NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-0838-20T4

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ADRIENNE N. SMITH and 

ORVILLE COUSINS,

Defendants-Appellants.

________________________

Argued December 7, 2020 – Decided

Before Judges Fasciale, Mayer and Susswein.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 17-08-

1176.

Paul Darakjian argued the cause for appellant 

Adrienne Smith (Lucianna & Lucianna, PA, Frank 

Carbonetti, and Paul Darakjian, on the briefs).

Daniel S. Rockoff, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,

argued the cause for appellant Orville Cousins (Joseph 

E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Daniel S. 

Rockoff, of counsel and on the brief.).1

1

 On December 2, 2020, former trial counsel for defendant Orville Cousins 

withdrew and Daniel Rockoff, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, executed a 

December 31, 2020

APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

December 31, 2020

APPELLATE DIVISION
A-0838-20T4 2

William P. Miller, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the 

cause for respondent (Mark Musella, Bergen County 

Prosecutor, attorney; William P. Miller, on the brief).

The opinion of the court was delivered by

FASCIALE, P.J.A.D.

In this murder trial, which had been interrupted by the COVID-19 

pandemic (the pandemic), where the jury had been impaneled and sworn and 

the trial was well under way, we granted defendants leave to appeal from a sua 

sponte order declaring a mistrial and denying their motions to dismiss the 

indictment on double jeopardy grounds. We did so to determine whether the 

ongoing pandemic provided a sufficient legal reason and manifest necessity for 

the judge to terminate the trial. It positively and decidedly did. In reaching 

our conclusion and declining to dismiss the charges, we applied age-old legal 

principles guiding the federal and state constitutional prohibition against 

double jeopardy. 

The COVID-19 global pandemic has indiscriminately spread and 

continues to escalate throughout the United States. In New Jersey, the rapidly 

rising incidence of COVID-19 has necessitated stay-at-home orders and

___________________________

substitution of attorney. Mr. Rockoff did not represent Cousins during the 

trial. 
A-0838-20T4 3

required certain operations cease to reduce the rate of community spread.

2

 As 

of mid-December, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 

reported over 415,000 cases and over 18,000 fatalities in our state,

3 while the 

number of cases and fatalities across the country continue to rise at a 

staggering pace.

4

In response to the public health hazard posed by COVID-19, 

courts nationwide have ordered the suspension of jury trials.

5

 Since early 

2 See Exec. Order No. 107 (Mar. 21, 2020), 52 N.J.R. 544(a) (Apr. 6, 2020); 

Exec. Order No. 158 (June 29, 2020), 52 N.J.R. 1458(a) (Aug. 3, 2020); Exec. 

Order No. 173 (Aug. 3, 2020), 52 N.J.R. 1635(a) (Sept. 8, 2020); Exec. Order 

No. 204 (Nov. 30, 2020).

3 See CDC COVID Data Tracker, Ctrs. For Disease Control and Prevention, 

https://covid.cds.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases. (last updated Dec. 17, 2020).

4 As of December 18, 2020, the CDC reports that the total cases in the United 

States is over 16,000,000 and total fatalities over 306,000. See CDC COVID 

Data Tracker, Ctrs. For Disease Control and Prevention, 

https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases. (last updated Dec. 17, 2020).

5

 As of November 20, 2020, twenty-six district courts have suspended jury 

trials, while many others have taken steps to reduce the risk of infection while 

conducting trials. See Courts Suspending Jury Trials as COVID-19 Cases 

Surge, United States Courts (Nov. 20, 2020), 

https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2020/11/20/courts-suspending-jury-trialscovid-19-cases-surge. Additionally, seven states and the District of Columbia 

have suspended jury trials until further notice, four states have suspended jury 

trials until January, and four states have suspended jury trials until February. 

See Coronavirus and the Courts, Nat'l Ctr. for State Courts, 

https://www.nscs.org/newsroom/public-health-emergency. (last visited Dec. 

14, 2020). The remaining states have not issued statewide orders suspending 

jury trials, but some have issued local orders affecting the continuation of jury 

trials. Id.
A-0838-20T4 4

March, the New Jersey Supreme Court has regularly provided significant 

updates regarding how the administration of justice could be accomplished

within the confines of state and local COVID-19 regulations.

6

 Our Court

continues to meticulously monitor the trajectory of COVID-19 cases statewide

and is consistently balancing the competing interests of those involved in jury 

trials, such as defendants, victims, jurors, counsel, and members of the 

judiciary. The judge carefully navigated the trial through these challenging 

times. 

We hold that the COVID-19 pandemic—an unexpected, untoward, and 

undesigned public health crisis, which does not bespeak bad faith, inexcusable 

neglect, inadvertence, or oppressive conduct by counsel—coupled with the 

unique facts of this case, presents a legally sufficient reason and manifest 

necessity to terminate defendants' trial. In analyzing whether to sua sponte 

terminate a trial due to the COVID-19 pandemic after a jury has been 

impaneled and sworn, trial judges should consider: (1) the circumstances that 

created the urgent need to discontinue the trial, including whether it was due to

bad faith, inexcusable neglect, inadvertence, oppressive conduct, or

prosecutorial or defense misconduct; (2) the existence of viable alternatives; 

6 See NJCourts COVID-19 Updates, New Jersey Courts, 

https://njcourts.gov/public/covid19.html. (last visited Dec. 17, 2020).
A-0838-20T4 5

(3) the extent of any prejudice to a defendant by a second trial; (4) whether a 

second trial accords with the ends of public justice and judicial administration; 

and (5) any other relevant factors unique to the facts of the case. 

Here, the judge considered these factors and did not abuse his discretion 

by sua sponte declaring the mistrial. In performing his sound analysis, the 

judge properly balanced defendants' constitutional and statutory rights while 

maintaining the public's interest in fair trials, mindful of the unique and 

unprecedented public health risks facing participants owing to the COVID-19 

pandemic. Consequently, we conclude that double jeopardy does not bar a 

subsequent trial. 

We therefore affirm. 

I.

Defendants Adrienne Smith and Orville Cousins are siblings. According 

to the State, Smith killed her husband and worked with Cousins to hide the 

body. On August 30, 2017, a Bergen County grand jury indicted Smith for

first-degree murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1)(2); and third-degree hindering her 

own detention or apprehension, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-3(b)(4). It indicted Smith and 

Cousins for second-degree desecrating, damaging, or destroying human 

remains, N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6 and N.J.S.A. 2C:22-1(a)(2); second-degree 

unlawfully disturbing, concealing, moving, or concealing human remains, 
A-0838-20T4 6

N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6 and N.J.S.A. 2C:22-1(a)(1); and third-degree suppressing by 

way of concealment or destruction of evidence, N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6 and N.J.S.A. 

2C:29-3(b)(1). 

Jury selection began on January 7, 2020 and was protracted because of 

the number of witnesses expected to testify and the anticipated length of trial. 

The trial judge, Judge Christopher R. Kazlau, advised the jurors that a lengthy 

commitment was required, and that trial would be completed on or before 

April 9, 2020. On February 12, 2020, the trial commenced. At that point, 

there was limited public knowledge about the COVID-19 virus and how it 

would eventually spread.7 The gravity of the COVID-19 pandemic quickly 

became more apparent and, on March 12, 2020, the jury sent a note to the 

judge requesting that he address how the pandemic would affect the case and 

their service. The judge addressed the question on the record in the presence 

of the parties with the information available to him at that time. 

On March 15, 2020, our Supreme Court suspended all jury trials. See

Notice New Jersey Court Operations—COVID-19 Coronavirus: Rescheduling 

7 See Michelle A. Jorden & M.D., Sarah L. Rudman, M.D., et. al, Evidence 

for Limited Early Spread of COVID-19 Within the United States, Ctrs. For 

Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 682-

683 (June 5, 2020), 

https://www.chttps://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6922e1-

H.pdfdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6922e1-H.pdf.
A-0838-20T4 7

of In-Court Proceedings Scheduled for the Week Beginning Monday, March 

16, 2020; Continuation of All Critical Functions 1-3 (March 15, 2020). In 

accordance with our Supreme Court's order, and through no fault of any of the 

participants, the trial could not continue. Accordingly, on March 17, 2020, the 

judge advised the jurors that the trial was postponed and that they would be 

notified when their service at trial would resume. At the time the trial was 

suspended the State was still presenting its case with its twenty-ninth witness 

on the stand. The State disclosed that it anticipated calling an additional three 

to four witnesses before it would rest. 

Three months later, Judge Glenn A. Grant, J.A.D., Acting 

Administrative Director of the Courts, issued a notice to the bar continuing the 

suspension of new trials but providing for the resumption of "ongoing jury 

trials suspended during COVID-19 . . . consistent with public health 

precautions with the consent of all parties[.]" Notice to the Bar COVID-19—

Fourth Omnibus Order on Court Operations and Legal Practice 1 (June 11, 

2020) (Fourth Omnibus Order). Thereafter, on June 22, 2020, two jurors 

contacted the judge to inquire about their obligations moving forward. One 

juror asked about the status of trial and whether she could take a planned 

vacation. Another juror called to advise the judge that he had started a new 

job and asked to be excused. 
A-0838-20T4 8

On July 22, 2020, our Supreme Court authorized incremental resumption 

of certain new criminal and civil trials, without the consent of the parties. See

Notice to the Bar COVID-19—Criminal and Civil Jury Trials to Resume 

Incrementally Using a Hybrid Process with Virtual (Video) Jury Selection and 

Socially Distanced In-Person Trials (July 22, 2020). In its Seventh Omnibus 

Order, the Court authorized "trials to be conducted in person with social 

distancing, consistent with the Court's July 22, 2020 Order[.]" See Notice to 

the Bar COVID-19—Seventh Omnibus Order on Court Operations and Legal 

Practice–Concluding Certain General Extensions; Continuing Individualized 

Adjustments (July 24, 2020). 

In accordance with our Supreme Court's orders, the judge took steps to 

safely resume the trial. The judge conducted multiple status conferences to 

ensure the proceedings would comply with the CDC and Administrative Office 

of the Courts (AOC) guidelines. Along these lines, he made numerous

proposals to the parties. 

The judge proposed resuming the trial in a larger courtroom, which 

would allow for social distancing8in accordance with the Court's July 22, 2020 

8

 The CDC defines "social distancing" as the practice of staying at least six 

feet from other people who are not from your household. See Social 

Distancing, Ctrs. for Disease Control and Prevention, 
A-0838-20T4 9

Order. He also discussed resuming trial with all participants wearing personal 

protective equipment, including face shields and masks, and installing 

plexiglass barriers. He invited counsel to inspect the larger courtroom and the 

jury room, which they declined to do. 

The State consented to the resumption of the trial using these mitigation 

and safety measures. Defendants did not. Defendants themselves suffer from 

underlying health conditions and preferred remaining incarcerated rather than 

resuming the trial.9 The CDC has recognized that individuals with certain 

conditions may be at an increased risk for severe illness from the COVID-19 

virus.

10

Defense counsel also objected to social distancing and mask protocols 

and expressed concern that the protocols would compromise their ability to 

effectively represent their clients should trial resume. Cousin's attorney 

expressed safety concerns about resuming the trial given his own age. One of 

___________________________

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/socialdistancing.html. (last updated Nov. 17, 2020).

9

 We considered defendants' health conditions, as did the judge, but there is no 

need to disclose them, especially in a published opinion. 

10 See People with Certain Medical Conditions, Ctrs. for Disease Control and 

Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extraprecautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. (last updated Dec. 1, 2020).
A-0838-20T4 10

Smith's attorneys,11 who is ninety-seven-years old, objected to resuming the 

trial "for the health and safety of all involved." The CDC has found that 

COVID-19 is particularly devasting to individuals in counsels' age groups, 

making them more than ninety times more likely to die from COVID-19 and at 

least five times more likely to be hospitalized than individuals age eighteen to 

twenty-nine.

12 Smith's second attorney expressed a desire to resume the trial 

only under the "gold standard" that existed prior to the pandemic, meaning a 

trial conducted under normal circumstances and without COVID-19 

precautions. The judge did not fault, nor do we, the collective positions of 

defendants or their counsel. 

On October 23, 2020, four months after our Supreme Court authorized 

resumption of jury trials, the judge informed counsel and the parties at another

status conference on the record that he was considering terminating the trial 

given the "very high risk of prejudice" to defendants as a result of the sevenmonth suspension of the trial "with really no end in sight." The judge asked 

11 Smith is represented by two attorneys in this matter: Frank Carbonetti and 

Frank Lucianna. 

12 See COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death by Age, Ctrs. for Disease Control 

and Prevention, Ctrs. for Disease Control and Prevention,

https://cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigationsdiscovery/hospitalization-death-by-age.html. (last updated Aug. 18, 2020).
A-0838-20T4 11

the parties to brief the issue, and three days later the judge conducted oral 

argument. 

Defendants objected to the judge declaring a mistrial, refused to resume 

the trial because of health risks, and requested continued suspension of the 

trial until—in their view—they could return to the "gold standard" conditions

that existed before the pandemic, or until the Supreme Court itself ordered 

resumption of the trial. They argued that double jeopardy would attach if the 

judge declared a mistrial over the parties' objections. Although the State 

objected to a mistrial, it recognized the reality that the suspension of the case 

could not "linger in perpetuity." But the State contended that if the judge 

declared a mistrial, double jeopardy would not attach because defendants 

remained unwilling to resume the trial. 

On October 26, 2020, seven months after the judge suspended the trial,

he sua sponte declared a mistrial and entered the order under review.13 In his 

oral decision, the judge explained that a manifest and overriding necessity

required the declaration of a mistrial. The judge also found that when he 

suspended the trial in March 2020, there were, in his estimation, "many days," 

"if not weeks," remaining of the trial. The State expected to produce 

13

 Defendants did not seek permission to file an emergent motion challenging 

this order, or otherwise move to stay the order pending their motion for leave 

to appeal. 
A-0838-20T4 12

additional witnesses before it rested; if they desired to do so, defendants had 

their case to present to the jury; adequate time would be allocated for any 

motions; the charge conference remained; the jury charge had to be given; and 

the jury needed to sufficiently deliberate. The judge explained:

At this time, we face an uncertain time table as to 

when the pandemic will be [over] and or whether there 

will be vaccines and or treatments available such that 

the resumption of this trial may occur under the 

circumstances that existed prior to the suspension of 

the trial. At the very least, most optimistically, that 

would be months from now. 

The circumstances that have resulted in the suspension 

of this trial are historic and unprecedented. Both the 

State and defendants submitted that they wish to 

preserve this jury moving forward. However, this 

[c]ourt finds that after a seven[-]month delay and with 

all of the attendant circumstances and actual and 

potential consequences flowing from that delay, the 

pandemic, the prospect of an indefinite further delay 

that will last months, that termination of this trial is 

required by manifest [or] overriding necessity.

[Defendant] Smith faces life in prison if convicted. 

[Defendant] Cousins faces up to [twenty-five] years in 

prison if convicted. I have substantial concern that the 

trial's result will be tainted, even if the trial were to 

resume today, let alone months from now[.]

The judge found that there were no viable alternatives to terminating the 

trial. He reached this conclusion after conducting multiple conferences at 

which he discussed with counsel steps to ensure compliance with CDC and 

AOC guidelines, including "the need to voir dire the jury prior to resuming the 
A-0838-20T4 13

trial, the potential complications with resuming after . . . a lengthy delay [of 

seven months] and the jurors' recollection of testimony and the potential need 

for playback of testimony, months removed from when the jury first heard the 

testimony, with the witnesses, in person." The judge noted that playback 

would likely be insufficient because it "would occur many months removed 

from when [the jury] actually had the opportunity to listen to the testimony, 

view the evidence and do that in conjunction with an assessment and 

evaluation of the demeanor of the witnesses." The judge also considered the 

"burden, sacrifice, and hardship on [the] jury."

Defendants and defense counsel remained steadfast in their safety 

concerns. The judge did not fault them for raising these concerns and found 

that defendants were not "acting in bad faith" by withholding their consent. 

However, the judge noted—consistent with his efforts—that our Supreme

Court permitted resumption of jury trials consistent with public health 

precautions. 

Notably, the judge found the circumstances that created this situation 

involved "an unprecedented global pandemic that has impacted the functions 

of our judicial system in New Jersey and impaired the ability of this [c]ourt to 

resume this trial under the conditions in which it began." He continued, 

explaining "[t]his situation certainly was not created by any prosecutorial 
A-0838-20T4 14

misconduct, as the State has been ready and waiting to resume from the very 

day months ago when it was permitted," and "[t]he initial suspension of trial in 

March [2020] due to the pandemic was beyond the control of all parties and 

resulted in an arguably untenable delay, threatening the fairness of the trial, 

even at the time [our] Supreme Court allowed the resumption of suspended 

trials in June [2020]." 

The judge rejected the State's argument that, as an alternative, the jury 

should have been polled about their future availability to resume the trial prior 

to declaring a mistrial. The judge found that polling the jury did not "address 

the effect of what is sure to be a month[s-]long additional delay" or possibly 

"an indefinite delay" on the jury's recollection of the evidence and ability to 

serve. Looking long term, "[e]ven if the trial were to resume at some point 

with the existing jury, if the defendants were convicted, the effects of the 

extraordinary circumstances under which this trial was suspended, resumed,

and concluded would inevitably form a basis for appeal[.]" See State v. Loyal,

164 N.J. 418, 437 (2000) (noting that "if a mistrial vindicates a significant

state policy and 'aborts a proceeding that at best would have produced a verdict 

that could be upset by one of the parties,' a defendant's interest may be 

outweighed by the 'equally legitimate demand for public justice.'") (quoting 

Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 471 (1973)). 
A-0838-20T4 15

Thus, the judge found that there was 

an urgent need to discontinue the trial . . . to safeguard 

the defendants from any prejudice stemming from the 

delay and to protect the ends of public justice, as the 

totality of the circumstances of the continued 

suspension have only eroded and will continue to 

erode the prospects of a fair and just result in this trial.

. . . [Defendant] Smith faces life in prison if convicted 

and [Defendant] Cousins theoretically faces up to 

[twenty-five] years. This [c]ourt is aware of the 

sacredness of the lives before me but also the 

sacredness of the life that was taken.

In the interest of justice, a second trial will proceed 

consistent with public health precautions at a date to 

be determined. A second trial will not prejudice the 

defendants and this [c]ourt finds it's necessary not 

only to safeguard the rights of the defendants to a full 

and fair trial but also to protect the interest of the 

public, to have its trial processes applied fully and 

fairly in the due administration of criminal law.

 

Under all the circumstances of this case, balancing the 

interest of the defendants and the public, a mistrial is 

warranted[,] and it is not fundamentally unfair to 

require retrial of the defendants.

Three weeks after the judge declared the mistrial, on November 16, 

2020, and in response to the second wave of the pandemic, our Supreme Court

again suspended new in-person jury trials based on COVID-19 trends and 

health and safety concerns. See Notice to the Bar COVID-19—Suspension of 

New In-Person Jury Trials and In-Person Grand Jury Sessions; Revised End-
A-0838-20T4 16

Dates for Excludable Time (Nov. 16, 2020) (November 16, 2020 Suspension). 

In its order, our Supreme Court stated: 

In its initial response to the COVID-19 crisis, the 

Court in March 2020 authorized a swift transition 

from in-person to remote court operations. When the 

virus generally was controlled in New Jersey, the 

Court in June 2020 announced a statewide progression 

from Phase 1 to Phase 2 of its post-pandemic plan, 

including the incremental resumption of certain inperson matters. In the past several months, the Court 

gradually expanded the scope of events and services 

that could be conducted in person. 

Judges at all levels of the courts have now conducted 

more than 100,000 remote court events involving 

more than 1.2 million participants. At the same time, 

limited in-person proceedings, including socially 

distanced jury trials and in-person grand jury sessions, 

have enabled progress in areas that had slowed during 

fully remote operations. Among other steps, the Court 

in its July 22, 2020 Order authorized the resumption 

of jury trials in a hybrid format including primarily 

virtual jury selection and socially distanced in-person 

trials. Verdicts have been returned in a number of 

criminal and civil cases, and the scheduling and 

conferencing of cases for real trial dates has prompted 

resolutions in more than 115 criminal cases, involving 

more than [sixty] detained defendants, as well as 

settlements in more than 225 civil cases. 

[Id. at 1-2.]

The Court explained that "[t]he increasing rates of new cases, 

hospitalizations, and deaths make it impracticable and unsafe for certain inperson court events to continue at the level reached during the past few 
A-0838-20T4 17

months." Id. at 3. Thus, "[a]lthough it is not necessary at this time to prohibit 

all on-site presence and in-person events at court locations, in-person jury 

trials and in-person grand jury sessions will now be suspended based on 

current COVID-19 trends and health and safety concerns." Ibid. Additionally, 

the Court provided, as it had done so in earlier orders, that

[i]n recognition of the pervasive and severe effects of 

the COVID-19 public health crisis, the [trial judge] in 

any individual matter consistent with Rule 1:1-2(a) 

may suspend proceedings, extend discovery or other 

deadlines, or otherwise accommodate the legitimate 

needs of parties, attorneys, and others in the interests 

of justice[.]

[Id. at 6.]

II.

On appeal, defendants argue that the judge abused his discretion by sua 

sponte declaring a mistrial because there was no "manifest necessity." They 

maintain that double jeopardy bars retrial and urge us to dismiss all charges in 

the indictment. They argue the judge acted with "imprudent haste," failed to 

consider alternatives to a mistrial, including polling the jury, and that he 

lacked the authority to declare a mistrial due to the Omnibus Orders. 

Defendants further contend they suffered prejudice, and that they did not 

waive their constitutional right to be free from double jeopardy by withholding 

their consent to resume trial. 
A-0838-20T4 18

The State argues that retrial is permissible under N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9(d)(3) 

because the mistrial declaration was "required by a sufficient legal reason and 

a manifest or absolute or overriding necessity." In addition, the State asserts 

alternatively that retrial is permissible under N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9(d)(1) because 

defendants' adamant refusal to resume trial "could fairly be considered a 

waiver of their right to object to the trial's eventual (and completely 

foreseeable) termination."14

III.

"Appellate courts 'will not disturb a trial [judge's] ruling on a motion for 

a mistrial, absent an abuse of discretion that results in a manifest injustice.'" 

State v. Smith, 224 N.J. 36, 47 (2016) (quoting State v. Jackson, 211 N.J. 394, 

407 (2012)). Pertinent to this appeal, "appellate reluctance to interfere with a 

sua sponte declaration of a mistrial should be even more pronounced where it 

is plain that a primary motive for the trial judge's course was solicitude for the 

14

 Because we agree that manifest necessity existed, we need not address the 

State's alternative argument that retrial was permissible under N.J.S.A. 2C:1-

9(d)(1). We note briefly N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9(d)(1) provides that termination of a 

trial is not improper if "[t]he defendant . . . waives . . . his right to object to the 

termination." Here, defendants forcefully and consistently objected to the 

mistrial. Withholding consent to resumption of the trial during the pandemic, 

given their high-risk medical condition, does not counter that opposition. See

State v. Barnes, 261 N.J. Super. 441, 447 (App. Div. 1993) (indicating that we 

rejected the trial court's finding that the defendant acquiesced in the 

declaration of a mistrial because the defendant expressly reserved his right to 

move for a dismissal of the charges). 
A-0838-20T4 19

defendant's interests." State v. Farmer, 48 N.J. 145, 171 (1966). Where a trial 

judge sua sponte declares a mistrial over the objections of the State and 

defendants, the "propriety of the mistrial depends upon the sound exercise of 

the [trial judge's] discretion." Loyal, 164 N.J. at 436 (quoting State v. 

Rechtschaffer, 70 N.J. 395, 406 (1976)). "[D]iscretion is exercised improperly 

. . . if the [trial judge] has an appropriate alternative course of action." State v. 

Allah, 170 N.J. 269, 281 (2002). 

A.

We begin our analysis by reaffirming certain bedrock principles of our 

criminal justice system. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment 

of the United States Constitution guarantees that no person shall "be subject 

for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const.

amend. V. The New Jersey Constitution similarly provides that "[n]o person 

shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same offense." N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 11. 

Our Supreme Court "has consistently interpreted the State Constitution's 

double-jeopardy protection as coextensive with the guarantee of the federal 

Constitution." State v. Miles, 229 N.J. 83, 92 (2017). Along these lines, it is 

well settled that "a trial [judge] must dismiss an indictment if prosecution 

would violate the defendant's constitutional rights" of freedom from double 

jeopardy. State v. Abbati, 99 N.J. 418, 425 (1985). 
A-0838-20T4 20

When the defendant is tried by a jury in a criminal case, double jeopardy 

protections are not dependent on a completed trial, but rather "attaches after 

the jury is impaneled and sworn." Allah, 170 N.J. at 279. "Because jeopardy 

attaches before the judgment becomes final, the constitutional protection also 

embraces the defendant's 'valued right to have his trial completed by a 

particular tribunal.'" Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 503 (1978)

(quoting Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 689 (1949)). From that point on the 

defendant "is entitled to have the trial proceed to its normal conclusion, i.e., 

judgment by the [trial judge] or verdict of the jury." Farmer, 48 N.J. at 169. 

"If the jury is discharged before that time without [the defendant's] consent or 

without legal justification, the abortive ending is equivalent to acquittal and 

bars retrial." Ibid. 

The Double Jeopardy Clause does not, however, "create an absolute bar 

in every case of retrial." State v. Dunns, 266 N.J. Super. 349, 362 (App. Div. 

1993). "[A] defendant's valued right to have his trial completed by a particular 

tribunal must in some instances be subordinated to the public's interest in fair 

trials designed to end in just judgments." Wade, 336 U.S. at 689. That is not a 

foreign concept in New Jersey. We have likewise stated "[t]o set free criminal 

suspects whenever a trial is aborted would deny the innocent the protection 

due them and defeat the social contract upon which government is based." 
A-0838-20T4 21

State v. Torres, 328 N.J. Super. 77, 86 (App. Div. 2000). In 1966, Justice John 

J. Francis writing for the majority in Farmer explained:

the double jeopardy protection does not mean that 

once an accused has been put on trial regularly, the 

proceeding must run its ordinary course to judgment 

of conviction or acquittal. The rule does not operate 

so mechanistically. If some unexpected, untoward and 

undesigned incident or circumstance arises which does 

not bespeak bad faith, inexcusable neglect or 

inadvertence or oppressive conduct on the part of the 

State, but which in the considered judgment of the 

trial [judge] creates an urgent need to discontinue the 

trial in order to safeguard the defendant against real or 

apparent prejudice stemming therefrom, the Federal 

and State Constitutions do not stand in the way of 

declaration of a mistrial. And this is true even if the 

conscientious act of the trial judge may be 

characterized as the product of "extreme solicitude" or 

"overeager solicitude" for the accused. Moreover, if 

an incident or circumstance of that nature moves the 

[trial judge] to order a mistrial not only to safeguard 

the right of the defendant to a full and fair trial, but 

also to protect the right of society to have its trial 

processes applied fully and fairly in the due 

administration of the criminal law, there is even less 

basis for a claim of trespass upon the privilege against 

double jeopardy. Clearly the societal right to have the 

accused tried and punished if found guilty stands side 

by side with the right of the accused to be prosecuted 

fairly and not oppressively. While the public right, 

when it must be considered alone, may not weigh as 

heavily in the scale as that of the defendant because of 

the constitutional dimensions of the privilege against 

double jeopardy and the superior capacity of the State 

to investigate and prepare for prosecutions, 

nevertheless when exercise of the trial [judge's] 

discretion may fairly be said to serve both interests, 
A-0838-20T4 22

there is certainly less substantial reason to question its 

propriety.

[Farmer, 48 N.J. at 174-75 (emphasis added) (citations 

omitted).]

 

Of course, it is well established that mistrials declared with the 

defendants' consent do not bar retrial. State v. Kelly, 201 N.J. 471, 485 

(2010). But even if a defendant objects to the declaration of a mistrial, as in 

this case, "termination of a trial after jeopardy attaches does not necessarily 

prohibit subsequent re-prosecution." Allah, 170 N.J. at 280. "Only the 

improper termination of proceedings bars retrial." Ibid. "Where the [trial 

judge] finds a sufficient legal reason and manifest necessity to terminate a 

trial, the defendant's right to have his initial trial completed is subordinated to 

the public's interest in fair trials and reliable judgments." Loyal, 164 N.J. at

435 (citing Wade, 336 U.S. at 689). 

Referring to longstanding legal principles even before Farmer, the New 

Jersey Supreme Court set out general guidelines for determination of whether 

the discharge of the jury prior to verdict is justified:

"[I]f the trial was terminated or the jury discharged 

before verdict because of incapacitating illness of the 

judge or a juror or jurors or of the defendant, or 

misconduct or disqualification of some members of 

the jury, or on account of an untoward incident that 

renders a verdict impossible, or some undesigned 

matter of absolute necessity, or the failure of the jury 

to agree upon a verdict after a reasonable time for 
A-0838-20T4 23

deliberation has been allowed, subsequent prosecution 

for the offense [is] not barred," for reasons of justice 

and the public interest. 

[State v. Romeo, 43 N.J. 188, 195 (1964), cert. denied, 

379 U.S. 970 (1965) (second alteration in original) 

(quoting State v. Williams, 30 N.J. 105, 121 (1959)).]

In addition to the constitutional prohibition, defendants are also 

"provid[ed] statutory protection from double jeopardy[.]" Allah, 170 N.J. at 

279. The New Jersey Legislature enacted N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9, which effectively 

"adopted the test enunciated in State v. Romeo[.]" Dunns, 266 N.J. Super. at 

364. N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9(d)(3) provides that the prohibition of double jeopardy

does not apply where "[t]he trial [judge] finds that the termination [of the trial] 

is required by a sufficient legal reason and a manifest or absolute or overriding 

necessity." If a trial is terminated over the objection of a defendant due to a 

manifest necessity, "a second proceeding is constitutionally permissible." 

Torres, 328 N.J. Super. at 86. 

In balancing the competing interest of such a mistrial, "[t]he manifest 

necessity standard provides sufficient protection to the defendant's right in 

having his case decided by the jury first selected while maintaining the public's 

interest in fair trials designed to conclude in just judgments." Ibid. As the 

United Stated Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has recently and

insightfully proclaimed:
A-0838-20T4 24

The Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause 

ordinarily bars retrials. But a retrial after a mistrial 

does not amount to double jeopardy when the mistrial 

was manifestly necessary. Though manifest necessity 

requires a "high degree of necessity," making that 

judgment call is "reserved to the broad discretion of 

the trial judge." We scrutinize a mistrial more closely 

if the trial judge has not exercised his "sound 

discretion" or if the prosecutor appears to be 

"harass[ing]" or gaining a "tactical advantage over the 

accused." 

[Orie v. Sec'y Pennsylvania Dep't of Corr., 940 F.3d 

845, 851 (3d Cir. 2019) (alteration in original) (first 

quoting Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 774 (2020); then 

quoting Arizona, 437 U.S. at 508, 510 n.28).]

"The 'manifest necessity' standard has existed under the federal 

Constitution since at least 1824, . . . and has long been recognized as guiding 

our courts in interpreting New Jersey's double jeopardy prohibition under 

similar circumstances." Loyal, 164 N.J. at 453 (Coleman, J., dissenting). 

"Because a defendant's right to be free from double jeopardy is fundamental, 

the State shoulders a 'heavy' burden of demonstrating the '"manifest necessity"' 

for any mistrial declared over the objection of the defendant.'" Ibid. (quoting 

Arizona, 434 U.S. at 505).

Determining whether manifest necessity or the ends of public justice 

require a trial judge to declare a mistrial depends on the unique facts of the 

case and the sound discretion of the trial judge. Ibid. As the United States 

Supreme Court noted,
A-0838-20T4 25

the law has invested Courts of justice with the 

authority to discharge a jury from giving any verdict, 

whenever, in their opinion, taking all the 

circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest 

necessity for the act, or the ends of public justice 

would otherwise be defeated. They are to exercise a 

sound discretion on the subject; and it is impossible to 

define all the circumstances, which would render it 

proper to interfere. To be sure, the power ought to be 

used with the greatest caution, under urgent 

circumstances, and for very plain and obvious 

causes[.]

[United States v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 580 

(1824).]

But there are no rigid rules as to what constitutes "manifest necessity," 

and "[b]oth the United States and the New Jersey Supreme Courts have 

recognized that it is impossible to define all of the circumstances where there 

is sufficient reason to declare a mistrial." Dunns, 266 N.J. Super. at 364; see

Renico, 559 U.S. at 774 (noting that "the 'manifest necessity' standard 'cannot 

be interpreted literally,' and that a mistrial is appropriate where there is a 

'"high degree"' of necessity." (citing Arizona, 434 U.S. at 506)). 

B.

That brings us to the heart of this case: whether the ongoing global 

COVID-19 pandemic—and its associated enormous practical challenges to the 

fair and just administration of justice—provided the judge with a sufficient 
A-0838-20T4 26

legal reason and manifest necessity, under the unique facts of this case, to 

terminate the trial without violating defendants' double jeopardy rights. 

Clearly, "[w]hether 'manifest necessity' or 'the ends of public justice' 

require declaration of a mistrial depends on the unique facts of the case and the 

sound discretion of the trial [judge]." Loyal, 164 N.J. at 435. It is undisputed 

that these particular facts—in the midst of a global pandemic—are unique. 

That is an understatement. 

In reviewing a trial judge's sua sponte decision to terminate a jury trial 

after the jury had been sworn, because in the trial judge's judgment a sufficient 

legal reason and manifest necessity exists to warrant a mistrial, we turn to 

guidance from our Supreme Court, which provided relevant considerations:

Did the trial [judge] properly exercise [his or her] 

discretion so that a mistrial was justified? Did [the 

trial judge] have a viable alternative? If justified, 

what circumstances created the situation? Was it due 

to prosecutorial or defense misconduct? Will a second 

trial accord with the ends of public justice and with 

proper judicial administration? Will the defendant be 

prejudiced by a second trial, and if so, to what extent?

[Id. at 437 (quoting Rechtschaffer, 70 N.J. at 410-11).]

To our knowledge, there are no published opinions in New Jersey squarely 

dealing with this inquiry. 

In exercising sound judgment about whether the ongoing COVID-19 

pandemic provides a sufficient legal reason and manifest necessity to sua 
A-0838-20T4 27

sponte terminate a trial without violating a defendant's double jeopardy 

protections, and adhering to guidance provided by our Court, we have 

extrapolated from the caselaw certain factors for trial judges to consider: (1) 

the circumstances that created the urgent need to discontinue the trial, 

including whether it was due to bad faith, inexcusable neglect, inadvertence, 

oppressive conduct, or prosecutorial or defense misconduct; (2) the existence 

of viable alternatives to a mistrial; (3) the extent of any prejudice to a 

defendant by a second trial; (4) whether a second trial accords with the ends of 

public justice and judicial administration; and (5) any other relevant factors 

unique to the case. Applying this framework to the facts of this case, we see 

no abuse of discretion. 

(i)

The circumstances that created the situation

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a grave, unprecedented, and 

unpredictable public health crisis which has prompted stay-at-home orders, 

business closures, and ever-changing operational restrictions. Neither the 

judge nor the parties here could have predicted the restrictions on the judiciary

that would become necessary as a result of the pandemic, and even today it 

remains unclear when jury trials may be able to return to the status quo.
A-0838-20T4 28

Accordingly, the judge noted "[t]his situation certainly was not created 

by any prosecutorial misconduct, as the State has been ready and waiting to 

resume from the very day months ago when it was permitted." Furthermore, 

"[t]he initial suspension of trial in March [2020] due to the pandemic was 

beyond the control of all parties and resulted in an arguably untenable delay, 

threatening the fairness of the trial, even at the time [our] Supreme Court 

allowed the resumption of suspended trials in June [2020]." The judge 

properly did not find fault in defendants' refusal to consent to the resumption 

of the trial in June 2020, particularly given defendants' and defense counsels'

high-risk status for complications from COVID-19. Defense counsel acted in 

good faith in expressing their concerns for the health of themselves, 

defendants, and those participating in the trial. Thus, the circumstances 

creating the predicament were beyond the control of all involved and were not 

the result of prosecutorial or defense misconduct. 

(ii)

The existence of viable alternatives

Unlike State v. Georges, 345 N.J. Super. 538 (App. Div. 2001), and 

State v. Love, 282 N.J. Super. 590 (App. Div. 1995), there was simply no 

viable or less drastic alternative to declaring a mistrial. And contrary to 

defendants' argument, the judge properly considered the alternatives proposed 
A-0838-20T4 29

by the parties. Defense counsel proposed that the trial remain suspended until 

it could resume under the pre-pandemic conditions. But that could be many 

more months in addition to the seven that had elapsed.15 As Judge Edwin H.

Stern noted, "a delay during any trial of four months is inexcusable and affects 

the fact finder's recollection and assessment of credibility." State v. Leonard, 

234 N.J. Super. 183, 190, n.4 (App. Div. 1989); see United States v. Chapman, 

524 F.3d 1073, 1083 (9th Cir. 2008) (explaining that a trial judge's 

determination that a jury's attention span could not withstand a delay of 

between two and four weeks was due substantial deference in determining 

appropriateness of a mistrial). Here, the judge patiently waited seven months 

before raising the subject of declaring a mistrial, which at that point had no 

reasonable prospects of resuming in the near future. 

15 On September 16, 2020, Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National 

Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and one of the lead members of the 

White House Coronavirus Task Force, estimated that the country would return 

to a "reasonable form of normality" by the end of 2021. See Betsy McKay, Dr. 

Fauci Says 'There Will Be an End' to Covid-19, Wall Street Journal (Sept. 16, 

2020, 10:24 PM), https://www.wsj.com/articles/fauci-says-there-will-be-anend-to-covid-19-11600309449. Recently, Dr. Fauci has suggested that, 

assuming the United States achieves a vaccination rate of seventy-five percent 

to eighty percent, we may see "some degree of normality that is close to where 

we were before" at the end of 2021. See Alvin Powell, Fauci Says Herd 

Immunity Possible by Fall, 'Normality' by End of 2021, Harv. Gazette (Dec. 

10, 2020) https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/12/anthony-fauci-offersa-timeline-for-ending-covid-19-pandemic/.
A-0838-20T4 30

Although polling the jury would have created a more complete record 

about terminating the trial, the judge correctly found that doing so was not a 

viable alternative. Polling the jury in October 2020 would not have answered 

the question of whether the jurors could continue to serve for an indefinite 

period of time and whether they could have been able to recall the evidence at 

some unknown point in the future when the trial eventually resumed. Under 

the unique and extraordinary circumstances of this case, there were simply no 

alternatives to a mistrial. 

As we previously explained, a trial judge's discretion is exercised 

improperly "if the [trial judge] has an appropriate alternative course of action." 

Allah, 170 N.J. at 281. "[A] curative instruction, a short adjournment or 

continuance, or some other [such] remedy, may provide a viable alternative to 

a mistrial, depending on the facts of the case." Smith, 224 N.J. at 47; see

State v. Gallegan, 117 N.J. 345, 353 (1989) (noting that under appropriate 

circumstances, an adjournment is one of "the alternatives given to [trial 

judges] in order to avoid the unnecessary termination of proceedings").

For example, in State v. Modell, 260 N.J. Super. 227, 232 (App. Div. 

1992), defense counsel expressed concern as he began to present his case that 

the alleged victim, who had appeared on behalf of the State, would fail to 

appear for defendant's case with certain records even though the defense had 
A-0838-20T4 31

served him with two subpoenas. The trial judge considered the alternative of 

striking the testimony of the witness, which would have necessitated dismissal 

of four counts of the indictment, but instead declared a mistrial based on 

"manifest necessity." Ibid. We were "convinced that the declaration of a 

mistrial by the [trial judge] served the ends of public justice while at the same 

time . . . protected the defendant's rights." Id. at 245.

In Georges, 345 N.J. Super. at 545-47, we determined there existed no 

manifest necessity for a sua sponte mistrial where two jurors were excused 

because their parents had died during the trial and the prosecutor went on a 

scheduled vacation, causing a two-week delay. The trial judge, over 

defendant's objection, had declared the mistrial a manifest necessity because 

the delay of two weeks between the close of evidence and resumption of the 

trial was "simply too great to permit the jury to fairly remember and evaluate 

the testimony[.]" Id. at 541. We reversed, concluding "there was no particular 

urgency that necessitated the trial judge's sua sponte declaration of a mistrial 

before hearing the arguments of all counsel and examining alternatives to a 

mistrial," including "question[ing] the jurors to determine their comfort level 

with proceeding, and explain[ing] the availability of read-back testimony, 

before determining whether the time lapse was fatal to a fair trial." Id. at 547. 
A-0838-20T4 32

And in Love, 282 N.J. Super. at 593, the trial judge sua sponte declared 

a mistrial upon learning of his mother-in-law's unexpected death. We 

concluded that the trial judge should have considered "[a]ny reasonable 

alternative" before declaring the mistrial without defendant's express consent, 

but was nonetheless satisfied that the sua sponte declaration of mistrial did not 

preclude the retrial because it was not "designed to help the prosecution or aid 

the State's cause or for any reason based upon the conduct of the trial or 

proceedings." Id. at 598. However, the federal court subsequently granted the 

defendant's petition for a writ of habeas corpus and held that "[t]he availability 

of several adequate, less drastic alternatives," including adjourning the trial or 

continuing the trial with a different judge, negated a finding of manifest 

necessity and compelled the federal court "to conclude that petitioner's retrial 

following a mistrial violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States 

Constitution." Love v. Morton, 944 F. Supp. 379, 389-91 (D.N.J. 1996), aff'd, 

112 F.3d 131, 139 (3d Cir. 1997).

Here, viable alternatives such as the ones present in the cases discussed 

above were not readily available, as a further continuance or adjournment for 

an indefinite period was not feasible given the state of the pandemic. As 

discussed previously, the judge and counsel conferenced about ways in which 

the trial could proceed under our Supreme Court's Omnibus Orders. The judge 
A-0838-20T4 33

and counsel contemplated moving to a larger courtroom that would be more 

conducive to social distancing, as well as utilizing plexiglass barriers and 

personal protective equipment such as masks and face shields, but defense 

counsel rejected these suggestions, citing concerns that it could impact the

presentation of their case. The judge and counsel also discussed the possible 

need to voir dire the jury prior to resuming the trial and their potential inability

to recall testimony from twenty-nine witnesses from months earlier. The judge 

considered the possibility of playing back the testimony to the jury but

expressed concern that playback "months removed from when the jury first 

heard the testimony, with the witnesses, in person," would be insufficient 

considering the circumstances. The judge was left with no viable alternatives 

to proceed with the case.

(iii)

The extent of any prejudice to a defendant by a second trial

There is no indication on this record that defendants will be prejudiced 

by a second trial. Defendants contend that there was no prejudice in allowing 

the matter to remain suspended until the trial could safely resume at some 

indefinite point in the future, but they contend that they will suffer prejudice if 

they are retried. Smith argues that she will be prejudiced because she will be 

unable to retain her counsel for a second trial, presumably referring to the 
A-0838-20T4 34

lawyer who is ninety-seven-years old. But Smith retained co-counsel, from the 

same law firm, and there is no suggestion that he is unable to represent Smith 

in the second trial. 

Additionally, defendants argue that they will be prejudiced by the 

mistrial because they will remain detained for an indeterminate period. They 

contend that "[t]here is no guidance on when a multi-defendant, three-month 

jury trial, will even be considered a candidate for trial during the pandemic." 

That is true. However, there is also no guidance on when their trial will be 

able to resume under the pre-pandemic "gold standard" standard defendants 

seek. The only quick solution to their continued incarceration would have 

been for defendants to consent to the resumption of their trial in June 2020. 

As the judge found, defendants had credible reasons for declining to do so. At 

this point, as the second wave of the pandemic rages on, defendants are facing 

a long period of incarceration regardless of whether they wait for the 

resumption of their trial or retrial. And as counsel explained during oral 

argument, defendants preferred remaining detained until the trial can be safely 

resumed.
A-0838-20T4 35

(iv)

Whether a second trial accords with the ends of 

public justice and judicial administration

A second trial will accord with the ends of public justice and proper 

judicial administration. See Loyal, 164 N.J. at 437. The judge found—and we 

agree—there was "an urgent need to discontinue the trial . . . to safeguard the 

defendants from any prejudice stemming from the delay and to protect the ends 

of public justice, as the totality of the circumstances of the continued 

suspension have only eroded and will continue to erode the prospects of a fair 

and just result in this trial." We agree with defendant Cousins that the March 

2020 suspension was consistent with the public interest in protecting the 

participants from COVID-19. Seven months later, a continued suspension of 

the trial to an indeterminate date in the future will violate "the right of society 

to have its trial processes applied fully and fairly in the due administration of 

the criminal law[.]" Farmer, 48 N.J. at 175. Furthermore, defendants will be

better prepared for retrial because they now have the benefit of knowing the 

testimony from the witnesses who testified for the State. 

(v)

Any other relevant factor under the unique facts the case 

A mistrial has been justified based on "manifest necessity" where, as in 

this case, there was an unexpected indefinite or lengthy mid-trial delay that 
A-0838-20T4 36

would affect the jury's recollection and assessment of credibility. For 

example, in State v. Mendoza, 305 N.W.2d 166, 170 (Wis. Ct. App. 1981), the 

appellate court found that the trial judge's sua sponte declaration of a mistrial 

was justified under the "manifest necessity" standard where a juror was 

unavailable for an indefinite period due to illness. See United States v. 

Brandner, 90 F. Supp. 3d 883, 887-88 (D. Alaska 2015) (declaring a mistrial 

after defense counsel's unanticipated and serious illness resulted in a fourmonth delay in the midst of trial); Commonwealth v. Robson, 337 A.2d 573, 

576-78 (Pa. 1975) (affirming the termination of trial based on "manifest 

necessity" where the trial judge's illness suspended—and prevented the 

continuation of—trial for several weeks). 

Defendants argue that, like in Georges and Love, the judge rendered his 

mistrial declaration in haste. However, he allowed the suspension to endure 

for seven months, and only then did he conduct numerous status conferences, 

hear oral argument, and issue a comprehensive oral decision. At the time the 

judge declared the mistrial, the trial had been suspended as a result of the 

COVID-19 pandemic, with no end in sight. 

As the judge found, even if the trial could have resumed in October 2020 

and a sufficient number of the existing jurors were still available, he had "great 

concern" as to whether the jury would be able to consider the evidence fairly 
A-0838-20T4 37

after the lengthy delay. The jury would have to consider the testimony of the 

twenty-nine witnesses who testified in February and March 2020, and the 

testimony of any additional witnesses to be called by the State or the defense. 

That would be very difficult, even with the option of playback, because—as he 

found—playback "would occur many months removed from when the jurors 

actually had the opportunity to listen to the testimony, view the evidence and 

do that in conjunction with an assessment and evaluation of the demeanor of 

the witnesses." We will not second guess the judge's findings, especially since 

he presided over the commencement of the trial and was in the best position to

fairly assess the situation that existed at the beginning of the case and 

thereafter. 

This case is also distinguishable from Leonard, on which defendant 

Cousins relies. In that case the defendant was tried in municipal court on a 

driving while under the influence charge. Leonard, 234 N.J. Super. at 184. On 

the first day of trial, the State presented the testimony of its primary witness, a 

former municipal police officer, who had responded to the scene of the 

accident. Id. at 185. The trial judge adjourned the trial at the conclusion of 

the witness's direct and cross-examination testimony, subject to recall by the 

State for continued testimony. Ibid. The witness did not appear when the trial 

resumed four months later, and the trial judge discovered that a transcript of 
A-0838-20T4 38

the witness's testimony could not be prepared due to a tape malfunction. Ibid. 

The trial judge sua sponte declared a mistrial over the defendant's counsel's 

objections because four months had passed since the hearing date. Ibid. We 

concluded that under those circumstances, the defendant was entitled "to have 

the [trial] judge decide his guilt or innocence without giving the State the 

opportunity to start anew." Id. at 190-91. We held that under the "totality of 

facts," including the missing transcript and absent witness, that "defendant 

could not be retried as a result of the trial judge's inappropriate exercise of 

discretion." Id. at 191-92. 

In Leonard we explained that although there was a deficiency in the 

record, the Law Division could have either supplemented the record on appeal 

or conducted a plenary trial. Id. at 190-91. Here, rather than being prompted 

by a deficiency in the record, the declaration of the mistrial was justified by 

the unique circumstances of this case coupled with the pandemic. Moreover, 

although the we did not consider the length of the delay in making our 

determination, we noted that "a delay during any trial of four months is 

inexcusable and affects the fact finder's recollection and assessment of 

credibility." Id. at 190 n.4. Certainly here, as the judge found, the entirely 

unexpected seven-month delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic created a 

"manifest necessity" for the declaration of a mistrial because it affected the 
A-0838-20T4 39

juror's ability to recall the testimony of the twenty-nine witnesses who had 

testified. 

We reject defendants' additional argument that the trial judge was 

without authority to declare a mistrial. Our Court set forth a plan "to limit 

physical interactions in our courts to the greatest extent possible and shift to 

use video and phone conferencing options for attorneys, litigants, and the 

public." See Notice New Jersey Court Operations–COVID-19 Coronavirus: 

Rescheduling of In-Court Proceedings Scheduled for the Week Beginning 

Monday, March 16, 2020; Continuation of All Critical Functions 1 (March 15, 

2020). Thus, although jury trials were suspended, court operations, including 

motions, continued with or without consent, albeit virtually. In fact, in this 

case, the judge conducted several status conferences. Thereafter, by order 

issued on June 22, 2020, our Court authorized ongoing jury trials that had been 

suspended to resume "consistent with public health precautions with the 

consent of all parties[.]" Fourth Omnibus Order 1. 

Throughout this period, New Jersey courts have continued to sustain 

court operations to the greatest extent possible. At no point did our Court 

order that all motions, including motions for a mistrial, were suspended and 

thus the judge's authority was not circumscribed. In fact, in its latest order 

dated November 16, 2020, our Court suspended in-person jury trials, but not 
A-0838-20T4 40

all court operations, and specifically provided that judge's "in any individual 

matter consistent with Rule 1:1-2(a)" could "suspend proceedings, extend 

discovery or other deadlines, or otherwise accommodate the legitimate needs 

of parties, attorneys, and others in the interests of justice[.]" See November 

16, 2020 Suspension 6. Thus, the judge had the authority to declare a mistrial 

in a case that had been suspended on March 17, 2020, and that had not 

resumed seven months later due to the pandemic. 

To summarize, we conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion 

by determining the extraordinarily unique circumstances of this case created a 

manifest necessity for a mistrial, and by holding "the ends of justice . . . cannot 

be achieved without aborting the trial[.]" Farmer, 48 N.J. at 171. An entirely 

"unexpected, untoward and undesigned incident or circumstance" arose in the 

form of the COVID-19 pandemic that did "not bespeak bad faith, inexcusable 

neglect or inadvertence or oppressive conduct on the part of the State, but 

which in the considered judgment of the trial [judge] create[ed] an urgent need 

to discontinue the trial in order to safeguard the defendant against real or 

apparent prejudice[.]" Id. at 174. As in Farmer, there was no doubt that the 

judge's primary motive for declaring the mistrial was his sincere effort to 

protect defendants. Id. at 175. And that is exactly what the judge did here. 

Thus, double jeopardy would not be violated by a retrial because, under 
A-0838-20T4 41

N.J.S.A. 2C:1-9(d)(3), the termination was "required by a sufficient legal 

reason and a manifest or absolute or overriding necessity." 

Affirmed.