NOM Technical Memorandum NMFS 

OCTOBER 2000 

JAPANESE SUPPLY AND MARKET FOR SABLEFISH 

Sunee C. Sonu 

NOM-TM-N M FS-SW R-037 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southwest Region 
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manages and conserves our oceanic, coastal, and atmospheric resources. 

An organizational element within NOAA, the Office of Fisheries is responsible 

for fisheries policy and the direction of the National Marine Fisheries Service 

(NMFS). 

In addition to its formal publications, the NMFS uses the NOAA Technical 

Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications 

when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or 

feasible. Documents within this series, however, reflect sound professional 

work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

This TM series us used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim reports, or special 

purpose information. The TMs have not received complete formal review, editorial control, or detailed editing. 

OCTOBER 2000 

JAPANESE SUPPLY AND MARKET FOR SABLEFISH 

Sunee Sonu 

Southwest Region 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 

Long Beach, California 90802 

NOM-TM-N M FS-SWR-037 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Norman Y. Mineta, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

D. James Baker, Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Penelope Dalton, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

LIST OF TABLES ....................... ii 

LIST OF FIGURES ...................... iii 

LIST OF APPENDICES ..................... iii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................... iv 

INTRODUCTION ........................ 1 

WORLDFISHERY ........................ 1 

JAPANESE FISHERY ...................... 8 

IMPORTS .......................... 14 

SUPPLIERS ......................... 18 

United States .................... 18 

Canada ........................ 19 

SUPPLY ........................... 26 

CONSUMPTION ........................ 28 

MARKET ........................... 28 

REFERENCES ......................... 48 

APPENDICES ......................... 51 

i 
LIST OF TABLES 

Page 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

World sablefish catches by country, 1958-1998 .... 3 

Japanese annual sablefish catches by area, 1958-1999 10 

Japanese imports of frozen dressed sablefish 

Japanese imports of frozen dressed sablefish 

by volume, 1987-1999 ................ 16 

by value, 1987-1999 ................. 17 

United States exports of sablefish by country 

of destination, by volume, 1981-1999 ........ 20 

United States exports of sablefish by country 

of destination, by value, 1981-1999 ......... 22 

Canada's exports of sablefish by country 

of destination, by volume, 1992-1999 ........ 24 

Canada's exports of sablefish by country 

of destination, by value, 1992-1999 ......... 25 

Japanese imports of sablefish in round weight, 

1987-1999 ...................... 27 

Monthly and annual sales volume of frozen dressed 

sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, 

1986-1999 ...................... 31 

Monthly and annual average wholesale prices of 

frozen dressed sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale 

Market,1986-1999 .................. 32 

Japanese monthly imports of frozen dressed sablefish 

by volume, 1987-2000 ................ 33 

Japanese imports of frozen mer0 (Dissostichus 

el eginoides) , 199 8 - 19 99 ............... 3 4 

Monthly wholesale prices of frozen Patagonian toothfish 

(Dissostichus eleginoides) fillet at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market, 1997-1999 ............. 35 

Weekly prices by size for frozen dressed sablefish at 

Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, 1995-2000 ...... 36 

ii 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Page 

1. World annual sablefish catches, 1958-1998 . . . . . . . 4 

2. Washington landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 . . . . . . 5 

3. Oregon landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 . . . . . . . . 5 

4. California landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 . . . . . . 6 

5. Alaska landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 . . . . . . . . 6 

6. United States landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 . . . . . 7 

7. Japanese annual sablefish catches by area, 1958-1999 . . 9 

8. Japanese annual imports by volume and value 

for frozen sablefish, 1987-1999 . .. . . . . . . . . . . 15 

9. Japanese annual import volume and average 

import prices of sablefish, 1987-1999 . . . . . . . . . 18 

10. Japanese annual average import prices of sablefish 

in yen and U.S. dollar, 1987-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

11. Japanese annual import volumes and annual sales volumes 

of frozen dressed sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale 

Market, 1987-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

12. Japanese annual import volumes and average wholesale 

prices of sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, 

1987-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

13. Annual average wholesale prices of frozen dressed 

sablefish in yen and U.S. dollar, at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market 1987-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

LIST OF APPENDICES 

1. Monthly and annual average exchange rate applied to 

Japanese imports, 1976-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

2. Major Japanese sablefish importers . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

iii 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Japan is by far the world's largest importer and consumer of 

sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). The current Japanese market for 

sablefish is supplied entirely by imports which in 1998 are 

estimated to have been about 25,000 metric tons (mt) in round 

weight or 15,748 mt in frozen round weight, representing 98 

percent of world sablefish catches that year. 

sablefish valued at $123 million, down 2 percent by quantity, but 

up 9 percent by value over 1998. 

mainly to good demand, declining supply, a strong yen, and a 

consequent rise in price to suppliers of sablefish. 

Japan. Japanese imports of sablefish from the United States in 

1999 were 12,645 mt valued at $101.5 million, down 1 percent by 

volume, but up 8 percent by value over 1998. 

In 1999, Japan imported 15,398 mt of frozen dressed 

The increase in value was due 

The United States is the primary supplier of sablefish to 

Sablefish is usually sold directly to licensed buyers at 

production-center wholesale markets and consumer-center wholesale 

markets. It is also sold directly to processors or 

representatives of supermarket chains. Wholesale prices set at 

the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, the largest consumer-center 

fish wholesale market in the world, become price indices for 

fishery products. About 36 percent of Japanese imports of frozen 

dressed sablefish is sold at the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. 

Prices of frozen dressed sablefish are primarily determined 

by supply and demand, but quality, size, origin, prices of 

competitive fish, and the dollar-yen exchange rate are also 

important. Prices usually rise from late fall through winter and 

fall substantially during summer. In 1999, however, prices did 

not show significant decline during summer, due to reduced 

imports and low inventories. Average wholesale prices of frozen 

dressed sablefish at the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market in July 

1999 were about 3 percent higher than prices in November 1999. 

Sablefish competes for market with Patagonian toothfish 

(Dissostichus eleginoides). Total imports of Patagonian 

toothfish in 1999 decreased about 24 percent from 1998. Average 

wholesale prices of Patagonian toothfish fillet at the Tokyo 

Central Wholesale Market were between 1,420-1,350 yen/kg in 

December 1999. These prices are 14-16 percent higher than prices 

for the same period in 1998. 

Sablefish products imported into Japan are subject to 

tariffs. As Japan and the United States are signatories to the 

World Trade Organization (WTO), WTO tariffs apply to U.S. exports 

of fishery products. The current tariff for fresh or frozen 

sablefish products is 3.5 percent, calculated as a percentage of 

cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value. 

iv 
INTRODUCTION 

Sablefish is an economically important groundfish species 

inhabiting the continental shelf and slope of the North Pacific 

Ocean and the Bering Sea. The resource has been exploited by 

U.S. and Canadian fishermen since the end of the lgth century. 

Other countries began fishing for sablefish after the middle of 

the 20th century. 

Japan is presently the world's largest market for sablefish, 

absorbing about 98 percent of total world production in 1998. 

Japanese catches of sablefish, mostly near foreign coasts, were 

at one time the largest in the world. However, with the advent 

of extended jurisdiction, the Japanese fishery has been 

eliminated off Canada after 1980, off the Soviet Union in 1986, 

and off the United States in 1987. By 1990, the Japanese 

sablefish fishery had been completely shut down and since then 

Japanese demand for sablefish has been supplied entirely by 

imports . 

The United States has been the world's largest harvester of 

sablefish since 1978 and the economic importance of the sablefish 

resource has increased significantly in recent years. In 1998, 

the U.S. sablefish harvest contributed close to $92 million 

exvessel value to U.S. commercial fishermen and ranked third in 

value among groundfish species (U.S. Department of Commerce 

1999). The United States is the largest supplier of sablefish to 

Japan. 

This report provides a detailed examination of the Japanese 

sablefish fishery, imports, and market, in order to identify 

potential opportunities for export of U.S. producers. 

WORLD FISHERY 

Sablefish is widely distributed along the continental shelf 

and slope of the North Pacific Ocean from Baja California through 

Alaska and the Bering Sea, and westward to Japan (Sasaki 1985). 

The resource has been exploited by U.S. and Canadian fishermen 

since the end of lgth century, but catches were relatively small 

averaging 4,775 metric tons (mt) from 1915 to 1957 (Low et al. 

1976). Until 1958, fishermen from the United States and Canada 

accounted for nearly all landings of sablefish (International 

North Pacific Fisheries Commission 1972). 

Japan in 1958 and Russia in 1964 began fishing for sablefish 

in the Bering Sea (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Total catch of sablefish 

by all nations reached a high of 66,000 mt in 1972, with Japan 

landing 85 percent of the fish. During the late 1970s, the 

1 
Republic of Korea and other countries including Poland, Taiwan, 

Germany, Bulgaria, Mexico, and Portugal began to catch sablefish 

off Alaska. Substantial catches by the U.S.S.R. and the 

Republic of Korea were reported from 1966-1975 and 1977-1983, 

respectively. However, the establishment of the U.S. and 

Canada's 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in 1977 greatly 

reduced the catches of sablefish by foreign vessels in those 

waters. Increased development of domestic sablefish fisheries in 

the United States and Canada led to elimination of foreign 

catches of sablefish in those nations' EEZs. 

Since 1978, the United States has been the world's largest 

harvester of sablefish, producing over 82 percent of the world 

total in 1998. Canada has been a distant second since 1984. 

Only the United States and Canada harvested sablefish between 

1990 and 1995 and in 1997, according to FA0 catch statistics (FA0 

1992-1999). In a number of countries landings of sablefish were 

not recorded between 1987 and 1997, but sablefish was exported to 

Japan during those years. 

Thailand, New Zealand, Morocco, Hong Kong, Pakistan, and Senegal. 

These counties included Argentina, 

Total sablefish landings in the United States steadily 

increased from 19,000 mt in 1983 to a peak of 49,000 mt in 1988. 

The landings have since declined in all fishing areas (Fig. 2-5). 

In 1998, the United States landed about 21,000 mt of sablefish, 

of which 16,400 mt or 78 percent of the total catch were caught 

in the waters off Alaska (Fig. 6). This catch amounted to 43 

percent of the 1988 peak and represented the lowest catch in the 

last 15 years. 

Harvest of sablefish by Canada has gone from 383 mt in 1958 

to a record high of 5,770 mt in 1988. The harvest then declined 

to 3,000 mt in 1996, and then increased somewhat to 4,500 mt in 

1998. 

Sablefish are taken primarily with bottom trawl, longline, 

and pot gear. Trawls capture sablefish in mixed-species catches 

of a variety of groundfishes, whereas longline and pot gears 

target sablefish. There is little recreational fishing for 

sablefish, mostly because they live at depths too great for most 

kinds of recreational fishing gear (Leet et al. 1992 and U.S. 

Department of Commerce 2000). 

2 
Table 1. World sablefish catches by country, 1958-1998 

(metric tons, round weight). 

Year U.S.A. Canada Japan U.S.S.R. Korea Others Total 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

2,587 

3,990 

5,136 

3,000 

4,000 

2,900 

3,700 

3,300 

3,100 

3,200 

2,500 

2,200 

2,900 

2,700 

5,500 

6,432 

7,028 

8,744 

7,895 

11,510 

13 , 240 

21,973 

18,705 

13,023 

21,403 

18,575 

23 , 565 

28 , 842 

38,930 

46,706 

48,817 

44 , 267 

40,734 

37,925 

34,224 

35,139 

32,359 

31,216 

28,208 

25,301 

20,953 

383 

362 

705 

306 

428 

396 

637 

649 

970 

591 

577 

391 

327 

327 

1,104 

965 

503 

921 

796 

1,088 

831 

2,031 

3 , 793 

3,888 

4,028 

4,414 

3,827 

4,268 

4 , 668 

4,719 

5,770 

5,493 

5,038 

5,531 

5,029 

5,310 

5,202 

3,838 

3,009 

3,651 

4,500 

32 

393 

1,861 

26,182 

28 , 381 

21,582 

10,252 

10,103 

17,516 

22,335 

32 , 762 

43 , 424 

41,151 

44 , 482 

56,255 

39,053 

35,549 

32 , 242 

30,062 

21 , 844 

9,960 

8,666 

6,736 

9,167 

7,350 

6,964 

2 , 282 

187 

43 

11 

62 

5 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

-* - - - 

- - - - - - 

- - 

400 - 

700 - 

3,900 - 

17,000 - 

16 , 400 - 

9,800 - 6,600 - 4,700 - 3,200 - 2 , 100 - 

2,300 - 1,194 - 

961 - 

266 1,688 

61 814 

200 1,184 

447 1,241 

25 1,456 

66 1,323 

53 1,049 

2 442 

63 62 

54 36 

9 

8** - 

1** - 

- 

- - - - - - 

- - - - 

8** - 

502** - 

NA*** NA 

- - 

3,002 

4,745 

7,702 

32 , 809 

24 , 878 

14 , 989 

14 , 752 

25,486 

43 , 126 

52,239 

55,815 

50,978 

52,209 

66,059 

48,541 

45,380 

43,101 

39,714 

34,708 

24 , 949 

34 , 158 

31,221 

27,827 

34,412 

31,058 

30,140 

33 , 450 

43,738 

51,475 

54 , 684 

49,766 

45,772 

43,456 

39,253 

40,449 

37,561 

35,054 

31,217 

28 , 952 

25,453 

29,488 

*- zero catch ** Russian Fed. ***NA not available 

Sources: Noorin Keizai Kenkyusho 1965; Suisan Tsushin Sha 2000; 

FA0 1964-1999; Suisan Sha 1968-1989; Hiatt et al. 1999; 

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries 1999; 

Int'l North Pacific Fisheries Commission 1967-1996; 

Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1994-1996, 2000; 

U.S. Department of Commerce 1977-2000 

3 
70,000 

60,000 

50.000 

40,000 

v) 

C 

0 

CI 

0 .- 

C L 

30,000 

f 

20,000 

10,000 

0 

58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 

Year 

Fig. 1. World annual sablefish catches, 1958-1998 

(metric tons, round weight, catches are additive) 

4 
5,000 

4,500 

4,000 

3.500 

!! 3,000 

1,000 

500 

0 

15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 

Year 

Fig. 2. Washington landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 

(metric tons, round weight) Sources: Low et al. 1976; 

U.S. Department of Commerce 2000 

8,000 . 

7,000 - I 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2.000 

1,000 

0 

15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 

Year 

Fig. 3. Oregon landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 

(metric tons, round weight) Sources: Low et al. 1976; 

U.S. Department of Commerce 2000 

5 
12,000 I 

10,Ooo 

8,000 

v) 

c 

I -I dl, . m rn .,Ill 2,000 

OL 

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 

Year 

I 

I 

Fig. 4. California landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 

(metric tons, round weight) Sources: Low et al. 1976; 

U.S. Department of Commerce 2000 

40,000 

35.000 

30,000 

g 25,000 

: 20.000 - 

b 

15,000 

10.000 

5,000 

0 

15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 

Year 

Fig. 5. Alaska landings of sablefish, 1915-1998 (metric tons, 

round weight) Sources: Low et al. 1976; Baldwin et 

al. 1989; Kinoshita et al. 1998; Hiatt et al. 1999 

6 
50,000 

45.000 

40,000 

35,000 

30,000 

cn 

5 

25,000 - 

C L 

s 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

Alaska 

0 California 

0 Oregon 

Washington 

15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 

Year 

Fig. 6. United States landings of sablefish by state, 1915-1998 

(metric tons, round weight, landings are additive) 

Sources: Low et al. 1976; Baldwin et al. 1989; 

Kinoshita et al. 1998; Hiatt et al. 1999; 

U.S. Department of Commerce 2000 

7 
JAPANESE FISHERY 

The Japanese sablefish fishery began in 1958 in the Bering 

Sea (Noorin Keizai Kenkyusho 1965). The fishery grew rapidly in 

this area and catches peaked in 1962 at 28,381 mt (Fig. 7 and 

Table 2). As stock abundance in the Bering Sea declined due to 

expanding fisheries, the fishing fleet extended its area of 

operation westward along the Aleutian Island chain and into the 

northeastern Pacific Ocean. Catches in the Aleutian Islands 

region remained at low levels, with a peak catch in 1972 of 3,262 

mt. In the northeastern Pacific Ocean, sablefish catches 

increased rapidly to a peak of 40,553 mt in 1972. The Japanese 

sablefish fishery historically was not very active off the coast 

of Washington, Oregon, and California. The peak year of Japanese 

sablefish harvest from all fishing areas was 1972 when 56,255 mt 

of sablefish were harvested, which was over 85 percent of the 

world catch for that year (Table 1). From 1961 through 1976, 

annual Japanese catches averaged 30,708 mt. The majority of the 

catch took place in U.S. waters. 

Following the passage of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation 

and Management Act (MFCMA) in 1976, resources in U.S. waters came 

under direct management of the United States and catch 

restrictions were implemented. Japanese harvest of sablefish has 

since ceased. Prior to enactment of the MFCMA in 1977, Japan was 

the world's largest sablefish harvesting nation, but its share of 

the world catch decreased from about 89 percent in 1961 to less 

than one percent in 1986. Japanese sablefish fishing in the U.S. 

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) ended in 1986 in the Gulf of Alaska 

and in 1987 in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands as a result of 

implementation of the MFCMA. 

In Canadian waters, the Japanese catch quota was reduced 

from 3,000 mt in 1977 to 200 mt in 1980. After 1980, the 

Japanese directed fishery for sablefish off Canada was eliminated 

(McFarlane and Beamish 1983). In 1986, Japanese stopped fishing 

for sablefish in Soviet waters (U.S. Department of Commerce 

1986). 

From 1987 through 1989, the Japanese sablefish fishery was 

conducted only in international waters and catch amounts were 

insignificant. The Japanese have not harvested sablefish since 

1990. 

8 
60,000 

50,000 

40,000 

m 

E 

0 

30.000 I 

C L 

ik! 

20,000 

10,000 

-7- 

-t 

i 

Aleutian Islands 

Bering Sea I 0 Northeast Pacific 

0 

58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 

Year 

94 97 

Figure 7. Japanese annual sablefish catches by area, 1958-1999 

(Metric tons, round weight, catches are additive) 

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E 
IMPORTS 

Japan is the world's largest importer of sablefish. In 

1999, Japan imported 15,398 mt of dressed sablefish valued at 

about $123 million (Fig. 8, Tables 3 and 4). The United States 

has consistently been the leading supplier of sablefish to Japan, 

providing 83 percent (12,645 mt, valued at $101 million) of the 

1999 total. Canada has been a distant second with supplies of 

about 17 percent of the total. During the last 13 years, 13 

other countries supplied less than one percent of the total. 

Although the volume of imports in 1999 was the second lowest 

The average import price advanced from $4.14/kg in 1987 

in the last 13 years, the average import price was the fourth 

highest. 

to $7.99/kg in 1999 (Fig. 9). Good demand, declining supply, 

higher wholesale prices, and the strong yen (Appendix 1) 

contributed to the increase in value. 

Japan did not begin to report separate import statistics for 

sablefish until 1987. Prior to that time, sablefish imports were 

lumped together with those of cod and cod-like species. 

According to unofficial statistics compiled by a Japanese fishery 

industry newspaper, Japan imported between 3,490 mt and 3,990 mt 

of sablefish in 1983, 8,647 mt in 1984, and 12,100 mt in 1985 

(Suisan Keizai Shinbun Sha 1985 and 1986). 

Japan's imports of sablefish in 1999 increased over three 

times from 1983, when the United States continued to reduce 

Japanese sablefish catch allocations within the U.S. Exclusive 

Economic Zone (EEZ) . 

Imports of sablefish increased sharply from 1983 to a high 

in 1988, but have since shown a downward trend. Imports in 

volume recovered somewhat in 1998 and 1999, increasing around 6 

percent from 1997, but this was still 48 percent less than the 

record year of 1988. This is mostly because of decreasing 

catches and exports by the United States. 

Japan regulates imports of fishery products with import 

quotas (IQ) and tariffs. Over the years, Japan has relaxed its 

IQ and reduced trade barriers through multilateral and bilateral 

trade negotiations. Tariffs have been gradually cut by about 

one-third since 1995 on a number of fishery products. Due to 

these developments as well as other factors, Japan is now the 

world's largest importer of fishery products, with 1999 imports 

of $13.3 billion (FA0 1999 and Japan Marine Products Importers 

Association 2000). 

Sablefish products imported into Japan are subject to 

tariffs, but not IQ. As Japan and the United States are 

signatories to the World Trade Organization (WTO), WTO tariffs 

14 
apply to U.S. exports of fishery products. The current tariff 

for fresh or frozen sablefish products is 3.5 percent, calculated 

as a percentage of cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value. 

Major Japanese importers of sablefish products are listed in 

Appendix 2. 

Imports by volume 

35,000 I 

30,000 

25,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

87 89 91 93 95 

Year 

97 99 

, 

Imports by value I 

200 

180 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

87 89 91 93 95 97 

Year 

0 Others 

1 U.S.A. 

99 

Figure 8. Japanese annual imports by volume (volumes are 

additive) and value (values are additive) for frozen 

sablefish, 1987-1999. 

15 
Table 3. Japanese imports of frozen dressed sablefish by volume, 

1987-1999 (metric tons). 

Country - of 

origin 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

U.S.A. 25,770 27,186 26,041 23,591 20,892 17,252 22,697 

Canada 2,762 3,162 3,285 2,816 3,272 2,719 2,986 

Uruguay -* - - - - - 

China - - Argentina - - - - - - 

Russia 

Mexico - 189 - 112 148 37 

Thai 1 and - - - 

Korea, Rep. 21 4 10 33 2 125 - 

New Zealand 13 - 

Morocco - 17 9 

Korea , D. P . Rp . - 18 

Hong Kong 28 - - - - - - Pakistan - - - - - - - 

Senegal 

Total ** 28,584 30,558 29,354 26,449 24,277 20,258 25,720 

- - - - - 

1 - - - - - - - 

- - - - - 

- - - - - 

- - - - 

- - - - - 

- - - - - - - 

Country of 

Orisin 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

U.S.A. 18,064 17,823 16,551 12,546 12,943 12,645 

Canada 2,991 2,429 2,261 2,033 2,753 2,697 

Uruguay - - - - - 24 

China 16 

Argentina - - 15 

Russia 4 4 1 

Mexico 8 29 53 - 

Thai land 1 - - - - - Korea, Rep. - - - - - - 

New Zealand - - - - - - 

Morocco - - Korea , D . P . Rp . - - - - - - 

Hong Kong - - - 

Pakistan - 8 - - Senegal - - 8 - - 

Total ** 21,056 20,256 18,840 14,609 15,748 15,398 

- - - - - 

- - - 

- - - 

- - 

- - - - 

- - - 

- - 

*- zero imports ** Totals may not add due to rounding of data 

Source: Japan Marine Products Importers Association 1988-2000 

16 
Table 4. Japanese imports of frozen dressed sablefish by value, 

1987-1999 (U.S. $1,000)- 

Country of 

origin 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

U.S.A. 105,215139,261118,075106,699131,324106,485 138,044 

Canada 13,007 17,382 15,302 16,709 27,573 18,745 19,011 

Uruguay j, - - - - - 

China - Argentina - - - - - - 

Russia - Mexico - 556 - - 522 672 99 

Thailand - - - - - - - 

Korea, Rep. 75 24 38 66 18 702 - 

New Zealand - - - - - 45 - 

Morocco - 17 10 - 

Korea, D.P.Rp. - 61 - 

Hong Kong 67 - - - - - - Pakistan - - - - - - - 

- - - - - - 

3 - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - 

Senegal - - - - - - - 

Total ** 118,364 157,240133,477123,484159,436126,652 157,154 

Country of 

Origin- 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

U.S.A. 131,297 157,498 150,316 118,086 

Canada 25,230 

Uruguay - 

China - 

Russia - 

Mexico - 

Thai 1 and 10 

Korea, Rep. - 

New Zealand - 

Morocco - 

Korea, D . P . Rp . - 

Hong Kong - 

Pakistan - 

Seneaal - 

Argentina - 

22 , 724 

- 

21,173 - 

- 

- 

22 

37 

- 

- 

13 

9 

93,691 101,466 

~ -d ~ 

Total ** 156,538180,244171,569137,982113,142123,037 

*- zero imports ** Totals may not add due to rounding of data 

Source: Japan Marine Products Importers Association 1988-2000 

17 
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0 

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 

Year 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

En 

Y) 

5s 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

Figure 9. Japanese annual import volumes and average nominal 

import prices of sablefish, 1987-1999. 

SUPPLIERS 

United States 

Exports of U.S. sablefish to all destinations increased from 

a negligible amount in 1981 to a peak of 23,000 mt in 1989, but 

have since shown a downward trend (Tables 5 and 6). The exports 

in 1999, although up substantially from the 1998 level, were 

still well below the peak year, 1989. 

Japan is still the U.S.’s foremost export market for 

sablefish and in 1999 purchased 70 percent of total U.S. exports 

of sablefish. The value was $45.8 million, up 13 percent from 

1998. The average U.S. export price of sablefish to Japan 

increased 32 percent to $4.91/kg in 1999 from $3.71/kg in 1987. 

18 
The elevation in price was due mainly to the appreciation of the 

Japanese yen relative to the U.S. dollar and higher prices for 

sablefish in Japan. 

Exports of U.S. fishery products have greatly benefitted 

from the weaker dollar relative to the Japanese yen in recent 

years. The average annual value of the U.S. dollar relative to 

the yen fell 22 percent to 114 yen/U.S. dollar in 1999 from 146 

yen/U.S. dollar in 1987. Thus even if Japanese sablefish prices 

remained unchanged, prices paid to U.S. exporters increase. The 

Japanese annual average import price of sablefish in 1999 

increased 53 percent in the yen price and 93 percent in the 

dollar price from 1987 level (Fig. 10). 

The Republic of Korea, the second largest export market for 

U.S. sablefish in 1999, has substantially increased its imports 

of sablefish, from less than one percent of U.S. exports in 1995 

to 22 percent in 1999. In 1999, U.S. exports of sablefish to the 

Republic of Korea rose 53 percent in quantity and 92 percent in 

value over 1998 and set a record high at 2,920 mt, or USS10.5 

million. 

Canada 

Canada exported 2,758 mt of sablefish in 1999, valued at 

Canadian $28.8 million, an increase of 13 percent in quantity and 

29 percent in value over 1998 exports (Tables 7 and 8). 

Canada’s exports of sablefish between 1992 and 1999 have 

fluctuated within a fairly narrow range, 2,200-3,900 mt. 

Japan continued to be Canada’s single largest export market 

for sablefish in 1999, taking 76 percent by volume and 75 percent 

by value of Canada’s sablefish exports. Compared to 1998, 

although total value was up, quantity was down. Exports to other 

countries increased both in volume and value from 1998 to 1999. 

After Japan, Hong Kong has been the second most important 

market for Canadian sablefish, buying 7 percent of Canada’s total 

sablefish exports in 1999. Canada exported 194 mt of sablefish 

to Hong Kong in 1999, a 35 percent increase over 1998. Canada‘s 

exports of sablefish to Hong Kong have fluctuated between 110 and 

530 mt since 1992. 

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yen and in U.S. dollar, 1987-1999. 

SUPPLY 

Japan is the world's largest market for sablefish, consuming 

an average of 36,000 mt of sablefish or 91 percent of the world's 

sablefish production during 1987-1998 (Tables 1 and 9). Nearly 

95 percent of U.S. sablefish catch and 98 percent of Canadian 

sablefish catch were used to supply the Japanese market during 

the same period. In 1998, the combined catches of the two 

countries totaled 25,453 mt, with the United States accounting 

for 20,953 mt (82 percent). Japanese imports from the two 

countries totaled approximately 24,781 mt (97 percent) in round 

weight that year. Current Japanese demand for sablefish is 

supplied entirely by imports. 

26 
Table 9. Japanese imports of sablefish in round weight*, 

1987-1999 (metric tons). 

Country of 

oriqin 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

U.S.A. 40,897 43,144 41,327 37,439 33,156 27,379 36,020 

Canada 4,253 4,869 5,059 4,337 5,039 4,187 4,598 

Uruguay - ** - - - 

China - - - - Argentina - - - - - - 

Russia - - - - - - - 

Mexico - 299 178 235 59 Thai land - 

Korea, Rep. 33 6 16 52 3 198 - New Zealand - 

Morocco - 27 14 - 

Korea, D.P.Rp. - 29 

Hong Kong 44 - - - 

Pakistan 

- - - 

2 

- - - - - - - - 

- - - - - 21 - - - 

- - - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - 

Senegal - - - - - - - 

Total *** 45,306 48,496 46,585 41,975 38,528 32,149 40,818 

Country of 

Origin 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

U. S .A. 28,668 28,285 26,266 19,911 20,541 20,068 

Canada 4,606 3,741 3,482 3,131 4,240 4,153 

Uruguay - - - 38 

China 25 

Argent ina - - - - - 24 

Russia 6 6 2 

Mexico - - 13 46 84 - 

Thai 1 and 2 

Korea, Rep. - - - - - - 

New Zealand 

Morocco 

Korea, D.P.Rp. - - - - - - 

Hong Kong - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - 

- - - 

- - - - - 

- - - - - - 

- - - - - - 

Pakistan - - - - - 13 

Senegal - - 13 - - 

Total*** 33,416 32,146 29,899 23,184 24,992 24,437 

* Estimated using conversion factors of 1.540 for Canada and 

1.587 for the United States and other countries to convert 

the dressed weight to round weight ** zero imports *** Totals may not add due to rounding of data 

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994 

Department of Fisheries and Ocean 1996 

Japan Marine Products Importers Association 1988-2000 

27 
CONSUMPTION 

Sablefish is a popular fish in Japan. It is sold in retail 

stores for home consumption in steak and fillet form, and as 

"kasuzukell (marinated in Japanese rice wine lees). It is 

prepared in various ways for the table by the Japanese. The most 

popular dish is fish stew, which typically consists of sliced 

fish, vegetables, and soup stock. The dish is consumed primarily 

during the winter months. Sablefish steaks and fillet, as well 

as kasuzuke, are also used in grilled, broiled, or baked form and 

consumed year round. Sablefish may be used as "sashimi" (thinly 

sliced raw fish), especially in northern Japan, but it is not 

used in smoked, dried, or canned form. 

MARKET 

Frozen dressed sablefish is usually sold directly to 

licensed buyers, with a set price at production wholesale markets 

located at Japanese ports of landings, or at consumer wholesale 

markets located in consumption areas. Sablefish is also sold 

directly to processors, chain supermarkets, and department stores 

(K. Oogane, pers. comm.)'. There are about 340 production 

wholesale markets and 270 consumer wholesale markets for fish in 

Japan (Suisan Sha 1993 and 1995). The largest consumer fish 

wholesale market is the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. In 1999, 

this market handled about 716,000 mt of fishery products valued 

at about $5.8 billion (Suisan Keizai Shinbun Sha January 24, 

2000). It therefore plays an important role in providing 

information on the supply and demand of fishery products in 

Japan. Also, the wholesale price determined in the Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market generally serves as a price index for fishery 

products throughout the world. Between 1987 and 1999, an average 

of 36 percent (8,063 mt) of Japanese imports of frozen dressed 

sablefish were sold at the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market (Fig. 

11 and Tables 3 and 10). 

Wholesale prices for frozen dressed sablefish vary widely, 

depending on quality, size of fish, origin, supply, prices of 

competitive fish products, dollar-yen exchange rate, and other 

factors. Table 11 shows monthly and annual average wholesale 

prices of frozen dressed sablefish at the Tokyo Central Wholesale 

Market from 1986 through 1999. Figure 12 compares Japanese 

annual import volume with selling price. Annual average prices 

fluctuated considerably during that period, ranging from a low of 

771 yen/kg to a high of 1,401 yen/kg and fluctuations were 

influenced mainly by volume of total available supply in Japan. 

'Personal Communications: Oogane, K., Kitada Suisan Co., 

Ltd. 5-11-11 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. July 2000. 

28 
As is usually the case, the greater the supply, the lower the 

price. 

Wholesale prices for frozen dressed sablefish generally 

fall during summer (Table 11). In 1999, however, summer prices 

did not decline, due to reduced imports and low levels of 

inventory of frozen dressed sablefish (Table 12 and Minato 

Shinbun Sha January 31, 2000). Average wholesale prices of 

frozen dressed sablefish at the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market in 

July 1999 were about 3 percent higher than prices for November 

1999. Monthly imports of sablefish decreased 5 percent in July 

and 26 percent in August as compared with the same period in 

1998. 

Sablefish competes in the market with Patagonian toothfish 

(called ’mero” in Japanese), which has a similar oil content 

(Shokuryo Shinbun Sha January 21, 2000 and Hokkai Keizai Shinbun 

Sha February 23, 2000). Japanese imports of Patagonian toothfish 

are listed under llmeroll. Japanese imports of llmeroll in1999 

totaled 16,985 mt (8,201 mt of dressed mer0 and 8,784 mt of 

fillets) valued at $144 million (Table 13). Total supply of 

”mero” for 1999 decreased about 24 percent from the 22,357 mt 

imported in 1998. Wholesale prices of Patagonian toothfish 

fillets at the Tokyo Central Wholesale Market were between 1,420- 

1,350 yen/kg for December 1999 (Table 14). These prices are 

14-16 percent higher than prices for the same period in 1998. 

Annual average exchange rates show that relative to the yen, 

the U.S. dollar depreciated over 21 percent from 1990 to 1999. 

Annual average wholesale prices of sablefish at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market in 1999 increased 20 percent in yen and 53 

percent in dollars from 1990 (Fig. 13). 

Size of fish and catch locality are also important 

determinants of price. Generally, larger fish command higher 

prices (Table 15) and imports from Alaska are valued highly 

(Minato Shinbun Sha January 31, 2000). Prices for fish caught 

off Canada are 30-50 yen/kg lower than those from Alaska. 

29 
35,000 

5,000 - 

30,000 

25,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

-- 400 ---!-.-I -Average wholesale prices -. 200 I 

I 

I 

___ Lrport volume 

sales volume 

0, j iv 

-I 

0 

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 

Year 

Figure 11. Japanese annual import volumes and annual sales 

volumes of frozen dressed sablefish at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market, 1987-1999 (metric tons). 

30,000 1,400 

1,200 25,000 

1,000 

800 

e 20,000 m 

E" 600 

s 

0 

15,000 $ 

Figure 12. Japanese annual import volumes and average wholesale 

prices of sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale 

Market, 1987-1999. 

30 
Table 10. Monthly and annual sales volume of frozen dressed 

sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, 1986-1999 

(metric tons). 

Month 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr . 

June 

July 

Aug . Sept . Oct. 

Nov . Dec . 

May 

Total* 

383 472 452 801 869 806 522 

369 406 653 643 1,161 388 359 

381 448 781 789 580 229 600 

420 388 415 492 428 398 515 

634 1,016 617 700 2,131 668 414 

92 9 950 909 1,142 2,638 1,189 967 

958 1,527 721 610 1,781 2,340 1,137 

781 831 978 1,227 583 1,329 471 

814 903 894 895 873 1,793 639 

1,077 1,251 429 597 1,224 862 734 

610 613 371 641 1,165 401 547 

509 344 595 791 1,023 467 547 

7,866 9,149 7,816 9,329 14,452 10,870 7,452 

Month 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Jan. 810 596 561 720 382 325 494 

Feb. 1,131 527 349 546 355 3 04 426 

Mar. 631 458 452 454 334 331 474 

Apr . 815 658 458 523 465 405 723 

May 475 375 662 695 536 3 92 629 

June 745 611 419 569 384 326 772 

July 722 1,190 553 466 478 515 484 

Sept . 785 431 598 774 531 358 285 

Oct. 547 800 824 82 0 333 360 628 

Nov . 711 516 614 559 311 3 94 590 

Aug . 716 883 498 518 574 478 335 

Dec . 629 589 554 402 343 458 594 

Total* 8,718 7,335 6,542 7,046 5,026 4,646 6,435 

* Total may not add due to rounding of data 

Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1987-2000 

31 
Table 11. Monthly and annual average wholesale prices of frozen 

dressed sablefish at Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, 

1986-1999 (yen/kg) . 

Month 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Jan. 1,019 801 842 788 834 1,348 1,336 

Feb. 975 798 797 821 880 1,452 1,293 

Mar. 877 780 812 837 908 1,463 1,190 

Apr . 759 739 821 820 966 1,263 1,149 

May 688 677 797 804 852 1,129 1,101 

June 685 682 782 773 874 1,024 1,036 

July 694 689 755 783 939 1,035 1,041 

Aug . 713 757 785 775 968 1,175 1,022 

Sept. 742 813 829 796 968 1,288 962 

Nov . 777 910 830 816 1,046 1,349 929 

Dec . 815 879 801 811 1,164 1,316 880 

Oct. 764 884 854 788 1,007 1,370 943. 

Jan. -Dec . 764 771 804 799 936 1,204 1,058 

Month 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Jan. 873 813 1,168 1,074 1,367 1,328 1,022 

Feb. 884 925 1,183 1,124 1,379 1,289 1,009 

Mar. 908 1,137 1,120 1,106 1,377 1,252 1,008 

Apr . 913 1,286 1,076 1,121 1,436 1,232 1,037 

May 921 1,147 1,029 1,151 1,457 1,240 1,117 

June 867 942 934 1,154 1,397 1,219 1,195 

July 831 901 939 1,159 1,359 1,157 1,214 

Aug . 771 996 940 1,169 1,389 1,186 1,203 

Sept . 787 1,060 974 1,235 1,438 1,181 1,180 

Oct * 790 1,094 999 1,282 1,435 1,096 1,152 

Nov . 761 1,089 1,033 1,341 1,386 1,040 1,180 

Dec. 752 1,109 983 1,341 1,357 1,011 1,211 

Jan. -Dec . 840 1,016 1,026 1,188 1,401 1,178 1,127 

Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1987-2000 

32 
33 
Table 13. Japanese imports of frozen mer0 (Dissostichus 

eleginoides) 1998-1999. 

Country of 1998 1999 

origin Volume Value Volume Value 

Metric tons U.S.$l,OOO Metric tons U.S.$l,OOO 

Dressed : 

Korea, Rep. 20 96 305 1,585 

China 7 24 38 119 

Thai land 0 0 7 24 

Singapore 0 0 12 110 

Norway 269 1,270 91 529 

U.K. 72 294 69 426 

Netherlands 6 34 0 0 

France 1,649 7,860 1,567 12 , 054 

Spain 129 336 239 868 

Russia 0 0 58 575 

Bulgaria 58 299 78 499 

Canada 22 111 0 0 

U.S.A. 21 96 23 90 

Belize 892 3,819 169 843 

Panama 504 2,427 27 83 

Chile 1,281 3,935 898 4 , 982 

Uruguay 625 2,384 349 1,776 

Argentina 745 3,114 930 5,931 

Falkland 83 360 175 1,215 

Mauritania 8 43 0 0 

Gambia 87 340 0 0 

St. Helena 207 936 123 1,206 

Mauritius 3,066 13 , 888 815 4,705 

Reunion 144 626 332 2,656 

Namibia 277 984 19 123 

S. Africa 1,050 4,794 285 2 , 061 

Australia 1,443 5,761 1,504 11,026 

New Zealand 4 7 71 605 

Vanuatu 44 245 20 159 

Total, dressed* 12,713 54,083 8,201 54,251 

Fillets: 

China 295 

France 377 

Chile 7,844 

Uruguay 7 

Argent ina 489 

Falkland 90 

Reunion 222 

Namibia 87 

S. Africa 70 

Australia 153 

Total, fillets* 9,644 

Korea, Rep. 9 43 

2 , 152 

2,259 

50,709 

45 

2,944 

504 

1,233 

549 

356 

900 

61,694 

7 

1,910 

329 

6,053 

0 

108 

0 

242 

0 

0 

135 

8,784 

36 

20,708 

3,097 

60,850 

0 

1,191 

0 

2 , 270 

0 

0 

1,382 

89,534 

* Totals may not add due to rounding of data 

Source: Japan Marine Products Importers Association 1999-2000 

34 
Table 14. Monthly wholesale prices of frozen Patagonian toothfish 

(Dissosticbus eleginoides) fillets at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market, 1997-1999 (yen/kg) . 

Month 1997 1998 1999 

Hiqh Low High Low Hiqh Low 

February 1 , 060 1,000 1,030 900 1,250 1,200 

May 

January 1,100 1,080 1,030 880 1,220 1,180 

March 1,060 970 990 850 1,300 1,250 

April 1,100 1,000 980 930 1,300 1,250 

1,100 1,000 1,000 930 1,450 1,350 

June 1,100 950 1,020 950 1,500 1,430 

July 1,050 850 1,150 1,100 1,550 1,500 

August 1,050 850 1,250 1,150 1,600 1,550 

September 1,080 950 1,250 1,150 1,550 1,480 

October 1,050 920 1,280 1,180 1,520 1,480 

November 1,0 4 0 880 1,220 1,180 1,470 1,450 

December 1,040 870 1,220 1,180 1,420 1,350 

~ 

Source: Suisan Keizai Shinbun Sha 2000 

Figure 13. 

Q 

f 

1,800 

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1.000 

800 

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400 

200 

0 

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 

Year 

12 

10 

0 

a 

w 6% 

4 

2 

0 

Annual average wholesale prices of frozen dressed 

sablefish in yen and U.S. dollar at Tokyo Central 

Wholesale Market, 1987-1999. 

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47 
REFERENCES 

Baldwin, R.T., and J.D. Hastie. 1989. Economic and Biological 

Developments in the Alaskan Groundfish Fisheries 1976-87. 

NOM Tech. Mem. NMFS F/NWC-161. 56 p. 

Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 1994-1996, 2000. Annual Catch 

Statistics. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Stock 

Assessment Division. Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G. 

-. 2000. Domestic Exports of Selected Commodities, Sablefish 

Exports by Country 1992-1999. International Trade Division, 

Ottawa , Canada. 

FAO. 1964-1999. [Annual report series]. FA0 yearbook, fishery 

statistics, catches and landings. Food and Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 

- . 1999. FA0 yearbook, fishery statistics, commodities. 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 

Rome. 

Hiatt, T. and J. Terry. 1999. Economic Status of the Groundfish 

Fisheries off Alaska 1998. National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center. 

Hokkai Keizai Shinbun Sha. 2000 [Japanese daily fishery 

newspaper; in Japanese]. Nikkan Hokkai Keizai. 

Otaru, Japan. 2p. 

International North Pacific Fisheries Commission. 1967-1996. 

Statistical year book 1965-1992. Vancouver, Canada. 

Japan Marine Products Importers Association. 1988-2000. Japanese 

imports of marine products (statistics). Tokyo, Japan. 

-. 2000. Major Japanese Sablefish importers. Tokyo, Japan. 

Kinoshita, R.K., A. Grieg, and J.M. Terry. 1998. Economic Status 

of the Groundfish Fisheries off Alaska 1996. NOM Tech. Mem. 

NMFS-AFSC-85. 91 p. 

Leet, W.S., C.M. Dewees, and C.W. Haugen. 1992. California’s 

Living Marine Resources and their Utilization. California 

Sea Grant. 

Low, L.L., G.K. Tanonaka, and H.H. Shippen. 1976. Sablefish of 

the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Northwest 

Fisheries Center Progress Report. National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Northwest Fisheries Center. 115 p. 

48 
McFarlane, G.A. and R.J. Beamish. 1983. Overview of the fishery 

and management strategy for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) 

off the west coast of Canada. Proc. of the International 

Sablefish Symposium. Alaska Sea Grant Report 83-8. Univ. of 

Alaska. p. 13-35. 

Minato Shinbun Sha. 1995-2000 [Japanese daily fisheries and food 

news in Japanese]. Shimonoseki, Japan. 4 p. 

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 1996-1999 

[Annual report series]. Gyogyo yoshoku nenpo [Annual 

production of fisheries and culture in Japanese]. Statistics 

and Information Department. Tokyo, Japan. 

Ministry of Finance. 1987-2000. Shuyo Suisan Yunyu Boeki Tokei 

[Fishery Import Statistics by Major Species in Japanese]. 

Trade Statistics Department. Tokyo, Japan. 

Noorin Keizai Kenkyusho. 1965. Sekai Suisan Sokan [World 

fisheries in Japanese]. Tokyo, Japan. 974 p. 

Sasaki, T. 1985. Studies on the sablefish resources in the North 

Pacific Ocean. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. Shimizu, 

Japan. 22. 108 p. 

Shokuryo Shinbun Sha. 2000 [Japanese daily fishery newspaper in 

Japanese]. Nikkan Shokuro Shinbun. Tokyo, Japan. 2 p. 

Suisan Keizai Shinbun Sha. 2000[Japanese daily fishery newspapers 

in Japanese]. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun. Tokyo, Japan. 

4 P. 

Suisan Tsushin Sha. 2000 [Japanese daily fishery newspapers in 

Japanese]. Nikkan Suisan Tsushin. Tokyo, Japan. 4 p. 

Suisan Sha. 1968-1989, 1993, 1995. Suisan nenkan [Annual fishery 

statistics in Japanese]. Tokyo, Japan. 

Tokyo Metropolitan Government. 1987-2000 [Annual report series]. 

Tokyoto Chuo Oroshiuri Ichiba Nenpo [Tokyo central wholesale 

market, annual report I . Tokyo, Japan. 

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1986 [Biweekly reports]. Foreign 

Fishery Information Release. National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Southwest Region. Long Beach, CA. 4 p. 

49 
- . 1977-1999. Fisheries of the United States 1978-1998. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics and Economic 

Division. 

- . 2000. Commercial Fisheries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of 

Science & Technology/Fisheries Statistics and Economic 

Division. 

-. 2000. Essential Fish Habitat for Pacific Coast Groundfish. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest.Region. 

-. 1982-2000. United States Exports. National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Fisheries Statistics Division. 

-. 1994. Record keeping and Reporting Requirements 1995. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region. 

U.S. Embassy. 2000. Major Japanese sablefish importers. Fisheries 

Commercial Service Section. Tokyo, Japan. 

50 
Appendix 1. Monthly and annual average exchange rate applied to 

Japanese imports, 1976-2000 (yen/U.S. $1.00). 

Month 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 

Jan. 305.50 292.64 240.73 195.98 237.68 203.99 221.36 

Feb. 302.84 288.41 241.46 199.16 240.35 203.44 231.15 

Mar. 301.50 282.49 236.94 203.39 247.44 207.80 237.03 

Apr . 299.30 275.91 222.99 210.87 252.39 211.99 246.01 

May 299.00 277.66 225.36 217.81 238.71 217.18 237.25 

June 299.83 275.79 222.54 219.83 221.44 223.89 243.66 

July 296.89 267.78 205.17 217.24 217.95 226.55 256.07 

Aug . 292.81 265.70 191.18 216.13 224.85 236.35 257.18 

Sept . 288.18 267.14 190.94 220.54 219.10 230.26 258.60 

Oct. 288.43 261.78 187.76 225.41 210.18 229.15 268.14 

Nov . 294.12 249.13 184.41 238.48 211.28 230.56 272.81 

Dec. 295.68 241.87 196.54 244.62 212.85 218.15 250.33 

Jan.-Dec. 296.92 270.53 212.17 217.46 227.85 219.94 248.30 

Month 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 

Jan. 232.89 233.83 252.04 202.07 159.01 126.01 125.64 

Feb. 237.03 233.98 256.66 193.53 152.70 128.57 128.49 

Mar. 235.99 228.79 260.53 180.21 153.47 128.72 128.00 

Apr . 238.61 225.10 254.49 178.62 146.97 125.64 132.12 

May 235.43 227.48 251.36 167.08 139.91 124.76 133.78 

June 238.48 231.56 250.26 169.29 142.58 125.23 143.06 

July 239.93 238.69 246.22 163.17 147.81 131.40 141.60 

Aug . 242.70 243.69 237.92 155.04 150.83 133.12 140.29 

Sept . 244.80 243.02 239.20 154.66 143.02 134.21 145.10 

Oct. 236.15 246.68 221.43 154.23 144.59 132.58 142.58 

Nov . 234.22 244.08 209.32 160.34 138.52 125.36 142.67 

Dec . 234.81 246.07 202.60 162.73 132.65 122.21 143.83 

Jan.-Dec. 237.59 236.91 240.17 170.08 146.01 128.15 137.26 

51 
Appendix 1 (continued). Monthly and annual average exchange rate 

applied to Japanese imports, 1976-2000 

(yen/U.S. $1.00). 

Month 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Jan. 144.36 135.27 126.21 124.66 111.79 100.25 104.49 

Feb. 144.93 130.97 125.47 123.98 109.23 99.19 106.38 

Mar. 148.61 134.02 130.46 117.95 105.04 94.49 105.32 

Apr . 156.99 137.68 133.37 115.05 104.47 86.99 107.07 

May 157.09 137.71 132.77 110.81 103.07 83.75 106.02 

June 159.28 139.05 128.15 107.97 104.29 84.96 108.19 

July 151.95 138.85 125.61 108.16 99.55 85.46 109.55 

Aug . 148.90 137.00 126.99 105.38 99.57 90.73 107.84 

Sept. 142.96 136.24 124.36 104.37 99.25 98.48 108.78 

Oct. 133.82 131.72 121.03 105.79 98.97 100.88 110.99 

Nov . 128.31 130.47 122.71 107.80 97.41 101.56 112.86 

Dec. 130.86 129.14 124.11 108.35 99.22 101.51 112.70 

Jan.-Dec. 145.67 134.84 126.77 111.69 102.66 94.02 108.35 

Month 1997 1998 1999 

Jan. 115.60 

Feb. 121.26 

Mar. 122.38 

Apr . 124.29 

May 123.99 

June 114.98 

July 114.08 

Aug . 117.18 

Sept . 119.44 

Oct. 121.18 

Nov . 122.27 

Dec. 127.90 

Jan.-Dec. 120.38 

130.98 

125.90 

127.35 

130.84 

132.33 

138.65 

140.47 

143.44 

129.32 

118.14 

120.26 

131.36 

138.58 

114.09 

115.02 

119.88 

119.55 

120.21 

121.52 

121.56 

115.95 

110.21 

106.34 

105.21 

103.73 

114.44 

Sources: Japan Marine Products Importers Association 1977-2000 

52 
Appendix 2. Major Japanese sablefish importers 

COMPANY: Anyo Fisheries Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 3-19-1 Shinhamacho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001 

FAX : 81-22-365-7677 

COMPANY: Benirei Corporation 

ADDRESS: 4-9-25 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023 

FAX : 81-3-3769-0041 

COMPANY: Best Supply Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 3-14-1 Nagahama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 810-0072 

CONTACT: Shunichi Inoue, Section Manager, Product Development 

PHONE : 81- 92 -733 - 143 9 

FAX : 81-92-733-1436 

COMPANY: C.G.C. Japan Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 2-1-14 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8531 

CONTACT: Naoki Tokunaga, Trade Department 

E-MAIL: n-tokunaga@cgcjapan.co.jp 

PHONE : 81-3-3207-1363 

FAX : 81-3-3207-1227 

COMPANY: Co-op Trade Japan Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 3-29-8 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151 

CONTACT: Tatsuo Sekiya 

COMPANY: Daimaru Kogyo Ltd., Agricultural & Marine Products 

Dept . ADDRESS: 2-18-11 Kiba, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8510 

CONTACT : Haruj i Fuj imori 

PHONE : 8 1-3 -3 82 0 - 7123 

FAX : 81-3-3820-7089 

COMPANY: Eastern Products Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 2-8-4 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 

CONTACT: Kaoru Fukuda, Manager 

E-MAIL: epctobu@blue.ocn.ne.jp 

PHONE : 81-3-3533-5911 

FAX : 81-3-3533-5918 

COMPANY: Fish World, K.K. 

ADDRESS: 655-1 Koshimizucho, Aza-koshimizu, Shari-gun, Hokkaido 

53 
COMPANY: Fukuoka Chuo Uoichiba Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 3-14-1-319 Nagahama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 810 

CONTACT: Kenji Motohata, Sub-Director 

E-MAIL: xlc04264@nifty.ne.jp 

PHONE : 81-92-711-6123 

FAX : 81-92-711-6132 

COMPANY: Goshoku Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 1-11-1 Nakanoshima, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 672-0844 

CONTACT: Hidenori Fujisawa, International Trade 

WEB SITE: http://www.goshoku.co.jp 

PHONE : 81-78-672-7521 

FAX: 81-78-651-6077 

COMPANY: Hanwa Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Food Dept. 

ADDRESS: 1-13-10 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8429 

CONTACT : Kazuo Yokota 

PHONE : 81-3-3544-2323 

FAX : 81-3-3544-2050 

COMPANY: Henderson Trippe K.K. 

ADDRESS: 527 Hibiya Park Building, 1-8-1 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, 

Toyama 100 

CONTACT: Ohj i Matsuo 

PHONE : 81-3-3271-2921 

FAX : 8 1 - 3 - 3 2 71 -2 922 

COMPANY: Hohsui Corporation 

ADDRESS: Kyoei Building, 1-6-1 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

104-0032 

FAX : 81-3 -3297-8205 

COMPANY: Ishinomaki Fish Market Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 14, Sakanamachi 2-chome, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986 

CONTACT: Hiroshi Asano, Director 

PHONE : 8 1-22 5 -2 3 - 112 1 

FAX : 81-225-94-2822 

COMPANY: Ishinomaki Trading, Inc. 

ADDRESS: 14, Sakanamachi 2-chome, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986 

CONTACT: Kunio Sunou, Director 

PHONE : 81-225-23-1130 

FAX : 81-225-94-4886 

54 
COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

E-MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

E-MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

E-MAIL: 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

E-MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

Itochu Corporation, Marine Products Dept. 

2-5-1 Kitaaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0061 

81-3-3497-6186 

JAL Trading, Inc. 

JAL Building, 2-4-11 Higashi-shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, 

Tokyo 140 

Atsushi Iwakoshi 

81-3-5460-7151 

8 1 - 3 - 54 60 - 7223 

Kaito Co., Ltd. 

4-15-3 Magamoto, Urawa, Saitama 336-0033 

Tatsuo Naradate, General Affairs Department 

kaito8kb.so-net.ne.jp 

81-48-864-1131 

81-48-864-1711 

Kamewa Shoten 

5-2-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 

Atsuko Shinada 

JDV06 7 66@nif ty . ne. j p 

81-3-3541-3765 

81-3-3541-3830 

Kaneki Suisan Co., Ltd. 

155 Minatomachi, Katahara-cho, Gamagori, Aichi 443-01 

Takahiko Suzuki, President 

81-533-57-4161 

81-533-57-1027 

Kanesan Sato Suisan Inc. 

3-31-1 Higashi-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido 050 

Misao Takebayashi, Director, Trade 

81-143-45-5111 

81-143-45-5181 

pichi-satoh@nyc.odn.ne.jp 

Kanku Delivery Service Co., Ltd. 

Osaka Municipal Central Wholesale Market, 1-1-86, Noda, 

Fukushima-ku,, Osaka 553 

Vincent S.T. Ip 

kdsip0078ma.kcom.ne.jp 

81-6-6469-2002 

81-6-6469-2152 

55 
COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

E:MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

E-MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS: 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX: 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

Kohyo Co., Ltd. 

5-4-19 Shinsei, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie 510-0064 

Terumi Suezaki 

limp@kohyoj . co. jp 

81-593-54-5411 

81-593-54-3447 

Kyokuyo Co., Ltd. 

3-3-5 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052 

Ken Sakai, Manager, Section 2, Sales Department 

81-3-5545-0710 

81-3-5545-0756 

Maehama Co., Ltd. 

4-7-8 Ohgimachi, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-0034 

Keiji Ohba 

maehama@ma.neweb.ne.jp 

81-22-238-1711 

81-22-239-3988 

Maruha Corporation 

1-1-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004 

Fumito Kawa, Manager, North American Operations 

81-3-3216-0269 

81-3-3216-0848 

Marukyo Cooperative Ltd. 

2-8-2 Sakanamachi, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 985 

Goro Kawamura, President 

81-225-93-2311 

81-225-96-2158 

Matsuoka Co., Ltd. 

1-10-12, Higashi-yamatomachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 

750-8512 

81-832-67-5286 

Mind Food Co., Ltd. 

1-43-1 Shinhamacho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985 

Haruyuki Matsumoto 

81-22-366-2151 

81-22-366-2157 

Nanei 

6-12-5 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104 

56 
CONTACT : 

E-MAIL: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

WEB SITE: 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

WEB SITE: 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

CONTACT : 

PHONE : 

FAX : 

COMPANY : 

ADDRESS : 

Hideyuki Usui 

nanei@mwc.biglobe.ne.jp 

81-3-3546-8171 

81 - 3 - 3 54 6 - 8715 

New Toyo Sea Foods Co., Ltd. 

Ishikawa Bldg., 2-20-1 Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 

Tammoy Banner] i , President 

101- 0004 

81-3-3262-4408 

81-3-3263-6947 

Nichiro Corporation 

1-12-1 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0006 

Hidetaka Ochi, General Manager 

http : //www. nichiro. co. jp 

81-3-3240-6320 

81-3-3287-2326 

Nippon LBN 

24-10-401 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 

Kanagawa 224-0032 

Hisao Nishii, President 

81-45-948-0688 

81-45-948-0689 

Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. 

2-6-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004 

http://www.nissui.co.jp/ 

81-3-3244-7465 

Nomura Trading Co., Ltd., Tokyo Marine Product 

Department 

1-7-8 Higashikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0031 

81-3-5821-1258 

Oh-Ami, Inc. 

3-12-2 Motoazabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106 

Tatsuhiko Kawanishi 

81-3-3478-2661 

81-3-3478-2776 

Plateau Co., Ltd. 

Dogyoren Building 6F, 7-13-5 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

104 

57 
CONTACT: Genya Yoshida 

PHONE : 81-3-3543-8808 

FAX : 81-3-3545-9846 

COMPANY: Realize Corporation 

ADDRESS: 1530-9 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123 

CONTACT: Sakuji Sugawara, President 

E-MAIL: realize@poppy.ocn.ne.jp 

PHONE : 81-467-70-1614 

FAX : 81-467-70-1636 

COMPANY: Saihoku Fisheries Corporation, Tokyo Branch 

ADDRESS: 7-11-11-3 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 

CONTACT: Mitsugu Sawada 

E-MAIL: sfctokyo@beige.ocn.ne.jp 

PHONE : 81-3-3546-3664 

FAX : 81 - 3 - 354 6 - 3 665 

COMPANY: Saku Saku Bussan, K.K. 

ADDRESS: Mita Kokusai Building 16F, 1-4-28 Mita, Minato-ku, 

CONTACT: Kazutomo Shiode, Director, International Division 

E-MAIL: kaz-shiode@mub.biglobe.ne.jp 

Tokyo 108-8301 

PHONE : 81-3-3456-0091 

FAX : 81-3-3769-2547 

COMPANY : Sanyo Shokuhin 

ADDRESS: 2-15-5 Todaijima, Urayasu, Chiba 

COMPANY: Sekido & Co., Inc., Tokyo Office 

ADDRESS: Shintomi TT Bldg. 4F, 1-13-26 Shintomi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

CONTACT: Yasuo Horiuchi, Manager, Intenational Marketing 

E-MAIL: fwig8392@mb.infoweb.ne.jp 

104-0041 

Division 

PHONE : 81-3-3206-0069 

FAX : 81-3-3206-0070 

COMPANY: Sento Gyorui Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: Sendai Central Wholesale Market, 4-3-1, Oroshi-cho, 

CONTACT: Tsutomu Kikuchi, Director, Frozen Seafood Department 

Sendai, Miyagi 984-8522 

PHONE : 81-22-237-8311 

FAX: 81-22-232-8303 

58 
COMPANY: Shibamoto & Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 1-1-12 Minato, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0043 

FAX : 81-3-3552-4877 

COMPANY: Shin Nihon Global, Inc. 

ADDRESS: SK Building 3F, 1-13-19 Shintomi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

CONTACT: Yoshihiko Kuroda 

E-MAIL: kuroda8sng. co. jp 

104-0041 

PHONE : 81-3-3555-3605 

FAX : 81-3-3555-3601 

COMPANY: Shin Tokyo International, Inc. 

ADDRESS: Lira Nogizaka Bldg. 6F, 1-15-18 Aoyama, Minato-ku, 

Tokyo 107 

CONTACT: Masahiko Ishihara 

E-MAIL: sti@shintokyo.co.jp 

WEB SITE: http://www.shintokyo.co.jp/ 

PHONE : 81-3-3479-3903 

FAX : 81-3-3479-5959 

COMPANY: Stolt Cocoon K.K. 

ADDRESS: Tsukiji Koyama Building 4F, 3-12-5 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, 

CONTACT: Junya Nakano, Sales Department 

WEB SITE: http://www.stoltseafarm.com 

Tokyo 104-0045 

PHONE : 81-3-5565-3036 

FAX : 81-3-5565-3038 

COMPANY: Sumitomo Corporation (SC Foods Co., Ltd.) 

ADDRESS: Kandabashi Yasuda Building, 1-1 Kanda-nishikicho, 

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054 

FAX : 81-3-3219-3045 

COMPANY: Taizan Shokuhin Shoko Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 1-5-16 Shimouma, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154 

CONTACT: Keisuke Sugitomo, Manager, Trade 

PHONE : 81-3-3487-5555 

FAX : 81-3-5486-6933 

COMPANY: Tokai Denpun Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 24-15 Tenmacho, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 

CONTACT: Etsuro Uematsu, Director, Seafood 

PHONE : 81-54-253-1181 

FAX : 81-54-251-3524 

59 
COMPANY: Tokusui Corporation, Tokyo Branch 

ADDRESS: Tokyo Suisan Building 5F, 4-18 Toyomicho, Chuo-ku, 

Tokyo 104-0055 

FAX : 81-3-3533-5173 

COMPANY: Tokyo Koatsu K.K., Food Department 

ADDRESS: Miyamasu SK Building, 1-14-8 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 

CONTACT: Koichi Hashimoto 

150-0002 

PHONE : 81-3-3409-7541 

FAX : 81-3-3499-4481 

COMPANY: Tokyo Seafoods, Ltd. 

ADDRESS: Saiesta Building 5F, 2-14-5 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

CONTACT: Hiroki Steve Kobayashi, Manager, Seafood Group 

E-MAIL: stevekob@tsf.co.jp 

104-0045 

PHONE : 81-3-5565-3515 

FAX : 81-3-5565-3524 

COMPANY: Toshin Sea Foods Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 1-21-21 Kamiogi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167 

CONTACT: Tetsuhiro Goto, Deputy General Manager 

E-MAIL: goto@toshin.co.jp 

PHONE : 81-3-3391-2226 

FAX : 81-3-3392-8007 

COMPANY: Toshoku Seafoods Ltd. 

ADDRESS: Shin Muromachi Building, 2-4-3 Nihonbashi-muromachi, 

CONTACT: Kiwamu Moriguchi 

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022 

PHONE : 81-3-3245-2173 

FAX : 81-3-3245-2170 

COMPANY: Trans Ocean, Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 3-3-3-702 Tsukuda, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0051 

CONTACT: Etsuko Uozumi, President 

PHONE : 81-3 - 5548 -2672 

FAX : 81-3-5548-2673 

COMPANY: Watarai Co., Ltd. 

ADDRESS: 1-7-10 Shinhamacho, Shiogama, Miyagi 

CONTACT: Junichi Takeda, Trade Manager 

E-MAIL: warai - j @mtc . biglobe. ne. jp 

PHONE : 81-22-362-0656 

60 
FAX : 81-22-365-5799 

COMPANY: Yamaha Foods Co., Ltd., Tokyo Office 

ADDRESS: Taigen Bldg. 3F, 6-26-6 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 

CONTACT: Kohei Matsuda, Manager. Development Dept. 

104-0045 

PHONE : 81-3-3542-5186 

FAX : 81-3 -3542-5534 

................................................................. 

The U.S. Embassy Tokyo, USFCS Tokyo and the National Marine 

Fisheries Service cannot be responsible for the accuracy of this 

information nor do they endorse any companies listed herein. ................................................................. 

Sources: Japan Marine Products Importers Association 2000 

U.S. Embassy, Fisheries Commercial Service Section, 

Tokyo, Japan 2000 

61