1... See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.

COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 2-08-176-CV

LAINIE WHITMIRE APPELLANT

V.

NATIONAL CUTTING HORSE APPELLEE

ASSOCIATION

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FROM THE 236TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. INTRODUCTION

In three issues, Appellant Lainie Whitmire appeals the summary judgment

entered against her and in favor of Appellee National Cutting Horse Association

(the NCHA). We will affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
2... For example, to compete as a non-professional, the member must not

have received direct or indirect remuneration for showing, training, or assisting

in training at a cutting horse operation. To compete as an amateur, a member

must not have ridden horses or trained horses or horse riders for direct or

indirect remuneration or assisted in training horses or horse riders for

remuneration in the last ten years.

2

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The NCHA

The NCHA is a non-profit association whose purpose is “to encourage,

promote, advertise and develop the cutting horse as a unique and excellent

equine athlete.” The NCHA’s board of directors has the power to make and

amend the NCHA’s rules and regulations, including rules for the admission,

supervision, and expulsion of members. Members of the NCHA agree, as part

of their applications, to follow and to be bound by the NCHA rules.

Under the rules, NCHA members may compete in cutting horse

competitions as professionals, non-professionals, or amateurs, depending on

certain qualifications.2 The rules provide that any person who has trained

horses astride for direct or indirect remuneration shall be considered a

professional.

Pursuant to NCHA Rule 37, a member may file a complaint regarding an

alleged violation of NCHA rules by providing the NCHA executive director with

a written complaint and a $50.00 filing fee. Upon receipt, the NCHA president
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will appoint a grievance committee to review and to investigate the complaint

and, if necessary, to take disciplinary action against the member. The

grievance committee’s decision shall be final and binding unless the member

appeals in writing pursuant to Rule 38.

Rule 38 provides that a member may appeal the grievance committee’s

decision and that the executive committee or a hearing committee will hold a

de novo hearing regarding the alleged rule violation. The executive or hearing

committee’s decision on appeal is final and binding. Rule 38 provides, “Any

member may be disciplined . . . whenever it shall have been established by a

preponderance of the evidence that such member or non-member has violated

any rule of the Association.” A member must be given fifteen days’ notice of

a time and place for an appeal hearing and an opportunity to be heard at that

hearing.

B. Whitmire’s Membership in the NCHA

Whitmire was a member of the NCHA and competed in the amateur class.

In 2004, the NCHA sent Whitmire a letter informing her that it had concerns

regarding her amateur status and requested detailed information regarding her

past employment. Later that year, on November 1, 2004, the NCHA sent

Whitmire a second letter notifying her that the association had received

information that she previously had trained horses for remuneration in violation
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NCHA rules for amateur and non-professional statuses. Specifically, the letter

stated that “[t]he synopsis of the complaint is that you [Whitmire] have trained

barrel horses for clients and received remuneration for your training.” The letter

informed Whitmire that the NCHA president had appointed a grievance

committee to review and to investigate the complaint and that a hearing would

be held in front of the grievance committee on November 15, 2004 in order to

provide Whitmire an opportunity to be heard.

Whitmire and her attorney, Clark Brewster, appeared at the hearing. At

the conclusion of the hearing, the committee decided to revoke Whitmire’s

amateur status. The committee also decided to suspend her non-professional

status unless, within fifteen days, Whitmire produced evidence to show her

eligibility for non-professional status and took a polygraph examination

concerning her past horse training experience.

Whitmire appealed the grievance committee’s ruling pursuant to NCHA

Rule 38, and an appeal hearing was scheduled for January 19, 2005. On the

day of the hearing, Brewster and the NCHA’s attorney, E. Eldridge Goins, Jr.,

reached an oral settlement agreement. Both parties agree that they reached a

settlement agreement and that, as part of the agreement, Whitmire would

withdraw all appeals and her membership would be suspended for six months.

The parties dispute, however, whether reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-
5

professional status at the conclusion of the six-month suspension was a term

of the settlement agreement.

Goins subsequently sent Brewster a letter, purportedly confirming the

terms of the settlement agreement. The letter stated that the parties agreed

that “all pending investigations and appeals are hereby ceased,” that Whitmire’s

NCHA membership would be suspended for six months, and that Whitmire’s

amateur and non-professional statuses would be revoked. The letter did not

mention reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-professional status. Whitmire

contends, however, that Brewster contacted Goins after receiving the letter and

that Goins assured him that, contrary to the terms in the letter, Whitmire would

be eligible for reinstatement of her non-professional status at the end of her sixmonth membership suspension. The letter did not provide a signature line for

Brewster or Whitmire, and they did not otherwise respond in writing.

Sometime after the six-month membership suspension period had ended,

Whitmire applied for reinstatement of her non-professional status. The NCHA

denied her application due to ineligibility. In a letter dated March 2, 2006,

Whitmire’s new attorney, James Walker, requested reconsideration of

Whitmire’s application for non-professional status and an appeal to the NCHA

executive committee if her application was denied for a second time. The

NCHA again denied Whitmire’s application and recommended that her NCHA
3... Specifically, Whitmire requested declaratory judgment that (1) she

qualifies as a non-professional under the NCHA rules because she has never

trained horses astride for direct or indirect remuneration; (2) the NCHA cannot

recover attorney’s fees pursuant to NCHA Rule 41, which provides that the

NCHA may recover attorney’s fees when a member institutes litigation against

the NCHA, “in light of the NCHA’s concurrent insistence upon the fact that she

is not an NCHA member”; and (3) certain provisions of the NCHA’s constitution

and bylaws are vague, ambiguous, overbroad, and do not support the NCHA’s

actions against Whitmire.

6

privileges be revoked for one year because it claimed that she had made false

statements in her application. Whitmire appealed this decision, and in August

2006 the NCHA held a hearing on her appeal; Whitmire appeared with her

attorney, Walker. At the hearing, Walker acknowledged that the parties had

previously reached a settlement agreement, although he did not detail the terms

of that agreement, i.e., whether or not they had agreed that Whitmire’s nonprofessional status would ultimately be reinstated. After the hearing, the

executive committee denied Whitmire’s application for non-professional status

and suspended her NCHA membership for one year. The NCHA notified

Whitmire that she could appeal the executive committee’s decision, but she

declined to do so. 

In October 2006, Whitmire filed suit against the NCHA, asserting claims

for declaratory judgment,3 for breach of contract regarding both the oral

settlement agreement (which Whitmire claimed included the provision that her
7

non-professional status would be reinstated after her six-month suspension) and

the NCHA membership contract, and for fraud and negligent misrepresentation.

Whitmire asserted a libel claim alleging that the NCHA published that she had

violated NCHA rules in an official NCHA publication. She also asserted claims

for violations of due process and breach of fiduciary duty based on the NCHA’s

disciplinary actions against her. Finally, she asserted claims for false

imprisonment and intentional infliction of emotional distress based on facts not

relevant to this appeal.

Sometime after Whitmire filed this lawsuit, the NCHA notified her that a

hearing had been scheduled to determine whether to indefinitely terminate her

membership and requested her attendance at the hearing. Whitmire did not

appear at the hearing, and the NCHA executive committee revoked her

membership. Whitmire did not appeal this ruling.

In response to Whitmire’s lawsuit, the NCHA filed a motion for summary

judgment based on the doctrine of judicial non-intervention. Specifically, the

NCHA claimed that Whitmire’s claims for declaratory judgment, breach of

contract, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, violation of due process, violation

of fiduciary duty, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress arose from

disciplinary proceedings for Whitmire’s violation of NCHA rules and that these

claims are barred by the judicial non-intervention doctrine. The NCHA also filed
8

a supplemental traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment

regarding Whitmire’s claims for breach of the oral settlement agreement and

false imprisonment. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the

NCHA on all of Whitmire’s claims except false imprisonment and intentional

infliction of emotional distress; the trial court ordered those claims severed, and

Whitmire perfected this appeal.

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. NO-EVIDENCE SUMMARY JUDGMENT

After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of

proof may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the

ground that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the

nonmovant’s claim or defense. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). The motion must

specifically state the elements for which there is no evidence. Id.; Johnson v.

Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 207 (Tex. 2002). The trial court

must grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces summary judgment

evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact. See Tex. R. Civ. P.

166a(i) & cmt.; Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.

2002).

When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, we examine the entire

record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable
9

inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. Sudan v. Sudan, 199

S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006). If the nonmovant brings forward more than a

scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact, then

a no-evidence summary judgment is not proper. Moore v. K Mart Corp., 981

S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). We review a

no-evidence summary judgment for evidence that would enable reasonable and

fair-minded jurors to differ in their conclusions. Hamilton v. Wilson, 249

S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 2008) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802,

822 (Tex. 2005)).

B. Traditional Summary Judgment

A defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential element of

a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. IHS Cedars

Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex.

2004). Once the defendant produces sufficient evidence to establish the right

to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to come forward with

competent controverting evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact with

regard to the element challenged by the defendant. Centeq Realty, Inc. v.

Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995).
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IV. JUDICIAL NON-INTERVENTION DOCTRINE

In her first issue, Whitmire argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment for the NCHA based on the judicial non-intervention

doctrine. She claims that the doctrine does not apply to her claims for

declaratory judgment, breach of contract, fraud, negligent misrepresentation,

violation of due process, violation of fiduciary duty, and libel. Specifically,

Whitmire contends that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether

the NCHA complied with its own rules.

Traditionally, courts are not disposed to interfere with the internal

management of a voluntary association. Harden v. Colonial Country Club, 634

S.W.2d 56, 59 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1982, writ ref’d n.r.e.). By becoming

a member, a person subjects himself, within legal limits, to the organization’s

power to make and administer its rules. Id. Thus, courts will not interfere with

the internal management of voluntary associations so long as the governing

bodies of those associations do not substitute legislation for interpretation and

do not overstep the bounds of reason or violate public policy or the laws of the

state. See Dickey v. Club Corp. of Am., 12 S.W.3d 172, 176 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied); Burge v. Am. Quarter Horse Ass’n, 782

S.W.2d 353, 355 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1990, no writ); Butler v. Hide-A-Way

Lake Club, Inc., 730 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1987, writ ref’d
11

n.r.e.); Harden, 634 S.W.2d at 59; Adams v. Am. Quarter Horse Ass’n, 583

S.W.2d 828, 834 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1979, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Hoey v.

San Antonio Real Estate Bd., 297 S.W.2d 214, 217 (Tex. Civ. App.—San

Antonio 1956, no writ); Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Price, 108 S.W.2d 239, 241

(Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1937, writ dism’d). Judicial review is only proper

when the actions of the organization are illegal, against some public policy,

arbitrary, or capricious. Harden, 634 S.W.2d at 60; Butler, 730 S.W.2d at

410.

Accordingly, Texas common law severely limits review of a private

association’s actions. Dallas County Med. Soc’y v. Ubinas Brache, 68 S.W.3d

31, 41 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, pet. denied), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 970

(2002). Courts have gone so far as to state that they will not review a private

association’s failure to conduct its business according to its own procedures

except for the purpose of protecting some civil or property right. Id. at 41–42;

Price, 108 S.W.2d at 241.

In this case, the NCHA attached to its summary judgment motion the

affidavit of the NCHA executive director, Jeff Hooper. In his affidavit, Hooper

stated that “the rules and regulations of the NCHA . . . were consistently

applied in dealing with any and all complaints against Lainie Whitmire.” Hooper

stated that the association received a complaint against Whitmire “as prescribed
12

by NCHA rules,” that it notified Whitmire of the complaint and provided her an

opportunity to respond to the charges against her “as prescribed by NCHA

rules,” that a grievance committee was empaneled “in accordance with NCHA

Rule 37,” that Whitmire received notice of the hearing before the grievance

committee and attended it with her attorney, and that Whitmire requested an

appeal of the grievance committee’s decision pursuant to Rule 38.

Whitmire contends that the summary judgment evidence contradicts

Hooper’s affidavit and instead demonstrates that the NCHA violated its own

rules in investigating and in punishing Whitmire. Whitmire specifically argues

that the summary judgment evidence shows that the NCHA (1) did not receive

a formal complaint in accordance with NCHA Rule 37, (2) did not comply with

Rule 38’s requirement that a preponderance of the evidence establish a

member’s rule violation before that member may be punished and instead

placed the burden of proof on Whitmire, and (3) found that Whitmire violated

NCHA rules for activities not prohibited under the association’s rules.

But the NCHA has the right to interpret its own agreements, such as its

bylaws and rules. See Burge, 782 S.W.2d at 355. By voluntarily becoming a

member of the NCHA, Whitmire agreed to be bound by its rules and the

NCHA’s power to make and administer its rules. See Dickey, 12 S.W.3d at

177; Lawrence v. Ridgewood Country Club, 635 S.W.2d 665, 667 (Tex.
13

App.—Waco 1992, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Nothing in the record suggests that the

NCHA’s actions toward Whitmire were illegal, against public policy, arbitrary,

or capricious. See Harden, 634 S.W.2d at 60; Butler, 730 S.W.2d at 410.

Whitmire received notice of the complaint against her and fifteen days’ notice

of a hearing on that complaint and was afforded a right to be heard and to

present evidence at that hearing. She appeared at the hearing and called

herself and one other witness to testify on her behalf. She also exercised her

right to appeal the outcome of that hearing and presented evidence at the

appeal hearing. After being subsequently denied reinstatement of her nonprofessional status, she requested and received review of her denial by the nonprofessional committee and review of that committee’s determination before

the executive committee. She received over a month’s notice of a hearing

before the executive committee, was informed of her right to appear and to

present evidence at that hearing, and did in fact appear at that hearing with her

attorney.

Whitmire’s appellate complaints about the procedures utilized by the

NCHA are exactly the type of complaints in which Texas courts have declined

to intervene. See Tex. Thoroughbred Breeders Ass’n v. Donnan, 202 S.W.3d

213, 225 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2006, pet. denied); see also Ubinas Brache, 68

S.W.3d at 42–43 (noting that “the requirements for judicial review are more
4... We will address separately below Whitmire’s breach of contract claim

regarding the oral settlement agreement.

14

than a mere breach of [the association’s] own policies”). Whitmire’s complaints

address the technical aspect of the NHCA’s application of its rules to her but

do not allege a wholesale deprivation of due process or the opportunity to be

heard in violation of some civil or property right. Compare Juarez v. Tex. Ass’n

of Sporting Officials El Paso Chapter, 172 S.W.3d 274, 280 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2005, no pet.) (holding judicial non-intervention doctrine would apply so

long as actions of board of directors were not illegal, against public policy,

arbitrary, capricious, or fraudulent), and Burge, 782 S.W.2d at 356 (declining

to interfere in association’s private affairs when appellant received notice and

hearing), with Hatley v. Am. Quarter Horse Ass’n, 552 F.2d 646, 656 (5th Cir.

1977) (holding that executive committee’s decision to refuse registration

without a hearing violated due process).

For these reasons, we will decline to interfere in the right of the NCHA

to govern its own affairs. Consequently, we hold that the trial court did not err

by granting summary judgment for the NCHA on Whitmire’s claims for

declaratory judgment, breach of contract for revoking her non-professional and

membership statuses in violation of NCHA rules,4 fraud and negligent

misrepresentation to the extent that they involve the general allegation that the
5... We will address separately below Whitmire’s fraud and negligent

representation claims for statements Goins allegedly made to Brewster

regarding reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-professional status.

15

NCHA made certain representations to her in the course of its business,5 libel,

violation of due process, and breach of fiduciary duty. We overrule Whitmire’s

first issue.

V. BREACH OF ORAL CONTRACT

In her second issue, Whitmire argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment for the NCHA on her breach of contract claim regarding the

oral settlement agreement. Whitmire claims that the NCHA breached the oral

settlement agreement by refusing to reinstate her non-professional status after

her six-month suspension—which she claims was a term of the oral settlement

agreement.

The NCHA moved for both a no-evidence and a traditional summary

judgment on Whitmire’s breach of contract, i.e., the oral settlement agreement,

claim. The trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of the NCHA

does not specify the basis for its ruling. Therefore, because the NCHA moved

for summary judgment on both traditional and no-evidence grounds and because

the trial court did not specify the grounds on which it was granted, we will

uphold the summary judgment if any one of the grounds advanced in either of
16

the motions is meritorious. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145

S.W.3d 150, 157 (Tex. 2004).

When a party moves for summary judgment under both rules 166a(c) and

166a(i), we will first review the trial court’s judgment under the standards of

rule 166a(i). Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004).

If the appellant failed to produce more than a scintilla of evidence under that

burden, then there is no need to analyze whether the appellee’s summary

judgment proof satisfied the less stringent rule 166a(c) burden. Id.

A. Analysis of No-Evidence Summary Judgment Motion

In its no-evidence motion, the NCHA alleged that no evidence exists that

an authorized agent of the NCHA, while acting within the course and scope of

his authority, agreed to a reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-professional status

as a term of the oral settlement agreement or that the NCHA ratified or

approved any oral settlement agreement including that term.

Generally, a principal will be liable for the acts of its agent only if the acts

are within the agent’s authority or if the principal ratifies the acts. See Elliot

Valve Repair Co. v. B.J. Valve & Fitting Co., 675 S.W.2d 555, 560–61 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.]), rev’d on other grounds, 679 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. 1984).

If an agent acts within the scope of his authority, both the agent and the

principal may be liable. Wynne v. Adcock Pipe & Supply, 761 S.W.2d 67, 69
17

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, writ denied). The burden of proving that an

agency relationship exists is on the party asserting the existence of the

relationship. See Tex. Cityview Care Center LP v. Fryer, 227 S.W.3d 345, 352

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. dism’d); Sanders v. Total Heat & Air, Inc.,

248 S.W.3d 907, 913 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).

An attorney retained for litigation is presumed to possess actual authority

to enter into a settlement on behalf of a client. City of Roanoke v. Town of

Westlake, 111 S.W.3d 617, 628 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied).

This presumption may be rebutted by affirmative proof that the client did not

authorize his attorney to enter into the settlement. Walden v. Sanger, 250

S.W.2d 312, 316 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1952, no writ); Johnson v. Rancho

Guadalupe, Inc., 789 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1990, writ

denied); Fail v. Lee, 535 S.W.2d 203, 207–08 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth

1976, no writ) (affirming summary judgment enforcing settlement agreement

absent proof that defendant did not authorize his attorney to settle).

 In this case, the summary judgment evidence establishes, and neither

party contests, that Goins represented the NCHA in its dispute with Whitmire.

Thus, a presumption exists that Goins, as the attorney for the NCHA, had

actual authority to enter into a settlement agreement with Whitmire on behalf

of the NCHA. See City of Roanoke, 111 S.W.3d at 628. The summary
18

judgment evidence also establishes—and the NCHA does not dispute—that the

NCHA, at a minimum, had authorized Goins to settle the dispute pursuant to

the terms of the letter from Goins to Brewster. Thus, in light of the

presumption that Goins was acting with actual authority as the attorney for the

NCHA, the NCHA bore the burden to come forward with summary judgment

evidence that Goins was not authorized to include in the oral settlement

agreement the provision that Whitmire’s non-professional status would be

reinstated after her six-month membership suspension. See City of Roanoke,

111 S.W.3d at 630 (recognizing that “Westlake rebutted the presumption by

clear and uncontradicted summary judgment evidence by proving that its

attorney of record was never authorized by valid action of the governing body

of Westlake to settle, nor was he clothed with apparent authority”).

Because the NCHA bore the burden of proof to rebut the presumption that

Goins was authorized by the NCHA to include in the oral settlement agreement

the provision that Whitmire’s non-professional status would be reinstated after

her six-month suspension, this issue cannot form the basis of a no-evidence

summary judgment motion. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) (providing that the

party without the burden of proof may, without presenting evidence, move for

summary judgment). Accordingly, we hold that to the extent the trial court
19

based its summary judgment for the NCHA on the NCHA’s no-evidence motion,

the trial court erred.

B. Analysis of Traditional Summary Judgment Motion

In its traditional motion for summary judgment, the NCHA asserted that

the summary judgment evidence conclusively establishes that Goins lacked the

actual authority to include in the oral settlement agreement the provision that

Whitmire’s non-professional status would be reinstated at the conclusion of her

six-month membership suspension. The summary judgment evidence that the

NCHA contends conclusively establishes this fact is the deposition testimony

and the affidavit of former NCHA president Don Bussey. Bussey testified at his

deposition that the NCHA’s executive board authorized Goins to settle the

dispute with Whitmire according to the terms of the letter that Goins sent to

Brewster. Bussey testified that Goins showed a draft of the letter to the

executive board and asked if the board would agree to those terms. On crossexamination, however, Bussey testified that “what [he] saw was not addressed

to Mr. Brewster. [He] only saw the outline of the settlement.” The NCHA

could not produce the outline to which Bussey had referred, and Bussey later

contradicted several portions of his deposition testimony in his summary

judgment affidavit. He stated in his affidavit, 
20

It is my understanding that based upon certain testimony taken at

[my deposition] that Plaintiff’s counsel is under the mistaken

impression that I testified as to the existence of a document

containing the same information as a document identified as Exhibit

105 [the letter from Goins to Brewster] but in a different form. I

did not testify that there was a document but that I was familiar

with the terms that was [sic] in document 105. Whether this was

verbal or in another document, I cannot testify to. The only

document I have seen containing any terms, proposed or otherwise

as to a settlement . . . was the document identified as Exhibit 105.

I have seen no other form of this document nor do I know the

existence of one.

It is a well-established rule that a deposition does not have controlling

effect over an affidavit in determining whether a motion for summary judgment

should be granted. See Randall v. Dallas Power & Light Co., 752 S.W.2d 4, 5

(Tex. 1988). Thus, if conflicting inferences may be drawn from a deposition

and from an affidavit filed by the same party in opposition to a motion for

summary judgment, a fact issue is presented. Id.; Hale v. Pena, 991 S.W.2d

942, 946–47 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.).

In this instance, Bussey’s affidavit contradicts his deposition testimony

and creates a fact issue regarding whether the executive board approved the

settlement terms contained in the letter or in an outline that the NCHA was

unable to produce. See Randall, 752 S.W.2d at 5; Hale, 991 S.W.2d at

946–47. Bussey did not testify that the NCHA did not approve a term in the

oral settlement agreement concerning the reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-
21

professional status at the conclusion of her six-month suspension, and the

NCHA failed to produce any other summary judgment evidence to negate or

rebut the presumption that Goins was authorized to include in the oral

settlement agreement a provision that Whitmire’s non-professional status would

be reinstated at the conclusion of her six-month suspension. See Mason, 143

S.W.3d at 798; City of Roanoke, 111 S.W.3d at 628.

The NCHA further asserted as a basis for its traditional motion for

summary judgment that the letter from Goins to Brewster was a binding

settlement agreement and did not include the term concerning reinstatement of

Whitmire’s non-professional status. But neither Whitmire nor her attorney

signed the letter, only Goins signed it. See, e.g., In re Bunzl USA, Inc., 155

S.W.3d 202, 209 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.) (noting that in absence

of signature, other evidence must be relied upon to prove party’s unconditional

assent to terms of written contract). In fact, the letter did not even contain a

signature line for Whitmire or her attorney.

In support of its contention that the summary judgment evidence

conclusively establishes that Goins’s letter constituted a binding settlement

agreement, the NCHA also relies on the transcript from one of the hearings on

Whitmire’s non-professional status. The NCHA argues that Whitmire’s

attorney, Walker, “in [Whitmire’s] presence acknowledged that the January 19,
6... The following exchange took place between Walker and Goins at this

hearing: 

Mr. Walker: And it’s this exception that has also been used as a

bar to her coming back as a Non-Pro, even having accepted the sixmonth suspension based upon an agreement that was reached

between Mr. Brewster as her counsel and Mr. Goins as y’all’s

counsel. That’s just an agreement reached between counsel,

basically to try to smooth things over and end the fight.

Mr. Goins: Wait a minute. Are you saying it wasn’t binding, that

she didn’t agree to it and the association didn’t agree to it?

. . . . 

Mr. Walker: I’m not denying that it was binding, sir.

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2005 Settlement Agreement was a binding agreement and made no mention at

the time of any alleged oral agreement.” But the transcript of that hearing

reveals that Walker agreed only that the parties had reached a binding

agreement; he did not detail the terms of that agreement and could have been

referring to the oral settlement agreement.6

Finally, as summary judgment evidence that the letter constituted a

binding settlement agreement, the NCHA points to evidence that at the

conclusion of Whitmire’s six-month suspension she reapplied for her nonprofessional status, rather than demanding automatic reinstatement. The

NCHA asserted that this evidence shows that Whitmire had “acted in

accordance with the terms of the [letter] for well over a year.” But Whitmire
23

explained in her deposition that after her six-month suspension had ended, she

waited to receive confirmation that her non-professional status had been

automatically reinstated but that she ultimately reapplied after she did not hear

anything about her reinstatement. When asked why she reapplied instead of

asking the NCHA to abide by their oral settlement agreement, Whitmire testified

that she “thought that [she] could work through the system and, without it

involving attorneys and a bunch of expenses, get [her] non-pro card back.”

To controvert these contentions by the NCHA, Whitmire produced

summary judgment evidence consisting of deposition testimony from herself

and from Brewster that Goins, as the attorney for the NCHA, orally agreed that

if she would stop all appeals and agree to a six-month membership suspension

and revocation of her amateur status, the NCHA would reinstate her nonprofessional status at the expiration of that six-month suspension.

In sum, taking as true all evidence favorable to Whitmire, indulging every

reasonable inference in her favor, and resolving any doubts in her favor, we

hold that the NCHA has not conclusively proven that Goins lacked the authority

to offer reinstatement of Whitmire’s non-professional status as part of the oral

settlement agreement or that the terms of the oral settlement agreement were

as stated in Goins’s letter and did not include the provision that at the

conclusion of Whitmire’s six-month suspension her non-professional status
7... It is hard to imagine that Whitmire, who was appealing the revocation

of her amateur status and suspension of her non-professional status, would

have “settled” her dispute with the NCHA by agreeing to a revocation of her

amateur and non-professional statuses and a six-month suspension.

24

would be reinstated.7 See Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656,

661 (Tex. 2005); City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671,

678 (Tex. 1979). We hold that the trial court erred by granting summary

judgment in favor of the NCHA on Whitmire’s breach of contract claim

regarding the oral settlement agreement. We sustain Whitmire’s second issue.

VI. FRAUD AND NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION CLAIMS

In her third issue, Whitmire argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment for the NCHA on her fraud and negligent misrepresentation

claims. Whitmire does not challenge the merits of the trial court’s summary

judgment on these claims but instead asserts a purely procedural point on

appeal. Whitmire argues that she asserted two separate factual grounds for her

fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims and contends that the NCHA

sought summary judgment only with respect to one factual ground for each

claim.

Summary judgment cannot be granted except on the grounds expressly

presented in the motion. Johnson, 73 S.W.3d at 204; Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v.

Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tex. 1997). In determining whether grounds
8... For example, Whitmire alleged in her petition that the NCHA “made

a material representation to Lainie Whitmire that if she paid her membership

dues and abided by the NCHA rules, she would be granted her Non-Professional

status and NCHA membership.” In the next sentence, she alleged, “The NCHA,

acting by and through its legal agents and representatives, including . . . Goins,

further represented that if Mrs. Whitmire accepted a six (6) month suspension

of her NCHA membership benefits, and revocation of her amateur status, her

NCHA membership and corresponding Non-Professional status would be

reinstated . . . .”

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are expressly presented, reliance may not be placed on briefs or summary

judgment evidence. McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d

337, 341 (Tex. 1993). The purpose of this requirement is to provide the

opposing party with adequate information for opposing the motion and to define

the issues or points for the purpose of summary judgment. Westchester Fire

Ins. Co. v. Alvarez, 576 S.W.2d 771, 772 (Tex. 1978); Camden Mach. & Tool,

Inc. v. Cascade Co., 870 S.W.2d 304, 309 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no

writ).

Whitmire claims that she pleaded fraud and negligent misrepresentation

claims on two separate factual grounds—(1) that “the NCHA’s revocation of her

non-professional status was inconsistent with the representations contained in

the NCHA’s membership rules,” and (2) that “the NCHA, through Goins,

misrepresented that Whitmire’s non-professional status would be reinstated

upon completion of the agreed six month suspension.” But her petition does

not assert these two grounds as clearly as she contends on appeal.8 Instead,
26

her petition appears to assert only one ground for her fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims: Goins’s representation that her non-professional

status would be reinstated at the end of her six-month membership suspension.

After examining Whitmire’s pleading, we hold that her petition does not assert

two separate, distinct factual grounds for her fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims.

But even assuming that Whitmire’s petition sufficiently alleged two

distinct and separate grounds for her fraud and negligent misrepresentation

claims, the NCHA’s summary judgment motion adequately asserted its right to

summary judgment on both factual grounds. The portion of the NCHA’s

summary judgment motion regarding Whitmire’s fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims alleged:

Plaintiff’s fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims . . .

are based, in part, on the following allegations:

“The NCHA made a material representation to Lanie

[sic] Whitmire that if she paid her membership dues

and abided by the NCHA rules, she would be granted

her Non-Professional status and NCHA membership.”

(Fourth Amended Petition at ¶¶ 69 and 73)

This portion of Plaintiff’s fraud claims is no more than a

restatement of Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim and should be

dismissed as a matter of law. Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Reed,

711 S.W.2d 617, 618 (Tex. 1986). Further, for the reasons stated

above, any such claim is barred by the judicial non-intervention

doctrine and must be dismissed.
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Whitmire argues on appeal that the NCHA’s use the phrases “in part” and

“[t]his portion” in its summary judgment motion as set forth above makes it

clear that the NCHA’s motion sought summary judgment based only on her first

factual ground for her fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims—that the

revocation of her non-professional status was inconsistent with the

representations contained in the NCHA’s membership rules.

While it is true, as Whitmire contends, that summary judgment cannot be

granted except on the grounds expressly presented in the summary judgment

motion, the NCHA’s motion did specifically set forth its ground for summary

judgment—that Whitmire’s fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims are

simply a restatement of her breach of contract claim. Johnson, 73 S.W.3d at

204. Thus, the summary judgment granted for the NCHA was on a ground

specifically set forth in its motion—that Whitmire’s fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims were simply a restatement of her breach of the oral

contract claim. See Fiengo v. Gen. Motors Corp., 225 S.W.3d 858, 863 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (holding that defendant’s summary judgment

motion sufficiently asserted grounds for defeating the entirety of plaintiffs’

claims); see also Schiller v. Lewis, No. 05-07-00209-CV, 2008 WL 3318884,

at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 12, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that

summary judgment motion adequately addressed plaintiffs’ new claims, which
28

“merely alleged a new reason why” summary judgment was not appropriate).

The NCHA’s motion for summary judgment put Whitmire on notice and

provided her with adequate information for her to oppose its assertion that her

fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims were simply restatements of her

breach of oral contract claim. See, e.g., Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 576 S.W.2d

at 772. And Whitmire does not challenge on appeal the merits of the trial

court’s summary judgment on these claims; she asserts only that the NCHA did

not move for summary judgment on both factual grounds for her fraud and

negligent misrepresentation claims. For the reasons set forth above, we hold

that no procedural defect exists in the NCHA’s motion. We overrule Whitmire’s

third issue.

VII. CONCLUSION

The trial court properly granted summary judgment on Whitmire’s claims

against the NCHA for declaratory judgment, breach of contract for revoking her

non-professional and membership status in violation of the NCHA rules, libel,

violation of due process, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligent

misrepresentation. However, the trial court improperly granted final summary

judgment in favor of the NCHA for Whitmire’s breach of contract claim

regarding the oral settlement agreement. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
29

court’s judgment in part, reverse the trial court’s judgment in part, and remand

this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

SUE WALKER

JUSTICE

PANEL: CAYCE, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 23, 2009