NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

 

MARCH 2004 

MARINE MAMMAL DATA COLLECTED DURING THE OREGON, 

CALIFORNIA AND WASHINGTON LINE-TRANSECT EXPEDITION 

(ORCAWALE) CONDUCTED ABOARD THE NOAA SHIPS 

McARTHUR AND DAVID STARR JORDAN, JULY - DECEMBER 2001 

Jason Appler 

Jay Barlow 

Shannon Rankin 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-359 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southwest Fisheries Science Center 

 
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), organized in 1970,

has evolved into an agency which establishes national policies and manages and 

conserves our oceanic, coastal, and atmospheric resources. An organizational

element within NOAA, the Office of Fisheries is responsible for fisheries policy and 

the direction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 

In addition to its formal publications, the NMFS uses the NOAA Technical 

Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when 

complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible.

Documents within this series, however, reflect sound professional work and may be 

referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. 

 
 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

This TM is used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim 

reports, or special purpose information. The TMs have not received complete formal 

review, editorial control, or detailed editing. 

MARCH 2004 

MARINE MAMMAL DATA COLLECTED DURING THE OREGON, 

CALIFORNIA AND WASHINGTON LINE-TRANSECT EXPEDITION 

(ORCAWALE) CONDUCTED ABOARD THE NOAA SHIPS 

McARTHUR AND DAVID STARR JORDAN, JULY - DECEMBER 2001 

Jason Appler 

Jay Barlow 

Shannon Rankin 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 

Southwest Fisheries Science Center 

La Jolla Laboratory 

8604 La Jolla Shores Drive 

La Jolla, CA 92037 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-359 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Donald L. Evens, Secretary 

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 

Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere 

NAIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE 

William T. Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 
CONTENTS

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii 

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Survey Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Itinerary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Scientific Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Equipment and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Line-Transect Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Photo-Identification and Biopsy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Sightings and Search Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Line-Transect Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

35 mm Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Biopsy Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of marine mammal sightings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Table 2. Marine mammal schools of mixed species composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Table 3. Kilometers of survey effort per ship per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

Table 4. ORCAWALE survey effort by sea state and observer number . . . . . . . . . . 10

Table 5. All marine mammal sightings during ORCAWALE 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Table 6. Hydrophone array characteristics and dates used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Table 7. Acoustic recordings of cetaceans obtained using the hydrophone array . . . 21 

Table 8. Acoustic recordings of cetaceans obtained using sonobuoys . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Table 9. Sightings photographed with 35mm film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

Table 10. Biopsy samples taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1. Trackline coverage for ORCAWALE 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Figure 2. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera acutorostrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Figure 3. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera borealis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Figure 4. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera musculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Figure 5. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera physalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Figure 6. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Figure 7. On-effort sightings of Berardius bairdi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Figure 8. On-effort sightings of Delphinus spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Figure 9. On-effort sightings of Delphinus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Figure 10. On-effort sightings of Delphinus delphis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Figure 11. On-effort sightings of Eshrictius robustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

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Figure 12. On-effort sightings of Grampus griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Figure 13. On-effort sightings of Kogia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Figure 14. On-effort sightings of Lagenorhyncus obliquidens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Figure 15. On-effort sightings of Lissodelphis borealis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Figure 16. On-effort sightings of Megoptera novaeangliae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Figure 17. On-effort sightings of Orcinus orca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Figure 18. On-effort sightings of Phocoena phocoena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Figure 19. On-effort sightings of Phocoenoides dalli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Figure 20. On-effort sightings of Physeter macrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Figure 21. On-effort sightings of Stenella coeruleoalba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Figure 22. On-effort sightings of Tursiops truncatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Figure 23. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Dolphins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Figure 24. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Large Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Figure 25. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Figure 26. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Small Delphinids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Figure 27. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Small Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Figure 28. On-effort sightings of Ziphiid Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Figure 29. On-effort sightings of Ziphius cavirostrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

APPENDIX 

Appendix A. ORCAWALE 2001 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

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INTRODUCTION 

In 1996 the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center 

(SWFSC) sponsored the first comprehensive survey of marine mammals fully encompassing the

exclusive economic zone and adjacent waters out to 300 nautical miles from shore along the West

Coast of the contiguous United States (VonSaunder and Barlow 1999). 

In continuation of the work begun with that survey, and in an effort to better understand the 

ecosystems involved, the SWFSC sponsored another marine mammal survey of this area in 2001, 

titled the Oregon, California, and Washington Line Transect Expedition (ORCAWALE). The 

information collected from these endeavors is summarized in this report. 

SURVEY OBJECTIVES 

The primary goal of this expedition was to estimate the abundance and distribution of cetaceans by 

visual and acoustic methods. Concurrent with the abundance estimation, the expedition collected

oceanographic data, as well as other forms of biological data, to contribute to a more thorough 

understanding of the environment in which these species are found. 

STUDY AREA 

The survey tracklines for the expedition were designed to uniformly cover the waters of the eastern 

Pacific Ocean extending from the U.S. western coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California, out 

to a distance of approximately 300 nautical miles. Tracklines covered are shown in Figure 1. 

ITINERARY 

The survey began on 30 July and ended on 8 December, 2001. It was composed of five legs on the 

NOAA Ship David Starr Jordan and one leg on the NOAA Ship McArthur. Scheduled survey legs

varied between 19 and 29 days in length, separated by three to five days in port. Equipment 

malfunctions on the NOAA Ship David Starr Jordan resulted in a loss of 27 days of survey effort, 

and an additional 18 days were lost to foul weather. The itineraries for the ships are listed below. 

NOAA Ship David Star Jordan: 

LEG 1: 30 July – Depart San Diego, CA 09 August – Arrive Astoria, OR 

Repair: 12 August – Depart Astoria, OR 17 August – Arrive Newport, OR 

Repair: 24 August – Depart Newport, OR 24 August – Arrive Portland, OR 

LEG 2: 30 August – Depart Portland, OR 16 September – Arrive Eureka, CA 

LEG 3: 19 September – Depart Eureka, CA 04 October – Arrive San Diego, CA 

LEG 4: 08 October – Depart San Diego, CA 27 October – Arrive Astoria, OR 

LEG 5: 01 November – Depart Astoria, OR 10 November – Arrive San Diego, CA 

NOAA Ship McArthur: 

LEG 1: 15 Nov – Depart San Francisco, CA 08 December – Arrive San Diego, CA 

- 1 - 
SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL 

The scientific complement per leg included 13 to 14 scientists aboard the Jordan, and 11 aboard the 

McArthur. Appendix A lists the scientists and survey legs on which they participated. 

EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

Line-Transect Study 

The survey component of this expedition was conducted according to line-transect methods 

(Buckland et al., 1993) that have been used consistently by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center 

for estimating abundance of cetaceans (Kinzey et al., 2001). These methods required the survey 

vessels, the NOAA Ships McArthur and David Starr Jordan, to follow predetermined tracklines at a 

cruising speed of approximately 10 kts speed over ground (SOG). As the ship traveled along the 

trackline, a team of marine mammal observers maintained a watch for signs of marine mammals 

during all times when visibility and weather conditions allowed. This watch was stationed on the 

flying bridge of the ship: 10.4 meters above water on the McArthur and 10.7 meters above water on 

the David Starr Jordan. Observers used Fujinon1

 25x150 power pedestal mounted binoculars to 

scan the area forward of the ship’s beam. 

There were three marine mammal observer stations: a data recording station in the center of the 

flying bridge with a view from beam to beam, and port and starboard binocular stations, where the 

binoculars were mounted such that there were clear fields of view from 90 ̊ directly abeam the ship 

to 10o across the opposite bow. Observers obtained sighting angles from an azimuth incorporated 

into the binocular’s mount. This azimuth was calibrated to zero along the ship’s midline at each 

port call. The observers entered a watch rotation at the port binocular station and, during a 120 

minute watch, moved to the center recorder station, then finally to the starboard binocular station, 

such that 40 minutes were spent at each location. 

While in the center station, the observers scanned the full 180 ̊ forward of the beam using 7x50 

binoculars and unaided eye. This allowed them to concentrate on the area from the ship to

approximately 400 meters out, which was difficult to see with the large binoculars used at the other

two stations. 

This rotation was continued through all daylight hours when weather (sea state of Beaufort five or 

calmer), mechanical performance, and light conditions were such that the ship could maintain ~10 

kts SOG, and observers had sufficient visibility to consistently discern signs of marine mammals in 

the field of view. At the discretion of the cruise leader, there was occasionally a fourth observer on 

watch, called the independent observer, who scanned from any forward location on the flying 

bridge using 7x50 binoculars and unaided eye. 

The act of scanning for marine mammals while moving along the trackline is termed “effort”, and 

observers on watch were considered “on-effort” when the observer team determined that conditions 

_____________________________ 

1

Mention of brand names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service. 

- 2 - 
were adequate for sightings. Cues or other information about possible sightings noted by off-effort 

individuals were not shared with on-effort observers. 

The watch team typically went off-effort following a sighting of cetaceans that were within three 

nautical miles of the trackline, and guided the ship at various courses and speeds to approach the 

animals. This was done to identify the animals to species/stock, and for all observers to make 

independent estimates of the number of individuals seen. After the independent estimates had been 

made, and when conditions were appropriate, small boats were used to gather biopsy samples for 

genetic analysis, and photographs for photo-ID. Sightings of new animals made while closing on 

an existing sighting were recorded as “off-effort sightings”. 

After completing the estimates and small boat operations, and provided that closing on a sighting 

had not taken the ship more than five nautical miles from the trackline, the ship would resume effort

on a parallel course to the trackline. If the ship had strayed more than five nautical miles from the

trackline, effort would resume on a course angled at 20 degrees towards the trackline until within

five nautical miles of it. If a school that had been previously recorded as an off-effort sighting 

during closing mode was re-sighted during searching, it was recorded as an on-effort sighting. 

The survey was occasionally conducted in passing mode. During such times, the ship did not alter

course from the survey trackline to close on sightings. 

At all times during survey operations, a record of effort and sightings was kept by the center 

observer with the use of a laptop computer. This computer ran a program called WinCruz, written 

by Robert Holland of the SWFSC, which kept track of progress along the trackline (via GPS input), 

as well as weather and sighting data. These data were backed up to floppy disc, printed, and 

reviewed by the Cruise Leader at the close of effort each day. 

Acoustics 

There were three main goals of the acoustic program for the ORCAWALE 2001 Line-transect

Expedition: to determine whether acoustics can add significantly to the estimation of dolphin 

abundance, to gather additional information on the range of acoustic detection of sperm whales, and

to examine vocal characteristics of killer whales and large baleen whales for which genetic 

information was obtained. To this end, there were two distinct acoustics procedures: continuous 

monitoring and recording of dolphin and sperm whale vocalizations obtained from a towed 

hydrophone array on the Jordan, and opportunistic deployment of Navy surplus sonobuoys for

recording baleen whales from both the McArthur and the Jordan. 

Three different hydrophone arrays were used, each towed at a distance of 200 m behind the Jordan

at an approximate depth of six meters and a speed of 10 kts. Initially, the primary array was a highfrequency three-element Norris array with sensitivity from 500 Hz to 150 kHz. The secondary 

array was a five-element Norris array with sensitivity from 15 Hz to 40 kHz. The third array, 

borrowed from Southeast Fisheries Science Center, was a five-element Norris array with sensitivity

from 15 Hz to 40 kHz. 

Signals received from the array were amplified and were monitored by an acoustic technician. Two 

acoustic technicians rotated on three-hour shifts during daylight hours. Clear cetacean sounds were

- 3 - 
recorded on a Tascam DA-38 multi-channel recorder, and, occasionally, high-frequency

vocalizations were recorded directly to the computer hard disk. A record was kept of acoustic 

effort, comments, and five-minute acoustic updates using the program WHALTRAK. Real-time 

visual displays of sounds were monitored using ISHMAEL software, which also was used to

estimate bearing angles to a sound source via beamforming and phone-pair (cross-correlation) 

algorithms. These angles were plotted on the WHALTRAK display and saved to file. 

Information regarding sperm whale detections was not shared between visual and acoustic teams 

until the animals had clearly passed abeam of the vessel; therefore, the visual and acoustic 

detections of this species can be considered to be independent. Visual observers frequently relayed 

information about delphinid sightings to the acoustic team to aid them in their documentation of 

delphinid whistle recordings. 

Sonobuoys were deployed from the Jordan and the McArthur to record low-frequency cetacean 

sounds that could not be successfully recorded from the hydrophone array. The focus of these

efforts was to obtain recordings of blue and fin whales, especially for animals from which genetic

samples were obtained. Sonobuoys (type 53 or type 57) were typically deployed within 1⁄2 nmi of a

baleen whale that had been sighted by the visual team. The high-frequency type 57 sonobuoys 

were occasionally deployed in the proximity of killer whales to record their vocalizations.

Sonobuoy signals were recorded on a DAT recorder and were monitored using a scrolling 

spectrographic display. 

Photo-Identification 

Photographs of cetacean schools and individuals were taken with 35 mm SLR cameras using 300 

and 400 mm lenses to assist with stock delineations and studies utilizing identifiable individuals to 

determine stock movement or, for some whale species, as an alternative means of estimating 

population sizes. 

Biopsy 

Two different types of biopsy tip were propelled from two different crossbows. A 25 mm long tip 

was used to sample smaller odontocete species, while larger odontocete species and all mysticete 

species were sampled with a 40 mm tip. For sampling some species, a small piece of rubber 

vacuum hose was added to the tips as a bumper to reduce the depth of tip penetration and to 

increase the probability that the tip would rebound. The sampling tips were mounted on modified 

crossbow arrow shafts, which have a threaded adapter to allow tips to be easily fitted and removed, 

and were propelled by either a Barnett Wildcat crossbow or a Barnett Quad 300 compound 

crossbow.

Behavior Studies 

When time permitted, data on behavioral responses of cetaceans to the survey ships were collected. 

The observer priority was to record behavior of all odontocete species. Data included both a 

written narrative as well as seventeen categorical questions on the SWFSC Marine Mammal 

Sighting Form regarding individual and school behavior (front and back of NOAA Form 88-208). 

- 4 - 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Sightings and Search Effort 

At least 20 species of cetaceans were seen during the ORCAWALE 2001 survey (Table 1, 

including off-effort sightings). Most species were found in single-species groups, but striped 

dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were more often

seen in association with other species (Table 1). Striped dolphins were usually seen with shortbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and bottlenose dolphins were most often seen with 

Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) (Table 2). Rigorously defined search effort included 7,432 km

on the David Starr Jordan during 59 actual survey days (Table 3), for an average of 126 km per 

day. On the McArthur, the on-effort total was 2,325 km during 19 actual survey days (Table 3), for

an average of 122 km per day. In total, 391 sightings were made during 9,757 km of search effort 

(Table 4). Search effort did not cover the entire planned survey grid (Figure 1), largely because of 

sea-days lost due to mechanical breakdowns on the Jordan. However, the overall distribution of 

search effort was nearly uniformly distributed across the study area. Very little search effort (<

three percent) was achieved in calm weather conditions (Beaufort sea state zero or one).

Approximately 10% of search effort was in Beaufort two conditions, 15% in Beaufort three, 45% in 

Beaufort four, and the remainder in Beaufort five to six (Table 4). Sighting rates (per 1000 km)

were only moderate in Beaufort zero conditions (Table 4), probably this is an artifact of small 

sample size. Sighting rates declined, as is normal, with increasing sea state between Beaufort one 

and Beaufort five (Table 4). Detailed information on each sighting is presented in Table 5. The 

locations of sightings for each species (or higher taxonomic category) are illustrated in Figures 2-

29. 

 

Line-Transect Studies 

This is the second complete survey of the ORCAWALE study area. The first ORCAWALE survey 

was 18 July to 4 November 1996 (VonSaunder and Barlow, 1999). That survey included 30 

additional scheduled sea days (25% more than in 2001) and covered approximately 14,591 km of 

on-effort transects (50% more than in 2001). The fewer on-effort kilometers covered per scheduled 

sea-day in 2001 were largely due to mechanical breakdowns on the Jordan, which limited the 

number of effective sea days. The species composition of sightings in 2001 was very similar to that 

seen in previous years; however, the one notable absence in 2001 was species in the genus

Mesoplodon. There were fewer sightings of blue whale in 2001 and proportionately more sightings 

of fin whales. Blue whales were seen farther north in 2001, including three sightings off southern 

Oregon. Bottlenose dolphins were also less common in the recent survey and were seen only in the 

Southern California Bight. Overall sighting rates were lower in 2001 compared to 1996, and the 

distributions of searching effort were skewed towards higher sea states, indicating rougher weather 

on average. 

Acoustics 

The hydrophone array was towed and monitored for approximately 8,132 km (4,391 nmi). The 

array use varied during the cruise based on weather conditions and equipment malfunctions (Table 

6). The high-frequency three-element array was preferred during calm sea states for the broadband 

frequency characteristics until it broke during leg two. During high sea states, the Norris five-

- 5 - 
element array was used, and this became the primary array after the leg two equipment failures. 

The SEFSC array was tested and used briefly during leg four. 

The acoustics team detected 132 of a total of 188 dolphin schools (including both sighted and nonsighted schools). All non-sighted acoustic detections, with the exception of sperm whales, were

“unidentified dolphins”. There were a total of 65 non-sighted acoustic detections, of which 43 were 

unidentified dolphins. 

Sperm whales accounted for 22 of these non-sighted acoustic detections, with all but one of these 

detections outside of the search range of the visual observers. The acoustic team detected many of 

the sperm whales that were seen by the visual team and information regarding animal location was 

relayed to the visual team according to independent detection protocol (after the animals passed aft 

of the beam).

Recordings of visually detected sightings from the towed hydrophone array included vocalizations 

from short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), long-beaked common dolphins

(Delphinus capensis), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Pacific white-sided dolphins 

(Lagenorhyinchus obliquidens), northern right whale dolphins (Lissodelphis borealis), bottlenose 

dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), killer whales (Orcinus orca), 

and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) (Table 7). No acoustic vocalizations from Dall’s 

porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), beaked whales or baleen 

whales were detected with this equipment. 

A total of 38 sonobuoys was deployed from the ships, including both high-frequency (type 57A)

and low-frequency (type 53) sonobuoys (Table 8). Recordings from two groups of killer whales 

and one fin whale were obtained from the high-frequency sonobuoys (with three functional 

sonobuoys of a total of 13). Recordings of humpback, fin, and blue whales were obtained from the

low-frequency sonobuoys (with 18 functional sonobuoys of a total of 25). One humpback 

recording was of a singing animal, the recording appeared to contain a complete song. 

Photo-Identification 

Eleven cetacean species were photographed in the 80 sightings that the photo-ID team was able to 

sample. The species and sighting numbers are listed in Table 9. 

Biopsy Sampling 

The biopsy team collected 235 biopsy samples (Table 10) from four mysticete and 10 odontocete 

species during the cruise. 

Behavior 

Notes on marine mammal behavior were recorded on the behavior section of the marine mammal 

sighting form used by the observers. These data are being analyzed in conjunction with behavioral 

data from several other SWFSC cruises. 

- 6 - 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are indebted to the officers and crews of the NOAA Ships David Starr Jordan and McArthur, 

whose dedication, experience, and professional support made this survey possible despite the 

overwhelming mechanical and logistical challenges it presented. We also thank LT Anne Lynch, 

who handled shore-based logistics and cruise administration, as well as Barb Decker, Karen 

Handschuh, Gaye Holder, Ginny Hostler, Bobbie Watkins, and Ron Whyte of the administrative 

support staff at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Robert Holland created the data collection 

software. Alan Jackson checked and edited the line-transect data after the cruise. Susan Chivers

provided biopsy protocols and the final tables for the biopsy sampling program. Sarah Mesnick and 

Anne Allen designed the behavioral study. We are grateful to Michael Tillman and Richard Neal of 

the Director's Office, and Robert Brownell of the Protected Resources Division at SWFSC for their

support of the research. Support for acoustic and oceanographic sampling was provided by the U.S. 

Navy through the Office of Naval Research. Finally, we thank the cruise leaders, marine mammal

observers and acousticians who collected the data summarized in this report. 

For further information about these data contact the following: 

Marine mammal sightings and acoustics: Jay Barlow (Jay.Barlow@noaa.gov) 

Genetics: Barb Taylor (Barb.Taylor@noaa.gov). 

LITERATURE CITED 

Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. 1993. Distance Sampling: 

Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London. 

Kinzey, D., Gerrodette, T., Dizon, A., Perryman, W., Olson, P. and Rankin, S. 2001. Marine

Mammal Data Collected During a Survey in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean Aboard the NOAA 

Ships McArthur and David Starr Jordan, July 28 – December 09, 2000. 

VonSaunder, A and J. Barlow. 1999. A Report of the Oregon, California and Washington LineTransect Experiment (ORCAWALE) conducted in West coast waters during summer/fall 1996. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-264. 

- 7 - 
Table 1. Sightings summary – A summary of all species sighted and number of times each species 

was sighted during the expedition. 

Species No. Schools Sighted Average 

Code Name Pure Mixed Total School size 

 

 005 Delphinus sp. 4 0 4 9.8 

 013 Stenella coeruleoalba 1 5 6 44.2 

 016 Delphinus capensis 1 1 2 307.3 

 017 Delphinus delphis 79 6 85 83.6 

 018 Tursiops truncatus 5 6 11 10.4 

 021 Grampus griseus 20 8 28 8.4 

 022 Lagenorhynchus obliquidens 15 9 24 12.3 

 027 Lissodelphis borealis 28 8 36 10.5 

 037 Orcinus orca 7 2 9 2.5 

 040 Phocoena phocoena 31 0 31 2.0 

 044 Phocoenoides dalli 103 1 104 2.9 

 046 Physeter macrocephalus 19 0 19 1.7 

 049 ziphiid whale 5 0 5 1.4 

 061 Ziphius cavirostris 7 0 7 1.4 

 063 Berardius bairdii 3 0 3 3.0 

 069 Eschrichtius robustus 1 0 1 1.1 

 070 Balaenoptera sp. 12 1 13 1.1 

 071 Balaenoptera acutorostrata 7 0 7 1.1 

 073 Balaenoptera borealis 1 0 1 1.0 

 074 Balaenoptera physalus 40 5 45 2.0 

 075 Balaenoptera musculus 11 2 13 1.4 

 076 Megaptera novaeangliae 33 5 38 1.6 

 077 unid. dolphin 19 0 19 5.3 

 078 unid. small whale 7 0 7 1.0 

 079 unid. large whale 8 0 8 1.0 

 080 Kogia sp. 1 0 1 1.0 

 097 unid. object 1 0 1 1.0 

 098 unid. whale 1 0 1 1.5 

 177 unid. small delphinid 1 0 1 4.0 

Table 2. Schools of mixed species composition – A list of sightings that included more than one 

species. 

 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Total 

 017 SHRTB_COMM 013 STRIPED 5 

 017 SHRTB_COMM 022 P_WHT_SIDE 1 

 018 TURSIOPS 016 LONGB_COMM 021 GRAMPUS 1 

 018 TURSIOPS 021 GRAMPUS 5 

 021 GRAMPUS 022 P_WHT_SIDE 027 LISSO_BOR 1 

 021 GRAMPUS 027 LISSO_BOR 1 

 022 P_WHT_SIDE *MISSING* 1 

 022 P_WHT_SIDE 027 LISSO_BOR 3 

 037 KILLER_WHA 074 FIN_WHALE 1 

 037 KILLER_WHA 076 HUMPBACK_W 1 

 074 FIN_WHALE 027 LISSO_BOR 1 

 074 FIN_WHALE 070 UNID_RORQL 1 

 075 BLUE_WHALE 074 FIN_WHALE 2 

 076 HUMPBACK_W 022 P_WHT_SIDE 1 

 076 HUMPBACK_W 022 P_WHT_SIDE 027 LISSO_BOR 2 

 076 HUMPBACK_W 044 DALLS_PORP 1 

- 8 - 
Table 3. Kilometers of effort per ship per day – Includes 59 days of on-effort observation conducted by

David Starr Jordan, and 19 days of on-effort observation conducted by McArthur. 

 Date Jordan McArthur Date Jordan McArthur

 31 Jul 133.7 0.0 4 Nov 117.4 0.0 

 1 Aug 27.7 0.0 9 Nov 82.4 0.0 

 2 Aug 174.3 0.0 15 Nov 0.0 27.8 

 3 Aug 146.5 0.0 16 Nov 0.0 121.3 

 4 Aug 114.3 0.0 17 Nov 0.0 176.5 

 5 Aug 185.4 0.0 18 Nov 0.0 129.9 

 6 Aug 189.0 0.0 19 Nov 0.0 149.7 

 12 Aug 117.4 0.0 20 Nov 0.0 110.4 

 13 Aug 224.3 0.0 21 Nov 0.0 139.7 

 14 Aug 142.7 0.0 22 Nov 0.0 104.9 

 15 Aug 233.4 0.0 23 Nov 0.0 92.7 

 16 Aug 23.4 0.0 25 Nov 0.0 126.5 

 31 Aug 182.2 0.0 26 Nov 0.0 129.6 

 1 Sep 202.0 0.0 27 Nov 0.0 125.1 

 2 Sep 149.4 0.0 28 Nov 0.0 121.6 

 3 Sep 180.6 0.0 30 Nov 0.0 178.8 

 4 Sep 100.1 0.0 1 Dec 0.0 140.3 

 5 Sep 103.4 0.0 2 Dec 0.0 165.1 

 6 Sep 177.1 0.0 3 Dec 0.0 46.1 

 7 Sep 85.8 0.0 5 Dec 0.0 153.2 

 10 Sep 223.6 0.0 7 Dec 0.0 85.4 

 11 Sep 190.8 0.0 

 12 Sep 213.2 0.0 Total 7432.1 2324.6

 13 Sep 121.3 0.0 

 14 Sep 149.7 0.0 

 15 Sep 161.3 0.0 

 20 Sep 144.9 0.0 

 21 Sep 118.4 0.0 

 22 Sep 19.8 0.0 

 23 Sep 171.1 0.0 

 24 Sep 161.6 0.0 

 25 Sep 134.7 0.0 

 26 Sep 111.8 0.0 

 27 Sep 168.9 0.0 

 28 Sep 132.2 0.0 

 29 Sep 165.1 0.0 

 30 Sep 154.8 0.0 

 1 Oct 44.1 0.0 

 2 Oct 52.2 0.0 

 3 Oct 151.6 0.0 

 9 Oct 123.0 0.0 

 10 Oct 168.3 0.0 

 11 Oct 56.7 0.0 

 12 Oct 8.5 0.0 

 14 Oct 10.1 0.0 

 15 Oct 179.4 0.0 

 16 Oct 22.5 0.0 

 18 Oct 51.6 0.0 

 19 Oct 92.8 0.0 

 20 Oct 102.8 0.0 

 21 Oct 87.7 0.0 

 22 Oct 105.3 0.0 

 24 Oct 83.6 0.0 

 25 Oct 150.9 0.0 

 26 Oct 93.6 0.0 

 2 Nov 98.9 0.0 

 3 Nov 112.6 0.0 

- 9 - 
 

Table 4. ORCAWALE survey effort by sea state and observer number – A list of the number 

of sightings and kilometers of effort by sea state and by observer number. 

 Kilometers No. of Sightings 

 of effort sightings per 1000 km 

Total 9756.7 391 40.08 

 

 By sea state (Beaufort)

 

 0 

 1 

 2 

 3 

 4 

 5 

 6 

89.4 

175.0 

970.1 

1590.6 

4508.8 

2278.3 

144.4 

6 

26 

106 

64 

139 

47 

3 

67.10 

148.53 

109.27 

40.24 

30.83 

20.63 

20.78 

 By observer number 

7 4216.0 50 11.86

15 272.3 1 3.67

34 361.0 3 8.31

71 332.7 0 .00

73 4940.5 68 13.76

99 9.9 0 .00

104 .6 0 .00

106 861.1 4 4.64

120 47.3 0 .00

126 4806.5 69 14.36

149 4831.4 76 15.73

159 108.0 0 .00

184 1169.5 13 11.12

190 65.8 0 .00

199 1696.8 0 .00

200 4884.2 59 12.08

201 3675.0 44 11.97

203 542.0 4 7.38

- 10 - 
Table 5. Marine mammal sightings during ORCAWALE 2001 

“Other Codes” column indicates the other sighting-categories in a mixed-species school. 

Times are local. School size is the uncalibrated mean of the observers’ best estimates of 

school size. Bft. = Beaufort.

Total No. of Sightings (on+off) = 499 

Species name 

 Other Sighting Obs. School 

Code Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size Effort

Delphinus sp. 

 005 1 30 Jul 1745 N32:37.77 W117:51.94 4 7 20 On 

 005 257 30 Sep 939 N34:57.94 W123:37.08 5 106 12 Off 

 005 270 2 Oct 1457 N34:00.23 W119:05.50 4 200 1 Off 

 005 281 3 Oct 1015 N32:59.94 W118:02.01 3 201 6 On 

 

Stenella coeruleoalba 

 013 17 15 2 Aug 1351 N33:58.15 W125:40.10 4 200 74 On 

 013 17 251 29 Sep 855 N35:52.06 W127:32.62 4 200 135 On 

 013 17 417 18 Nov 1544 N32:48.52 W126:18.20 4 200 508 On 

 013 17 422 19 Nov 1340 N32:10.72 W124:21.89 3 73 86 On 

 013 17 430 21 Nov 1408 N31:11.70 W119:54.23 5 7 309 On 

 013 482 2 Dec 1652 N30:18.17 W123:46.77 4 200 18 On 

 

Delphinus capensis 

 016 18 21 396 9 Nov 833 N34:03.58 W119:24.82 3 7 35 On 

 016 398 9 Nov 1024 N33:56.01 W119:21.85 4 200 613 On 

 

Delphinus delphis 

 017 2 30 Jul 1931 N32:37.00 W118:08.30 5 73 38 On 

 017 3 31 Jul 1230 N32:49.33 W120:36.24 4 126 1 On 

 017 5 31 Jul 1655 N32:57.86 W121:12.39 4 200 7 Off 

 017 6 1 Aug 649 N33:17.97 W122:44.44 5 200 3 On 

 017 9 1 Aug 1702 N33:27.26 W123:06.05 4 126 27 Off 

 017 10 2 Aug 737 N33:47.28 W124:50.66 4 201 2 Off 

 017 11 2 Aug 846 N33:49.96 W125:02.77 4 149 6 On 

 017 12 2 Aug 922 N33:49.83 W125:06.66 4 200 49 On 

 017 14 2 Aug 1337 N33:57.74 W125:37.73 4 149 7 On 

 017 13 15 2 Aug 1351 N33:58.15 W125:40.10 4 200 74 On 

 017 16 2 Aug 1425 N33:55.15 W125:41.38 4 149 38 On 

 017 18 3 Aug 753 N34:18.55 W127:14.78 3 73 165 On 

 017 20 3 Aug 1121 N34:40.22 W127:20.59 2 7 22 On 

 017 22 3 Aug 1342 N35:00.55 W127:17.12 2 149 37 On 

 017 23 3 Aug 1435 N35:08.57 W127:14.35 2 126 40 On 

 017 25 3 Aug 1540 N35:18.07 W127:10.20 2 73 67 On 

 017 26 3 Aug 1600 N35:19.85 W127:12.45 2 73 49 On 

 017 27 3 Aug 1645 N35:26.25 W127:12.20 2 73 17 On 

 017 31 4 Aug 1128 N36:06.26 W126:52.61 2 126 40 On 

 017 244 28 Sep 859 N38:06.41 W127:49.47 4 200 3 On 

 017 247 28 Sep 1510 N37:26.43 W128:03.87 4 126 20 On 

 017 248 28 Sep 1639 N37:14.14 W128:08.65 4 200 20 On 

 017 249 29 Sep 726 N35:56.80 W127:48.52 4 149 7 Off 

 017 250 29 Sep 743 N35:56.23 W127:45.45 4 200 25 On 

 017 13 251 29 Sep 855 N35:52.06 W127:32.62 4 200 135 On 

 017 252 30 Sep 708 N35:05.29 W123:57.31 5 7 2 Off 

 017 253 30 Sep 747 N35:03.62 W123:50.33 5 200 8 On 

 017 254 30 Sep 830 N35:01.79 W123:42.50 5 126 163 On 

 017 258 30 Sep 945 N34:57.72 W123:36.02 5 201 91 Off 

 017 259 30 Sep 1203 N34:52.17 W123:09.54 4 126 63 On 

 017 260 30 Sep 1529 N34:44.68 W122:32.02 4 200 5 On 

 017 265 1 Oct 1816 N34:14.58 W120:13.62 5 73 223 On 

 017 266 2 Oct 1213 N33:54.88 W118:42.90 4 149 27 On 

 017 267 2 Oct 1304 N33:56.13 W118:51.37 4 73 164 On 

- 11 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 017 268 2 Oct 1329 N33:58.22 W118:53.70 4 149 24 On 

 017 273 2 Oct 1606 N34:01.96 W119:09.43 4 73 6 Off 

 017 274 2 Oct 1611 N34:02.22 W119:10.28 4 149 126 On 

 017 276 2 Oct 1727 N34:05.46 W119:19.26 4 73 41 On 

 017 277 2 Oct 1759 N34:07.81 W119:20.13 4 7 18 On 

 017 280 3 Oct 744 N33:20.95 W117:52.93 3 201 62 On 

 017 282 3 Oct 1037 N32:56.84 W118:02.70 3 201 83 On 

 017 284 3 Oct 1148 N32:46.36 W118:05.81 1 201 321 On 

 017 285 3 Oct 1226 N32:41.73 W118:08.66 2 73 83 On 

 017 287 3 Oct 1645 N31:59.48 W118:18.68 3 149 54 On 

 017 288 3 Oct 1747 N31:50.92 W118:24.45 3 200 37 On 

 017 289 9 Oct 802 N32:21.22 W118:27.69 3 73 443 On 

 017 292 9 Oct 1335 N32:22.13 W118:59.76 4 201 73 On 

 017 293 9 Oct 1427 N32:23.88 W119:05.70 4 126 8 On 

 017 296 12 Oct 1457 N34:34.56 W125:47.87 5 200 6 On 

 017 297 12 Oct 1712 N34:43.57 W125:41.60 5 73 400 Off 

 017 298 14 Oct 746 N37:11.60 W126:36.51 5 126 27 Off 

 017 300 14 Oct 1738 N37:19.20 W127:41.07 5 149 85 Off 

 017 301 15 Oct 1245 N37:43.16 W129:01.43 4 73 87 On 

 017 302 15 Oct 1718 N38:01.33 W129:31.10 4 106 9 On 

 017 303 18 Oct 1651 N42:26.89 W130:43.36 4 73 3 On 

 017 319 22 Oct 858 N40:50.21 W129:57.27 5 73 953 On 

 017 320 22 Oct 1156 N40:44.81 W129:23.58 5 126 16 On 

 017 321 22 Oct 1229 N40:43.16 W129:16.87 5 126 10 On 

 017 322 22 Oct 1531 N40:34.05 W128:39.20 6 126 45 Off 

 017 323 22 Oct 1751 N40:22.20 W128:15.08 5 73 50 Off 

 017 324 22 Oct 1807 N40:22.52 W128:11.76 5 200 20 On 

 017 364 3 Nov 1013 N41:05.65 W128:29.59 3 149 5 On 

 017 366 3 Nov 1128 N40:55.38 W128:30.54 4 7 60 On 

 017 369 3 Nov 1632 N40:26.40 W128:42.24 3 126 58 On 

 017 370 3 Nov 1710 N40:21.17 W128:44.75 3 149 16 On 

 017 372 4 Nov 830 N38:57.54 W128:06.74 1 149 36 On 

 017 375 4 Nov 1255 N38:50.92 W127:27.59 2 73 5 On 

 017 414 17 Nov 1020 N35:35.31 W125:23.53 4 184 15 On 

 017 416 18 Nov 1232 N33:16.81 W126:09.41 4 149 4 On 

 017 13 417 18 Nov 1544 N32:48.52 W126:18.20 4 200 508 On 

 017 420 19 Nov 927 N32:20.28 W125:07.64 3 73 63 On 

 017 421 19 Nov 1125 N32:14.46 W124:47.79 3 149 41 On 

 017 13 422 19 Nov 1340 N32:10.72 W124:21.89 3 73 86 On 

 017 424 19 Nov 1553 N32:05.79 W123:56.44 2 149 14 On 

 017 425 19 Nov 1611 N32:02.99 W123:55.13 2 184 4 On 

 017 426 19 Nov 1635 N32:00.41 W123:53.41 2 126 71 On 

 017 429 21 Nov 907 N31:22.40 W120:50.77 4 149 5 On 

 017 13 430 21 Nov 1408 N31:11.70 W119:54.23 5 7 309 On 

 017 433 22 Nov 1532 N32:58.17 W119:38.80 6 200 9 On 

 017 434 22 Nov 1601 N33:02.64 W119:37.77 6 126 33 On 

 017 480 30 Nov 1629 N32:34.04 W123:05.11 2 184 13 On 

 017 481 2 Dec 1615 N30:24.74 W123:44.60 4 184 12 On 

 017 485 5 Dec 1158 N32:36.98 W121:24.02 5 126 2 On 

 017 496 7 Dec 1045 N31:57.21 W118:18.34 3 200 3 On 

 017 22 499 7 Dec 1239 N32:12.98 W118:11.38 4 7 1267 On 

 

Tursiops truncatus 

 018 21 271 2 Oct 1457 N34:00.25 W119:05.54 4 201 19 On 

 018 395 9 Nov 806 N34:04.15 W119:28.79 3 7 17 On 

 018 16 21 396 9 Nov 833 N34:03.58 W119:24.82 3 7 35 On 

 018 21 397 9 Nov 920 N34:01.87 W119:20.59 4 149 9 On 

 018 399 9 Nov 1203 N33:50.50 W119:23.19 4 201 10 On 

 018 21 400 9 Nov 1223 N33:48.42 W119:23.95 4 201 37 On 

 018 402 9 Nov 1312 N33:43.93 W119:25.11 3 73 10 On 

- 12 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 018 403 9 Nov 1355 N33:40.88 W119:29.47 3 201 6 On 

 018 21 404 9 Nov 1356 N33:40.81 W119:29.57 3 149 6 On 

 018 405 9 Nov 1443 N33:38.84 W119:31.96 3 7 15 On 

 018 21 407 9 Nov 1515 N33:36.01 W119:31.12 2 7 4 On 

 

Grampus griseus 

 021 17 2 Aug 1924 N34:08.51 W126:32.06 4 7 8 On 

 021 21 3 Aug 1219 N34:49.46 W127:18.21 1 149 16 On 

 021 34 4 Aug 1931 N37:01.19 W126:33.28 3 149 13 On 

 021 27 77 13 Aug 1901 N46:23.57 W128:02.63 3 201 20 On 

 021 96 1 Sep 817 N44:37.99 W126:35.13 4 126 8 On 

 021 121 5 Sep 1329 N47:18.10 W125:02.08 5 126 3 On 

 021 145 6 Sep 1505 N46:26.46 W124:58.24 4 200 4 On 

 021 180 21 Sep 1044 N42:50.08 W124:39.60 4 201 12 On 

 021 184 21 Sep 1132 N42:54.97 W124:41.52 4 126 10 On 

 021 22 27 187 21 Sep 1224 N43:01.26 W124:35.21 2 149 29 On 

 021 190 21 Sep 1346 N43:07.24 W124:36.99 2 149 10 On 

 021 192 21 Sep 1353 N43:08.30 W124:36.60 2 7 12 On 

 021 264 1 Oct 1748 N34:15.47 W120:19.09 5 149 2 On 

 021 269 2 Oct 1441 N34:00.08 W119:02.74 4 126 9 On 

 021 18 271 2 Oct 1457 N34:00.25 W119:05.54 4 201 19 On 

 021 275 2 Oct 1632 N34:03.56 W119:13.56 4 149 11 On 

 021 279 2 Oct 1834 N34:08.65 W119:26.69 4 126 5 Off 

 021 315 21 Oct 1344 N42:03.52 W128:47.95 5 73 7 On 

 021 18 16 396 9 Nov 833 N34:03.58 W119:24.82 3 7 35 On 

 021 18 397 9 Nov 920 N34:01.87 W119:20.59 4 149 9 On 

 021 18 400 9 Nov 1223 N33:48.42 W119:23.95 4 201 37 On 

 021 401 9 Nov 1257 N33:45.24 W119:24.04 3 73 5 On 

 021 18 404 9 Nov 1356 N33:40.81 W119:29.57 3 149 6 On 

 021 406 9 Nov 1514 N33:36.07 W119:31.12 2 149 3 On 

 021 18 407 9 Nov 1515 N33:36.01 W119:31.12 2 7 4 On 

 021 408 9 Nov 1535 N33:33.98 W119:31.70 1 126 5 On 

 021 409 9 Nov 1546 N33:32.74 W119:31.79 1 126 3 On 

 021 469 28 Nov 915 N36:21.97 W121:58.05 4 73 5 On 

 

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens 

 022 27 41 5 Aug 1815 N40:04.50 W125:32.10 2 73 75 On 

 022 56 6 Aug 1058 N41:06.74 W125:11.32 2 200 12 On 

 022 27 82 15 Aug 1435 N45:19.58 W130:10.09 3 126 24 On 

 022 76 102 4 Sep 1120 N47:26.92 W126:01.40 4 7 7 Off 

 022 27 114 5 Sep 1005 N47:22.90 W125:35.83 5 149 43 On 

 022 117 5 Sep 1133 N47:22.78 W125:16.76 5 149 10 On 

 022 119 5 Sep 1231 N47:19.91 W125:13.48 5 7 10 On 

 022 76 27 122 5 Sep 1344 N47:16.40 W125:00.04 5 73 10 Off 

 022 144 6 Sep 1227 N46:51.24 W124:50.10 4 7 13 On 

 022 167 20 Sep 911 N41:15.57 W124:37.90 3 149 4 On 

 022 169 20 Sep 955 N41:17.24 W124:46.55 4 73 1 On 

 022 76 27 171 20 Sep 1312 N41:34.77 W125:01.27 4 149 80 On 

 022 21 27 187 21 Sep 1224 N43:01.26 W124:35.21 2 149 29 On 

 022 340 26 Oct 924 N44:19.30 W125:03.59 5 126 4 On 

 022 345 1 Nov 1209 N46:01.83 W124:24.78 5 126 5 On 

 022 346 1 Nov 1309 N45:56.32 W124:32.32 5 126 2 On 

 022 347 1 Nov 1330 N45:54.57 W124:35.14 5 201 2 On 

 022 348 1 Nov 1340 N45:53.68 W124:36.64 5 73 3 On 

 022 350 1 Nov 1406 N45:51.49 W124:40.28 4 149 5 On 

 022 410 9 Nov 1552 N33:32.02 W119:31.82 1 126 6 On 

 022 495 7 Dec 1028 N31:54.92 W118:19.73 4 126 16 On 

 022 497 7 Dec 1058 N31:59.32 W118:17.85 3 73 1 On 

 022 ZC 498 7 Dec 1208 N32:09.05 W118:14.94 4 73 16 On 

 022 17 499 7 Dec 1239 N32:12.98 W118:11.38 4 7 1267 On 

- 13 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 

Lissodelphis borealis 

 027 22 41 5 Aug 1815 N40:04.50 W125:32.10 2 73 75 On 

 027 21 77 13 Aug 1901 N46:23.57 W128:02.63 3 201 20 On 

 027 22 82 15 Aug 1435 N45:19.58 W130:10.09 3 126 24 On 

 027 89 31 Aug 1155 N45:13.93 W125:27.47 4 7 4 On 

 027 103 4 Sep 1641 N47:38.92 W126:06.52 5 200 6 On 

 027 108 5 Sep 843 N47:30.62 W125:46.20 5 126 7 Off 

 027 22 114 5 Sep 1005 N47:22.90 W125:35.83 5 149 43 On 

 027 76 22 122 5 Sep 1344 N47:16.40 W125:00.04 5 73 10 Off 

 027 146 7 Sep 905 N45:12.30 W127:59.18 5 73 4 On 

 027 76 22 171 20 Sep 1312 N41:34.77 W125:01.27 4 149 80 On 

 027 21 22 187 21 Sep 1224 N43:01.26 W124:35.21 2 149 29 On 

 027 305 19 Oct 1239 N43:28.94 W130:55.58 4 200 4 On 

 027 306 19 Oct 1304 N43:32.16 W130:54.37 4 200 7 On 

 027 314 21 Oct 1251 N42:02.11 W128:38.79 4 201 3 On 

 027 318 21 Oct 1751 N42:15.27 W129:18.96 5 203 2 On 

 027 331 24 Oct 1109 N41:49.79 W128:11.18 3 149 7 Off 

 027 337 25 Oct 857 N44:02.88 W127:27.06 2 73 15 On 

 027 362 3 Nov 1002 N41:07.23 W128:29.03 3 200 5 On 

 027 363 3 Nov 1007 N41:06.47 W128:29.30 3 7 5 On 

 027 365 3 Nov 1031 N41:03.21 W128:30.59 3 7 14 On 

 027 368 3 Nov 1613 N40:29.18 W128:41.27 3 73 2 On 

 027 74 374 4 Nov 1147 N38:51.15 W127:36.53 2 4 11 Off 

 027 379 4 Nov 1349 N38:47.34 W127:19.33 2 7 4 On 

 027 380 4 Nov 1355 N38:47.50 W127:18.22 2 7 6 Off 

 027 381 4 Nov 1402 N38:47.49 W127:16.98 2 149 21 On 

 027 382 4 Nov 1422 N38:45.92 W127:13.96 2 126 14 On 

 027 385 4 Nov 1519 N38:45.12 W127:02.91 2 7 8 On 

 027 386 4 Nov 1542 N38:43.09 W126:59.29 3 73 48 On 

 027 387 7 Nov 1544 N36:24.45 W123:41.28 5 149 3 On 

 027 391 8 Nov 1031 N34:50.18 W121:59.41 2 201 8 On 

 027 393 8 Nov 1545 N34:34.94 W121:37.83 3 7 45 On 

 027 431 22 Nov 1226 N32:29.86 W119:46.18 5 73 4 On 

 027 440 25 Nov 659 N36:08.16 W121:46.15 3 149 4 On 

 027 449 26 Nov 1208 N37:10.41 W126:29.09 2 7 36 On 

 027 464 27 Nov 1521 N36:40.24 W124:08.50 2 7 12 On 

 027 491 6 Dec 1002 N32:40.98 W119:38.38 5 7 4 Off 

 

Orcinus orca 

 037 76 76 12 Aug 1113 N45:41.86 W124:08.06 4 126 4 On 

 037 141 6 Sep 1038 N47:03.33 W124:45.52 3 200 3 On 

 037 74 164 14 Sep 1339 N39:48.26 W127:17.23 4 73 3 On 

 037 311 20 Oct 844 N43:41.17 W129:25.43 4 149 2 On 

 037 360 2 Nov 1523 N43:15.40 W127:47.46 3 200 7 On 

 037 367 3 Nov 1209 N40:51.10 W128:34.25 4 149 2 On 

 037 392 8 Nov 1209 N34:42.21 W121:49.00 2 200 1 On 

 037 412 15 Nov 1626 N37:56.60 W123:03.96 2 73 2 On 

 037 454 27 Nov 1216 N36:48.97 W124:37.20 3 184 1 On 

 

Phocoena phocoena 

 040 83 17 Aug 928 N44:35.11 W124:19.12 4 98 2 Off 

 040 84 17 Aug 954 N44:31.84 W124:18.42 4 73 1 Off 

 040 86 17 Aug 1104 N44:33.64 W124:11.13 4 73 1 Off 

 040 87 17 Aug 1111 N44:34.29 W124:10.09 4 73 2 Off 

 040 123 5 Sep 1458 N47:15.62 W124:49.09 4 73 2 On 

 040 125 5 Sep 1636 N47:14.87 W124:27.65 5 200 2 On 

 040 126 6 Sep 657 N47:35.22 W124:27.85 2 149 2 On 

 040 127 6 Sep 717 N47:32.08 W124:29.09 2 149 1 On 

 040 128 6 Sep 730 N47:29.90 W124:29.92 2 200 2 On 

- 14 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 040 129 6 Sep 745 N47:27.51 W124:30.87 2 200 1 On 

 040 130 6 Sep 757 N47:25.57 W124:31.60 2 126 2 On 

 040 131 6 Sep 800 N47:25.07 W124:31.79 2 200 5 On 

 040 132 6 Sep 802 N47:24.66 W124:31.95 2 201 2 On 

 040 133 6 Sep 805 N47:24.18 W124:32.14 2 7 2 On 

 040 134 6 Sep 806 N47:24.09 W124:32.17 2 201 5 On 

 040 135 6 Sep 807 N47:23.95 W124:32.22 2 7 2 On 

 040 136 6 Sep 808 N47:23.70 W124:32.32 2 201 1 On 

 040 137 6 Sep 828 N47:20.53 W124:33.42 2 201 2 On 

 040 175 21 Sep 724 N42:50.30 W125:02.69 2 126 2 On 

 040 182 21 Sep 1129 N42:54.55 W124:41.71 4 126 4 On 

 040 197 21 Sep 1605 N43:21.64 W124:30.51 2 201 2 On 

 040 208 21 Sep 1830 N43:43.31 W124:20.93 1 126 3 On 

 040 209 21 Sep 1834 N43:43.75 W124:20.70 1 200 2 On 

 040 211 21 Sep 1858 N43:45.41 W124:21.82 1 201 2 On 

 040 212 21 Sep 1901 N43:45.71 W124:21.67 1 7 1 On 

 040 213 21 Sep 1903 N43:46.00 W124:21.54 1 7 2 On 

 040 214 21 Sep 1903 N43:46.11 W124:21.48 1 7 2 On 

 040 215 21 Sep 1906 N43:46.43 W124:21.33 1 201 1 On 

 040 216 21 Sep 1909 N43:46.83 W124:21.12 1 7 2 On 

 040 239 26 Sep 1203 N39:50.90 W123:56.74 1 106 1 On 

 040 343 26 Oct 1334 N44:10.90 W124:14.02 4 201 2 On 

 

Phocoenoides dalli 

 044 38 5 Aug 1526 N39:41.73 W125:42.17 3 73 2 On 

 044 39 5 Aug 1644 N39:53.62 W125:36.72 3 126 1 On 

 044 40 5 Aug 1735 N40:00.93 W125:33.45 2 201 1 On 

 044 42 6 Aug 642 N40:28.16 W125:24.07 2 73 2 On 

 044 43 6 Aug 700 N40:30.77 W125:23.30 2 200 2 On 

 044 44 6 Aug 713 N40:32.55 W125:22.66 2 149 2 On 

 044 45 6 Aug 719 N40:33.51 W125:22.34 1 200 1 On 

 044 46 6 Aug 748 N40:37.93 W125:20.99 1 149 1 On 

 044 47 6 Aug 825 N40:43.58 W125:19.20 1 126 3 On 

 044 49 6 Aug 924 N40:51.96 W125:16.05 2 15 1 On 

 044 50 6 Aug 937 N40:53.95 W125:15.45 2 126 3 On 

 044 51 6 Aug 944 N40:55.09 W125:15.15 2 201 4 On 

 044 52 6 Aug 956 N40:56.89 W125:14.66 2 126 1 On 

 044 53 6 Aug 956 N40:56.91 W125:14.65 2 201 2 On 

 044 54 6 Aug 958 N40:57.22 W125:14.57 2 15 3 Off 

 044 55 6 Aug 1041 N41:04.15 W125:12.21 2 200 1 On 

 044 57 6 Aug 1128 N41:10.12 W125:10.12 2 149 1 On 

 044 58 6 Aug 1131 N41:10.61 W125:09.87 2 7 1 On 

 044 59 6 Aug 1142 N41:12.26 W125:08.96 2 149 3 On 

 044 60 6 Aug 1203 N41:15.71 W125:07.40 2 126 1 On 

 044 61 6 Aug 1209 N41:16.63 W125:07.07 2 201 2 On 

 044 62 6 Aug 1213 N41:17.36 W125:06.79 2 201 1 On 

 044 63 6 Aug 1216 N41:17.80 W125:06.63 2 201 1 On 

 044 64 6 Aug 1221 N41:18.63 W125:06.30 2 7 5 On 

 044 65 6 Aug 1227 N41:19.55 W125:05.96 2 200 5 On 

 044 66 6 Aug 1227 N41:19.65 W125:05.94 2 126 1 On 

 044 67 6 Aug 1238 N41:21.13 W125:06.36 2 126 3 On 

 044 69 6 Aug 1355 N41:22.22 W125:18.25 4 73 3 On 

 044 71 9 Aug 806 N45:41.83 W124:31.01 4 7 1 On 

 044 74 9 Aug 1037 N45:55.13 W124:21.57 4 200 3 On 

 044 75 9 Aug 1109 N45:58.10 W124:19.71 4 200 2 On 

 044 78 14 Aug 827 N46:04.71 W129:58.63 3 200 2 On 

 044 91 31 Aug 1607 N44:38.48 W125:38.18 4 126 2 On 

 044 92 31 Aug 1630 N44:35.07 W125:39.13 4 126 3 On 

 044 93 31 Aug 1649 N44:32.15 W125:39.91 4 73 2 On 

 044 95 1 Sep 814 N44:37.88 W126:34.57 4 73 3 On 

- 15 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 044 115 5 Sep 1104 N47:22.61 W125:23.31 5 149 3 On 

 044 116 5 Sep 1112 N47:22.64 W125:21.45 5 73 1 On 

 044 139 6 Sep 928 N47:12.92 W124:39.49 3 73 6 Off 

 044 140 6 Sep 930 N47:12.89 W124:39.95 3 73 5 Off 

 044 153 13 Sep 1607 N39:01.93 W128:22.75 4 200 3 On 

 044 166 20 Sep 909 N41:15.49 W124:37.50 3 201 2 On 

 044 168 20 Sep 942 N41:16.73 W124:44.06 4 149 1 On 

 044 170 20 Sep 1225 N41:28.07 W125:03.42 4 73 3 On 

 044 173 20 Sep 1825 N42:14.61 W124:48.26 4 200 2 On 

 044 174 21 Sep 711 N42:50.91 W125:05.42 4 73 9 Off 

 044 176 21 Sep 817 N42:46.98 W124:51.62 2 73 3 On 

 044 181 21 Sep 1128 N42:54.43 W124:41.76 4 201 2 On 

 044 183 21 Sep 1131 N42:54.88 W124:41.56 4 126 1 On 

 044 188 21 Sep 1227 N43:01.67 W124:35.13 2 73 2 Off 

 044 191 21 Sep 1351 N43:07.92 W124:36.74 2 200 1 On 

 044 193 21 Sep 1354 N43:08.44 W124:36.55 2 34 3 On 

 044 194 21 Sep 1423 N43:12.39 W124:37.31 2 99 2 Off 

 044 196 21 Sep 1443 N43:15.37 W124:37.00 2 200 1 Off 

 044 199 21 Sep 1616 N43:23.39 W124:29.70 2 201 2 On 

 044 201 21 Sep 1712 N43:31.86 W124:25.92 2 73 5 On 

 044 202 21 Sep 1725 N43:33.66 W124:25.23 2 149 1 On 

 044 203 21 Sep 1738 N43:35.56 W124:24.41 2 7 1 On 

 044 204 21 Sep 1742 N43:36.20 W124:24.08 2 7 1 On 

 044 205 21 Sep 1749 N43:37.18 W124:23.59 2 201 5 On 

 044 206 21 Sep 1804 N43:39.53 W124:22.54 2 126 4 On 

 044 207 21 Sep 1824 N43:42.40 W124:21.38 1 200 2 On 

 044 218 22 Sep 1643 N44:26.83 W125:35.54 0 149 2 On 

 044 220 22 Sep 1738 N44:24.01 W125:38.17 0 73 4 Off 

 044 221 23 Sep 1129 N43:36.11 W125:54.71 0 73 4 On 

 044 223 23 Sep 1356 N43:12.50 W126:04.55 0 201 3 On 

 044 224 23 Sep 1407 N43:10.70 W126:05.35 0 73 5 On 

 044 226 23 Sep 1627 N42:47.78 W126:10.19 2 149 2 On 

 044 227 23 Sep 1652 N42:43.79 W126:11.87 2 34 3 On 

 044 237 25 Sep 1706 N39:59.36 W125:52.18 4 200 3 On 

 044 241 26 Sep 1615 N39:13.68 W124:08.84 4 201 1 On 

 044 262 1 Oct 1737 N34:15.87 W120:21.23 5 73 3 On 

 044 263 1 Oct 1748 N34:15.50 W120:19.26 5 73 6 On 

 044 308 19 Oct 1509 N43:45.53 W130:48.40 4 73 5 On 

 044 328 24 Oct 835 N41:48.48 W128:14.25 3 73 10 On 

 044 333 24 Oct 1344 N42:01.76 W128:09.68 3 200 5 On 

 044 335 24 Oct 1458 N42:11.76 W128:06.11 3 126 3 On 

 044 338 25 Oct 912 N44:02.73 W127:24.47 2 73 9 Off 

 044 341 26 Oct 944 N44:18.04 W124:59.88 4 126 4 On 

 044 342 26 Oct 1111 N44:15.03 W124:42.98 4 203 3 On 

 044 344 1 Nov 1048 N46:09.35 W124:14.44 4 200 4 On 

 044 349 1 Nov 1401 N45:51.98 W124:39.61 4 200 4 On 

 044 351 1 Nov 1416 N45:50.43 W124:41.61 4 200 15 On 

 044 352 1 Nov 1428 N45:49.24 W124:43.13 4 149 5 On 

 044 353 2 Nov 821 N44:05.97 W127:18.93 3 201 5 On 

 044 354 2 Nov 835 N44:04.57 W127:21.00 3 126 3 On 

 044 355 2 Nov 851 N44:02.90 W127:23.54 3 73 3 On 

 044 356 2 Nov 939 N43:56.54 W127:28.36 4 149 3 On 

 044 359 2 Nov 1353 N43:28.32 W127:45.54 3 73 2 On 

 044 373 4 Nov 1030 N38:52.91 W127:48.77 1 200 3 On 

 044 450 26 Nov 1213 N37:10.21 W126:28.15 2 149 2 On 

 044 451 26 Nov 1332 N37:07.05 W126:13.54 2 7 2 On 

 044 455 27 Nov 1321 N36:46.02 W124:30.28 3 73 3 Off 

 044 459 27 Nov 1440 N36:42.25 W124:17.29 2 149 5 On 

 044 460 27 Nov 1451 N36:41.67 W124:14.92 2 73 2 On 

 044 76 461 27 Nov 1500 N36:41.26 W124:13.03 2 184 13 On 

- 16 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 044 462 27 Nov 1504 N36:41.08 W124:12.22 2 184 2 On 

 044 467 28 Nov 831 N36:30.46 W122:00.19 4 126 1 On 

 044 468 28 Nov 836 N36:29.51 W122:00.12 4 7 1 On 

 044 471 28 Nov 1134 N35:59.97 W121:59.89 4 7 3 Off 

 044 477 28 Nov 1433 N35:32.63 W122:10.79 4 149 2 On 

 044 484 5 Dec 1016 N32:22.19 W121:28.54 5 149 4 On 

 044 486 5 Dec 1304 N32:47.72 W121:20.46 4 149 2 On 

 044 500 7 Dec 1248 N32:14.46 W118:11.08 4 184 4 Off 

 

Physeter macrocephalus 

 046 4 31 Jul 1532 N32:55.81 W121:06.81 4 149 4 On 

 046 7 1 Aug 734 N33:19.46 W122:52.16 4 200 2 On 

 046 8 1 Aug 1503 N33:21.30 W123:04.21 4 149 7 On 

 046 13 2 Aug 1109 N33:50.93 W125:15.62 4 99 1 Off 

 046 29 3 Aug 1836 N35:42.18 W127:04.48 2 126 1 Off 

 046 81 14 Aug 1650 N45:26.27 W130:46.53 4 149 1 On 

 046 150 13 Sep 912 N39:12.75 W129:18.96 4 200 1 On 

 046 219 22 Sep 1711 N44:25.25 W125:39.25 0 99 1 Off 

 046 243 27 Sep 1822 N38:39.74 W126:30.68 1 126 1 On 

 046 245 28 Sep 1157 N37:41.58 W127:57.47 4 34 1 Off 

 046 256 30 Sep 932 N34:58.69 W123:37.42 5 184 1 Off 

 046 295 11 Oct 1441 N33:40.85 W124:28.19 5 73 1 Off 

 046 304 19 Oct 845 N43:17.95 W130:57.95 4 106 1 Off 

 046 317 21 Oct 1619 N42:11.20 W129:08.03 5 149 1 On 

 046 327 24 Oct 832 N41:48.10 W128:14.33 3 201 1 On 

 046 329 24 Oct 854 N41:50.31 W128:13.61 3 200 2 On 

 046 418 18 Nov 1556 N32:46.60 W126:18.90 4 149 1 Off 

 046 427 20 Nov 1127 N31:43.94 W122:22.08 4 184 2 On 

 046 445 25 Nov 1341 N36:24.59 W122:55.97 3 7 1 On 

 

ziphiid whale 

 049 217 22 Sep 1617 N44:25.68 W125:30.29 1 73 3 On 

 049 309 19 Oct 1545 N43:50.70 W130:47.03 4 106 1 On 

 049 310 19 Oct 1650 N43:56.51 W130:41.57 4 126 1 On 

 049 483 5 Dec 935 N32:15.95 W121:30.52 5 73 1 On 

 049 487 5 Dec 1530 N33:11.29 W121:14.27 5 200 1 Off 

 

Ziphius cavirostris 

 061 19 3 Aug 825 N34:18.45 W127:16.84 3 149 3 On 

 061 37 5 Aug 1307 N39:26.08 W125:46.90 3 199 1 Off 

 061 80 14 Aug 1502 N45:20.86 W130:23.07 3 126 1 On 

 061 97 3 Sep 808 N46:35.09 W129:02.32 4 200 2 On 

 061 411 9 Nov 1621 N33:28.60 W119:31.63 1 7 1 On 

 061 488 6 Dec 755 N32:54.13 W119:36.91 5 73 1 On 

 061 494 6 Dec 1353 N32:14.54 W119:10.73 4 7 1 On 

 

Berardius bairdii 

 063 88 31 Aug 836 N45:30.70 W125:15.78 4 7 3 On 

 063 147 10 Sep 1002 N43:32.28 W129:20.18 5 7 6 On 

 063 148 10 Sep 1210 N43:11.35 W129:18.72 5 73 1 On 

 

Eschrichtius robustus 

 069 178 21 Sep 926 N42:47.33 W124:41.17 4 149 1 On 

 

Balaenoptera sp. 

 070 36 4 Aug 2018 N37:07.87 W126:34.07 3 149 1 On 

 070 109 5 Sep 849 N47:29.70 W125:45.43 5 126 1 Off 

 070 120 5 Sep 1243 N47:19.62 W125:10.74 5 7 1 On 

 070 159 13 Sep 1812 N38:58.54 W128:09.09 4 126 1 On 

 070 161 13 Sep 1822 N38:58.00 W128:07.34 4 126 1 On 

- 17 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 070 210 21 Sep 1837 N43:44.17 W124:20.48 1 7 1 On 

 070 233 25 Sep 1001 N40:18.17 W127:08.44 4 149 1 Off 

 070 235 25 Sep 1026 N40:15.24 W127:06.21 4 34 1 Off 

 070 74 238 25 Sep 1844 N39:55.94 W125:32.39 4 200 2 On 

 070 246 28 Sep 1410 N37:36.08 W128:02.80 4 106 1 On 

 070 326 24 Oct 820 N41:46.43 W128:14.71 3 201 2 On 

 070 413 16 Nov 1514 N37:35.45 W124:43.05 4 126 1 On 

 070 435 23 Nov 907 N33:49.04 W121:01.16 5 7 1 On 

 

Balaenoptera acutorostrata 

 071 73 9 Aug 957 N45:51.60 W124:23.92 4 99 1 Off 

 071 225 23 Sep 1538 N42:56.13 W126:08.88 0 149 1 On 

 071 229 23 Sep 1817 N42:32.76 W126:16.05 3 73 1 Off 

 071 339 25 Oct 1735 N45:13.92 W126:56.15 5 203 1 On 

 071 371 4 Nov 716 N39:01.48 W128:19.70 1 4 1 Off 

 071 465 27 Nov 1608 N36:40.27 W123:58.71 2 184 2 On 

 071 466 27 Nov 1642 N36:38.43 W123:54.78 2 7 1 On 

 

Balaenoptera borealis 

 073 30 4 Aug 724 N35:53.93 W126:56.62 2 201 1 On 

 

Balaenoptera physalus 

 074 75 32 4 Aug 1335 N36:26.30 W126:46.22 2 126 6 On 

 074 33 4 Aug 1836 N36:53.06 W126:36.59 3 201 2 On 

 074 35 4 Aug 2000 N37:05.46 W126:34.13 3 200 1 On 

 074 68 6 Aug 1324 N41:23.03 W125:15.19 4 73 1 On 

 074 70 6 Aug 1724 N41:30.60 W126:00.52 5 73 1 On 

 074 79 14 Aug 1142 N45:33.38 W130:09.86 3 201 3 On 

 074 98 3 Sep 1635 N47:03.00 W127:56.78 3 200 1 On 

 074 100 4 Sep 1045 N47:29.24 W126:05.93 4 149 1 Off 

 074 106 5 Sep 751 N47:31.81 W125:53.34 5 7 1 On 

 074 107 5 Sep 831 N47:32.18 W125:47.82 5 126 1 On 

 074 110 5 Sep 852 N47:29.36 W125:45.02 5 199 1 Off 

 074 111 5 Sep 927 N47:26.03 W125:42.50 5 73 1 On 

 074 112 5 Sep 937 N47:25.72 W125:40.87 5 201 1 On 

 074 113 5 Sep 938 N47:25.60 W125:40.66 5 126 1 On 

 074 152 13 Sep 1507 N39:04.14 W128:32.13 4 149 1 On 

 074 155 13 Sep 1714 N39:01.52 W128:19.97 4 200 1 Off 

 074 156 13 Sep 1720 N39:01.39 W128:18.91 4 126 1 On 

 074 157 13 Sep 1731 N39:00.84 W128:16.85 4 126 1 On 

 074 158 13 Sep 1751 N38:59.76 W128:13.15 4 201 1 On 

 074 160 13 Sep 1815 N38:58.38 W128:08.62 4 126 2 On 

 074 162 13 Sep 1837 N38:57.13 W128:04.43 4 73 2 On 

 074 37 164 14 Sep 1339 N39:48.26 W127:17.23 4 73 3 On 

 074 75 200 21 Sep 1701 N43:30.05 W124:26.66 2 200 2 On 

 074 228 23 Sep 1713 N42:40.46 W126:13.28 3 7 2 On 

 074 230 24 Sep 722 N41:58.08 W126:31.90 4 149 1 On 

 074 231 24 Sep 902 N41:48.62 W126:36.08 4 7 2 On 

 074 234 25 Sep 1023 N40:15.21 W127:06.92 4 73 1 On 

 074 70 238 25 Sep 1844 N39:55.94 W125:32.39 4 200 2 On 

 074 242 27 Sep 1627 N38:35.47 W126:11.81 2 149 1 On 

 074 255 30 Sep 859 N35:00.00 W123:43.18 5 98 1 Off 

 074 294 9 Oct 1528 N32:28.04 W119:14.72 4 200 30 On 

 074 299 14 Oct 835 N37:12.68 W126:43.93 5 126 2 On 

 074 312 20 Oct 1815 N43:27.64 W128:14.12 4 203 1 On 

 074 330 24 Oct 932 N41:54.00 W128:13.26 3 159 2 Off 

 074 332 24 Oct 1252 N41:54.48 W128:11.88 3 73 4 On 

 074 334 24 Oct 1413 N42:05.82 W128:08.23 4 149 1 On 

 074 358 2 Nov 1112 N43:43.09 W127:33.49 4 149 2 Off 

 074 361 2 Nov 1538 N43:14.07 W127:49.44 3 4 2 Off 

- 18 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 074 27 374 4 Nov 1147 N38:51.15 W127:36.53 2 4 11 Off 

 074 389 8 Nov 837 N34:58.72 W122:10.90 3 126 1 On 

 074 432 22 Nov 1508 N32:54.85 W119:39.49 6 126 1 Off 

 074 448 26 Nov 1109 N37:18.04 W126:28.91 2 149 2 On 

 074 490 6 Dec 835 N32:48.22 W119:36.31 5 199 1 Off 

 074 492 6 Dec 1038 N32:36.18 W119:34.37 5 184 1 On 

 074 493 6 Dec 1133 N32:32.04 W119:26.30 5 73 1 On 

 

Balaenoptera musculus 

 075 74 32 4 Aug 1335 N36:26.30 W126:46.22 2 126 6 On 

 075 179 21 Sep 939 N42:48.08 W124:39.11 4 200 1 On 

 075 189 21 Sep 1308 N43:05.20 W124:36.07 2 149 1 On 

 075 74 200 21 Sep 1701 N43:30.05 W124:26.66 2 200 2 On 

 075 232 24 Sep 1726 N41:56.46 W128:07.14 4 73 1 On 

 075 240 26 Sep 1437 N39:27.46 W124:04.15 2 7 1 On 

 075 261 30 Sep 1825 N34:38.59 W122:03.42 4 149 2 On 

 075 272 2 Oct 1527 N34:01.43 W119:05.79 4 126 1 On 

 075 291 9 Oct 1136 N32:27.03 W118:55.05 4 200 2 On 

 075 313 21 Oct 854 N41:59.15 W128:20.84 4 126 2 On 

 075 325 22 Oct 1828 N40:22.89 W128:07.55 5 73 1 On 

 075 415 18 Nov 759 N33:53.99 W125:57.15 4 200 1 On 

 075 452 26 Nov 1510 N37:02.96 W125:54.41 2 149 1 On 

 

Megaptera novaeangliae 

 076 72 9 Aug 835 N45:44.31 W124:29.06 5 7 1 On 

 076 37 76 12 Aug 1113 N45:41.86 W124:08.06 4 126 4 On 

 076 85 17 Aug 1003 N44:30.72 W124:18.15 4 99 2 Off 

 076 99 4 Sep 930 N47:33.46 W126:11.28 4 126 1 On 

 076 101 4 Sep 1109 N47:27.19 W126:04.02 4 98 2 Off 

 076 22 102 4 Sep 1120 N47:26.92 W126:01.40 4 7 7 Off 

 076 105 5 Sep 708 N47:31.81 W125:58.98 5 200 1 On 

 076 118 5 Sep 1134 N47:22.78 W125:16.55 5 200 1 Off 

 076 22 27 122 5 Sep 1344 N47:16.40 W125:00.04 5 73 10 Off 

 076 138 6 Sep 910 N47:13.69 W124:35.74 3 126 2 On 

 076 143 6 Sep 1149 N46:55.31 W124:50.92 3 200 1 On 

 076 165 20 Sep 753 N41:13.19 W124:22.95 3 7 1 Off 

 076 22 27 171 20 Sep 1312 N41:34.77 W125:01.27 4 149 80 On 

 076 172 20 Sep 1537 N41:53.76 W124:54.43 4 7 1 On 

 076 177 21 Sep 837 N42:44.91 W124:48.42 3 149 1 On 

 076 185 21 Sep 1150 N42:57.51 W124:39.92 4 126 1 On 

 076 186 21 Sep 1159 N42:58.40 W124:38.79 4 99 1 Off 

 076 198 21 Sep 1607 N43:21.92 W124:30.38 2 149 2 On 

 076 388 7 Nov 1629 N36:20.35 W123:36.60 5 149 2 On 

 076 436 23 Nov 1145 N34:08.39 W120:54.94 6 149 1 On 

 076 438 23 Nov 1534 N34:39.59 W120:46.47 5 149 1 On 

 076 439 23 Nov 1619 N34:42.66 W120:46.17 5 73 1 On 

 076 443 25 Nov 1153 N36:21.47 W122:42.30 3 184 2 On 

 076 444 25 Nov 1156 N36:21.62 W122:42.99 3 184 1 On 

 076 446 25 Nov 1417 N36:26.08 W122:58.05 3 7 1 Off 

 076 456 27 Nov 1354 N36:44.41 W124:27.07 2 126 1 On 

 076 457 27 Nov 1421 N36:43.16 W124:21.26 2 73 1 On 

 076 458 27 Nov 1431 N36:42.67 W124:19.07 2 149 4 On 

 076 44 461 27 Nov 1500 N36:41.26 W124:13.03 2 184 13 On 

 076 463 27 Nov 1512 N36:40.70 W124:10.57 2 73 3 On 

 076 470 28 Nov 1023 N36:10.12 W121:56.60 4 184 2 On 

 076 472 28 Nov 1159 N35:56.84 W122:00.92 4 184 3 On 

 076 473 28 Nov 1308 N35:46.26 W122:07.26 4 200 1 On 

 076 474 28 Nov 1313 N35:45.38 W122:07.85 4 126 2 On 

 076 475 28 Nov 1335 N35:42.15 W122:10.05 4 149 1 On 

 076 476 28 Nov 1428 N35:33.55 W122:10.79 4 73 1 On 

- 19 - 
Table 5. ORCAWALE 2001 Marine Mammal Sightings (continued)

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Other Sighting Obs. School EfCode Codes Number Date Time Latitude Longitude Bft. no. size fort 

___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 076 478 28 Nov 1513 N35:26.08 W122:10.82 4 149 1 On 

 076 479 28 Nov 1607 N35:22.93 W122:11.26 5 126 1 Off 

 

unid. dolphin 

 077 24 3 Aug 1535 N35:17.39 W127:10.44 2 73 2 On 

 077 28 3 Aug 1817 N35:39.20 W127:04.44 2 126 2 On 

 077 90 31 Aug 1459 N44:47.02 W125:36.60 4 200 1 On 

 077 104 4 Sep 1714 N47:43.04 W126:05.27 4 200 1 Off 

 077 124 5 Sep 1514 N47:15.75 W124:45.33 5 184 4 Off 

 077 142 6 Sep 1129 N46:58.06 W124:48.48 3 149 2 On 

 077 222 23 Sep 1238 N43:25.32 W125:59.48 0 34 3 On 

 077 278 2 Oct 1820 N34:08.46 W119:24.04 4 126 1 On 

 077 283 3 Oct 1146 N32:46.61 W118:05.74 1 149 1 On 

 077 286 3 Oct 1416 N32:23.66 W118:13.38 2 201 7 On 

 077 377 4 Nov 1328 N38:48.11 W127:23.05 2 7 15 On 

 077 378 4 Nov 1345 N38:47.46 W127:20.20 2 7 6 On 

 077 383 4 Nov 1452 N38:45.46 W127:08.22 2 201 10 On 

 077 394 9 Nov 800 N34:04.15 W119:29.68 3 126 14 On 

 077 419 19 Nov 800 N32:24.14 W125:24.77 4 7 15 On 

 077 428 20 Nov 1204 N31:39.11 W122:18.45 4 149 1 Off 

 077 437 23 Nov 1335 N34:20.77 W120:51.83 6 98 12 Off 

 077 489 6 Dec 812 N32:51.36 W119:36.89 5 149 1 On 

 077 501 7 Dec 1337 N32:19.64 W118:04.48 4 126 3 On 

 

unid. small whale 

 078 154 13 Sep 1622 N39:01.36 W128:19.73 4 200 1 Off 

 078 357 2 Nov 944 N43:55.76 W127:28.68 4 201 1 On 

 078 376 4 Nov 1323 N38:48.35 W127:23.94 2 149 1 On 

 078 384 4 Nov 1515 N38:45.17 W127:03.69 2 7 1 On 

 078 423 19 Nov 1538 N32:06.90 W123:59.30 2 7 1 On 

 078 447 26 Nov 1044 N37:22.17 W126:27.55 1 200 1 On 

 078 453 27 Nov 1006 N36:52.70 W124:59.12 4 73 1 On 

 

unid. large whale 

 079 149 11 Sep 918 N41:41.10 W129:53.48 4 73 1 On 

 079 151 13 Sep 1407 N39:06.43 W128:44.37 4 73 1 On 

 079 163 14 Sep 950 N39:17.36 W127:26.57 5 126 1 On 

 079 236 25 Sep 1323 N40:08.62 W126:32.49 4 201 1 On 

 079 290 9 Oct 946 N32:23.55 W118:40.00 3 126 1 On 

 079 307 19 Oct 1420 N43:40.31 W130:51.14 4 201 1 On 

 079 316 21 Oct 1513 N42:06.99 W129:03.95 5 73 1 On 

 079 442 25 Nov 1120 N36:20.11 W122:35.80 4 149 1 On 

 

Kogia sp. 

 080 390 8 Nov 1017 N34:51.24 W122:00.82 2 201 1 On 

 

unid. object 

 097 94 31 Aug 1827 N44:30.11 W125:55.15 4 73 1 On 

 

unid. whale 

 098 441 25 Nov 822 N36:12.47 W122:00.82 3 199 2 Off 

 

unid. small delphinid 

 177 195 21 Sep 1438 N43:14.69 W124:36.58 2 126 4 On 

 

Callorhinus ursinus 

 CU 48 6 Aug 923 N40:51.86 W125:16.08 2 126 1 On 

 

Zalophus californianus 

 ZC 22 498 7 Dec 1208 N32:09.05 W118:14.94 4 73 16 On 

- 20 - 
Table 6. Hydrophone Array Characteristics and Dates Used.

Frequency 

Sensitivity 

Array Name 

# of 

Elements Low (Hz)

High 

(kHz) Quality Dates Used

Norris 5 15 40 good 8/04; 9/03; 9/10-10/19; 

10/24-11/09 

HighFrequency 3 500 150 good 7/30-8/02; 8/05-9/02; 9/04-9/09 

SEFSC 5 15 40 good 10/20-10/23

Table 7. Hydrophone Array Recordings by Species - Acoustic recordings of cetacean 

sightings obtained using the towed hydrophone array on the McArthur during ORCAWALE 

2001, listed in order of the number of recordings obtained. 

Species Leg 1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Leg 4 Leg 5 

Delphinus delphis 13 0 25 10 6

Grampus griseus 3 3 5 0 5

Lissodelphis borealis 2 3 1 0 6

Physeter macrocephalus 3 1 3 4 0

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens 2 3 3 1 1

Tursiops truncatus 0 0 1 0 5

Delphinus capensis 0 0 0 0 2

Stenella coeruleoalba 1 0 1 0 0

Unidentified dolphins 1 0 1 0 0

Orcinus orca 0 1 0 0 0

Total 25 11 40 15 25

Table 8. Sonobuoy Recordings by Species - Acoustic recordings of cetaceans obtained 

using sonobuoys on both ships during ORCAWALE 2001, listed in decreasing order of 

recordings obtained. A total of 38 sonobouys were launched, of which 21 were functional. 

Species Vocals

No 

Vocals

Balaenoptera musculus 7 4

Megaptera noviangliae 2 3

Balaenoptera physalus 2 0

Orcinus orca 2 0

Total 13 7

21 
Table 9. Sightings Photographed by Species – Lists the species and corresponding 

sightings for 35mm photo-ID pictures taken. 

Species 

Code Species

# of 

Sightings 

Photgraphed Sighting #s

073 B. borealis 2 30,3

075 B. musculus 12 32,179,189,200,232,240,261,272,291,313,415,452

074 B. physalus 9 32,33,70,79,98,100,228,332,389

016 D. Capensis 1 398

017 D. delphis 9 27,31,251,258,265,266,324,370,417

069 E. robustus 5 1,2,3,4,178

021 G. griseus 2 34,187

076 M. novaeangliae 22 

3,76,85,99,100,102,105,122,138,143,171,172,177, 

185,186,438,439,443,457,461,472,476 

037 O. orca 7 76,141,311,367,392,412,454

046 P. macrocephalus 10 4,8,13,81,219,243,245,304,329,418

013 S. coeruleulba 1 251

Table 10. Biopsies Taken by Species – Lists the species and corresponding numbers of 

biopsy samples obtained. 

 

Species 

Number 

of 

samples 

Balaenoptera (unid. to species) 1 

Balaenoptera musculus 12 

Balaenoptera physalus 13 

Delphinus capensis 5 

Delphinus delphis 104 

Eschrictius robustus 3 

Grampus griseus 5 

Lagenorhyncus obliquidens 11 

Lissodelphis borealis 32 

Megaptera novaeangliae 15 

Orcinus orca 4 

Phocoenoides dalli 9 

Physeter macrocephalus 10 

Tursiops truncatus 10 

Ziphius cavirostris 1 

Total 235

- 22 - 
Figure 1. Coverage of survey tracklines during ORCAWALE 2001, including unplanned 

 segments such as departures from ports and returns for repair.

- 23 - 
Figure 2. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera acutorostrata Figure 3. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera borealis

Species Code 071, n=4 Species Code 073, n=1

 

Figure 4. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera musculus Figure 5. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera physalis

Species Code 075, n=13 Species Code 074, n=35 

- 24 - 
Figure 6. On-effort sightings of Balaenoptera spp. Figure 7. On-effort sightings of Berardius bairdi 

Species Code 070, n=10 Species Code 063, n=3 

Figure 8. On-effort sightings of Delphinus spp. Figure 9. On-effort sightings of Delphinus capensis 

Species Code 005, n=2 Species Code 016, n=2

- 25 - 
Figure 10. On-effort sightings of Delphinus delphis Figure 11. On-effort sightings of Eshrictius robustus 

Species Code 017, n=71 Species Code 069, n=1 

 

Figure 12. On-effort sightings of Grampus griseus Figure 13. On-effort sightings of Kogia spp.

 Species Code 021, n=27 Species Code 080, n=1 

- 26 - 
Figure 14. On-effort sightings of Lagenorhyncus obliquidens Figure 15. On-effort sightings of Lissodelphis borealis

 Species Code 022, n=22 Species Code 027, n=30 

 

Figure 16. On-effort sightings of Megoptera novaeangliae Figure 17. On-effort sightings of Orcinus orca 

 Species Code 076, n=28 Species Code 037, n=9 

- 27 - 
 

Figure 18. On-effort sightings of Phocoena phocoena Figure 19. On-effort sightings of Phocoenoides dalli 

 Species Code 040, n=27 Species Code 044, n=92 

 

Figure 20. On-effort sightings of Physeter macrocephalus Figure 21. On-effort sightings of Stenella coeruleoalba

 Species Code 046, n=11 Species Code 013, n=6 

- 28 - 
 

Figure 22. On-effort sightings of Tursiops truncatus Figure 23. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Dolphin 

 Species Code 018, n=11 Species Code 077, n=15 

 

Figure 24. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Large Whales Figure 25. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Objects 

 Species Code 079, n=8 Species Code 097, n=1 

- 29 - 
 

Figure 26. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Small Delphinids Figure 27. On-effort sightings of Unidentified Small Whales 

 Species Code 177, n=1 Species Code 078, n=6 

 

Figure 28. On-effort sightings of Ziphiid Whales Figure 29. On-effort sightings of Ziphius cavirostrus 

 Species Code 049, n=4 Species Code 061, n=6 

- 30 - 
Appendix A. ORCAWALE 2001 Personnel

Leg 1: Leg 2:

Name1

 Position Name1 Position 

Jay Barlow Cruise Leader Lisa Ballance Cruise Leader

James Cotton ID Specialist James Cotton ID Specialist

Richard Rowlett ID Specialist Richard Rowlett ID Specialist

Juan Carlos Salinas Mammal Observer Juan Carlos Salinas Mammal Observer 

Laura Morse Mammal Observer Laura Morse Mammal Observer 

Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer 

Leigh Torres Mammal Observer Leigh Torres Mammal Observer 

Michael Force Seabird Observer Michael Force Seabird Observer 

Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer 

Candice Hall Oceanographer Candice Hall Oceanographer 

Shannon Rankin Acoustician Shannon Rankin Acoustician 

Megan Ferguson Acoustician Julie Oswald Acoustician 

Annie Douglas Photo-ID Specialist Annie Douglas Photo-ID Specialist 

Valerie Philbrick Oceanographer Josh Fluty Visiting Scientist 

Leg 3: Leg 4:

Name1

 Position Name1 Position 

Barb Taylor Cruise Leader Sarah Mesnick Cruise Leader

James Cotton ID Specialist Juan Carlos Salinas ID Specialist

Richard Rowlett ID Specialist Richard Rowlett ID Specialist

Juan Carlos Salinas Mammal Observer Christina Fahy Mammal Observer 

Laura Morse Mammal Observer Laura Morse Mammal Observer 

Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer 

Leigh Torres Mammal Observer Leigh Torres Mammal Observer 

Michael Force Seabird Observer Michael Force Seabird Observer 

Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer 

Candice Hall Oceanographer Candice Hall Oceanographer 

Shannon Rankin Acoustician Shannon Rankin Acoustician 

Julie Oswald Acoustician Tony Martinez Acoustician 

Todd Chandler Photo-ID Specialist Todd Chandler Photo-ID Specialist 

- 31 - 
Appendix A. ORCAWALE 2001 Personnel

Leg 5: Leg 6: (on the McArthur) 

Name1

 Position Name1 Position 

Robert Pitman Cruise Leader James Carretta Cruise Leader

James Cotton ID Specialist James Cotton ID Specialist

Richard Rowlett ID Specialist Richard Rowlett ID Specialist

Juan Carlos Salinas Mammal Observer Juan Carlos Salinas Mammal Observer 

Laura Morse Mammal Observer Laura Morse Mammal Observer 

Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer Erin LaBrecque Mammal Observer 

Leigh Torres Mammal Observer Michael Force Seabird Observer 

Michael Force Seabird Observer Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer 

Cornelia Oedekoven Seabird Observer Pierre Malan Oceanographer

Candice Hall Oceanographer Annie Douglas Photo-ID Specialist 

Shannon Rankin Acoustician Shannon Rankin Mammal Observer 

Paula Olson Photo-ID Specialist 

Jessica Burtenshaw Visiting Scientist 

 

- 32 -