## Pest List for the Importation of

Dragon Fruit (multiple genera and species ) into the

Continental United States from Thailand

January 7

, 201 1

Ver. 2

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 Jnauary 7 , 201 1 2 

### 1. Introduction

We developed t his pathway

- initiated commodity pes t list to identify potential plant pest risks associated with the proposed importation of dragon fruit ( pitahaya

, pitaya ) from Thailand into

the continental United States. The list of dragon fruit pests is based on extensive survey data on dragon fruit grown in Thailand, published scientific literature

, and worldwide pest interception records of the United States Department of Agriculture ( PestID , 2009 ). All future references to the proposed importation of dragon fruit will imply restriction to the continental United States.

The botanical nomenclature of dragon fruit i s unsettled (Jacobs, 1999; Raveh et al

. , 1993; Soloman, 2006). This is part ly due to its morphological similarities to and ability to hybridize

with other Hylocereus spp. and cactus genera (Morton, 1987; Raveh et al

. , 1993; Tel

- Sur et al

. , 2001). N umerous synonyms and frequent misidentifications exist for the commodity ( NGRP,

2006 ; Jacobs, 1999; Morton, 1987; Tel

- Sur et al

. , 2001) . T herefore, we have listed the fruit of cacti that are referred to as "dragon fruit" or “pitaya” that we assesse d ( Table 1 )

.

Table 1

. Ca c ti f

ruit that are referred to as Dragon Fruit or Pitaya 1

Cactus species Synonym (s) /Alternate nomenclature

Acanthocereus occidentalis none Acanthocereus tetragonus Acanthocereus colombianus

, A. floridanus

, A. pentagonus

, A. pitajaya

, Cactus pentagonus

, C. pitajaya

, C. tetragonus

, Cereus pentagonus, C. pitajaya

Cereus hildmannianus Cactus peruvianus

, Cereus uruguayanus
Echinocereus conglomeratus Cereus conglomeratus

Echinocereus stramineus Cereus stramineus

, Echinocereus en neacanthus var.
stramineus

Escontria chiotilla Cereus chiotilla
Hylocereus costaricensis Cereus trigonus var. costaricensis
Hylocereus ocamponis Cereus ocampon i s Hylocereus polyrhizus Cereus polyrhizus

, H

. lemairei
Hylocereus undatus Cactus triangularis, Cereus triangularis, C

. tricostatus, C

. trigonus var. guatemalensis

, C

. undatus, Hylocereus guatemalensis

, H

. tricostatus
Myrtillocactus geometrizans Cereus geometrizans

Stenocereus stellatus Cereus stellatus

Stenocereus thurberi Ce reus thurberi

, Lemairocereus thurberi,

Marshallocereus thurberi

, Pachycereus thurberi

1 NGRP, 2006 ; Jacobs, 1999; Morton, 1987; Soloman, 2006.Pest List for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 Jnauary 7 , 201 1 3 

### 2. Pest Categorization

We listed pests associated with dragon fruit that occur in Thailand below (Table 2). This list includes information on the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the affected plant part or parts, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, an indication of the pest

- host association, and pertinent references for pest distribution and biology.

Note: In t he pest list, we only provided information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non

- quarantine pests. Even if

non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measure s against these pests would not be justified, considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not

needed for non

- quarantine pests and is indi cated with N/A (not applicable).

Table 2

. Pests associated with dragon fruit that are also present in Thailand

Pest Geographical

d istribution 2 Quaran

tine p est Plant p art

a ffected 3 Follow

p athway References

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Tarsonemidae

Tarsonemus sp

. TH, US Yes 4 F, S Yes 5 PestID , 2009 ; CABI, 2007; Lombardero et al., 2000

INSECTA
Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae

Protaetia sp. TH, US (HI) Yes S No PPD , 2006 ; Pholboon,

1965 ; Campora, 2009
Diptera : Tephritidae

Bactrocera sp

. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006; CABI, 2007

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006; CABI, 2007

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006;
CABI, 2007

2 Specific states are listed only if distribution is limited. Distribution: CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; LA = Louisiana; TX = Texas.

3 Plant Parts: F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence (flower); L = Leaf; R = Root; S =Stem; Sd = Seed.

4 This cosmopol itan genus of soft mites contains some species that are specific to a region, while other species in the genus are found worldwide (CABI, 2007). Many species within this genus are quarantine species. With no certainty as to whether the intercepted Tarsonem us sp. is of quarantine significance, we made a conservative decision here.

5 Only one interception of Tarsonemus sp. has been reported on Hylocereus ; however, Tarsonemus sp. has been reported over 1,950 times on various commodities from the world ( PestID , 2009 ) . Thus, it is likely to follow the pathway.Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 4 Pest Geographical

d istribution 2 Quaran

tine p est Plant p art

a ffected 3 Follow

p athway References

Hemiptera: Aphididae
Aphis gossypii Glover TH, US No F N/A PestID

, 200 9 ; CABI,

2007
Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel, 1859) TH, US (CA, FL, HI) No S N/A FAO, 2004; CABI,

2007
Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus sp

. TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI

2007
Hemiptera: Coreidae
Mictis longicornis (Westwood) TH Yes S No Pholboon, 1965

, PPD

, 2006
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; Rojanavongse, et al

., 1983; Ben

- Dov et al

., 2008; CABI, 2007
Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Paraputo sp. Laing

syn. Cataenococcus sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley TH, US [HI] Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell 1903)

syn. Pseudococcus brevipes (Cockerell) TH, US (CA, HI, FL, LA) No F, I, S N/A PestID , 2009 ; FAO, 2004; CABI, 2007

Dysmicoccus sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI, 2007,
Ferrisia virgata Cockerell TH, US No F N/A PestID

, 200 9 ; CABI,

2007

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) TH, US (FL, HI, CA) [Yes] 6 F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Paracoccus sp. TH, US Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Planococcus citri (Risso) TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI, 2007; Mazzeo et al.,

2008

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; Ben

Dov, 1994

6 Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the United States ( NIS, 20 06; PestID, 2009 ).Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 5 Pest Geographical

d istribution 2 Quaran

tine p est Plant p art

a ffected 3 Follow

p athway References

Planococcus minor Maskell TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; Cox, 1981; Ben

- Dov et al

., 2008

Planococcus sp

. TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; Panyasiri et al., 2007; CABI, 2007

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel TH, US (HI, FL, TX) No L N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Pseudococcus sp

. TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

H ymenoptera: Formicidae
Cardiocondyla wroughtoni TH, US No S, I, F N/A Mackay, 1995 ; PPD

, 2006
Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille ) TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) TH, US No F N/A FAO, 2004

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) TH, US No F, I, S N/A FAO, 2004; PPD

, 2006
Lepidoptera : Crambidae
Conogethes sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae
Conopomorpha sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Lepidoptera : Pyralidae
Ephestia elutella (Hubner) TH, US No Sd N/A PestID , 2009 ; Charernsom, 2004; CABI, 2007
Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae
Orgyia sp. TH Yes L No PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

BACTERIA
Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel 1895) Dowson

1939 TH, US No F, S N/A Jacobs, 1999; CABI,

2007

FUNGI

Alternaria sp

. TH , US Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 6 Pest Geographical

d istribution 2 Quaran

tine p est Plant p art

a ffected 3 Follow

p athway References

Alternaria alternata (Fr: Fr)

Kessel TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Cercospora sp. TH No L N/A PestID

, 2009 ; Kawabe

et al ., 2002; Sherf,

1975
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De

Not TH, US No S N/A FAO, 2007; Farr et al., 2010; Valencia

- Botín,

2003
Cladospori um herbarum (Pers.Fr.) Fr. = C

. epiphyllum (Pers.Fr.) Fr. TH, US No L N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Cladosporium sp

. TH Yes F Yes PestID

, 200 9 ; CABI,

2007
Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007; Sontirat,

1994

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007; Sontirat,

1994

Colletotrichum sp

. TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Fusarium oxysporum (Schlechtendahl) TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007 ; Suwanarit, 2005

Fusarium sp

. TH, US No F N/A FAO, 2004; Suwanarit, P. et al.,

2005
Gibberella moniliformis

Wineland = G

. fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito; Anamorph:

Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg

, = F

. moniliforme Sheld. TH, US No I, F, R, S,

Sd N/A CABI, 2007; Miller,

1993; Sontirat, 1994

Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld, & Schrenk [teleomorph] =

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Spauld. & Schrenk) TH, US No F N/A PestID , 2009 ; CABI, 2007; Palmateer and Ploetz, 2007

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffin & Maubl. = Botryodiplodia

theobromae (Pat.) Griffin

& Maubl. TH, US No F, S N/A PestID, 2009 ; CABI, 2007; Dethoup et al

. , 2007Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 7 Pest Geographical

d istribution 2 Quaran

tine p est Plant p art

a ffected 3 Follow

p athway References

Leptosphaeria sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Mycosphaerella sp. TH Yes L 7 No PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Pestalotiopsis sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009 ; Ploetz et al., 1997; Sittigul et al., 2005

Phoma sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; Likhitekaraj et al

., 2007
Phomopsis sp

. TH Yes F Yes PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007
Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J.

Schröt. TH, US No F, R, S N/A CABI, 2007; Erwin, 1996; Sontirat, 1994

Thanatephorus cucumer i s (Frank) Donk. [Anamorph: Rhizoctonia

solani Kühn] TH, US No R, S N/.A Alfieri et al., 1984; Farr et al., 2010

NEMATODES

Cactodera cacti Filipjev &

Stekhoven TH, US No R No CABI, 2007, Charernsom, 2004
Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) TH, US No R No CABI, 2007; Buriticá, 1999; Castaña et al

. , 1991
Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White)

Chitwood TH, US No R No PestID , 2009 ; CABI,

2007

Rotylenchulus reniformis

Linford & Oliveira TH, US No R No CABI, 2007; Inserra,

1999

7 I nterc eption record indicates the fungi was found on the plant , but no specifics were given (PestID, 2009). Typically, fungi

affect the leaf, flower, and/or stem

.

2.1. Pest list discussion

We did not list some q uarantine pests as being likely to follow the pathway , for a variety of reasons (e.g., a lack of specific identification). Should any of these pests be intercepted in shipments of the commodity, however, quarantine action may be taken and additional risk analyses may be done.Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 8 Biological hazards associated with organisms not identified to the species level were not assessed because often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. (Anamorphic fungi); Aphis sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae); Cataenococcus sp., Dysmicoccus sp., Planococcus sp., and Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); Coccus sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae); Colleotrichum sp. (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales); Conopomorpha sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae); Gloeosporium sp. (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) ; Org y ia sp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); Pheidole sp. a nd Technomyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Phoma sp., and Phomopsis sp. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales); and Tarsonemus sp. (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

.

2.2 . Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The quarantine pests that a re likely to follow the pathway are listed below (Table 4).

Table 4. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway Organism Taxonomy

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactr o cera c u c u rb i tae (Coquillett) Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Diptera: Tephritidae
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae
Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae



### 3. Authors and Reviewers

Authors Kayimbi Tubajika , Plant Pathologist a Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomologist a

Reviewers Heather Hartzog, Plant Pathologist a James Smith, Entomologist a

Contributor Ralph T. Ross, Consultant b

a Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, C enter for P lant H ealth S cience and

T echnology. USDA

, A PHIS, P PQ.

b The Royal Thai Embassy of Thailand, Office of Agricultural Affairs, Washington, D. C.Pest list for Dragon F ruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7 , 201 1 9 

### 4

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