1

National

Cooperative

Soil

S

urvey Newsletter

Issue 1

November 1997

A Message from the

Director

By Horace Smith, Director, Soil Survey

Division, NRCS, Washington, DC.

I

 was promoted to the position of

Director of the Soil Survey

Division on February 2, 1997. I bring to

this position more than 30 years of

experience with NRCS in production

soil survey, including positions of

project member, project leader,

resource soil scientist, assistant state

soil scientist, assistant principal soil

correlator, state soil scientist, state

technology manager, assistant state

conservationist, and regional soil

scientist. I have completed short-term

foreign assignments in West Africa,

Mexico, Taiwan, and Brazil. I am a

product of the NCSS, and as the new

director of the Soil Survey Division,

I pledge my total support and the

resources of the division to the NCSS’

continued success and rich tradition as

we look towards the 21st century.

During the past 10 months, I have

had the opportunity to visit with several

cooperators and partners that make up

the NCSS. One topic of discussion and

a recurring theme that I keep hearing is

that there is a lack of communication

within NCSS. This topic is not new, as

it has been discussed many times before

at Regional and National Soil Survey

Conferences. Regional and national

committees and task forces of these

conferences have been formed in the

past to discuss ways to improve

communication within NCSS. With the

recent internal changes,

reorganizations, and reinventions,

“I pledge my total support and the

resources of the division to the

NCSS’ continued success and rich

tradition as we look towards the 21st

century.”—Horace Smith

involving several cooperators within

NCSS, it is very important that a means

of good communication be established.

Improving communication within the

NCSS is an issue that I consider a high

priority within the Soil Survey

Division. Establishment of the “NCSS

Newsletter” hopefully is a step in that

direction. The purpose of this

newsletter is to provide a forum for

NCSS cooperators and others interested

in the soil survey and related activities

to express their views. Cooperators,

partners, and others with an interest are

encouraged to contribute on a regular

basis to this publication. It will be

published quarterly.

In addition to placing special

emphasis on improving communication,

here are a few other issues that I

consider high priority and that we in the

Soil Survey Division will be

concentrating on during my tenure as

Division Director:

• Ensure that all activities within the

division are science-based. The

division’s reputation and credibility

stand on the quality of the products and

services that it produces. Therefore, it

is imperative that all activities within

the division be defensible and have a

sound science-based foundation.

• Ensure that all activities within the

Message continued on page 2

In This Issue—

Editor’s Note

You are invited to submit stories for

future issues of this newsletter to

Stanley Anderson, National Soil Survey

Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. Phone—

402-437-5357; FAX—402-437-5336;

email—sanderson@nssc.nrcs.usda.gov.

A Message from the Director ............. 1

Forest Soils in Maine .......................... 2

Soil Scientist in the Army ................... 4

Helping People Understand Soils—By

Way of the Internet ......................... 4

Northern Finland Soil Benchmark

Study Team .................................... 5

Soil Survey Tables Join the Electronic

Age ................................................. 6

Comparative Field Study of Wetland

Boundary Indicators ....................... 6

ARCPACS Adopts Exam Standard .... 7

Items Needed for the Soil Survey

Centennial ...................................... 8
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division are compatible with and in

support of NRCS’ strategic plan.

Staffing plans and budgets at all levels

within the agency are tied to the

strategic plan.

• Encourage an interdisciplinary

approach to activities within the

division. We will invite and welcome

the input of individuals from other

disciplines in our activities at National

Headquarters (NHQ) in Washington,

DC, and at the National Soil Survey

Center (NSSC) in Lincoln, Nebraska.

We will also encourage other

disciplines within the agency to

incorporate the expertise of soil

scientists into their activities.

• Support sabbatical assignments of

prominent scientists to work within the

division at NHQ and at the NSSC on

special topics and projects. We will also

encourage sabbaticals for select

scientists within the division when a

sabbatical is mutually beneficial to the

employee and the agency.

• Renew and strengthen relations with

NCSS cooperators. I will be personally

visiting and meeting with cooperators

over the coming months to discuss

areas of mutual concern and ways we

can strengthen our partnerships and

leverage our resources.

• Establish a Cooperators Advisory

Group to work with the Soil Survey

Division. This group will serve as a

sounding board for the division and

provide advice on strategic issues and

emerging topics.

• Establish a Field Soil Survey

Advisory Group. This group will

consist of field-based individuals,

representing a cross-section of

disciplines. The group will provide

valuable feedback to the division

relative to the usefulness and impacts of

various soil survey products and

policies at the field level.

• Continue to actively participate in

international activities that help to

refine and strengthen soil taxonomy and

that give support to programs that lead

to sustainability of agriculture and

protection of the environment around

the globe.

• Reorganize the Soil Survey Division

management team, establishing function

areas and clear lines of responsibility.

• Strengthen and elevate soil survey

technical services. On the cover of the

Soil Survey Division Program Plan, the

mission statement reads: “ Helping

People Understand Soils.” This is really

what technical soil services is all about.

We will elevate this activity at the field

level and put it on a par with production

soil survey, soil classification, etc.

• Bring the 1890 Universities and

Tuskegee University in as partners of

the NCSS. A great number of the

employees who make up the NCSS are

products of the 1890 Universities.

These universities can add a unique

dimension to the NCSS.

• Involve the Hispanic Associated

Colleges and Universities (HACU) and

Tribal Colleges in the NCSS. A major

objective during the coming year is to

get these colleges and universities

involved in the division’s digitizing

initiative.

• Ensure that a diversified cadre of soil

scientists is hired regularly. Due to tight

budgets and other priorities, the NRCS

and other Federal partners in the NCSS

have not hired many entry-level soil

scientists during the past years. This is

Message continued on page 3

Message continued from page 1

NCSS Newsletter

 PINE

TREE

STATE

Forest Soils in Maine

High Demand for Forest Soils

Information in Maine

The increased demand for woodproducts and a greater

environmental awareness have created

an unprecedented high demand for

forest soils information in the State of

Maine.

Four large woodland-owning or

woodland-managing companies entered

into reimbursable agreements with the

Natural Resources Conservation

Service (NRCS) to map the soils on

nearly 0.3 million acres of forest land

in northern and eastern Maine in FY

1997.

Some of these contracts are

renewable over several years until the

entire owned or managed acreage is

mapped. Mapping the forest land has

proven to be a full-time job for Maine’s

entire staff.

The soils information is being used

by the companies for tree growth

production management and resource

protection planning for lakes, streams,

wetlands, and deer yards. The

reimbursement has strengthened the

relationship between the NRCS and the

forest service industry.
3

becoming a serious problem as we do

not have a large reservoir of talent to

fill behind experienced personnel when

they move on to greater responsibility

or retire.

• Refine the MLRA concept for

production soil survey. The MLRA

concept for developing legends and

producing correlations along major

physiographic boundaries was initiated

by the NCSS in the mid 1980’s. A

management structure was established

as a means of realizing this concept in

1995, during the NRCS reorganization.

This concept is still evolving and will

continue to be refined.

• Digitize all ongoing and backlogged

soil surveys. Since 1995, NRCS has

been earmarking a specified amount of

money to accelerate this process.

• Publish a revised hard copy version

of Soil Taxonomy. A hard copy version

of Soil Taxonomy has not been

published since the initial version was

issued December 1975. This revision

will be released in the summer of 1998.

• Establish a Soil Survey Division

Technical Monograph Committee,

which would be responsible for

preparing a scholarly paper on each of

the emphasis areas the division is

responsible for, such as interpretations,

classification, technical soil services,

soil survey laboratory, world soil

resources, investigations, and

operations. These papers would be

similar to and patterned after those

produced by Dr. Charles Kellogg and

others during the 1950’s and 1960’s and

would coincide with the Soil Survey

Centennial.

• Establish a “Soil Scientist of the Year

Award” for field soil scientists involved

in production soil survey and technical

soil services. This would be an annual

award and would recognize an NCSS

soil scientist below the state office level

who has made substantial contributions

to production soil survey activities or

technical soil services.

• Establish a “Soil Scientist Hall of

Fame Award” for NCSS soil scientists

involved in production soil survey. This

award would be presented yearly to a

uniquely qualified individual at an

appropriate forum and would be

equivalent to the Soil Science Society

of America (SSSA) Fellow Award.

• Encourage professionalism among

soil scientists at the field level. Field

soil scientists are encouraged to

become active members of their State

Soil Science Societies and Soil

Classifiers Groups, and professional

organizations, such as SSSA and the

Soil and Water Conservation Society.

I will also encourage field managers

and supervisors, through the proper

channels, to provide the time and

resources, where appropriate, for field

soil scientists to participate in

nontechnical activities that would make

them more well-rounded employees and

enhance their professionalism.

• Continue the Request for Proposal

(RFP) to support critical NCSS

research issues that was initiated in

1997, but limit the RFPs to no more

than $25,000.

• Support an interdisciplinary and

interagency approach to research and

field studies that would help the NCSS

to better—

1. Refine the hydric soil status of

clayey soils;

2. Understand soil-landscape

functions and lateral flow of water

within landscapes;

3. Understand site-specific

management (precision farming)

and the role soil survey can play;

4. Understand the soil and regolith

at depths greater than 2 meters for

purposes of waste management,

water quality, modeling, etc.;

5. Define soil moisturetemperature relationships as they

relate to soil behavior and soil

quality;

6. Understand the role soils play in

global climate change and carbon

sequestration and the influences of

NRCS programs, such as the

Conservation Reserve Program, on

the capacity of soils to perform this

role; and

7. Understand the properties and

characteristics of anthropogenic

soils and quantify background

levels of heavy metals and trace

elements in urban and related

soils.

• Make soil survey information more

readily available to customers by

putting it in digital format and on the

Internet. We have a Homepage Team at

the NSSC and are well under way with

this activity.

• Develop an aggressive marketing

campaign for the soil survey and solicit

input and support from the private

sector.

• Highlight the rich history and unique

cooperation within the NCSS during the

Soil Survey Centennial in 1999. This is

a very important initiative, and all

States and entities of the NCSS are

encouraged to participate.

These are just a few priority issues

that the Soil Survey Division will be

concentrating on during the next few

years.

Message continued from page 2

NCSS Newsletter
4

NCSS Newsletter

Soil Scientist in the Army

Several years ago a Soil ScientistLiaison position was established

in the U.S. Environmental Center. The

main functions of this position have

been to provide the Army with

information about soils and to bridge

the working relationship with Army

personnel and the soils staff of the

Narural Resources Conservation

Service.

The Army has over 200 installations,

80 to 90 of which cover more than 6

million acres. At present, soil survey

activities are being performed in Fort

Wainwright, Alaska; Fort Bliss, Texas

and New Mexico; and Fort Hood,

Texas. The U.S. Army National Guard

has approximately 1 million acres in 37

states. We are currently working on

approximately 60 installations to

provide soil resource information.

The Natural Resources Conservation

Service in conjunction with the Forest

Service is providing soil scientists to

carry out these activities. We are

working not only within the continental

U.S. but also currently have soil

scientists on special detail assignments

in South Korea. Soil survey interpretive

information is being provided to U.S.

Army specialists in Hungary. The

liaison is developing a tracking system

for pesticides and pesticide

management.

Helping People Understand Soils—By Way of the

Internet

By Julie A. Best, Public Affairs Specialist, MLRA Soil Survey Region 15, Auburn, Alabama.

One of the first publicity areas we tackled in MLRA Soil Survey Region 15was a presence on the Internet. We thought that this was an important area

of focus for a number of reasons: 1) it makes use of modern technology that is

currently very popular; 2) it provides instant access to material; 3) it enables easy

and frequent update of information; and 4) it was an untried area which presented a

challenge.

The Southeast Coastal Plain and Caribbean Area Soil Survey Region web site

was posted in July 1996. We began with the very basics—the definition of a major

land resource area; the area of administration for MLRA soil survey region 15;

personnel directories listing employees, locations, and phone numbers for the

region; an activity schedule for the region; a map showing all 17 MO’s along with

a contact person, the address, and a phone number for each MO; and links to

related sites. Over time, we’ve added more specific information, such as a status of

soil survey map for each state in the region and an MLRA map with narrative

descriptions for each MLRA within each state in MO 15. With the spring 1997

issue, we posted the quarterly newsletter “The Coastal Plainer.” As the Centennial

approaches, we plan to emphasize the official state soil of each state within the

region.

Who’s making use of this material? We have two targeted audiences—NRCS

and the general public. The question is often asked, “How frequently is the

material used?” We don’t really know. There are ways to gather this information,

but is that a valid statistic? Numbers alone do not tell a lot. We do know it is a

beneficial tool for our own use. We have heard from state agencies, universities,

and individuals who found the information useful. As we publicize the web site

address and post more and more worthwhile information, we anticipate the use by

the general public will increase. Helping People Understand Soils—the Internet is

another means of communicating information to a variety of users and of

heightening the awareness of the importance of soil in the minds of the general

public. We invite you to take a look and to send us your comments and

suggestions. The web site address is: //www.al.nrcs.usda.gov/soils/
5

NCSS Newsletter

Darwin Newton, Tennessee State Soil Scientist, and Henry Mount, Soil Scientist, National Soil

Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, in Finland.

Northern Finland Soil Benchmark Study Team

From the April 1997 issue of the Tennessee newsletter “Current Developments,” USDA, Natural

Resources Conservation Service.

Tennessee State Soil ScientistDarwin Newton served as a

member of the Northern Finland Soil

Benchmark Study team. The American

team, which also included Henry

Mount, NRCS Soil Scientist, Lincoln,

Nebraska, and Lisa Krall, NRCS

Agronomist, Orono, Maine, worked

with four geologists from Finland and

two soil scientists from France from

June 30 to July 12, 1996.

The starting point for the trip was

Rovaniemi, the county capital of

Lapland (northern Finland). The group

spent two days examining and sampling

soils in the Pello, Finland, area; three

days in the Pallas Camp area; three

days in the Enontekio, Finland, area;

and finally two days back in Rovaniemi

preparing notes and samples for

shipment back to the United States. All

areas studied were north of the Arctic

Circle.

Detailed notes and descriptions were

taken at five sites in northern Finland,

and soil profile descriptions were taken

at three additional sites to assist the

Finns in the ecogeochemistry studies.

Data at all sites were georeferenced by

a GPS device provided by the Finns.

Some of the technology transfer

accomplished during this trip:

• A macro datalogger was installed at

one site to monitor daily soil

temperature and mirtemperature for one

year. These data will help to resolve the

mean annual soil temperature in this

part of northern Finland.

• Soil humus studies were conducted

by both the Americans and the Finns at

five sites.

• The soil profile descriptions at the

five sites sampled by the American

team were distributed to team members

prior to leaving Finland. After further

peer review, final drafts will be mailed

to all participants.

• Results from the 1994 study were

distributed to the French and Finns. The

study contained summarized data for 10

soil pedons in central Finland.

• Permafrost does not exist in Finland,

except for the upper portions of the

country above 69 degrees 30 minutes.

This is much farther north than in

Alaska, Iceland, and Greenland because

of the upper level atmosphere airstream

flow. As a result, the team has possibly

sampled the northernmost podzol in the

world.

This study was a cooperative effort

by the French, Finns, and Americans

and was a follow-up to a similar trip to

southeastern Finland in the summer of

1994. Plans are to publish another

paper on the soils sampled in northern

Finland during 1996.
6

NCSS Newsletter

Soil Survey Tables Join

the Electronic Age

By Anne Schlicher, Editor, Phoenix MLRA

Office.

I

n the past, the text and tables of

soil survey manuscripts were

prepared for publication in two

different kinds of software. Cameraready copies of the text were typeset in

PageMaker or Magna software, and

camera-ready copies of the tables were

prepared in word-processing software,

such as XyWrite or MS Word. Now,

however, a new process will allow all of

the files to be typeset in PageMaker.

Suzie Meierdierks, editor for the

Morgantown MLRA Office, has

developed a procedure for typesetting

the tables in PageMaker. As a result,

electronic PageMaker files of both the

tables and the text can now be sent to

the printer. This procedure eliminates

the printing problems that occur when

the text is prepared in PageMaker and

the tables are prepared in another

software. Anne Schlicher, editor at the

Phoenix MLRA Office, recently spent

three days in training with Suzie in

order to learn the new process. The

Phoenix MLRA Office will use the new

system for all future soil surveys.

The new procedure facilitates

publication in electronic formats. The

text and tables can be easily prepared

for presentation in CD-ROM format

(and possibly on the World Wide Web)

if (1) the new procedure for tables is

used, (2) the Index to Map Units and

Summary of Tables are deleted and the

information traditionally presented in

them is included in the Contents, (3) the

Contents is generated automatically by

PageMaker, and (4) the files are saved

as PDF files. The PageMaker software

automatically establishes HTML links

as it prepares the Contents.

Comparative Field Study

of Wetland Boundary

Indicators

Mascoma Headwaters, Dorchester,

New Hampshire

By Steven J. Hundley, Project Leader, NRCS,

Durham, New Hampshire; Joseph Homer, Project

Coordinator, NRCS, Lancaster, New Hampshire;

and Karen Dudley, Data Analyst, NRCS,

Concord, New Hampshire.

I

n the fall of 1995, the NRCS Soils

Staff in New Hampshire began an

intensive field study to compare and

evaluate the field indicators used for

wetland identification in northern New

England. The objective of this study is

to increase our understanding of hydric

soil properties indicative of wetland

conditions and document field

indicators that support wetland

hydrology and vegetative criteria. This

study looks at the concerns and issues

that emerge in applying consistent

protocols for identifying and mapping

spatial variability of wetlands in

northern New England.

A portion of this study is funded by

the National Wetlands Science Institute.

Instrumentation and technical support

are being provided by the Global

Change Initiative, the National Soil

Survey Laboratory, and the National

Climate Center. This study is also

receiving technical support and

assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, New England Division, and

USEPA, Region 1. The project involves

the New Hampshire Wetlands Bureau,

the New Hampshire Department of

Environmental Services, and the New

Hampshire Office of State Planning.

A 40-acre parcel was selected at the

headwaters of the Mascoma River in

Dorchester, New Hampshire. A point

grid, serving as intensive ground

control, was installed over the entire 40

acres. A global positioning system was

used to georeference each control point,

and the parcel boundary itself, for

digitization into the New Hampshire

NRCS GRASS Geographic Information

System. Preliminary piezometers and

thermistors were installed to monitor

ground water and soil temperature.

In the spring of 1996, teams of

scientists from NRCS, USCOE, and

USEPA mapped and recorded the

boundary of the three criteria used to

identify and delineate wetlands. A

1:1,200 base map was used to delineate

the boundary of wetland hydrology,

hydrophytic plant communities, and the

hydric soil boundary. All of these maps

were digitized into the GRASS GIS for

comparative evaluation.

The initial comparative evaluation

Wetland continued on page 7
7

Wetland continued from page 6

NCSS Newsletter

revealed a need to suggest some

revisions in hydric soil indicators and to

reevaluate the start and length of the

growing season. Initial findings indicate

that a soil temperature of 5 degrees C at

50 cm is not a good indicator for the

start of the growing season in the frigid

temperature regime of northern New

England. This conclusion supports the

findings of the National Research

Council in their 1995 report entitled

“Wetlands: Characteristics and

Boundaries.”

As a result of the first year’s study,

several recommendations have been

submitted to the National Technical

Committee on Hydric Soils. The

intensity of the data collection on soil

properties and behavior has increased,

and an intensive study to determine

more suitable indicators for identifying

the duration of the growing season has

commenced based on recommendations

made by the National Research

Council.

In the fall of 1996, four vegetative

plots were established to monitor bud

swelling and vegetative emergence and

growth in the spring. Soil temperature

probes and dataloggers were installed at

each vegetative plot. With assistance

from the USCOE Cold Regions

Research and Engineering Laboratory

in Hanover, New Hampshire,

thermistors were installed at 10-cm

intervals down to 50 cm and connected

to dataloggers for continuous readings

during late winter and early spring.

During the summer of 1997, NRCS

engineers in New Hampshire surveyed

the 40-acre parcel to develop a 2-foot

contour map. The NRCS soil scientists

are in the process of completing a highintensity soil survey. Both maps will be

digitized into the GRASS GIS.

The Global Change Initiative

approved funding for instrumentation at

three locations within the 40-acre study

site to collect continuous readings on

soil temperature, soil moisture, groundwater level, redox potential, air

temperature, relative humidity, and

solar radiation. With assistance from

the National Soil Survey Laboratory,

representative soils were described and

sampled for complete characterization.

Armed with substantially more

information on environmental

conditions and soil behavior within the

40-acre parcel, the teams of scientists

will remap the boundary of wetland

indicators in the spring of 1998. A

revised start of the growing season will

be tested, and the requested revisions of

the field indicators of hydric soils will

be employed. A result of findings will

be submitted to the National Wetlands

Science Institute, Global Change

Initiative, the National Technical

Committee for Hydric Soils, and the

other cooperators in this project.

This Comparative Field Study of

Wetland Boundary Indicators is the

only one of its kind in New England. It

is receiving widespread interest because

it provides the documentation needed to

accurately identify and delineate

wetlands and the technical support

needed to carry out Federal and State

wetland regulations. The study also

provides a wealth of information on the

morphology of hydric soils and their

behavioral characteristics, adding

valuable data to our reservoir of

knowledge about wetland ecosystems.

ARCPACS Adopts Exam

Standard

By Marjorie Faber, ARCPACS Soils Board

Chair.

Beginning in January 1998,qualification as an ARCPACS

Certified Professional Soil Scientist

(CPSS) will require passing two

examinations. Certification will require

all of the following:

• A minimum of a B.S. degree in soils

(or related field)

• 15 semester hours of soil science

courses and 6 semester hours of plant

and soil biology courses (this is a very

recent change from the old “alternate

crops” core requirement)

• 5 years of experience

• Passing grades on the “Fundamentals

of Soil Science Examination” and the

“Professional Practice Soil Science

Examination”

The Soil Science Society of America

(SSSA), working with soil science

licensing boards over the past 2 years,

has developed both examinations.

Many of the state licensing boards will

require the same examinations.

The change to an exam standard for

soils is an important step in gaining

recognition for the ARCPACS soils

program from local and state

governments. The credentials for CPSS

will soon mirror those of our colleagues

in engineering and geology, which

require exams. Requiring an exam

strengthens the case for the CPSS to be

included in statutes and administrative

codes. The change was also important

in keeping the ARCPACS Soils CPSS

program in step with the soils licensing

requirements in North Carolina,

ARCPACS continued on page 8
8

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits

discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,

religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all

prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large

print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-

2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-

720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

NCSS Newsletter

Minnesota, Virginia, New Hampshire,

Maine, and a pending program in

Texas. Soil scientists who are currently

CPSS or who apply by the end of 1997

will not have to take the exams.

All applicants in 1998 will have to

pass both examinations to become

certified soil scientists. Applicants can

take the Fundamentals exam without

experience, and graduating seniors are

encouraged to begin the certification

process just before or after graduation.

To be eligible for the professional

exam, applicants must demonstrate that

they have 5 years of soil science work

experience. Both exams are based on

the Soil Science Performance

Objectives developed by the SSSA.

These performance objectives will be

published early in the fall of 1997.

Soil scientists who attain APSS

(Associate Professional Soil Scientist)

status before 1998 will be able to move

up to CPSS without taking the

Professional Practice exam. The current

method will be used for

“grandparented” APSS’s—5 years of

professional soil scientist experience

for those with a B.S. degree and 3 years

of professional soil scientist experience

for those with an M.S. or Ph.D. The

ARCPACS soils board will determine if

the APSS’s qualify for full certification

when they apply for CPSS.

For information about ARCPACS

soil science certification, phone Cleo

Tindall at (608) 273-8090, ext. 315.

ARCPACS continued from page 7 1899-1999

Items Needed for the Soil Survey Centennial

By Gary Muckel, Soil Scientist, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

The following items are needed:

• Atterberg - device

• Clippers - tree root

• Color charts of 1946 - large size for testing

• Drafting - instruments

• Field description kit

• Forms - full set of 232s (a) to (g)

• Instructions to field parties - about 1903 to 1915 (other than 1904 and 1914)

• Knife - straight

• Maxwell apparatus for color - metal desk mounted to rotate

• Odometer (Bell revolution counter for buggies)

• Photographs - historical of people and equipment

• Sand-size guide

• Scale - weight

• Sieves - large

• Spade - Montana sharpshooter

• Speedometer - 1938 version

• Spotplate

• Spudbar

Contact:

Gary Muckel

100 Centennial Mall North

Federal Building, Room 152

Lincoln, NE 68508-3866

Phone—402-437-4148

FAX—402-437-5336

Email—gmuckel@nssc.nrcs.usda.gov