464

196 186 198 239 187 178 171 160

174 164 203 243 145 141 176 153

183 191 139 194 258 153 138 108

167 211 151 196 184 165 138 129

161 157 170 112 126 167 129 85

133 178 101 97 95 108 73 108

109 174 105 106 94 117 139 126

113 148 215 159 88 106 134 103

148 151 149 158 96 127 121 104

195 149 126 166 98 121 100 133

121 148 167 158 260 150 142 141

109 165 257 197 136 180 164 170

65 years and over, 97 167 167 170 125 187 128 160

Table 6. Mean vitamin C

1971-74 (HANES 1)

intake as a percent of recommended dietary allowance, by race, sex, and age for income levels: United States,

White male Negro male White female Negro female

Age Income income Income Income Income Income Income Income

below above below above below above below above

poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty

level level level level level level level level
Mean vitamin C intake

1 year 109 191 163 148 97 161 139 242
23 years 195 220 7 147 167 189 152 154
4.5 years 173 226 194 199 153 198 220 238
6-7 years 158 214 203 260 166 203 190 227
8-9 years 183 200 165 211 275 207 223 123
10-11 years 133 232 118 180 178 213 215 208
12-14 years 163 200 175 247 126 176 170 194
15-17 years 156 203 190 130 149 147 127 142
18-19 years 170 228 151 106 181 192 164 136
20-24 years 147 185 138 185, 151 155 138 140
(25-34 years = 88 155 107 139 107 140 123 139
35-44 years 115 139 164 150 11 150 127 135
45-54 years 82 143 156 129 107 155 106 118
55-64 years 112 163 122 203 124 182 123 199
65 years and over, 95 158 148 128 130 174 132 167