2008 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

10-9-2008

Robert Smith v. Kenneth Kyler

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 08-1731

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CLD-303 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 08-1731

___________

ROBERT T. SMITH,

Appellant

v.

KENNETH KYLER; RAY EARLSTON, in their official capacities

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil No. 03-cv-0898)

District Judge: Honorable Thomas I. Vanaskie

____________________________________

Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)

or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

September 25, 2008

AMBRO, FUENTES and JORDAN, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: October 9, 2008)

_________

OPINION

_________

PER CURIAM

Robert T. Smith is a Rastafarian inmate confined at the State Correctional

Institution at Huntingdon (“SCI-Huntingdon”). In 2003, he filed a complaint alleging that
 The term “Faith Group Leader” also includes staff and contract employees who lead 1

inmate worship services.

2

SCI-Huntingdon’s Superintendent and Facility Chaplaincy Program Director violated the

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc et seq.

(“RLUIPA”), and the First and Fourteenth Amendments, by refusing to permit weekly

group religious services for Rastafarians. He sought only injunctive relief. The United

States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania granted the defendants’

motion for summary judgment. Smith filed a timely pro se appeal. For the following

reasons, we will affirm.

I.

The Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (“DOC”) permits inmates to worship

as a group if the services are conducted by a Chaplain. The Chaplain may be hired as a

full- or part-time employee (a “Facility Chaplain,”) or on a contract basis (a “Contract

Chaplain”). According to the DOC’s Administrator for Religion and Volunteer Services,

the DOC will hire a Chaplain to perform the services for the “largest major faith groups

within a facility.” At SCI-Huntington, the DOC has hired Chaplains to provide religious

services for the following groups (approximate number of weekly attendees in

parentheses): Catholics (60); Protestants (125); Muslims (175); and Native Americans

(25). Because of limited resources, the DOC will not pay for religious leaders for smaller

groups. Instead, religious services for these groups must be led by an approved, volunteer

outside religious leader (a “Faith Group Leader” ). In “extraordinary circumstances,” 1
3

such as when the Faith Group Leader is ill, a prisoner approved by the facility may lead a

religious service. At SCI-Huntington, a Faith Group Leader voluntarily provides

religious services for Jews (12), Messianic Jews (15), Jehovah Witnesses (7), and

Buddhists (6). In addition to group worship, the DOC allows inmates to meet personally

with a designated Religious Advisor, an individual from outside the prison who has

received endorsement from a faith group to provide religious counseling and guidance.

Inmates seeking an accommodation based on religion must submit an Inmate

Religious Accommodation Form (DC-52) to the Religious Accommodation Review

Committee, whose recommendation is forwarded to Regional Deputy Secretary for a

decision. In addition to Smith, only two other inmates at SCI-Huntington submitted DC52 forms requesting Rastafarian services. Those requests were denied. A Rastafarian

chaplain employed by the New York Department of Corrections indicated that he would

voluntarily provide religious services at SCI-Huntington if the DOC paid his travel

expenses. The DOC refused to pay those expenses.

II.

We review de novo an order granting summary judgment. See Saldana v. K Mart

Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 231 (3d Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is proper when, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Kaucher v.

County of Bucks, 455 F.3d 418, 423 (3d Cir. 2006); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Once the
4

moving party has carried the initial burden of showing that no genuine issue of material

fact exists, the “nonmoving party cannot rely upon conclusory allegations in its pleadings

or in memoranda and briefs to establish a genuine issue of material fact.” Pastore v. Bell

Tel. Co. of Pa., 24 F.3d 508, 511-12 (3d Cir. 1994). Rather, the nonmoving party “must

make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of every element essential to his case,

based on the affidavits or by the depositions and admissions on file.” Harter v. GAF

Corp., 967 F.2d 846, 852 (3d Cir. 1992). Only evidence admissible at trial may be

considered in ruling on a motion for summary judgment. See Philbin v. Trans Union

Corp., 101 F.3d 957, 961 n.1 (3d Cir. 1996).

III.

Smith alleged that the defendants violated his First Amendment right to free

exercise of his faith. Prison inmates do not forfeit their constitutional right to freely

exercise their religion when they enter the prison gates. See Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319

(1972) (per curiam). Incarcerated inmates, however, enjoy their rights under a more

limited framework than the average citizen. See O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S.

342, 348 (1987). Indeed, the fact of incarceration and the valid penological objectives of

deterrence of crime, rehabilitation of prisoners, and institutional security justify

limitations on the exercise of constitutional rights by inmates. See DeHart v. Horn, 227

F.3d 47, 50-51 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc). An alleged restriction on an inmate’s right to

free exercise of religion will be upheld “if it is reasonably related to legitimate
5

penological interests.” O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 349 (citing Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89

(1987)). In evaluating the reasonableness of a prison regulation, we consider four factors:

(1) whether there is a “valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the

legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it”; (2) “whether there are

alternative means of exercising the right that remain open to prison inmates”; (3) “the

impact accommodation . . . will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation

of prison resources generally”; (4) whether there are “ready alternatives that could fully

accommodate[] the prisoner’s rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests.” 

Turner 482 U.S. at 89-91 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Notably, the

restriction must be neutral. Id. at 90; see also Mayfield v. Texas Dep’t of Criminal

Justice, 529 F.3d 599, 608-09 (5th Cir. 2008).

We agree that Smith’s free exercise rights were not violated by the DOC’s policy

to provide Chaplains for only the largest major faith groups and to prohibit group worship

in the absence of an approved, volunteer Faith Group Leader. The District Court

correctly noted that the DOC has a legitimate interest in managing limited financial

resources and in maintaining prison security. See Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401,

415 (1989). Those interests are rationally connected to the DOC policy of providing

chaplains based on the number of inmates in a particular religious group who would

regularly attend services. See Baranowski v. Hart, 486 F.3d 112, 121 (5th Cir. 2007)

(stating that prison policy of prohibiting inmates from leading religious services without
6

the assistance of a rabbi or approved outside volunteer was logically connected to

penological concerns of security, staff, and space limitations); Anderson v. Angelone,

123 F.3d 1197, 1199 (9th Cir. 1997) (“Requiring an outside minister to lead religious

activity among inmates undoubtedly contributes to prison security.”). In addition, Smith

has alternative means of practicing his religion. The record indicates that, subject to

various DOC directives, Rastafarian inmates are permitted to maintain religious books

and materials in their cells, can elect to have a Personal Religious Advisor worship with

them, and may seek exemptions from the DOC hair length requirement. See DeHart, 227

F.3d at 55 (holding that court must consider whether the inmate has “alternate means of

practicing his or her religion generally, not whether [the] inmate has alternative means of

engaging in [any] particular practice.”). 

Furthermore, the DOC persuasively asserts that providing group religious services

to Rastafarian inmates would impose a substantial burden on prison staff and resources,

and that there are no ready alternatives. For instance, if the DOC paid for a Rastafarian

chaplain but did not provide a chaplain for similarly-sized groups, Rastafarians could

appear to be favored, a perception that could negatively affect prison morale and

discipline. See Adkins v. Kaspar, 393 F.3d 559, 565 (5th Cir. 2004). But, providing a

chaplain for all recognized religions at SCI-Huntington, regardless of the number of

inmates who wish to attend services, could have a “significant ‘ripple effect’” on prison
 On appeal, Smith asserts for the first time that Native Americans at SCI-Huntington 2

are permitted to worship as a group under the supervision of the Facility Chaplain. He

claims that a similar group service could be conducted for Rastafarians. We will not

consider issues raised for the first time on appeal. In any event, Smith has provided no

evidence to support his claims and has failed to demonstrate that permitting the Facility

Chaplain to supervise a Rastafarian service would impose no more than a de minimis

cost.

7

resources. Turner, 482 U.S. at 90; see also Adkins, 393 F.3d at 565 (stating that “no 2

obvious, easy alternatives would accommodate both” the inmates’ request for, inter alia,

separate religious services and the administrative needs of the Texas Department of

Justice). 

Smith contends that there is a factual dispute as to the neutrality of the DOC’s

regulations. The DOC submitted evidence indicating it provides paid chaplains at SCIHuntington when the number of inmates who regularly attend religious services equals or

exceeds 25. According to the DOC, only three Rastafarian inmates have formally asked

to participate in group religious services. Smith disputes these numbers. In an unsworn

declaration, Smith identified 37 Rastafarian inmates who had been granted hair length

exemptions, 11 inmates who had been granted temporary hair length exemptions, 10

inmates whose hair length exemption requests were pending, and 17 inmates who had

received Religious Accommodation Forms (presumably to file hair length exemption

requests). Importantly, however, the DOC bases its decision to pay for a chaplain on the

number of inmates who formally express their intention to regularly attend religious

services, not on the number of prisoners who claim adherence to a particular religion. In
 In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Smith also provided a letter from 3

Henry Dennison, another inmate at SCI-Huntington, that identifies 36 inmates who would

“like to participate in Rastafarian worship services and Rasta Religious Class.” Hearsay

evidence produced in an affidavit opposing summary judgment may be considered if the

out-of-court declarant could later present the evidence through direct testimony, i.e., in a

form that “would be admissible at trial.” Williams v. Borough of West Chester, 891 F.2d

458, 466 n.12 (3d Cir. 1989). Because the introduction of Dennison’s testimony to prove

the truth of the 36 inmates’ wishes would not be admissible at trial, the letter should not

be considered on a summary judgment motion. See Blackburn v. United Parcel Serv.,

179 F.3d 81, 95 (3d Cir. 1999). 

8

apparent recognition of this more limited focus, Smith also submitted affidavits of 34

SCI-Huntington inmates who expressed an interest in regularly attending Rastafarian

services. But only four of those inmates asserted that they had requested Rastafarian 3

services, and the one inmate who stated that the request was in writing did not indicate

that it was made on a DC-52 form. Without evidence that these inmates followed the

established procedures for seeking a religious accommodation, the affidavits do not create

a genuine issue of material fact concerning the neutrality of the DOC’s policies. 

IV.

The District Court did not err in granting summary judgment to the defendants on

Smith’s RLUIPA claims. RLUIPA prohibits the government from imposing a substantial

burden on a prisoner’s religious exercise, even if the burden results from a rule of general

applicability, unless the government shows that the burden is in furtherance of a

compelling government interest and is the least restrictive means of furthering that

interest. See Washington v. Klem, 497 F.3d 272, 277 (3d Cir. 2007). A “substantial

burden” exists where: 1) a follower is forced to choose between following the precepts of
9

his religion and forfeiting benefits otherwise generally available to other inmates versus

abandoning one of the precepts of his religion in order to receive a benefit; or 2) the

government puts substantial pressure on an adherent to substantially modify his behavior

and to violate his beliefs. Id. at 280. 

Smith claims that the DOC policies and regulations substantially burdened his

religious exercise. Importantly, however, the absence of weekly group Rastafarian

religious services results from inadequate demand for such services and from “a dearth of

qualified outside volunteers available to go to [SCI-Huntington], not from some rule or

regulation that directly prohibits such gatherings.” Adkins, 393 F.3d at 571. Smith has

not been denied a benefit because of his religious beliefs, nor has he been forced to

modify his behavior. Cf. Baranowski v. Hart, 486 F.3d 112, 125 (5th Cir. 2007) (“Given

the strong significance of keeping kosher in the Jewish faith, the [prison’s] policy of not

providing kosher food may be deemed to work a substantial burden upon Baranowski’s

practice of his faith.”). In addition, as noted above, Smith may maintain religious books

and materials in his cell, he is permitted to have a Personal Religious Advisor worship

with him, and he is eligible to seek an exemption from the DOC hair length requirement. 

Cf. Mayfield, 529 F.3d at 614-15 (“An inability to exercise other means of . . . worship

increases the relative burden imposed by the . . . policy preventing group meetings in the

absence of an outside volunteer.”). 

Assuming that the DOC’s policy and regulation impose a substantial burden, we
10

would agree with the District Court that the DOC has demonstrated that the restrictions

are the least restrictive means of advancing a compelling governmental interest. When

considering these factors, we owe “due deference to the experience and expertise of

prison and jail administrators in establishing necessary regulations and procedures to

maintain good order, security and discipline, consistent with consideration of costs and

limited resources.” Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 722 (2005) (quoting 146 Cong.

Rec. S7774, S7775 (July 27, 2000) (joint statement of Sen. Hatch and Sen. Kennedy on

RLUIPA)). The DOC maintains that its regulation mandating that religious services be

supervised by a Chaplain or Faith Group Leader prevents the creation of an authority

structure among inmates, thereby contributing to prison security. See Baranowski, 486

F.3d at 121 (5th Cir. 2007). In addition, hiring a Chaplain to perform religious services

only for the “largest major faith groups within a facility,” but permitting smaller groups to

worship together under the direction of a volunteer Faith Group Leader, is the least

restrictive means of furthering the DOC’s interests. This policy is a fair means of

allocating scarce prison resources because, as the DOC explains, “to pay [for a

Rastafarian Chaplain] would require the Department to pay expenses for numerous other

religious leaders . . . or else be exposed to a charge of religious favoritism.” 

V.

Finally, Smith alleged that the DOC violated his rights under the Equal Protection

Clause by preventing him from worshiping with other Rastafarians, since Christians,
Jews, Muslims, and Native Americans are permitted to attend group religious services. 

But he has failed to provide any competent summary judgment evidence that similarly

situated faiths are treated differently from Rastafarians. See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne

Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985) (stating that the Equal Protection clause does not

require that all persons be treated alike, but rather that “all persons similarly situated

should be treated alike.”); see also Cruz, 405 U.S. at 322 n.2 (recognizing that “[a] special

chapel or place of worship need not be provided for every faith regardless of size; nor

must a chaplain, priest, or minister be provided without regard to the extent of the

demand.”). Accordingly, we agree that Smith has failed to state an equal protection claim

sufficient to survive summary judgment. See Williams v. Morton, 343 F.3d 212, 221-22

(3d Cir. 2003).

VI.

For the above-stated reasons, we conclude that the appeal presents no substantial

question. Accordingly, we will affirm. See I.O.P. 10.6.