Spring 2002

ISSUE FOCUS: 

Premium Energy 

Efficiency Systems

Boilers, furnaces, and other process heaters

account for about two-thirds of the energy

used by U.S. manufacturers. Considering

the cost, productivity, and environmental

implications of this intensive energy use, it

follows that every manufacturing industry

could benefit from improved combustion

technologies. OIT and the Industrial Center,

a natural gas trade organization and an OIT

Allied Partner, have teamed up to promote

the use of new gas combustion technologies to industrial end users who want to

increase productivity and competitiveness.

Since 1991, more than a dozen new gas

combustion technologies have been introduced to the manufacturing market. (Read

about some of these in the accompanying

gas technologies sidebar.) Here, we will

provide an overview of three of the newer,

cutting-edge natural gas technologies. 

Forced Internal Recirculation Burner

The forced internal recirculation (FIR)

burner is being developed to dramatically

reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon

monoxide (CO) emissions from naturalgas-fired steam boilers without sacrificing

boiler efficiency. The NOx emissions goal

is less than 9 volumetric parts per million

(vppm) and the CO emissions goal is less

than 50 vppm. 

The FIR burner combines several techniques to reduce emissions:

■ Premixed substoichiometric combustion

and significant internal recirculation of

partial combustion products in the first

stage to achieve stable, uniform combustion that minimizes peak flame temperatures and pockets of high oxygen

concentration

■ Enhanced heat transfer from the first

stage to reduce combustion temperatures in the second stage

■ Controlled second-stage combustion to

further minimize peak flame temperature.

This burner can reduce emissions without using diluents such as steam, water, or

external flue gas recirculation. It can

increase system efficiency, plus reduce

New Gas Technologies Cut Costs and Emissions

IN THIS ISSUE

New Gas Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

IAC Study on Steam Efficiency . . . . . . . 5

Augusta Newsprint Showcase . . . . . . . . 5

Copper Motor Rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

New NEMA PremiumTM Efficiency 

Motor Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

TAPPI Signs Allied Partner 

Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

California Energy Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

PHAST Evaluates Process Heating . . . 10

Ask the Clearinghouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Solicitations for Plant-Wide

Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

EM Extra Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Coming Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

“TURNING INFORMATION INTO ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRY”

OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES

T OF ENERGY

DEPARTMEN

U

E

NITED STAT S OFA

ERICA

M

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

www.oit.doe.gov 

www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices

(continued on page 2) 

Oscillating combustion technology can produce significant fuel savings, reduce 

NOx emissions, and can be installed as a simple retrofit, requiring no burner or 

furnace modification.

The forced internal recirculation 

(FIR) burner—just one of many new

efficient natural gas technologies.

Learn about others on page 3.

Air Liquide/PIX 11020
2 Energy Matters, Spring 2002

ENERGY MATTERS

is published quarterly by the 

U.S. Department of Energy’s

(DOE) Office of Industrial 

Technologies (OIT). 

Information contained in the

newsletter can be reproduced

without permission provided due

acknowledgement is given (the

U.S. Department of Energy’s 

Energy Matters newsletter) and 

a copy of the publication is 

supplied to the editor.

■

EDITORIAL BOARD

Rob Boteler, representing

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association

Lynda Butek, representing 

Electrical Apparatus Service 

Association

Bill Clark, University City 

Science Center

Gary L. Goehring, Alcoa 

North American Extrusions

Glenn Hahn, Spirax Sarco

J. Bruce Medaris, Facilities 

Consulting Services and 

Executive Director, Compressed

Air Challenge®

Arvind Thekdi, E3M, Inc.

Chuck Whelan, DuPont 

■

DOE STAFF

Chris Cockrill, BestPractices,

Motors

David Crouch, BestPractices

Communications 

Bob Gemmer, BestPractices,

Process Heating

Fred Hart, BestPractices, Steam 

Peter Salmon-Cox, BestPractices

Program Manager

■

COMMENTS? 

Contact: 

David Wagman, Energy Matters

Editor, at 303-275-3602, 

e-mail david_wagman@nrel.gov

or Karen Atkison, Associate 

Editor at 303-275-3730, e-mail 

karen_atkison@nrel.gov

1617 Cole Blvd., MS 1609

Golden, CO 80401

For new subscriptions, go to

www.oit.doe.gov/

bestpractices/explore_library/

energy_matters.shtml

For address/subscription changes,

please contact the editor.

developmental, operating, maintenance,

and capital costs when compared to currently available low NOx burner systems.

One significant feature is that it can be

installed new or retrofitted to a wide range

of combustion chamber configurations.

These include watertube boilers used in

the paper, chemicals, petroleum refining,

food, and steel industries.

Currently, the FIR burner is operating on

two natural-gas-fired industrial boilers: a

2.5-million Btu/hr firetube boiler at Vandenberg Air Force Base, and a 60-million Btu/hr

watertube boiler at a California brewery. It is

also being adapted to fire on downfired

once-through boilers and for steel industry

boilers firing mixtures of natural gas, coke

oven gas, and blast furnace gas. The technology is being developed by a partnership

composed of OIT; the Gas Technology Institute (an organization that combined the former Gas Research Institute and the Institute

of Gas Technology); Southern California Gas

Company; Coen Company, Incorporated;

Peabody Engineering Corporation; and

Johnston Boiler Company.

Oscillating Combustion

When the fuel flow rate to a burner is

oscillated with a special valve action, it creates oscillating combustion. The oscillation

creates successive, NOx-formation-retarding,

fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones within the

flame. Heat transfer from the flame to the

load is increased because of more luminous fuel-rich zones and the breakup of

the thermal boundary layer. The increased

heat transfer shortens heat-up times,

thereby increasing thermal efficiency. 

One of the major benefits of this technology is that it can be installed as a simple retrofit, requiring no burner or furnace

modification. Furthermore, recent testing

has shown significant fuel savings and NOx

emissions reductions.

Several field evaluations of oscillating

combustion have been completed. One was

on a batch-annealing furnace in a steel mill.

It showed a 2% to 5% fuel savings and a

32% NOx reduction. Another was on an

oxy-fuel-fired glass melter in a fiberglass

plant. In this case, a fuels savings of 3% to

4%, oxygen use savings of 10% to 14%, and

a NOx reduction of 55% were documented.

In another recent evaluation at a forging

facility, fuel savings of up to 3% and NOx

reductions of up to 49% were achieved.

These evaluations were performed by a partnership composed of OIT; the Gas Technology Institute; Air Liquide America; Bethlehem

Steel Corporation; California Air Resources

Board; CeramPhysics, Incorporated; Columbia Energy Group; GT Development Corporation; Southern California Gas Company;

and Synergistic Partners, Incorporated.

Oscillating combustion can be applied

to many types of furnaces used in the steel

industry, including box annealing, steel

reheating, and ladle drying and preheating.

In addition, it is expected to be used

widely in glass melters, aluminum melting

furnaces, forging furnaces, metal-melting

furnaces, cement and lime kilns, and other

high-temperature furnaces.

Smart, Integrated Burner/

Fired-Heater Systems

Yet another gas technology is showing

great promise, along with some proven

results. An advanced process heater is being

developed for refinery and chemical plant

applications. OIT; Arthur D. Little, Incorporated; ExxonMobil Research and Engineering

New Gas Technologies

continued from page 1

(continued on page 4) 

Test furnaces for high-efficiency, ultralow-emission, integrated process heater

systems.

Peter Lortus, Arthur D. Little, Incorporated/PIX 11014
Energy Matters, Spring 2002 3

A Sampling of Current Gas Technologies

Excerpted from the Technology Tour pages of the Industrial Center Web site: www.industrialcenter.

org/techtour/techtour.htm.

Air Compressor—The primary difference between an electric and natural gas-engine-driven air compressor is the prime mover. The natural gas engine is a variable speed driver that is ideally suited to

power a rotary screw air compressor because it takes advantage of its positive displacement characteristics. For more information, see www.aircompressor.org.

Catalytic Oxidation—Catalytic oxidation is similar to thermal oxidation in that heat energy is used to

convert hydrocarbon fuels to carbon dioxide and water vapor. A catalyst is used to lower the activation energy of the combustion reaction, allowing combustion to occur at temperatures significantly

lower than those of thermal systems.

Central Thermal Fluid Systems—A thermal fluid system is similar to a hot water heater operating at

temperatures below 212°F. The advantage of thermal fluids is the ability to provide operating temperatures of 575° to 800°F at atmospheric pressure. At these temperatures, thermal heat transfer fluids

remain chemically and thermally stable, and high-pressure operating systems are avoided.

The primary components of a gas-fired Central Thermal Fluid System (CTFS) are the heating unit, gas

burner, control panel, expansion tank, de-aerator, and main circulating pump. The CTFS is generally

skid mounted. A complete system requires piping, insulation, and valving to control temperature and

possibly additional pumps to achieve the required temperature control for individual heating loops.

Chillers—A gas-engine-driven chiller employs the same refrigeration cycle as a standard electric

chiller, but has several advantages. The main difference is that the electric motor is replaced by an

industrial duty natural gas engine.

Co-firing and Reburning—Natural gas co-firing in stoker boilers is now maturing as an off-the-shelf

tool to improve the economics and operation of stoker boiler systems. Co-firing and reburning are

the lowest capital cost technologies for reducing stoker emissions. Natural gas co-firing is the simultaneous firing of natural gas and a solid fuel using specialized burners and controls. Co-firing applied

to stoker boilers typically involves two burners designed to create a spinning flame that more thoroughly burns particulate.

Desiccant Dryers—Desiccant systems can be used in three ways: spot dehumidification, machine

shrouding, and full area conditioning. Spot dehumidifiers deliver dry air directly over the surface of 

a mold when it opens. This method uses a small dehumidifier and requires ductwork to bring the

dehumidified air to the mold cavity. Machine shrouding involves construction of a small chamber to

encase the molding machine and limit the infiltration of moist air to the machine. In full-area air conditioning, distribution ductwork is eliminated. However, with a larger space to condition, the unit must

be sized to compensate for room openings, people and the presence of other types of equipment.

Gas-Fired Vacuum Furnaces—One of the greatest benefits of gas-fired vacuum furnaces is their substantially lower energy cost. Natural gas is usually substantially lower in cost than electricity per Btu

of heat input. In addition, the processes used in gas vacuum heat treating allow faster cycle times and

higher product consistency. These benefits can greatly increase production.

Infrared Paper Drying—Gas catalytic infrared paper drying is a quick-cooling, flameless method of

removing moisture from paper as it is being manufactured. Benefits of this technology include high

overall efficiency, low operating cost, low maintenance cost, and an automatic moisture leveling effect.

Resin Dryers—Natural gas can be used in resin dryers to heat the air stream to relatively low temperatures (200° to 300°F) to pre-dry and pre-warm the resin prior to entering a molding machine. In

addition, natural gas can be used to regenerate the desiccant bed or moisture-laden air circuits.

Thermal Oxidation—Thermal oxidation is a process in which organic-laden emission streams are

combusted at high temperatures to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. There are three types of

thermal oxidizers—direct flame (afterburner), recuperative, and regenerative—differentiated by the

equipment used for heat recovery. Afterburners employ no heat recovery equipment. Recuperative

systems use heat exchangers, while regenerative systems rely on ceramic beds for heat recovery.
4 Energy Matters, Spring 2002

Company; and Callidus Technologies,

Incorporated are developing and demonstrating the technology base for a high-efficiency, ultra-low emission (ULE) integrated

process heater system. Four advanced

technologies are being incorporated:

■ ULE smart burners 

■ A specially designed fired heater with

enhanced heat recovery, optimized for

use with the ULE burner systems

■ An online process tube temperature

sensing and burner control system to

enhance heat transfer, reduce maintenance costs, and increase run lengths

■ An adaptive Predictive Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS) to provide continuous emissions information without

costly continuous emissions monitoring

(CEMS) equipment.

Designed for both natural and forceddraft operation, the ULE burner internally

recirculates furnace flue gases to reduce the

rate of NOx formation without compromising efficiency. Advanced system components (burners, sensors, control systems, and

heat exchangers) are being developed for

use in both new and retrofit applications.

Results from the process-heater development project indicate that this technology

has the potential to save 110 trillion Btu per

year in the U.S. refining and chemicals

industries (with 100% market penetration).

It could decrease CO2 emissions by 7.2

million tons annually and decrease NOx

emissions by 200,000 tons annually (an

85% reduction in the chemicals and refining industries). It is further estimated that an

industrial plant could save $100,000 in

capital and labor per installation by using

PEMS instead of CEMS technology.

To capture near-term benefits, system

components are being designed for use in

retrofit applications. Economically attractive technologies will be demonstrated at

an ExxonMobil refinery.

A prototype ULE burner has already

been scaled up for commercial application.

This commercial model has been demonstrated in the field and is now available to

the oil and chemical industries, according

to Chuck Benson, a Vice President at

Arthur D. Little, Incorporated, who manages the firm’s Energy and Transportation

Technology Sector.

Widespread Industry Potential

The appeal of these three technologies

is that they can be used in many common

process heating situations throughout

industry, according to Henry Mak, a technology development consultant with

Southern California Gas Company and an

active Industrial Center member. For example, he says, the FIR burner can be used

with both boilers and furnaces. Oscillating

combustion has broad applicability

because of its large potential for retrofitting, and its cost is “extremely reasonable,” he says. Furthermore, he states, the

smart burner/fired-heater system technology “has a lot of control built into it.” The

uniformity of heating improves product

quality and cuts waste. 

Choosing the Right Technology 

As you can see, there are many new

cost-saving, energy-efficient gas combustion technologies. If you would like to learn

more about choosing the appropriate technology for your plant, log on to the Industrial Center Web site at www.industrial

center.org; contact Richard Biljetina, Director of Industrial Technology at the Industrial

Center at biljet@att.net; or call the Industrial Center at 202-824-7150. You can also

get valuable information from the OIT

Combustion home page at www.oit.doe.

gov/combustion/ or contact Bob Gemmer,

DOE Combustion Program Manager, at

bob.gemmer@ee.doe.gov. ●

INDUSTRIAL CENTER AND OIT JOIN IN PARTNERSHIP

In October 2001, OIT’s Combustion Program Manager Bob Gemmer

joined the Industrial Center, Incorporated Board of Directors and

Industrial Center consortium members at the Industrial Center’s

annual meeting in Phoenix to celebrate the OIT/Industrial Center

Allied Partnership Agreement. The Industrial Center’s mission is to

accelerate the acceptance of new gas-fueled technologies that

enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the industrial sector. 

Allied Partnerships provide opportunities for industrial partners to

build awareness of OIT’s Industries of the Future program; broaden,

strengthen, and support partnership networks; leverage program

development and deployment through cooperative activities; and

promote applications of OIT-sponsored technologies and energy

management best practices. Specific activities to be undertaken as

part of the Industrial Center/OIT Allied Partnership include:

■ Participation in the development and dissemination of information, tools, and resources

■ Promotion of OIT solicitations

■ Assistance in the commercialization of emerging technologies, and 

■ Partnerships in workshops, seminars, and similar events.

Since 1997, OIT and its Allied Partners have worked successfully 

to assist thousands of industrial end users nationwide achieve

increased energy efficiency and productivity improvements. Currently, OIT is seeking to expand the Allied Partner initiative to

include companies and organizations in a wide range of industrial

process and utility systems. Allied Partners not only have access to

valuable information and materials that will assist their customers,

they also are able to promote information on their own successful

projects. Sharing techniques of successful projects will assist other

industrial manufacturers to improve their operations and will demonstrate a company’s interest in improving its customers’ bottom line.

Becoming an Allied Partner is easy and there is no charge to participate. If you would like to learn more, contact the OIT Clearinghouse at 800-862-2086, or e-mail Clearinghouse@ee.doe.gov. You

may also access more information on the Allied Partner Web page

at OIT’s BestPractices Web site, www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/ap_

howto.shtml.

New Gas Technologies

continued from page 3
Energy Matters, Spring 2002 5

By Dr. Anthony Wright, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory

A recently completed project by the Oak

Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to

develop a benchmark measure of OIT’s

Steam System Scoping Tool software

resulted in a list of 89 money-saving steam

process improvement opportunities.

The Steam System Scoping Tool software was developed by the OIT BestPractices program in 2000 to help industrial

energy users improve their operations’ efficiency. The software’s intended audience is

steam system energy managers and operations personnel for large industrial plants. 

If you fill such a role, the tool is designed

to help you become aware of opportunities

to improve your steam system, evaluate

your steam system operations against identified best practices, and compare your

steam system operations to those from

other facilities.

The Industrial Assessment Center (IAC)

team, which executed the Steam Tool

Benchmarking Support project, compiled

data from recent steam assessments and

identified potential improvement opportunities. A review of energy efficiency assessments at 18 plants that use steam systems

identified 89 potential improvement

opportunities. Each improvement had an

average annual potential energy savings of

$31,500, and an average payback period

of about 7 months. Energy savings for the

18 steam assessments averaged 12.5%.

The accompanying table highlights a

handful of the improvements identified by

the benchmarking study.

Manufacturing and process plant types

involved in the 18 assessments included

cheese and whey products, chemicals, corrugated containers, fabric drying, frozen

food, hardwood moldings, industrial cleaning compounds and sanitizers, inorganic

chemical intermediates, pulp and paper,

redwood lumber, rubber tires, shopping

carts, StyrofoamTM cups, textiles, and vinyl

flooring.

The IACs obtained annual fuel cost data

for most of the plants. Fuel bills ranged

from $79,000 to $14.8 million a year, and

averaged $1.6 million a year. 

The benchmarking support project was

funded by DOE. Dr. Anthony Wright, of

ORNL, directed the study. Participating IACs

included the University of Massachusetts,

Amherst; North Carolina State University;

Oklahoma State University; San Francisco

State University; South Dakota State University; and University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

To obtain your own copy of the Steam

System Scoping Tool, call the OIT Clearinghouse at 800-862-2086 or e-mail: Clearinghouse@ee.doe.gov. To learn more about

IACs and how their no-cost assistance

might benefit your company, log on to

Energy Matters Extra at www.oit.doe.gov/

bestpractices/energymatters/emextra/. ●

IAC Benchmarking Study Identifies Steam Efficiency Opportunities

A SAMPLING OF STEAM PROCESS IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES*

Yearly Cost Implement Payback

Improvement Savings ($/yr) Cost ($) Period

Insulate Boiler Valve Bodies $ 1,274 $ 198 0.2 years

and Fittings

Insulate Steam Lines $ 2,693 $ 1,780 0.7 years

Retune Boiler and Purchase $ 7,010 $ 4,080 0.6 years

Combustion Analyzer

Repair Steam Traps $13,868 $ 2,580 0.2 years

Shut Steam Valves Feeding $54,060 $15,000 0.3 years

Unused Presses

Use Economizer to Preheat $84,500 $ 1,500 .08 years

Boiler Feedwater

Install Automatic Boiler Air/Fuel $33,580 $25,000 0.7 years

Ratio Controls

Cover Heated Tanks $ 780 $ 390 0.5 years

Insulate Steam Distribution and $ 2,600 $ 5,200 2.0 years

Condensate Return Lines

Insulate Hot Exterior Surface of $ 2,240 $ 1,510 0.7 years

Heat Exchangers

*Actual savings, implementation costs, and payback periods may vary depending on scope of project, type of

plant and other variables.

Source: Industrial Assessment Center Steam Tool Benchmarking Support Project, Final Summary Report,

12/20/01, ORNL.

AUGUSTA NEWSPRINT SHOWCASE

More than 200 pulp and paper industry

professionals took part in OIT's Augusta

Newsprint Showcase, March 6-7 in

Augusta, Georgia. Here, three mill tour

participants discuss energy efficiency

gains with an Augusta Newsprint expert.

The discussion took place near the mill's

compressed air consolidation project,

one of nine showcase projects. The

compressed air project consolidated two

compressed air systems, eliminated a

spare compressor, and repaired leaks.

The upgrades cost $75,000, reduced

energy consumption by 1 million kWh/

year, and resulted in an annual savings

of $59,000.

Dave Parsons, NREL/PIX 06909

Rolf Butters, OIT Photo
6 Energy Matters, Spring 2002

The problem sounds like a contradiction in

terms: how to extend die life. For the copper industry, however, solving that problem

breathes life into efforts to make copper

motor rotors commercially viable.

The copper industry has contended that

replacing conventional casting technologies with copper in motor rotor manufacture may allow companies to build and sell

motors that are even more energy efficient.

Those motors could, in turn, help reduce

operating costs for industries that use electric motors, and cut the overall cost of

manufacturing premium efficiency motors. 

The copper motor rotor program is of

interest to OIT’s Metal Casting Industries of

the Future Program for its potential to foster new processing technologies that can

contribute to the industry’s productivity,

energy efficiency, and environmental

goals, said Harvey Wong, OIT’s Metal

Casting Team Leader. 

According to the Copper Development

Association (CDA), analyses by several

manufacturers show an additional 15% to

20% reduction in motor losses (input/output method) achievable

with copper rotor, compared to the same

motor design using conventional technologies.

CDA said its tests

also show that motors

with copper rotors yield

overall energy loss

reductions of 15% to

20%, compared with

standard technology. In

the United States alone,

a 1% increase in motor

efficiency may save

roughly 20 billion kWh

of electricity a year.

That equals roughly

$1.4 billion at an electric rate of 7¢/kWh.

In 1999, OIT released a comprehensive

assessment of opportunities to increase

electric motor system efficiency and

reduce energy costs in U.S. industry. The

report, U.S. Industrial Electric Motor Systems Market Opportunities Assessment, followed 3 years of research. It reported that

potential industrial motor system energy

savings using mature, proven, cost-effective technologies could range from 11% to

18% of current annual usage, or 75 billion

to 122 billion kWh per year, equal to $3.6

billion to $5.8 billion in savings. 

The assessment also collected information on the prevalence of actions identified

by industry experts as “good practice” in

facilities, because achievement of significant increases in motor system efficiency

depends to a large extent on the adoption

of good design, purchase, and management practices. 

For a copy of the U.S. Industrial Electric

Motor Systems Market Opportunities Assessment, call Best Practices Motor Challenge

staff at 800-862-2086.

For the copper industry to realize any of

the potential benefits from further developing copper motor rotors, it had to overcome

a technical problem. Copper melts at a

higher temperature than other metals commonly used in motor rotor manufacture. In

its molten state, liquid copper stresses die

molds so much that cracks and other failures shorten their life span. Hence, the worries over how to extend die life.

Backed in part by a $425,000 grant

(won through a competitive bidding

process from DOE’s National Industrial

Competitiveness through Energy, EnvironCopper Motor Rotors Tackle a Life or Die Question

(continued on page 7) 

After casting, the copper motor rotor looks like this.

A craftsman at the Formcast Incorporated facility in Denver pours molten copper into a 

die form for casting.

Copper Development Association, Inc./PIX 11012

Copper Development Association, Inc./PIX 11013
Energy Matters, Spring 2002 7

ment, and Economics (NICE3) program),

the copper industry in 1997 began to look

for ways to extend die longevity and

improve the prospects for copper rotors’

commercial viability.

The NICE3 grant program provides funding to state and industry partnerships (large

and small business) for projects that

develop and demonstrate advances in

energy efficiency and clean production

technologies. State and industry partnerships are eligible to receive a one-time

grant of up to $525,000. The industrial

partner may receive a maximum of

$500,000 in federal funding. Nonfederal

cost share must be at least 50% of the total

cost of the project.

Copper motor rotors could be the next

step in a steady line of motor efficiency

improvements.

Fifteen years ago, a typical 15-kW

motor was about 87% efficient. Standard

motors today are 89% to 90% efficient.

The Energy Policy Act set an efficiency

standard of 91% and premium efficiency

motors currently on the market have efficiencies of about 93%.

Motors with copper rotors may be able

to achieve efficiencies of 94% to 96%.

Motors with copper rotors may cost

more than conventional rotors, said Darryl

Van Son, a consultant to the copper industry, who spoke at a CDA-sponsored, copper motor rotor conference in Denver,

Colorado, in late January. But the extra cost

may prove to be nominal. A copper rotor

in a 15-hp motor could result in a 1.2%

efficiency gain and a difference in retail list

price of $10 to $12 per motor. For a $900

to $1,500 motor, the payback may be measured in months.

Van Son also said that test results showed

copper motor rotors improved energy efficiency in motors as small as 3 kW and as

large as 200 kW. And he said that motors

using copper rotors may last longer because

high efficiency motors run cooler.

Reaching the next level of efficiency

cost-effectively offered a challenge for the

copper industry. A report by CDA, Technology Transfer Report—The Die-Cast

Copper Motor Rotor, said that for copper

rotors to win acceptance by motor manufacturers, they need to be produced with

the same equipment that is currently in

place. To meet that requirement, the copper industry had to find a way to deal with

the thermal difference between molten

copper and conventional technology and

its effect on die life. 

Following tests at a motor manufacturing plant in Denver, and other research,

the CDA found that several high-temperature die materials might work well,

depending on specific thermal stresses and

load requirements. The association also

found that preheating molds is key to

reducing thermal stresses and helping to

ensure long die life.

Solving the die-life problem won’t make

copper motor rotors commercially practical overnight. The technology still faces a

chicken-and-egg dilemma. For manufacturers to build copper motor rotors, the market must demand them. But for market

demand to exist, a supply of copper motors

must exist.

CDA, with help from NICE3, continues to

seek answers to this dilemma because

building a market for copper motor rotors

may be the next step in efforts to make electric motors even more energy efficient. ●

Copper Motor Rotors

continued from page 6

15 kW MOTOR – PAST, PRESENT

AND FUTURE

Nameplate Efficiency (in percent) 

100

99

98

97

96

95

94

93

92

91

90

89

87

Perfection

Super Conducting

Amorphous Steel Laminations

Today’s Premium Efficiency

1997 Energy Policy Act

Today’s “Standard” Motor

Historic – 1975

Potential Copper Rotor

ALUMINUM AND COPPER MOTOR TEST RESULTS

Efficiency

HP kW Poles Aluminum Copper Difference Loss Reduction

4 3 4 83.2 86.4 3.2 19.0%

7.5 5.5 4 74.0 79.0 5.0 19.2%

10 7.5 4 85.0 86.5 1.5 10.0%

15 11 4 89.5 90.7 1.2 11.4%

25 19 4 90.9 92.5 1.6 17.6%

40 30 4 88.8 90.1 1.3 11.6%

120 90 2 91.4 92.8 1.4 16.3%

270 200 4 92.0 93.0 1.0 12.5%

Average 14.7%

Source: Darryl Van Son, Motor Test Results presented at Die Cast Copper Motor Rotor Workshop and 

Technology Demonstration Meeting, January 29, 2002, Denver, CO.

In total, NICE3 has sponsored more than

100 projects, with more than half going

to small businesses. NICE3 has leveraged

$26.3 million in federal funds, with

$81.8 million in state and industry funds

since 1991. 

If you are interested in learning more

about the NICE3 grant program, visit the

Web site at www.oit.doe.gov/nice3/

nice3.shtml or call DOE’s Golden Field

Office at 303-275-4728. To learn more

about the Metal Casting Industries of the

Future (IOF) initiative, visit the Web site

at www.oit.doe.gov/metalcast. 

CDA is a long-time participant in the IOF

Allied Partner program, and sponsored the

copper motor rotor conference mentioned

previously. This conference attracted 

75 attendees from the United States and

abroad. To learn more about CDA, visit 

its Web site at www.copper.org.

Source: Darryl Van Son, Motor Test Results presented at Die Cast Copper Motor Rotor Workshop

and Technology Demonstration Meeting, January

29, 2002, Denver, CO.
8 Energy Matters, Spring 2002

By Rob Boteler, Emerson Motors 

Technologies, St. Louis, MO, Chairman of

NEMA’s Energy Management Taskforce

In May 2001, the Motor Generator section of

the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) announced a new motor efficiency standard. Consequently, motor

manufacturers have had roughly a full year

to reconfigure their product lines to meet this

new standard to meet customer demand.

One of NEMA’s first steps in creating this

new standard was to reach an agreement

with other national organizations involved

in the promotion and support of energy-saving motor products. NEMA appointed an

Energy Management Taskforce to achieve

this goal. Through a series of meetings and

phone conversations, motor efficiency levels and definitions were developed and

finalized over a 6-month period.

Using DOE data, NEMA estimated last

year that its efficiency motor program

could save more than 5,800 gigawatts of

electricity and prevent the release of nearly

80 million metric tons of carbon into the

atmosphere over the next 10 years. That

would be the equivalent of keeping 16 million cars off the road.

Particular attention was paid to the new

motor standards to ensure “user friendly”

replacement. NEMA manufacturers were

careful to follow designs that retain the critical elements of motor performance necessary to function within starting current,

break down torque, temperature considerations, and other pertinent motor performance requirements. By maintaining these

standards, replacement motors do not risk

incompatibility with existing motor starters

and facility wiring systems critical to safe

user replacement and cost containment. 

The new NEMA PremiumTM standard

has been added to NEMA MG1, the NEMA

standard that covers motors. Data from this

standard can be found in the accompanying table, which addresses enclosed, threephase motors from 1 to 500 hp in low

(230/460) voltages. (To see an expanded

version of this table, plus other tables covering both open and enclosed motors in

low and medium (2100/4160) voltages, log

on to Energy Matters Extra at www.oit.

doe.gov/bestpractices/energymatters/

emextra/.)

In response to the new standard, manufacturers have released standardized 

products in the new design in both open

drip format (an open motor that allows air

to circulate) and totally enclosed format (in

which the fan is entirely enclosed), and

built up inventory to support customer

demand. In addition, several NEMA motor

manufacturers now offer additional products, at lead-time, such as vertical pump

motors, close-coupled pumps, and a variety of definite- and special-purpose configurations. These new designs provide users

with additional energy savings opportunities not previously available. 

Motors continue to move up the cost

savings ladder every day. In our everincreasingly competitive global market,

other countries may have lower labor rates

or other natural resources, but the United

States has an opportunity now to help level

the “cost playing field” by adopting the

new NEMA Premium standard plant wide.

Through motor management and the use

of NEMA Premium motors, companies of

all sizes are realizing significant energy cost

savings. Even greater savings may be experienced when companies replace all their

less efficient motors with NEMA Premium

models, an entire plant at a time. A national

campaign, of which several NEMA members are sponsors, offers the tools and information needed to help companies get

started on a motor management plan. The

campaign, Motor Decisions Matter, supports the use of NEMA Premium motors to

achieve maximum energy saving results.

For more information about the NEMA

Premium standard campaign, visit www.

motorsmatter.org. To learn more about

OIT’s BestPractices motors efforts, visit

www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/motors. ●

New NEMA PremiumTM Efficiency Motor Standard Helps U.S. Industry Compete

FULL-LOAD EFFICIENCIES FOR NEMA PREMIUMTM EFFICIENCY ELECTRIC

MOTORS RATED 600 VOLTS OR LESS (RANDOM WOUND)

Enclosed Motors

2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole

Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum

HP Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency

1 77 74 85.5 82.5 82.5 80

5 88.5 86.5 89.5 87.5 89.5 87.5

10 90.2 88.5 91.7 90.2 91 89.5

15 91 89.5 92.4 91 91.7 90.2

20 91 89.5 93 91.7 91.7 90.2

25 91.7 90.2 93.6 92.4 93 91.7

50 93 91.7 94.5 93.6 94.1 93

100 94.1 93 95.4 94.5 95 94.1

150 95 94.1 95.8 95 95.8 95

200 95.4 94.5 96.2 95.4 95.8 95

300 95.8 95 96.2 95.4 95.8 95

400 95.8 95 96.2 95.4 95.8 95

500 95.8 95 96.2 95.4 95.8 95

Source: NEMA. To view an expanded version of this table and to view other tables covering both open and

enclosed motors rated 600 volts or less and 5000 volts or less, log on to Energy Matters Extra at www.oit.doe.

gov/bestpractices/energymatters/emextra/
Energy Matters, Spring 2002 9

How did California get itself into an energy

crisis? That was the question posed by California State Assemblyman Fred Keeley on

January 16, 2002, at the San Jose, CA,

energy event—Energy Solutions for California Industry. And, helping California industry

remain profitable during the energy crisis is

the purpose of the Energy Solutions series. 

The San Jose energy event was the second in the series, informally known as

“energy fairs.” OIT and the California

Energy Commission (CEC), which co-sponsors the series, held the first fair in Sacramento on August 14, 2001. The events

concentrate on energy improvements in

pumping and compressed air systems,

motors, and drives. 

“The events bring together public- and

private-sector organizations, including 

financial institutions, technical services

firms, and utility companies, and provide

attendees with information and tools to

achieve cost and energy savings,” said

David Garman, DOE’s Assistant Secretary

for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

OIT’s Chris Cockrill, an organizer of the

Energy Solutions events, explains that they

began when the CEC approached OIT last

year about working together to help California industry weather the energy crisis. At

about the same time, Gunnar Hovstadius

from Allied Partner ITT Fluid Technologies

was talking to OIT about pulling together

an Allied Partner event in California. The

efforts came together, and in April 2001

OIT and CEC agreed to schedule three

energy events in California. 

“They are very serious forums that

allow industry leaders to talk face to face

with solution providers from the ranks of

our Allied Partners,” explains Cockrill. “It’s

not a trade show. Exhibitors are handpicked from our Allied Partners. We focus

on solutions, not products.” The events

typically feature 25 to 35 exhibitors and

200 to 300 attendees. Simultaneous breakout sessions are presented throughout the

day with plenary speakers at the opening,

lunch, and closing. “We knit together

speaker topics that might help industry

learn more about system efficiency opportunities,” says Cockrill.

Among the speaker topics in San Jose, for

example, were sessions on managing motor

system assets, improving pumping and compressed air systems, evaluating energy service

contracts, financing energy improvements,

and developing energy management programs in manufacturing facilities. 

At the opening plenary, Terry Surles,

Director of the Technology Systems Division

of the CEC, spoke highly of the collaboration with OIT. “This event is a great example of an effective partnership between

DOE and the California Energy Commission,” he said. “We at the CEC see a need to

emulate what OIT has done at DOE.” Surles

explained that the CEC is working to get

two IOF-type programs off the ground for

key California industries—local agriculture

and computer manufacturing.

The next energy event is scheduled for

May 15, 2002, in Buena Park, CA, at the

Sequoia Conference Center. In the future,

organizers hope to expand the series

beyond California. For more information on

the energy events, please see the California

Energy Events Web site: www.project

performance.net/caenergyevents/. ●

California Energy Events

The Technical Association for the Pulp and

Paper Industry (TAPPI), the leading technical

organization for the worldwide pulp, paper,

and converting industry, has become the latest member of OIT’s Allied Partner program. 

Denise Swink, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Industrial Technologies, and

Michael Wallace, TAPPI president, signed

the Allied Partner agreement during

TAPPI’s Energy Results Showcase conference in Atlanta on March 6. 

Allied Partners are manufacturers, trade

associations, industrial service and equipment providers, utilities, and other organizations that agree to help promote

increased energy efficiency and productivity for those industries that participate in

OIT’s Industries of the Future strategy. 

“We couldn’t find a better partner than

TAPPI,” said Swink at a press conference

that accompanied the signing. She noted

that TAPPI, with 23,000 members, is well

positioned to help disseminate energy efficiency BestPractices techniques throughout

the pulp, paper, and converting industry. 

Wallace said that one of TAPPI’s

strengths is its ability to capture, evaluate,

and disseminate information. “The thing that

joins TAPPI members together is we love to

solve problems,” he said at the signing.

Under the agreement, TAPPI and DOE

will coordinate programs to help the pulp

and paper industry capture a part of the

large energy savings opportunities that

exist within mills throughout the United

States, and to help focus the industry on

issues such as energy and environmental

concerns and thereby foster cooperation

and involvement in OIT Industries of the

Future activities.

Becoming an Allied Partner is easy and

there is no charge to participate. For information on how your organization can get

involved, contact the OIT Clearinghouse at

1-800-862-2086 to have an information

package sent to you. Or, log on to the BestPractices Allied Partner Web site at www.oit.

doe.gov/bestpractices/ap_whatis.shtml. ●

TAPPI Signs Allied Partner Agreement

Denise Swink, (l) Deputy Assistant Secretary

for Industrial Technologies, and Michael

Wallace, (r) TAPPI president, sign an Allied

Partner agreement in Atlanta on March 6.

Grace Ordaz, OIT Photo
10 Energy Matters, Spring 2002

A new user-friendly interactive software

program or tool will soon help process

heating equipment users assess how much

energy their furnaces, ovens, and heaters

use, and model different ways to improve

individual unit performance and manage

bottom-line costs.

The Industrial Heating Equipment Association (IHEA), through its partnership with 

OIT, is working with Oak Ridge National

Laboratory and representatives from industry

and equipment suppliers to develop the software program, the

Process Heating Assessment and Survey Tool

(PHAST). The software

is in beta-testing and

will be become available through OIT later

this year.

Support for the tool software development is provided by OIT through its BestPractices program, which works with

industry to identify plant-wide opportunities

for energy savings and process efficiency. 

PHAST and Phriendly

PHAST offers a way to help plant managers and process heating engineers survey

their plant’s process heating equipment,

identify equipment that uses the most

energy, and specify improvements that may

enhance productivity, reduce waste, and

increase energy efficiency.

The PHAST software was developed to

be useful in almost all of the nine Industries of the Future, supported by OIT’s BestPractices program. The software is effective

for almost any size furnace.

PHAST’s first release may prove most

useful for process heating applications that

rely on oil or natural gas to fire furnaces,

ovens, heaters, kilns or melters. The software may also be used for applications

using electricity as a heating source,

although it currently doesn’t offer the same

level of detail. A later version is expected

to include applications to better evaluate

electricity as well as other fossil fuels.

The software tool serves three major

purposes:

■ PHAST introduces users to process heating energy conversion tools and includes

easy-to-use calculators. These calculators

assess the effects of a variety of combustion and heat recovery parameters.

■ PHAST allows users to compare furnace

performance across a range of operating

conditions.

■ PHAST calculates potential energy savings that may be achievable under different operating conditions.

User-Friendly Energy Calculators

The introductory section of the PHAST software includes three simple “calculators”

and a link to sources of 

information that can be

useful to the plant operators and users of the

tool. The three calculators include:

■ Energy Equivalency:

Calculates heat requirements when the heat

source is changed from

fuel firing (Btu/hr) to

electricity (kWh), or

from electricity to fossil fuel-firing.

■ Efficiency Improvement: Calculates

available heat for fuel-fired furnaces and

expected energy savings when the

burner operating conditions (exhaust

fuel gas temperature, excess air, and preheated air) are changed for the burners.

■ O2 Enrichment: Calculates available

heat for fuel-fired furnaces and

expected energy savings when oxygen

in combustion “air” is changed from

standard (21%) to a higher value.

The link provided under “Fact Sheets”

provides information on the parameters

that affect the furnace efficiency and will

be expanded to provide links to additional

sources of information including direct

links to websites where such information is

available.

The plant information section of the

PHAST tool assists the user to survey a

plant’s process heating equipment to identify

which equipment consumes the most

energy. It does this by producing a report

summarizing expected energy use for the

surveyed equipment. The report also identifies which pieces of equipment consume the

most process heating energy in the plant.

A plant equipment survey prompts

users to supply a variety of information to

create a comparative table of energy consumed by the furnaces and their cost of

operation. These features create a list that

helps users decide where to focus their

efforts to better manage energy costs or

improve performance.

The Furnace Analysis and Heat Balance

section helps users analyze an energy balance for selected high-energy-use equipment to identify energy usage and losses.

This PHAST feature helps users identify

locations within the furnace where energy

is wasted or used less productively. 

In this section, users can have an even

more detailed assessment of individual

pieces of equipment. In this way, PHAST

allows users to work almost like a medical

specialist equipped with a variety of parameters and tests to develop a diagnosis and

recommend a course of action.

The reports section provides a summary

of results for the plant survey in the form of

a table and pie chart. The table gives

energy use and projected annual cost

based on the energy cost data provided in

the plant survey section. This allows the

user to identify large energy consuming

equipment and perform an analysis to see

the effects of changing operating conditions or retiring one or more furnaces.

A second part of the report section

shows details of energy use in the selected

furnace based on the data provided and

calculates the effects of selected changes

under modified operating or design conditions of the furnace. The information is displayed in pie charts to illustrate different

areas of energy use. A bar chart shows

comparisons between current and modified operating conditions. 

What-If Support

For each step of this detailed analysis,

PHAST offers an interactive guide to help

users know which measurements to use and

where to find appropriate data. Once all the

relevant information is entered, the tool

builds a summary table that shows how

much energy is used in different parts of the

furnace. It also shows how changes in one

or more parameters may affect energy use.

PHAST also offers a “what-if” decision

support tool that lets you easily compare

existing conditions with modified conditions. This feature allows users to analyze

how decisions affecting one part of a

process heating operation will affect operations in another.

If you would like more information on

PHAST, contact Bob Gemmer, OIT Combustion Program Manager, at bob.gemmer@

ee.doe.gov. ●

PHAST Offers a Phriendly Way to Evaluate Process Heating Efficiency Dave Parsons, NREL/PIX 03934
Energy Matters, Spring 2002 11

Letters to the Editor 

Energy Matters welcomes

your typewritten letters and

e-mails. Please include your

full name, address, organization, and

phone number, and limit comments to 200

words. Address correspondence to:

David Wagman, Letters to the Editor

NREL, MS 1609

1617 Cole Blvd.

Golden, CO 80401

E-mail: David_Wagman@nrel.gov

We publish letters of interest to readers

on related topics, comments, or criticisms/

corrections of a technical nature. Preference is given to articles that appeared in

the previous two issues. Letters may be

edited for length, clarity, and style. ●

In the Spring issue of Energy Matters Extra,

Energy Matters’ online complement, we

offer more information about Industrial

Assessment Center (IAC) activities and how

this effort might benefit your company.

Plus, we’ve posted more tables showing

full-load efficiencies for NEMA PremiumTM

Efficiency Electric Motors. Additionally,

learn about new solicitations for PlantWide Energy Efficiency Opportunity Assessments. And, link to publications such as

Steam Tip Sheets and Case Studies from the

recent Augusta Showcase. Log on to Energy

Matters Extra at www.oit.doe.gov/best

practices/energymatters/emextra. ●

EXTRA 

Ask the

Clearinghouse

Compressed Air End Uses

This column highlights key questions from

industrial customers to the OIT Clearinghouse—your source for the full portfolio of

OIT resources and technical advice about

motor, steam, compressed air, combined

heat and power, and process heating 

systems. 

Clearinghouse engineers and technical

staff expertly answer industrial efficiency

questions, 11 hours a day, Monday through

Friday. The Clearinghouse also has access

to industry experts around the country. Call

the OIT Clearinghouse at 800-862-2086,

or go to www.oit.doe.gov/clearinghouse/.

Q: Our plywood plant uses a hogger 

to convert wood waste into boiler

fuel. Conveyors transport sawdust and

processed fuel to a storage silo. We use

compressed air with a 5⁄16th inch diameter copper tube to blow wood chips off

the conveyor return belt. Is there a more

energy efficient way to clean the belts?

A: A 5/16th inch diameter copper tube

blowoff consumes about 70 standard

cubic feet per minute (scfm) of compressed

air, given a 100-psig plant air supply. The

compressed air consumption can be

reduced to 12 to 16 scfm by replacing the

open tube with an air jet or an engineered

nozzle. Generally, a 10-micron filter separator is recommended on the air supply

side of the air jet. 

Your facility uses a lubricant-injected

rotary screw compressor equipped with

load/unload controls to supply plant air.

Rotary screw compressors typically have a

power requirement of 18 to 19 kW/100

cfm. Assuming continuous operation, your

energy savings due to replacing the copper

tube with an air jet are approximately:

Savings = 8,760 hrs/year x (70 - 16 scfm) 

x 19 kW/100 scfm = 89,877 kWh/year

These savings are valued at more than

$4,000 per year, given an electricity price

of $0.045/kWh. 

When selecting air jets and nozzles,

always select the lowest flow nozzle that

will achieve the desired result. This maximizes air consumption savings, while minimizing noise. Some air jets and nozzles

have an adjustable airflow feature. Ball

joints may be provided with air control

nozzles to provide for simple adjustment of

the nozzle orientation. Consider installing

a pressure regulator upstream of the air

nozzles, and increasing savings by regulating pressure down to the absolute minimum necessary to achieve the desired

result. In some cases, a dedicated lowpressure blower can be specified to meet

application requirements. ●

With its goal of accelerating the development and use of advanced energy-efficient,

technologies and practices to benefit

industry and U.S. energy security, OIT uses

plant-wide energy assessments as one tool

to accomplish this goal. These assessments

are performed in U.S. industrial plants

through OIT’s BestPractices program, and

rely on a competitive solicitation process

to select proposals for funding.

Such a solicitation is planned for April

2002. DOE anticipates making up to nine

cooperative agreement awards with total

estimated DOE funding of up to $900,000.

Individual awards will be limited to not

more than $100,000, and project timeframes

should extend for no more than 1 year.

OIT requires a minimum of 50% nonfederal cost-share for these plant-wide

assessment projects. This ensures industrial

involvement in each proposal. Ideally,

applicants will reflect a broad range of IOF

industries and assessment methods and

will not duplicate assessments conducted

under prior solicitations.

Only proposals from the nine Industries

of the Future (IOF) are considered. Those

industries are agriculture, aluminum,

chemicals, forest products, glass, metal

casting, mining, petroleum, and steel. 

Help your company reap the benefits of

a plant-wide assessment. Stay apprised of

these solicitations by checking the BestPractices Web site, www.oit.doe.gov/best

practices/. ●

Solicitations for Plant-Wide Assessments 

Planned to Be Announced in April
INFORMATION

CLEARINGHOUSE

Do you have questions about 

using energy-efficient process

and utility systems in your industrial 

facility? Call the OIT Information Clearinghouse for answers, Monday through

Friday 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. (EST).

Fax: 360-586-8303, or access our 

homepage at www.oit.doe.gov/

clearinghouse.

HOTLINE: 800-862-2086

DOE Regional Office Representatives

■ David Godfrey, Atlanta, GA, 

404-562-0568

■ Scott Hutchins, Boston, MA, 

617-565-9765

■ Brian Olsen, Chicago, IL, 

312-886-8579

■ Jack Jenkins, Denver, CO, 

303-275-4824

■ Chris Cockrill, Seattle, WA, 

816-873-3299

■ Joseph Barrett, Philadelphia, PA, 

215-656-6957

This document was produced for the Office 

of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at

the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE

national laboratory.

DOE/GO-102002-1573 • Spring 2002

T OF ENERGY

DEPARTMEN

U

E

NITED STAT S OFA ERICA

M

Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper

containing at least 50% wastepaper, including

20% postconsumer waste

ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR CALIFORNIA

■ May 15, 2002, Buena Park, CA

For more information, e-mail caenergyevents@ppc.com.

ENERGY 2002

■ June 2–5, 2002, Palm Springs, CA

For more information, call JoAnn Stirling at 800-395-8574, or visit the Energy 2002 Web

site at www.energy2002.ee.doe.gov.

STEAM AWARENESS WORKSHOP

■ June 6-7, 2002, Los Angeles, CA

For more information, call Fred Hart at 202-586-1496

5TH INDUSTRIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION

■ February 11–13, 2003, Washington, DC

For more information, call the OIT Clearinghouse at 800-862-2086

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Boulevard

Golden, CO 80401-3393

FIRST CLASS

U.S. Postage

PAID

Permit No. 258

Golden, Colorado

BestPractices

The Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT)

BestPractices initiative and its Energy Matters newsletter introduce industrial end

users to emerging technologies and wellproven, cost-saving opportunities in motor,

steam, compressed air, and other plantwide systems. For overview information

and to keep current on what is happening

office wide, check out the newsletter—The

OIT Times—at www.oit.doe.gov/oit-times.

Coming Events

To keep up-to-date on OIT training and other events, check the calendar regularly on

Energy Matters Extra at www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/energymatters/emextra.