# Patent

## Title
Fusion protein comprising diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant CRM197 or fragment thereof

## Abstract

Provided in the present invention are a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant CRM197 or a fragment thereof as an adjuvant in a fusion protein and the use thereof to enhance the immunogenicity of a target protein fused therewith, for example, an HEV capsid protein, or an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof. Also provided is a method for enhancing the immunogenicity of a target protein, comprising the fusion expression of the CRM197 or the fragment thereof with the target protein to form a fusion protein. Further provided is a fusion protein comprising the CRM197 or the fragment thereof and a target protein, the CRM197 or the fragment thereof enhancing the immunogenicity of the target protein. The present invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein, a construct and a vector comprising said nucleic acid, and a host cell comprising the nucleic acid.

## Background
This application incorporates by reference the contents of a 102 kb text file created on Sep. 27, 2016 and named “00768500044substitutesequencelisting.txt,” which is the sequence listing for this application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of molecular virology and immunology. In particular, the invention relates to a use of a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant CRM197 or a fragment thereof as intramolecular adjuvant in a fusion protein for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein fused thereto (for example, an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof). The invention also relates to a method for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein (for example, an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof), comprising the fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with the target protein to form a fusion protein. The invention also relates to a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and a target protein (for example, an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof), wherein said CRM197 or a fragment thereof enhances immunogenicity of the target protein. The invention also relates to an isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein, a construct and a vector comprising the nucleic acid, and a host cell comprising the nucleic acid. The invention also relates to a use of the fusion protein in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Diphtheria toxin (DT) has been deeply studied. The studies on structure show that diphtheria toxin consists of three domains: N-terminal Catalytic Domain C (aa 1-190, C domain) (also called Fragment A), middle Transmembrane Domain T (aa 201-384, T domain), and C-terminal Receptor Binding domain R (aa 386-535, R domain) (Choe S, Bennett M, Fujii G, et al., Nature. 1992. 357:216-222). ONTAK (DAB389-IL-2), prepared by fusion of the former two domains of diphtheria toxin with interleukin 2 (IL-2), was approved by FDA on the market in 1999, for the treatment of adult cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This demonstrates that the three domains of diphtheria toxin may be used separately and play their own roles, respectively.
CRM197 (Cross-Reacting Materials 197) is a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant (Uchida, T., A. M, Pappenheimer, Jr., R. Gregory, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1973. 248:3838-3844), which differs from a wild-type gene encoding DT by a single nucleotide mutation, resulting in the amino acid residue at position 52 changed from Gly to Glu (G. Giannini, R. Rappuoli, G. Ratti et al., Nucleic Acids Research. 1984. 12: 4063-4070).
Studies show that although CRM197 has a structure similar to that of a wild-type DT (namely, having said three domains), its Fragment A loses the ability of binding to NAD, is unable to bind to EF2 and thereby loses the cytoxicity possessed by natural DT, indicating that the amino acid residue Gly at position 52 plays an important role in the binding of DT to NAD (K. Moyner, G. Christiansen, Acta path microbial immunolscand sect C. 1984, 92:17-23). Although CRM197 loses the cytotoxicity, it retains a stronge immunogenicity comparable to that of a wild-type DT. Therefore, CRM197 is generally used as a protein carrier for crosslinking other haptens so as to prepare conjugate vaccines.
As early as 1985, Porter et al., crosslinked polysaccharides on Hib surface to CRM197 and DT protein carrier, respectively, and prepared them into vaccines, and studied the difference of them in immunogenicity. The experimental results showed that there was no significant difference between the two crosslinked vaccines in terms of immune effect, both of them could stimulate the generation of a strong immune response and immunologic memory in infants (Porter Anderson, Micheal E. Pichichero and Richard A. J. Clin. Invest. 1985: 52-59). After comparing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines crosslinked to various proteins, it is found that the vaccines wherein CRM197 is used as a protein carrier have a good immune effect in animal experiments and clinical trials, and CRM197 is safe without a side-effect of toxicity (Black, S., H. Shinefield, et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2000, 19(3); 187-195). In current, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, in which CRM197 is used as a protein carrier, mainly refer to PCV7, PCV9, PCV13, and the like. The results of clinical trials showed that these vaccines had good immunogenicity and safety in children less than two years old (Barricarte, A., J. Castilla, et al. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(11): 1436-1441; Madhi, S., P. Adrian, et al. Vaccine, 2007, 25(13): 2451-2457; Duggan, S. T. Drugs, 2010, 70(15): 1973-1986). Epidemic meningitis conjugate vaccines can be prepared by crosslinking CRM197 to polysaccharides on surface of N. menigitidis. For example, vaccines such as Meningitec (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals), Menjugate (Novartis vaccines), and Menveo (Novartis vaccines), in which CRM197 is used as a protein carrier, have been commercially available.
Although CRM197 loses enzymatic activity and cytotoxity, it is still able to bind to a specific receptor of DT, i.e. heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Since the expression of the receptor is generally up-regulated in cancerous tissues, like DT, CRM197 also has anti-tumor effect (Buzzi, S., D. Rubboli, et al. Immunotherapy, 2004, 53(11)). The studies also found that CRM197 could pass through Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB), and therefore could be used as a carrier for delivery of drugs to brain (Gaillard, P. J., and A. G. de Boer. J Control Release, 2006, 116(2): 60-62).
Although it has been reported that CRM197 has multiple functions, in particular, has a strong immunogenicity and can be used as immunoadjuvant, it is not reported yet that CRM197 may be used as intramolecular adjuvant for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein fused thereto in a fusion protein. The invention uses Hepatitis E capsid protein as an example, and demonstrates for the first time that CRM197 or a fragment thereof can enhance immunogenicity of a protein fused thereto in a fusion protein, and thereby can be used as intramolecular adjuvant.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the invention, unless otherwise specified, the scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings as generally understood by a person skilled in the art. Moreover, the laboratory operations of cell culture, molecular genetics, nucleic acid chemistry, biological chemistry, and immunology used herein are the routine operations widely used in the corresponding fields. Meanwhile, for the purpose of better understanding of the invention, the definitions and explanations of the relevant terms are provided as follows.
According to the invention, the term “CRM197” refers to a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant, which differs from a wild-type diphtheria toxin by an amino acid residue at position 52 changed from Gly to Glu (G. Giannini, R. Rappuoli, G. Ratti et al., Nucleic Acids Research. 1984. 12: 4063-4070). Diphtheria toxin is well known by a person skilled in the art (see, for example, Choe S, Bennett M, Fujii G, et al., Nature. 1992. 357:216-222), whose amino acid sequence may be found by reference to GenBank accession No. AAV70486.1.
In the invention, the exemplary amino acid sequence of CRM197 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. Therefore, in the invention, when the sequence of CRM197 is involved, it is described as the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, in the expression “amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 of CRM197”, amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 refers to amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 of SEQ ID NO: 2. However, a person skilled in the art understands that mutations or variations (including, but not limited to, substitution, deletion and/or addition) may naturally occur in or are introduced artificially into SEQ ID NO: 2 without affecting the biological properties of CRM197. Therefore, in the invention, the term “CRM197” intends to comprise all such polypeptides and variants, including the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 and its natural or artificial variants, wherein the variants retain the biological properties of CRM197, i.e. have a strong immunogenicity and no cytotoxity. In addition, when sequence fragments of CRM197 are described, they include not only the sequence fragments of a polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, but also the corresponding sequence fragments of the natural or artificial variants of the polypeptide. For example, the expression “amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 of CRM197” intends to comprise amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the corresponding fragments of the variants (natural or artificial) of a polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
According to the invention, an Hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein refers to a protein encoded by HEV ORF2. The sequence of HEV ORF2 is well known in the art (see, for example, DDBJ accession No. D11092). In the invention, when the sequence of HEV ORF2 is involved, it is described as the sequence set forth in DDBJ accession No. D11092. For example, in the expression “amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by HEV ORF2”, amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 refers to amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by D11092. However, a person skilled in the art understands that mutations or variations (including, but not limited to, substitution, deletion and/or addition) may naturally occur in or are introduced artificially into HEV ORF2 or a polypeptide encoded thereby without affecting the biological properties thereof (such as antigenicity and immunogenicity). Therefore, in the invention, the term “HEV ORF2” intends to comprise all such polypeptides and variants, including the sequence set forth in D11092 and its natural or artificial variants. In addition, when sequence fragments of HEV ORF2 (or a polypeptide encoded thereby) are described, they include not only the sequence fragments of D11092 (or a polypeptide encoded thereby), but also the corresponding sequence fragments of the natural or artificial variants of D11092 (or a polypeptide encoded thereby). For example, the expression “amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by HEV ORF2” intends to comprise amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by D11092 and the corresponding fragments of the variants (natural or artificial) of a polypeptide encoded by D11092. The exemplary amino acid sequence of an HEV capsid protein (a polypeptide encoded by ORF2 of D11092) is described in SEQ ID NO: 31.
According to the invention, an influenza virus M2 protein refers to a protein encoded by the seventh segment of type A or type B influenza virus genome or a protein encoded by the sixth segment of type C influenza virus genome. The exemplary amino acid sequence of an influenza virus M2 protein is described in SEQ ID NO: 32.
According to the invention, the expression “corresponding sequence fragments” or “corresponding fragments” refers to fragments that are located in equal positions of sequences when the sequences are subjected to optimal alignment, namely, the sequences are aligned to obtain a highest percentage of identity.
According to the invention, when used in the background of proteins/polypeptides, the term “variant” refers to a protein, whose amino acid sequence is different from a reference protein/polypeptide (for example, CRM197 of the invention) by one or more (for example, 1-10, or 1-5 or 1-3) amino acids (such as conservative amino acid substitutions), or which has an identity of at least 60%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% to a reference protein/polypeptide (for example, CRM197 of the invention), and which retains the essential characteristics of the reference protein/polypeptide. In the invention, the essential characteristics of CRM197 may refer to a strong immunogenicity and no cytotoxity, and the essential characteristics of an HEV capsid protein and an influenza virus M2 protein may refer to antigenicity and/or immunogenicity thereof.
According to the invention, the term “identity” refers to the match degree between two polypeptides or between two nucleic acids. When two sequences for comparison have the same base or amino acid monomer sub-unit at a certain site (e.g., each of two DNA molecules has an adenine at a certain site, or each of two polypeptides has a lysine at a certain site), the two molecules are identical at the site. The percent identity between two sequences is a function of the number of identical sites shared by the two sequences over the total number of sites for comparison×100. For example, if 6 of 10 sites of two sequences are matched, these two sequences have an identity of 60%. For example, DNA sequences: CTGACT and CAGGTT share an identity of 50% (3 of 6 sites are matched). Generally, the comparison of two sequences is conducted in a manner to produce maximum identity. Such alignment can be conducted by using a computer program such as Align program (DNAstar, Inc.) which is based on the method of Needleman, et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453, 1970). The percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4:11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970)) which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
As used in the invention, the term “conservative substitution” refers to amino acid substitutions which would not negatively affect or change the essential characteristics of a protein/polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence. For example, a conservative substitution may be introduced by standard techniques known in the art such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid substitutions include substitutions wherein an amino acid residue is substituted with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain, for example, with a residue similar to the corresponding amino acid residue physically or functionally (such as, having similar size, shape, charges, chemical properties including the capability of forming covalent bond or hydrogen bond, etc.). The families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids having alkaline side chains (for example, lysine, arginine and histidine), amino acids having acidic side chains (for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid), amino acids having uncharged polar side chains (for example, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), amino acids having nonpolar side chains (for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine), amino acids having β-branched side chains (such as threonine, valine, isoleucine) and amino acids having aromatic side chains (for example, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Therefore, an amino acid residue is preferably substituted with another amino acid residue from the same side-chain family. Methods for identifying amino acid conservative substitutions are well known in the art (see, for example, Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1187 (1993); Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12(10): 879-884 (1999); and Burks et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Set USA 94: 412-417 (1997), which are incorporated herein by reference).
According to the invention, the term “immunogenicity” refers to an ability of stimulating the formation of specific antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes in organisms. It not only refers to the property of an antigen to stimulate a specific immunocyte to activate, proliferate and differentiate the immunocyte so as to finally generate immunologic effector substance such as antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes, but also refers to the specific immune response wherein antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes can be formed in immune system of an organism after stimulating the organism with an antigen. Immunogenicity is the most important property of an antigen. Whether an antigen can successfully induce the generation of an immune response in a host depends on three factors, properties of an antigen, reactivity of a host, and immunization means.
According to the invention, the term “immunogenic fragment” refers to such a polypeptide fragment, which at least partially retains the immunogenicity of the protein from which it is derived. For example, immunogenic fragments of an HEV capsid protein refer to fragments of an HEV capsid protein which at least partially retain immunogenicity, for example, HEV-239, E2 or E2s as described in the invention (see, Li et al., J Biol Chem. 280(5): 3400-3406 (2005); Li et al., PLoS Pathogens. 5(8): e1000537 (2009)); immunogenic fragments of an influenza virus M2 protein refer to fragments of M2 protein which at least partially retain immunogenicity, for example, M2e as described in the invention (see, Fiers W et al., Vaccine. 27(45):6280-6283(2009)).
According to the invention, HEV-239 (or 239 in brief) refers to a polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues from positions 368 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by HEV ORF2 (i.e. HEV capsid protein); E2 refers to a polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues from positions 394 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by HEV ORF2; E2s refers to a polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues from positions 455 to 606 of a polypeptide encoded by HEV ORF2.
According to the invention, the term “M2e” refers to a polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues from positions 1 to 24 of an influenza virus M2 protein.
In the invention, the term “polypeptide” and “protein” have the same meanings and may be used interchangeably. Moreover, in the invention, amino acids are generally represented by one letter code and three-letter code well known in the art. For example, alanine may be represented by A or Ala.
According to the invention, the term “E. coli expression system” refers to an expression system consisting of E. coli (strain) and a vector, wherein the E. coli (strain) is available on the market, including but not limited to: GI698, ER2566, BL21 (DE3), B834 (DE3), BLR (DE3), etc.
According to the invention, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid vehicle which can have a polynucleotide inserted therein. When the vector allows for the expression of the protein encoded by the polynucleotide inserted therein, the vector is called an expression vector. The vector can be introduced into the host cell by transformation, transduction, or transfection, and have the carried genetic material elements expressed in a host cell. Vectors are well known by a person skilled in the art, including, but not limited to plasmids, phages, cosmids and the like.
According to the invention, the term “chromatography” includes, but is not limited to: ion exchange chromatography (e.g. cation-exchange chromatography), hydrophobic interaction chromatography, absorbent chromatography (e.g. hydroxyapatite chromatography), gel filtration chromatography (gel exclusion chromatography), and affinity chromatography.
According to the invention, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients” refers to carriers and/or excipients that are pharmacologically and/or physiologically compatible with subjects and active ingredients, and are well known in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Edited by Gennaro A R, 19th ed. Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company, 1995), including, but not limited to pH adjusting agents, surfactants, adjuvants, and ionic strength enhancers. For example, pH adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers; surfactants include, but are not limited to: anion surfactants, cation surfactants, or non-ionic surfactants (for example, Tween-80); and ionic strength enhancers include, but are not limited to sodium chloride.
According to the invention, the term “adjuvant” refers to a non-specific immuno-potentiator, which can enhance immune response to an antigen or change the type of immune response in an organism when it is delivered together with the antigen to the organism or is delivered to the organism in advance. There are a variety of adjuvants, including but limited to, aluminium adjuvants (for example, aluminum hydroxide), Freund's adjuvants (for example, Freund's complete adjuvant and Freund's incomplete adjuvant), corynebacterium parvum, lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, and the like. Freund's adjuvant is the most commonly used adjuvant in animal experiments currently. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is more commonly used in clinical trials.
According to the invention, the term “intramolecular adjuvant” refers to such an adjuvant, which forms a fusion protein with a target protein (i.e. an antigen), is present in the same molecule as the antigen (i.e. a fusion protein comprising it and the antigen), and acts as the adjuvant of the antigen to enhance immunogenicity of the antigen. Namely, an intramolecular adjuvant is an adjuvant capable of enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein (antigen) fused and expressed therewith, which generally refers to a polypeptide fragment. In the invention, an intramolecular adjuvant especially refers to a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant CRM197 or a fragment thereof.
The techniques for forming a fusion protein by fusion expression of two or more proteins are well known in the art (see, for example, Sambrook J et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; and F. M. Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995). Generally, DNA fragments encoding two or more proteins are linked together in frame by recombinant DNA techniques, and a fusion protein is obtained by protein expression. Optionally, a linker may be used or not in fusion expression of two or more proteins.
According to the invention, the term “linker” refers to a short peptide for linking two molecules (for example, proteins). Generally, a fusion protein, such as a target protein 1-linker-a target protein 2, is obtained by introduction (for example, by PCR amplification or ligase) of a polynucleotide encoding the short peptide between two DNA fragments encoding two target proteins to be linked, respectively, and protein expression thereof. As well known by a person skilled in the art, linkers include, but are not limited to flexible linking peptides, such as Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID NO:57), Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO:58), Gly-Gly-Ser-Ser (SEQ ID NO:59) and (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)3 (SEQ ID NO:60).
According to the invention, the term “an effective amount” refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve or at least partially achieve the expected effect. For example, an amount effective for preventing a disease (such as HEV or influenza virus infection) refers to an amount effective for preventing, suppressing, or delaying the occurrence of a disease (such as HEV or influenza virus infection). An effective amount for treating a disease refers to an amount effective for curing or at least partially blocking a disease and its complication in a patient with the disease. The determination of such an effective amount is within the ability of a person skilled in the art. For example, an amount effective for a therapeutic use depends on severity of a disease to be treated, general state of the immune system in a patient, general conditions of a patient, such as age, weight and gender, administration means of drugs, additional therapies used simultaneously, and the like.
The invention is at least partially based on the inventors' surprising discovery: after fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with a target protein (for example, an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof), CRM197 or a fragment thereof significantly enhances immunogenicity of the target protein. Namely, CRM197 or a fragment thereof may be used as intramolecular adjuvant for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein by fusion expression with the target protein.
Therefore, in one aspect, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and a target protein, wherein said CRM197 or a fragment thereof enhances immunogenicity of the target protein.
In a preferred embodiment, the fragment of CRM197 comprises, for example, Catalytic Domain C (aa 1-190, also called Fragment A in the present application), Transmembrane Domain T (aa 201-384), and/or Receptor Binding domain R (aa 386-535) of CRM197. For example, the fragment of CRM197 may comprise Fragment A, or Fragment A and Transmembrane Domain T.
In another preferred embodiment, the fragment of CRM197 comprises aa 1-190 of CRM197, for example, comprises aa 1-389 of CRM197. In another preferred embodiment, the fragment of CRM197 consists of aa 1-190 or aa 1-389 of CRM197. In the present application, the exemplary amino acid sequence of CRM197 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, and the corresponding nucleotide sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
In a preferred embodiment, the target protein may be an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein, or an immunogenic fragment thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the immunogenic fragment of an HEV capsid protein may comprise or be, for example, HEV-239 (aa 368-606 of the HEV capsid protein), E2 (aa 394-606 of the HEV capsid protein) or E2s (aa 455-606 of the HEV capsid protein), and the like. In another preferred embodiment, the immunogenic fragment of a M2 protein may comprise or be, for example, M2e (aa 1-24 of the M2 protein).
In a preferred embodiment, in the fusion protein of the invention, CRM197 or a fragment thereof may be linked to the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the target protein, optionally via a linker. The linker for linking two peptide fragments are well known in the art, including but not limited to flexible linking peptides, such as Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID NO:57), Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO:58), Gly-Gly-Ser-Ser (SEQ ID NO:59) and (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)3 (SEQ ID NO:60), etc. Such linkers are well known in the art, and the selection thereof is within the ability of a person skilled in the art.
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein of the invention may comprise CRM197 or a fragment thereof, and a HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, which are linked together, optionally via a linker. For example, the fusion protein of the invention may be a protein having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18.
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein of the invention may comprise CRM197 or a fragment thereof, and an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, which are linked together, optionally via a linker. For example, the fusion protein of the invention may be a protein having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, 36, 38, 40, 42 or 44.
In the fusion protein of the invention, CRM197 or a fragment thereof superisingly enhances immunogenicity of a target protein (such as HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein or or an immunogenic fragment thereof) fused thereto (optionally via a linker) significantly, and thus may be used as intramolecular adjuvant.
In another aspect, the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein as defined above, and also provides a construct comprising the polynucleotide.
In another aspect, the invention provides a vector comprising: a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein as defined above or a construct comprising the polynucleotide. The vector of the invention may be a cloning vector, or an expression vector.
In a preferred embodiment, the vector of the invention may be, for example, plasmid, cosmid, phage, and the like.
In another aspect, the invention provides a host cell or organism comprising the polynucleotide, the construct, or the vector of the invention. Said host cell includes, but is not limited to, prokaryotic cell such as E. coli cell, and eukaryotic cell such as yeast cell, insect cell, plant cell and animal cell (such as mammalian cell, for example mice cell, human cell and the like). The cell of the invention may be a cell line, such as 293T cell. In an embodiment, the organism is plant or animal.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprising the fusion protein of the invention, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. Depending on the target protein used in the fusion protein, the pharmaceutical composition or vaccine of the invention may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases (i.e. diseases that can be prevented or treated by the target protein). For example, when the target protein used is an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat HEV infection and diseases associated with HEV infection such as Hepatitis E; when the target protein used is an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat influenza virus infection and diseases associated with influenza virus infection such as influenza.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a use of the fusion protein of the invention in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases that can be prevented or treated by the target protein. Depending on the target protein used in the fusion protein, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat various diseases. For example, when the target protein used is an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat HEV infection and diseases associated with HEV infection such as Hepatitis E; when the target protein used is an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat influenza virus infection and diseases associated with influenza virus infection such as influenza.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a method for preventing and/or treating HEV infection and/or diseases associated with HEV infection such as Hepatitis E, comprising administering an effective amount of the fusion protein of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, which are linked together, optionally via a linker.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a method for preventing and/or treating influenza virus infection and diseases associated with influenza virus infection such as influenza, comprising administering an effective amount of the fusion protein of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, which are linked together, optionally via a linker.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein, comprising obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof as defined above and the target protein, so as to enhance immunogenicity of the target protein.
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with the target protein, optionally using a linker. In a preferred embodiment, the target protein is the HEV capsid protein, the influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof as described above.
Therefore, in an embodiment, the invention provides a method for enhancing immunogenicity of an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, so as to enhance immunogenicity of the HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, optionally using a linker.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for enhancing immunogenicity of an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, so as to enhance immunogenicity of the influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, optionally using a linker.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a use of CRM197 or a fragment thereof in the enhancement of immunogenicity of a target protein, characterized by obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and the target protein.
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with the target protein, optionally using a linker. In a preferred embodiment, the target protein is an HEV capsid protein, an influenza virus M2 protein, or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
Therefore, in an embodiment, the invention relates to a use of CRM197 or a fragment thereof in the enhancement of immunogenicity of an HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, characterized by obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and the HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with the HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, optionally using a linker.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a use of CRM197 or a fragment thereof in the enhancement of immunogenicity of an influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, characterized by obtaining a fusion protein comprising CRM197 or a fragment thereof and the influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein may be obtained by fusion expression of CRM197 or a fragment thereof with the influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, optionally using a linker.
Beneficial Effect of the Invention
The invention demonstrates for the first time that CRM197 and fragments thereof may be used as intramolecular adjuvant for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein. Therefore, the invention provides a novel use of CRM197 and fragments thereof, and provides a novel method for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein.
In addition, since the fusion protein of the invention exhibits a stronger immunogenicity as compared to a target protein alone, the invention provides a new option for the manufacture of a medicament or vaccine and may achieve more effective treatment and prevention of the corresponding diseases.
For example, the fusion protein of the invention comprising CRM197 (or a fragment thereof) and an HEV capsid protein (or an immunogenic fragment thereof) exhibits a stronger immunogenicity as compared to a HEV capsid protein (or an immunogenic fragment thereof) alone, and therefore the fusion protein may be useful for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition and more effectively prevent and treat HEV infection and diseases associated with HEV infection such as Hepatitis E.
For example, the fusion protein of the invention comprising CRM197 (or a fragment thereof) and an influenza virus M2 protein (or an immunogenic fragment thereof) exhibits a stronger immunogenicity as compared to a influenza virus M2 protein (or an immunogenic fragment thereof) alone, and therefore the fusion protein may be useful for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition and more effectively prevent and treat influenza virus infection and diseases associated with influenza virus infection such as influenza. For example, when M2e protein is fused to the N-terminal of CRM197 (or a fragment thereof), the fusion protein thus formed may form a tetramer or other polymer configuration, and has a good reactivity with a protective monoclonal antibody 019 (see, Fu et al., Virology, 2009, 385:218-226) in vitro (see, FIG. 12B), and has a good immunogenicity in vivo (see, FIG. 14). Therefore, the fusion protein thus formed is useful for developing general influenza vaccines.
Description of Sequence Information
The information of the sequences as involved in the invention is provided in the following table.













SEQ

SEQ



ID

ID


NO:
Depiction
NO:
Depiction


















1
the nucleotide sequence of
2
the amino acid sequence



CRM197

of CRM197


3
the nucleotide sequence of
4
the amino acid sequence



CRM197-L-E2

of CRM197-L-E2


5
the nucleotide sequence of
6
the amino acid sequence



CRM197-L-E2s

of CRM197-L-E2s


7
the nucleotide sequence of
8
the amino acid sequence



389-L-E2

of 389-L-E2


9
the nucleotide sequence of
10
the amino acid sequence



389-L-E2s

of 389-L-E2s


11
the nucleotide sequence of
12
the amino acid sequence



A-L-E2

of A-L-E2


13
the nucleotide sequence of
14
the amino acid sequence



A-L-E2s

of A-L-E2s


15
the nucleotide sequence of
16
the amino acid sequence



389-E2s

of 389-E2s


17
the nucleotide sequence of
18
the amino acid sequence



A-E2s

of A-E2s


19
primer CRM197F
20
primer CRM197R


21
primer CRM197-linker R
22
primer 389-linker R


23
primer A-linker R
24
primer E2F


25
primer E2sF
26
primer Drp59R


27
primer 389-E2s R
28
primer A-E2s R


29
primer 389-E2s F
30
primer A-E2s F


31
the amino acid sequence of
32
the amino acid sequence of



HEV capsid protein

M2 protein


33
the nucleotide sequence of
34
the amino acid sequence of



CRM197-L-M2e

CRM197-L-M2e


35
the nucleotide sequence of
36
the amino acid sequence of



389-L-M2e

389-L-M2e


37
the nucleotide sequence of
38
the amino acid sequence of



A-L-M2e

A-L-M2e


39
the nucleotide sequence of
40
the amino acid sequence of



M2e-L-CRM197

M2e-L-CRM197


41
the nucleotide sequence of
42
the amino acid sequence of



M2e-L-389

M2e-L-389


43
the nucleotide sequence of
44
the amino acid sequence of



M2e-L-A

M2e-L-A


45
primer CRM197F1
46
primer CRM197-linker R1


47
primer 389-linker R1
48
primer A-linker R1


49
primer M2eF1
50
primer M2eR


51
primer M2eF2
52
primer M2e-Linker R


53
primer CRM197F2
54
primer CRM197 R2


55
primer 389 R
56
primer A R









The embodiments of the invention are further described in detail by reference to the drawings and examples. However, a person skilled in the art would understand that the following drawings and examples are intended for illustrating the invention only, rather than defining the scope of the invention. According to the detailed depiction of the following drawings and preferred embodiments, various purposes and advantages of the invention would be obvious for a person skilled in the art.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the clone design of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2, wherein the linker used (Linker, also referred to L for short in the present application) is a flexible fragment consisting of 15 amino acid residues, whose sequence is GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:60); the CRM197 used comprised 535 amino acids, whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; 389 refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 1 to 389 (aa 1-389) of CRM197; A refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 (aa 1-190) of CRM197; E2 refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 394 to 606 (aa 394-606) of an HEV capsid protein; E2s refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 455 to 606 (aa 455-606) of an HEV capsid protein.
FIGS. 2A-2D show SDS-PAGE analytic results of expression, purification and renaturation of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2, wherein the sample used in FIG. 2A is the precipitate (i.e. inclusion body) obtained by centrifuging the disrupted bacteria after ultrasonication, the sample used in FIG. 2B is a 4M urea dissolved supernatant, the sample used in FIG. 2C is a 8M urea dissolved supernatant, and the sample used in FIG. 2D is a protein renatured into PBS. Lane M: protein molecular weight marker; Lane 1: CRM197-L-E2; Lane 2: CRM197-L-E2s; Lane 3: 389-L-E2; Lane 4: 389-L-E2s; Lane 5: 389-E2s; Lane 6: A-L-E2; Lane 7: A-L-E2s; Lane 8: A-E2s. The results showed that all the constructed fusion proteins could be expressed in inclusion bodies, and A-L-E2 and A-L-E2s were dissolved in 4M and 8M urea, while other fusion proteins were only dissolved in 8M urea. In addition, the results also showed that after dialysis and renaturation, the fusion proteins of a purity of about 80% were obtained.
FIG. 3 shows the SDS-PAGE result of the fusion protein A-L-E2 purified by chromatography, wherein Lane 1 refers to A-L-E2 which is renatured to PBS after purification by chromatography, Lane 2 refers to a A-L-E2 sample of Lane 1 boiled in boiling water for 10 mins. The results showed that after two-step chromatography, A-L-E2 could reach a purity of above 90%.
FIG. 4 shows the results of Western blotting using the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2 and HEV neutralizing monoclonal antibody 8C11. Lane M: protein molecular weight marker; Lane 1: Control protein HEV-239; Lane 2: Control protein E2, Lane 3: CRM197-L-E2; Lane 4: CRM197-L-E2s; Lane 5: 389-L-E2; Lane 6: 389-L-E2s; Lane 7: 389-E2s; Lane 8: A-L-E2; Lane 9: A-L-E2s; Lane 10: A-E2s. The results showed that all the fusion proteins tested had significant reactivity with the HEV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody 8C11.
FIGS. 5A-5B show the results of indirect ELISA using the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2 and HEV-specific monoclonal antibody. The abscissa refers to HEV-specific monoclonal antibody or CRM197 polyclonal antiserum for ELISA, and the ordinate refers to OD value determined by ELISA at the same antibody dilution. FIG. 5A shows the ELISA result of the fusion proteins comprising E2, and FIG. 5B shows the ELISA result of the fusion proteins comprising E2s. The results showed that the reactivity of E2s protein with HEV-specific monoclonal antibody was significantly enhanced, after fusion of E2s protein with CRM197 or a fragment thereof, wherein the reactivity of A-L-E2s and A-E2S was enhanced most significantly; the reactivity of E2 protein with HEV-specific monoclonal antibody was retained or enhanced, after fusion of E2 protein with CRM197 or a fragment thereof.
FIG. 6 shows the results of indirect ELISA using the proteins A-L-E2, HEV-239 or E2 and HEV-specific monoclonal antibody, wherein the cutoff value is defined as three times of the average negative value. The results showed that the reactivity of A-L-E2 with HEV-specific monoclonal antibody is comparable to that of HEV-239 and E2.
FIG. 7 shows the analytic result of Sedimentation Velocity (SV) of the fusion protein A-L-E2. The result showed that the fusion protein A-L-E2 was mainly present in a form of dimer, and tetramer is present in a small amount.
FIGS. 8A-8B show the comparison of immunogenicity between the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2 and HEV-239. The primary immunization was performed at week 0, and booster immunization was performed at week 2 and 4, wherein the dose for both the primary immunization and the booster immunization was 5 μg or 0.5 μg. FIG. 8A shows the comparison result of the antibody titer of immune serum in 5 μg-dose groups, and FIG. 8B shows the comparison result of the antibody titer of immune serum in 0.5 μg-dose groups. The results showed that seroconversion against HEV occurred in mice serum at week 4 in 5 μg- and 0.5 μg-dose groups, and the antibody titer reached the highest value at week 5 or 6. In particular, in 5 μg-dose group, the highest antibody titer was obtained when A-L-E2 was used, which reached 106 at week 6; and the antibody titers induced by the fusion proteins were higher than or comparable to that of HEV-239 protein. In 0.5 μg-dose groups, the antibody titers of the fusion proteins were significantly higher than that of HEV-239, and the antibody titer induced by A-L-E2 protein at week 5 reached 106. In addition, seroconversion did not occur in immune serum when using E2 and E2s in 5 μg- and 0.5 μg-dose groups. As seen from the results above, the immunogenicity of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 2 were significantly higher than the antigen protein (E2 and E2s) alone, indicating that the CRM197 of the invention or a fragment thereof significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen protein fused therewith, and could be used as intramolecular adjuvant.
FIG. 9 shows the clone design of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6, wherein the linker used (Linker, also referred to L for short in the present application) is a flexible fragment consisting of 10 amino acid residues, whose sequence is GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:57); the CRM197 used comprised 535 amino acids, whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; 389 refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 1 to 389 (aa 1-389) of CRM197; A refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 1 to 190 (aa 1-190) of CRM197; M2 refers to an influenza virus M2 protein, whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32; M2e refers to a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from positions 1 to 24 (aa 1-24) of the influenza virus M2 protein.
FIGS. 10A-10F show the SDS-PAGE analytic results of expression, purification and renaturation of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6, wherein Lane M: protein molecular weight marker.
FIG. 10A used the samples that were the precipitate (i.e. inclusion body) and the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the disrupted bacteria after ultrasonication:
Lane 1: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with CRM197-L-M2e;
Lane 2: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with CRM197-L-M2e;
Lane 3: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with 389-L-M2e;
Lane 4: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with 389-L-M2e; Lane 5: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with A-L-M2e; Lane 6: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with A-L-M2e.
FIG. 10B used the samples that were the precipitate (i.e. inclusion body) and the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the disrupted bacteria after ultrasonication:
Lane 1: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-A;
Lane 2: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-A; Lane 3: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-389;
Lane 4: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-389; Lane 5: the inclusion body obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-CRM197;
Lane 6: the supernatant obtained from the bacteria transformed with M2e-L-CRM197.
FIG. 10C used the samples that were the fusion proteins isolated and renatured into PBS, wherein no β-mercaptoethanol was used during SDS-PAGE analysis, and the protein samples were treated by boiling (for 10 min) or not:
Lane 1: A-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 2: A-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 3: 389-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 4: 389-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 5: CRM197-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 6: CRM197-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling.
FIG. 10D used the samples that were the fusion proteins isolated and renatured into PBS, wherein β-mercaptoethanol was used during SDS-PAGE analysis, and the protein samples were treated by boiling (for 10 min) or not:
Lane 1: A-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 2: A-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 3: 389-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 4: 389-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 5: CRM197-L-M2e protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 6: CRM197-L-M2e protein, treated by boiling.
FIG. 10E used the samples that were the fusion proteins isolated and renatured into PBS, wherein no β-mercaptoethanol was used during SDS-PAGE analysis, and the protein samples were treated by boiling (for 10 min) or not:
Lane 1: M2e-L-A protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 2: M2e-L-A protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 3: M2e-L-389 protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 4: M2e-L-389 protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 5: M2e-L-CRM197 protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 6: M2e-L-CRM197 protein, treated by boiling.
FIG. 10F used the samples that were the fusion proteins isolated and renatured into PBS, wherein β-mercaptoethanol was used during SDS-PAGE analysis, and the protein samples were treated by boiling (for 10 min) or not:
Lane 1: M2e-L-A protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 2: M2e-L-A protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 3: M2e-L-389 protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 4: M2e-L-389 protein, treated by boiling;
Lane 5: M2e-L-CRM197 protein, not treated by boiling;
Lane 6: M2e-L-CRM197 protein, treated by boiling.
The results shown in FIGS. 10A-10F indicated that all the constructed fusion proteins could be expressed in inclusion bodies, and after purification and renaturation, the fusion proteins with a purity of about 80% could be obtained.
FIGS. 11A-11H show the results of Western blotting using the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6 and anti-M2e monoclonal antibody 5D1 and CRM197 monoclonal antibody 1E6. The samples represented by Lanes 1-6 in FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C and 11D correspond to the samples represented by Lanes 1-6 in FIGS. 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F, respectively, wherein anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibody 5D1 was used. The samples represented by Lanes 1-6 in FIGS. 11E, 11F, 11G and 11H correspond to the samples represented by Lanes 1-6 in FIGS. 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F, respectively, wherein CRM197 specific monoclonal antibody 1E6 was used. The results showed that all the tested fusion proteins had significant reactivity with anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibody 5D1 and CRM197 specific monoclonal antibody 1E6.
FIGS. 12A-12B show the results of indirect ELISA using the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6 and various anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibodies. The abscissa refers to anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibodies and anti-CRM197 specific monoclonal antibodies for ELISA, and the ordinate refers to OD value determined by ELISA at the same antibody dilution. FIG. 12A shows the ELISA result of the fusion protein in which M2e was fused to the C-terminus of CRM197 or a fragment thereof, and FIG. 12B shows the ELISA result of the fusion protein in which M2e was fused to the N-terminus of CRM197 or a fragment thereof. The results showed that the fusion protein comprising M2e protein and CRM197 or a fragment thereof retained or enhanced the reactivity with various anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibodies, as compared to M2e protein alone.
FIGS. 13A-13F show the analytic results of Sedimentation Velocity (SV) of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6, wherein FIG. 13A: CRM197-L-M2e; FIG. 13B: 389-L-M2e; FIG. 13C: A-L-M2e; FIG. 13D: M2e-L-CRM197; FIG. 13E: M2e-L-389; FIG. 13F: M2e-L-A. The results showed that the fusion proteins A-L-M2e and M2e-L-A were mainly present in a form of monomer and tetramer; and 389-L-M2e was mainly present in a form of dimer and polymer; M2e-L-389 was mainly present in a form of monomer and polymer; CRM197-L-M2e was mainly present in a form of dimer and polymer; and M2e-L-CRM197 was mainly present in a form of monomer and polymer.
FIGS. 14A-14B show the comparison of immunogenicity between the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6 and GST-M2e. The primary immunization was performed at week 0, and booster immunization was performed at week 2 and 4, wherein the dose for both the primary immunization and the booster immunization was 5 μg or 0.5 μs. FIG. 14A shows the comparison result of the antibody titer of immune serum in 5 μg-dose groups, and FIG. 14B shows the comparison result of the antibody titer of immune serum in 0.5 μg-dose groups. The results showed that after the second booster immunization, the antibody titers induced by the fusion proteins were significantly higher than GST-M2e alone in 5 μg- and 0.5 μg-dose groups. As seen from the results above, the immunogenicity of the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6 were significantly higher than the antigen protein (GST-M2e) alone, indicating that the CRM197 of the invention or a fragment thereof (no matter located at N-terminus or C-terminus of the fusion protein) significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen protein fused therewith, and could be used as intramolecular adjuvant.



SPECIFIC MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention is illustrated by reference to the following examples (which are used only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention).
Unless indicated otherwise, the molecular biological experimental methods and immunological assays used in the present invention are carried out substantially in accordance with the methods as described in Sambrook J et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, and F. M. Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995; restriction endonucleases are used under the conditions recommended by manufacturers of the products. The reagents used in the present invention, whose manufacturers are not clearly indicated, are conventional products in the art or commercially available. Those skilled in the art understand that the examples are used for illustrating the present invention, but not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1. Clone of CRM197 Gene
Genomic DNA extracted from Diphtheria bacillus C7 (β197) strain obtained from ATCC (NO 53281) was used as template for the PCR reaction, wherein the forward primer was CRM197F (SEQ ID NO: 19), and the reverse primer was CRM197R (SEQ ID NO: 20). The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR apparatus (Biometra T3) under the following conditions, to prepare the full-length gene encoding CRM197.
















94° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



94° C. denaturation 1.5 min
20 cycles 



58° C. annealing 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










After PCR amplification, a product of about 1.6 kb in length, was obtained. After sequencing, the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the amplification product (i.e. the full-length gene of CRM197) was obtained, and the amino acid sequence encoded thereby was set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
Example 2. Design and Clone of Fusion Proteins Comprising CRM197 or a Fragment Thereof and an HEV Capsid Protein Fragment
In the Example, vectors expressing the fusion proteins were constructed exemplarily. The clone design of various exemplary fusion proteins constructed is shown in FIG. 1, wherein the fusion proteins each comprise CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an HEV capsid protein fragment, optionally using a linker.
Clone of Fusion Proteins Comprising a Linker
The amplification product (i.e. the full-length gene of CRM197) obtained in the Example 1 was used as template. The forward primer was CRM197F (SEQ ID NO: 19), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease NdeI site CAT ATG was introduced, wherein ATG was the initiation codon in E. coli system. The reverse primers were CRM197-linker R (SEQ ID NO: 21), 389-linker R (SEQ ID NO: 22), and A-linker R (SEQ ID NO: 23), respectively, at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI site GGA TCC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions. The sequences of the primers used were shown in Table 1.
















94° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



94° C. denaturation 1.5 min
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 1600 bp, 1200 bp and 600 bp in length, respectively.
In addition, pTO-T7-E2 (Li, et al. JBC. 2005. 28(5): 3400-3406) was used as template. The forward primers were E2F (SEQ ID NO: 24) and E2sF (SEQ ID NO: 25), respectively, at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI site GGA TCC was introduced. The reverse primer was Drp59R (SEQ ID NO: 26), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease EcoRI site GAA TTC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions.
















94° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



94° C. denaturation 50 sec
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 50 sec



72° C. elongation 50 sec



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 600 bp and 450 bp in length, respectively.
The amplification products as obtained above were linked into commercially available pMD 18-T vector (produced by TAKARA Co.), respectively, and designated as pMD 18-T-CRM197-L, pMD 18-T-389-L and pMD 18-T-A-L as well as pMD 18-T-E2 and pMD 18-T-E2s. As identified by NdeI/BamHI and BamHI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, respectively, the positive clones pMD 18-T-CRM197-L, pMD 18-T-389-L, pMD 18-T-A-L, pMD 18-T-E2 and pMD 18-T-E2s were obtained.
As confirmed by M13(+) primer, correct nucleotide sequences of interest were inserted into the obtained pMD 18-T-CRM197-L, pMD 18-T-389-L, pMD 18-T-A-L, pMD 18-T-E2 and pMD 18-T-E2s, respectively.
The plasmids pMD 18-T-CRM197-L, pMD 18-T-389-L and pMD 18-T-A-L were digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme. The fragments obtained by enzyme cleavage were linked into the prokaryotic expression vector pTO-T7 digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme (Luo Wenxin et al., Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2000, 16:53-57), and were transformed into E. coli ER2566 (purchased from Invitrogen Co.); after extraction of plasmids, as identified by NdeI/BamHI enzyme cleavage, the positive plasmids pTO-T7-CRM197-L, pTO-T7-389-L and pTO-T7-A-L, into which CRM197-L, 389-L and A-L were inserted, respectively, were obtained.
pTO-T7-CRM197-L, pTO-T7-389-L, pTO-T7-A-L, pMD 18-T-E2 and pMD 18-T-E2s were digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme. Each of the obtained E2 and E2s fragments was linked into the vectors pTO-T7-CRM197-L, pTO-T7-389-L and pTO-T7-A-L digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme, respectively. As identified by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, the positive expression vectors pTO-T7-CRM197-L-E2, pTO-T7-CRM197-L-E2s, pTO-T7-389-L-E2, pTO-T7-389-L-E2s, pTO-T7-A-L-E2 and pTO-T7-A-L-E2s, into which CRM197-L-E2 (SEQ ID NO:3, 4), CRM197-L-E2s (SEQ ID NO:5, 6), 389-L-E2 (SEQ ID NO:7, 8), 389-L-E2s (SEQ ID NO:9, 10), A-L-E2 (SEQ ID NO:11, 12) or A-L-E2s (SEQ ID NO:13, 14) was inserted, respectively, were obtained.
Clone of the Fusion Proteins 389-E2s and A-E2s without a Linker
The vectors expressing 389-E2s and A-E2s were constructed by three PCR reactions. For the first PCR reaction, the full-length gene of CRM197 was used as template. The forward primer was CRM197F, at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease NdeI site CAT ATG was introduced, wherein ATG was the initiation codon in E. coli system. The reverse primers were 389-E2s R (SEQ ID NO: 27) and A-E2s R (SEQ ID NO: 28), respectively. The amplification was performed to obtain the N-terminal fragments of the fusion proteins. For the second PCR reaction, the full-length gene of CRM197 was used as template. The forward primer were 389-E2s F (SEQ ID NO: 29) and A-E2s F (SEQ ID NO:30), respectively. The reverse primer was DrP59 R, at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease EcoRI site GAA TTC was introduced. The amplification was performed to obtain the C-terminal fragments of the fusion proteins. The first and second PCR reactions were performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions.
















94° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



94° C. denaturation 50 sec
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 50 sec



72° C. elongation 50 sec



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










For the third PCR reaction, the amplification products of the first and second PCR reactions were used as templates (for example, the two fragments obtained by using 389-E2sF and 389-E2sR as primers were used as template for amplification of 389-E2s), and CRM197F and DrP59R were used as primers. The amplification was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions.
















94° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



94° C. denaturation 50 sec
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 50 sec



72° C. elongation 50 sec



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 1600 bp and 1000 bp in length, respectively. The amplification products obtained above were linked into commercially available pMD 18-T vector (produced by TAKARA Co.), respectively. As identified by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, the positive clones pMD 18-T-389-E2s and pMD 18-T-A-E2s were obtained.
As confirmed by M13(+) primer, correct nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:17 (which encoded the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:18, respectively) were inserted into the obtained pMD 18-T-389-E2s and pMD 18-T-A-E2s, respectively.
The plasmids pMD 18-T-389-E2s and pMD 18-T-A-E2s were digested by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme. The fragments obtained by enzyme cleavage were then linked into the prokaryotic expression vector pTO-T7 digested by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme (Luo Wenxin et al., Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2000, 16:53-57). As identified by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, the positive plasmids pTO-T7-389-E2s and pTO-T7-A-E2s, into which 389-E2s and A-E2s were inserted, respectively, were obtained.
The sequences of the primers used in the Example were shown in Table 1.







TABLE 1 







Primer sequences









SEQ




ID




NO:
Primer Name
Primer sequence (5′-3′)





19
CRM197F
CATATGGGCGCTGATGATGTTGTTGATTCTTCT


 


20
CRM197R
GAATTCCCCACTACCTTTCAGCTTTTG


 


21
CRM197-
GGATCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTG



linker R
CCACCGCCACCGCTTTTGAT


 


22
389-
GGATCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTG



linker R
CCACCGCCACCAAATGGTTGC


 


23
A-linker R
GGATCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTG




CCACCGCCACCACGATTTCCTGCAC


 


24
E2F
GGATCCCAGCTGTTCTACTCTCGTC


 


25
E2sF
GGATCCTCCCCAGCCCCATCGCGC


 


26
Drp59R
GAATTCCTAGCGCGGAGGGGGGGCT


 


27
389-E2s R
GATGGGGCTGGGGAAAATGGTTG


 


28
A-E2s R
GATGGGGCTGGGGAACGATTTCCTGCAC


 


29
389-E2s F
CGCAACCATTTTCCCCAGCCC


 


30
A-E2s F
GAAATCGTTCCCCAGCCCCAT









1 μL of plasmids pTO-T7-CRM197-L-E2, pTO-T7-CRM197-L-E2s, pTO-T7-389-L-E2, pTO-T7-389-L-E2s, pTO-T7-389-E2s, pTO-T7-A-L-E2, pTO-T7-A-L-E2s and pTO-T7-A-E2s (0.15 mg/ml) were separately used to transform 40 μL competent E. coli ER2566 (purchased from Invitrogen) prepared by the Calcium chloride method, and then the bacteria were plated on solid LB medium (the components of the LB medium: 10 g/L peptone, 5 g/L yeast powder, and 10 g/L NaCl, the same below) containing kanamycin (at a final concentration of 100 mg/ml, the same below). The plates were statically incubated at 37° C. for about 10-12 h until individual colonies could be observed clearly. Individual colonies from the plates were transferred to a tube containing 4 ml liquid LB medium containing kanamycin. The cultures were incubated in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm for 10 h at 37° C., and then 1 ml bacterial solutions was taken and stored at −70° C.
Example 3. The Expression and Purification of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 2
Expression of Fusion Proteins and Purification of Inclusion Bodies
5 μL bacterial solution, taken from an ultra low temperature freezer at −70° C., was seeded to 5 mL liquid LB medium containing kanamycin, and then was cultured at 37° C., 180 rpm under shaking until OD600 reached about 0.5. The resultant solution was transferred to 500 ml LB medium containing kanamycin, and then was cultured at 37° C., 180 rpm under shaking for 4-5 h. When OD600 reached about 1.5, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM, and the bacteria were induced under shaking at 37° C. for 4 h.
After induction, centrifugation was performed at 8000 g for 5 min to collect the bacteria, and then the bacteria were re-suspended in a lysis solution at a ratio of 1 g bacteria to 10 mL lysis solution (20 mM Tris buffer pH7.2, 300 mM NaCl), in ice-bath. The bacteria were treated with a sonicator (Sonics VCX750 Type Sonicator) (conditions: operating time 15 min, pulse 2s, intermission 4s, output power 55%). The bacterial lysate was centrifuged at 12000 rpm, 4° C. for 5 min (the same below), the supernatant was discarded and the precipitate (i.e. inclusion body) was kept; 2% Triton-100 of the same volume was used for washing, the result mixture was under vibration for 30 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was re-suspended in Buffer I (20 mM Tris-HCl pH8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA), under vibration for 30 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was then re-suspended in 2M urea, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, centrifuged, the supernatant and the precipitate were obtained. The supernatant was kept; and the precipitate was re-suspended in 4M urea in the same volume, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm, 4° C. for 15 min to obtain the supernatant and precipitate. The supernatant (i.e. the 4M urea-dissolved supernatant) was kept; and the precipitate was further in re-suspended in 8M urea in the same volume, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, and centrifuged, and the supernatant (i.e. the 8M urea-dissolved supernatant) was kept.
The SDS-PAGE analytic results of the obtained fractions (Coomassie brilliant blue staining was used for visualization, the same below, see the methods in The Molecular Cloning Experiment Guide, 2nd edition) was showed in FIG. 2. The results showed that the fusion proteins were expressed in inclusion bodies (see FIG. 2A), and CRM197-L-E2, 389-L-E2, A-L-E2, and A-E2s were mainly dissolved in 4M urea (see FIG. 2B), CRM197-L-E2s, 389-L-E2s, A-L-E2s, and 389-E2s were mainly dissolved in 8M urea (see FIG. 2C). The 4M urea-dissolved supernatants or the 8M urea-dissolved supernatants containing the fusion protein, were dialyzed to PBS, respectively, to get the fusion proteins with a purity of about 80% (see FIG. 2D).
Purification of the Fusion Protein A-L-E2 by Anion Exchange Chromatography
Sample: a solution of A-L-E2 protein with a purity of about 80% as obtained above.
Equipment: AKTA Explorer 100 preparative liquid chromatography system produced by GE Healthcare (i.e. the original Amersham Pharmacia Co.)
Chromatographic media: Q SEPHAROSE® Fast Flow (GE Healthcare Co.)
Column Volume: 15 mm×20 cm
Buffer: 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.7+4M urea
20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.7+4M urea+1M NaCl
Flow Rate: 6 mL/min
Detector Wavelength: 280 nm
Elution protocol: eluting the protein of interest with 150 mM NaCl, eluting the undesired protein with 300 mM NaCl, and collecting the fraction eluted with 150 mM NaCl.
Purification of the Fusion Protein A-L-E2 by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
Equipment: AKTA Explorer 100 preparative liquid chromatography system produced by GE Healthcare (i.e. the original Amersham Pharmacia Co.)
Chromatographic media: Phenyl SEPHAROSE® Fast Flow (GE Healthcare Co.)
Column Volume: 15 mm×20 cm
Buffer: 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.7+4M urea+0.5 M (NH4)2SO4 
20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.7+4M
Flow Rate: 5 mL/min
Detector Wavelength: 280 nm
Sample: the fraction eluted with 150 mM NaCl as obtained in the previous step was dialyzed to a buffer (20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.7+4M urea+0.5 M (NH4)2SO4), and then was used as sample.
Elution protocol: eluting the undesired protein with 0.3M (NH4)2SO4, eluting the protein of interest with 0.1M and 0M (NH4)2SO4, and collecting the fraction eluted with 0.1M and 0M (NH4)2SO4.
The fraction eluted with 0.1M and 0M (NH4)2SO4 was dialyzed and renatured into PBS, and then 10 μl was taken for SDS-PAGE analysis, and electrophoresis bands were visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue staining. The results showed that after the above purification steps, the fusion protein A-L-E2 had a purity of above 90% (See FIG. 3).
Example 4. Analysis of Properties of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 2
Determination of the Reactivity of the Fusion Proteins with Antibodies by Western Blotting
The reactivity of the fusion proteins with HEV neutralizing monoclonal antibody 8C11 (see, Zhang et al., Vaccine. 23(22): 2881-2892 (2005)) and anti-CRM197 polyclonal antiserum (which was prepared by immunizing mice with CRM197 through methods well known in the art, and the reactivity of the serum was confirmed by commercially available CRM197) were determined by Western blotting. The dialyzed and renatured samples were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for blotting after SDS-PAGE separation; 5% skimmed milk was used to block the membrane for 2 h, monoclonal antibody 8C11 diluted at a certain ratio was then added (monoclonal antibody was diluted at 1:500, and polyclonal antiserum was diluted at 1:1000), and the reaction was carried out for 1 h. The membrane was washed with TNT (50 mmol/L Tris.Cl (pH 7.5), 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) for three times, 10 min for each time. Goat Anti-mouse alkaline phosphatase (KPL product) was then added, the reaction was carried out for 1 h, and the membrane was then washed with TNT for three times, 10 min for each time. NBT and BCIP (PROTOS product) were used for visualization. The results, as determined by Western blotting using the fusion proteins and HEV neutralizing monoclonal antibody 8C11, were shown in FIG. 4. The results showed that all the tested fusion proteins had significant reactivity with HEV neutralizing monoclonal antibody 8C11.
Determination of the Reactivity of the Fusion Proteins with Various HEV Specific Antibodies by ELISA
The reactivity of the fusion proteins and the control proteins E2 and HEV-239 with various HEV specific antibodies (Gu Ying et al., Chinese Journal of Virology, 19(3): 217-223(2003)) was determined by indirect ELISA. The dialyzed and renatured samples were diluted in 1×PBS (1 μg/ml), and then were added to 96-well microplate (Beijing Wantai Co.) at 100 μl/well and incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The coating solution was discarded, the plate was washed with PBST (PBS+0.05% Tween-20) once, and then the blocking solution (2% gelatin, 5‰ Casein, 1‰ PROCLIN® 300, in PBS) was added at 200 μl/well and incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The blocking solution was discarded when the detection was performed, and the HEV monoclonal antibodies diluted at a certain ratio (when E2s and its fusion protein were detected, they were diluted at 1:10000; when E2 and its fusion protein were detected, they were diluted at 1:100000; when the reactivity of A-L-E2, 239 and E2 proteins was compared, the monoclonal antibodies were subjected to 10-fold serial dilution wherein 1 mg/ml was used as the initial concentration, and the polyclonal antibody at its initial concentration was subjected to dilution in the same manner) was added at 100 μl/well. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 1-2 h. The plate was then washed with PBST for five times, and HRP-labeled Goat anti Mouse (KPL product) (1:5000) was then added at 100 μl/well and was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min; the plate was then washed with PB ST for five times, HRP substrate (Beijing Wantai Co.) was then added at 100 μl/well and was incubated at 37° C. for 15 min. 2M sulphuric acid was added at 50 μl/well to stop the reaction, and Microplate reader (Sunrise Type, product from Tecan Co.) was then used to read OD450/620 value. The results of the ELISA using the fusion proteins with the monoclonal antibodies were shown in FIG. 5. The results showed that the reactivity of E2s protein with the monoclonal antibody was significantly enhanced, after its fusion with CRM197 or a fragment thereof, wherein the reactivity of A-L-E2s and A-E2s was enhanced most significantly; the reactivity of E2 protein with HEV-specific monoclonal antibody was retained or enhanced, after its fusion with CRM197 or a fragment thereof.
Analysis of the Reactivity of the Fusion Protein A-L-E2 Purified by Chromatography
The reactivity of the fusion protein A-L-E2, purified by two-step chromatography, was analyzed by indirect ELISA (see the concrete process in the previous step). The ELISA result was shown in FIG. 6. The result showed that the reactivity of A-L-E2 with HEV specific monoclonal antibody was comparable to that of the control proteins HEV-239 and E2.
Analysis of Sedimentation Velocity (SV) of the Fusion Protein A-L-E2
The apparatus used in the experiment was US Beckman XL-A analytic supercentrifuge, which was equipped with an optical detection system and An-50Ti and An-60Ti rotators. The Sedimentation Velocity (SV) method (c(s) algorithm, see P. Schuck et al., Biophys J 78: 1606-1619(2000)) was used to analyze the sedimentation coefficient of the fusion protein A-L-E2. The analytic result was shown in FIG. 7. The result showed that the fusion protein A-L-E2 was mainly present in a form of dimer, and some dimers might be further polymerized to form a tetramer.
Example 5. Analysis of Immunogenicity of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 2
Antibody Titers Induced by the Fusion Proteins
The mice used in the experiment were female, 6-week old BALB/C mice. By using aluminum adjuvant, mice were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of the fusions proteins which were prepared by the methods in the Example 3 and renatured to PBS and the control proteins HEV-239, E2 and E2s, respectively. The injection volume was 1 ml, and two dose groups (a 5 μg-dose group or a 0.5 μg-dose group) were used. The primary immunization was performed at week 0, and booster immunization was performed at week 2 and 4.
HEV-239 was used to coat a plate, and the antibody titers in serum as induced by the fusion proteins and the control proteins, were measured by similar indirect ELISA assay as described above. The detection results of the serum antibody titers within 3 months after immunization were shown in FIG. 8. The results showed that seroconversion occurred in mice serum at week 4 in both 5 μg- and 0.5 μg-dose groups, and the antibody titers reached the highest value at week 5 or 6. In particular, in 5 μg-dose group, the highest antibody titer was obtained when A-L-E2 was used, which reached 106 at week 6; and the antibody titers induced by the fusion proteins were higher or comparable to that of HEV-239 protein. In 0.5 μg-dose groups, the antibody titers of the fusion proteins were significantly higher than that of HEV-239, and the antibody titer induced by A-L-E2 protein reached 106 at week 5. In addition, seroconversion did not occur in immune serum when using E2 and E2s, in 5 μg- and 0.5 μg-dose groups. As seen from the above results, the immunogenicity of the constructed fusion proteins were significantly higher than the antigen protein (E2 and E2s) alone, indicating that the CRM197 of the invention or a fragment thereof significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen protein fused therewith, and could be used as intramolecular adjuvant.
Investigation on Median Effective Dose (ED50) of the Fusion Protein A-L-E2
In the experiment, immunogenicity of fusion proteins was investigated by determining median effective dose (ED50). The experimental animals used were 3-4 week old female BALB/c mice. A-L-E2 was mixed with aluminum adjuvant, and the initial dose was 1 μg/mouse, and was subjected to serial dilution at 1:3, resulting in 8 dose groups in total. In addition, HEV-239 (HEV recombinant vaccine) was used as control, and the initial dose was 1.6 μg/mouse, and was subjected to serial dilution at 1:4, resulting in 4 dose groups in total. 6 mice were used in each group. The immunization was carried out by single intraperitoneal injection.
Peripheral venous blood was taken after 4 weeks following immunization, serum was separated, and serological conversion rate was determined by ELISA assay as described above. When the ELISA value of 100-fold diluted serum was higher than the cutoff value (i.e. three times of the average negative value), the serum was regarded as positive. The median effective dose (ED50) was calculated by Reed-Muench method. The serological conversion rate of the fusion protein A-L-E2 was shown in Table 2, and the serological conversion rate of HEV-239 vaccine was shown in Table 3.







TABLE 2







ED50 of A-L-E2 for inducing seroconversion


of HEV antibody in mice













Number of
Serological




Number of
mice with
conversion


Dose (μg)
mice
seroconversion
rate
ED50(μg)





1.0000
6
6
100%
0.0064


0.3333
6
6
100%


0.1111
6
6
100%


0.0370
6
6
100%


0.0123
6
6
100%


0.0041
6
1
16.7% 


0.0013
6
0
 0%


0.0005
6
0
 0%
















TABLE 3







ED50 of HEV-239 vaccine for inducing seroconversion


of HEV antibody in mice













Number of
Serological




Number of
mice with
conversion


Dose (μg)
mice
seroconversion
rate
ED50(μg)














1.6
6
6
 100%
0.071


0.4
6
5
83.3%


0.1
6
4
66.7%


0.025
6
0
  0%









The results showed that ED50 of HEV-239 was 11 times of that of A-L-E2, indicating that CRM197 of the invention or a fragment thereof significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen protein fused therewith, and could be used as intramolecular adjuvant. Meanwhile, since immunogenicity of the fusion protein A-L-E2 was significantly higher than that of HEV-239 vaccine in the form of virus like particle, the fusion protein might be used for the preparation of a new vaccine which is more effective for Hepatitis E.
Example 6. Design and Clone of Fusion Proteins Comprising CRM197 or a Fragment Thereof and an Influenza Virus M2e Protein
In the Example, vectors expressing the fusion proteins were constructed exemplarily. The clone design of the exemplary fusion proteins constructed is shown in FIG. 9, wherein the fusion proteins each comprise CRM197 or a fragment thereof and an influenza virus M2e protein, optionally using a linker.
Clone of Fusion Proteins
M2e Fused to the C-Terminus of CRM197 or a Fragment Thereof
The amplification product (i.e. the full-length gene of CRM197) obtained in the Example 1 was used as template. The forward primer was CRM197F1 (SEQ ID NO: 45), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease NdeI site CAT ATG was introduced, wherein ATG was the initiation codon in E. coli system. The reverse primers were CRM197-linker R1 (SEQ ID NO: 46), 389-linker R1 (SEQ ID NO: 47) and A-linker R1 (SEQ ID NO: 48), respectively, at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI site GGA TCC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions. The sequences of the primers used were shown in Table 4.
















95° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



95° C. denaturation 1.5 min
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 1.7 min



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 1600 bp, 1200 bp and 600 bp in length, respectively.
In addition, the plasmid PHW2000 (stored in our lab, comprising the full-length gene of M2) was used as a template. The forward primer was M2eF1 (SEQ ID NO: 49), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI GGA TCC was introduced. The reverse primer was M2eR (SEQ ID NO: 50), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease EcoRI site GAA TTC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions. The sequences of the primers used were shown in Table 4.
















95° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



95° C. denaturation 50 sec
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 50 sec



72° C. elongation 30 sec



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 70 bp in length, respectively.
The amplification products as obtained above were linked into commercially available pMD 18-T vector (produced by TAKARA Co.), respectively, and designated as pMD 18-T-CRM197-L1, pMD 18-T-389-L1 and pMD 18-T-A-L1 as well as pMD 18-T-M2e. As identified by NdeI/BamHI and BamHI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, respectively, the positive clones pMD 18-T-CRM197-L1, pMD 18-T-389-L1, pMD 18-T-A-L1 and pMD 18-T-M2e were obtained.
As confirmed by M13(+) primer, correct nucleotide sequences of interest were inserted into the obtained plasmids pMD 18-T-CRM197-L1, pMD 18-T-389-L1, pMD 18-T-A-L1 and pMD 18-T-M2e.
The plasmids pMD 18-T-CRM197-L1, pMD 18-T-389-L1 and pMD 18-T-A-L1 were digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme. The fragments obtained by enzyme cleavage were linked into the prokaryotic expression vector pTO-T7 digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme (Luo Wenxin et al., Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2000, 16:53-57), and were transformed into E. coli ER2566 (purchased from Invitrogen Co.); after extraction of plasmids, as identified by NdeI/BamHI enzyme cleavage, the positive plasmids pTO-T7-CRM197-L1, pTO-T7-389-L1 and pTO-T7-A-L1, into which the fragments CRM197-L1, 389-L1 and A-L1 were inserted, respectively, were obtained.
pTO-T7-CRM197-L1, pTO-T7-389-L1, pTO-T7-A-L1 and pMD 18-T-M2e were digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme. The obtained M2e fragment was linked into the vectors pTO-T7-CRM197-L1, pTO-T7-389-L1 and pTO-T7-A-L1 digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme, respectively. As identified by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, the positive expression vectors pTO-T7-CRM197-L-M2e, pTO-T7-389-L-M2e, and pTO-T7-A-L-M2e, into which CRM197-L-M2e (SEQ ID NO:33, 34), 389-L-M2e (SEQ ID NO:35, 36), or A-L-M2e (SEQ ID NO:37, 38) was inserted respectively, were obtained.
M2e Fused to the N-Terminus of CRM197 or a Fragment Thereof.
The plasmid PHW2000 (stored in our lab, containing the full-length gene of M2) was used as template. The forward primer was M2eF2 (SEQ ID NO: 51), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease NdeI CAT ATG was introduced, wherein ATG was the initiation codon in E. coli system. The reverse primer was M2e-Linker R (SEQ ID NO: 52), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI GGA TCC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions.
















95° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



95° C. denaturation 50 sec
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 50 sec



72° C. elongation 30 sec



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 100 bp in length.
In addition, the amplification product (i.e. the full-length gene of CRM197) obtained in the Example 1 was used as template. The forward primer was CRM197F2 (SEQ ID NO: 53), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease BamHI GGA TCC was introduced. The reverse primers were CRM197 R2 (SEQ ID NO: 54), 389 R (SEQ ID NO: 55), and A R (SEQ ID NO: 56), at the 5′ terminal of which the restriction endonuclease EcoRI site GAA TTC was introduced. The PCR reaction was performed in a PCR thermocycler (Biometra T3) under the following conditions. The sequences of the primers used were shown in Table 4.
















95° C. denaturation 10 min
1 cycle



95° C. denaturation 1.5 min
20 cycle 



58° C. annealing 1.5 min



72° C. elongation 1.7 min



72° C. elongation 10 min
1 cycle










The amplification products were DNA fragments of about 1600 bp, 1200 bp and 600 bp in length, respectively.
The amplification products as obtained above were linked into commercially available pMD 18-T vector (produced by TAKARA Co.), respectively, and designated as pMD 18-T-M2e-L as well as pMD 18-T-CRM197, pMD 18-T-389 and pMD 18-T-A, respectively. As identified by NdeI/BamHI and BamHI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, respectively, the positive clones pMD 18-T-CRM197, pMD 18-T-389, pMD 18-T-A, and pMD 18-T-M2e-L were obtained.
As confirmed by M13(+) primer, correct nucleotide sequences of interest were inserted into the obtained plasmids pMD 18-T-CRM197, pMD 18-T-389, pMD 18-T-A, and pMD 18-T-M2e-L, respectively.
The plasmid pMD 18-T-M2e-L was digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme. The fragments obtained by enzyme cleavage were then linked into the prokaryotic expression vector pTO-T7 digested by NdeI/BamHI enzyme (Luo Wenxin et al., Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2000, 16:53-57), and was transformed into E. coli ER2566 (purchased from Invitrogen Co.); after extraction of plasmids, as identified by NdeI/BamHI enzyme cleavage, the positive plasmid pTO-T7-M2e-L, into which the fragment M2e-L was inserted, was obtained.
pTO-T7-M2e-L, pMD 18-T-CRM197, pMD 18-T-389 and pMD 18-T-A were digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme. The obtained fragments CRM197, 389 and A were linked into the vector pTO-T7-M2e-L digested by BamHI/EcoRI enzyme, respectively. As identified by NdeI/EcoRI enzyme cleavage, the positive expression vectors pTO-T7-M2e-L-CRM197, pTO-T7-M2e-L-389, and pTO-T7-M2e-L-A, into which M2e-L-CRM197 (SEQ ID NO:39, 40), M2e-L-389 (SEQ ID NO:41, 42), and M2e-L-A (SEQ ID NO:43, 44) were inserted respectively, were obtained.
The sequences of the primers used in the Example are listed in Table 4.







TABLE 4 







Primer sequences









SEQ




ID
Primer 



NO:
names
Primer sequences (5′-3′)












45
CRM197 F1
CATATGGGCGCTGATGATGTTGTTGATTCTTCTA




AATCTTTTGTGATGGAA


 


46
CRM197-
GGATCCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCC



linker R1
ACCGCTTTTGAT


 


47
389-linker
GGATCCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCC



R1
ACCAAATGGTTG


 


48
A-linker 
GGATCCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCC



R1
ACCACGATTTCC


 


49
M2e F1
GGATCCATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACG




CCT


 


50
M2e R
GAATTCTTAATCACTTGAACCGTTGCATCTGCAC




CCCCA


 


51
M2e F2
CATATGATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACG




CCT


 


52
M2e-Linker
GGATCCGCTGCCACCGCCACCGCTGCCACCGCC



R
ACCATCACTTGA


 


53
CRM197 F2
GGATCCGGCGCTGATGATGTTGTTGATTCTTCTA




AATCTTTTGTGATGGAA


 


54
CRM197 R2
GAATTCTAAGCTTTTGATTTCAAAAAATAGCGAT




AGCTTAGA


 


55
389R
GAATTCTAAAAATGGTTGCGTTTTATGCCCCGGA




GAATACGC


 


56
AR
GAATTCTAAACGATTTCCTGCACAGGCTTGAGCC




ATATACTC









1 μL of plasmids pTO-T7-CRM197-L-M2e, pTO-T7-389-L-M2e, pTO-T7-A-L-M2e, pTO-T7-M2e-L-CRM197, pTO-T7-M2e-L-389 and pTO-T7-M2e-L-A (0.15 mg/ml) were separately used to transform 40 μL competent E. coli ER2566 (purchased from Invitrogen) prepared by the Calcium chloride method, and then the bacteria were plated on solid LB medium (the components of the LB medium: 10 g/L peptone, 5 g/L yeast powder, and 10 g/L NaCl, the same below) containing kanamycin (at a final concentration of 100 mg/ml, the same below). The plates were statically incubated at 37° C. for about 10-12 h until individual colonies could be observed clearly. Individual colonies from the plates were transferred to a tube containing 4 ml liquid LB medium containing kanamycin. The cultures were incubated in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm for 10 h at 37° C., and then 1 ml bacterial solution was taken and stored at −70° C.
Example 7. The Expression, Isolation and Renaturation of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 6
5 μL bacterial solution, taken from an ultra low temperature freezer at −70° C., was seeded to 5 mL liquid LB medium containing kanamycin, and then was cultured at 37° C., 180 rpm under shaking until OD600 reached about 0.5. The resultant solution was transferred to 500 ml LB medium containing kanamycin, and then was cultured at 37° C., 180 rpm under shaking for 4-5 h. When OD600 reached about 1.5, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM, and the bacteria were induced under shaking at 37° C. for 4 h.
After induction, centrifugation was performed at 8000 g for 5 min to collect the bacteria, and then the bacteria was re-suspended in a lysis solution at a ratio of 1 g bacteria to 10 mL lysis solution (20 mM Tris buffer pH7.2, 300 mM NaCl), in ice-bath. The bacteria was treated with a sonicator (Sonics VCX750 Type Sonicator) (conditions: operating time 15 min, pulse 2s, intermission 4s, output power 55%). The bacterial lysate was centrifuged at 12000 rpm, 4° C. for 5 min (the same below), and the supernatant and the precipitate (i.e. inclusion body) after disrupting the bacteria by ultrasonication were collected, respectively. 2% Triton-100 of the same volume was used for washing the precipitate, the result mixture was under vibration for 30 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was re-suspended in Buffer I (20 mM Tris-HCl pH8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA), under vibration for 30 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was then re-suspended in 2M urea, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant and the precipitate were obtained. The supernatant was kept; and the precipitate was re-suspended in 4M urea in the same volume, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm, 4° C. for 15 min to obtain the supernatant and precipitate. The supernatant (i.e. the 4M urea-dissolved supernatant) was kept; and the precipitate was further in re-suspended in 8M urea in the same volume, under vibration at 37° C. for 30 min, and centrifuged, and the supernatant (i.e. the 8M urea-dissolved supernatant) was kept.
The fractions obtained were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Coomassie brilliant blue staining was used for visualization, the same below, see the methods in The Molecular Cloning Experiment Guide, 2nd edition). The results showed that the fusion proteins were expressed in inclusion bodies (see FIGS. 10A and 10B), CRM197-L-M2e, 389-L-M2e, M2e-L-CRM197 and M2e-L-389 were mainly dissolved in 8M urea, and A-L-M2e and M2e-L-A were mainly dissolved in 4M urea. The 4M urea-dissolved supernatants containing A-L-M2e or M2e-L-A or the 8M urea-dissolved supernatants containing CRM197-L-M2e, 389-L-M2e, M2e-L-CRM197 or M2e-L-389, were dialyzed to PBS, respectively, to get the fusion proteins with a purity of about 80% (see FIGS. 10C-10F).
Example 8. Analysis of Properties of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 6
Determination of the Reactivity of the Fusion Proteins with Antibodies by Western Blotting
The reactivity of the fusion proteins with influenza virus M2e monoclonal antibody 5D1 and CRM197 monoclonal antibody 1E6 (prepared in the laboratory) were determined by Western blotting. The dialyzed and renatured samples were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for blotting after SDS-PAGE separation; 5% skimmed milk was used to block the membrane for 2 h, and then the monoclonal antibody 5D1 diluted at 1:500 was added. The reaction was carried out for 1 h. The membrane was then washed with TNT (50 mmol/L Tris.Cl (pH 7.5), 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) for three times, 10 min for each time. Goat Anti-mouse alkaline phosphatase (KPL product) was then added. The reaction was carried out for 1 h, and the membrane was then washed with TNT for three times, 10 min for each time. NBT and BCIP (PROTOS product) were used for visualization. The results, as determined by Western blotting using the fusion proteins and influenza virus M2e monoclonal antibody 5D1 (FIGS. 11A-11D) or CRM197 monoclonal antibody 1E6 (FIGS. 11E-11H), were shown in FIG. 11. The results showed that all the tested fusion proteins had significant reactivity with influenza virus M2e-specific monoclonal antibody 5D1 and CRM197 specific monoclonal antibody 1E6.
Determination of the Reactivity of the Fusion Proteins with Various M2e Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and CRM197 Specific Antibody by ELISA
The reactivity of the fusion proteins and the control protein GST-M2e with various M2e specific antibodies and CRM197 specific monoclonal antibody 1E6 (the antibodies used in the experiment were known in the prior art, or commercially available or prepared in the laboratory) was determined by indirect ELISA. For example, 019 antibody is a protective antibody against influenza known in the prior art (see, Fu et al., Virology, 2009, 385:218-226). The dialyzed and renatured samples were diluted in 1×PBS (1 μg/ml), and then were added to 96-well microplate (Beijing Wantai Co.) at 100 μl/well and incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The coating solution was discarded, the plate was washed with PBST (PBS+0.05% TWEEN® 20) once, and then the blocking solution (2% gelatin, 5‰ Casein, 1‰ PROCLIN® 300, in PBS) was added at 180 μl/well and incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The blocking solution was discarded when the detection was performed, and the anti-M2e antibody or CRM197 antibody diluted at a certain ratio (0.002 mg/ml was used as the initial concentration for 2-fold gradient dilution) was added at 100 μl/well. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 1 h. The plate was washed with PBST for five times, HRP-labeled Goat anti Mouse (KPL product) (1:5000) was then added at 100 μl/well and was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. The plate was washed with PBST for five times, HRP substrate (Beijing Wantai Co.) was then added at 100 μl/well and was incubated at 37° C. for 15 min. 2M sulphuric acid was added at 50 μl/well to stop the reaction, and Microplate reader (Sunrise Type, product from Tecan Co.) was then used to read OD450/620 value. The results of the ELISA using the fusion proteins with the antibodies were shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B. The results showed that as compared to M2e protein alone, the reactivity of M2e protein with various anti-M2e specific monoclonal antibodies was retained or enhanced after its fusion with CRM197 or a fragment thereof.
Analysis of Sedimentation Velocity (SV) of the Fusion Proteins
The apparatus used in the experiment was US Beckman XL-A analytic supercentrifuge, which was equipped with an optical detection system and An-50Ti and An-60Ti rotators. The Sedimentation Velocity (SV) method (c(s) algorithm, see P. Schuck et al., Biophys J 78: 1606-1619(2000)) was used to analyze the sedimentation coefficient of the fusion proteins. The analytic results were shown in FIGS. 13A-13F. The results showed that among the fusion proteins constructed in Example 6, A-L-M2e and M2e-L-A were mainly present in a form of monomer and tetramer; and 389-L-M2e was mainly present in a form of dimer and polymer; M2e-L-389 was mainly present in a form of monomer and polymer; CRM197-L-M2e was mainly present in a form of dimer and polymer; and M2e-L-CRM197 was mainly present in a form of monomer and polymer.
Example 9. Analysis of Immunogenicity of the Fusion Proteins Constructed in Example 6
The mice used in the experiment were female, 6-week old BALB/C mice. By using aluminum adjuvant, mice were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of the fusions proteins as constructed in Example 6 and renatured to PBS and the control protein GST-M2e, respectively. The injection volume was 1 ml, and two dose groups (a 5 μg-dose group or a 0.5 μg-dose group) were used. The primary immunization was performed at week 0, and booster immunization was performed at week 2 and 4.
GST-M2e was used to coat a plate, and the antibody titers in serum as induced by the fusion proteins and control protein, were measured by similar indirect ELISA assay as described above. The detection results of the serum antibody titers within 4 months after immunization were shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. The results showed that after the second booster immunization, immunogenicity of the constructed fusion proteins was significantly higher than the antigen protein (GST-M2e) alone, indicating that the CRM197 of the invention or a fragment thereof (no matter being located at the N-terminus or C-terminus of the fusion protein) significantly enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen protein fused therewith, and could be used as intramolecular adjuvant.
Although the specific embodiments of the invention have been described in details, those skilled in the art would understand that, according to the teachings disclosed in the specification, various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the sprit or scope of the invention as generally described, and that such modifications and changes are within the scope of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is given by the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A method for enhancing immunogenicity of a target protein, comprising fusing the target protein to a fragment of CRM197, optionally via a linker, to obtain a fusion protein, wherein the fragment of CRM197 consists of aa 1-190 or aa 1-389 of SEQ ID NO: 2, and wherein the fragment of CRM197 enhances immunogenicity of the target protein.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is obtained by fusion expression of the fragment of CRM197 with the target protein, optionally using a linker.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises the fragment of CRM197 which is linked to the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the target protein, optionally via a linker.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target protein is HEV capsid protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the immunogenic fragment of HEV capsid protein comprises or is HEV-239 (aa 368-606 of HEV capsid protein), E2 (aa 394-606 of HEV capsid protein) or E2s (aa 455-606 of HEV capsid protein).

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the fusion protein comprises (a) the fragment of CRM197, and (b) HEV capsid protein or the immunogenic fragment of HEV capsid protein; wherein (a) and (b) are linked together, optionally via a linker.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the fusion protein has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the target protein is influenza virus M2 protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the immunogenic fragment of M2 protein comprises or is M2e (aa 1-24 of M2 protein).

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the fusion protein comprises (a) the fragment of CRM197, and (b) influenza virus M2 protein or the immunogenic fragment of M2 protein; wherein (a) and (b) are linked together, optionally via a linker.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the fusion protein has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36, 38, 42 or 44.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises a linker.