dard Space Flight Center 

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September 11, 2001, changed us forever. How profound the impactof that day. It has affected us and has filtered our view of ourachievements. Before that day, it would have been easy for me toname the many accomplishments, discoveries, milestones and completion of major projects as the capstone of so many dreams.However, because of that day and since that day, our thinking isdirected constantly at our people in a more immediate way. We’vebecome closer than ever before. 

This year’s Annual Report is not only our accounting to you, but also this year it is a celebration of our people. Our staff members, a highly diverse group indemographics and skills, represent our strength. We recognized that before thetragedy of September. But now we actively behave everyday according to thatphilosophy...from choosing team members for tasks to inclusion at all levels ofmanagement. Our people provide our achievements and accomplishments. They come from all backgrounds, interests, ages, skills. And together, our people stand for the hope of tomorrow. Our employees not only create our achievements, but also give this Nation their commitment to progress in our understanding of the universe and the Earth.Please take a few moments to read our Report. Read the words of our staffmembers as they describe a moment of discovery. Observe how, thanks to innovation and creativity, a complex question yields an exquisite answer leading toother provocative questions. Become familiar with some of our people usingthis Report. They represent many, many others who bring forward equal amounts of dedication and passion to space exploration, from hands-on engineering to supportiveadministrative work. I am very proud to share this Report with you because I amvery proud of Goddard people at Greenbelt, Maryland; Wallops Flight Facility inVirginia; Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York; the IndependentVerification and Validation Facility in West Virginia and the staff at White Sands,New Mexico.This document reports to you not only our desire to carry on the grand missionof the Center, but also our desire to cherish for a moment longer what is trulyimportant to us, our people. I hope you will join me in that celebration as youread through our year’s story through the impressions of individuals involved inmissions, support help, transitions, discoveries or engineering and technology. Sincerely,A.V. Diaz, Director

2001 GSFC Annual Report 

Message from the Director

1
agedy.”

c events

Mapping the Early Universe

When Chuck Bennett came to theGoddard Space Flight Center in 1984 asa young graduate from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology,the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)was one of the hottest, most excitingmissions at NASA. He couldn’t think ofanything more professionally rewardingthan to peer back in space and time tostudy the oldest light in the cosmos, thefaint background radiation that the BigBang created between 12 and 15 billionyears ago when it created the universein an unimaginable cauldron.Nearly 20 years later, Bennett still wantsto study this faint afterglow radiation,which bathes the sky in all directions.Now, however, he’s in the driver’s seatof NASA’s latest cosmological mission.As the principal investigator of theMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), hisjob is to carry on where COBE left offwhen it discovered tiny temperaturefluctuations in the afterglow—evidencethat proved the beginnings of the largescale pattern of galaxies we see today. Since the spacecraft’s picture-perfectlaunch on June 30, Bennett said he andhis team, led by Goddard and PrincetonUniversity, are well on the way to achieving the mission’s ambitious goals. Now safely in orbit 1 million miles fromhome, MAP has checked out perfectlyand has begun collecting informationabout the faint cosmic glow in five

wavelength bands. It will collect enoughdata to make a map of the entire sky,which Bennett expects in December2002. From this map, scientists willstudy the patterns caused by the fluctuations in temperature to unravel cluesabout the nature, composition and destiny of the universe. Because MAP has30 times greater resolution and is 50times more sensitive than COBE,astronomers are anticipating evengreater results.In so many ways, MAP is a mission offirsts. Before MAP, Goddard never competed for a mission. In 1995, NASAreceived 65 proposals for a mid-sized,Explorer-class mission. It selected onlytwo. MAP made the cut. Before MAP,Goddard had never formed such a closepartnership with a university to developa major space mission. Goddard andPrinceton relied on each other’sstrengths to build successfully a spacemission that wasn’t easy to build. Andbefore MAP, no satellite had ever flownin the L2 orbit, a quasi-stable positionin the opposite direction of the Sun.Although many satellites have passedthrough the L2 neighborhood, none hasused it as a permanent observing station.

“Like COBE, MAP so far is a huge success for the Center,” Bennett says. “It

really is a testament to the engineershere. It really is the hottest thing atNASA.” 

Voices of Goddard

2001 GSFC Annual Report 

3

Discovery is the business of the

Goddard Space Flight Center, andfiscal 2001 proved to be a fruitfulone for the Center. New findingsand the start of exciting new missions, which could revolutionize theway we see Earth and the vast universe around us, defined the year.The scientists who played roles inthese missions as well as those whoworked behind the scenes in vitaladministrative and engineeringcapacities tell their stories. 

Chuck Bennett

IMAGE RIGHT: The Microwave AnisotropyProbe (MAP), a successor to Goddard’shighly successful Cosmic BackgroundExplorer, is collecting enough data to makea map of the entire sky showing the tinyfluctuations in temperature, which revealclues about the nature, composition anddestiny of the universe. 
Pinned by Gravity 

Stephen Merkowitz has spent his entireprofessional career building sophisticated scientific instruments thatmeasure gravity. It’s not an easy undertaking, but nothing compares with whathe’s doing now. Just before the start of the fiscal year,he began working on the ambitiousLaser Interferometer Space Antenna(LISA) mission—the first space missionto attempt to detect gravitational radiation. Gravitational radiation, also knownas gravity waves, is one of the lastunproven predictions of Einstein’stheory of general relativity and it’sessentially ripples in space-time thatpropagate through the universe at thespeed of light, unimpeded by matter. Detecting gravity waves will be challenging, but Merkowitz has the know-howand patience to get the job done. He and his colleagues from theUniversity of Washington hold therecord for measuring the force of gravityto its greatest precision. And for LISA,precision is key. The effect of gravitational radiation on matter is miniscule.Like ships on the ocean, all matter,which would include stars, planets andpeople, bob up and down with eachpassing gravity wave. Yet the waves alterthe distance between objects by nomore than a picometer, less than thewidth of an atom.

Under the current plan, LISA wouldcomprise three satellites in a triangularformation, placed 3.1 million milesapart, but anchored to each other by alaser. A gravity wave would rock eachsatellite as it passes, altering their distances from each other by about apicometer. Merkowitz is now developinginstruments that would detect the tinydistance change across millions of kilometers in space. The mission is plannedfor early next decade; an engineeringtest flight could fly in about 5 years. “Detecting gravitational radiation wouldbe the ultimate reward,” said Merkowitz.“The implications are staggering: If theyexist, gravity waves would represent anew window to observe the universe,analogous to electromagnetic radiationin all of its forms, from radio wavesthrough gamma rays.” 

2001 GSFC Annual Report 

5

mass would place the innermost

le orbit at about 40 miles if the

k hole was not spinning. However,

rate of oscillation, which the Rossi

orer determined to be 450 Hz,

d only mean that the innermost

le orbit was 30 miles. This black

 had to be spinning, otherwise gas

close would fall in, he determined;

bingo, he had made a discovery.

it wasn’t the first for Strohmayer.

a few months earlier with the Rossi

orer, he uncovered an unprece

ed 3-hour-long thermonuclear burst

he surface of one neutron star,

h astronomers describe as a stellar

nant with a mass of between 1.4

3 solar masses. These objects col

ed under gravity, causing protons

electrons to smash together to

m neutrons. This thermonuclear

t was likely caused by more than a

s worth of stored carbon—the

ear ash from daily helium explo

s—packed so tightly below the

ron star surface that it finally fused

exploded.

before this, Strohmayer found

ct evidence for millisecond spin

s of neutron stars by discovering

lations during thermonuclear

ts—finding that earned him the

0 Lindsay award from Goddard.

he world of sports, which

hmayer follows because of his avid

rest in hockey, three in a row “makes

t trick.” That’s the kind of year

hmayer had. 

Stephen Merkowitz

The LISA mission, which could fly early nextdecade, will attempt to detect gravitationalradiation, one of the last unproven predictionsof Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Underthe current plan, LISA would comprise threesatellites in a triangular formation, placed 3.1million miles apart, but anchored to each otherby a laser. A gravity wave would rock eachsatellite as it passes, altering their distancesfrom each other by about a picometer. 
2001 GSFC Annual Report 

7

r-Splitting Stars

 White and Lorella Angelini don’t

m up often, but when they do, big

gs happen. 

he 1980s, they worked together on

European Space Agency’s x ray

onomy mission (EXOSAT) which laid

foundation for spectacular discover

o come with the Goddard-led Rossi

orer mission launched in 1995. In

1990s, they teamed to establish

dard’s High Energy Astrophysics

nce Archive Research Center, and in

1, they joined forces once again to

e a mystery about a strange binary

system in the M15 globular cluster

had just about everyone stumped.

t they discovered still borders on

bizarre. The object isn’t just one

ry-star system but two, separated

 hair.

mystery began in 1984 when scien

 using the Einstein x-ray satellite,

overed M15’s first such binary. A

ron star, which is the remains of a

e fairly large star, was orbiting a

ng” hydrogen-burning star slightly

ller than the Sun. Six years later,

 the Japanese Ginga x-ray satellite,

onomers detected an x-ray burst

from the region. The Ginga observationindicated that scientists were seeing thesurface of the neutron star, while thefirst observation indicated the neutronstar’s surface was hidden. It was as ifthis star system was wearing two faces. White and Angelini observed the regionwith the Chandra x-ray Observatory fornearly 6 hours. They discovered two xray sources separated by a mere 2.7arcseconds. That’s close, consideringthat the distance across the pinpoint oflight that observers see as Mars here onEarth forms an angle of about 5 arcseconds. It took the exquisite resolvingpower of Chandra to separate the twobinary-star systems. 

The broader implication of the AngeliniWhite discovery is that these types ofbinaries can be quite common in starclusters, as was theorized but neverobserved. “We can be certain that globular clusters, with their myriad stars,contain many x ray binary systems,”Angelini says. “We should expect manymore black holes and neutron starsburied inside.” 

A Brave New World for Business Chief Financial Officer Nancy Abelllikens NASA’s internal businessprocesses to a crazy quilt, a patchworkof aging mainframes and desktop computers. Although the system works, it isneither up-to-date nor efficient—especially in an era of e-commerce andother Internet-enabled technologiesthat have revolutionized the business ofbusiness. Under a sweeping initiative now beingimplemented across NASA, however,that won’t be the case for long. Last year, the Agency began implementing the Integrated FinancialManagement System at Headquartersand its 10 centers. Once completelyimplemented in 2008, the system willchange the way the Agency collectsresumes, manages assets, buys goodsand services, makes travel plans, formulates budgets and conducts humanresources and accounting. "Virtuallyevery aspect of the space Agency’sbusiness practices will be affected," saysAbell, who is responsible for overseeingthe implementation of its core financialbackbone at Goddard and Headquarters. "We’re not simply implementingsoftware packages. We’re changing howwe work. The change will be dramatic."In fiscal 2001, Goddard phased in thefirst of nine modules, an automatedresume system known as the STaffingAnd Recruitment System (STARS). A key

element is the system’s commercial offthe-shelf referral software system thatuses optical character recognition andimaging technologies to automaticallymatch skills in applicants’ resumes tothe skill requirements of specific jobs.Since going live in July, 95 percent of theresumes coming into NASA come byway of STARS.The next—and perhaps most critical—phase is Core Finance, the accountingpiece of the system that Abell’s officebegan implementing at NASAHeadquarters. By 2003, the entiremodule should be in place at Goddard.The ramifications of this one moduleare enormous, Abell says. Program andproject managers will get more timelyaccess to project costs, which will allowthem to be more accountable to decision-makers and lawmakers, she says.But perhaps more exciting is its abilityto provide a tool to support full-costmanagement across the entireAgency—now only possible through alaborious tracking of actual expensesand projected costs. "It’s been a long time coming, but thisyear, it became truly evident that thenew system was really going to come,"Abell says. "This system will improve ourbusiness processes and give us a toolthat moves us into the e-businessworld. It’s exciting. It’s going to be abusy year for people in finance." 

Nicholas White and Lorella Angelini

Nancy Abell

What was once thought to be one x-ray sourceis really two sources separated by 2.7 arcseconds. (The distance across Mars, from ourvantage point on Earth, forms an angle ofabout 5 arcseconds. So imagine a gap smallerthan that pinpoint of light from Mars.) Thenew x-ray source, which Goddard scientistsNicholas White and Lorella Angelini dubbedM15-X2, is likely a neutron star orbiting afaint blue star.

The Chandra X-ray image(inset) shows the centralregion of the starburstgalaxy known as NGC 253as compared with the opticalview. NGC 253 has at leastsix so-called ultra-luminous(very powerful x ray) pointsources. Chandra showsthat four of them are located within about 3,000light- years from thegalaxy’s core. This relatively close distance may implythat the ultra-luminousobjects—which are usuallyfound slightly farther out—are gravitating towards thecenter of the galaxy. 
2001 GSFC Annual Report 

9

same month Thompson headed for

theast Asia and Japan to gather data

lobal pollution as part of the

CE-P mission. She and her col

ues were flying 500 feet above the

na Sea when the Chinese put a radar

 on NASA’s P-3B aircraft. Thompson

the rest of the NASA team survived

episode and went on to discoverthe carbon monoxide pollution

aming from China toward the Pacific

far greater than expected,

mpson says. July brought a lecture

to Nova Scotia and discussions for

nternational air-sea exchange experi

t to be held in 2003.

mpson wrapped up the year of

enture a little closer to home. While

uring to a group of Honors students

he University of Maryland College

 in September, a deadly tornado

ed past the classroom. She and the

ents were so absorbed in a demon

ion of ozonesonde measurements

they didn’t even realize what had

pened. 

as just another day in the life of an

ne scientist.

ther Knows Best

shall Shepherd, who until recently

ed as the Outreach Scientist for the

ical Rainfall Measuring Mission

MM), says he relied on the services

s mother during his 3 years on the

“She was my litmus test,” he says.

e didn’t understand a concept or a

nale for doing something, it was

anteed that no one else would.

since he was tasked with explaining

satellite’s findings to the media,

mbers of Congress and other lay

ences in down-to-Earth, under

dable language, he listened to his

her. 

was on hand when flight controllers

sted TRMM to a higher orbit, which

signified yet another milestone in thisfabulously successful mission. It was hisjob to explain NASA’s rationale for performing the maneuver. “This was a very important thing,”Shepherd says. “Just by raising the satellite’s orbit from 217 miles to 250 milesabove Earth, we’ve extended the satellite’s life an additional 5 to 6 years.”With the new orbit, NASA engineerswon’t have to burn as much fuel tomake orbital adjustments to counter theeffects of drag and friction at the original orbit. And because TRMM’s fuelreserves were running low, NASA had todecide whether to end the mission andprepare for a controlled re-entry orboost to a higher orbit and extend it.For Earth scientists and meteorologists,the decision was easy—prolong TRMM’s life.As with other missions, TRMM hasproven to be more valuable than evenits most ardent supporters could havehoped, Shepherd says. It confirmed thatlightning was more prevalent over landareas than water and that pollution maysuppress rainfall—information of keeninterest to scientists trying to betterunderstand climate change. TRMM hasprovided one of the most comprehensive climatologies of global tropicalrainfall and has significantly reduceduncertainty in tropical rainfall estimates,

which are critical for assessing climatechange and forecasting weather,Shepherd says. “We found all of these unexpected benefits,” Shepherd says. Operationalcenters like NOAA’s National HurricaneCenter and the Department ofDefense’s Joint Typhoon Warning Centerroutinely used TRMM data for hurricaneidentification and monitoring. TheEuropean Center for Medium RangeWeather Forecasting and NOAA’sNational Center for EnvironmentalPrediction are just beginning to testTRMM data in weather forecasts andmodels.With its new lease on life, Shepherdbelieves TRMM will provide an evenlonger record of rainfall over the tropicsand more precise weather forecasting,which isn’t bad for a satellite that wassupposed to operate only 3 years. Evenhis mother understands that.

The Balloon LadyScientific balloons have become commonplace. The NASA Balloon Programat Wallops Flight Facility alone averagesabout 25 flights each year, lofting thesebillowing giants a hundred thousandfeet above the Earth’s surface fromsuch places as Palestine, Texas, Ft.Sumner, New Mexico, and as far away asAustralia and Antarctica. Now balloonists would like to try their craft in analien world, millions of miles fromhome.Debbie Fairbrother, a BalloonTechnology Manager at Wallops, countsherself as a member of that crowd andhas begun planning a demonstrationproject that she hopes will give herGoddard team an edge to winningfuture opportunities. To Fairbrother, one of the few womeninvolved in the field today, balloons area way to fly an experiment package on

Marshall Shepherd

The image illustrates a cross-section through atropical storm system. TRMM microwave instruments allow scientists to look at the processesinside a storm that may lead to intensification ormore rainfall. Red colors represent areas of heavier rainfall while green colors represent lighterrainfall amounts. The contoured regions illustratethe approximate vertical extent of the precipitating cloud systems in the storms as measured fromthe spacecraft.

Debbie Fairbrother
2001 GSFC Annual Report 11

netic layer, called the magnetosphere, causes the flickering Northern and Southern Lights, as well as satellite fail- ures, power grid blackouts and radio difficulties. More worrisome, however, are the health risks posed to astro- nauts. On March 31, NASA’s satellites detected one of the biggest storms of the year, Fox says. Fortunately, it made barely a ripple here on Earth. Given the potential seriousness of these space–weather events, many see a need to predict them before they happen. That’s where Michael Hesse comes in. In a nondescript laboratory on the Goddard campus, Hesse operates the Community Coordinated Modeling Center, a joint effort between NASA, the Air Force, the National Science Foundation, the Navy and NOAA. Hesse—one of the scientists Nicky alerts as part of her job—is responsible for developing, testing and evaluating sophisticated computer models that could one day help scientists predict a solar eruption and its effect on geo- space. With its solar-terrestrial satellites, including SOHO, Geotail, POLAR, ACE and WIND, NASA is making good progress, Hesse says. “But we’re just in our infancy. We’re where the National Weather Service was 40 years ago.” In September, the Center took a big step toward achieving its goal, however. It delivered its first model to Air Force Operations, Hesse says. “It was a big milestone for us. We’re learning and establishing a process, and that was an important step forward.” “I Liked to Fish” It all started because Michael Behrenfeld liked to fish. “I remember thinking while waiting for a bite, ‘I wonder what’s going on down there,’” Behrenfeld says, recalling a childhood episode in which he first became truly intrigued by the oceans and the life that they support. His fasci- nation gave way to a career many years later while working on a research vessel that set out to gather data on the effects of ozone depletion on marine life. “That was it,” he says. “I was hooked.” Behrenfeld is still hooked. He and his colleagues made headlines in 2001 because of a study that appeared in the journal, Science. Using 3 years of observations from the Sea- viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), Behrenfeld and colleagues described comprehensive global changes in the Earth’s ocean algae and land plants. “This is a period of explo- ration for us,” he says. “We’ve never been able to see the Earth this way before.” With this record, NASA has more biolog- ical data than has been collected by all previous field surveys and ship cruises. In fact, it would have taken a ship steaming at 6 knots more than 4,000 years to provide the same coverage as a single global SeaWiFS image. More important, though, the study gave Behrenfeld and other researchers an opportunity to assess how the concen- tration of phytoplankton has changed with time and, consequently, how pho- tosynthesis in the oceans has changed. Photosynthesis is the process common 

y Fox

ael Hesse

After 3 years of continuous datacollection by the SeaWiFSinstrument, NASA has gatheredthe first record of photosyntheticproductivity in the oceans. Bymonitoring the color of reflectedlight via satellite, scientists candetermine how successfully plantlife is photosynthesizing. Ameasurement of photosynthesis isessentially a measurement of successful growth, and growth meanssuccessful use of ambient carbon.Until now, scientists have onlyhad a continuous record of photosynthesis on land. 

e spring, an active region on the Sun

shed the biggest x-ray flare on record,

tely more powerful than the famous

9 flare that disrupted power grids in

da. The big explosion, which took place

the Sun's northwest limb, hurled a CME

pace at a whopping speed of roughly 4.5

on miles an hour. Goddard scientists

y Fox and Michael Hesse spend their

rs tracking events and attempting to

mine their impact on Earth.

Michael Behrenfeld
2001 GSFC Annual Report 13

desert dust absorbed 10 to 15 per

 of the sunlight that hits the dust

cles, Kaufman says. “Our new

lts found dust absorption to be only

5 percent.” 

findings, which Kaufman and his

ciates reported in the Geophysical

arch Letters in April, and were mean

e verified using the new MODIS

ce data, are significant. This means

the Earth’s surface receives less

mth in areas where dust lingers in

atmosphere because the radiation is

cted back into space. “To predict

ate change, we need models that

erstand what’s going on,” Kaufman

ains. “We need to understand the

gy balance every day of the year.

a dynamic system and dust is one of

ngredients.” 

each his conclusions, Kaufman used

llite observations from a 1987 dust

m over Senegal along the coast of

ern Africa as measured by a French

m. He and his research colleagues

pared two images from NASA’s

dsat 5 spacecraft taken 2 weeks

t; one during a dust storm and

her when dust levels had diminished. The difference in the brightness of the solar radiation reflected by Earth’s surface showed that nearly all the sunlight in the visible and near infrared part of the spectrum was reflected back into space. Absorption was found only in the blue light, and also is present in the ultraviolet. He found a similar ratio of reflected sunlight in the same area 12 years later by looking up from the ground through the dust-filled sky. Instruments on Cape Verde Island, which are part of the AERONET off the Senegalese coast, recorded sunlight reaching the surface, and from that he could infer the absorbing properties of the dust. Though he’s proven the models wrong, Kaufman says it takes time for the sci- entific community to learn and trust the discovery. At a seminar in the fall, Kaufman says a young graduate student approached him, explaining that he used the old dust transport model and could make little sense of some data he had received from the Tropospheric Ozone Measurement instrument. “I hap- pily pointed him to this paper, and his results made sense,” Kaufman says.

SAFARI 2000NASA gained more than a terabyte ofground-based, in situ and remote-sensing data during SAFARI 2000, thelargest and most aggressive environmental field campaigns ever conductedin Southern Africa. It earned the Agencya generous dollop of goodwill andheightened the visibility of the Agency’sEarth-observing satellite programamong African nationals, says EOSSenior Project Scientist Michael King. “We created a lot of goodwill over thereand the science is quite unique,” Kingsays, looking back on the multidisciplinary program that involved nearly 200participants from 18 countries, including

Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom,the U.S. and several Southern Africannations. “NASA has an excellent reputation over there.”NASA’s EOS project science officesponsored the research campaign,which stands for the Southern AfricanRegional Science Initiative, in part tovalidate new data products from itsTerra spacecraft. Its primary purpose,though, was to study the complex interactions between the region’secosystems, air pollution, atmosphericcirculation, land-atmosphere interactions and land-use changes in SouthernAfrica. NASA participated in three different phases of SAFARI 2000, and it couldnot have happened at a better time,King says.Timed to coincide with the winter fireseason in Southern Africa, the researcheffort during the dry season proved to

be more intensive than the previous twoSAFARI campaigns in the second half of1999 and February-March 2000. NASA’sTerra and Landsat 7 spacecraft gathereddata from space, while researchersworked on the ground and air to augment the observations with NASA’s ER-2high-altitude jet and several ground stations situated in Botswana, Namibia,South Africa and Zambia. “There were alot of international agreements involvedto make this happen,” King says. Fortunately for the 200 researchers, thebiomass burning that normally takesplace during the dry season was unusually large, especially in western Zambia,southern Angola, northern Namibia andnorthern Botswana. Some of the blazesstretched 20 miles long and lasted fordays. Compounding the situation werethe emissions of coal-fired power plants

Michael King

These images, collected as part of an international field, aircraft, and satellite data collection and analysis campaign known asSAFARI-2000, show smoke plumes from firesdeliberately set to burn off dry vegetation innortheastern South Africa, near KrugerNational Park. SAFARI-2000 is designed, inpart, to study the effects of large-scale humanactivities on the regional climate, meteorology,and ecosystems.

The MODIS instrumentflying on NASA’s Terraspacecraft took this imageof a dust storm along theWest African coast onFebruary 12, 2001. Thevery dry conditions andthe resulting dust stormblocked on average 85percent of the direct sunlight reaching the surface. 
2001 GSFC Annual Report 15

XGRS-type instruments, Trombka 

 “NEAR is like a feasibility study of 

 to design an instrument to be used 

 rover that could select samples 

m the surface, look for the presence 

ater or map the surface for the pur- 

e of future mining.” 

Trombka has no intention of 

ricting these insights to space mis- 

s. He is applying what he learned to 

ecial project with the National 

tute of Justice. Under this program, 

h began in 1996, he is attempting 

pply NEAR technology to develop a 

or that could be used by law 

rcement officials to solve crimes. 

Oklahoma bombing provides a case 

oint, Trombka says. Situations like 

produce an overwhelming amount 

ebris that might be hiding valuable 

ence. If law enforcement officials 

a relatively inexpensive sensor that 

d detect gunpowder, blood, semen

and other physical evidence, they couldconfidently gather evidence at a fractionof the time and cost. Currently, he says,he’s focusing his attention on gunpowder detection and has begun a testprogram that uses the same techniquesthat he applied in the NEAR mission.The way Trombka sees it, his dual-technology work helps NASA and lawenforcement. It’s a win-win situation foreveryone. Mars MappedWhen he’s talking about the MarsOrbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), one ofthe instruments flying on the MarsGlobal Surveyor, David Smith sounds abit like a proud papa. The Chief ofGoddard’s Laboratory for TerrestrialPhysics conceived the instrument, builtit and then watched carefully as it collected the most precise topographicalmeasurements ever taken of a solarsystem body— including Earth.MOLA’s mapping mission began onMarch 1, 1999. Over 2 years, it took 700million measurements of the planet,showing topographic details that measure about 3 feet in diameter. Even Earthhas not been measured to this level ofdetail, Smith says. "We’ve contributed tothe data set that’s being used by everyone in the community."The details are remarkable. Pocked withgiant-sized craters and towering volcanoes, Mars now looks like a dead planetincapable of supporting life—at least onthe surface. But 4 million years ago, thatmay not have been the case. That’swhen Mars lost much of its atmosphereand magnetic field, and gradually itswater began to evaporate due to thelack of pressure. "There are no oceans.It hasn’t rained for 4 billion years. Butwater clearly has been a component ofthis planet," Smith says. 

Despite the obvious lack of surfacewater, Mars, like Earth, changes with theseasons. Over the course of a Martianyear, which is 687 Earth days, as muchas a third of Mars’ tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere freezes out in thenorthern and southern hemispheres. Asa result of this freezing, snow accumulates on the poles. In fact, MOLAmeasurements showed that the dry-icesnow reached a maximum depth ofabout 5 feet to 6.5 feet last year. The instrument also discovered that theSouth Pole has a higher elevation thanthe North Pole by about 4 miles. Smithand his team believe that the slope waspresent for most of Mars’ history andcontrolled the surface and subsurfacetransport of water as indicated by theoutflow channels and valley networksevident on the MOLA maps. "Somethinghappened to this planet, and there’s anawful lot we can learn from Mars," Smithsays. Thanks to MOLA, the scientific community knows more about the surface

features of Mars than it does of evenEarth. Unfortunately, the instrumentstopped operating in June. Although ithad exceeded its design life, the instrument’s death still saddens the MOLAteam. "At first we didn’t want to believeit, but there was no way we could bringit back," Smith says "There was nothingwe could have done about it, either." Although the instrument no longertransmits infrared laser pulses towardthe planet to measure the time it takesfor the signal to bounce back—a technique that determines the preciseelevation of the planet’s surface—MOLA is still playing a role in theSurveyor mission. It also functions as apassive radiometer, and is currentlymeasuring the radiance of the planet’ssurface to help determine why somesurface areas are brighter than othersare, which is a relatively new kind ofmeasurement," Smith says." This is a very fine instrument," he says."Goddard deserves a great deal ofcredit." 

spending a year in orbit, the NEAR

craft amazed scientists and millions of

vers worldwide when it gently landed on

and continued to send back signals.

Despite the obvious lack of surfacewater, Mars, like Earth, changeswith the seasons. In this image created from data gathered by the MarsOrbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA),one of the instruments flying on theMars Global Surveyor, scientistsdiscovered that as much as 6.5 feetof dry-ice snow can accumulate onthe Martian poles.

David Smith
2001 GSFC Annual Report 17

e of Wallops Island. Unlike the 

osoarus, which Bland and his col- 

ues developed completely from 

tch, the ESP aircraft series is based 

ehicles built by commercial compa- 

and modified for specific Earth 

nce research needs. 

al tests will be focused on flying a 

o-spectrometer and a “Palm-sized” 

puter for data collection. 

ctrometers, such as the pint-sized 

this UAV will carry, are a low-cost 

hod for collecting data, including 

amount of sunlight reflected off the 

an as well as the ocean’s spectra, 

h indicates chlorophyll levels and 

r substances. In follow-on test 

ts, the little airplane will carry an 

n more sophisticated instrument—a 

er-spectral imager, which can trans- 

data in near-real time to hand-held 

puters. 

d sees a bright future for the 

osoarus, the ESP and other similar 

 that he hopes to develop in the 

re. Wildfires, thunderstorms, hurri- 

es, as well as harsh environments 

the Arctic or open ocean, are all 

es these craft could go and deliver 

cal data to scientists. “We’re simply 

anding the options available to the 

archer,” he says.

Getting Your Money’s WorthWhen mission planners asked SteveUngar whether he’d be interested inserving as the mission scientist on anexperimental Earth-observing satellite,called EO-1, he says he didn’t knowwhether to be thrilled or annoyed. Hehad never been involved in a validationmission before, and quite frankly, hedidn’t know what to expect."This was very, very new," Ungar nowsays, reflecting on the pathfinding mission that over the past year has alreadyset new standards on how to build andoperate state-of-the-art scientific instruments. "We’re still learning new thingsabout these instruments and what to dowith them," he says. In fact, the Agencydecided to extend the mission on a selfsustaining basis, which means thesatellite will continue to collect data forgovernment and other researchers foras long as it holds out and for as longas the investigators are willing to pay fordata collection. Data collection requestsand distribution are being handled bythe USGS EROS Data Center.The first Earth Observing mission to bebuilt under the auspices of NASA’s NewMillennium Program, EO-1’s primary purpose was to demonstrate and test a setof advanced land-imaging instrumentsthat could be used in next-generationEarth-observing satellites. In addition tothe three scientific instruments, engineers loaded the small satellite withinnovative engineering enhancements,

including new antennas, radiators andsolar panels. Futuristic computer software also allows the spacecraft to makeits own decisions—”fuzzy logic,” as theengineers like to call it.Just as innovative was the way the scientific and engineering teams workedtogether in the initial planning stages,Ungar says. "Here we had an opportunity to get involved in the verybeginning. We worked very closely. Theproject certainly eliminated the culturalgap that sometimes exists between scientists and engineers."Designed to operate for only a year, EO-1 immediately wowed the community with the quality of its Earth imagery.Scenes of Alaska taken with EO-1’sAdvanced Land Imager were considerably better than those taken by Landsat7 under nearly identical lighting and surface conditions. The Hyperioninstrument demonstrated its finessewith images of new spring growth in themountains of Argentina. And the LinearEtalon Imaging Spectral ArrayAtmospheric Corrector eliminated thedistortion that happens when picturesare taken through the gauzy haze ofEarth’s atmosphere."There’s no question we got ourmoney’s worth," Ungar says, adding thatscientists and engineers are now analyzing EO-1’s results and determining howto incorporate those findings into futuremissions.Looking back on the mission, Ungarsays he experienced something thathe’ll always cherish—the opportunity totruly experiment with the spacecraft’smaximum potential. "We were encouraged to take risks," Ungar explains. "Sowe experimented with the spacecraft;we turned it around and looked at themoon. You can’t do this with an operational mission. I’m so pleased I was ableto participate."

A plume of smoke is clearly seen in this imageof Mt. Etna. EO-1’s Advanced Land Imagertook the image on July 22, 2001. 

Stephen Ungar

e uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV), under

opment at the Wallops Flight Facility, are

nded to fill a sorely needed gap in flight

orms—particularly those who wish to fly

o 2-lb. remote sensing or in situ micro

ors at up to 30,000 feet or larger pay

s at lower altitudes. 
2001 GSFC Annual Report 19

c on Earth-orbiting satellites, power

and other forms of technology.

 solar storms are caused by the col

 of billion-ton clouds of electrified

with Earth’s magnetic field. Such

s, called CMEs, are blasted from

the visible surface of the Sun at

ds of up to 4.5 million mph.

e, the IMAGE project scientist, says

hough he saw the bright signal, he

 literally months checking and

cking the data. “When I saw the

tening in the data, I scurried off to

what happened in interplanetary

e,” Moore recalls. “Sure enough

had been a CME, which meant that

gnal couldn’t be a light leak.” 

tists also believe that CME clouds

a higher proportion of neutral

s than regular solar wind because

come from near the solar surface,

h is much cooler than the solar

na, the source of the solar wind.

ess heat, fewer atoms will lose their

rons, and therefore more neutral

s will be carried within a CME cloud.

races through space, the CME cloud

 down because it plows into the

r solar wind and its magnetic field.

use free spirit atoms can’t feel elec

agnetic forces, they continue on

ourney at the original speed. 

eads solar scientists to believe that

st of neutral atoms should appear in

s upper atmosphere well before the

l of the CME. “So far, we’ve been

e to find any CME precursor. But we

found that the neutral solar wind is

mes stronger on one side of the

system than on the other. This tells

at the neutrals are not coming from

un, but are formed when the solar

is partly neutralized as it travels to

rough the galactic gas in our solar

m. So now, we are beginning to

 the flow of material from outside

olar system.”

A Year in Launches: NewSpacecraft Launched to StudyEarth and SpaceIn fiscal 2001, Goddard deployed ninemissions ultimately aimed at expandingscientists’ understanding of our homeand our universe. HETE-2 A new gamma-ray burst mission, theHigh-Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2),separated from a Pegasus rocket about12 minutes after launch on October 9,2000, from the Kwajalein Missile Rangein the Marshall Islands. HETE-2 is amultinational collaboration and isdesigned to locate with pinpoint accuracy hundreds of gamma-ray bursts, themost energetic events in the universe.The satellite then relays the informationin real-time to space- and ground-basedoptical radio observatories.EO-1/SAC-C Two new Earth orbiting missions, EO-1and SAC-C, were launched from theWestern Test Range at Vandenberg AirForce Base, California, on November 21,2000. EO-1, which Goddard developedto test a set of advanced land-imaging

instruments, was deployed first by aDelta 7320 rocket into a 438-mile orbitapproximately 60 minutes after launch.Thirty minutes later, Argentina’s SAC-C,which observes land and coastal environments and tests new remote sensingtechnologies, separated from the Deltarocket into a similar orbit. NASA hasextended the life of EO-1, which originally was slated to operate for 1 year.SAC-C has a mission life span of 4years. NASA is one of six internationalpartners involved with the SAC-C mission.TopHatTopHat, an innovative hat-shapedastronomy experiment that sat on topof a balloon, launched successfully fromMcMurdo Station, Antarctica, onJanuary 4, 2001 to collect light from thecosmic microwave background radiation, which formed 300,000 years afterthe Big Bang—long before the creationof stars and galaxies. Observingmicrowave background enables scientists to understand the history of theuniverse as well as its future. Built incollaboration with the Goddard SpaceFlight Center, the University of Chicago,University of Wisconsin and the DanishSpace Research Institute, TopHat measured the clumpiness of matter when theuniverse was very young. Previous balloon experiments determined that theuniverse is geometrically flat and that itwill expand forever. Ultra-Long Duration BalloonNASA ended the March 10, 2001 launchof the Ultra-Long Duration Balloon mission from the Northern Territory ofCentral Australia. The balloon, thelargest single-cell, super-pressure balloon ever flown, reached its desiredfloat altitude of 112,000 feet before aNASA operations team decided to bring

Working with Goddard

The Goddard Space Flight Center

is a premier research facility, hometo thousands of scientists, engineersand other professionals of differentbackgrounds and traditions. Thepeople of Goddard have dedicatedtheir professional careers to exploring Earth and the cosmos, creatingworld-class technology and sharingtheir knowledge and experiences withothers. The following pages provide aglimpse of the work that they do andhow their contributions affect thosewho live nearby and beyond. 

EO-1 captured this image of the Baltimorearea on August 2, 2001. 
2001 GSFC Annual Report 21

aged by Wallops Flight Facility. Onboard were Simplesat, a pro- totype satellite designed to demonstrate Global Positioning System attitude control and pay- load-assisted fine pointing, and 

et-Away Special canister G-780, 

ch contained an experiment that 

wed Minnesota high school students 

erminate Vicia Faba bean seeds and 

erve root-cell growth in a micrograv- 

nvironment. In addition, Discovery 

Space Experiment Module (SEM)- 

which contained 11 experiments 

eloped by school-age children from 

ss the country. The experiments 

ied everything from the effect of 

ce travel on plants and different 

s of fabric and adhesives to testing 

feasibility of using a laser to com- 

icate in space. 

kTOMS 

QuikTOMS ozone monitoring satel- 

launched on September 21, 2001 

ard a Taurus rocket from Vandenberg 

Force Base in California, was lost 

to a rocket failure. Initially, the 

ch went off as planned, but separa- 

problems occurred between the 

and second stages about 83 sec- 

s into the flight and the rocket failed 

eliver QuikTOMS and another pay- 

 to their proper orbit. The loss, 

ugh disappointing, does not hinder 

Agency’s capability to measure 

ne. Currently, the orbiting TOMS 

h Probe satellite is continuing its 

ervations and NASA plans to launch 

EOS-Aura satellite in 2003 to assure continuity of these critical ozone 

surements.

NASA Donates Hubble HardwareThe Hubble Space Telescope’s originalWide Field and Planetary Camera, whichastronauts removed during the 1993servicing mission, and its backup primary mirror now grace a new exhibit atthe National Air and Space Museum.NASA released the hardware to themuseum’s new “Explore the Universe”exhibit, which showcases astronomyand astronomical discoveries. Innovations in Information andEngineering Technology NASA cannot explore the Earth and theheavens without first building worldclass spacecraft, equipping them withcutting-edge information technologiesthat hasten the pace and reduce thecost of delivering data to researchersworldwide and creating innovative waysto showcase and interpret that data.The following are a few examples of thetechnologies Goddard pursued and howit makes scientific data available.BATGoddard received a very large deliveryof a very small item critical to the development of the Goddard-built Burst AlertTelescope (BAT), one of three telescopes flying on NASA’s SwiftGamma-Ray Burst Explorer slated forlaunch in 2003. To be exact, nearly40,000 thumbtack-sized gamma-ray

detectors arrived at the close of thefiscal year. These tiny cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) detectors measure 4millimeters by 4 millimeters and represent the backbone of BAT, which willobserve and locate hundreds of gammaray bursts per year. The arrival of thesetiny detectors represented a milestonefor both the Swift mission and thedevelopment of CZT detector technology. Each CZT detector will be fittedonto the BAT array in the form of 128modules each containing 256 detectors,totaling 32,768 (leaving about 7,000spare detectors for replacement),making the telescope the largestGoddard has ever built. Daley, SGI SupercomputerIn the summer, Goddard’s DataAssimilation Office and the GoddardInstitute of Space Studies received anaddition to their computing prowess inthe form of the 512-processor SGIOrigin 3800 supercomputer, which isamong the most powerful of its kind.With this computer—made up of 512computer processors that share a128-part memory—NASA will be able todouble the amount of data it ingests to800,000 observations daily. Furtherenhancing this formidable processingpower is the machine’s multi-level parallelism software developed by theAmes Research Center. These twin

S-12 was launched on July 23, 2001

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,

da, and achieved geostationary orbit on

gust 12. It is the first of the NOAA satel

tes equipped with a solar x-ray imager,

an instrument that can detect solar

storms.

2002 MissionsSeaWinds (ADEOS II)Aqua (PM)CONTOURGalaxy Evolution ExplorerGravity Recovery and Climate

Experiment, Pathfinder

High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic

Imager 

STS-109, Hubble Space Telescope

Servicing Mission 3B

International Gamma-Ray

Astrophysics Laboratory

NOAA-MSTS 107 (FREESTAR)Solar Radiation and Climate

Experiment 

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite I Tracking and Data Relay Satellite J

In Appreciation...THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT MISSION COMES TO AN ENDAfter 8 years in orbit—more than twice its planned lifetime—the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) stopped operating inDecember 2000. The bantam astronomical satellite opened a new window on the cosmos by observing extreme ultravioletlight, a form of radiation that no one had thoroughly explored until its deployment in June, 1992. Before NASA launched EUVE, many scientists believed the thin gas between the stars, known as the interstellarmedium, would block extreme ultraviolet light. That proved not to be the case. Rather than seeing only a couple dozennearby objects as many expected, EUVE observed more than 1,000 sources, including more than 3 dozen objects outsideour galaxy, making our view of the cosmos more complete.
2001 GSFC Annual Report 23

AST), which is set to launch in 2006

udy celestial gamma rays, particles

ght millions to billions of times more

getic than visible light. Using a 29

on-cubic-foot NASA scientific bal

 launched from Palestine, Texas,

ntists successfully tested a working

otype of the much-larger detector

will fly on GLAST. The test ran for 3

rs at an altitude of 127,000 feet,

h is above 99.5 percent of the

osphere. GLAST is an international

aboration of astrophysicists and par

physicists, with funding from NASA,

U.S. Department of Energy and

ncies in France, Germany, Italy, Japan

Sweden. The National Scientific

oon Facility, operated for NASA by

 Mexico State University, managed

balloon launch. 

ster

pular online music file-sharing serv

nspired Goddard’s NEpster service,

h went live 1 month after the Earth

Space Data Computing Division

ceived the idea in December 2000.

NEpster system, which stands for

ESTO Portal for Science,

nology and Environmental

arch, serves as a virtually con

ed network of real-time Earth

nce data and products for anyone

has access to the Internet and is

ng to share remote sensing data

others. The first phase of NEpster’s

ementation focused on accessing

managing real-time data from as

y ground system sites as possible

dwide. Phase two will add the ability

ccess MODIS and other instrument

ct broadcast data archives through

Goddard Distributed Active Archive

er. 

Assuring Mission-Critical Software:Independent Verification andValidation Facility As NASA becomes increasingly moredependent on complex, highly sophisticated mission-critical software, itbecomes more important that theAgency mitigate potential problemsbefore the missions fly. The Goddardmanaged Independent Verification andValidation Facility in Fairmont, WestVirginia, provides that assurance. Founded in 1993, the facility is stillevolving and growing. In June, Nelson H.Keeler assumed overall management ofthe facility, and in early September, thefacility co-hosted with the NASA Officeof Safety and Mission Assurance thefirst Annual Software AssuranceSymposium. The conference featuredpresentations by principal investigatorswho participated in the SoftwareAssurance Research Program managedby Independent Verification andValidation Facility in fiscal 2001. 

People Making a DifferenceInstitutions evolve and change asreflected by the people who lead them.During the fiscal year, the Center experienced a number of personnel changes.Dr. Franco Einaudi was named the newDirector of the Earth SciencesDirectorate and Dr. Jonathan Ormes,who had been serving as the ActingDirector for the Space SciencesDirectorate, was officially named itsDirector. Christopher Scolese, whoserved as the Deputy Director of FlightPrograms and Projects, was namedDeputy Associate Administrator for theOffice of Space Science and was succeeded by Phil Sabelhaus. As the yeardrew to a close, Center Director A. V.Diaz named Charles Vanek to a newlycreated post as Assistant Director forSafety and Security and Wentworth O.Denoon as the Director, Office of

ntists successfully tested a key instrument

he next-generation Gamma-ray Large

Space Telescope, shown here in this

t's rendition. The satellite is slated to

ch in 2006 and will study celestial

ma rays.

Systems Safety and Mission Assurance.Milton Halem, former Chief of the Earthand Space Science Data ComputingDivision and the Center CIO, and JohnHrastar, Director of Systems, Technologyand Advanced Concepts Directorate,retired. At Wallops Flight Facility, Dr.Arnold Torres, Director of Suborbitaland Special Orbital Projects sinceJanuary 1995, retired at the end of 2001. Awards and RecognitionPeople make the Goddard Space FlightCenter a world-class research facility,and in fiscal 2001, several employeeswere recognized by external organizations for their contributions to scienceand engineering. These are a few whoreceived recognition.Jim Hansen, Chief of the Goddard SpaceFlight Center’s Goddard Institute forSpace Studies in New York, NY, was one

of this year’s recipients of a $250,000Heinz Award. Theaward, bestowedannually by theHeinz FamilyFoundation,honors thememory of Sen.

John Heinz, R-PA,

who died in a plane crash in 1991. Theaward is given in recognition of peoplewho enhance the lives of others. Inannouncing this year’s winners, theHeinz Award cited Hansen “for hisexemplary leadership in the critical andoften-contentious debate over thethreat of global climate change.” The American Meteorological Societybestowed on Goddard’s Chief Scientistfor Meteorology, Joanne Simpson, the

Fifteen Minutes of FameSupposedly everyone gets to experienceat least 15 minutes of fame. Goddardchemist Jeanette Benavides already hasused up her allotment and everyoneelse’s, too.The Costa Rican native, who analyzes andresearches new materials used to buildspace-hardy spacecraft and instruments,has made quite a name for herself in herhomeland. It started about 4 years agowhen the Costa Rican Institute ofTechnology invited her to spend a week meeting with the country’s scientistsand engineers and visiting schools. It has since snowballed.One of the country’s high schools has named a chemistry lab after her andthe Ministry of Science and Technology named its 2001 national science fair inhonor of her. When she visits Costa Rica, newspaper and television reportersseek her out as they would a rock star. Benavides takes it all in stride. “People are fascinated by NASA,” she says,adding that she’s particularly touched by the letters she receives regularlyfrom students who pursued scientific careers because of her. “It’s so movingto learn that I’ve inspired someone,” she says. 

Jim Hansen

Jeanette Benavides
2001 GSFC Annual Report 25

Building a Better Detector Before 1990, no one had built large-format photodetectorarrays that could operate in the far infrared—the wavelengthband necessary for understanding climate changes and theevents influencing it. That was before Instrument TechnologyCenter Chief Dr. Murzy Jhabvala teamed with other NASAand government agencies and private industry to producethe first Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector arrays, knownas QWIP.QWIP, a technology that earned Jhabvala a spot in the SpaceFoundation’s Space Technology Hall of Fame, is a complicated solid-state detector that involves sandwiching gallium arsenide chipsbetween silicon wafers and connecting them with indium connectors. Theteam installed the technology onto an aircraft, which then flew along thecoastal regions to test QWIP’s remote sensing capabilities. It has since flownsuccessfully on several aircraft missions.

e Technology Engineer, and

nician at Wallop’s Flight Facility,

ear award for 2000 for their

 

ASA spacecraft, including the 

erving-1 and the Hubble Space

ings surrounding tiny optical

often nicked or scratched the

d of that happening. 

Assuring a Healthy BottomlineThe Goddard Space Flight Center contributes significantly to the local andnational economy because it buysgoods and services needed to performits missions. Through grants and otherprograms, it also promotes small businesses whose ideas and innovationsoffer promise not only to the commercial world but also to NASA. Contract ObligationsThe biggest portion of Goddard’sbudget is obligated through contractswith commercial firms, nonprofit institutions and other government agencies.Ultimately, these dollars are returned tothe local, state and national economyin the form of gross output,sales, the purchase of goodsand services and employeeincome. 

In fiscal 2001, Goddard obligated 58percent of its budget, or $1.3 billion, tocommercial companies, 28 percent toeducational institutions, 10 percent tonon-profit organizations, 7.2 percent toother government agencies and a halfpercent to organizations geographicallyoutside the U.S. 

award-winning Optical Fiber Cable

mical Stripping Fixture chemically

ves the protective coatings on tiny

al fiber cables, which are made of

and measure about the width of a

an hair. In the image, the fiber

cable is installed in the device and

nd of the cable is then immersed in

hemical solution, which will dis

the cable’s acrylic coating.

ebrating Workforce Diversity 

Diversity Dialogue Project, one of

ral programs that the Goddard

rsity Council established in 2000 to

mote workforce diversity, involved

e than 70 employees who for 5

nths this fiscal year met in small

ups to discuss their differences. More

n 90 percent of participants viewed

project favorably. Many reported

through this exercise they achieved

eper understanding of diversity and

the program helped them identify

aviors that promoted mutual respect

different points of view. The partici

ts agreed that the Center should

 follow-on sessions. $0 – $100K

No Awards $101K – $1,000K

$1,001K – $10,000K

$10,001K – $100,000K

OVER $100,000K

Murzy Jhabvala

Total Prime Contract Awardsfor FY01
2001 GSFC Annual Report 27

Goddard Contractors Win George M. Low Award Two Goddard contractors—Raytheon ITTin large business services and SwalesAerospace in small business product—won NASA’s highest honor for quality andtechnical performance, the George M. LowAward. It was the second year in a row thatGoddard took two out of three Low trophies. Also, ManTech International won arunner-up finalist plaque. NASAAdministrator Daniel Goldin presented the awards May 10. Supporting Small and DisadvantagedBusinessesSupporting small businesses, includingthose owned by disadvantaged personsand women, is a NASA priority. In fiscal2001, the Center obligated $526 million tosmall businesses, up from $424 million infiscal 2000.The Agency also supports small businessthrough its Goddard-managed SmallBusiness Innovation Research (SBIR) andSmall Business Technology Transfer (SBTT)programs. In fiscal 2001, the Goddardselected 325 research proposals underPhase 1 of the SBIR and SBTT programsand 27 research proposals for negotiationunder Phase 2.

0 50 100 150 200

$164.1

$127.7

$104.1

$92.3

$90.2

$82.1

$56.9

$54.1

$48.2

$26.6

$24.9

$24.7

$23.5

$22.7

$21.0

$19.1

$17.4

$16.7

$13.6

$9.5

$9.4

$9.3

$8.7

$8.6

$8.4

CompanyLockheed Martin Corp. Raytheon Information Systems Co Hughes Aircraft Company Swales & Associates, Inc. QSS Group, Inc. TRW, Inc. Science Systems Applications Ball Aerospace & Tech. Corporation ITT Corporation NSI Technology Services Corporation Averstar, Inc. P R C, Inc. Aerojet General Corporation Cortez III Service Corporation Parsons Infrastruction & Tech. General Sciences Corporation Spectrum Astro, Inc. Computer Sciences Corporation Space Systems Loral, Inc. Global Science & Tech., Inc. Honeywell Technology Sols., Inc. L B & B Associates, Inc. Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Government Micro Resources, Inc. R S Information Services 

Number of 

Contracts 

33

1384

101819

5223322

10

3

25

38

17

27

40

2

FY 

00 

124653

14

79

1135121813

 33

172510152657304239

182

FY 

01 

123456789

10111213141516171819202122232425

 Millions of Dollars Obligated 

Commercial 

Firms

57.3% 

$1,427,066

Outside U.S.

0.5% 

$12,480

IntraGovernmental

6.7% 

$167,631

Non-Profit 

Organizations

9.8% 

$240,740

Educational 

Institutions

25.7% 

$640,131

ate

bamaska

zona

kansas

iforniaorado

nnecticut

aware

trict of Columbia

rida

orgia

waii

ho

ois

iana

wa

nsas

ntucky

uisiana

inerylandssachusetts

chigannnesotassissippissouri

ntana

braska

vada

w Hampshirew Jerseyw Mexicow York

rth Carolinarth Dakota

io

ahoma

egon

nnsylvania

ode Island

uth Carolinauth Dakota

nnessee

xas

ah

mont

ginia

shington

st Virginia

sconsin

oming

TAL

Total ($K)

$6,72315,43636,549

819

365,728104,047

4,3761,477

11,09118,333

3,525

15,289

3,1678,401

50,101

3,5391,4421,5732,4291,614

1,027,278

56,523

7,4203,8841,0044,626

$11,247

 1,925

1,704

12,29253,912

9,624

33,108

3,8142,1007,9995,1206,532

20,571

2,8016,3851.3133,770

46,544

3,609

587

112,648

9,583

50,676

9,088

252

$2,173,598

Set-Asides

34.3% 

$170,682

Section 8(a)

34.2% 

$170,086

Competed

21.6% 

$107,924

Non-Competitive

5.4% 

$26,959

SBIR

4.47% 

$22,281

Sealed Bids

.03% 

$112

graphical Distribution Summary

FY01. Obligations by State, Place

erformance

Distribution of Awards to Small andSmall Disadvantaged Business forFY01 Obligations (In Thousands)Distribution of Procurements forFY01 Obligations (In Thousands)

Top 25 BusinessContractors for FY01
2001 GSFC Annual Report 29

Neighborhood Relations

ted 

$127.9

120 140

Greenbelt Mayor Judith Davis, pictured here infront of the Greenbelt Community Center andlibrary, is no stranger to the Goddard SpaceFlight Center. She and members of theGreenbelt City Council attend many of theCenter’s community-oriented events.BELOW: Goddard salutes Lt. Paul Peterson,firefighter Danny Stallings and Capt. CharlesFowler, who risk their lives as part of their workwith the Glenn Dale Volunteer FirefighterAssociation. 

Part of the National Park Service, GreenbeltPark is a retreat from the pressures of life and arefuge for native plants and animals located just2-1/2 miles from Goddard.

Local pilot Jack Robeson is just one of manyarea residents who use the College ParkAirport, the world’s oldest continuously operated airport. This photo was taken after Robesonhad installed a prop lock onto a vintage airplane. The device, which prevents the propellerfrom turning until it is removed, became anaviation requirement following the September11 attacks.

Research biologist Don Sparling, who has worked at thePatuxent Wildlife Research Center for 14 years, stands in frontof one of the center’s experimental wetlands. 

The events of September 11 underscored the importance of communityand the need for all Americans tocontribute in some way to it. Sinceour founding in 1959, the GoddardSpace Flight Center has tried to be agood neighbor. Over the years, wehave supported the local economy,and we have willingly shared ourexpertise, resources, and, mostimportantly, ourselves with the community at large. The following aresnapshots of just a few of our manyneighbors.
2001 GSFC Annual Report 31

For Goddard employees, it is never

too late to learn. Goddard cultivatesthis culture of intellectual curiosity—a hallmark of the Center sinceits founding more than 40 yearsago—by offering a range of programs to enhance employees’ jobskills and opportunities for personaldiscovery. Seeing to the intellectualgrowth of its employees is only partof the equation, though. The Centeralso reaches out to employees’ families, students and the general publicin the hope of raising their level ofscientific literacy. 

LEARNING AT GODDARD

Colloquia SeriesOffering opportunities to hear guestspeakers is one of Goddard’s morecherished traditions. Long known for itsengineering and science colloquia, theCenter now offers a relatively new offering—the Information Science andTechnology Colloquia Series. Less technical topics also are presented underthe Director’s Colloquia Series, whichduring the fiscal year featured 10 distinguished speakers who spoke abouteverything from building trust in theworkplace to awakening the heroeswithin each of us. Learning CenterGoddard’s Learning Center can be compared to a small university. Available toall civil servants and contractor employees at no cost, the facility offers morethan 350 self-paced courses in engineering, science, computers,mathematics, supervision and management, organizational development,communications, foreign languages,health and safety and career and personal development. Courses aredelivered using interactive CD-ROM,videodisk, computer-based video andaudio training materials.The LibraryThe Goddard Library celebrated its 40thbirthday by paying tribute to the manyinnovations that have made its missionof delivering information to Goddardemployees more efficient. One of its

chief missions is “taking the Library tothe users’ desktop.” The Library nowoffers more than 600 eJournals, 1,000journal subscriptions and has begundigitizing selected colloquia and makingthem available for desktop viewing. Alsoavailable is its growing collection ofelectronic books. A search engineallows users to identify books by subject or by entering a keyword. Resultscan be sorted by date or by title. Goddard’s Child DevelopmentCenterProviding top-quality educationalopportunities is not restricted toemployees. It also extends to their children. Established in 1972, the GoddardChild Development Center, Inc. providesquality childcare for 122 children, aged24 months through Kindergarten.Membership is open to all Goddardemployees and on-site contractors. K-12 Educational ProgramsIn fiscal 2001, the Center renewed itscommitment to the development ofprograms and services that increase scientific literacy among elementary,middle and high school students. In all,the Center provided services to 40,000teachers and 218,000 students fromacross the Northeast, the geographicalarea that Goddard serves. Goddard’sefforts have not gone unnoticed. TheBaltimore-Washington Chamber ofCommerce recognized the GoddardEducation Program for its outstanding

red here is Dr. Phyllis Johnson, who

s the Beltsville Agricultural Research

er. The center is home to 47 laboratories,

than 400 buildings and, of course, live

 The center has been a Goddard neighbor

ore than four decades.

Goddard Library Goddard Child Development Center
2001 GSFC Annual Report 33

ions, toured Goddard facilities and 

ned to presentations about 

dard’s Earth and Space Science 

grams. Organizers said they hoped 

xpose girls to women working in sci- 

e and engineering, and encourage 

m to pursue these careers when they 

w up. 

he District of Columbia 

Center also joined forces with the 

rican Association for the 

ancement of Science to help 20 

ic schools and collaborated with 

city to support nine so-called transi- 

schools, which are among the 

rict’s lowest-performing schools 

demically. In addition, some 30 

dard scientists and engineers sup- 

ed the Challenger Center’s 

dows to the Universe Program” for 

istrict sixth graders. 

h Science in Anne Arundel 

nty 

h science education saw the imple- 

tation of a new curriculum in all 

e Arundel County public high 

ools. The course focuses on Earth as 

stem and has resulted in new col- 

rations with two other Maryland 

nties—Carroll and Frederick, which 

nterested in developing an 

anced elective course in Earth sys- 

s science. A principal focus of the 

gram is viewing Earth from space 

honing students’ skills in attaining 

analyzing satellite data. 

Robotics Competition The Goddard-sponsored FIRST Robotics competition had a great year, say the event’s coordinators. The contest was held for the first time at the Maryland State Fair, which attracted a half-million visitors. The primary objective of the robotics competition is for schools to work as teams to build a robot and then to work with others to perform a partic- ular job. Sharing Goddard’s Technological Innovations with the Community Goddard invited members of the scien- tific community, academia, industry, and other federal, state, and local govern- ment organizations to its third annual Technology Showcase. “Technology Showcase 2001: Expanding Scientific Discovery Through Innovation” gave vis- itors an opportunity to see more than 100 exhibits featuring some of Goddard’s newest technologies and explore possible collaborations with Goddard’s technology leaders. This year, the Technology Commercialization Office added a third day to coincide with Goddard’s annual Open House, which gave the general public an oppor- tunity to see Goddard’s wealth of technology resources. Being the First When Beth Brown decided nearly a decade ago to pursue higher-level degrees in physics and astronomy at the University of Michigan, little did she know that she would become the Goddard Space Flight Center’s first black woman astronomer. That became her distinction in January, when she accepted a full-time job with Goddard’s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), the world’s largest repository of space science data. The center, which also happens to be NASA’s most popular Internet destinations, houses archival data from the Agency’s astrophysics, astronomy, solar physics, space plasma physics and lunar and planetary missions. It is Brown’s job to make sure that the NSSDC maintains a flow of astrophysics data between other U.S. active archives and to scientists worldwide. She also is responsible for determining which data sets need to be moved to other media. In a sense, Brown is like a data sleuth. Her real passion—and one that could ultimately help the Agency in its quest to entice more women and minorities to pursue technical careers in engi- neering and science—is her love for reaching out to students and sharing her interest in the stars. When invited, she talks with students about astronomy and related careers. She also has devoted many hours to enhancing an edu- cational resource, the “Multi-wavelength Milky Way” Web page, which aims to present and explain how data across the electromagnetic spectrum is used by astronomers to learn about the Milky Way’s shape, size and composition. At a meeting of the National Society of Black Physicists, for which she has served on the Executive Board, Brown came to a realization. “I’m in a unique position,” she says. “I haven’t been out of graduate school that long. I don’t intimidate stu- dents. I guess I’m more approachable.” Beth Brown
2001 GSFC Annual Report 35

“Our Facilities Master Plan is a20-year vision that will giveGoddard 21st century capabilities.It provides an excellent frameworkfor making decisions about futurefacilities and equipment. Ourvision is to make smart investments that will maintain andenhance our reputation as aworld-class science and technologycenter, and give our employees acampus they can be proud of.”

A.V. Diaz, Center DirectorAddress to workforceFebruary 2001

GODDARD’S FUTURE

Since its founding more than 40 yearsago on land previously owned by theU.S. Department of Agriculture, theGoddard Space Flight Center has grownand evolved to become NASA’s Centerof Excellence for scientific research—aposition the Center maintains by itssuperlative workforce, cutting-edge facilities and robust technology-development programs. Today, however, theCenter finds it increasingly more difficultto perform its mission because many ofits buildings are outdated and its workforce divided by geographical barriers.Currently, Goddard’s Greenbelt site isdivided in two. Running north fromGreenbelt Road, Soil ConservationService Road cuts across the site, dividing it into a West campus and an East

campus. The separation causes difficulties. Pedestrian safety and increasedsecurity risks to utility supply lines andservices—a consideration that hasbecome paramount since theSeptember 11 attacks—make carryingout Goddard’s scientific mission morecomplex and costly.As Goddard works to more fully integrate its activities across its many sites,which include the Wallops Flight Facility,the Independent Verification andValidation Facility and others, it is moreimportant than ever that the Center’sfacilities meet its needs and changingmission. Consequently, the Center initiated a master planning process toensure that this happens.

This artist’s rendition provides a glimpse ofwhat the Goddard campus could look likeunder the proposed Facilities Master Plan,which takes a 20-year look at the Center’santicipated needs and resources. If implemented, Goddard could begin making changes to itsfacilities in 2003.

Suborbital

and Special

Orbital

Projects

Flight

Programs

and

Projects

s and pilots and employees.

ur customers that reliable results

er time.

in space and Earth science.

hat ensure the Center’s
2001 GSFC Annual Report 37

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FY 2003 Budget Cycle Process 345 – OMB – Baseline (8/31/01)Goddard by PCA by Object Level 3000 ($K)ENT106 FY FY 

2001 2000

Total Goddard Funding $2,770,747 $2,833,729Space Science 863,332 934,473Human Exploration and Development of Space 135,373 127,196Earth Science 987,967 915,184Aerospace Technology 71,489 65,394Safety & Mission Assurance 15,624 12,602Salaries & Benefits 306,697 318,373Travel 7,984 7,479Other Institutional 80,243 78,905Subauthorized Received 5,849 5,849Reimbursables 296,190 368,273Notes: HEDS also includes Biological Research; ES also includes Academic Programs and IV&V; IV&V is based on FY01 fiscal data ; OtherInstitutional includes Enterprise IPO, Center G&A, Compliance, Discrete Projects; Minor Revitalization, and Facility Planning; Subauthorized isbased on 9/30/01 6001 Report; Reimbursable FY01 is from 9/30/01 6001 Report; FY02 form POES POP 02-1 and GOES POP 01-1OVERVIEW OF THE GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER’S FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 Financial Statements have been formulated to present the financial position and resultsof operations of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), pursuant to the requirements of the Chief FinancialOfficers Act of 1990 and the Government Reform Act of 1994. These statements include the Statement ofFinancial Position and the Statement of Operations and Changes in Net Position. The statements have beenprepared from the official accounting and budgetary records of GSFC (Basic Accounting System and FiscalSystem) in accordance with the form and contents prescribed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)Bulletin 94-01. The statements should be read with the realization that they reflect the component of a sovereign entity; thatliabilities not covered by budgetary resources cannot be liquidated without the enactment of an appropriation;and that payment of all liabilities, other than contracts, can be abrogated by the sovereign entity.There are six direct appropriations included in GSFC’s Financial Statements. The current appropriations areHuman Space Flight (HSF), Science, Aeronautics and Technology (SAT), Mission Support (MS), Office of theInspector General (OIG), and the Science, Space and Technology Education Trust Fund. Actual expenses for allappropriations, including government and non-government reimbursable activities are reflected in theFinancial Statements for FY2001.
2001 GSFC Annual Report 39

2000

sands of $) 

1,401,140

41,220

5,151 

739

253,838

2,086,961

3,789,049

42,117

32,144

610,435

141

17,831

702,668

2,106

34,115 

36,221

738,889

745,469

225

2,340,658

29

( 36,221)

3,050,160

3,789,049

Statement of Operations and Changes in Net Position For the Year Ended September 30, 2001

2001 2000

Revenues and Financing Resources: (In Thousands of $) (In Thousands of $)

Appropriated Capital Used $ 2,617,845 $ 2,544,442Revenues from Sales of Goods & Services

To the Public 1,269 2,812

Intragovernmental 283,752 295,432

Other Revenues and Financing Resources (128) (9,563)Less: Receipts Transferred to Treasury 128 9,563

Total Revenues and Financing Resources: $2,902,866 $2,842,686Expenses:Program or Operating Expenses:Current Appropriations:

Science Aeronautics and Technology $ 2,138,041 $ 2,086,404Human Space Flight 29,823 14,272Mission Support 442,081 444,686Office of Inspector General — —Science, Space and Technology Education Trust Fund 150 190

Noncurrent Appropriations:

Space Flight Control and Data Communications — (1,102)Research and Development — (1,529)Research and Program Management — —Construction of Facilities 7,769 1,524

Special Fund Receipts, CY Expenses — (11)

Reimbursable Expenses 285,021 298,244Total Expenses: $2,902,885 $2,842,678Excess, (Shortage) of Revenues & Financing SourcesOver Total Expenses $ ($19) $ 8Changes in Net PositionNonoperating Changes:

Unexpended Appropriations $ 68,851 $ (19,048)Trust Fund Balance (59) 225Invested Capital (229,144) (116,782)Future Funding Requirements (356) (2,520)

Total Nonoperating Changes $(160,708) $(138,125)Excess, (Shortage) of Revenues & Financing SourcesOver Total Expenses $ (19) $ 8Net Position, Beginning Balance $3,050,160 $3,188,277Net Position, Ending Balance $2,889,433 $3,050,160The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
2001 GSFC Annual Report 41

Basis of AccountingGSFC accounts are maintained on an accrual basis (i.e., expenses are recorded when incurred and revenue whenearned). Expenses are classified in the accounts by appropriation in accordance with the Agencywide coding structure, which sets forth a uniform classification of financial activity that is used for planning, budgeting, accounting,and reporting. The expenses are further categorized in the General Ledger as operating or capitalized expenditures.AdvancesGSFC distributes the majority of its funding used for the University Contracts and Grants Program by the method ofLetter of Credit through the Health and Human Services (HHS) Payment Management System (PMS). The HHS servesas an agent for the U.S. Treasury in processing the drawdown of funds (disbursements) from a pre-established balance set up by GSFC based on contract/grant awards. The established balance for each University constitutesadvance payments. A smaller number of university contract/grant recipients receive advance payments on a quarterlybasis via Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) payments through the U.S. Treasury system. In accordance with OMBCircular A-110, Quarterly financial reporting of transactions is provided by recipients on Federal Cash TransactionsReports (SF 272’s). Detailed monitoring, funds control (against outstanding obligations), and accountability recordsare maintained. In addition, audits by the Defense Contract Audit Agency and NASA’s OIG support this monitoring. Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E)GSFC-owned Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) may be held by the Center or its contractors. Under the provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), contractors are responsible for control over and accountability forsuch property in their possession. The GSFC General Ledger is capable of separately classifying Government-heldPP&E from Contractor-held PP&E.Government regulation does not make a provision for depreciating PP&E under appropriated funding authority.However, in accordance with the User Charge Act and OMB Circular A-25, NASA is permitted to assess depreciationcharges for the use of facilities and equipment, under the “full cost” concept, to non-government reimbursable customers. It should also be noted that depreciation of Agency assets is calculated and accounted for at the Agencylevel. In addition, automated data processing software is treated as operating cost rather than capitalized inaccordance with GAO Title II guidelines.Property, Plant and Equipment is capitalized when the unit acquisition cost is $100,000 or more; have an estimateduseful life of two years or more; are not intended for sale in the ordinary course of operations; and have beenacquired or constructed with the intention of being used, or being available for use by the Agency. Capitalized costincludes unit cost, transportation, installation, and handling and storage cost. Land values are recorded at acquisition cost and cost of improvements. Buildings are also valued at acquisition cost,including the cost of capital improvements and fixed equipment required for functional use of the facility. Government-owned/Contractor-held property includes GSFC real property, such as land, buildings, and structures,materials, plant equipment, agency peculiar property, special tooling, and special test equipment. Contractors aredirected to report annually (on NASA Form 1018) plant equipment costing $100,000 or more and having a useful lifeof two years. In addition, this reporting includes capturing the other property categories mentioned above, regardlessof the value (although most exceed $100,000), and is included in the Statement of Financial Position. This reportingis reviewed by Industrial Property Management Specialist (IPMS), Department of Defense (DOD) and the Deputy ChiefFinancial Officer (DCFO). Revenues and Other Financing SourcesGSFC receives the majority of its funding through multiyear appropriations. These include three-year appropriationsfor construction activities, two-year appropriations for operational and space flight activities, and a single yearappropriation for civil service payroll and travel. In addition to appropriated funds, the Center performs services forfederal and non-federal customers upon receipt of customers funding authority. 

s begin the process of fulfilling the

preparation of subject to audit

the books and records of GSFC in

to provide for aeronautical and

ility of Center officials at all organi

e of the Center’s Chief Financial

nts to NASA Headquarters Code B

ywide financial management regula

combined, they provide the basic

nts in terms of funds control and

Circular A-127 requirements for a

ted financial system. NASA has

elf accounting system as part of the

NASA field centers. Currently,

ctly classified in GSFC combined

evelopment activities for space

velopment, operations, services,

ation, and modification of real and

d support of science, aeronautics,

ance, and construction of facilities

as by-products of this appropriation.

ities in support of Agency programs

ovides budgetary resources for

truction of facilities.

struction, repair, rehabilitation and

sting structures, and facility plan

NASA budget. 

avel and related expenses required

 of all property and services pro

d non-federal customers to perform
2001 GSFC Annual Report 43

NOTE 6 – PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT (In Thousands):Government-owned/Government-held 2001 2000 ChangeLand $ 4,964 $ $5,473 $ ($509)Structures, Facilities & Leasehold Improvements 501,602 492,426 9,176Equipment 204,531 255,528 (50,997)Assets Under Capital Lease — 877 (877)Work-in-Process 47,473 43,854 3,619Total $758,570 $798,158 ($39,588)Government-owned/Contractor-held 2001 2000 ChangeStructures, Facilities & Leasehold Improvements $ 7,865 $ $7,866 $ (1)Equipment 66,744 30,106 36,638Special Tooling 8,151 8,187 (36)Special Test Equipment 81,145 78,166 2,979Agency-peculiar Property 121,383 182,262 (60,879)Work-In-Process 898,199 982,216 (84,017)Total $1,183,487 $1,288,803 ($105,316)Grand Total $1,942,057 $2,086,961 ($144,904)See Note 1 for discussion on Property, Plant, and Equipment .Deletions or reductions of PP&E represents transfers of accountability to other NASA Centers. Other government agencies, returns for creditand disposal through plant clearance process.NOTE 7 – OTHER LIABILITIES (In Thousands):Liabilities Covered by Budgetary Resources: Current Non-Current TotalIntragovernmental Liabilities:

Liabilities for Deposit and Suspense Funds $ 145 $ — $ 145Liabilities for Reimbursable Advances 29,913 — 29,913

Total $30,058 — $30,058Governmental Liabilities:

Liabilities for Deposit and Suspense Funds $ 1,730 — $ 1,730Liabilities for Statistical Reimbursable Cost 2 — 2

Accrued Funded Payroll 17,631 — 17,631

Total $19,363 — $19,363

Total Liabilities Covered by Budgetary Resources 49,421 — 49,421Liabilities Not Covered by Budgetary Resources: Current Non-Current TotalIntragovernmental Liabilities

Accounts Payable for Closed Appropriations $ — $ 545 $ 545

Liabilities for Receipts Accounts — — —Total $ — $ 545 $ 545Governmental Liabilities:

Accounts Payable for Closed Appropriation $ — $ 10,962 $ 10,962 Liabilities for Receipt Accounts — 1 1

Unfunded Annual Leave 25,069 — 25,069

Total $25,069 $ 10,963 $36,032Total Liabilities Not Covered

by Budgetary Resources $25,069 $11,508 $36,577

Grand Total $74,490 $11,508 $85,998

Accounts payable include amounts recorded for receipt of goods or services furnished to the Center but not disbursed. “Additionally, throughoutGSFC, cost is recognized and accrued based on information provided monthly by contractors” on cost and performance reports (NASA Form533, Contractor Financial Management Report). The Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) performs independent audits on reported cost toensure reliability of estimates. Also further assurance is provided by GSFC resource analysts as a result of examining cost accruals generatedfrom the NF 533s. 

Total

$1,424,328

166

29,913

$1,454,407

 the U.S. Treasury

mbursable services.

Net Amount Due

$12,598

2,402

$15,000

ounts owed by the

is of outstanding

ment of services.

.S. Treasury until

CHANGE

$12,968

ation requirement

CHANGE

$(83,516)

(864) 

—

$(84,380)
AgilityAnticipating the future, leading change, and adapting quickly arecrucial to thriving in a dynamic environment.BalanceAn employee’s work life and personal life, including health, family,community involvement, and other interests, contribute to thevitality both of the individual and of the Center.CreativityFreedom to explore new ideas stimulates discovery, fostersinnovation and leads to more effective ways of doing work.DedicationSuccessful results require a commitment to excellence and toindividual and team responsibilities.IntegrityTrust, fairness, honesty and accountability for our actions are thecornerstones of personal and organizational integrity.RespectDiversity among people and their ideas is an inherent strength aswe work toward fulfilling Goddard’s mission.TeamworkAccomplishments result from successful teams, both internal andexternal to the Center, that capitalize on the strengths andcontributions of every team member.

GODDARD’S VALUES
cs and

tion

Flight Center