IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-0770

Filed April 15, 2020

IN THE INTEREST OF T.L.,

Minor Child,

T.L., Minor Child,

Appellant.

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Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Romonda Belcher, 

District Associate Judge.

A juvenile appeals an order for restitution in a delinquency proceeding. 

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Mary K. Conroy, Assistant 

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and Schumacher, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

A juvenile, T.L., pled guilty to operating a motor vehicle without the owner’s 

consent and eluding. In its dispositional order, the court withheld delinquency 

adjudication and entered a consent decree. The victim, whose vehicle was totaled 

as a result of T.L.’s acts, submitted a victim impact statement requesting restitution 

in the following amounts: $1400 for the debt owed on the vehicle that was not 

covered by insurance;1 $500 for the insurance deductible; $300 for a deposit on a 

new vehicle; $1191 to cover tax, title, and registration for a new vehicle; and $4609 

to make up for payments he would not have had to make on a new vehicle in the 

future. Thereafter, the State moved to modify the dispositional order to include an 

order for restitution. The court entered an order for restitution in the amount of 

$1900, presumably attributable to the first two items of restitution requested. T.L. 

filed a motion for a restitution hearing, in which he objected to all amounts except 

the $500 for the insurance deductible. 

At the ensuing restitution hearing, the victim testified he was also required 

to borrow a relative’s car for roughly three weeks, although he was not required to 

pay the relative any compensation. The victim was unaware of whether his 

insurance company would have covered the cost of a rental car. The State 

requested the amount of restitution be modified to $2200, to additionally include 

the amount the victim was required to pay as a deposit on a new vehicle, $300. 

Later, the State alternatively suggested additional restitution in the amount of $300 

would be appropriate to reflect the reasonable value of the victim’s use of his 

 

1 The record indicates the victim owed $8900 on the vehicle, and the insurance 

company provided coverage for $7500 which it paid directly to the lender.. 
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relative’s vehicle. Even later, the State noted it was also requesting restitution in 

the amount of $1191 to cover tax, title, and registration for a new vehicle. 

The court announced its restitution decision from the bench, concluding the 

amount of restitution would be $2500—$500 attributable to the insurance 

deductible, $1400 for the debt owed on the vehicle that was not covered by 

insurance, and $600 for the victim’s loss of use of his vehicle for three weeks. The 

court entered its order for restitution on April 4, 2019, and ordered that the 

obligation be satisfied by June 4. Later that month, juvenile court services applied 

for revocation of T.L.’s consent decree. On May 9, the court entered an order 

revoking T.L.’s consent decree and adjudicating him delinquent. In a separate 

order, the court entered a restitution lien against T.L. for the amount still owed, 

$2000. T.L. appealed the same day.2

On appeal, T.L. claims the juvenile court misapplied the law in ordering 

restitution for the $1400 and $600 items and those items of restitution are 

unsupported by substantial evidence.3 Appellate review of restitution orders is for 

correction of errors at law. State v. Gross, 935 N.W.2d 695, 698 (Iowa 2019). We 

 

2 T.L. had previously filed a notice of appeal following the entry of the order for 

restitution. The appeal was voluntarily dismissed on the ground that the matter 

was not appealable at that point in time because T.L. was still under the jurisdiction 

of the juvenile court due to the prior entry of a consent decree. The order for 

restitution was a modification of the dispositional order for a consent decree. A 

consent decree is akin to a deferred judgment in a criminal case, and “a consent 

decree is not a final order from which a party may appeal as of right.” In re J.J.A., 

580 N.W.2d 731, 735 (Iowa 1998). 

3 The State contests error preservation as to the order for restitution in the amount 

of $600, arguing: “T.L. did not specifically object to the inclusion of these costs 

below and did not file a motion to reconsider when they were ordered.” Because 

T.L. consistently maintained he should only be responsible for $500 in restitution, 

we conclude error was preserved. 
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will affirm unless “the court’s findings lack substantial evidentiary support” or “the 

court has not properly applied the law.” Id. (quoting State v. Albright, 925 N.W.2d 

144, 158 (Iowa 2019)). “Evidence is substantial when a reasonable mind would 

accept it as adequate to reach a conclusion.” State v. Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d 161, 

165 (Iowa 2001) (quoting Hasselman v. Hasselman, 596 N.W.2d 541, 545 (Iowa 

1999)). 

When the juvenile court enters a consent decree the court may suspend the 

proceedings and continue the case under certain terms and conditions established 

by the court, which may include an order for “restitution consisting of a monetary 

payment to the victim or a work assignment directly of value to the victim.” Iowa 

Code § 232.46(1)(a)(4) (2018). The court may order the same when it enters a 

dispositional order finding a child to have committed a delinquent act. Id.

§ 232.52(2)(a)(2). “Restitution” is defined to include “payment of pecuniary 

damages to a victim.” Id. § 910.1(4). 

“Pecuniary damages” means all damages to the extent not paid by 

an insurer on an insurance claim by the victim, which the victim could 

recover against the offender in a civil action arising out of the same 

facts or event, except punitive damages and damages for pain, 

suffering, mental anguish, and loss of consortium. 

Id. § 910.1(3). “Any damages that are causally related to the criminal activities 

may be included in the restitution order.” Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d at 165. The 

State bears the burden of proof to establish the victim’s entitlement to restitution 

by a preponderance of the evidence. See State v. Roache, 920 N.W.2d 93, 100 

(Iowa 2018). 

We first consider the value of the vehicle. Where, as here, a motor vehicle 

is totaled, “the measure of damages is the lost market value plus the reasonable 
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value of the use of the vehicle for the time reasonably required to obtain a 

replacement.” Hawkeye Motors, Inc. v. McDowell, 541 N.W.2d 914, 916 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 1995) (quoting Papenheim v. Lovell, 530 N.W.2d 668, 671 (Iowa 1995)). 

The record shows the victim owed $8900 on the vehicle, but his insurance 

carrier only provided coverage for $7500, thus leaving the victim responsible for 

$1400 ($500 of which was attributable to his deductible). There was no direct 

evidence as to the actual market value of the vehicle. The victim noted in his own 

testimony that his insurance carrier likely did not cover the amount of the loan 

because of the vehicle’s high mileage. The State argues the value of the vehicle 

was at least $8900, noting the victim purchased it for $22,000 three years earlier 

and could have privately sold for at least $8900. But absolutely no evidence was 

presented concerning what the vehicle could have been sold for in its condition 

prior to T.L.’s conduct, and the insurance company’s payment of $7500 plus the 

victim’s obligation for a $500 deductible is evidence of the insurer’s determination 

of a value of $8000. 

The State goes on to argue the “court may properly consider how much a 

victim has been forced to pay a third party as a result of the defendant’s criminal 

actions when determining the value of an item and the appropriate amount of 

restitution.” It is true that “[r]estitution damages are to be determined . . . in the 

same manner as in a civil case.” Roache, 920 N.W.2d at 102 (ellipsis in original) 

(quoting State v. Watts, 587 N.W.2d 750, 751–52 (Iowa 1989)). Indeed, operating 

a motor vehicle without an owner’s consent and then totaling it is akin to the civil 

intentional tort of conversion. See State v. Hollinrake, 608 N.W.2d 806, 808 (2000) 

(“Conversion is the intentional exercise of control over property ‘which so seriously 
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interferes with the right of another to control it that the actor may justly be required 

to pay . . . the full value of the chattel.’” (citation omitted)). And “[l]iability for

intentional torts extends to a broader range of harms than merely negligent 

conduct,” and tort victims “may seek indemnity from a tortfeasor for the victim’s 

liability to a third party resulting from the tort.” Roache, 920 N.W.2d at 103. But 

here, the victim’s liability to his financer pre-existed the tort, it did not result from 

the tort. And the victim seemed to agree that his car was valued at a lower amount 

because of the vehicle’s high mileage. The high mileage was not a result of T.L.’s 

tort. In addition, the balanced owed the financer is a function of interest rate and 

payment schedule, not value of the vehicle. At the end of the day, the victim is 

only entitled to the lost market value. Hawkeye Motors, 541 N.W.2d at 916. Upon 

the evidence presented, namely the insurance carrier’s valuation of the vehicle, 

absent any other evidence that is relevant to determining the current market value 

of the vehicle, we find the court’s valuation of the vehicle is not supported by 

substantial evidence. The evidence is only sufficient to support a valuation of 

$8000, of which $7500 was paid by the insurer.

We next consider the reasonable value of the use of the vehicle for the time 

reasonably required to obtain a replacement. On this point, T.L. argues, because 

the victim did not have to pay for a substitute vehicle, he is not entitled to loss-ofuse damages or, alternatively, the amount ordered by the court was otherwise 

unsupported by substantial evidence. While there was evidence as to how much 

the victim used his relative’s vehicle, there was no evidence concerning the value 

of that use, and no evidence he paid any amount for that use. There was also no 

evidence concerning the reasonable cost of a substitute. The State, with no basis 
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in the evidence, requested $300 as damages for loss of use. The court awarded 

$600—$200 per week. There was simply no evidence to support either figure. 

The State simply cites to a case which found damages in the neighborhood of $200 

per week was reasonable for loss of use of a vehicle. See Papenheim, 668 N.W.2d 

at 673. But that determination was supported by evidence of rental rates for similar 

vehicles. Id. No such evidence was presented in this case. The record must 

disclose a reasonable basis from which the award of restitution can be inferred or 

approximated. See Hawkeye Motors, 541 N.W.2d at 918. Upon our review we 

find no basis in the evidence supporting the court’s valuation of the loss of use of 

the vehicle. The court may not “arbitrarily fix an amount of damage for which no 

basis in the evidence exists.” Id. at 917. That is exactly what happened here. 

We find the evidence insufficient to support the court’s order for restitution 

based on a market value of the vehicle in excess of $8000 or the reasonable value 

of the use of the vehicle for the time reasonably required to obtain a replacement. 

We affirm the restitution order as to the $500 for the victim’s insurance deductible. 

We reverse the district court’s restitution order as to the remaining $2000. See 

Roache, 920 N.W.2d at 108.

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.