Skip to Content|                                                                                       | Search NLM Web SiteNLM Home | Contact NLM | Site Map | FAQs |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                       |
| Current Bibliographies in Medicine                                                    |
| Current Bibliographies in Medicine Home  |       Download Adobe Acrobat Reader        |
| Home    > Library Catalogs and Services    > Current Bibliographies in Medicine |

# Current Bibliographies in Medicine 98-2

----

# Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

----

January 1980 through August 1998, plus selected earlier citations

1440 Citations

Prepared byMartha H. Glock, M.L.S., National Library of MedicinePeter S. Jensen, M.D., National Institute of Mental HealthJames R. Cooper, M.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse

1998 September

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health ServiceNational Institutes of Health

National Library of MedicineReference Section8600 Rockville PikeBethesda, Maryland 20894

----

      - Series Note
      - Table of Contents for this bibliography
      - Introduction to this bibliography
      - Sample Citations

----

**Series Note**

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTARtm, POPLINEtm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

Other publications in the *Current Bibliographies in Medicine* series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, EditorCurrent Bibliographies in MedicineReference SectionNational Library of MedicineBethesda, MD 20894Phone: 301-496-6097Fax: 301-402-1384Internet: ref@nlm.nih.gov

**PUBMEDTM AND INTERNET GRATEFUL MED®**

To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers two user-friendly interfaces to its databases. Both PubMed and Internet Grateful Med are available from the World Wide Web. The user with Internet access need only point a compatible Web browser (Netscape Navigator is strongly recommended) to the NLM Web site http://www.nlm.nih.gov. No other software at the user end is required. Searching through either PubMed or Internet Grateful Med is free-of-charge. Further information on both PubMed and Internet Grateful Med may be found at the NLM Web site given above.

For those users without access to the World Wide Web, please contact the Library's Customer Service Desk at 1-888-FINDNLM (301-594-5983 international) or send e-mail for information on alternative ways to search.
Return to title pageReturn to table of contents

----

## Table of Contents

### Series Note

### Introduction

### Sample Citations

### Bibliography:

## OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

## ADHD AS A DISORDER IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

### Current Diagnostic Schema/Core Dimensions

### Etiology/Risk Factors

### Genetics and Pathophysiology

### Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates

## IMPACT

### Prevalence Across the Life Span and Across Cultures

### Course of the Disorder and Outcome, Including Comorbidity

### Systems Impact: School and the Justice System

### Impairment: Childhood and Adolescence

### Impairment: Adulthood

## Safety and Efficacy of Treatments: Short and Long Term

### Stimulant Medications

### Nonstimulant Medications

### Psychosocial Interventions

### Other Treatments

### Treatment Comparisons

### Matching Patients to Treatments

## Substance Abuse Risks of Stimulant Treatments

### Risk of Treatment vs. Nontreatment

### ADHD Subgroups at Risk for Substance Use Disorder

### Sensitization and the Risk of Exposure to Stimulant Medications

### Stimulant Treatment as a Risk Factor for Nicotine Use and Substance Abuse

### Abuse, Diversion and Consequences of Methylphenidate Abuse

### Availability of Stimulant Medications: Nature and Extent of Abuse and Associated Harm

## Existing Practices and Barriers Regarding Assessment and Treatment

### Treatment Services Provided to Children With ADHD: A National Perspective

### Current Assessment and Treatment Practices

### Educational Policies

### Insurance and Managed Care

### Individual and Family Barriers

Return to title page

----

**Introduction**

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, estimated to affect 3-5% of school-age children. Its core symptoms include an inability to sustain attention, developmentally inappropriate levels of activity, distractibility, and impulsivity. Although some persons have suggested that ADHD is just normal childhood behavior, children with ADHD usually have pronounced difficulties due to the disorder across multiple settings in home, at school, and with peers--as well as long-term adverse effects on later academic, vocational, social-emotional, and psychiatric outcomes. The ADHD symptoms, degree of impairment, and longitudinal course form a coherent pattern such that well-trained clinicians can reliably diagnose ADHD at a level of accuracy that rivals or exceeds many other medical diagnostic and assessment procedures. Moreover, many clinical treatment studies of the condition have also been conducted, resulting in substantial evidence of efficacy for a variety of treatments.

Despite the substantial progress in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children and adults with ADHD, the disorder has remained controversial in many sectors. The confusion resulting from the many diverse, frequently expressed opinions (often not based on research evidence) has made many families, health care providers, educators, and policy-makers uncertain about the status of the disorder and its long-term consequences, whether treated or not. For example, one of the major controversies concerning ADHD concerns the use of psychostimulants to treat the condition. These medications are regarded by many in the medical community as constituting the psychopharmacologic treatment of choice for ADHD. The use of methylphenidate and amphetamine nationwide has increased significantly in recent years. This increased availability and use of psychostimulants has intensified the concerns about use, overuse, and abuse.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, held in Bethesda, Maryland on November 16-18, 1998. The conference addressed these key questions and areas of controversy, which are reflected in the bibliography: What is the scientific evidence to support ADHD as a disorder?; what is the impact of ADHD on individuals, families, and society?; what are the effective treatments for ADHD?; what are the risks of the use of stimulant medication and other treatments?; what are the existing diagnostic and treatment practices, and what are the barriers to appropriate identification, evaluation, and intervention?; what are the directions for future research?

The bibliography consists primarily of citations to English-language journal articles published between 1980 to 1998; some publications such as conference papers have also been included as well as some material published before 1980 and a few selected foreign language items. Both human and animal studies are included. Items were selected for the bibliography based on the following criteria: (1) they directly relate to the questions being addressed by the conference; and (2) they report the results of original research rather than speculation or commentary on the work of others. In several areas, too few articles met the above criteria. In such instances the selection criteria were relaxed, thereby allowing commentaries and editorials to be included. This was necessary to ensure that a balanced perspective be presented concerning the questions addressed by the conference. The bibliography is organized thematically, such that topic areas follow in the order of the conference themes and presentations. Most items are listed under only one category; each was assigned to the best-fitting topic area according to the overall thrust of its content and where it provided the most seminal information.

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:Glock, Martha H.; Jensen, Peter S.; Cooper, James R., compilers. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1998 Sep [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 98-2). 1440 citations from January 1980 through August 1998. Available from: URL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html
Return to title pageReturn to table of contents

----

**Sample Citations**

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for *Index Medicus* ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

**Journal Article:**

*Example:*Tannock R, Purvis KL, Schachar RJ. Narrative abilities in children wiath attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal peers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Feb;21(1):103-17.

*Order, with separating punctuation:*Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:Patrias, Karen. *National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation*. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.
Return to title pageReturn to table of contents

----

## Overview and Introduction

----

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children with Disabilities, Committee on Drugs. Medication for children with an attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1987 Nov;80(5):758-60.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon JS, Warburton R, Reed E, Davis SG. Impact of adversity on functioning and comorbidity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Nov;34(11):1495-503.

Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA 1998 Apr 8;279(14):1100-7.

Swanson JM, Sergeant JA, Taylor E, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Jensen PS, Cantwell DP. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):429-33. Comment in: Lancet 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):387.
Return to table of contents

----

## ADHD as a Disorder in Children, Adolescents and Adults

----

### Current Diagnostic Schema/Core Dimensions

Abikoff H, Courtney M, Pelham WE Jr, Koplewicz HS. Teachers' ratings of disruptive behaviors: the influence of halo effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Oct;21(5):519-33.

Adams CD, Kelly ML, McCarthy M. The Adolescent Behavior Checklist: development and initial psychometric properties of a self-report measure for adolescents with ADHD. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Mar;26(1):77-86.

Alessandri SM. Attention, play, and social behavior in ADHD preschoolers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Jun;20(3):289-302.

Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Nierenberg AA, O'Sullivan R, Pava JA, Worthington JJ 3rd, Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood among adults with major depression. Psychiatry Res 1996 Jun 1;62(3):213-9.

Altepeter TS, Breen MJ. Situational variation in problem behavior at home and school in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a factor analytic study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 May;33(4):741-8.

Anastopoulos AD, Barkley RA, Shelton TL. The history and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therap Care Educ 1994 Summer;3(2):96-110.

Anastopoulos AD, Spisto MA, Maher MC. The WISC-III freedom from distractibility factor: Its utility in identifying children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Assess 1994;6(4):368-71.

Applegate B, Lahey BB, Hart EL, Biederman J, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Ollendick T, Frick PJ, Greenhill L, McBurnett K, Newcorn JH, Kerdyk L, Garfinkel B, Waldman I, Shaffer D. Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1211-21.

Atkins MS, Pelham WE. School-based assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Learn Disabil 1991 Apr;24(4):197-204, 255.

Atkins MS, Pelham WE, Licht MH. A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of Attention Deficit Disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):155-67.

Atkins MS, Stoff DM. Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Apr;21(2):165-78.

August GJ, Garfinkel BD. The nosology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):155-65.

August GJ, Stewart MA. Is there a syndrome of pure hyperactivity? Br J Psychiatry 1982 Mar;140:305-11.

Augustine LE, Damico JS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the scope of the problem. Semin Speech Lang 1995 Nov;16(4):243-57; quiz 257-8.

Barkley RA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997 Aug;18(4):271-9.

Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 1997 Jan;121(1):65-94.

Barkley RA. A critique of current diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical and research implications. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990 Dec;11(6):343-52.

Barkley RA. The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Apr;19(2):149-78.

Barkley RA, Biederman J. Toward a broader definition of the age-of-onset criterion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1204-10. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Apr;37(4):343-5.

Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB. Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990 Dec;58(6):775-89.

Bartell SS, Solanto MV. Usefulness of the Rorschach inkblot test in assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1995 Apr;80(2):531-41.

Bauermeister JJ, Alegria M, Bird HR, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G. Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 May;31(3):423-31.

Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, Moore P, Lelon E. Child Behavior Checklist findings further support comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in a referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Jun;35(6):734-42.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Weber W, Russell RL, Rater M, Park KS. Correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1682-7.

Breen MJ, Altepeter TS. Situational variability in boys and girls identified as ADHD. J Clin Psychol 1990 Jul;46(4):486-90.

Brock SE. Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood: A review of the literature. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists; 1997 Apr 2-5; Anaheim, CA. 16 p.

Brockel BJ, Cory-Slechta DA. Lead, attention, and impulsive behavior: Changes in a fixed-ratio waiting-for-reward paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;60(2):545-55.

Buitelaar JK, Swinkels SH, de Vries H, van der Gaag RJ, van Hooff JA. An ethological study on behavioural differences between hyperactive, aggressive, combined hyperactive/aggressive and control children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Nov;35(8):1437-46.

Burns GL, Walsh JA, Owen SM, Snell J. Internal validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and overt conduct disorder symptoms in young children: implications from teacher ratings for a dimensional approach to symptom validity. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Sep;26(3):266-75.

Cammann R, Miehlke A. Differentiation of motor activity of normally active and hyperactive boys in schools: some preliminary results. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Nov;30(6):899-906.

Cantwell DP, Baker L. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and comparison of matched groups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 May;31(3):432-8.

Carey WB. Temperament issues in the school-aged child. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992 Jun;39(3):569-84.

Carey WB, McDevitt SC. Minimal brain dysfunction and hyperkinesis: a clinical viewpoint. Am J Dis Child 1980 Oct;134(10):926-9.

Chabot RJ, Merkin H, Wood LM, Davenport TL, Serfontein G. Sensitivity and specificity of QEEG in children with attention deficit or specific developmental learning disorders. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996 Jan;27(1):26-34.

Chabot RJ, Serfontein G. Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Nov 15;40(10):951-63.

Chee P, Logan G, Schachar R, Lindsay P, Wachsmuth R. Effects of event rate and display time on sustained attention in hyperactive, normal, and control children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Aug;17(4):371-91.

Christie D, De Witt RA, Kaltenbach P, Reed D. Hyperactivity in children: evidence for differences between parents' and teachers' perceptions of predominant features. Psychol Rep 1984 Jun;54(3):771-4.

Cohen MJ, Riccio CA, Gonzalez JJ. Methodological differences in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact on prevalence. J Emot Behav Disord 1994 Jan;2(1):31-8.

Cohen ML, Kelly PC, Atkinson AW. Parent, teacher, child. A trilateral approach to attention deficit disorder. Am J Dis Child 1989 Oct;143(10):1229-33.

Cohen NJ, Minde K. The 'hyperactive syndrome' in kindergarten children: comparison of children with pervasive and situational symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Jul;24(3):443-55.

Comings DE, Comings BG. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 1987 Nov;41(5):701-41.

Conners CK. Is ADHD a disease? J Atten Disord 1997 Apr;2(1):3-17.

Cook JR, Mausbach T, Burd L, Gascon GG, Slotnick HB, Patterson B, Johnson RD, Hankey B, Reynolds BW. A preliminary study of the relationship between central auditory processing disorder and attention deficit disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1993 May;18(3):130-7.

Copeland AP, Weissbrod CS. Cognitive strategies used by learning disabled children: does hyperactivity always make things worse? J Learn Disabil 1983 Oct;16(8):473-7.

Corkum PV, Siegel LS. Is the Continuous Performance Task a valuable research tool for use with children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Oct;34(7):1217-39. Comment in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 Nov;36(8):1477-85; discussion 1487-93.

Cornett-Ruiz S, Hendricks B. Effects of labeling and ADHD behaviors on peer and teacher judgments. J Educ Res 1993 Jul-Aug;86(6):349-55.

Costello EJ, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Pervasive and situational hyperactivity--confounding effect of informant: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Jan;32(2):367-76.

Cotugno AJ. The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in community mental health centers: Where and when. Psychol Sch 1993 Oct;30(4):338-44.

Cuffe SP, McCullough EL, Pumariega AJ. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Child Fam Stud 1994 Sep;3(3):327-36.

deHaas PA. Attention styles and peer relationships of hyperactive and normal boys and girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Sep;14(3):457-67.

deHaas PA, Young RD. Attention styles of hyperactive and normal girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Dec;12(4):531-46.

Denckla MB. Biological correlates of learning and attention: what is relevant to learning disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Apr;17(2):114-9.

Draeger S, Prior M, Sanson A. Visual and auditory attention performance in hyperactive children: competence or compliance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Sep;14(3):411-24.

Dube R. [Hyperactivity in children: a valid diagnosis?]. Union Med Can 1993 Nov-Dec;122(6):428-31. (Fre).

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, McGoey KE, Power TJ, Reid R, Ikeda MJ. Teacher ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. Psychol Assess 1997;9(4):436-44.

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Power TJ, Reid R, Ikeda MJ, McGoey KE. Parent ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1998;20(1):83-102.

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Shelton TL, Guevremont DC, et al. Multimethod assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: The diagnostic utility of clinic-based tests. J Clin Child Psychol 1992 Dec;21(4):394-402.

DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, McGoey KE, Ikeda MJ, Anastopoulos AD. Reliability and validity of parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. J Psychoeduc Assess 1998 Mar;16(1):55-68.

Edelbrock C, Costello AJ, Kessler MD. Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):285-90.

Edelbrock C, Greenbaum R, Conover NC. Reliability and concurrent relations between the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Jun;13(2):295-303.

Ehrhardt KJ, Bienefeld C, Pothmann R. [Attention and distractibility in hyperkinetic children. Methods and results of research]. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr 1985;13(2):95-109. (Ger).

Eiraldi RB, Power TJ, Nezu CM. Patterns of comorbidity associated with subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among 6- to 12-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Apr;36(4):503-14.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Milberger S. How reliable are maternal reports of their children's psychopathology? One-year recall of psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):1001-8.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Weber W, Russell RL. Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a clinically referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Feb;37(2):185-93.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):477-85; discussion 485-7.

Forbes GB. Clinical utility of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychol 1998;54(4):461-76.

Granger DA, Whalen CK, Henker B. Malleability of social impressions of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Dec;21(6):631-47.

Haenlein M, Caul WF. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a specific hypothesis of reward dysfunction. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 May;26(3):356-62.

Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Matier K, Sharma V, McKay KE, Schwartz S. Discriminant validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Sep;32(5):1038-43.

Harper GW, Ottinger DR. The performance of hyperactive and control preschoolers on a new computerized measure of visual vigilance: the Preschool Vigilance Task. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1365-72.

Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Applegate B, Frick PJ. Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Dec;23(6):729-49.

Hinshaw SP, March JS, Abikoff H, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Halperin J, Greenhill LL, Hechtman LT, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Newcorn JH, McBurnett K, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Severe JB, Schiller E, Swanson J, Vereen D, Wells K, Wigal T. Comprehensive assessment of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial. J Atten Disord 1997 Jan;1(4):217-34.

Ho TP, Leung PW, Luk ES, Taylor E, Bacon-Shone J, Mak FL. Establishing the constructs of childhood behavioral disturbances in a Chinese population: a questionnaire study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Aug;24(4):417-31.

Ho TP, Luk ES, Leung PW, Taylor E, Lieh-Mak F, Bacon-Shone J. Situational versus pervasive hyperactivity in a community sample. Psychol Med 1996 Mar;26(2):309-21.

Hynd GW, Nieves N, Connor RT, Stone P, Town P, Becker MG, Lahey BB, Lorys AR. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: reaction time and speed of cognitive processing. J Learn Disabil 1989 Nov;22(9):573-80.

Inoue K, Nadaoka T, Oiji A, Morioka Y, Totsuka S, Kanbayashi Y, Hukui T. Clinical evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by objective quantitative measures. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1998 Spring;28(3):179-88.

Javorsky J. An examination of youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and language learning disabilities: a clinical study. J Learn Disabil 1996 May;29(3):247-58.

Jensen PS, Mrazek D, Knapp PK, Steinberg L, Pfeffer C, Schowalter J, Shapiro T. Evolution and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1672-9; discussion 1679-81.

Jureidini J. Some reasons for concern about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Paediatr Child Health 1996 Jun;32(3):201-3. Comment in: J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Feb;33(1):81.

Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, et al. DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Nov;151(11):1673-85.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Schaughency EA, Atkins MS, Murphy HA, Hynd G, Russo M, Hartdagen S, Lorys-Vernon A. Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 May;27(3):330-5.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Stein MA, Loney J, Trapani C, Nugent K, Kipp H, Schmidt E, Lee S, Cale M, Gold E, Hartung CM, Willcut E, Baumann B. Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Jul;37(7):695-702.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Frame CL, Strauss CC. Teacher ratings of attention problems in children experimentally classified as exhibiting attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Sep;24(5):613-6.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Hynd GW, Carlson CL, Nieves N. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic-referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep;26(5):718-23.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Strauss CC, Frame CL. Are attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity similar or dissimilar disorders? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):302-9.

Lambert NM. Temperature profiles of hyperactive children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1982 Jul;52(3):458-67.

Levy F, Hobbes G. Discrimination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Oct;33(5):384-7.

Levy F, Horn K, Dalglish R. Relation of attention deficit and conduct disorder to vigilance and reading lag. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1987 Jun;21(2):242-5.

Lilienfeld SO, Waldman ID. The relation between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: The problem of heterogeneity. Clin Psychol Rev 1990;10:699-725.

Marshall RM, Hynd GW, Handwerk MJ, Hall J. Academic underachievement in ADHD subtypes. J Learn Disabil 1997 Nov-Dec;30(6):635-42.

Martin CS, Earleywine M, Blackson TC, Vanyukov MM, Moss HB, Tarter RE. Aggressivity, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in boys at high and low risk for substance abuse. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Apr;22(2):177-203.

Matier-Sharma K, Perachio N, Newcorn JH, Sharma V, Halperin JM. Differential diagnosis of ADHD: Are objective measures of attention, impulsivity, and activity level helpful? Child Neuropsychol 1995 Oct;1:118-27.

McBurnett K, Swanson JM, Pfiffner LJ, Tamm L. A measure of ADHD-related classroom impairment based on targets for behavioral intervention. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):69-76.

McClure FD, Gordon M. Performance of disturbed hyperactive and nonhyperactive children on an objective measure of hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Dec;12(4):561-71.

Miehlke A, Cammann R, Hoch S. [Manifestations and expression of motor activity in normally intelligent, concentration disordered, restless students in teaching]. Arztl Jugendkd 1985 Jun;76(3):162-8. (Ger).

Milich R, Loney J, Landau S. Independent dimensions of hyperactivity and aggression: a validation with playroom observation data. J Abnorm Psychol 1982 Jun;91(3):183-98.

Milich R, Loney J, Roberts MA. Playroom observations of activity level and sustained attention: two-year stability. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986 Apr;54(2):272-4.

Millstein RB, Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Oct;2(3):159-66.

Newcorn JH, Halperin JM, Healey JM, O'Brien JD, Pascualvaca DM, Wolf LE, Morganstein A, Sharma V, Young JG. Are ADDH and ADHD the same or different? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Sep;28(5):734-8.

Palmeri S. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: sometimes a disorder, often a clinical tautology. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Aug;17(4):253-4. Comment in: J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Oct;17(5):371.

Paternite CE, Loney J, Roberts MA. External validation of oppositional disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Aug;23(4):453-71.

Paternite CE, Loney J, Roberts MA. A preliminary validation of subtypes of DSM-IV attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):70-86.

Pinto LP, Tryon WW. Activity measurements support dimensional assessment. Behav Modif 1996 Jul;20(3):243-58.

Pisecco S, Baker DB, Silva PA, Brooke M. Behavioral distinctions in children with reading disabilities and/or ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1477-84.

Platzman KA, Stoy MR, Brown RT, Coles CD, et al. Review of observational methods in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Implications for diagnosis. School Psychol Q 1992 Fall;7(3):155-77.

Porrino LJ, Rapoport JL, Behar D, Sceery W, Ismond DR, Bunney WE Jr. A naturalistic assessment of the motor activity of hyperactive boys. I. Comparison with normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983 Jun;40(6):681-7.

Power TJ, Doherty BJ, Panichelli-Mindel SM, Karustis JL, Eiraldi RB, Anastopoulos AD, Dupaul GJ. The predictive validity of parent and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1998;20(1):57-81.

Prinz RJ, Connor PA, Wilson CC. Hyperactive and aggressive behaviors in childhood: intertwined dimensions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Jun;9(2):191-202.

Prior M, Leonard A, Wood G. A comparison study of preschool children diagnosed as hyperactive. J Pediatr Psychol 1983 Jun;8(2):191-207.

Prior M, Sanson A. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a critique. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1986 May;27(3):307-19.

Purvis KL, Tannock R. Language abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disabilities, and normal controls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997 Apr;25(2):133-44.

Quarto CJ. Development of the ADHD Self-Report Rating Scale. J Atten Disord 1997 Apr;2(1):35-43.

Radosh A, Gittelman R. The effect of appealing distractors on the performance of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Jun;9(2):179-89.

Rapoport JL, Donnelly M, Zametkin A, Carrougher J. 'Situational hyperactivity' in a U.S. clinical setting. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1986 Sep;27(5):639-46.

Rapport MD, Tucker SB, DuPaul GJ, Merlo M, Stoner G. Hyperactivity and frustration: the influence of control over and size of rewards in delaying gratification. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Jun;14(2):191-204.

Rasmussen P, Gillberg C. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old children. Paediatric aspects. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983 Jan;72(1):125-30.

Roberts MA, Milich R, Loney J, Caputo J. A multitrait-multimethod analysis of variance of teachers' ratings of aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Sep;9(3):371-80.

Robin AL, Vandermay SJ. Validation of a measure for adolescent self-report of attention deficit disorder symptoms. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Aug;17(4):211-5.

Rosenthal RH, Allen TW. Intratask distractibility in hyperkinetic and nonhyperkinetic children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1980 Jun;8(2):175-87.

Rowe KJ, Rowe KS. The relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement (Part B): an explanatory study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):357-68.

Ruel JM, Hickey CP. Are too many children being treated with methylphenidate? Can J Psychiatry 1992 Oct;37(8):570-2.

Sandberg ST, Wieselberg M, Shaffer D. Hyperkinetic and conduct problem children in a primary school population: some epidemiological considerations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1980 Oct;21(4):293-311.

Sanson A, Smart D, Prior M, Oberklaid F. Precursors of hyperactivity and aggression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Nov;32(6):1207-16.

Schachar R, Logan G, Wachsmuth R, Chajczyk D. Attaining and maintaining preparation: a comparison of attention in hyperactive, normal, and disturbed control children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Aug;16(4):361-78.

Schachar R, Rutter M, Smith A. The characteristics of situationally and pervasively hyperactive children: implications for syndrome definition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1981 Oct;22(4):375-92.

Schachar R, Sandberg S, Rutter M. Agreement between teachers' ratings and observations of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and defiance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Jun;14(2):331-45.

Schachar R, Tannock R, Marriott M, Logan G. Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Aug;23(4):411-37.

Schechter NL. The baby and the bathwater: hyperactivity and the medicalization of child rearing. Perspect Biol Med 1982 Spring;25(3):406-16.

Schmidt MH, Esser G, Allehoff W, Geisel B, Laucht M, Woerner W. Evaluating the significance of minimal brain dysfunction--results of an epidemiological study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987 Nov;28(6):803-21.

Schwab-Stone M, Fallon T, Briggs M, Crowther B. Reliability of diagnostic reporting for children aged 6-11 years: a test-retest study of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Jul;151(7):1048-54.

Schworm RW, Birnbaum R. Symptom expression in hyperactive children: an analysis of observations. J Learn Disabil 1989 Jan;22(1):35-40, 45.

Sergeant JA, Scholten CA. On resource strategy limitations in hyperactivity: cognitive impulsivity reconsidered. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985 Jan;26(1):97-109.

Sergeant JA, Scholten CA. A stages-of-information approach to hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Jan;24(1):49-60.

Share DL. Comment on Tarnowski, Prinz, and Nay (1986): no evidence for differential diagnostic validity of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). J Abnorm Psychol 1988 Aug;97(3):374-5.

Shaywitz BA, Fletcher JM, Holahan JM, Shneider AE, Marchione KE, Stuebing KK, Francis DJ, Shankweiler DP, Katz L, Liberman IY, Shaywitz SE. Interrelationships between reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychol 1995 Dec;1(3):170-86.

Shelley-Tremblay JF, Rosen LA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an evolutionary perspective. J Genet Psychol 1996 Dec;157(4):443-53.

Simeon JG, Wiggins DM, Williams E. World wide use of psychotropic drugs in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995 May;19(3):455-65.

Sonuga-Barke EJ. Categorical models of childhood disorder: A conceptual and empirical analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 1998;39(1):115-33.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Faraone SV. Is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults a valid disorder? Harv Rev Psychiatry 1994 Mar-Apr;1(6):326-35.

Steinhausen HC, Gobel D. The validity of the hyperkinetic syndrome. A study in child psychiatric clinic attenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1985;235(2):122-8.

Szatmari P, Boyle M, Offord DR. ADDH and conduct disorder: degree of diagnostic overlap and differences among correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):865-72.

Taylor CJ, Miller DC. Neuropsychological assessment of attention in ADHD adults. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):77-88.

Taylor E, Everitt B, Thorley G, Schachar R, Rutter M, Wieselberg M. Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: II. A cluster analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1986 Dec;149:768-77.

Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg M. Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: I. Separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 1986 Dec;149:760-7.

Teicher MH, Ito Y, Glod CA, Barber NI. Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Mar;35(3):334-42.

Trites RL, Laprade K. Evidence for an independent syndrome of hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Oct;24(4):573-86.

Trommer BL, Hoeppner JB, Lorber R, Armstrong K. Pitfalls in the use of a continuous performance test as a diagnostic tool in attention deficit disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1988 Dec;9(6):339-45. Comment in: J Dev Behav Pediatr 1989 Oct;10(5):284-6.

van der Meere J, Sergeant J. Focused attention in pervasively hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Dec;16(6):627-39.

Vaughn ML, Riccio CA, Hynd GW, Hall J. Diagnosing ADHD (predominantly inattentive and combined type subtypes): discriminant validity of the behavior assessment system for children and the achenbach parent and teacher rating scales. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Dec;26(4):349-57.

Voeller KK. Toward a neurobiologic nosology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S2-8.

Voeller KK, Heilman KM. Attention deficit disorder in children: a neglect syndrome? Neurology 1988 May;38(5):806-8.

Waber DP, Mann MB, Merola J. Motor overflow and attentional processes in normal school-age children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1985 Aug;27(4):491-7.

Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Jun;150(6):885-9. Published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1280.

Weinberg WA, Brumback RA. The myth of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: symptoms resulting from multiple causes. J Child Neurol 1992 Oct;7(4):431-45; discussion 446-61.

Weinberg WA, Emslie GJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the differential diagnosis. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S23-36.

West SA, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, McConville BJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescent mania. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Feb;152(2):271-3.

Whalen CK, Henker B. The social profile of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: five fundamental facets. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1992 Oct;1(2):395-410.

Zentall SS. Context effects in the behavioral ratings of hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Jun;12(2):345-52.

Zentall SS. Stimulus-control factors in search performance of hyperactive children. J Learn Disabil 1985 Oct;18(8):480-5.

Zentall SS, Zentall TR. Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children. Psychol Bull 1983 Nov;94(3):446-71.
Return to table of contents

----

### Etiology/Risk Factors

Adams W. Lack of behavioral effects from Feingold diet violations. Percept Mot Skills 1981 Feb;52(1):307-13.

Adesman AR, Altshuler LA, Lipkin PH, Walco GA. Otitis media in children with learning disabilities and in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):442-6.

Arcia E, Roberts JE. Otitis media in early childhood and its association with sustained attention in structured situations. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1993 Jun;14(3):181-3.

Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato N, Gibson RA, et al. Potential link between dietary intake of fatty acids and behavior: Pilot exploration of serum lipids in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1994 Fall;4(3):171-82.

Arnold LE, Votolato NA, Kleykamp D, Baker GB, Bornstein RA. Does hair zinc predict amphetamine improvement of ADD/hyperactivity? Int J Neurosci 1990 Jan;50(1-2):103-7. Comment in: Int J Neurosci 1990 Jun;52(3-4):239-41.

Arnsten AF, Steere JC, Hunt RD. The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 May;53(5):448-55.

Aronson M, Hagberg B, Gillberg C. Attention deficits and autistic spectrum problems in children exposed to alcohol during gestation: a follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997 Sep;39(9):583-7.

Astbury J, Orgill A, Bajuk B. Relationship between two-year behaviour and neurodevelopmental outcome at five years of very low-birthweight survivors. Dev Med Child Neurol 1987 Jun;29(3):370-9.

Aylward EH, Reiss AL, Reader MJ, Singer HS, Brown JE, Denckla MB. Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1996 Mar;11(2):112-5.

Barkley RA, Grodzinsky G, DuPaul GJ. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and research report. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Apr;20(2):163-88.

Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Shelton TL. Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a 3- to 5-year follow-up survey. Pediatrics 1993 Aug;92(2):212-8.

Barling J, Bullen G. Dietary factors and hyperactivity: a failure to replicate. J Genet Psychol 1985 Mar;146(1):117-23.

Baxter PS. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 1995 Aug;7(4):381-6.

Bender B, Milgrom H. Theophylline-induced behavior change in children. An objective evaluation of parents' perceptions. JAMA 1992 May 20;267(19):2621-4.

Benson DF. The role of frontal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S9-12.

Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Keenan K, Faraone S. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: III. Lack of impact of comorbidity and family history factors on clinical response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):199-204.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon S, Warburton R, Reed E. Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A test of Rutter's indicators of adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):464-70.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Lapey KA, Reed ED, Seidman LJ. No confirmation of Geschwind's hypothesis of associations between reading disability, immune disorders, and motor preference in ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Oct;23(5):545-52.

Boris M, Mandel FS. Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Ann Allergy 1994 May;72(5):462-8.

Bornstein RA, Baker GB, Carroll A, King G, Wong JT, Douglass AB. Plasma amino acids in attention deficit disorder. Psychiatry Res 1990 Sep;33(3):301-6.

Botting N, Powls A, Cooke RW, Marlow N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 Nov;38(8):931-41.

Breakey J. The role of diet and behaviour in childhood. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Jun;33(3):190-4.

Breslau N, Brown GG, DelDotto JE, Kumar S, Ezhuthachan S, Andreski P, Hufnagle KG. Psychiatric sequelae of low birth weight at 6 years of age. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Jun;24(3):385-400.

Brucker-Davis F, Skarulis MC, Grace MB, Benichou J, Hauser P, Wiggs E, Weintraub BD. Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study. Ann Intern Med 1995 Oct 15;123(8):572-83. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1995 Oct 15;123(8):625-7.

Campbell SB, Pierce EW, Moore G, Marakvitz S. Boys' externalizing problems at elementary school age: pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family status. Dev Psychopathol 1996 Fall;8(4):701-19.

Cantwell DP. Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Aug;35(8):978-87. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):301-2; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Oct;36(10):1323-5.

Chandola CA, Robling MR, Peters TJ, Melville-Thomas G, McGuffin P. Pre- and perinatal factors and the risk of subsequent referral for hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Sep;33(6):1077-90.

Coles CD, Platzman KA, Raskind-Hood CL, Brown RT, Falek A, Smith IE. A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997 Feb;21(1):150-61.

Consensus conference: Defined diets and childhood hyperactivity. JAMA 1982 Jul 16;248(3):290-2.

Copeland AP, Weissbrod CS. Effects of modeling on behavior related to hyperactivity. J Educ Psychol 1980 Dec;72(6):875-83.

Dell'Anna ME, Luthman J, Lindqvist E, Olson L. Development of monoamine systems after neonatal anoxia in rats. Brain Res Bull 1993;32(2):159-70.

Egger J, Stolla A, McEwen LM. Controlled trial of hyposensitisation in children with food-induced hyperkinetic syndrome. Lancet 1992 May 9;339(8802):1150-3. Comment in: Lancet 1993 Jan 9;341(8837):114-5.

Eppright TD, Vogel SJ, Horwitz E, Tevendale HD. Results of blood lead screening in children referred for behavioral disorders. Mo Med 1997 Jun;94(6):295-7.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Maternal smoking before and after pregnancy: effects on behavioral outcomes in middle childhood. Pediatrics 1993 Dec;92(6):815-22.

Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT. The effects of maternal depression on child conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1993 Jul;28(3):116-23.

Firestone P, Prabhu AN. Minor physical anomalies and obstetrical complications: their relationship to hyperactive, psychoneurotic, and normal children and their families. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Jun;11(2):207-16.

Galler JR, Ramsey F. A follow-up study of the influence of early malnutrition on development: behavior at home and at school. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Mar;28(2):254-61. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Jan;30(1):157.

Gaub M, Carlson CL. Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Aug;36(8):1036-45. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1783.

Gerring JP, Brady KD, Chen A, Vasa R, Grados M, Bandeen-Roche KJ, Bryan RN, Denckla MB. Premorbid prevalence of ADHD and development of secondary ADHD after closed head injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Jun;37(6):647-54.

Gittelman R, Eskenazi B. Lead and hyperactivity revisited. An investigation of nondisadvantaged children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983 Aug;40(8):827-33.

Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):937-47.

Glod CA, Teicher MH. Relationship between early abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and activity levels in prepubertal children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Oct;35(10):1384-93.

Hagerman RJ, Falkenstein AR. An association between recurrent otitis media in infancy and later hyperactivity. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987 May;26(5):253-7.

Hansen JC, Christensen LB, Tarp U. Hair lead concentration in children with minimal cerebral dysfunction. Dan Med Bull 1980 Dec 6;27(6):259-62.

Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. Medical factors in hyperactive and normal children: prenatal, developmental, and health history findings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1985 Apr;55(2):190-201.

Highfield DA, Hu D, Amsel A. Enhancement of memory-based learning with D-amphetamine treatment in rat pups with hippocampal granule cell hypoplasia: A possible model for ADHD. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22(1-3):1130. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Hinshaw SP. Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychol Bull 1992 Jan;111(1):127-55.

Hoover DW, Milich R. Effects of sugar ingestion expectancies on mother-child interactions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Aug;22(4):501-15.

Hunziker MH, Saldana RL, Neuringer A. Behavioral variability in SHR and WKY rats as a function of rearing environment and reinforcement contingency. J Exp Anal Behav 1996 Jan;65(1):129-44.

Irwin M, Belendiuk K, McCloskey K, Freedman DX. Tryptophan metabolism in children with attentional deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1981 Aug;138(8):1082-5.

Jacobvitz D, Sroufe LA. The early caregiver-child relationship and attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity in kindergarten: a prospective study. Child Dev 1987 Dec;58(6):1496-504.

Jensen PS, Shervette RE 3d, Xenakis SN, Bain MW. Psychosocial and medical histories of stimulant-treated children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Nov;27(6):798-801. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Jul;28(4):618.

Kaplan BJ, McNicol J, Conte RA, Moghadam HK. Dietary replacement in preschool-aged hyperactive boys. Pediatrics 1989 Jan;83(1):7-17.

Kaplan BJ, McNicol J, Conte RA, Moghadam HK. Overall nutrient intake of preschool hyperactive and normal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Apr;17(2):127-32.

Kenny MC, Lane RC. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A psychogenic approach. Psychother Priv Pract 1997;16(2):45-58.

Korkman M, Hilakivi-Clarke LA, Autti-Ramo I, Fellman V, Granstrom ML. Cognitive impairments at two years of age after prenatal alcohol exposure or perinatal asphyxia. Neuropediatrics 1994 Apr;25(2):101-5.

Kostrzewa RM, Brus R, Kalbfleisch JH, Perry KW, Fuller RW. Proposed animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Res Bull 1994;34(2):161-7.

Krummel DA, Seligson FH, Guthrie HA. Hyperactivity: is candy causal? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1996 Jan;36(1-2):31-47.

Lambert NM, Hartsough CS. Contribution of predispositional factors to the diagnosis of hyperactivity. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1984 Jan;54(1):97-109.

Levy F, Barr C, Sunohara G. Directions of aetiologic research on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998;32(1):97-103.

Lyoo IK, Noam GG, Lee CK, Lee HK, Kennedy BP, Renshaw PF. The corpus callosum and lateral ventricles in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a brain magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Nov 15;40(10):1060-3.

Mailman RB, Lewis MH. Food additives and developmental disorders: the case of erythrosin (FD&C Red #3), or guilty until proven innocent? Appl Res Ment Retard 1981;2(4):297-305.

Mattes JA, Gittelman R. Effects of artificial food colorings in children with hyperactive symptoms. A critical review and results of a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981 Jun;38(6):714-8.

Max JE, Lindgren SD, Knutson C, Pearson CS, Ihrig D, Welborn A. Child and adolescent traumatic brain injury: correlates of disruptive behaviour disorders. Brain Inj 1998 Jan;12(1):41-52.

Maziade M, Caron C, Cote R, Merette C, Bernier H, Laplante B, Boutin P, Thivierge J. Psychiatric status of adolescents who had extreme temperaments at age 7. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Nov;147(11):1531-6.

McArdle P, O'Brien G, Kolvin I. Hyperactivity: prevalence and relationship with conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 Feb;36(2):279-303.

McGee R, Stanton WR, Sears MR. Allergic disorders and attention deficit disorder in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Feb;21(1):79-88.

McGee R, Williams S, Anderson J, McKenzie-Parnell JM, Silva PA. Hyperactivity and serum and hair zinc levels in 11-year-old children from the general population. Biol Psychiatry 1990 Jul 15;28(2):165-8.

McIntosh DE, Mulkins RS, Dean RS. Utilization of maternal perinatal risk indicators in the differential diagnosis of ADHD and UADD children. Int J Neurosci 1995 Mar;81(1-2):35-46.

Mick E, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Is season of birth a risk factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1470-6.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J. Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children? Am J Psychiatry 1996 Sep;153(9):1138-42. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1997 Aug;154(8):1177-8.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Guite J, Tsuang MT. Pregnancy, delivery and infancy complications and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: issues of gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Jan 1;41(1):65-75.

Milich R, Pelham WE. Effects of sugar ingestion on the classroom and playground behavior of attention deficit disordered boys. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986 Oct;54(5):714-8.

Minder B, Das-Smaal EA, Brand EF, Orlebeke JF. Exposure to lead and specific attentional problems in schoolchildren. J Learn Disabil 1994 Jun-Jul;27(6):393-9.

Molina BS, Pelham WE, Lang AR. Alcohol expectancies and drinking characteristics in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997 May;21(3):557-66.

Nanson JL, Hiscock M. Attention deficits in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990 Oct;14(5):656-61.

Nass R. Etiologies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Facts and myths. Int Pediatr 1995;10(3):236-41.

Parker JG, Asher SR. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: are low-accepted children at risk? Psychol Bull 1987 Nov;102(3):357-89.

Prinz RJ, Roberts WA, Hantman E. Dietary correlates of hyperactive behavior in children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1980 Dec;48(6):760-9.

Rapoport JL. Diet and hyperactivity. Nutr Rev 1986 May;44 Suppl:158-62.

Rosen LA, Booth SR, Bender ME, McGrath ML, Sorrell S, Drabman RS. Effects of sugar (sucrose) on children's behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988 Aug;56(4):583-9.

Rowe KS. Synthetic food colourings and 'hyperactivity': a double-blind crossover study. Aust Paediatr J 1988 Apr;24(2):143-7.

Rowe KS, Rowe KJ. Synthetic food coloring and behavior: a dose response effect in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures study. J Pediatr 1994 Nov;125(5 Pt 1):691-8.

Salamy J, Shucard D, Alexander H, Peterson D, Braud L. Physiological changes in hyperactive children following the ingestion of food additives. Int J Neurosci 1982 May;16(3-4):241-6.

Schuckit MA, Sweeney S, Huey L. Hyperactivity and the risk for alcoholism. J Clin Psychiatry 1987 Jul;48(7):275-7.

Shaywitz BA, Sullivan CM, Anderson GM, Gillespie SM, Sullivan B, Shaywitz SE. Aspartame, behavior, and cognitive function in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1994 Jan;93(1):70-5. Comment in: Pediatrics 1994 Jan;93(1):127-8; Pediatrics 1994 Oct;94(4 Pt 1):576.

Silbergeld EF, Goldberg AM. Pharmacological and neurochemical investigations of lead-induced hyperactivity. Neuropharmacology 1975 May-Jun;14(5-6):431-4.

Silverman IW, Ragusa DM. A short-term longitudinal study of the early development of self-regulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Aug;20(4):415-35. Published erratum appears in J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Apr;21(2):231.

Speiser Z, Korczyn AD, Teplitzky I, Gitter S. Hyperactivity in rats following postnatal anoxia. Behav Brain Res 1983 Mar;7(3):379-82.

Sprich-Buckminster S, Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Lehman BK. Are perinatal complications relevant to the manifestation of ADD? Issues of comorbidity and familiality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Sep;32(5):1032-7. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Sep;33(7):1059-60.

Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Deck JL, Abate ML, Watkins BA, Lipp SR, Burgess JR. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 Oct;62(4):761-8.

Swanson J, Castellanos FX, Murias M, LaHoste G, Kennedy J. Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1998;8(2):263-71.

Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M. Food dyes impair performance of hyperactive children on a laboratory learning test. Science 1980 Mar 28;207(4438):1485-7.

Szatmari P, Saigal S, Rosenbaum P, Campbell D, King S. Psychiatric disorders at five years among children with birthweights less than 1000g: a regional perspective. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990 Nov;32(11):954-62.

Tarter RE, Hegedus AM, Gavaler JS. Hyperactivity in sons of alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1985 May;46(3):259-61.

Tuthill RW. Hair lead levels related to children's classroom attention-deficit behavior. Arch Environ Health 1996 May-Jun;51(3):214-20.

Uhlig T, Merkenschlager A, Brandmaier R, Egger J. Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity in children with food-induced attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder. Eur J Pediatr 1997 Jul;156(7):557-61.

Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL, Burger RA, Maciulis A, Torres AR. Is decreased blood plasma concentration of the complement C4B protein associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):1009-14.

Weiss B. Food additives and environmental chemicals as sources of childhood behavior disorders. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1982 Mar;21(2):144-52.

Wender EH, Solanto MV. Effects of sugar on aggressive and inattentive behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children. Pediatrics 1991 Nov;88(5):960-6.

Wender P. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A wide view of a widespread condition. Psychiatr Ann 1997 Aug;27:556-62.

Whitmore EA, Kramer JR, Knutson JF. The association between punitive childhood experiences and hyperactivity. Child Abuse Negl 1993 May-Jun;17(3):357-66.

Wolraich M, Milich R, Stumbo P, Schultz F. Effects of sucrose ingestion on the behavior of hyperactive boys. J Pediatr 1985 Apr;106(4):675-82.

Yates A, Gray F, Beutler LE, Sherman DE, Segerstrom EM. Effect of negative air ionization on hyperactive and autistic children. Am J Phys Med 1987 Oct;66(5):264-8.

Zahn TP, Kruesi MJ. Autonomic activity in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychophysiology 1993 Nov;30(6):605-14.

Zahn TP, Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL. Reaction time indices of attention deficits in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Apr;19(2):233-52.

Zametkin AJ, Liebenauer LL, Fitzgerald GA, King AC, Minkunas DV, Herscovitch P, Yamada EM, Cohen RM. Brain metabolism in teenagers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993 May;50(5):333-40. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 Nov;53(11):1059-61.

Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, King AC, Semple WE, Rumsey J, Hamburger S, Cohen RM. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 15;323(20):1361-6. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 15;323(20):1413-5; N Engl J Med 1991 Apr 25;324(17):1216-7.
Return to table of contents

----

### Genetics and Pathophysiology

Alberts-Corush J, Firestone P, Goodman JT. Attention and impulsivity characteristics of the biological and adoptive parents of hyperactive and normal control children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1986 Jul;56(3):413-23.

Amen DG, Carmichael BD. High-resolution brain SPECT imaging in ADHD. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997 Jun;9(2):81-6.

Anderson GM, Shaywitz BA, Leckman JF, Hunt RD, Shaywitz SE, Cohen DJ. Developmental and pharmacological aspects of attention deficit disorder (ADD). Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;135:207-23.

Baumgardner TL, Singer HS, Denckla MB, Rubin MA, Abrams MT, Colli MJ, Reiss AL. Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology 1996 Aug;47(2):477-82.

Bekaroglu M, Aslan Y, Gedik Y, Deger O, Mocan H, Erduran E, Karahan C. Relationships between serum free fatty acids and zinc, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Feb;37(2):225-7.

Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, Hamburger SD, Krain AL, Rapoport JL, Castellanos FX. Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a morphometric MRI study. Neurology 1998 Apr;50(4):1087-93.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Benjamin J, Krifcher B, Moore C, Sprich-Buckminster S, Ugaglia K, Jellinek MS, Steingard R, et al. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992 Sep;49(9):728-38.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D, Tsuang MT. Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jul;29(4):526-33.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Steingard R, Tsuang MT. Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991 Feb;148(2):251-6.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Tsuang MT. Evidence of familial association between attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jul;48(7):633-42.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Spencer T, Wilens T, Kiely K, Guite J, Ablon JS, Reed E, Warburton R. High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Mar;152(3):431-5.

Branch WB, Cohen MJ, Hynd GW. Academic achievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with left- or right-hemisphere dysfunction. J Learn Disabil 1995 Jan;28(1):35-43, 64.

Cadoret RJ, Stewart MA. An adoption study of attention deficit/hyperactivity/aggression and their relationship to adult antisocial personality. Compr Psychiatry 1991 Jan-Feb;32(1):73-82.

Campbell L, Malone MA, Kershner JR, Roberts W, Humphries T, Logan WJ. Methylphenidate slows right hemisphere processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996 Winter;6(4):229-39.

Carter CS, Krener P, Chaderjian M, Northcutt C, Wolfe V. Asymmetrical visual-spatial attentional performance in ADHD: evidence for a right hemispheric deficit. Biol Psychiatry 1995 Jun 1;37(11):789-97.

Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Schubert AB, Vauss YC, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Rapoport JL. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):374-83.

Castellanos FX. Neuroimaging of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1997;6(2):383-411.

Castellanos FX. Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997 Jul;36(7):381-93.

Castellanos FX, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Gulotta CS, Mefford IN, Potter WZ, Ritchie GF, Rapoport JL. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 1994 Jun;52(3):305-16.

Castellanos FX, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Marsh WL, Gulotta CS, Potter WZ, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid predicts behavioral response to stimulants in 45 boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996 Feb;14(2):125-37.

Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Eckburg P, Marsh WL, Vaituzis AC, Kaysen D, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Dec;151(12):1791-6.

Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Vauss YC, Snell JW, Lange N, Kaysen D, Krain AL, Ritchie GF, Rajapakse JC, Rapoport JL. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 Jul;53(7):607-16.

Chelune GJ, Ferguson W, Koon R, Dickey TO. Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1986 Summer;16(4):221-34.

Comings DE. Genetic aspects of childhood behavioral disorders. Child Psychiatry Human Dev 1997;27(3):139-50.

Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW, et al. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 1991 Oct 2;266(13):1793-800. Comment in: JAMA 1991 Oct 2;266(13):1833-4; JAMA 1992 Feb 5;267(5):651; discussion 652; JAMA 1992 Feb 5;267(5):651-2.

Comings DE, Wu S, Chiu C, Ring RH, Gade R, Ahn C, MacMurray JP, Dietz G, Muhleman D. Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes--DRD2, D beta H, and DAT1. Am J Med Genet 1996 May 31;67(3):264-88.

Cook EH Jr, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, Cox NJ, Olkon DM, Kieffer JE, Leventhal BL. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 1995 Apr;56(4):993-8.

Deutsch CK, Matthysse S, Swanson JM, Farkas LG. Genetic latent structure analysis of dysmorphology in attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Mar;29(2):189-94. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Nov;29(6):983-4.

Deutsch CK, Swanson JM, Bruell JH, Cantwell DP, Weinberg F, Baren M. Overrepresentation of adoptees in children with the attention deficit disorder. Behav Genet 1982 Mar;12(2):231-8.

Eaves LJ, Silberg JL, Meyer JM, Maes HH, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Rutter M, Neale MC, Reynolds CA, Erikson MT, Heath AC, Loeber R, Truett KR, Hewitt JK. Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 Nov;38(8):965-80.

Eisenberg J, Brecher-Fride E, Weizman R, Ebstein RP, Belmaker RH. Dopamine receptors in a rat model of minimal brain dysfunction. Neuropsychobiology 1982;8(3):151-5.

Elsner J. Tactile-kinesthetic system of rats as an animal model for minimal brain dysfunction. Arch Toxicol 1991;65(6):465-73.

Epstein JN, Conners CK, Erhardt D, March JS, Swanson JM. Asymmetrical hemispheric control of visual-spatial attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 1997 Oct;11(4):467-73.

Ernst M, Cohen RM, Liebenauer LL, Jons PH, Zametkin AJ. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Oct;36(10):1399-406.

Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, King AC, Fitzgerald GA, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):858-68.

Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Phillips RL, Cohen RM. Age-related changes in brain glucose metabolism in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and control subjects. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;10(2):168-77.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Krifcher B, Keenan K, Moore C, Sprich S, Tsuang MT. Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 1992;2(4):257-75.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Milberger S, Warburton R, Tsuang MT. Genetic heterogeneity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): gender, psychiatric comorbidity, and maternal ADHD. J Abnorm Psychol 1995 May;104(2):334-45.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Jetton JG, Tsuang MT. Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype. Psychol Med 1997 Mar;27(2):291-300.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Keenan K, Tsuang MT. A family-genetic study of girls with DSM-III attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991 Jan;148(1):112-7.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Lehman BK, Keenan K, Norman D, Seidman LJ, Kolodny R, Kraus I, Perrin J, Chen WJ. Evidence for the independent familial transmission of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: results from a family genetic study. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Jun;150(6):891-5.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, Russell R. Bipolar and antisocial disorders among relatives of ADHD children: parsing familial subtypes of illness. Am J Med Genet 1998 Feb 7;81(1):108-16.

Ferguson HB, Pappas BA, Trites RL, Peters DA, Taub H. Plasma free and total tryptophan, blood serotonin, and the hyperactivity syndrome: no evidence for the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 1981 Mar;16(3):231-8.

Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J. Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 1997 Mar;48(3):589-601.

Garcia-Sanchez C, Estevez-Gonzalez A, Suarez-Romero E, Junque C. Right hemisphere dysfunction in subjects with attention-deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. J Child Neurol 1997 Feb;12(2):107-15.

Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, Kozuch P, King AC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994 May;151(5):665-9. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1995 Jul;152(7):1105-6.

Gill M, Daly G, Heron S, Hawi Z, Fitzgerald M. Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism. Mol Psychiatry 1997 Jul;2(4):311-3.

Girardi NL, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Marchione K, Fleischman SJ, Jones TW, Tamborlane WV. Blunted catecholamine responses after glucose ingestion in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatr Res 1995 Oct;38(4):539-42.

Gjone H, Stevenson J, Sundet JM. Genetic influence on parent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian general population twin sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 May;35(5):588-96; discussion 596-8.

Goodman R, Stevenson J. A twin study of hyperactivity--I. An examination of hyperactivity scores and categories derived from Rutter teacher and parent questionnaires. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Sep;30(5):671-89.

Goodman R, Stevenson J. A twin study of hyperactivity--II. The aetiological role of genes, family relationships and perinatal adversity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Sep;30(5):691-709.

Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Kopstein I, McKay KE, Schwartz ST, Siever LJ, Sharma V. Serotonin, aggression, and parental psychopathology in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Oct;36(10):1391-8.

Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Schwartz ST, Sharma V, Siever LJ, Koda VH, Gabriel S. Age-related changes in the association between serotonergic function and aggression in boys with ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Mar 15;41(6):682-9.

Halperin JM, Sharma V, Siever LJ, Schwartz ST, Matier K, Wornell G, Newcorn JH. Serotonergic function in aggressive and nonaggressive boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Feb;151(2):243-8.

Hauser P, Soler R, Brucker-Davis F, Weintraub BD. Thyroid hormones correlate with symptoms of hyperactivity but not inattention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997 Feb;22(2):107-14.

Hauser P, Zametkin AJ, Martinez P, Vitiello B, Matochik JA, Mixson AJ, Weintraub BD. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in people with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 8;328(14):997-1001. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 8;328(14):1038-9; N Engl J Med 1993 Sep 23;329(13):966; discussion 967.

Hess EJ, Rogan PK, Domoto M, Tinker DE, Ladda RL, Ramer JC. Absence of linkage of apparently single gene mediated ADHD with the human syntenic region of the mouse mutant Coloboma. Am J Med Genet 1995 Dec 18;60(6):573-9.

Hooks MS, Kalivas PW. The role of mesoaccumbens--pallidal circuitry in novelty-induced behavioral activation. Neuroscience 1995 Feb;64(3):587-97.

Hynd GW, Hern KL, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Marshall R, Gonzalez JJ, Voeller KK. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. J Child Neurol 1993 Oct;8(4):339-47.

Kohlert JG, Bloch GJ. A rat model for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Physiol Behav 1993 Jun;53(6):1215-8.

Lahat E, Avital E, Barr J, Berkovitch M, Arlazoroff A, Aladjem M. BAEP studies in children with attention deficit disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995 Feb;37(2):119-23.

LaHoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Glabe C, Wigal T, King N, Kennedy JL. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1996 May;1(2):121-4. Comment in: Mol Psychiatry 1996 May;1(2):83-4.

Lazzaro I, Gordon E, Whitmont S, Plahn M, Li W, Clarke S, Dosen A, Meares R. Quantified EEG activity in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Electroencephalogr 1998 Jan;29(1):37-42.

Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, Wood C, Waldman I. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jun;36(6):737-44.

Lou HC. Etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr 1996 Nov;85(11):1266-71.

Lou HC, Andresen J, Steinberg B, McLaughlin T, Friberg L. The striatum in a putative cerebral network activated by verbal awareness in normals and in ADHD children. Eur J Neurol 1998;5(1):67-74.

Malone MA, Kershner JR, Swanson JM. Hemispheric processing and methylphenidate effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1994 Apr;9(2):181-9.

Mann CA, Lubar JF, Zimmerman AW, Miller CA, Muenchen RA. Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: controlled study with clinical implications. Pediatr Neurol 1992 Jan-Feb;8(1):30-6.

Mataro M, Garcia-Sanchez C, Junque C, Estevez-Gonzalez A, Pujol J. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of the caudate nucleus in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with neuropsychological and behavioral measures. Arch Neurol 1997 Aug;54(8):963-8.

Max JE, Arndt S, Castillo C, Bokura H, Robin DA, Lindgren SD, Smith WL Jr, Sato Y, Mattheis PJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity symptomatology after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37(8):841-7.

Mercugliano M, Hyman SL, Batshaw ML. Behavioral deficits in rats with minimal cortical hypoplasia induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):432-6.

Michael RL, Klorman R, Salzman LF, Borgstedt AD, Dainer KB. Normalizing effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's vigilance performance and evoked potentials. Psychophysiology 1981 Nov;18(6):665-77.

Miller DC, Kavcic V, Leslie JE. ERP changes induced by methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):95-113.

Nadder TS, Silberg JL, Eaves LJ, Maes HH, Meyer JM. Genetic effects on ADHD symptomatology in 7- to 13-year-old twins: results from a telephone survey. Behav Genet 1998 Mar;28(2):83-99.

Newton JE, Oglesby DM, Ackerman PT, Dykman RA. Visual slow brain potentials in children with attention deficit disorder. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1994 Jan-Mar;29(1):39-54.

Niedermeyer E, Naidu SB. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and frontal-motor cortex disconnection. Clin Electroencephalogr 1997 Jul;28(3):130-6.

Nigg JT, Swanson JM, Hinshaw SP. Covert visual spatial attention in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: lateral effects, methylphenidate response and results for parents. Neuropsychologia 1997 Feb;35(2):165-76.

Odell JD, Warren RP, Warren WL, Burger RA, Maciulis A. Association of genes within the major histocompatibility complex with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1997;35(4):181-6.

Oosterlaan J, Logan GD, Sergeant JA. Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD+CD, anxious, and control children: a meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998 Mar;39(3):411-26.

Papa M, Sagvolden T, Sergeant JA, Sadile AG. Reduced CaMKII-positive neurones in the accumbens shell of an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroreport 1996 Nov 25;7(18):3017-20.

Papa M, Sergeant JA, Sadile AG. Subchronic methylphenidate treatment reverses the reduced expression of CaMKII in anterior forebrain sites of an animal model of ADHD [abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997;23(1-2):1871. Paper presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, October 25-30, 1997.

Pearson DA, Yaffee LS, Loveland KA, Norton AM. Covert visual attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for developmental immaturity? Dev Psychopathol 1995 Spring;7(2):351-67.

Perrin S, Last CG. Relationship between ADHD and anxiety in boys: results from a family study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Aug;35(8):988-96.

Pliszka SR, Borcherding SH, Spratley K, Leon S, Irick S. Measuring inhibitory control in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997 Aug;18(4):254-9.

Pliszka SR, Maas JW, Javors MA, Rogeness GA, Baker J. Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Oct;33(8):1165-73.

Riccio CA, Hynd GW, Cohen MJ, Gonzalez JJ, et al. Neurological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Except Child 1993 Oct-Nov;60(2):118-24.

Roeltgen DP, Schneider JS. Chronic low-dose MPTP in nonhuman primates: a possible model for attention deficit disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S82-9.

Ross RG, Hommer D, Breiger D, Varley C, Radant A. Eye movement task related to frontal lobe functioning in children with attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):869-74.

Russell V, de Villiers A, Sagvolden T, Lamm M, Taljaard J. Altered dopaminergic function in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder--the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Res 1995 Apr 10;676(2):343-51.

Sagvolden T, Pettersen MB, Larsen MC. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a putative animal model of childhood hyperkinesis: SHR behavior compared to four other rat strains. Physiol Behav 1993 Dec;54(6):1047-55.

Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Backs RW, Hidaka KC. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of age effects of electrophysiological measures in hyperactive and normal children. Biol Psychiatry 1984 Jul;19(7):973-90.

Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Nicholas T. Preferential neural processing of attended stimuli in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. Psychophysiology 1994 Jan;31(1):1-10.

Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Nicholas T, Backs RW. Topographic study of auditory event-related potentials in normal boys and boys with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Psychophysiology 1988 Sep;25(5):591-606.

Schachar R, Logan GD. Impulsivity and inhibitory control in normal development and childhood psychopathology. Dev Psychol 1990 Sep;26(5):710-20.

Semrud-Clikeman M, Filipek PA, Biederman J, Steingard R, Kennedy D, Renshaw P, Bekken K. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):875-81.

Shekim WO, Davis LG, Bylund DB, Brunngraber E, Fikes L, Lanham J. Platelet MAO in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1982 Jul;139(7):936-8.

Sherman DK, Iacono WG, McGue MK. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder dimensions: a twin study of inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jun;36(6):745-53.

Sherman DK, McGue MK, Iacono WG. Twin concordance for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of teachers' and mothers' reports. Am J Psychiatry 1997 Apr;154(4):532-5.

Shue KL, Douglas VI. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome. Brain Cogn 1992 Sep;20(1):104-24.

Sieg KG, Gaffney GR, Preston DF, Hellings JA. SPECT brain imaging abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Nucl Med 1995 Jan;20(1):55-60.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Williams E, Hall M, Saxton T. Hyperactivity and delay aversion III: the effect on cognitive style of imposing delay after errors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Feb;37(2):189-94.

Stewart MA, DeBlois CS, Cummings C. Psychiatric disorder in the parents of hyperactive boys and those with conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1980 Oct;21(4):283-92.

Sunshine JL, Lewin JS, Wu DH, Miller DA, Findling RL, Manos MJ, Schwartz MA. Functional MR to localize sustained visual attention activation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997 Apr;18(4):633-7.

Swanson JM, Sunohara GA, Kennedy JL, Regino R, Fineberg E, Wigal T, Lerner M, Williams L, LaHoste GJ, Wigal S. Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a family-based approach. Mol Psychiatry 1998 Jan;3(1):38-41.

Thapar A, Hervas A, McGuffin P. Childhood hyperactivity scores are highly heritable and show sibling competition effects: twin study evidence. Behav Genet 1995 Nov;25(6):537-44.

Wiegartz PS, Bair JP, Besyner JK, Cox WM, Seidenberg M. Assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adult alcoholics. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):87-94.
Return to table of contents

----

### Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates

Accardo PJ, Tomazic T, Morrow J, Haake C, Whitman BY. Minor malformations, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities. Am J Dis Child 1991 Oct;145(10):1184-7.

Alberts E, van der Meere J. Observations of hyperactive behaviour during vigilance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1355-64.

Allen RP, Singer HS, Brown JE, Salam MM. Sleep disorders in Tourette syndrome: a primary or unrelated problem? Pediatr Neurol 1992 Jul-Aug;8(4):275-80.

Amirkhan J. Expectancies and attributions for hyperactive and medicated hyperactive students. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982 Jun;10(2):265-76.

Anastopoulos AD, Guevremont DC, Shelton TL, DuPaul GJ. Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Oct;20(5):503-20.

Anderson CA, Hinshaw SP, Simmel C. Mother-child interactions in ADHD and comparison boys: relationships with overt and covert externalizing behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Apr;22(2):247-65.

Arcia E, Conners CK. Gender differences in ADHD? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998 Apr;19(2):77-83.

Arnold EH, O'Leary SG, Edwards GH. Father involvement and self-reported parenting of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Apr;65(2):337-42.

Arnold LE. Sex differences in ADHD: conference summary. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Oct;24(5):555-69.

Aronowitz B, Liebowitz M, Hollander E, Fazzini E, Durlach-Misteli C, Frenkel M, Mosovich S, Garfinkel R, Saoud J, DelBene D, et al. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological findings in conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994 Summer;6(3):245-9.

August GJ, Garfinkel BD. Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1990 Feb;18(1):29-45.

Baker DB. Parenting stress and ADHD: A comparison of mothers and fathers. J Emot Behav Disord 1994 Jan;2(1):46-50.

Baker DB, McCal K. Parenting stress in parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parents of children with learning disabilities. J Child Fam Stud 1995 Mar;4(1):57-68.

Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Douglass AB, Van Muyden JC, Ashton S, Bazylewich TL. Urinary excretion of MHPG and normetanephrine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1993 Jan-Feb;18(1-2):173-8.

Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Rouget AC, Ashton SE, van Muyden JC, Coutts RT. Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1991 Jan 1;29(1):15-22.

Ballard S, Bolan M, Burton M, Snyder S, Pasterczyk-Seabolt C, Martin D. The neurological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Adolescence 1997 Winter;32(128):855-62.

Barkley RA. The effects of methylphenidate on the interactions of preschool ADHD children with their mothers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 May;27(3):336-41.

Barkley RA. Hyperactive girls and boys: stimulant drug effects on mother-child interactions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 May;30(3):379-90. Published erratum appears in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Mar;34(3):437.

Barkley RA, Anastopoulos AD, Guevremont DC, Fletcher KE. Adolescents with ADHD: patterns of behavioral adjustment, academic functioning, and treatment utilization. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):752-61.

Barkley RA, Anastopoulos AD, Guevremont DC, Fletcher KE. Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: mother-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Jun;20(3):263-88.

Barkley RA, Karlsson J, Pollard S, Murphy JV. Developmental changes in the mother-child interactions of hyperactive boys: effects of two dose levels of Ritalin. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985 Sep;26(5):705-15.

Barkley RA, Karlsson J, Strzelecki E, Murphy JV. Effects of age and Ritalin dosage on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984 Oct;52(5):750-8.

Barkley RA, Koplowitz S, Anderson T, McMurray MB. Sense of time in children with ADHD: effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1997 Jul;3(4):359-69.

Befera MS, Barkley RA. Hyperactive and normal girls and boys: mother-child interaction, parent psychiatric status and child psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985 May;26(3):439-52.

Beitchman J, Tuckett M, Batth S. Language delay and hyperactivity in preschoolers: evidence for a distinct subgroup of hyperactives. Can J Psychiatry 1987 Nov;32(8):683-7. Published erratum appears in Can J Psychiatry 1988 Feb;33(1):77.

Beitchman JH, Hood J, Rochon J, Peterson M. Empirical classification of speech/language impairment in children. II. Behavioral characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Jan;28(1):118-23.

Berk LE, Potts MK. Development and functional significance of private speech among attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered and normal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Jun;19(3):357-77.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Guite J, Warburton R. Associations between childhood asthma and ADHD: issues of psychiatric comorbidity and familiality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):842-8.

Bloomquist ML, August GJ, Cohen C, Doyle A, Everhart K. Social problem solving in hyperactive-aggressive children: how and what they think in conditions of automatic and controlled processing. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Jun;26(2):172-80.

Breen MJ. Cognitive and behavioral differences in AdHD boys and girls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Sep;30(5):711-6.

Breen MJ, Barkley RA. Child psychopathology and parenting stress in girls and boys having attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Pediatr Psychol 1988 Jun;13(2):265-80.

Brown RT, Borden KA, Schleser R, Clingerman S, Orenczuk S. The performance of attention-deficit-disordered and normal children on conservation tasks. J Genet Psychol 1985 Dec;146(4):535-40.

Brown RT, Pacini JN. Perceived family functioning, marital status, and depression in parents of boys with attention deficit disorder. J Learn Disabil 1989 Nov;22(9):581-7.

Byrne JM, DeWolfe NA, Bawden HN. Assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschoolers. Child Neuropsychol 1998;4(1):49-66.

Callaway E, Halliday R, Naylor H. Hyperactive children's event-related potentials fail to support underarousal and maturational-lag theories. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983 Nov;40(11):1243-8.

Carlson CL, Tamm L, Gaub M. Gender differences in children with ADHD, ODD, and co-occurring ADHD/ODD identified in a school population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1706-14.

Carte ET, Nigg JT, Hinshaw SP. Neuropsychological functioning, motor speed, and language processing in boys with and without ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Aug;24(4):481-98.

Conte R, Kinsbourne M, Swanson J, Zirk H, Samuels M. Presentation rate effects on paired associate learning by attention deficit disordered children. Child Dev 1986 Jun;57(3):681-7.

Corkum PV, Schachar RV, Siegel LS. Performance on the Continuous Performance Task and the impact of reward. J Atten Disord 1996 Oct;1(3):163-72.

Cotugno AJ. Cognitive control functioning in hyperactive and nonhyperactive learning disabled children. J Learn Disabil 1987 Nov;20(9):563-7.

Cunningham CE, Siegel LS. Peer interactions of normal and attention-deficit-disordered boys during free-play, cooperative task, and simulated classroom situations. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Jun;15(2):247-68.

David OJ, Wintrob HL. Communication disturbances and hyperactive/conduct-disturbed behavior. Psychiatry 1989 Nov;52(4):379-92.

DeFrance JF, Smith S, Schweitzer FC, Ginsberg L, Sands S. Topographical analyses of attention disorders of childhood. Int J Neurosci 1996 Oct;87(1-2):41-61.

Delamater AM, Lahey BB. Physiological correlates of conduct problems and anxiety in hyperactive and learning-disabled children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Mar;11(1):85-100.

Douglas VI, Benezra E. Supraspan verbal memory in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity normal and reading-disabled boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1990 Dec;18(6):617-38.

Douglas VI, Parry PA. Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Jun;22(3):281-302.

Douglas VI, Parry PA. Effects of reward on delayed reaction time task performance of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Jun;11(2):313-26.

Dykman RA, Ackerman PT. Attention deficit disorder and specific reading disability: separate but often overlapping disorders. J Learn Disabil 1991 Feb;24(2):96-103.

Dykman RA, Ackerman PT, Oglesby DM. Heart rate reactivity in attention deficit disorder subgroups. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1992 Jul-Sep;27(3):228-45.

Dykman RA, Ackerman PT, Oglesby DM, Holcomb PJ. Autonomic responsivity during visual search of hyperactive and reading-disabled children. Pavlov J Biol Sci 1982 Jul-Sep;17(3):150-7.

Dykman RA, Holcomb PJ, Oglesby DM, Ackerman PT. Electrocortical frequencies in hyperactive, learning-disabled, mixed, and normal children. Biol Psychiatry 1982 Jun;17(6):675-85.

Efron D, Jarman FC, Barker MJ. Child and parent perceptions of stimulant medication treatment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Paediatr Child Health 1998;34(3):288-92.

Epstein JN, Goldberg NA, Conners CK, March JS. The effects of anxiety on continuous performance test functioning in an ADHD clinic sample. J Atten Disord 1997 Apr;2(1):45-52.

Erhardt D, Hinshaw SP. Initial sociometric impressions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994 Aug;62(4):833-42.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Lehman BK, Spencer T, Norman D, Seidman LJ, Kraus I, Perrin J, Chen WJ, Tsuang MT. Intellectual performance and school failure in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in their siblings. J Abnorm Psychol 1993 Nov;102(4):616-23.

Felton RH, Wood FB. Cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention deficit disorder. J Learn Disabil 1989 Jan;22(1):3-13, 22.

Felton RH, Wood FB, Brown IS, Campbell SK, Harter MR. Separate verbal memory and naming deficits in attention deficit disorder and reading disability. Brain Lang 1987 May;31(1):171-84.

Fogel CA, Mednick SA, Michelsen N. Hyperactive behavior and minor physical anomalies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985 Dec;72(6):551-6.

Gayton WF, Bailey C, Wagner A, Hardesty VA. Relationship between childhood hyperactivity and accident proneness. Percept Mot Skills 1986 Oct;63(2 Pt 2):801-2.

Gillberg C, Carlstrom G, Rasmussen P, Waldenstrom E. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old children. Neurological screening aspects. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983 Jan;72(1):119-24.

Gorenstein EE, Mammato CA, Sandy JM. Performance of inattentive-overactive children on selected measures of prefrontal-type function. J Clin Psychol 1989 Jul;45(4):619-32.

Grenell MM, Glass CR, Katz KS. Hyperactive children and peer interaction: knowledge and performance of social skills. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Mar;15(1):1-13.

Hall SJ, Halperin JM, Schwartz ST, Newcorn JH. Behavioral and executive functions in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disability. J Atten Disord 1997 Jan;1(4):235-43.

Harris EL, Schuerholz LJ, Singer HS, Reader MJ, Brown JE, Cox C, Mohr J, Chase GA, Denckla MB. Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1995 Nov;1(6):511-6.

Hellgren L, Gillberg IC, Bagenholm A, Gillberg C. Children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Oct;35(7):1255-71.

Horn WF, Wagner AE, Ialongo N. Sex differences in school-aged children with pervasive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Feb;17(1):109-25.

Hoza B, Pelham WE, Milich R, Pillow D, McBride K. The self-perceptions and attributions of attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and nonreferred boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Jun;21(3):271-86.

Hynd GW, Lorys AR, Semrud-Clikeman M, Nieves N, Huettner MI, Lahey BB. Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: a distinct behavioral and neurocognitive syndrome. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S37-43.

Iaboni F, Douglas VI, Baker AG. Effects of reward and response costs on inhibition in ADHD children. J Abnorm Psychol 1995 Feb;104(1):232-40.

Iaboni F, Douglas VI, Ditto B. Psychophysiological response of ADHD children to reward and extinction. Psychophysiology 1997 Jan;34(1):116-23.

Johnston C. Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Feb;24(1):85-104.

Johnston C, Behrenz K. Childrearing discussions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of aggressive-defiant behavior. Can J School Psychol 1993 Spring;9(1 Spec Issue):53-65.

Johnston C, Freeman W. Attributions for child behavior in parents of children without behavior disorders and children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Aug;65(4):636-45.

Johnston C, Pelham WE, Murphy HA. Peer relationships in ADDH and normal children: a developmental analysis of peer and teacher ratings. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):89-100.

Johnston C, Reynolds S, Freeman WS, Geller J. Assessing parent attributions for child behavior using open-ended questions. J Clin Child Psychol 1998 Mar;27(1):87-97.

Johnstone SJ, Barry RJ. Auditory event-related potentials to a two-tone discrimination paradigm in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 1996 Oct 16;64(3):179-92.

Jonkman LM, Kemner C, Verbaten MN, Koelega HS, Camfferman G, v.d. Gaag RJ, Buitelaar JK, van Engeland H. Event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: children and normal controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Mar 1;41(5):595-611.

Kaplan BJ, McNicol J, Conte RA, Moghadam HK. Physical signs and symptoms in preschool-age hyperactive and normal children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1987 Dec;8(6):305-10.

Kemner C, Verbaten MN, Koelega HS, Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Camfferman G, van Engeland H. Event-related brain potentials in children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder: effects of stimulus deviancy and task relevance in the visual and auditory modality. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Sep 15;40(6):522-34.

King CA, Young RD. Peer popularity and peer communication patterns: hyperactive versus active but normal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Dec;9(4):465-82.

Kuperman S, Kramer J, Loney J. Enzyme activity and behavior in hyperactive children grown up. Biol Psychiatry 1988 Aug;24(4):375-83.

Lahey BB, Piacentini JC, McBurnett K, Stone P, Hartdagen S, Hynd G. Psychopathology in the parents of children with conduct disorder and hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Mar;27(2):163-70. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Jul;27(4):516.

Lahey BB, Russo MF, Walker JL, Piacentini JC. Personality characteristics of the mothers of children with disruptive behavior disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Aug;57(4):512-5.

Landau S, Lorch EP, Milich R. Visual attention to and comprehension of television in attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered and normal boys. Child Dev 1992 Aug;63(4):928-37.

Landau S, Milich R. Social communication patterns of attention-deficit-disordered boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Feb;16(1):69-81. Published erratum appears in J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Aug;16(4):473.

Lewis K. Family functioning as perceived by parents of boys with attention deficit disorder. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1992 Oct-Dec;13(4):369-86.

Losier BJ, McGrath PJ, Klein RM. Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: a meta-analytic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Nov;37(8):971-87.

Lucker JR, Geffner D, Koch W. Perception of loudness in children with ADD and without ADD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1996 Spring;26(3):181-90.

Marshall VG, Longwell L, Goldstein MJ, Swanson JM. Family factors associated with aggressive symptomatology in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990 May;31(4):629-36.

Matier K, Halperin JM, Sharma V, Newcorn JH, Sathaye N. Methylphenidate response in aggressive and nonaggressive ADHD children: distinctions on laboratory measures of symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):219-25.

McGee R, Williams S, Moffitt T, Anderson J. A comparison of 13-year-old boys with attention deficit and/or reading disorder on neuropsychological measures. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Feb;17(1):37-53.

McGee R, Williams S, Silva PA. Background characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive, and aggressive-hyperactive boys. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):280-4.

McGee R, Williams S, Silva PA. Behavioral and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):270-9.

McGee R, Williams S, Silva PA. A comparison of girls and boys with teacher-identified problems of attention. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep;26(5):711-7.

Mealer C, Morgan S, Luscomb R. Cognitive functioning of ADHD and non-ADHD boys on the WISC-III and WRAML: an analysis within a memory model. J Atten Disord 1996 Oct;1(3):133-45.

Meyer MJ, Zentall SS. Influence of loud behavioral consequences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Ther 1995;26(2):351-70.

Milich R, Dodge KA. Social information processing in child psychiatric populations. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Sep;12(3):471-89.

Milich R, Landau S, Kilby G, Whitten P. Preschool peer perceptions of the behavior of hyperactive and aggressive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982 Dec;10(4):497-510.

Milich R, Okazaki M. An examination of learned helplessness among attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Oct;19(5):607-23.

Mino Y, Ohara H, Ogawa T, Babazono T, Nagamatsu K, Yoshida T. [Sociometric status of children with attention deficit disorder]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1987 Dec;42(5):913-21. (Jpn).

Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Turbott SH, Manku M. Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987 Aug;26(8):406-11.

Moffitt TE, Silva PA. Self-reported delinquency, neuropsychological deficit, and history of attention deficit disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Oct;16(5):553-69.

Morgan LY, Juberg RC, Juberg DR, Hardman RP. Dermatoglyphics of hyperactive males. Am J Phys Anthropol 1982 Nov;59(3):243-9.

Nasrallah HA, Loney J, Olson SC, McCalley-Whitters M, Kramer J, Jacoby CG. Cortical atrophy in young adults with a history of hyperactivity in childhood. Psychiatry Res 1986 Mar;17(3):241-6.

Nigg JT, Hinshaw SP. Parent personality traits and psychopathology associated with antisocial behaviors in childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 1998;39(2):145-59.

Nussbaum NL, Grant ML, Roman MJ, Poole JH, Bigler ED. Attention deficit disorder and the mediating effect of age on academic and behavioral variables. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990 Feb;11(1):22-6. Comment in: J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990 Feb;11(1):27.

Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. Inhibition in ADHD, aggressive, and anxious children: a biologically based model of child psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Feb;24(1):19-36.

Ornitz EM, Gabikian P, Russell AT, Guthrie D, Hirano C, Gehricke JG. Affective valence and arousal in ADHD and normal boys during a startle habituation experiment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1698-705.

Parush S, Sohmer H, Steinberg A, Kaitz M. Somatosensory functioning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997 Jul;39(7):464-8.

Pearson DA, Lane DM, Swanson JM. Auditory attention switching in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Aug;19(4):479-92.

Pelham WE, Milich R. Peer relations in children with hyperactivity/attention deficit disorder. J Learn Disabil 1984 Nov;17(9):560-7.

Pennington BF, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Jan;37(1):51-87.

Pillsbury HC, Grose JH, Coleman WL, Conners CK, Hall JW. Binaural function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995 Dec;121(12):1345-50.

Pliszka SR. Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overanxious disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):197-203.

Pope AW, Bierman KL, Mumma GH. Relations between hyperactive and aggressive behavior and peer relations at three elementary grade levels. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):253-67.

Power TJ. Contextual factors in vigilance testing of children with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Dec;20(6):579-93.

Prinz RJ, Myers DR, Holden EW, Tarnowski KJ, Roberts WA. Marital disturbance and child problems: a cautionary note regarding hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Sep;11(3):393-9.

Prior M, Sanson A, Freethy C, Geffen G. Auditory attentional abilities in hyperactive children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985 Mar;26(2):289-304.

Rasmussen P, Gillberg C, Waldenstrom E, Svenson B. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old children: neurological and neurodevelopmental aspects. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983 Jun;25(3):315-33.

Riccio CA, Hynd GW, Cohen MJ, Hall J, Molt L. Comorbidity of central auditory processing disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):849-57.

Robson WL, Jackson HP, Blackhurst D, Leung AK. Enuresis in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. South Med J 1997 May;90(5):503-5.

Rogeness GA, Maas JW, Javors MA, Macedo CA, Fischer C, Harris WR. Attention deficit disorder symptoms and urine catecholamines. Psychiatry Res 1989 Mar;27(3):241-51.

Ruckledge JJ, Kaplan BJ. Psychological functioning of women identified in adulthood with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1997 Oct;2(3):167-76.

Saklofske DE, Schwean VL, Yackalic RA, Quinn D. WISC-III and SB:FE performance of childen with attention deficit disorder. Can J School Psychol 1994 Fall;10(2):167-71.

Schachar R, Tannock R. Test of four hypotheses for the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):639-48.

Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Milberger S, Norman D, Seiverd K, Benedict K, Guite J, Mick E, Kiely K. Effects of family history and comorbidity on the neuropsychological performance of children with ADHD: preliminary findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):1015-24.

Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Weber W, Mennin D, Jones J. A pilot study of neuropsychological function in girls with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):366-73. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1162-3.

Semrud-Clikeman M, Biederman J, Sprich-Buckminster S, Lehman BK, Faraone SV, Norman D. Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 May;31(3):439-48.

Sergeant JA, van der Meere J. What happens after a hyperactive child commits an error? Psychiatry Res 1988 May;24(2):157-64.

Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A. Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology 1997;35(4):178-80.

Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Byrne T, Cohen DJ, Rothman S. Attention deficit disorder: quantitative analysis of CT. Neurology 1983 Nov;33(11):1500-3.

Shekim WO, Sinclair E, Glaser R, Horwitz E, Javaid J, Bylund DB. Norepinephrine and dopamine metabolites and educational variables in boys with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. J Child Neurol 1987 Jan;2(1):50-6.

Shibagaki M, Yamanaka T, Furuya T. Attention state in electrodermal activity during auditory stimulation of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1993 Aug;77(1):331-8.

Singh SD, Ellis CR, Winton AS, Singh NN, Leung JP, Oswald DP. Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Modif 1998 Apr;22(2):128-42.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Houlberg K, Hall M. When is impulsiveness not impulsive? The case of hyperactive children's cognitive style. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Oct;35(7):1247-53.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Lamparelli M, Stevenson J, Thompson M, Henry A. Behaviour problems and pre-school intellectual attainment: the associations of hyperactivity and conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Jul;35(5):949-60.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Taylor E. The effect of delay on hyperactive and non-hyperactive children's response times: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Sep;33(6):1091-6.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Taylor E, Heptinstall E. Hyperactivity and delay aversion--II. The effect of self versus externally imposed stimulus presentation periods on memory. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Feb;33(2):399-409.

Stein TP, Sammaritano AM. Nitrogen metabolism in normal and hyperkinetic boys. Am J Clin Nutr 1984 Apr;39(4):520-4.

Stormont-Spurgin M, Zentall SS. Contributing factors in the manifestation of aggression in preschoolers with hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 Mar;36(3):491-509.

Strandburg RJ, Marsh JT, Brown WS, Asarnow RF, Higa J, Harper R, Guthrie D. Continuous-processing--related event-related potentials in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Nov 15;40(10):964-80.

Swanson JM, Posner M, Potkin S, Bonforte S, Youpa D, Fiore C, Cantwell D, Crinella F. Activating tasks for the study of visual-spatial attention in ADHD children: a cognitive anatomic approach. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S119-27.

Tallmadge J, Barkley RA. The interactions of hyperactive and normal boys with their fathers and mothers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Dec;11(4):565-79.

Tannock R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998 Jan;39(1):65-99.

Tant JL, Douglas VI. Problem solving in hyperactive, normal, and reading-disabled boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982 Sep;10(3):285-306.

Tarnowski KJ, Nay SM. Locus of control in children with learning disabilities and hyperactivity: a subgroup analysis. J Learn Disabil 1989 Jun-Jul;22(6):381-3, 399.

Tarver-Behring S, Barkley RA, Karlsson J. The mother-child interactions of hyperactive boys and their normal siblings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1985 Apr;55(2):202-9.

Vaeth JM, Horton AM Jr, Koretzky M, Shapiro S, Civiello C, Anilane J. Alcoholism and attention deficit disorder: MMPI correlates. Int J Neurosci 1989 Mar;45(1-2):75-9.

van der Meere J, Sergeant J. Acquisition of attention skill in pervasively hyperactive children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988 May;29(3):301-10.

van der Meere J, Sergeant J. A divided attention experiment with pervasively hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Sep;15(3):379-91.

van der Meere J, Vreeling HJ, Sergeant J. A motor presetting study in hyperactive, learning disabled and control children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1347-54.

Verduzco MA, Lara Cantu A. [Self-esteem in children with attention disorders]. Salud Publica Mex 1989 Nov-Dec;31(6):779-87. (Spa).

Voelker SL, Carter RA, Sprague DJ, Gdowski CL, Lachar D. Developmental trends in memory and metamemory in children with attention deficit disorder. J Pediatr Psychol 1989 Mar;14(1):75-88.

Werry JS, Reeves JC, Elkind GS. Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: I. A review of research on differentiating characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Mar;26(2):133-43.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Granger DA. Social judgment processes in hyperactive boys: effects of methylphenidate and comparisons with normal peers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1990 Jun;18(3):297-316.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Hinshaw SP, Heller T, Huber-Dressler A. Messages of medication: effects of actual versus informed medication status on hyperactive boys' expectancies and self-evaluations. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Aug;59(4):602-6.

Wheeler J, Carlson CL. The social functioning of children with ADD with hyperactivity and ADD without hyperactivity: a comparison of their peer relationships and social deficits. J Emot Behav Disord 1994 Jan;2(1):2-12.

Whitmont S, Clark C. Kinaesthetic acuity and fine motor skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary report. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996 Dec;38(12):1091-8.

Wigal T, Swanson JM, Douglas VI, Wigal SB, Wippler CM, Cavoto KF. Effect of reinforcement on facial responsivity and persistence in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Modif 1998 Apr;22(2):143-66.

Yamamoto M, Hatta T. Cerebral functional asymmetry and MBD children: a synergistic deficit of hemispheres? Int J Neurosci 1984 Oct;24(2):143-8.

Yamamoto M, Hatta T. Handedness and imbalance lateralization on the Tapping Test in MBD children. Int J Neurosci 1982 Dec;17(4):215-8.

Zentall SS. Production deficiencies in elicited language but not in the spontaneous verbalizations of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Dec;16(6):657-73.

Zentall SS, Falkenberg SD, Smith LB. Effects of color stimulation and information on the copying performance of attention-problem adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Dec;13(4):501-11.

Zentall SS, Meyer MJ. Self-regulation of stimulation for ADD-H children during reading and vigilance task performance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Dec;15(4):519-36.

Zentall SS, Shaw JH. Effects of classroom noise on performance and activity of second-grade hyperactive and control children. J Educ Psychol 1980 Dec;72(6):830-40.
Return to table of contents

----

## Impact

----

### Prevalence Across the Life Span and Across Cultures

Abdur-Rahim FE-A, Al-Hamad A-R, Chaleby K, Al-Subaie A. A survey of a child psychiatry clinic in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia: Clinical profile and cross-cultural comparison. Saudi Med J 1996;17(1):36-41.

Anderson JC. Is childhood hyperactivity the product of western culture? Lancet 1996 Jul 13;348(9020):73-4. Comment in: Lancet 1996 Sep 28;348(9031):895-6.

Andres Carrasco MA, Catala MA, Gomez-Beneyto M. [Study of the prevalence of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in ten-year-old children living in the Valencia metropolitan area]. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 1995 Jul-Aug;23(4):184-8. (Spa).

August GJ, Realmuto GM, MacDonald AW 3rd, Nugent SM, Crosby R. Prevalence of ADHD and comorbid disorders among elementary school children screened for disruptive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Oct;24(5):571-95.

Baker DB, Knight K, Simpson DD. Identifying probationers with ADHD-related behaviors in a drug abuse treatment setting. Crim Justice Behav 1995 Mar;22(1):33-43.

Bauermeister JJ, Berrios V, Jimenez AL, Acevedo L, et al. Some issues and instruments for the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Puerto Rican children. J Clin Child Psychol 1990 Mar;19(1):9-16.

Baumgaertel A, Wolraich ML, Dietrich M. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):629-38.

Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991 May;148(5):564-77. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1992 Jan;149(1):147-8; discussion 149; Am J Psychiatry 1992 Jan;149(1):148; discussion 149; Am J Psychiatry 1992 Jan;149(1):148-9; discussion 149.

Bird HR. Epidemiology of childhood disorders in a cross-cultural context. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Jan;37(1):35-49.

Brito GN, Pinto RC, Lins MF. A behavioral assessment scale for attention deficit disorder in Brazilian children based on DSM-IIIR criteria. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Aug;23(4):509-20.

Camerini GB, Coccia M, Caffo E. [Teacher questionnaires: School-based assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]. Psichiatr Infanc Adolesc 1996 Sep-Oct;63(5):587-94. (Ita).

Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Stangl DK Tweed DL, Erklani A, Worthman CM. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth: goals, design, methods and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 Dec;53(12):1129-36.

de Jong PF. Short-term trends in Dutch children's attention problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jun;6(2):73-80.

Gallucci F, Bird HR, Berardi C, Gallai V, Pfanner P, Weinberg A. Symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an Italian school sample: findings of a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Sep;32(5):1051-8.

Gillberg C, Carlstrom G, Rasmussen P. Hyperkinetic disorders in seven-year-old children with perceptual, motor and attentional deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Apr;24(2):233-46.

Gillberg C, Rasmussen P, Carlstrom G, Svenson B, Waldenstrom E. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in six-year-old children. Epidemiological aspects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1982 Apr;23(2):131-44.

Greenhill LL. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The stimulants. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1995;4(1):123-68.

Healey JM, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM, Wolf LE, Pascualvaca DM, Schmeidler J, O'Brien JD. The factor structure of ADHD items in DSM-III-R: internal consistency and external validation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Aug;21(4):441-53.

Ho TP, Leung PW, Luk ES, Taylor E, Bacon-Shone J, Mak FL. Establishing the constructs of childhood behavioral disturbances in a Chinese population: a questionnaire study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Aug;24(4):417-31.

Holborow P, Berry P. A multinational, cross-cultural perspective on hyperactivity. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1986 Apr;56(2):320-2.

Huang RL. [A survey of minimal brain dysfunction in children of 11 primary schools and kindergartens in East Hill District of Guangzhou (author's transl)]. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1981 Feb;14(1):32-5. (Chi).

Lambert NM, Sandoval J, Sassone D. Prevalence of hyperactivity in elementary school children as a function of social system definers. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1978 Jul;48(3):446-63.

Landgren M, Pettersson R, Kjellman B, Gillberg C. ADHD, DAMP and other neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders in 6-year-old children: epidemiology and co-morbidity. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996 Oct;38(10):891-906.

Leung PW, Luk SL, Ho TP, Taylor E, Mak FL, Bacon-Shone J. The diagnosis and prevalence of hyperactivity in Chinese schoolboys. Br J Psychiatry 1996 Apr;168(4):486-96.

Li XR, Su LY, Townes BD, Varley CK. Diagnosis of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in Chinese boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Jul;28(4):497-500.

Luk SL, Leung PW. Conners' Teacher's Rating Scale--a validity study in Hong Kong. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Sep;30(5):785-93.

Luk SL, Leung PW, Lee PL. Conners' Teacher Rating Scale in Chinese children in Hong Kong. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988 Mar;29(2):165-74.

Mann EM, Ikeda Y, Mueller CW, Takahashi A, Tao KT, Humris E, Li BL, Chin D. Cross-cultural differences in rating hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in children. Am J Psychiatry 1992 Nov;149(11):1539-42. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1279-80.

Matsuura M, Okubo Y, Toru M, Kojima T, He Y, Hou Y, Shen Y, Lee CK. A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioral problems: a WHO collaborative study in the Western Pacific Region. Biol Psychiatry 1993 Jul 1-15;34(1-2):59-65.

O'Leary KD, Vivian D, Nisi A. Hyperactivity in Italy. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Dec;13(4):485-500.

Prendergast M, Taylor E, Rapoport JL, Bartko J, Donnelly M, Zametkin A, Ahearn MB, Dunn G, Wieselberg HM. The diagnosis of childhood hyperactivity. A U.S.-U.K. cross-national study of DSM-III and ICD-9. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988 May;29(3):289-300.

Reid R, Maag JW. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Over here and over there. Educ Child Psychol 1997;14(1):10-20.

Safer DJ, Krager JM. The increased rate of stimulant treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students in secondary schools. Pediatrics 1994 Oct;94(4 Pt 1):462-4.

Safer DJ, Zito JM, Fine EM. Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990s. Pediatrics 1996 Dec;98(6 Pt 1):1084-8. Comment in: Pediatrics 1997 Oct;100(4):730-1.

Samuel VJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, George P, Mick E, Thornell A, Curtis S, Taylor A, Brome D. Clinical characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in African American children. Am J Psychiatry 1998 May;155(5):696-8.

Samuel VJ, Curtis S, Thornell A, George P, Taylor A, Ridley Brome D, Biederman J, Faraone SV. The unexplored void of ADHD and African-American research: a review of the literature. J Atten Disord 1997 Jan;1(4):197-207.

Satin MS, Winsberg BG, Monetti CH, Sverd J, Foss DA. A general population screen for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Nov;24(6):756-64.

Shaffer D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151(5):633-8.

Shekim WO, Kashani J, Beck N, Cantwell DP, Martin J, Rosenberg J, Costello A. The prevalence of attention deficit disorders in a rural midwestern community sample of nine-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Nov;24(6):765-70.

Shen YC, Wang YF, Yang XL. An epidemiological investigation of minimal brain dysfunction in six elementary schools in Beijing. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985 Sep;26(5):777-87.

Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH. Ontario Child Health Study: prevalence of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Mar;30(2):219-30.

Tao KT. Hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder syndromes in China. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Nov;31(6):1165-6.

Tapper ML, Michelsson K. ADHD in Finland and types of Scandinavian cooperation. Paper presented at: The Changing Face of ADD: Challenges and Opportunities; 8th Annual International Conference of CH.A.D.D. (Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder); 1996 Nov 14-16; Chicago, IL. 10 p.

Taylor E, Sandberg S. Hyperactive behavior in English schoolchildren: a questionnaire survey. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Mar;12(1):143-55.

Thorley G. Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood: clinical characteristics. Br J Psychiatry 1984 Jan;144:16-24.

Tyl J, Matejcek Z, Albrecht V, Berankova A, Kotesovec F, Machovska E, Raifova L, Dytrych Z, Gebhart JA, Sram RJ. [Epidemiologic study of symptoms of minimal brain dysfunction. 1. Design and testing of methods--the incidence of symptoms in the study group]. Cesk Psychiatr 1990 Feb;86(1):27-36. (Cze).

Wang YC, Chong MY, Chou WJ, Yang JL. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 1993 Feb;92(2):133-8.

Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Pinnock TY, Baumgaertel A, Brown J. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Mar;35(3):319-24.

Wong CK, Lau JT. Psychiatric morbidity in a Chinese primary school in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep;26(3):459-66.

Wood D, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The prevalence of attention deficit disorder, residual type, or minimal brain dysfunction, in a population of male alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1983 Jan;140(1):95-8.

Yan W. An investigation of adult outcome of hyperactive children in Shanghai. Chin Med J (Engl) 1996 Nov;109(11):877-80.

Yao KN, Solanto MV, Wender EH. Prevalence of hyperactivity among newly immigrated Chinese-American children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1988 Dec;9(6):367-73.

Zohar AH, Ratzoni G, Pauls DL, Apter A, Bleich A, Kron S, Rappaport M, Weizman A, Cohen DJ. An epidemiological study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders in Israeli adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Nov;31(6):1057-61.
Return to table of contents

----

### Course of the Disorder and Outcome, Including Comorbidity

Achenbach TM, Howell CT, McConaughy SH, Stanger C. Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):658-69.

Aman MG, Pejeau C, Osborne P, Rojahn J, Handen B. Four-year follow-up of children with low intelligence and ADHD. Res Dev Disabil 1996 Nov-Dec;17(6):417-32.

August GJ, Holmes CS. Behavior and academic achievement in hyperactive subgroups and learning-disabled boys. A six-year follow-up. Am J Dis Child 1984 Nov;138(11):1025-9.

August GJ, Stewart MA, Holmes CS. A four-year follow-up of hyperactive boys with and without conduct disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1983 Aug;143:192-8.

Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock C, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria--III. Mother-child interactions, family conflicts and maternal psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Jan;32(2):233-55.

Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jul;29(4):546-57.

Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Kwasnik D. Motor vehicle driving competencies and risks in teens and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1996 Dec;98(6 Pt 1):1089-95.

Beck N, Warnke A, Kruger HP, Barglik W. [Hyperkinetic syndrome and behavioral disorders in street traffic: a case control pilot study]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 1996 Jun;24(2):82-91. (Ger).

Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, Wozniak J, Chen L, Ouellette C, Marrs A, Moore P, Garcia J, Mennin D, Lelon E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Aug;35(8):997-1008.

Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, Curtis S, Chen L, Marrs A, Ouellette C, Moore P, Spencer T. Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Mar;35(3):343-51.

Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, Guite J, Mick E, Chen L, Mennin D, Marrs A, Ouellette C, Moore P, Spencer T, Norman D, Wilens T, Kraus I, Perrin J. A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 May;53(5):437-46.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA, Mick E, Lehman BK, Doyle A. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Dec;150(12):1792-8.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Taylor A, Sienna M, Williamson S, Fine C. Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Mar;37(3):305-13.

Biederman J, Santangelo SL, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Reed ED, Kraus I, Jellinek M, Perrin J. Clinical correlates of enuresis in ADHD and non-ADHD children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 Jul;36(5):865-77.

Bloomingdale LM, Bloomingdale EC. Childhood identification and prophylaxis of antisocial personality disorder. J Forensic Sci 1988 Jan;33(1):187-99.

Buchsbaum MS, Haier RJ, Sostek AJ, Weingartner H, Zahn TP, Siever LJ, Murphy DL. Attention dysfunction and psychopathology in college men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Apr;42(4):354-60.

Campbell SB, Breaux AM, Ewing LJ, Szumowski EK. Correlates and predictors of hyperactivity and aggression: a longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Jun;14(2):217-34.

Campbell SB, Breaux AM, Ewing LJ, Szumowski EK. A one-year follow-up study of parent-referred hyperactive preschool children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):243-9.

Campbell SB, Ewing LJ. Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers: adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990 Sep;31(6):871-89.

Campbell SB, Ewing LJ, Breaux AM, Szumowski EK. Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: follow-up at school entry. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1986 Jul;27(4):473-88.

Campbell SB, Pierce EW, March CL, Ewing LJ, Szumowski EK. Hard-to-manage preschool boys: symptomatic behavior across contexts and time. Child Dev 1994 Jun;65(3):836-51.

Cantwell DP, Baker L. Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. J Learn Disabil 1991 Feb;24(2):88-95.

Carlson EA, Jacobvitz D, Sroufe LA. A developmental investigation of inattentiveness and hyperactivity. Child Dev 1995 Feb;66(1):37-54.

Crowley TJ, Mikulich SK, MacDonald M, Young SE, Zerbe GO. Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: Severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;49(3):225-37.

Downey KK, Pomerleau CS, Pomerleau OF. Personality differences related to smoking and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse 1996;8(1):129-35.

Downey KK, Stelson FW, Pomerleau OF, Giordani B. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: psychological test profiles in a clinical population. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997 Jan;185(1):32-8.

Famularo R, Fenton T, Kinscherff R, Augustyn M. Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood post traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse Negl 1996 Oct;20(10):953-61.

Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. Three-year follow-up at age 10 of children with minor neurodevelopmental disorders. I: Behavioural problems. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983 Aug;25(4):438-49.

Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Groth J. Children with preschool minor neurodevelopmental disorders. V: Neurodevelopmental profiles at age 13. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989 Feb;31(1):14-24.

Hechtman L, Weiss G. Controlled prospective fifteen year follow-up of hyperactives as adults: non-medical drug and alcohol use and anti-social behaviour. Can J Psychiatry 1986 Aug;31(6):557-67.

Herrero ME, Hechtman L, Weiss G. Antisocial disorders in hyperactive subjects from childhood to adulthood: predictive factors and characterization of subgroups. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994 Oct;64(4):510-21.

Hill JC, Schoener EP. Age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996 Sep;153(9):1143-6. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1997 Sep;154(9):1323-5.

Howell DC, Huessy HR, Hassuk B. Fifteen-year follow-up of a behavioral history of attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1985 Aug;76(2):185-90.

Jensen PS, Martin D, Cantwell DP. Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Aug;36(8):1065-79.

Jensen PS, Shervette RE 3rd, Xenakis SN, Richters J. Anxiety and depressive disorders in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: new findings. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1203-9.

Johnston C, Pelham WE. Teacher ratings predict peer ratings of aggression at 3-year follow-up in boys with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986 Aug;54(4):571-2.

Kellam SG, Ensminger ME, Simon MB. Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use. Drug Alcohol Depend 1980 Apr;5(4):273-304.

Lambert NM. Adolescent outcomes for hyperactive children. Perspectives on general and specific patterns of childhood risk for adolescent educational, social, and mental health problems. Am Psychol 1988 Oct;43(10):786-99.

Lambert NM, Hartsough CS, Sassone D, Sandoval J. Persistence of hyperactivity symptoms from childhood to adolescence and associated outcomes. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987 Jan;57(1):22-32.

MacDonald VM, Achenbach TM. Attention problems versus conduct problems as six-year predictors of problem scores in a national sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Sep;35(9):1237-46.

Mannuzza S, Gittelman R. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive girls. Psychiatry Res 1984 Sep;13(1):19-29.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Addalli KA. Young adult mental status of hyperactive boys and their brothers: a prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):743-51.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. Am J Psychiatry 1998 Apr;155(4):493-8.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, Konig PH, Shenker R. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. II. Status of subjects without a mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988 Jan;45(1):13-8.

Mantzicopoulos PY, Morrison D. A comparison of boys and girls with attention problems: kindergarten through second grade. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994 Oct;64(4):522-33.

McGee R, Williams S, Feehan M. Attention deficit disorder and age of onset of problem behaviors. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Oct;20(5):487-502.

Moffitt TE. Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: boys' developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Dev 1990 Jun;61(3):893-910.

O'Donnell J, Hawkins JD, Abbott RD. Predicting serious delinquency and substance use among aggressive boys. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 Aug;63(4):529-37.

Satterfield JH, Hoppe CM, Schell AM. A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys. Am J Psychiatry 1982 Jun;139(6):795-8.

Schmidt MH, Esser G, Moll GH. [Follow-up of hyperkinetic syndrome in clinical and field samples]. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr 1991 Dec;19(4):240-7. (Ger).

Slomkowski C, Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Jun;23(3):303-15.

Soussignan R, Tremblay RE, Schaal B, Laurent D, Larivee S, Gagnon C, Leblanc M, Charlebois P. Behavioural and cognitive characteristics of conduct disordered-hyperactive boys from age 6 to 11: a multiple informant perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1333-46. Published erratum appears in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Feb;34(2):275.

Taylor E, Chadwick O, Heptinstall E, Danckaerts M. Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Sep;35(9):1213-26.

Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ, Stegink LD, Appelbaum MI, Kiritsy MC. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N Engl J Med 1994 Feb 3;330(5):301-7. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994 Feb 3;330(5):355-6; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1901; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1901-2; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1902; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 3.
Return to table of contents

----

### Systems Impact: School and the Justice System

Bussing R, Zima BT, Belin TR, Forness SR. Children who qualify for LD and SED programs: Do they differ in level of ADHD symptoms and comorbid psychiatric conditions? J Emot Behav Disord 1998 Feb;22:88-97.

Chaikind S, Danielson LC, Brauen ML. What do we know about the costs of special education? A selected review. J Spec Educ 1993 Winter;26(4):344-70.

Davis DL, Bean GJ, Schumacher JE, Stronger TL. Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population. Am J Forensic Psychol 1991;9(1):5-17.

Duncan B, Forness SR, Hartsough C. Students identified as seriously emotionally disturbed in day treatment classrooms: cognitive, psychiatric, and special education characteristics. Behav Disord 1995 Aug;20(4):238-52.

DuPaul GJ, Eckert TL. The effects of school-based interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis. School Psychol Rev 1997;26:5-27.

Eyestone LL, Howell RJ. An epidemiological study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depression in a male prison population. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1994;22(2):181-93.

Fehlings DL, Roberts W, Humphries T, Dawe G. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does cognitive behavioral therapy improve home behavior? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1991 Aug;12(4):223-8.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. The structure, stability and correlations of the trait components of conduct disorder, attention deficit and anxiety/withdrawal reports. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Jul;34(5):749-66.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. The effects of conduct disorder and attention deficit in middle childhood on offending and scholastic ability at age 13. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Sep;34(6):899-916.

Foley HA, Carlton CO, Howell RJ. The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: legal implications. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1996;24(3):333-45.

Forehand R, Wierson M, Frame C, Kempton T, Armistead L. Juvenile delinquency entry and persistence: do attention problems contribute to conduct problems? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1991 Dec;22(4):261-4.

Lynam DR. Early identification of chronic offenders: who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychol Bull 1996 Sep;120(2):209-34.

Mattison RE, Felix BC. The course of elementary and secondary school students with SED through their special education experience. J Emot Behav Disord 1997 Summer;5(2):107-17.

McConaughy SH, Mattison RE, Peterson R. Behavioral/emotional problems of children with serious emotional disturbance and learning disabilities. Sch Psychol Rev 1994;23(1):81-98.

Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF, Wright G. Who are the children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder? A school-based survey. J Spec Educ 1994 Summer;28(2):117-37.

Satterfield J, Swanson J, Schell A, Lee F. Prediction of antisocial behavior in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys from aggression/defiance scores. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Feb;33(2):185-90. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):397; discussion 398-400; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):397-8; discussion 398-400.

Satterfield JH, Schell A. A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: adolescent and adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1726-35.
Return to table of contents

----

### Impairment: Childhood and Adolescence

Aman MG, Mitchell EA, Turbott SH. The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Mar;15(1):75-90.

Anderson CA, Hinshaw SP, Simmel C. Mother-child interactions in ADHD and comparison boys: relationships with overt and covert externalizing behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Apr;22(2):247-65.

August GJ. Production deficiencies in free recall: a comparison of hyperactive, learning-disabled, and normal children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Sep;15(3):429-40.

August GJ, Ostrander R, Bloomquist MJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an epidemiological screening method. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992 Jul;62(3):387-96.

Aylward GP, Verhulst SJ, Bell S. Individual and combined effects of attention deficits and learning disabilities on computerized ADHD assessment. J Psychoeduc Assess 1990 Dec;8(4):497-508.

Brock SE, Knapp PK. Reading comprehension abilities of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Oct;1(3):173-85.

Carlson CL, Lahey BB, Frame CL, Walker J, Hynd GW. Sociometric status of clinic-referred children with attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Dec;15(4):537-47. Published erratum appears in J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):371.

Diener MB, Milich R. Effects of positive feedback on the social interactions of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the self-protective hypothesis. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Sep;26(3):256-65.

Donenberg G, Baker BL. The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Apr;21(2):179-98.

Farmer JE, Peterson L. Injury risk factors in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Health Psychol 1995 Jul;14(4):325-32.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990 Oct;58(5):580-8.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Fletcher KE, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: predictors of psychiatric, academic, social, and emotional adjustment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):324-32. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jan;33(1):144-5.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Fletcher KE, Smallish L. The stability of dimensions of behavior in ADHD and normal children over an 8-year followup. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Jun;21(3):315-37.

Fletcher KE, Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L. A sequential analysis of the mother-adolescent interactions of ADHD, ADHD/ODD, and normal teenagers during neutral and conflict discussions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Jun;24(3):271-97.

Flicek M. Social status of boys with both academic problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Aug;20(4):353-66.

Frederick BP, Olmi DJ. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature on social skills deficits. Psychology Sch 1994 Oct;31(4):288-96.

Gaub M, Carlson CL. Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997 Apr;25(2):103-11.

Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Ouellette CA, Penn C, Griffin SM. Toward a new psychometric definition of social disability in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 May;35(5):571-8. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Dec;35(12):1570-1.

Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Sienna M, Garcia-Jetton J. Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Oct;65(5):758-67.

Halperin JM, Gittelman R. Do hyperactive children and their siblings differ in IQ and academic achievement? Psychiatry Res 1982 Apr;6(2):253-8.

Handen BL, Janosky J, McAuliffe S. Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997 Aug;25(4):287-95.

Hinshaw SP. Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychol Bull 1992 Jan;111(1):127-55.

Hinshaw SP, Melnick SM. Peer relationships in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid aggression. Dev Psychopathol 1995 Fall;7(4):627-47.

Hinshaw SP, Zupan BA, Simmel C, Nigg JT, Melnick S. Peer status in boys with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Predictions from overt and covert antisocial behavior, social isolation, and authoritative parenting beliefs. Child Dev 1997 Oct;64:880-96.

Hubbard JA, Newcomb AF. Initial dyadic peer interaction of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Apr;19(2):179-95.

Humphries T, Koltun H, Malone M, Roberts W. Teacher-identified oral language difficulties among boys with attention problems. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994 Apr;15(2):92-8.

Kuhne M, Schachar R, Tannock R. Impact of comorbid oppositional or conduct problems on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1715-25.

Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, et al. DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Nov;151(11):1673-85.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Stein MA, Loney J, Trapani C, Nugent K, Kipp H, Schmidt E, Lee S, Cale M, Gold E, Hartung CM, Willcut E, Baumann B. Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Jul;37(7):695-702.

Lamminmaeki T, Ahonen T, Naerhi V, Lyytinen H. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes: are there differences in academic problems? Dev Neuropsychol 1995;11(3):297-310.

Merrell KW, Wolfe TM. The relationship of teacher-rated social skills deficits and ADHD characteristics among kindergarten-age children. Psychol Sch 1998 Apr;35(2):101-10.

Mino Y, Yasuda N, Ohara H, Nagamatsu K, Yoshida T. [Isolation of children with attention deficit disorder in their classrooms]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1990 Oct;37(10):843-9. (Jpn).

Nada-Raja S, Langley JD, McGee R, Williams SM, Begg DJ, Reeder AI. Inattentive and hyperactive behaviors and driving offenses in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Apr;36(4):515-22. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Oct;36(10):1325.

O'Neill ME, Douglas VI. Rehearsal strategies and recall performance in boys with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Psychol 1996 Feb;21(1):73-88.

O'Neill ME, Douglas VI. Study strategies and story recall in attention deficit disorder and reading disability. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Dec;19(6):671-92.

Parker JG, Asher SR. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: are low-accepted children at risk? Psychol Bull 1987 Nov;102(3):357-89.

Roizen NJ, Blondis TA, Irwin M, Stein M. Adaptive functioning in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 Nov;148(11):1137-42.

Schaughency EA, Fagot BI. The prediction of adjustment at age 7 from activity level at age 5. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Feb;21(1):29-50.

Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Weber W, Ouellette C. Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Feb;65(1):150-60.

Slomkowski C, Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Jun;23(3):303-15.

Stein MA, Szumowski E, Blondis TA, Roizen NJ. Adaptive skills dysfunction in ADD and ADHD children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 May;36(4):663-70.

Tannock R, Purvis KL, Schachar RJ. Narrative abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal peers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Feb;21(1):103-17.

Whalen CK, Henker B. The social profile of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: five fundamental facets. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1992 Oct;1(2):395-410.

Wheeler J, Carlson CL. The social functioning of children with ADD with hyperactivity and ADD without hyperactivity: a comparison of their peer relationships and social deficits. J Emot Behav Disord 1994 Jan;2(1):2-12.

Wilson JM, Marcotte AC. Psychosocial adjustment and educational outcome in adolescents with a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 May;35(5):579-87.

Zentall SS. Fact-retrieval automatization and math problem solving by learning disabled, attention-disordered, and normal adolescents. J Educ Psychol 1990 Dec;82(4):856-65.

Zentall SS, Smith YN, Lee YB, Wieczorek C. Mathematical outcomes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Learn Disabil 1994 Oct;27(8):510-9.
Return to table of contents

----

### Impairment: Adulthood

Arnold EH, O'Leary SG, Edwards GH. Father involvement and self-reported parenting of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Apr;65(2):337-42.

Barkley RA, Murphy K, Kwasnik D. Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1996 Apr;1(1):41-54.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA, Mick E, Lehman BK, Doyle A. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Dec;150(12):1792-8.

Carlton PL, Manowitz P, McBride H, Nora R, Swartzburg M, Goldstein L. Attention deficit disorder and pathological gambling. J Clin Psychiatry 1987 Dec;48(12):487-8.

De Obaldia R, Parsons OA, Yohman R. Minimal brain dysfunction symptoms claimed by primary and secondary alcoholics: relation to cognitive functioning. Int J Neurosci 1983 Sep;20(3-4):173-81.

Elliott FA. Neurological findings in adult minimal brain dysfunction and the dyscontrol syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982 Nov;170(11):680-7.

Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Attentional difficulties in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 Sep;38(6):633-44.

Gomez RL, Janowsky D, Zetin M, Huey L, Clopton PL. Adult psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms compatible with the hyperactive child syndrome: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 1981 Oct;42(10):389-94.

Greenfield B, Hechtman L, Weiss G. Two subgroups of hyperactives as adults: correlations of outcome. Can J Psychiatry 1988 Aug;33(6):505-8.

Gualtieri CT, Ondrusek MG, Finley C. Attention deficit disorders in adults. Clin Neuropharmacol 1985;8(4):343-56.

Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Hyperactives as young adults: self-esteem and social skills. Can J Psychiatry 1980 Oct;25(6):478-83.

Huhtaniemi P, Haier RJ, Fedio P, Buchsbaum MS. Neuropsychological characteristics of college males who show attention dysfunction. Percept Mot Skills 1983 Oct;57(2):399-406.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, Hynes ME. Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1222-7.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993 Jul;50(7):565-76.

Mariani MA, Barkley RA. Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dev Neuropsychol 1997;13:111-29.

McGee R, Partridge F, Williams S, Silva PA. A twelve-year follow-up of preschool hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Mar;30(2):224-32. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):846.

Means CD, Stewart SL, Dowler DL. Job accommodations that work: a follow-up study of adults with Attention Deficit Disorder. J Appl Rehabil Counsel 1997 Fall;28(3):13-7.

Murphy K, Barkley RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry 1996 Nov-Dec;37(6):393-401.

Murphy K, Barkley RA. Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: implications for clinical diagnosis. J Atten Disord 1996 Oct;1(3):147-61.

Murphy KR, Barkley RA. Parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: psychological and attentional impairment. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1996 Jan;66(1):93-102.

Ramirez CA, Rosen LA, Deffenbacher JL, Hurst H, Nicoletta C, Rosencranz T, Smith K. Anger and anger expression in adults with high ADHD symptoms. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):115-28.

Ranseen JD, Campbell DA, Baer RA. NEO PI-R profiles of adults with attention deficit disorder. Assessment 1998 Mar;5(1):19-24.

Roy-Byrne P, Scheele L, Brinkley J, Ward N, Wiatrak C, Russo J, Townes B, Varley C. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: assessment guidelines based on clinical presentation to a specialty clinic. Compr Psychiatry 1997 May-Jun;38(3):133-40.

Rugle L, Melamed L. Neuropsychological assessment of attention problems in pathological gamblers. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993 Feb;181(2):107-12.

Schaughency E, McGee R, Raja SN, Feehan M, Silva PA. Self-reported inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity at ages 15 and 18 years in the general population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Feb;33(2):173-84.

Shekim WO, Asarnow RF, Hess E, Zaucha K, Wheeler N. A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Compr Psychiatry 1990 Sep-Oct;31(5):416-25.

Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Jun;150(6):885-9. Published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1280.

Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T. Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Mar;24(2):211-20.

Wender P. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A wide view of a widespread condition. Psychiatr Ann 1997 Aug;27:556-62.
Return to table of contents

----

## Safety and Efficacy of Treatments: Short and Long Term

----

### Stimulant Medications

Aarskog D, Fevang F, Klove H, Stoa K, Thorsen T. The effect of the stimulant drugs, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, on secretion of growth hormone in hyperactive children. J Pediatr 1977 Jan;90(1):136-9.

Adams W. Effect of methylphenidate on thought processing time in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1982 Sep;3(3):133-5.

Alessandri SM, Schramm K. Effects of dextroamphetamine on the cognitive and social play of a preschooler with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):768-72.

Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, Arnold LE. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD: clinical and side effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jul;32(4):851-9.

Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, Arnold LE. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: laboratory effects. J Autism Dev Disord 1993 Sep;23(3):491-506.

Aman MG, Marks RE, Turbott SH, Wilsher CP, Merry SN. Methylphenidate and thioridazine in the treatment of intellectually subaverage children: effects on cognitive-motor performance. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):816-24.

Arakawa O. Effects of methamphetamine and methylphenidate on single and paired rat open-field behaviors. Physiol Behav 1994 Mar;55(3):441-6.

Arnett PA, Fischer M, Newby RF. The effect of Ritalin on response to reward and punishment in children with ADHD. Child Study J 1996;26(1):51-70.

Ball JD, Tiernan M, Janusz J, Furr A. Sleep patterns among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a reexamination of parent perceptions. J Pediatr Psychol 1997 Jun;22(3):389-98.

Ballinger CT, Varley CK, Nolen PA. Effects of methylphenidate on reading in children with attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1984 Dec;141(12):1590-3.

Balthazor MJ, Wagner RK, Pelham WE. The specificity of the effects of stimulant medication on classroom learning-related measures of cognitive processing for attention deficit disorder children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Feb;19(1):35-52.

Barkley RA, Cunningham CE. The effects of methylphenidate on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Feb;36(2):201-8.

Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate. Pediatrics 1991 Apr;87(4):519-31.

Barkley RA, McMurray MB, Edelbrock CS, Robbins K. The response of aggressive and nonaggressive ADHD children to two doses of methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):873-81. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jul;29(4):670.

Barkley RA, McMurray MB, Edelbrock CS, Robbins K. Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics 1990 Aug;86(2):184-92.

Barnett JV, Kuczenski R. Desensitization of rat striatal dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase after acute amphetamine administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986 Jun;237(3):820-5.

Battaglia G, Yeh SY, O'Hearn E, Molliver ME, Kuhar MJ, De Souza EB. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine destroy serotonin terminals in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987 Sep;242(3):911-6.

Bawden HN, MacDonald GW, Shea S. Treatment of children with Williams syndrome with methylphenidate. J Child Neurol 1997;12(4):248-52.

Becker-Mattes A, Mattes JA, Abikoff H, Brandt L. State-dependent learning in hyperactive children receiving methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 1985 Apr;142(4):455-9.

Bell RD, Alexander GM, Schwartzman RJ, Yu J. The methylphenidate-induced stereotypy in the awake rat: local cerebral metabolism. Neurology 1982 Apr;32(4):377-81.

Berkovitch M, Pope E, Phillips J, Koren G. Pemoline-associated fulminant liver failure: Testing the evidence for causation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57(6):696-8.

Bhattacharyya AK, Ghosh B, Aulakh CS, Pradhan SN. Correlation of behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute administration of methylphenidate in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1980;4(2):129-36.

Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Cooper TB, Rapoport JL. Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children. Neuropsychopharmacology 1989 Dec;2(4):255-63.

Bowen J, Fenton T, Rappaport L. Stimulant medication and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The child's perspective. Am J Dis Child 1991 Mar;145(3):291-5.

Breggin PR, Breggin GR. The hazards of treating "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" with methylphenidate (Ritalin). J Coll Stud Psychother 1995;10:55-72.

Brown RT, Borden KA, Clingerman SR. Adherence to methylphenidate therapy in a pediatric population: a preliminary investigation. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(1):28-36.

Brown RT, Borden KA, Clingerman SR. Pharmacotherapy in ADD adolescents with special attention to multimodality treatments. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(2):192-211.

Brown RT, Sexson SB. A controlled trial of methylphenidate in black adolescents. Attentional, behavioral, and physiological effects. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1988 Feb;27(2):74-81.

Brown RT, Sexson SB. Effects of methylphenidate on cardiovascular responses in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1989 May;10(3):179-83.

Brown RT, Slimmer LW, Wynne ME. How much stimulant medication is appropriate for hyperactive school children? J Sch Health 1984 Mar;54(3):128-30.

Brown RT, Wynne ME. Sustained attention in boys with attention deficit disorder and the effect of methylphenidate. Pediatr Nurs 1984 Jan-Feb;10(1):35-9.

Brown RT, Wynne ME, Slimmer LW. Attention deficit disorder and the effect of methylphenidate on attention, behavioral, and cardiovascular functioning. J Clin Psychiatry 1984 Nov;45(11):473-6.

Brown WA, Williams BW. Methylphenidate increases serum growth hormone concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976 Oct;43(4):937-9.

Buhrmester D, Whalen CK, Henker B, MacDonald V, Hinshaw SP. Prosocial behavior in hyperactive boys: effects of stimulant medication and comparison with normal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Feb;20(1):103-21.

Buitelaar JK, Van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M. Prediction of clinical response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):1025-32.

Bylsma FW, Pivik RT. The effects of background illumination and stimulant medication on smooth pursuit eye movements of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Feb;17(1):73-90.

Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Hoza B. ADHD boys' performance and attributions following success and failure: Drug effects and individual differences. Cogn Ther Res 1993;17(3):269-87.

Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Swanson JM, Wagner JL. A divided attention analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the arithmetic performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 1991;32(3):463-71.

Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 May;36(5):589-96.

Chan YP, Swanson JM, Soldin SS, Thiessen JJ, Macleod SM, Logan W. Methylphenidate hydrochloride given with or before breakfast: II. Effects on plasma concentration of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid. Pediatrics 1983 Jul;72(1):56-9.

Charles L, Schain R, Zelniker T. Optimal dosages of methylphenidate for improving the learning and behavior of hyperactive children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1981 Sep;2(3):78-81.

Coffey B, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines and psychostimulants in children. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983 Aug;3(4):217-25.

Collier CP, Soldin SJ, Swanson JM, MacLeod SM, Weinberg F, Rochefort JG. Pemoline pharmacokinetics and long term therapy in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985 May-Jun;10(3):269-78.

Conners CK, Taylor E. Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980 Aug;37(8):922-30.

Costall B, Naylor RJ. The involvement of dopinergic systems with the stereotyped behavior patterns induced by methylphenidate. J Pharm Pharmacol 1974 Jan;26(1):30-3.

Cotton MF, Rothberg AD. Methylphenidate v. placebo--a randomised double-blind crossover study in children with the attention deficit disorder. S Afr Med J 1988 Sep 17;74(6):268-71.

Cunningham CE, Barkley RA. The effects of methylphenidate on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive identical twins. Dev Med Child Neurol 1978 Oct;20(5):634-42.

Cunningham CE, Siegel LS, Offord DR. A dose-response analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the peer interactions and simulated classroom performance of ADD children with and without conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Mar;32(3):439-52.

Davy T, Rodgers CL. Stimulant medication and short attention span: a clinical approach. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1989 Dec;10(6):313-8.

Donnelly M, Rapoport JL, Potter WZ, Oliver J, Keysor CS, Murphy DL. Fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine treatment of childhood hyperactivity. Clinical and biochemical findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Mar;46(3):205-12.

Douglas VI, Barr RG, Amin K, O'Neill ME, Britton BG. Dosage effects and individual responsivity to methylphenidate in attention deficit disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988 Jul;29(4):453-75.

Douglas VI, Barr RG, Desilets J, Sherman E. Do high doses of stimulants impair flexible thinking in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Jul;34(7):877-85.

Dunnick JK, Eustis SL. Decreases in spontaneous tumors in rats and mice after treatment with amphetamine. Toxicology 1991 May;67(3):325-32.

Dunnick JK, Hailey JR. Experimental studies on the long-term effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride. Toxicology 1995 Nov 30;103(2):77-84.

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Kwasnik D, Barkely RA, McMurray MB. Methylphenidate effects on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: self-report of symptoms, side-effects and self-esteem. J Atten Disord 1996 Apr;1(1):3-15.

DuPaul GJ, Rapport MD. Does methylphenidate normalize the classroom performance of children with attention deficit disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):190-8.

Dyme IZ, Sahakian BJ, Golinko BE, Rabe EF. Perseveration induced by methylphenidate in children: preliminary findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982;6(3):269-73.

Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics 1997 Oct;100(4):662-6.

Elia J, Borcherding BG, Potter WZ, Mefford IN, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS. Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity: biochemical correlates. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990 Jul;48(1):57-66.

Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Res 1991 Feb;36(2):141-55.

Elia J, Welsh PA, Gullotta CS, Rapoport JL. Classroom academic performance: improvement with both methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine in ADHD boys. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Jul;34(5):785-804.

Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik J, Schmidt M, Jons PH, Liebenauer LL, Hardy KK, Cohen RM. Intravenous dextroamphetamine and brain glucose metabolism. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997 Dec;17(6):391-401.

Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Liebenauer L, Fitzgerald GA, Cohen RM. Effects of intravenous dextroamphetamine on brain metabolism in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Preliminary findings. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994;30(2):219-25.

Evans RW, Gualtieri CT, Amara I. Methylphenidate and memory: dissociated effects in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986;90(2):211-6.

Evans SW, Pelham WE. Psychostimulant effects on academic and behavioral measures for ADHD junior high school students in a lecture format classroom. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991;19(5):537-52.

Feigin A, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Beach J, Dimitsopulos T, Brower CA, Chapieski L, Trinidad K, Como P, Jankovic J. A controlled trial of deprenyl in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology 1996 Apr;46(4):965-8.

Feldman H, Crumrine P, Handen BL, Alvin R, Teodori J. Methylphenidate in children with seizures and attention-deficit disorder. Am J Dis Child 1989 Sep;143(9):1081-6.

Fialkov MJ, Hasley S. Psychotropic drug effects contributing to psychiatric hospitalization of children: a preliminary study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1984 Dec;5(6):325-30.

Firestone P, Davey J, Goodman JT, Peters S. The effects of caffeine and methylphenidate on hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1978 Summer;17(3):445-56.

Fitzpatrick PA, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Borgstedt AD. Effects of sustained-release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):226-34.

Flintoff MM, Barron RW, Swanson JM, Ledlow A, Kinsbourne M. Methylphenidate increases selectivity of visual scanning in children referred for hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982 Jun;10(2):145-61.

Forness SR, Swanson JM, Cantwell D, Guthrie D, Sena R. Response to stimulant medication across six measures of school-related performance in children with ADHD and disruptive behavior. Behav Disord 1992 Nov;18(1):42-53.

Funk JB, Chessare JB, Weaver MT, Exley AR. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, creativity, and the effects of methylphenidate. Pediatrics 1993 Apr;91(4):816-9.

Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Paolicelli L. Methylphenidate in aggressive-hyperactive boys: I. Effects on peer aggression in public school settings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Sep;29(5):710-8.

Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Ezor SN. Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):444-55. Published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Oct;52(10):836.

Garfinkel BD, Webster CD, Sloman L. Individual responses to methylphenidate and caffeine in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Can Med Assoc J 1975 Oct 18;113(8):729-32.

Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring AL, Janols LO, Thernlund G, Hagglof B, Eidevall-Wallin L, Gustafsson P, Kopp S. Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Sep;54(9):857-64.

Gittelman R. Indications for the use of stimulant treatment in learning disorders. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1980 Autumn;19(4):623-36.

Gittelman R, Klein DF, Feingold I. Children with reading disorders--II. Effects of methylphenidate in combination with reading remediation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Apr;24(2):193-212.

Granger DA, Whalen CK, Henker B. Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children's peer interactions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Oct;21(5):535-49.

Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn J, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Wells K. Medication treatment strategies in the MTA Study: relevance to clinicians and researchers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Oct;35(10):1304-13.

Gross-Tsur V, Manor O, van der Meere J, Joseph A, Shalev RS. Epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is methylphenidate safe and effective? J Pediatr 1997 Apr;130(4):670-4. Corrected and republished article originally printed in J Pediatr 1997 Jan;130(1):40-4. Comment in: J Pediatr 1997 Jan;130(1):6-9.

Handen BL, Feldman H, Gosling A, Breaux AM, McAuliffe S. Adverse side effects of methylphenidate among mentally retarded children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Mar;30(2):241-5.

Hartley L. Hyperactivity, drugs and attention to features in a story. Br J Clin Psychol 1986 Sep;25(Pt3):233-4

Henderson TA, Fischer VW. Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on mammalian myocardial ultrastructure. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1995;5(1):68-78.

Hinshaw SP, Buhrmester D, Heller T. Anger control in response to verbal provocation: effects of stimulant medication for boys with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Aug;17(4):393-407.

Hinshaw SP, Henker B, Whalen CK, Erhardt D, Dunnington RE Jr. Aggressive, prosocial, and nonsocial behavior in hyperactive boys: dose effects of methylphenidate in naturalistic settings. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Oct;57(5):636-43.

Hoeppner JB, Hale JB, Bradley AM, Byrnes M, Coury DL, Lennie L, Trommer BL. A clinical protocol for determining methylphenidate dosage levels in ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Apr;2(1):19-30.

Hughes RN. Methylphenidate induced inhibition of exploratory behaviour in rats. Life Sci 1972 Feb;11(4 Pt 1):161-7.

Ishiguro Y, Morgan JP. Biphasic inotropic effects of methamphetamine and methylphenidate on ferret papillary muscles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997 Dec;30(6):744-9.

Jacobvitz D, Sroufe LA, Stewart M, Leffert N. Treatment of attentional and hyperactivity problems in children with sympathomimetic drugs: a comprehensive review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Sep;29(5):677-88. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Mar;30(2):335.

Johnston C, Pelham WE, Hoza J, Sturges J. Psychostimulant rebound in attention deficit disordered boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Nov;27(6):806-10.

Joyce PR, Donald RA, Nicholls MG, Livesey JH, Abbott RM. Endocrine and behavioral responses to methylphenidate in normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1986 Sep;21(11):1015-23.

Kelly KL, Rapport MD, DuPaul GJ. Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: a multi-step analysis of dose-response effects on children's cardiovascular functioning. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1988 Apr;3(2):167-81.

Kent JD, Blader JC, Koplewicz HS, Abikoff H, Foley CA. Effects of late-afternoon methylphenidate administration on behavior and sleep in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1995 Aug;96(2 Pt 1):320-5. Comment in: Pediatrics 1996 Aug;98(2 Pt 1):314.

Klein RG. Effects of high methylphenidate doses on the cognitive performance of hyperactive children. Bratisl Lek Listy 1991 Nov;92(11):534-9.

Klein RG. The role of methylphenidate in psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):429-33.

Klein RG, Abikoff H, Klass E, Ganeles D, Seese LM, Pollack S. Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Dec;54(12):1073-80.

Klein RG, Landa B, Mattes JA, Klein DF. Methylphenidate and growth in hyperactive children. A controlled withdrawal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988 Dec;45(12):1127-30.

Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. III. Methylphenidate effects on ultimate height. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988 Dec;45(12):1131-4.

Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Salzman LF, Strauss J, Borgstedt AD, McBride MC, Loeb S. Effects of methylphenidate on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without aggressive/noncompliant features. J Abnorm Psychol 1988 Nov;97(4):413-22.

Klorman R, Salzman LF, Bauer LO, Coons HW, Borgstedt AD, Halpern WI. Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on cross-situational and borderline hyperactive children's evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983 Aug;56(2):169-85.

Koek W, Colpaert FC. Inhibition of methylphenidate-induced behaviors in rats: differences among neuroleptics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993 Oct;267(1):181-91.

Kuczenski R, Segal DS. Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine . J Neurochem 1997 May;68(5):2032-7. Published erratum appears in J Neurochem 1997 Sep;69(3):1332.

Lipkin PH, Goldstein IJ, Adesman AR. Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 Aug;148(8):859-61.

Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P. Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Arch Neurol 1984 Aug;41(8):825-9.

Malone MA, Kershner JR, Siegel L. The effects of methylphenidate on levels of processing and laterality in children with attention deficit disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Aug;16(4):379-95.

Malone MA, Swanson JM. Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive responding in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1993 Apr;8(2):157-63.

Marotta PJ, Roberts EA. Pemoline hepatoxicity in children. J Pediatr 1998 May;132(5):894-7.

Mathieu JF, Ferron A, Dewar KM, Reader TA. Acute and chronic effects of methylphenidate on cortical adrenoceptors in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1989 Mar 14;162(1):173-8.

Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, King AC, Szymanski HV, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after chronic stimulant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1994 May;151(5):658-64.

Matochik JA, Nordahl TE, Gross M, Semple WE, King AC, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Effects of acute stimulant medication on cerebral metabolism in adults with hyperactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993 Jun;8(4):377-86.

Mattes JA, Boswell L, Oliver H. Methylphenidate effects on symptoms of attention deficit disorder in adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984 Nov;41(11):1059-63.

Mattes JA, Gittelman R. Growth of hyperactive children on maintenance regimen of methylphenidate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983 Mar;40(3):317-21.

McBride MC. An individual double-blind crossover trial for assessing methylphenidate response in children with attention deficit disorder. J Pediatr 1988 Jul;113(1 Pt 1):137-45. Comment in: J Pediatr 1989 May;114(5):902-3.

Melega WP, Raleigh MJ, Stout DB, Huang SC, Phelps ME. Ethological and 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA-PET profiles of long-term vulnerability to chronic amphetamine. Behav Brain Res 1997 Mar;84(1-2):259-68.

Melega WP, Raleigh MJ, Stout DB, Lacan G, Huang SC, Phelps ME. Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey. Brain Res 1997 Aug 22;766(1-2):113-20.

Milich R, Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Licht BG. Effects of methylphenidate on the persistence of ADHD boys following failure experiences. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Oct;19(5):519-36.

Milich R, Licht BG, Murphy DA, Pelham WE. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered boys' evaluations of and attributions for task performance on medication versus placebo. J Abnorm Psychol 1989 Aug;98(3):280-4.

Millard WJ, Standish LJ. The paradoxical effect of central nervous system stimulants on hyperactivity: a paradox unexplained by the rate-dependent effect. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982 Aug;170(8):499-501.

Mueller K. Locomotor stereotypy is produced by methylphenidate and amfonelic acid and reduced by haloperidol but not clozapine or thioridazine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993 May;45(1):71-6.

Murphy DA, Pelham WE, Lang AR. Aggression in boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: methylphenidate effects on naturalistically observed aggression, response to provocation, and social information processing. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Oct;20(5):451-66.

Nolan EE, Gadow KD. Children with ADHD and tic disorder and their classmates: behavioral normalization with methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 May;36(5):597-604.

O'Toole K, Abramowitz A, Morris R, Dulcan M. Effects of methylphenidate on attention and nonverbal learning in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Apr;36(4):531-8.

Pearson DA, Santos CW, Roache JD, Loveland KA, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD: Preliminary findings from a study in progress. J Dev Phys Disabil 1996 Dec;8(4):313-33.

Pelham WE Jr, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, Guthrie KJ, Hoover MD, Dahl RE. Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 1990 Aug;86(2):226-37.

Pelham WE Jr, McBurnett K, Harper GW, Milich R, Murphy DA, Clinton J, Thiele C. Methylphenidate and baseball playing in ADHD children: who's on first? J Consult Clin Psychol 1990 Feb;58(1):130-3.

Pelham WE Jr, Sturges J, Hoza J, Schmidt C, Bijlsma JJ, Milich R, Moorer S. Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1987 Oct;80(4):491-501.

Pelham WE Jr, Swanson JM, Furman MB, Schwindt H. Pemoline effects on children with ADHD: a time-response by dose-response analysis on classroom measures. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Nov;34(11):1504-13.

Pelham WE Jr, Walker JL, Sturges J, Hoza J. Comparative effects of methylphenidate on ADD girls and ADD boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Sep;28(5):773-6.

Pelham WE, Bender ME, Caddell J, Booth S, Moorer SH. Methylphenidate and children with attention deficit disorder. Dose effects on classroom academic and social behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):948-52.

Pelham WE, Hoza B, Kipp HL, Gnagy EM, Trane ST. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy of ADHD children's performance, self-evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a cognitive task. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 Feb;5(1):3-13.

Pelham WE, Murphy DA, Vannatta K, Milich R, Licht BG, Gnagy EM, Greenslade KE, Greiner AR, Vodde-Hamilton M. Methylphenidate and attributions in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Apr;60(2):282-92.

Pliszka SR. Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):882-7.

Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JW. Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Mar;35(3):264-72. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jul;36(7):869-70.

Porrino LJ, Lucignani G. Different patterns of local brain energy metabolism associated with high and low doses of methylphenidate. Relevance to its action in hyperactive children. Biol Psychiatry 1987 Feb;22(2):126-38.

Porrino LJ, Rapoport JL, Behar D, Ismond DR, Bunney WE Jr. A naturalistic assessment of the motor activity of hyperactive boys. II. Stimulant drug effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983 Jun;40(6):688-93.

Prince JB, Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Wozniak JR. Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic chart review of 62 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 May;35(5):599-605.

Randrup A, Munkvad I. Stereotyped activities produced by amphetamine in several animal species and man. Psychopharmacologia 1967;11(4):300-10.

Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Weingartner H, Zahn TP, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen EJ. Dextroamphetamine. Its cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980 Aug;37(8):933-43.

Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Zahn TP, Weingartner J, Ludlow C, Mikkelson EJ. Dextroamphetamine: cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science 1978 Feb 3;199(4328):560-3.

Rapport MD, Denney C, DuPaul GJ, Gardner MJ. Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: normalization rates, clinical effectiveness, and response prediction in 76 children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):882-93.

Rapport MD, DuPaul GJ, Stoner G, Birmingham BK, Masse G. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: differential effects of methylphenidate on impulsivity. Pediatrics 1985 Dec;76(6):938-43.

Rapport MD, Stoner G, DuPaul GJ, Birmingham BK, Tucker S. Methylphenidate in hyperactive children: differential effects of dose on academic, learning, and social behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Jun;13(2):227-43.

Rebec GV, Bashore TR. Critical issues in assessing the behavioral effects of amphetamine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1984 Spring;8(1):153-9.

Reid MK, Borkowski JG. Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on information processing in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Mar;12(1):169-85.

Ricaurte GA, Fuller RW, Perry KW, Seiden LS, Schuster CR. Fluoxetine increases long-lasting neostriatal dopamine depletion after administration of d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine. Neuropharmacology 1983 Oct;22(10):1165-9.

Ricaurte GA, Seiden LS, Schuster CR. Further evidence that amphetamines produce long-lasting dopamine neurochemical deficits by destroying dopamine nerve fibers. Brain Res 1984 Jun 15;303(2):359-64.

Richardson E, Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Maitinsky S, Mendell N. Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children: II. Reading achievement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Jan;27(1):78-87.

Rie HE, Rie ED, Stewart S, Ambuel JP. Effects of methylphenidate on underachieving children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1976 Apr;44(2):250-60.

Roberts SM, Harbison RD, Roth L, James RC. Methylphenidate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and its potentiation by beta-adrenergic agonist drugs. Life Sci 1994;55(4):269-81.

Rosh JR, Dellert SF, Narkewicz M, Birnbaum A, Whitington G. Four cases of severe hepatotoxicity associated with pemoline: Possible autoimmune pathogenesis. Pediatrics 1998;101(5):921-3.

Rossel E. [Attention in hyperkinetic children: a signal detection analysis of the effect of methylphenidate]. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr 1987;15(1):6-17. (Ger).

Safer DJ. Central stimulant treatment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Issues and recommendations from a US perspective. CNS Drugs 1997;7(4):264-72.

Safer DJ. Relative cardiovascular safety of psychostimulants used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992 Winter;2(4):279-90.

Safer DJ, Allen RP. Absence of tolerance to the behavioral effects of methylphenidate in hyperactive and inattentive children. J Pediatr 1989 Dec;115(6):1003-8.

Safer DJ, Allen RP, Barr E. Growth rebound after termination of stimulation drugs. J Pediatr 1975 Jan;86(1):113-6.

Sallee F, Stiller R, Perel J, Bates T. Oral pemoline kinetics in hyperactive children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985 Jun;37(6):606-9.

Sallee FR, Stiller RL, Perel JM. Pharmacodynamics of pemoline in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):244-51.

Sallee FR, Stiller RL, Perel JM, Everett G. Pemoline-induced abnormal involuntary movements. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989 Apr;9(2):125-9. Comment in: J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990 Aug;10(4):302-3.

Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Barb SD. Potential risk of prolonged administration of stimulant medication for hyperactive children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1980 Sep;1(3):102-7.

Schachar R, Tannock R. Childhood hyperactivity and psychostimulants: a review of extended treatment studies. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1993 Summer;3(2):81-97.

Schachar R, Taylor E, Wieselberg M, Thorley G, Rutter M. Changes in family function and relationships in children who respond to methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep;26(5):728-32.

Schachar RJ, Tannock R, Cunningham C, Corkum PV. Behavioral, situational, and temporal effects of treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jun;36(6):754-63.

Schechter MD, Timmons GD. Objectively measured hyperactivity--II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects. J Clin Pharmacol 1985 May-Jun;25(4):276-80.

Schiorring E. Social isolation and other behavioral changes in groups of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) produced by low, nonchronic doses of d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979 Sep;64(3):297-302.

Schleifer M, Weiss G, Cohen N, Elman M, Cvejic J, Kruger E. Hyperactivity in preschoolers and the effect of methylphenidate. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1975 Jan;45(1):38-50.

Schultz FR, Hayford JT, Wolraich ML, Hintz RL, Thompson RG. Methylphenidate treatment of hyperactive children: effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatomedin axis. Pediatrics 1982 Dec;70(6):987-92.

Sebrechts MM, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Jatlow P, Anderson GM, Cohen DJ. Components of attention, methylphenidate dosage, and blood levels in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1986 Feb;77(2):222-8.

Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Sebrechts MM, Anderson GM, Cohen DJ, Jatlow P, Young JG. Growth hormone and prolactin response to methylphenidate in children with attention deficit disorder. Life Sci 1990;46(9):625-33.

Shaywitz SE, Hunt RD, Jatlow P, Cohen DJ, Young JG, Pierce RN, Anderson GM, Shaywitz BA. Psychopharmacology of attention deficit disorder: pharmacokinetic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral measures following acute and chronic treatment with methylphenidate. Pediatrics 1982 Jun;69(6):688-94.

Shea VT. State-dependent learning in children receiving methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982;78(3):266-70.

Shevell M, Schreiber R. Pemoline-associated hepatic failure: a critical analysis of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 1997 Jan;16(1):14-6.

Shouse MN, Lubar JF. Physiological basis of hyperkinesis treated with methylphenidate. Pediatrics 1978 Sep;62(3):343-51.

Sleator EK, Ullmann RK, Neumann A. How do hyperactive children feel about taking stimulants and will they tell the doctor? Clin Pediatr 1982 Aug;21(8):474-9.

Smith BH, Pelham WE, Evans S, Gnagy E, Molina B, Bukstein O, Greiner A, Myak C, Presnell M, Willoughby M. Dosage effects of methylphenidate on the social behavior of adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;6(2):187-204.

Smith BH, Pelham WE, Gnagy E, Yudell RS. Equivalent effects of stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood and adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Mar;37(3):314-21.

Soetens E, Casaer S, D'Hooge R, Hueting JE. Effect of amphetamine on long-term retention of verbal material. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995 May;119(2):155-62.

Solanto MV. Behavioral effects of low-dose methylphenidate in childhood attention deficit disorder: implications for a mechanism of stimulant drug action. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1986 Jan;25(1):96-101.

Solanto MV, Conners CK. A dose-response and time-action analysis of autonomic and behavioral effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Psychophysiology 1982 Nov;19(6):658-67.

Solanto MV, Wender EH. Does methylphenidate constrict cognitive functioning? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):897-902. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jan;29(1):156.

Solanto MV, Wender EH, Bartell SS. Effects of methylphenidate and behavioral contingencies on sustained attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the reward dysfunction hypothesis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997 Summer;7(2):123-36.

Sonsalla PK, Jochnowitz ND, Zeevalk GD, Oostveen JA, Hall ED. Treatment of mice with methamphetamine produces cell loss in the substantia nigra. Brain Res 1996 Oct 28;738(1):172-5.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Apr;35(4):409-32. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Dec;35(12):1569-70; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):301-2.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Prince J, Hatch M, Jones J, Harding M, Faraone SV, Seidman L. Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998 May;155(5):693-5.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Steingard R, Geist D. Nortriptyline treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):205-10.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wright V, Danon M. Growth deficits in children treated with desipramine: a controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):235-43. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Nov;31(6):1167-8.

Spencer T, Wilens T, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Ablon JS, Lapey K. A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):434-43.

Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE. Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1460-9.

Sroufe LA, Stewart MA. Treating problem children with stimulant drugs. N Engl J Med 1973 Aug;289(8):407-13.

Steinhausen HC, Romahn G, Gobel D. Computer analyzed EEG in methylphenidate-responsive hyperactive children. Neuropediatrics 1984 Feb;15(1):28-32.

Stephens RS, Pelham WE, Skinner R. State-dependent and main effects of methylphenidate and pemoline on paired-associate learning and spelling in hyperactive children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984 Feb;52(1):104-13.

Swanson J, Kinsbourne M, Roberts W, Zucker K. Time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity. Pediatrics 1978 Jan;61(1):21-9.

Swanson J, Wigal S, Greenhill L, Browne R, Waslick B, Lerner M, Williams L, Flynn D, Agler D, Crowley KL, Fineberg E, Regino R, Baren M, Cantwell D. Objective and subjective measures of the pharmacodynamic effects of Adderall in the treatment of children with ADHD in a controlled laboratory classroom setting. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998;34(1):55-60.

Swanson JM, McBurnett K, Wigal T, Pfiffner L, Lerner MA, Williams L, et al. Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: a review of reviews. Except Child 1993 Oct-Nov;60(2):154-61.

Swanson JM, Sandman CA, Deutsch C, Baren M. Methylphenidate hydrochloride given with or before breakfast: I. Behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiologic effects. Pediatrics 1983 Jul;72(1):49-55.

Swanson JM, Wigal S, Greenhill LL, Browne R, Waslik B, Lerner M, Williams L, Flynn D, Agler D, Crowley K, Fineberg E, Baren M, Cantwell DP. Analog classroom assessment of Adderall in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 May;37(5):519-26.

Swartwood MO, Swartwood JN, Lubar JF, Timmermann DL, Zimmerman AW, Muenchen RA. Methylphenidate effects on EEG, behavior, and performance in boys with ADHD. Pediatr Neurol 1998 Mar;18(3):244-50.

Tannock R, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Differential effects of methylphenidate on working memory in ADHD children with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Jul;34(7):886-96.

Tannock R, Schachar R, Logan G. Methylphenidate and cognitive flexibility: dissociated dose effects in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Apr;23(2):235-66.

Tannock R, Schachar RJ, Carr RP, Chajczyk D, Logan GD. Effects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Oct;17(5):473-91. Published erratum appears in J Abnorm Child Psychol 1990 Feb;18(1):119.

Tannock R, Schachar RJ, Carr RP, Logan GD. Dose-response effects of methylphenidate on academic performance and overt behavior in hyperactive children. Pediatrics 1989 Oct;84(4):648-57.

Tannock R, Schachar RJ, Logan G. Does methylphenidate induce overfocusing in hyperactive children? J Clin Child Psychol 1993 Mar;22(1):28-41.

Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg HM, Everitt B, Rutter M. Which boys respond to stimulant medication? A controlled trial of methylphenidate in boys with disruptive behaviour. Psychol Med 1987 Feb;17(1):121-43.

Tirosh E, Sadeh A, Munvez R, Lavie P. Effects of methylphenidate on sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An activity monitor study. Am J Dis Child 1993;147(12):1313-5.

Toren P, Silbergeld A, Eldar S, Laor N, Wolmer L, Koren S, Weitz R, Inbar D, Reiss A, Eshet R, Weizman R. Lack of effect of methylphenidate on serum growth hormone (GH), GH-binding protein, and insulin-like growth factor I. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997 Jun;20(3):264-9.

Ullmann RK, Sleator EK. Responders, nonresponders, and placebo responders among children with attention deficit disorder. Importance of a blinded placebo evaluation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1986 Dec;25(12):594-9.

Urman R, Ickowicz A, Fulford P, Tannock R. An exaggerated cardiovascular response to methylphenidate in ADHD children with anxiety. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5(1):29-37.

Vincent J, Varley CK, Leger P. Effects of methylphenidate on early adolescent growth. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Apr;147(4):501-2.

Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ. Neurochemical mechanisms underlying responses to psychostimulants. NIDA Res Monogr 1996;159:322-48.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Angrist B, Hitzemann R, Lieberman J, Pappas N. Effects of methylphenidate on regional brain glucose metabolism in humans: relationship to dopamine D2 receptors. Am J Psychiatry 1997 Jan;154(1):50-5.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Gatley SJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Logan J, Hitzemann R, Angrist B, Lieberman J. Temporal relationships between the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in the human brain and its behavioral and cardiovascular effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996 Jan;123(1):26-33.

Wallander JL, Schroeder SR, Michelli JA, Gualtieri CT. Classroom social interactions of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity children as a function of stimulant medication. J Pediatr Psychol 1987 Mar;12(1):61-76.

Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Ferrieri R, Schlyer DJ, Alexoff D, Pappas N, Lieberman J, King P, Warner D, et al. Methylphenidate decreases regional cerebral blood flow in normal human subjects. Life Sci 1994;54(9):PL143-6.

Weingartner H, Langer D, Grice J, Rapoport JL. Acquisition and retrieval of information in amphetamine-treated hyperactive children. Psychiatry Res 1982 Feb;6(1):21-9.

Weingartner H, Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Bunney WE Jr, Ebert MH, Mikkelsen EJ, Caine ED. Cognitive processes in normal and hyperactive children and their response to amphetamine treatment. J Abnorm Psychol 1980 Feb;89(1):25-37.

Weizman R, Dick J, Gil-Ad I, Weitz R, Tyano S, Laron Z. Effects of acute and chronic methylphenidate administration on beta-endorphin, growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. Life Sci 1987 Jun 8;40(23):2247-52.

Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D, Ward M. A controlled study of methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type, in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1985 May;142(5):547-52.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Buhrmester D, Hinshaw SP, Huber A, Laski K. Does stimulant medication improve the peer status of hyperactive children? J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Aug;57(4):545-9.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Castro J, Granger D. Peer perceptions of hyperactivity and medication effects. Child Dev 1987 Jun;58(3):816-28.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Dotemoto S. Teacher response to the methylphenidate (ritalin) versus placebo status of hyperactive boys in the classroom. Child Dev 1981 Sep;52(3):1005-14.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Finck D. Medication effects in the classroom: three naturalistic indicators. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Dec;9(4):419-33.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Granger DA. Ratings of medication effects in hyperactive children: viable or vulnerable? Behav Assess 1989;11(2):179-99.

Whalen CK, Henker B, Swanson JM, Granger D, Kliewer W, Spencer J. Natural social behaviors in hyperactive children: dose effects of methylphenidate. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987 Apr;55(2):187-93.

Whitehouse D, Shah U, Palmer FB. Comparison of sustained-release and standard methylphenidate in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 1980 Aug;41(8):282-5.

Wilens TE, Biederman J. The stimulants. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992 Mar;15(1):191-222.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. CNS Drugs 1998;9(5):347-56.

Winsberg BG, Kupietz SS, Sverg J, Hungund BL, Young NL. Methylphenidate oral dose plasma concentrations and behavioral response in children. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982;76(4):329-32.

Wolraich ML. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with methylphenidate. Curr Opin Pediatr 1991;3(4):611-4.

Wroblewski BA, Leary JM, Phelan AM, Whyte J, Manning K. Methylphenidate and seizure frequency in brain injured patients with seizure disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1992 Mar;53(3):86-9.

Yuan J, McCann U, Ricaurte G. Methylphenidate and brain dopamine neurotoxicity. Brain Res 1997 Aug 29;767(1):172-5.

Zametkin AJ, Karoum F, Linnoila M, Rapoport JL, Brown GL, Chuang LW, Wyatt RJ. Stimulants, urinary catecholamines, and indoleamines in hyperactivity. A comparison of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Mar;42(3):251-5.

Zametkin AJ, Linnoila M, Karoum F, Sallee R. Pemoline and urinary excretion of catecholamines and indoleamines in children with attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986 Mar;143(3):359-62.

Zeiner P. Body growth and cardiovascular function after extended treatment (1.75 years) with methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995 Summer;5(2):129-38.
Return to table of contents

----

### Nonstimulant Medications

Adler LA, Resnick S, Kunz M, Devinsky O. Open-label trial of venlafaxine in adults with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31(4):785-8.

Barrickman L, Noyes R, Kuperman S, Schumacher E, Verda M. Treatment of ADHD with fluoxetine: a preliminary trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):762-7.

Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, Kuperman S, Arndt SV, Herrmann KJ, Schumacher E. Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):649-57.

Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Goldblatt A, Lapey KA, Doyle A, Hesslein PS. A naturalistic study of 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings and echocardiographic findings in children and adolescents treated with desipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jul;32(4):805-13. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Feb;34(2):125-6.

Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Knee D, Harmatz JS. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Sep;28(5):777-84.

Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Knee D, Harmatz JS, Goldblatt A. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment ADD: II. Serum drug levels and cardiovascular findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):903-11.

Biederman J, Gastfriend D, Jellinek MS, Goldblatt A. Cardiovascular effects of desipramine in children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder. J Pediatr 1985 Jun;106(6):1017-20.

Biederman J, Thisted RA, Greenhill LL, Ryan ND. Estimation of the association between desipramine and the risk for sudden death in 5- to 14-year-old children. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(3):87-93.

Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Schroeder DH, Parler DW. Bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25(2):198-201.

Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Van Wyck Fleet J. A double-blind trial of bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23(1):120-2.

Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, Lynch KA, Schultz R, Arnsten A, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Sep;34(9):1140-6.

Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT, Weller E, Reader M, Reiss A, Weller RA, Khayrallah M, Ascher J. Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Oct;35(10):1314-21.

Cox WH Jr. An indication for use of imipramine in attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1982 Aug;139(8):1059-60.

Findling RL, Schwartz MA, Flannery DJ, Manos MJ. Venlafaxine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 1996 May;57(5):184-9. Comment in: J Clin Psychiatry 1997 Apr;58(4):178-9.

Garfinkel BD, Wender PH, Sloman L, O'Neill I. Tricyclic antidepressant and methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit disorder in children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1983 Jul;22(4):343-8.

Gastfriend DR, Biederman J, Jellinek MS. Desipramine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder in adolescents. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(1):144-5.

Green WH. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with nonstimulant medications. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1995;4(1):169-95.

Greenhill LL, Rieder RO, Wender PH, Buchsbaum M, Zhan TP. Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973 May;28(5):636-40.

Gross MD. Buspirone in ADHD with ODD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Oct;34(10):1260.

Harvey DHP, Marsh RW. The effects of decaffeinated coffee versus whole coffee on hyperactive children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1978 Feb;20(1):81-6.

Hedges D, Reimherr FW, Rogers A, Strong R, Wender PH. An open trial of venlafaxine in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31(4):779-83.

Horrigan JP, Barnhill LJ. Guanfacine for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5(3):215-23.

Hunt RD. Treatment effects of oral and transdermal clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: an open pilot study in ADD-H. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23(1):111-4.

Hunt RD, Arnsten AF, Asbell MD. An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Jan;34(1):50-4. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Jan;35(1):3-4.

Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ. Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Sep;24(5):617-29.

Jankovic J. Deprenyl in attention deficit associated with Tourette's syndrome. Arch Neurol 1993 Mar;50(3):286-8.

Levin ED, Conners CK, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996 Jan;123(1):55-63.

Masters KJ. Alternative medications for ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):301.

Mattes JA. Propanolol for adults with temper outbursts and residual attention deficit disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986 Oct;6(5):299-302.

Olvera RL, Pliszka SR, Luh J, Tatum R. An open trial of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996 Winter;6(4):241-50.

Pataki CS, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Rapport MD, Biancaniello TM. Side effects of methylphenidate and desipramine alone and in combination in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Sep;32(5):1065-72.

Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Pataki C. Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children: I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):333-42. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Dec;34(12):1558-9.

Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Cho SC, Woolston JL, Leckman JF. Desipramine treatment of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 Nov;27(6):811-4.

Riddle MA, Nelson JC, Kleinman CS, Rasmusson A, Leckman JF, King RA, Cohen DJ. Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin: a review of three reported cases and commentary. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Jan;30(1):104-8.

Shekim WO, Masterson A, Cantwell DP, Hanna GL, McCracken JT. Nomifensine maleate in adult attention deficit disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989 May;177(5):296-9.

Simeon JG, Ferguson HB, Van Wyck Fleet J. Bupropion effects in attention deficit and conduct disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1986 Aug;31(6):581-5.

Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, Rosenberg LA, Mellits ED, Denckla MB. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics 1995 Jan;95(1):74-81.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Kerman K, Steingard R, Wilens T. Desipramine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):354-60.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Steingard R, Wilens T. Bupropion exacerbates tics in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32(1):211-14.

Steingard R, Biederman J, Spencer T, Wilens T, Gonzalez A. Comparison of clonidine response in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):350-3.

Steingard RJ, Goldberg M, Lee D, DeMaso DR. Adjunctive clonazepam treatment of tic symptoms in children with comorbid tic disorders and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Mar-Apr;33(3):394-9.

Swanson JM, Flockhart D, Udrea D, Cantwell DP, Connor DF, Williams L. Clonidine in the treatment of ADHD: questions about safety and efficacy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995 Winter;5(4):301-4.

Tellechea N, Guradioloa A, Barros HT, Hibig A. Efficacy of imipramine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int Pediatr 1991;6(4):343-6.

Tingelstad JB. The cardiotoxicity of the tricyclics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):845-6.

Trott GE, Friese HJ, Menzel M, Nissen G. Use of moclobemide in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 1992;106 Suppl:S134-6.

Wender PH, Reimherr FW. Bupropion treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Aug;147(8):1018-20.

Wender PH, Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Ward M. An open trial of pargyline in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychiatry Res 1983 Aug;9(4):329-36.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Abrantes AM, Spencer TJ. A naturalistic assessment of protriptyline for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1485-90.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Geist DE, Steingard R, Spencer T. Nortriptyline in the treatment of ADHD: a chart review of 58 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):343-9. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jan;33(1):142-3.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, Spencer TJ. A systematic assessment of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995 Jan;183(1):48-50.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Prince J, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Warburton R, Schleifer D, Harding M, Linehan C, Geller D. Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996 Sep;153(9):1147-53.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer T, Geist DE. A retrospective study of serum levels and electrocardiographic effects of nortriptyline in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):270-7.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Venlafaxine for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Jul;152(7):1099-100.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Prince J. Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15(4):270-9.

Zametkin A, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, Linnoila M, Ismond D. Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. I. Clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):962-6.

Zametkin A, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, Linnoila M, Karoum F, Potter WZ, Ismond D. Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. II. Plasma and urinary monoamine findings after treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):969-73.
Return to table of contents

----

### Psychosocial Interventions

Abikoff H. Cognitive training in ADHD children: less to it than meets the eye. J Learn Disabil 1991 Apr;24(4):205-9.

Abikoff H, Ganeles D, Reiter G, Blum C, Foley C, Klein RG. Cognitive training in academically deficient ADDH boys receiving stimulant medication. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Aug;16(4):411-32.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. Does behavior therapy normalize the classroom behavior of hyperactive children? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984 May;41(5):449-54.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. Hyperactive children treated with stimulants. Is cognitive training a useful adjunct? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):953-61.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. The normalizing effects of methylphenidate on the classroom behavior of ADDH children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):33-44.

Anastopoulos AD, Shelton TL, DuPaul GJ, Guevremont DC. Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: its impact on parent functioning. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Oct;21(5):581-96.

Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC. National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (the MTA). Design challenges and choices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Sep;54(9):865-70.

Bandsma LG. [Tailor-made group mediation therapy for parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Evaluation of a therapeutic intervention: Results and efficacy]. Kind Adolesc 1997 May;18(2):73-84. (Dut).

Barkley RA, Copeland AP, Sivage C. A self-control classroom for hyperactive children. J Autism Dev Disord 1980 Mar;10(1):75-89.

Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, Fletcher KE. A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Jun;60(3):450-62.

Barkley RA, Shelton TL, Crosswait C, Moorehouse M, Fletcher K, Barrett S, Jenkins L, Metevia L. Preliminary findings of an early intervention program with aggressive hyperactive children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 Sep 20;794:277-89.

Basu S, Deb A. Parent training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An integrated approach for greater effectiveness. Indian J Clin Psychol 1996 Sep;23(2):184-91.

Blakemore B, Shindler S, Conte R. A problem solving training program for parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J School Psychol 1993 Spring;9(1 Spec Issue):66-85.

Bloomquist ML, August GJ, Ostrander R. Effects of a school-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for ADHD children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Oct;19(5):591-605.

Brown RT. Impulsivity and psychoeducational intervention in hyperactive children. J Learn Disabil 1980 May;13(5):249-54.

Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Dixon J. Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Apr;20(2):213-32.

Cunningham CE, Bremner R, Secord-Gilbert M. Increasing the availability, accessibility, and cost efficacy of services for families of ADHD children: A school-based systems-oriented parenting course. Can J School Psychol 1993 Spring;9(1 Spec Issue):1-15.

DuPaul GJ, Eckert TL. Academic interventions for students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature. Read Writ Q 1998 Jan-Mar;14(1):59-82.

DuPaul GJ, Eckert TL. The effects of school-based interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis. School Psychol Rev 1997;26:5-27.

DuPaul GJ, Henningson PN. Peer tutoring effects on the classroom performance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. School Psychol Rev 1993;22(1):134-43.

Evans SW, Pelham W, Grudberg MV. The efficacy of notetaking to improve behavior and comprehension of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exceptionality 1994-95;5(1):1-17.

Henry GK. Symbolic modeling and parent behavioral training: effects on noncompliance of hyperactive children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1987 Jun;18(2):105-13.

Kellam S, Ialongo N, Brown H, Laudolff J, Mirsky A, Anthony B, Ahearn M, Anthony J, Edelsohn G, Dolan L. Attention problems in first grade and shy and aggressive behaviors as antecedents to later heavy or inhibited substance use. NIDA Res Monogr 1989;95:368-9.

Klein RG, Abikoff H. Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):89-114.

Konstantareas MM, Homatidis S. Effectiveness of cognitive mediation and behaviour modification with hospitalized hyperactives. Can J Psychiatry 1983 Oct;28(6):462-70.

Lalli JS, Browder DM, Mace FC, Brown DK. Teacher use of descriptive analysis data to implement interventions to decrease students' problem behaviors. J Appl Behav Anal 1993 Summer;26(2):227-38.

Long N, Rickert VI, Ashcraft EW. Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to stimulant medication in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Health Care 1993 Mar-Apr;7(2):82-8.

Pfiffner LJ, McBurnett K. Social skills training with parent generalization: treatment effects for children with attention deficit disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Oct;65(5):749-57.

Pisterman S, Firestone P, McGrath P, Goodman JT, Webster I, Mallory R, Goffin B. The role of parent training in treatment of preschoolers with ADDH. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992 Jul;62(3):397-408.

Pisterman S, McGrath P, Firestone P, Goodman JT, Webster I, Mallory R. Outcome of parent-mediated treatment of preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Oct;57(5):628-35.

Rosen LA, O'Leary SG, Joyce SA, Conway G, Pfiffner LJ. The importance of prudent negative consequences for maintaining the appropriate behavior of hyperactive students. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Dec;12(4):581-604.

Rosenbaum M, Baker E. Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Jun;12(2):303-17.

Schweitzer JB, Sulzer-Azaroff B. Self-control: teaching tolerance for delay in impulsive children. J Exp Anal Behav 1988 Sep;50(2):173-86.

Stratton J, Gailfus D. A new approach to substance abuse treatment: Adolescents and adults with ADHD. J Subst Abuse Treat 1998;15(2):89-94.

Strayhorn JM, Weidman CS. Reduction of attention deficit and internalizing symptoms in preschoolers through parent-child interaction training. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):888-96. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Mar;29(2):314.

Timmer DF. Group support for teenagers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Soc Work Educ 1995 Jul;17(3):194-8.

Vehreschild T, Kossow HJ, Schulz-Wulf G. [Results of concentration training in normally intelligent students with poor concentration]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1984 Mar;36(3):152-60. (Ger).
Return to table of contents

----

### Other Treatments

Abikoff H, Courtney ME, Szeibel PJ, Koplewicz HS. The effects of auditory stimulation on the arithmetic performance of children with ADHD and nondisabled children. J Learn Disabil 1996 May;29(3):238-46.

Aggett PJ, Harries JT. Current status of zinc in health and disease states. Arch Dis Child 1979 Dec;54(12):909-17.

Alhambra MA, Fowler TP, Alhambra AA. EEG biofeedback: A new treatment option for ADD/ADHD. J Neurother 1995 Fall;1(2):39-43.

Arnold LE. Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction: a placebo-controlled study. JAMA 1978 Dec 8;240(24):2642-3.

Arnold LE, Barnebey N, McManus J, Smeltzer D, Conrad A, Winer G, Desgranges L. Prevention by specific perceptual remedication for vulnerable first-graders: controlled study and follow-up of lasting effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Nov;34(11):1279-94.

Arnold LE, Clark DL, Sachs LA, Jakim S, Smithies C. Vestibular and visual rotational stimulation as treatment for attention deficit and hyperactivity. Am J Occup Ther 1985 Feb;39(2):84-91.

Barabasz A, Barabasz M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Neurological basis and treatment alternatives. J Neurother 1995 Summer;1(1):1-10.

Barbaresi WJ, Olsen RD. An ADHD educational intervention for elementary schoolteachers: A pilot study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998 Apr;19(2):94-100.

Barkley RA. What is the role of group parent training in the treatment of ADD children? J Child Contemp Soc 1986 Fall-Winter;19(1-2):143-51.

Benton D, Cook R. Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence scores and concentration of six-year-old children. Pers Indiv Diff 1991;12(11):1151-8.

Bhatara V, Clark DL, Arnold LE, Gunsett R, Smeltzer DJ. Hyperkinesis treated by vestibular stimulation: an exploratory study. Biol Psychiatry 1981 Mar;16(3):269-79.

Brenner A. The effects of megadoses of selected B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: controlled studies with long-term follow-up. J Learn Disabil 1982 May;15(5):258-64.

Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella F, Brandt J. Randomized study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anemic iron-deficient girls. Lancet 1996 Oct 12;348(9033):992-6.

Burte JM, Burte CL. Ericksonian hypnosis, pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of ADHD. Aust J Clin Hypnother Hypn 1994;15(1):1-13.

Calhoun G Jr, Bolton JA. Hypnotherapy: a possible alternative for treating pupils affected with attention deficit disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1986 Dec;63(3):1191-5.

Carter CM, Urbanowicz M, Hemsley R, Mantilla L, Strobel S, Graham PJ, Taylor E. Effects of a few food diet in attention deficit disorder. Arch Dis Child 1993 Nov;69(5):564-8.

Christie DJ, Dewitt RA, Kaltenbach P, Reed D. Using EMg biofeedback to signal hyperactive children when to relax. Except Child 1984 Apr;50(6):547-8.

Cobb DE, Evans JR. The use of biofeedback techniques with school-aged children exhibiting behavioral and/or learning problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Jun;9(2):251-81.

Cohn LM, Caliendo GC. Guanfacine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother 1997 Jul-Aug;31(7-8):918-9.

Coleman M, Steinberg G, Tippett J, Bhagavan HN, Coursin DB, Gross M, Lewis C, DeVeau L. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol Psychiatry 1979 Oct;14(5):741-51.

Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32(1):67-73.

Crombie IK, Todman J, McNeill G, Florey CD, Menzies I, Kennedy RA. Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on verbal and nonverbal reasoning of schoolchildren. Lancet 1990 Mar 31;335(8692):744-7.

Dalby JT, Kinsbourne M, Swanson JM. Self-paced learning in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):269-75.

David OJ, Hoffman SP, Clark J, Grad G, Sverd J. The relationship of hyperactivity to moderately elevated lead levels. Arch Environ Health 1983 Nov-Dec;38(6):341-6.

David OJ, Hoffman SP, Sverd J, Clark L, Voeller K. Lead and hyperactivity. Behavioral response to chelation: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1976 Oct;133(10):1155-8.

Defined diets and childhood hyperactivity. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development. Natl Inst Health Consens Dev Conf Summ 1982;4(3):[6p.].

Denkowski KM, Denkowski GC. Is group progressive relaxation training as effective with hyperactive children as individual EMG biofeedback treatment? Biofeedback Self Regul 1984 Sep;9(3):353-64.

Denkowski KM, Denkowski GC, Omizo MM. The effects of EMG-assisted relaxation training on the academic performance, locus of control, and self-esteem of hyperactive boys. Biofeedback Self Regul 1983 Sep;8(3):363-75.

Denkowski KM, Denkowski GC, Omizo MM. Predictors of success in the EMG biofeedback training of hyperactive male children. Biofeedback Self Regul 1984 Jun;9(2):253-64.

Dismukes WE, Wade JS, Lee JY, Dockery BK, Hain JD. A randomized double-blind trial of nystatin therapy for the candidiasis hypersensitivity syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990 Dec 20;323(25):1717-23. Comments in: N Engl J Med 1990 Dec 20;323(25):1766-7; N Engl J Med 1991 May 30;324(22):1592-4.

Donney VK, Poppen R. Teaching parents to conduct behavioral relaxation training with their hyperactive children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1989 Dec;20(4):319-25.

Dunn FM, Howell RJ. Relaxation training and its relationship to hyperactivity in boys. J Clin Psychol 1982 Jan;38(1):92-100.

Dykman KD, Dykman RA. Effect of nutritional supplements on attentional-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1998 Jan-Mar;33(1):49-60.

Egger J, Carter CM, Graham PJ, Gumley D, Soothill JF. Controlled trial of oligoantigenic treatment in the hyperkinetic syndrome. Lancet 1985 Mar 9;1(8428):540-5.

Eisenberg J, Asnis GM, van Praag HM, Vela RM. Effect of tyrosine on attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Clin Psychiatry 1988 May;49(5):193-5.

Field TM, Quintino O, Hernandez-Reif M, Koslovsky G. Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder benefit from massage therapy. Adolescence 1998 Spring;33(129):103-8.

Fitzgerald G, Fick L, Milich R. Computer-assisted instruction for students with attentional difficulties. J Learn Disabil 1986 Jun-Jul;19(6):376-9.

Ford MJ, Poe V, Cox J. Attending behaviors of ADHD children in math and reading using various types of software. J Comput Child Educ 1993;4(2):183-96.

Ghose K. l-Tryptophan in hyperactive child syndrome associated with epilepsy: a controlled study. Neuropsychobiology 1983;10(2-3):111-4.

Giesen JM, Center DB, Leach RA. An evaluation of chiropractic manipulation as a treatment of hyperactivity in children. J Manip Physiol Ther 1989 Oct;12(5):353-63.

Goldman JA, Lerman RH, Contois JH, Udall JN Jr. Behavioral effects of sucrose on preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Dec;14(4):565-77.

Gong Z, Evans HL. Effect of chelation with meso-dimercapptosuccinic acid (DMSA) before and after the appearance of lead-induced neurotoxicity in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997 Jun;144(2):205-14.

Halas ES, Sandstead HH. Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat. Pediatr Res 1975 Feb;9(2):94-7.

Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomural M, Asaoka E, Nagao Y, Nishimura N, Yazawa K, Kuwamori T, Kobayashi M. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Clin Invest 1975 Feb 15;97(4):1129-33.

Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics 1984 Jul;74(1):103-11.

Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ. The therapeutic effect of clonidine in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a comparison with placebo and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986;22(1):229-36.

Izenwasser SE, Garcia-Valdez K, Kantak KM. Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986 Dec;25(6):1195-9.

Kaduson HG, Finnerty K. Self-control game interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int J Play Therap 1995;4(2):15-29.

Kahn CA, Kelly PC, Walker WO Jr. Lead screening in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental delay. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1995 Sep;34(9):498-501.

Kershner J, Hawke W. Megavitamins and learning disorders: a controlled double-blind experiment. J Nutr 1979 May;159(5):819-26.

Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res 1997 Jun;10(2):143-8.

Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kotkowiak L. [Deficiency of certain trace elements in children with hyperactivity]. Psychiatr Pol 1994 May-Jun;28(3):345-53. (Pol).

Lee SW. Biofeedback as a treatment for childhood hyperactivity: a critical review of the literature. Psychol Rep 1991 Feb;68(1):163-92.

Linden M, Habib T, Radojevic V. A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities. Biofeedback Self Regul 1996 Mar;21(1):35-49. Published erratum appears in Biofeedback Self Regul 1996 Sep;21(3):297.

Lubar JF. Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Biofeedback Self Regul 1991 Sep;16(3):201-25.

Lubar JF, Swartwood MO, Swartwood JN, O'Donnell PH. Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R performance. Biofeedback Self Regul 1995 Mar;20(1):83-99.

Mitchell EA, Lewis S, Cutler DR. Essential fatty acids and maladjusted behavior in children. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1983 Nov;12(3):281-7.

Mulligan S. An analysis of score patterns of children with attention disorders on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. Am J Occup Ther 1996 Sep;50(8):647-54.

Nemzer ED, Arnold LE, Votolato NA, McConnell H. Amino acid supplementation as therapy for attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1986 Jul;25(4):509-13.

Omizo MM, Michael WB. Biofeedback-induced relaxation training and impulsivity, attention to task, and locus of control among hyperactive boys. J Learn Disabil 1982 Aug-Sep;15(7):414-6.

Patrick GJ. Improved neuronal regulation in ADHD: An application of fifteen sessions of photic-driven EEG neurotherapy. J Neurother 1996 Spring-Summer;1(4):27-36.

Pollock I, Warner JO. Effect of artificial food colors on childhood behavior. Arch Dis Child 1990 Jan;65(1):74-7.

Prinz RJ, Riddle DB. Associations between nutrition and behavior in 5-year-old children. Nutr Rev 1986 May;44 Suppl:151-8.

Raymer R, Poppen R. Behavioral relaxation training with hyperactive children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1985 Dec;16(4):309-16.

Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Wood DR, Ward M. An open trial of l-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Am J Psychiatry 1987 Aug;144(8):1071-3.

Robinson PW, Newby TJ, Ganzell SL. A token system for a class of underachieving hyperactive children. J Appl Behav Anal 1981 Fall;14(3):307-15.

Rogers GS, Hughes HH. Dietary treatment of children with problematic activity level. Psychol Rep 1981 Apr;48(2):487-94.

Rovet J, Alvarez M. Thyroid hormone and attention in school-age children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Jul;37(5):579-85.

Sandstead HH, Fosmire GJ, Halas ES, Jacob RA, Strobel DA, Marks EO. Zinc deficiency: effects on brain and behavior of rats and rhesus monkeys. Teratology 1977 Oct;16(2):229-34.

Shaywitz BA, Siegel NJ, Pearson HA. Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction: a potentially dangerous therapy. JAMA 1977 Oct 17;238(16):1749-50.

Simpson DD, Nelson AL. Attention training through breathing control to modify hyperactivity. J Learn Disabil 1974 May;7(5):274-83.

Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res 1997 Jun;10(2):149-56.

Sun Y, Wang Y, Qu X, Wang J, Fang J, Zhang L. Clinical observation and treatment of hyperkinesia in children by traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Chin Med 1994 Jun;14(2):105-9.

Toren P, Eldar S, Sela BA, Wolmer L, Weitz R, Inbar D, Koren S, Reiss A, Weizman R, Laor N. Zinc deficiency in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Dec 15;40(12):1308-10.

Valentine J, Rossi E, O'Leary P, Parry TS, Kurinczuk JJ, Sly P. Thyroid function in a population of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Apr;33(2):117-20.

Vichnar M. [Experience with the administration of group B vitamins in children with the hyperkinetic syndrome]. Cesk Psychiatr 1988 Aug;84(4):237-44. (Cze).

Wang LH, Li CS, Li GZ. [Clinical and experimental studies on tiaoshen liquor for infantile hyperkinetic syndrome]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995 Jun;15(6):337-40. (Chi).

Weiss RE, Stein MA, Refetoff S. Behavioral effects of liothyronine (L-T3) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the presence and absence of resistance to thyroid hormone. Thyroid 1997 Jun;7(3):389-93.

Weiss RE, Stein MA, Trommer B, Refetoff S. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and thyroid function. J Pediatr 1993 Oct;123(4):539-45.

West SA, Sax KW, Stanton SP, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. Differences in thyroid function studies in acutely manic adolescents with and without attention deficity hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32(1):63-6.

Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Amino acid precursors for the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(1):146-9.

Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Psychiatry Res 1985 Sep;16(1):21-6.

Zametkin AJ, Karoum F, Rapoport JL. Treatment of hyperactive children with D-phenylalanine. Am J Psychiatry 1987 Jun;144(6):792-4.

Zhang H, Huang J. [Preliminary study of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of minimal brain dysfunction: analysis of 100 cases]. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1990 May;10(5):278-9, 260. (Chi).

Zieffle TH, Romney DM. Comparison of self-instruction and relaxation training in reducing impulsive and inattentive behavior of learning disabled children on cognitive tasks. Psychol Rep 1985 Aug;57(1):271-4.
Return to table of contents

----

### Treatment Comparisons

Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA. Stimulant medication and parent training therapies for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Learn Disabil 1991 Apr;24(4):210-8.

Anderson EE, Clement PW, Oettinger L Jr. Methylphenidate compared with behavioral self-control in attention deficit disorder: preliminary report. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1981 Dec;2(4):137-41.

Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC. National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (the MTA). Design challenges and choices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Sep;54(9):865-70.

Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC. NIMH collaborative multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA): design, methodology, and protocol evolution. J Atten Disord 1997 Oct;2(3):141-58.

Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato NA, Taylor WA, Kontras SB, Tobin K. Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. Biol Psychiatry 1989 Jan 15;25(2):222-8.

Barkley RA, Murphy JV. Treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: medication and behavior management training. Pediatr Ann 1991 May;20(5):256-60, 263, 266.

Bennett DS, Power TJ, Rostain AL, Carr DE. Parent acceptability and feasibility of ADHD interventions: assessment, correlates, and predictive validity. J Pediatr Psychol 1996 Oct;21(5):643-57.

Brown RT, Borden KA, Wynne ME, Schleser R, Clingerman SR. Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy with ADD children: a methodological reconsideration. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Dec;14(4):481-97.

Brown RT, Wynne ME, Borden KA, Clingerman SR, Geniesse R, Spunt AL. Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy in children with attention deficit disorder: a double-blind trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1986 Jun;7(3):163-74.

Brown RT, Wynne ME, Medenis R. Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: a comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):69-87.

Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M. Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 Jul;37(5):587-95.

Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Dixon J. Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Apr;20(2):213-32.

Carlson GA, Rapport MD, Kelly KL, Pataki CS. The effects of methylphenidate and lithium on attention and activity level. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Mar;31(2):262-70.

Cohen NJ, Sullivan J, Minde K, Novak C, Helwig C. Evaluation of the relative effectiveness of methylphenidate and cognitive behavior modification in the treatment of kindergarten-aged hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Mar;9(1):43-54.

Cytryn L, Gilbert A, Eisenberg L. The effectiveness of tranquilizing drugs plus supportive psychotherapy in treating behavior disorders of children: a double-blind study of eighty outpatients. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1960 Jan;30(1):113-29.

Dubey DR, O'Leary SG, Kaufman KF. Training parents of hyperactive children in child management: a comparative outcome study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1983 Jun;11(2):229-45.

Firestone P, Crowe D, Goodman JT, McGrath P. Vicissitudes of follow-up studies: differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1986 Apr;56(2):184-94.

Firestone P, Kelly MJ, Goodman JT, Davey J. Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives: A progress report. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981 Winter;20(1):135-47.

Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Abikoff J, Katz S, Gloiston AC, Kates W. Relative efficacy of methylphenidate and behavior modification in hyperkinetic children: an interim report. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1976;4(4):36-79.

Granger DA, Whalen CK, Henker B, Cantwell C. ADHD boys' behavior during structured classroom social activities: effects of social demands, teacher proximity, and methylphenidate. J Atten Disord 1996 Apr;1(1):16-30.

Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn J, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Wells K. Medication treatment strategies in the MTA Study: relevance to clinicians and researchers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Oct;35(10):1304-13.

Handen BL, McAuliffe S, Caro-Martinez L. Stimulant medication effects on learning in children with mental retardation and ADHD. J Dev Phys Disabil 1996 Dec;8(4):335-46.

Hechtman L. Aims and methodological problems in multimodal treatment studies. Can J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;38(6):458-64.

Hinshaw SP, Henker B, Whalen CK. Self-control in hyperactive boys in anger-inducing situations: effects of cognitive-behavioral training and of methylphenidate. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Mar;12(1):55-77.

Horn WF, Ialongo NS, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G, Packard T, Lopez M, Wagner A, Puttler L. Additive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and self-control therapy with ADHD children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Mar;30(2):233-40.

Ialongo NS, Horn WF, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G, Packard T, Lopez M, Wagner A, Puttler L. The effects of a multimodal intervention with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children: a 9-month follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):182-9.

Klein RG, Abikoff H. Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):89-114.

Lamont J. Homoeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled study. Br Homoeopath J 1997 Oct;86(10):196-200.

Long N, Rickert VI, Ashcraft EW. Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to stimulant medication in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Health Care 1993 Mar-Apr;7(2):82-8.

Odom SE. Effects of an educational intervention on mothers of male children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Community Health Nurs 1996;13(4):207-20.

Pelham WE Jr, Carlson C, Sams SE, Vallano G, Dixon MJ, Hoza B. Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993 Jun;61(3):506-15.

Pelham WE, Milich R, Walker JL. Effects of continuous and partial reinforcement and methylphenidate on learning in children with attention deficit disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1986 Nov;95(4):319-25.

Pelham WE, Schnedler RW, Bologna NC, Contreras JA. Behavioral and stimulant treatment of hyperactive children: a therapy study with methylphenidate probes in a within-subject design. J Appl Behav Anal 1980 Summer;13(2):221-36.

Rapport MD, DuPaul GJ, Smith NF. Rate-dependency and hyperactivity: methylphenidate effects on operant responding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985 Jul;23(1):77-83.

Rapport MD, Quinn SO, DuPaul GJ, Quinn EP, Kelly KL. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and methylphenidate: the effects of dose and mastery level on children's learning performance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Dec;17(6):669-89.

Richters JE, Arnold LE, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Conners CK, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Swanson JM. NIMH collaborative multisite multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):987-1000.

Satterfield JH, Cantwell DP, Satterfield BT. Multimodality treatment: a one-year follow-up of 84 hyperactive boys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Aug;36(9):965-74.

Satterfield JH, Satterfield BT, Cantwell DP. Three-year multimodality treatment study of 100 hyperactive boys. J Pediatr 1981 Apr;98(4):650-5.

Satterfield JH, Satterfield BT, Schell AM. Therapeutic interventions to prevent delinquency in hyperactive boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Jan;26(1):56-64.

Thurston LP. Comparison of the effects of parent training and of ritalin in treating hyperactive children. Int J Ment Health 1979 Spring;8(1):121-8.

Whalen CK, Henker B. Therapies for hyperactive children: comparisons, combinations, and compromises. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Feb;59(1):126-37.

Winsberg BG, Bialer I, Kupietz S, Tobias J. Effects of imipramine and dextroamphetamine on behavior of neuropsychiatrically impaired children. Am J Psychiatry 1972 May;128(11):1425-31.
Return to table of contents

----

### Matching Patients to Treatments

Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, Arnold LE. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD: clinical and side effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jul;32(4):851-9.

Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Keenan K, Faraone S. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: III. Lack of impact of comorbidity and family history factors on clinical response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):199-204.

Cohen NJ, Sullivan J, Minde K, Novak C, Keens S. Mother-child interaction in hyperactive and normal kindergarten-aged children and the effect of treatment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1983 Summer;13(4):213-24.

DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA, McMurray MB. Response of children with ADHD to methylphenidate: interaction with internalizing symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):894-903.

Findling RL. Open-label treatment of comorbid depression and attentional disorders of co-administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psychostimulants in children, adolescents, and adults: a case series. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996 Fall;6(3):165-75.

Hinshaw SP. Stimulant medication and the treatment of aggression in children with attentional deficits. J Clin Child Psychol 1991 Sep;20(3):301-12.

Hinshaw SP, Melnick S. Self-management therapies and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Reinforced self-evaluation and anger control interventions. Behav Modif 1992 Apr;16(2):253-73.

Hoza B, Pelham WE, Sams SE, Carlson C. An examination of the "dosage" effects of both behavior therapy and methylphenidate on the classroom performance of two ADHD children. Behav Modif 1992 Apr;16(2):164-92.

Hunt RD. Nosology, neurobiology, and clinical patterns of ADHD in adults. Psychiatr Ann 1997 Aug;27(8):572-81.

Klein RG, Abikoff H. Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):89-114.

Klein RG, Abikoff H, Klass E, Ganeles D, Seese LM, Pollack S. Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Dec;54(12):1073-80.

Mayes SD, Crites DL, Bixler EO, Humphrey FJ 2nd, Mattison RE. Methylphenidate and ADHD: influence of age, IQ and neurodevelopmental status. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994 Dec;36(12):1099-107.

Pliszka SR. Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Nov;28(6):882-7.

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Apr;35(4):409-32. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Dec;35(12):1569-70; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Mar;36(3):301-2.

Tannock R, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Differential effects of methylphenidate on working memory in ADHD children with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Jul;34(7):886-96.

Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg HM, Everitt B, Rutter M. Which boys respond to stimulant medication? A controlled trial of methylphenidate in boys with disruptive behaviour. Psychol Med 1987 Feb;17(1):121-43.

Urman R, Ickowicz A, Fulford P, Tannock R. An exaggerated cardiovascular response to methylphenidate in ADHD children with anxiety. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5(1):29-37.
Return to table of contents

----

## Substance Abuse Risks of Stimulant Treatments

----

### Risk of Treatment vs. Nontreatment

Ahadpour M, Horton AM Jr, Vaeth JM. Attention deficits disorder and drug abuse. Int J Neurosci 1993 Sep;72(1-2):89-93.

Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jul;29(4):546-57.

Beck L, Langford W, MacKay M, Sum G. Childhood chemotherapy and later drug abuse and growth curve: a follow-up study of 30 adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1975 Apr;132(4):436-8.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone SV, Weber W, Curtis S, Thornell A, Pfister K, Jetton JG, Soriano J. Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):21-9.

Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA 1998 Apr 8;279(14):1100-7.

Hechtman L. Adolescent outcome of hyperactive children treated with stimulants in childhood: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(2):178-91.

Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Hyperactives as young adults: past and current substance abuse and antisocial behavior. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1984 Jul;54(3):415-25.

Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):261-9.

Hinshaw SP, Heller T, McHale JP. Covert antisocial behavior in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: external validation and effects of methylphenidate. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Apr;60(2):274-81.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, Malloy P, Giampino TL, Addalli KA. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jan;48(1):77-83.

Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Isaacson JH, Warbasse LH 3rd, Zacharek M, Musial J. The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Case reports and literature review. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(4):146-50.
Return to table of contents

----

### ADHD Subgroups at Risk for Substance Use Disorder

Alterman AI, Tarter RE. An examination of selected typologies. Hyperactivity, familial, and antisocial alcoholism. Recent Dev Alcohol 1986;4:169-89.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Nov;152(11):1652-8. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1997 Jan;154(1):132.

Blouin AGA, Bornstein RA, Trites RL. Teenage alcohol use among hyperactive children: a five year follow-up study. J Pediatr Psychol 1978;3(4):188-94.

Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Compr Psychiatry 1993 Mar-Apr;34(2):75-82.

Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Bryant KJ. Alcoholism in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: clinical and prognostic significance. J Stud Alcohol 1993 Mar;54(2):199-208.

Cocores JA, Davies RK, Mueller PS, Gold MS. Cocaine abuse and adult attention deficit disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987 Sep;48(9):376-7.

DeMilio L. Psychiatric syndromes in adolescent substance abusers. Am J Psychiatry 1989 Sep;146(9):1212-4.

Eyre SL, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD. History of childhood hyperactivity in a clinic population of opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982 Sep;170(9):522-9.

Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Conduct problems and attention deficit behaviour in middle childhood and cannabis use by age 15. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1993 Dec;27(4):673-82.

Goodwin DW, Shulsinger F, Hermansen L, Guze S, Winokur G. Alcoholism and the hyperactive child syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 1975 May;160(5):349-53.

Halikas JA, Meller J, Morse C, Lyttle MD. Predicting substance abuse in juvenile offenders: attention deficit disorder versus aggressivity. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1990 Fall;21(1):49-55.

Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. Pattern and progression of drug use among hyperactives and controls: a prospective short-term longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987 Jul;28(4):543-53.

Hechtman L. Adolescent outcome of hyperactive children treated with stimulants in childhood: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(2):178-91.

Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Hyperactives as young adults: past and current substance abuse and antisocial behavior. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1984 Jul;54(3):415-25.

Horner BR, Scheibe KE. Prevalence and implications of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):30-6.

Kaminer Y. Clinical implications of the relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychoactive substance use disorders. Am J Addict 1992 Summer;1:257-64.

Kandell DB, Yamaguchi K, Chen K. Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory. J Stud Alcohol 1992 Sep;53(5):447-57.

Kellam SG, Ensminger ME, Simon MB. Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use. Drug Alcohol Depend 1980 Apr;5(4):273-304.

Lynskey MT, Fergusson DM. Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Jun;23(3):281-302.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993 Jul;50(7):565-76.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J. ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):37-44.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Wilens T, Chu MP. Associations between ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. Findings from a longitudinal study of high-risk siblings of ADHD children. Am J Addict 1997 Fall;6(4):318-29.

Milin R, Halikas JA, Meller JE, Morse C. Psychopathology among substance abusing juvenile offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Jul;30(4):569-74.

Pomerleau OF, Downey KK, Stelson FW, Pomerleau CS. Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse 1995;7(3):373-8.

Rounsaville BJ, Anton SF, Carroll K, Budde D, Prusoff BA, Gawin F. Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jan;48(1):43-51.

Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD, Wilber C, Rosenberger D, Rosenberger P. Comparison of opiate addicts' reports of psychiatric history with reports of significant-other informants. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1981;8(1):51-69.

Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Isaacson JH, Warbasse LH 3rd, Zacharek M, Musial J. The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Case reports and literature review. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(4):146-50.

Tarter RE. Psychosocial history, minimal brain dysfunction and differential drinking patterns of male alcoholics. J Clin Psychol 1982 Oct;38(4):867-73.

Tarter RE, McBride H, Buonpane N, Schneider DU. Differentiation of alcoholics: childhood history of minimal brain dysfunction, family history, and drinking pattern. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Jul;34(7):61-8.

Thompson LL, Riggs PD, Mikulich SK, Crowley TJ. Contribution of ADHD symptoms to substance problems and delinquency in conduct-disordered adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Jun;24(3):325-47.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E. Does ADHD affect the course of substance abuse? Findings from a sample of adults with and without ADHD. Am J Addict 1998 Spring;7(2):156-63.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997 Aug;185(8):475-82.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Frances RJ. Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity and psychoactive substance use disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994 May;45(5):421-3, 435.
Return to table of contents

----

### Sensitization and the Risk of Exposure to Stimulant Medications

Aizenstein ML, Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Repeated amphetamine and fencamfamine: sensitization and reciprocal cross-sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990 Aug;3(4):283-90.

Anagnostaras SG, Robinson TE. Sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine: modulation by associative learning. Behav Neurosci 1996 Dec;110(6):1397-414.

Badiani A, Browman KE, Robinson TE. Influence of novel versus home environments on sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and amphetamine. Brain Res 1995 Mar 20;674(2):291-8.

Balcells-Olivero M, Richards JB, Seiden LS. Sensitization to amphetamine on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-s schedule. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Oct;133(3):207-13.

Barnett JV, Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Repeated amphetamine pretreatment alters the responsiveness of striatal dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase to amphetamine-induced desensitization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987 Jul;242(1):40-7.

Bartlett E, Halldin A, Chapman B, Angrist B. Selective sensitization to psychosis-inducing effects of cocaine: a possible marker for relapse vulnerability? Neuropsychopharmacology 1997 Jan;16(1):77-82.

Ben-Shahar O, Ettenberg A. Repeated stimulation of the ventral tegmental area sensitizes the hyperlocomotor response to amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994 Aug;48(4):1005-9.

Bjijou Y, Stinus L, Le Moal M, Cador M. Evidence for selective involvement of dopamine D1 receptors of the ventral tegmental area in the behavioral sensitization induced by intra-ventral tegmental area injections of D-amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996 May;277(2):1177-87.

Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Rapoport JL, Elia J, Amass J. Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Res 1990 Jul;33(1):83-94.

Brauer LH, Goudie AJ, de Wit H. Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: animal models versus human laboratory data. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Mar;130(1):2-13.

Browman KE, Badiani A, Robinson TE. Fimbria-fornix lesions do not block sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996 Apr;53(4):899-902.

Burchett SA, Volk ML, Bannon MJ, Granneman JG. Regulators of G protein signaling: rapid changes in mRNA abundance in response to amphetamine. J Neurochem 1998 May;70(5):2216-9.

Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S, Genua C, Simon H, Le Moal M, Piazza PV. Dose-dependent aversive and rewarding effects of amphetamine as revealed by a new place conditioning apparatus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996 May;125(1):92-6.

Cador M, Bjijou Y, Stinus L. Evidence of a complete independence of the neurobiological substrates for the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Neuroscience 1995 Mar;65(2):385-95.

Cador M, Dumas S, Cole BJ, Mallet J, Koob GF, Le Moal M, Stinus L. Behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants or stress: search for a molecular basis and evidence for a CRF-dependent phenomenon. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992 Jun 28;654:416-20.

Cador M, Taylor JR, Robbins TW. Potentiation of the effects of reward-related stimuli by dopaminergic-dependent mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104(3):377-85.

Caggiula AR, Antelman SM, Palmer AM, Kiss S, Edwards DJ, Kocan D. The effects of ethanol on striatal dopamine and frontal cortical D-[3H]aspartate efflux oscillate with repeated treatment. Relevance to individual differences in drug responsiveness. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996 Aug;15(2):125-32.

Camp DM, Robinson TE. Susceptibility to sensitization. I. Sex differences in the enduring effects of chronic D-amphetamine treatment on locomotion, stereotyped behavior and brain monoamines. Behav Brain Res 1988 Sep 1;30(1):55-68.

Camp DM, Robinson TE. Susceptibility to sensitization. II. The influence of gonadal hormones on enduring changes in brain monoamines and behavior produced by the repeated administration of D-amphetamine or restraint stress. Behav Brain Res 1988 Sep 1;30(1):69-88.

Carroll ME, Lac ST. Acquisition of i.v. amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in rats as a function of dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Feb;129(3):206-14.

Cole BJ, Cador M, Stinus L, Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W, Le Moal M, Koob GF. Critical role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in amphetamine-induced sensitization of behavior. Life Sci 1990;47(19):1715-20.

Crawford CA, McDougall SA, Meier TL, Collins RL, Watson JB. Repeated methylphenidate treatment induces behavioral sensitization and decreases protein kinase A and dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in the dorsal striatum. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998 Mar;136(1):34-43.

Cunningham ST, Finn M, Kelley AE. Sensitization of the locomotor response to psychostimulants after repeated opiate exposure: role of the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997 Feb;16(2):147-55.

Ellinwood EH, Sudilovsky A, Nelson LM. Evolving behavior in the clinical and experimental amphetamine (model) psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1973 Oct;130(10):1088-93.

Fujiwara Y, Kazahaya Y, Nakashima M, Sato M, Otsuki S. Behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in the rat: an ontogenic study. Psychopharmacology 1987;91(3):316-9.

Gatley SJ, Pan D, Chen R, Chaturvedi G, Ding YS. Affinities of methylphenidate derivatives for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Life Sci 1996;58(12):231-9.

Gaytan O, al-Rahim S, Swann A, Dafny N. Sensitization to locomotor effects of methylphenidate in the rat. Life Sci 1997;61(8):PL101-7.

Hamamura T, Ichimaru Y. Amphetamine sensitization augments amphetamine-induced Fos expression in the lateral habenula. Brain Res 1997 Aug 29;767(1):140-3.

Hamamura T, Ichimaru Y, Fibiger HC. Amphetamine sensitization enhances regional c-fos expression produced by conditioned fear. Neuroscience 1997 Feb;76(4):1097-103.

Harmer CJ, Hitchcott PK, Morutto SL, Phillips GD. Repeated d-amphetamine enhances stimulated mesoamygdaloid dopamine transmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Aug;132(3):247-54.

Hooks MS, Jones GH, Smith AD, Neill DB, Justice JB Jr. Individual differences in locomotor activity and sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991 Feb;38(2):467-70.

Horger BA, Giles MK, Schenk S. Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;107(2-3):271-6.

Horger BA, Shelton K, Schenk S. Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991 Dec;37(4):707-11.

Huang YH, Tsai SJ, Yu MF, Wang YC, Yang YC, Sim CB. Dose-dependent effects of chronic amphetamine administration in local cerebral glucose utilization in rat. Neuropsychobiology 1995;32(3):149-55.

Hurd YL, Weiss F, Koob GF, And NE, Ungerstedt U. Cocaine reinforcement and extracellular dopamine overflow in rat nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 1989 Sep 25;498(1):199-203.

Kalivas PW. Neural substrate of sensitization to psychostimulants. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:648A-649A.

Kalivas PW, Alesdatter JE. Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor stimulation in the ventral tegmental area and amygdala in behavioral sensitization to cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993 Oct;267(1):486-95.

Kalivas PW, Stewart J. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1991 Sep-Dec;16(3):223-44.

Kalivas PW, Striplin CD, Steketee JD, Klitenick MA, Duffy P. Cellular mechanisms of behavioral sensitization to drugs of abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992 Jun 28;654:128-35.

Kalivas PW, Weber B. Amphetamine injection into the ventral mesencephalon sensitizes rats to peripheral amphetamine and cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988 Jun;245(3):1095-102.

Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Todd PK. Behavioral sensitization and extracellular dopamine responses to amphetamine after various treatments. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Dec;134(3):221-9.

McDougall SA, Duke MA, Bolanos CA, Crawford CA. Ontogeny of behavioral sensitization in the rat: effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994 Dec;116(4):483-90.

Paulson PE, Robinson TE. Amphetamine-induced time-dependent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in the dorsal and ventral striatum: a microdialysis study in behaving rats. Synapse 1995 Jan;19(1):56-65.

Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1997 Oct;25(2):192-216.

Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. Repeated cocaine modifies the mechanism by which amphetamine releases dopamine. J Neurosci 1997 May 1;17(9):3254-61.

Post RM. Intermittent versus continuous stimulation: effect of time interval on the development of sensitization or tolerance. Life Sci 1980 Apr 21;26(16):1275-82.

Rebec GV, Segal DS. Apparent tolerance to some aspects of amphetamine stereotypy with long-term treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980 Dec;13(6):793-7.

Reith MEA, Meisler BE, Sershen J, Lajtha A. Structural requirements for cocaine congeners to interact with dopamine and serotonin uptake sites in mouse brain and to induce stereotyped behavior. Biochem Pharmacol 1986 Apr 1;35(7):1123-9.

Robinson TE. Behavioral sensitization: characterization of enduring changes in rotational behavior produced by intermittent injections of amphetamine in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;84(4):466-75.

Robinson TE, Becker JB . Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res 1986 Jun;396(2):157-98.

Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993 Sep-Dec;18(3):247-91.

Robinson TE, Jurson PA, Bennett JA, Bentgen KM. Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)-amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1988 Oct 18;462(2):211-22.

Schenk S, Partridge B. Sensitization and tolerance in psychostimulant self-administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997 Jul;57(3):543-50.

Schenk S, Snow S, Horger BA. Pre-exposure to amphetamine but not nicotine sensitizes rats to the motor activating effect of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;103(1):62-6.

Schenk S, Valadez A, McNamara C, House DT, Higley D, Bankson MG, Gibbs S, Horger BA. Development and expression of sensitization to cocaine's reinforcing properties: role of NMDA receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993;111(3):332-8.

Segal DS, Kuczenski R. In vivo microdialysis reveals a diminished amphetamine-induced DA response corresponding to behavioral sensitization produced by repeated amphetamine pretreatment. Brain Res 1992 Feb 7;571(2):330-7.

Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 Aug;282(2):561-73. Comment on: Am J Med Genet 1994 Sep 15;54(3):268-70.

Seiden LS, Sabol KE, Ricaurte GA. Amphetamine: effects on catecholamine systems and behavior. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;33:639-77.

Shilling PD, Kelsoe JR, Segal DS. Dopamine transporter mRNA is up-regulated in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of amphetamine-sensitized rats. Neurosci Lett 1997 Nov 7;236(3):131-4.

Shilling PD, Kelsoe JR, Segal DS. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA is up-regulated by acute and down-regulated by chronic amphetamine treatment. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1996 May;38(1):156-60.

StDennis C, Synoground G. Methylphenidate. J Sch Nurs 1996 Feb;12(1):5-8, 10-1.

Steketee JD, Kalivas PW. Microinjection of the D2 agonist quinpirole into the A10 dopamine region blocks amphetamine-, but not cocaine-stimulated motor activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992 May;261(2):811-8.

Steketee JD, Kalivas PW. Sensitization to psychostimulants and stress after injection of pertussis toxin into the A10 dopamine region. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991 Nov;259(2):916-24.

Strakowski SM, Sax KW, Setters MJ, Keck PE Jr. Enhanced response to repeated d-amphetamine challenge: evidence for behavioral sensitization in humans. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Nov 1;40(9):872-80. Comment in: Biol Psychiatry 1997 Aug 1;42(3):230-1.

Volkow ND, Gatley SJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Fischman M, Gifford AN, Pappas N, King P, Vitkun S, Ding YS, Wang GJ. Cocaine doses equivalent to those abused by humans occupy most of the dopamine transporters. Synapse 1996;24(4):399-402.

Zhang XF, Hu XT, White FJ, Wolf ME. Increased responsiveness of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to glutamate after repeated administration of cocaine or amphetamine is transient and selectively involves AMPA receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 May;281(2):699-706.
Return to table of contents

----

### Stimulant Treatment as a Risk Factor for Nicotine Use and Substance Abuse

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone SV, Weber W, Curtis S, Thornell A, Pfister K, Jetton JG, Soriano J. Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):21-9.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Nov;152(11):1652-8. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1997 Jan;154(1):132.

Cocores JA, Davies RK, Mueller PS, Gold MS. Cocaine abuse and adult attention deficit disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987 Sep;48(9):376-7.

Coger RW, Moe KL, Serafetinides EA. Attention deficit disorder in adults and nicotine dependence: psychobiological factors in resistance to recovery? J Psychoact Drugs 1996 Jul-Sep;28(3):229-40.

De Obaldia R, Parsons OA, Yohman R. Minimal brain dysfunction symptoms claimed by primary and secondary alcoholics: relation to cognitive functioning. Int J Neurosci 1983 Sep;20(3-4):173-81.

Eyre SL, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD. History of childhood hyperactivity in a clinic population of opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982 Sep;170(9):522-9.

Fleming R, Leventhal J, Glynn K, Ershler J. The role of cigarettes in the initiation and progression of early substance use. Addict Behav 1989;14(3):261-72.

Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):937-47.

Greenhill LL. Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992 Mar;15(1):1-27.

Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. Pattern and progression of drug use among hyperactives and controls: a prospective short-term longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987 Jul;28(4):543-53.

Hinshaw SP. On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression. Psychol Bull 1987 May;101(3):443-63.

Horner BR, Scheibe KE. Prevalence and implications of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):30-6.

Jaffe SL. Intranasal abuse of prescribed methylphenidate by an alcohol and drug abusing adolescent with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:773-5.

Kaminer Y. Clinical implications of the relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychoactive substance use disorders. Am J Addict 1992 Summer;1:257-64.

Kandell DB, Yamaguchi K, Chen K. Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory. J Stud Alcohol 1992 Sep;53(5):447-57.

Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985 Nov;142(11):1259-64.

Klein RG. Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in children and adolescents. Encephale 1993 Mar-Apr;19(2):89-93.

Klorman R, Coons HW, Borgstedt AD. Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit disorder: I. Clinical findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 May;26(3):363-7. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep;26(5):820.

Lambert NM. Adolescent outcomes for hyperactive children. Perspectives on general and specific patterns of childhood risk for adolescent educational, social, and mental health problems. Am Psychol 1988 Oct;43(10):786-99.

Levin ED, Conners CK, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996 Jan;123(1):55-63.

Lynskey MT, Fergusson DM. Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Jun;23(3):281-302.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J. Further evidence of an association between attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cigarette smoking: Findings from a high- risk sample of siblings. Am J Addict 1997;6(3):205-17.

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Wilens T, Chu MP. Associations between ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. Findings from a longitudinal study of high-risk siblings of ADHD children. Am J Addict 1997 Fall;6(4):318-29.

Millin R, Loh E, Chow J, Wilson A. Assessment of symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv 1997;48(11):1378-80, 1395.

Murphy K, Barkley RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry 1996 Nov-Dec;37(6):393-401.

O'Donnell J, Hawkins JD, Abbott RD. Predicting serious delinquency and substance use among aggressive boys. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 Aug;63(4):529-37.

Robinson TE, Jurson PA, Bennett JA, Bentgen KM. Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)-amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1988 Oct 18;462(2):211-22.

Rounsaville BJ, Anton SF, Carroll K, Budde D, Prusoff BA, Gawin F. Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jan;48(1):43-51.

Schenk S, Snow S, Horger BA. Pre-exposure to amphetamine but not nicotine sensitizes rats to the motor activating effect of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;103(1):62-6.

Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T. Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Mar;24(2):211-20.

Whitmore EA, Mikulich SK, Thompson LL, Riggs PD, Aarons GA, Crowley TJ. Influences on adolescent substance dependence: conduct disorder, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and gender. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997 Aug 25;47(2):87-97.

Windle M. A retrospective measure of childhood behavior problems and its use in predicting adolescent problem behaviors. J Stud Alcohol 1993 Jul;54(4):422-31.

Wood D, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The prevalence of attention deficit disorder, residual type, or minimal brain dysfunction, in a population of male alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1983 Jan;140(1):95-8.
Return to table of contents

----

### Abuse, Diversion and Consequences of Methylphenidate Abuse

Bradford LD, Griffiths RR. Responding maintained by cocaine or d-amphetamine under fixed-interval schedules in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 1980 May;5(5):393-400.

Chait LD. Factors influencing the reinforcing and subjective effects of ephedrine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994 Jan;113(3-4):381-7.

Chait LD, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. The discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985;86(3):307-12.

Chillar RK, Jackson AL, Alaan L. Hemiplegia after intracarotid injection of methylphenidate. Arch Neurol 1982 Sep;39(9):598-9.

de Wit H, Clark M, Brauer LH. Effects of d-amphetamine in grouped versus isolated humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997 May-Jun;57(1-2):333-40.

de Wit H, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. Individual differences in the reinforcing and subjective effects of amphetamine and diazepam. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986 Feb;16(4):341-60.

Deroche V, Piazza PV, Casolini P, Maccari S, Le Moal M, Simon H. Stress-induced sensitization to amphetamine and morphine psychomotor effects depend on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. Brain Res 1992 Dec 11;598(1-2):343-8.

Ellinwood EH Jr, Kilbey MM. Fundamental mechanisms underlying altered behavior following chronic administration of psychomotor stimulants. Biol Psychiatry 1980 Oct;15(5):749-57.

Goudie AJ. Discriminative stimulus properties of amphetamine, cathinone, and related agents. NIDA Res Monogr 1991;(116):45-60.

Gunby P. Methylphenidate abuse produces retinopathy. JAMA 1979 Feb 9;241(6):546.

Hando J, Topp L, Hall W. Amphetamine-related harms and treatment preferences of regular amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997 Jun 6;46(1-2):105-13.

Heishman SJ, Henningfield JE. Discriminative stimulus effects of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and diazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;103(4):436-42.

Increasing morbidity and mortality associated with abuse of methamphetamine - United States, 1991-1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995 Dec 1;44(47):882-6.

Johanson CE. Discriminative stimulus effects of psychomotor stimulants and benzodiazepines in humans. NIDA Res Monogr 1991;(116):181-96.

Johanson CE, Uhlenhuth EH. Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980;71(3):275-9.

Koob GF. Circuits, drugs, and drug addiction. Adv Pharmacol 1998;42:978-82.

Kuczenski R, Segal DS. An escalating dose/multiple high-dose binge pattern of amphetamine administration results in differential changes in the extracellular dopamine response profiles in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 1997 Jun 1;17(11):4441-7.

Masand PS, Tesar GE. Use of stimulants in the medically ill. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996 Sep;19(3):515-47.

Parran TV Jr, Jasinski DR. Intravenous methylphenidate abuse. Prototype for prescription drug abuse. Arch Intern Med 1991 Apr;151(4):781-3.

Pearson CC. Self-induced overdose of ADHD medication. J Paediatr Child Health 1996;32(3):267.

Piazza PV, Maccari S, Deminiere JM, Le Moal M, Mormede P, Simon H. Corticosterone levels determine individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Mar 15;88(6):2088-92.

Piazza PV, Mittleman G, Deminiere JM, Le Moal M, Simon H. Relationship between schedule-induced polydipsia and amphetamine intravenous self-administration. Individual differences and role of experience. Behav Brain Res 1993 Jun 30;55(2):185-93.

Piazza PV, Rouge-Pont F, Deminiere JM, Kharoubi M, Le Moal M, Simon H. Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res 1991 Dec 13;567(1):169-74.

Rappley MD. Safety issues in the use of methylphenidate. An American perspective. Drug Saf 1997 Sep;17(3):143-8.

Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987 Sep;242(3):917-26.

Segal DS, Weinberger SB, Cahill J, McCunney SJ. Multiple daily amphetamine administration: behavioral and neurochemical alterations. Science 1980 Feb 15;207(4433):905-7.

Silverman K, Kirby KC, Griffiths RR. Modulation of drug reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994 Mar;114(2):243-7.

Silvia CP, Jaber M, King GR, Ellinwood EH, Caron MG. Cocaine and amphetamine elicit differential effects in rats with a unilateral injection of dopamine transporter antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Neuroscience 1997 Feb;76(3):737-47.

Spensley J, Rockwell DA. Psychosis during methylphenidate abuse. N Engl J Med 1972 Apr 20;286(16):880-1.

Thornton JC, Dawe S, Lee C, Capstick C, Corr PJ, Cotter P, Frangou S, Gray NS, Russell MA, Gray JA. Effects of nicotine and amphetamine on latent inhibition in human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996 Sep;127(2):164-73.

Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE, Kilgore K, Kobasa SC. Drug preference and mood in humans: preference for d-amphetamine and subject characteristics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981;74(2):191-4.

Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. Cocaine addiction: hypothesis derived from imaging studies with PET. J Addict Dis 1996;15(4):55-71.

Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley JS, Dewey S, Ashby C, Liebermann J, Hitzemann R, et al. Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):456-63.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Ding YS, Logan J, Dewey SL, Hitzemann R, Lieberman J. Relationship between psychostimulant-induced high and dopamine transporter occupancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Sep 17;93(19):10388-92.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, Chen AD, Dewey SL, Pappas N. Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature 1997 Apr 24;386(6627):830-3.

Wagner GC, Ricaurte GA, Johanson CE, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Amphetamine induces depletion of dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites in caudate. Neurology 1980 May;30(5):547-50.

Wise RA, Munn E. Effects of repeated amphetamine injections on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward and subsequent locomotion. Behav Brain Res 1993 Jun 30;55(2):195-201.

Wise RA, Munn E. Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine elevates baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995 Jan;117(2):130-6.

Zacny JP, Bodker BK, de Wit H. Effects of setting on the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans. Addict Behav 1992;17(1):27-33.
Return to table of contents

----

### Availability of Stimulant Medications: Nature and Extent of Abuse and Associated Harm

Abiuso PD, Pandarinath S. Methylphenidate abuse. J Med Soc N J 1977 Dec;74(12):1061-2.

Ball SA, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Sensation-seeking, substance abuse, and psychopathology in treatment-seeking and community cocaine abusers. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994 Oct;62(5):1053-7.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone SV, Weber W, Curtis S, Thornell A, Pfister K, Jetton JG, Soriano J. Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Jan;36(1):21-9.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Nov;152(11):1652-8. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1997 Jan;154(1):132.

Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Compr Psychiatry 1993 Mar-Apr;34(2):75-82.

Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Bryant KJ. Alcoholism in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: clinical and prognostic significance. J Stud Alcohol 1993 Mar;54(2):199-208.

Chait LD, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. The discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of d-amphetamine, phenmetrazine and fenfluramine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986;89(3):301-6.

Chait LD, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. The discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of phenylpropanolamine, mazindol and d-amphetamine in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986 Jun;24(6):1665-72.

Cohen S. Amphetamine abuse. JAMA 1975 Jan 27;231(4):414-5.

Connell PH. The use and abuse of amphetamines. Practitioner 1968 Feb;200(196):234-43.

Davidson ES, Finch JF, Schenk S. Variability in subjective responses to cocaine: initial experiences of college students. Addict Behav 1993 Jul-Aug;18(4):445-53.

de Wit J, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. The reinforcing properties of amphetamine in overweight subjects and subjects with depression. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987 Aug;42(2):127-36.

Ellinwood EH, Cohen S. Amphetamine abuse. Science 1971 Jan 29;171(969):420-1.

Fulton AI, Yates WR. Family abuse of methylphenidate. Am Fam Physician 1988 Aug;38(2):143-5.

Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH Jr. Cocaine and other stimulants. Actions, abuse and treatment. N Engl J Med 1988 May 5;318(18):1173-82.

Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):937-47.

Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. Pattern and progression of drug use among hyperactives and controls: a prospective short-term longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987 Jul;28(4):543-53.

Hechtman L, Weiss G. Controlled prospective fifteen year follow-up of hyperactives as adults: non-medical drug and alcohol use and anti-social behaviour. Can J Psychiatry 1986 Aug;31(6):557-67.

Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):261-9.

Herrero ME, Hechtman L, Weiss G. Antisocial disorders in hyperactive subjects from childhood to adulthood: predictive factors and characterization of subgroups. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994 Oct;64(4):510-21.

Jaffe SL. Intranasal abuse of prescribed methylphenidate by an alcohol and drug abusing adolescent with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:773-5.

Lambert NM, Hartsough CS, Sassone D, Sandoval J. Persistence of hyperactivity symptoms from childhood to adolescence and associated outcomes. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987 Jan;57(1):22-32.

Levin FR, Kleber HD. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: relationships and implications for treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1995 Jan-Feb;2(5):246-58.

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. Am J Psychiatry 1998 Apr;155(4):493-8.

Mueller K, Hsiao S. Pemoline-induced self-biting in rats and self-mutilation in the deLange syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980 Nov;13(5):627-31.

Spier SA. Toxicity and abuse of prescribed stimulants. Int J Psychiatry Med 1995;25(1):69-79.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997 Aug;185(8):475-82.

Wilens TE, Prince JB, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Frances RJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use disorders in adults. Psychiatr Serv 1995 Aug;46(8):761-3, 765.

Wilens TE, Spencer TJ, Biederman J. Are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the psychoactive substance use disorders really related? Harv Rev Psychiatry 1995 Sep-Oct;3(3):160-2.

Willey RF. Abuse of methylphenidate (ritalin). N Engl J Med 1971 Aug 19;285(8):464.

Woolverton WL, English JA. Effects of some phenylethylamines in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine from saline. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997 Mar 14;44(2-3):79-85.

Zemplyeni J, Colman MF. Deep neck abscesses secondary to methylphenidate (ritalin) abuse. Head Neck Surg 1984 Mar-Apr;6(4):858-60.

Ziedonis DM, Rayford BS, Bryant KJ, Rounsaville BJ. Psychiatric comorbidity in White and African-American cocaine addicts seeking substance abuse treatment. HCP Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994 Jan;45(1):43-9.
Return to table of contents

----

## Existing Practices and Barriers Regarding Assessment and Treatment

----

### Treatment Services Provided to Children With ADHD: A National Perspective

Bussing R, Schoenberg NE, Perwien AR. Knowledge and information about ADHD: Evidence of cultural differences among African-American and white parents. Soc Sci Med 1998;46(7):919-28.

Bussing R, Zima BT, Perwien AR, Belin TR, Widawski M. Children in special education programs: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, use of services, and unmet needs. Am J Public Health 1998 Jun;88(6):880-6.

Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Stangl DK Tweed DL, Erklani A, Worthman CM. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth: goals, design, methods and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 Dec;53(12):1129-36.

Kewley GD. Personal paper: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is underdiagnosed and undertreated in Britain. BMJ 1998 May 23;316(7144):1594-6.

Kwasman A, Tinsley BJ, Lepper HS. Pediatricians' knowledge and attitudes concerning diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. A national survey approach. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995 Nov;149(11):1211-6.

Leaf PJ, Alegria M, Cohen P, Goodman SH, Horwitz SM, Hoven CW, Narrow WE, Vaden-Kiernan M, Regier DA. Mental health service use in the community and schools: results from the four-community MECA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Jul;35(7):889-97.

Maag JW, Reid R. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A functional approach to assessment and treatment. Behav Disord 1994 Nov;20(1):5-23.

Mellor DJ, Storer SP, Brown J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: perceptions, practice and politics. J Paediatr Child Health 1996 Jun;32(3):218-22.

Safer DJ, Krager JM. The increased rate of stimulant treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students in secondary schools. Pediatrics 1994 Oct;94(4 Pt 1):462-4.

Safer DJ, Krager JM. Prevalence of medication treatment for hyperactive adolescents. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21(2):212-5.

Safer DJ, Krager JM. A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students. JAMA 1988 Oct 21;260(15):2256-8.

Scheppert SM. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1991 summary. Vital Health Stat 13 1994 May;(116):1-110.

Shapiro ES, DuPaul GJ, Bradley KL, Bailey LT. A school-based consultation program for service delivery to middle school students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Emot Behav Disord 1996 Apr;4(2):72-81.

Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH. Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Mar;30(2):205-17.

Thomas JA, Bidder RT, Hewitt K, Gray OP. Health visiting and pre-school children with behavioural problems in the County of South Glamorgan: an exploratory study. Child Care Health Dev 1982 Mar-Apr;8(2):93-103.

Ullmann RK, Sleator EK, Sprague RL. ADD children: who is referred from the schools? Psychopharmacol Bull 1984 Spring;20(2):308-12.

Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Pinnock TY, Baumgaertel A, Brown J. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Mar;35(3):319-24.

Zito JM, Safer D, Riddle M, Speedie S, dosReis S. Racial, geographic and gender differences in methylphenidate use among Medicaid youths. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1996 Aug;5 Suppl 1:S5.
Return to table of contents

----

### Current Assessment and Treatment Practices

Atkinson IM, Robinson JA, Shute RH. Between a rock and a hard place: An Australian perspective on education of children with ADHD. Educ Child Psychol 1997;14(1):21-30.

Bennett FC, Sherman R. Management of childhood hyperactivity by primary care physicians. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1983 Jun;4(2):88-93.

Copeland L, Wolraich M, Lindgren S, Milich R, Woolson R. Pediatricians' reported practices in the assessment and treatment of attention deficit disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1987 Aug;8(4):191-7.

Costello EJ. Primary care pediatrics and child psychopathology: a review of diagnostic, treatment, and referral practices. Pediatrics 1986 Dec;78(6):1044-51.

Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Erklani A, Stangl DK, Tweed DL. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth: functional impairment and serious emotional disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 Dec;53(12):1137-43.

DiBattista D, Shepherd ML. Primary school teachers' beliefs and advice to parents concerning sugar consumption and activity in children. Psychol Rep 1993 Feb;72(1):47-55.

Diller LH. The run on Ritalin. Attention deficit disorder and stimulant treatment in the 1990s. Hastings Cent Rep 1996 Mar-Apr;26(2):12-8.

Dulcan M, Dunne JE, Ayres W, Arnold V, Benson RS, Bernet W, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, Leonard H, Licamele W, McClellan J, Sloan LE, Miles CM. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(10 Suppl):85s-121s.

Eddowes EA, Aldridge J, Culpepper S. Primary teachers' classroom practices and their perceptions of children's attention problems. Percept Mot Skills 1994 Oct;79(2):787-90.

Frankenberger W, Lozar B, Dallas P. The use of stimulant medication to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in elementary school children. Dev Disabil Bull 1990;18(1):1-13.

Gadow KD. Pharmacotherapy for behavior disorders. Typical treatment practices. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1983 Jan;22(1):48-53.

Goldberg ID, Roughmann KJ, McInerny TK, Burke JD Jr. Mental health problems among children seen in pediatric practice: prevalence and management. Pediatrics 1984 Mar;73(3):278-93.

Heiligenstein E, Keeling RP. Presentation of unrecognized attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. J Am Coll Health 1995 Mar;43(5):226-8.

Horwitz SM, Leaf PJ, Leventhal JM, Forsyth B, Speechley KN. Identification and management of psychosocial and developmental problems in community-based, primary care pediatric practices. Pediatrics 1992 Mar;89(3):480-5.

Isaac G. Misdiagnosed bipolar disorder in adolescents in a special educational school and treatment program. J Clin Psychiatry 1992 Apr;53(4):133-6.

Jensen PS, Xenakis SN, Shervette RE 3d, Bain MW, Davis H. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit disorder in two general hospital clinics. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989 Jul;40(7):708-12.

Johnson TM. Evaluating the hyperactive child in your office: is it ADHD? Am Fam Physician 1997 Jul;56(1):155-60, 168-70. Comment in: Am Fam Physician 1997 Jul;56(1):42, 44.

Johnston C, Fine S. Methods of evaluating methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acceptability, satisfaction, and compliance. J Pediatr Psychol 1993 Dec;18(6):717-30.

Katisyannis A, Landrum TJ, Vinton L. Practical guidelines for monitoring treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prev School Fail 1997 Spring;41(3):132-6.

Kauffman RE, Smith-Wright D, Reese CA, Simpson R, Jones F. Medication compliance in hyperactive children. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 1981;1(3):231-7.

Maras P, Redmayne T, Hall C, Braithwaite D, et al. "Helicopter children" and "butterfly brains." ADHD: Perceptions, issues and implications. Educ Child Psychol 1997;14(1):39-49.

Morgan AM. Use of stimulant medications in children. Am Fam Physician 1988 Oct;38(4):197-202.

Moser SE, Kallail KJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Management by family physicians. Arch Fam Med 1995 Mar;4(3):241-4; discussion 245.

Ouellette EM. Legal issues in the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6 Suppl:S68-75.

Plomin R, Foch JJ. Hyperactivity and pediatrician diagnoses, parental ratings, specific cognitive abilities, and laboratory measures. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Mar;9(1):55-64.

Rappley MD, Gardiner JC, Jetton JR, Houang RT. The use of methylphenidate in Michigan. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995 Jun;149(6):675-9. Comment in: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996 May;150(5):558-9.

Ratey JJ, Greenberg MS, Bemporad JR, Lindem KJ. Unrecognized attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting for outpatient psychotherapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992 Winter;2(4):267-75.

Riccio CA, Cohen MJ, Hynd GW, Keith RW. Validity of the Auditory Continuous Performance Test in differentiating central processing auditory disorders with and without ADHD. J Learn Disabil 1996 Sep;29(5):561-6.

Roy-Byrne P, Scheele L, Brinkley J, Ward N, Wiatrak C, Russo J, Townes B, Varley C. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: assessment guidelines based on clinical presentation to a specialty clinic. Compr Psychiatry 1997 May-Jun;38(3):133-40.

Safer D, Krager JM. Hyperactivity and inattentiveness. School assessment of stimulant treatment. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1989 May;28(5):216-21.

Sleator EK, Ullmann RK. Can the physician diagnose hyperactivity in the office? Pediatrics 1981 Jan;67(1):13-7.

Ullman DG, Egan D, Fiedler N, Jurenec G, Pliske R, Thompson P, Doherty ME. The many faces of hyperactivity: similarities and differences in diagnostic policies. J Consult Clin Psychol 1981 Oct;49(5):694-704.

Waldrop RD. Selection of patients for management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a private practice setting. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1994 Feb;33(2):83-7.

Wolraich ML, Baumgaertel A. The practical aspects of diagnosing and managing children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr 1997;36(9):497-504.

Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Baumgaertel A, Pinnock TY, Feurer I. Examination of DSM-IV criteria for ADHD in a county-wide sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998 Jun;19(3):162-8.

Wolraich ML, Lindgren S, Stromquist A, Milich R, Davis C, Watson D. Stimulant medication use by primary care physicians in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1990 Jul;86(1):95-101.

Woodrum DT, et al. ADHD training modules for rural health care providers, educators and parents. Paper presented at: Rural partnerships: working together. 14th Annual National Conference of the American Council on Rural Special Education (ACRES); 1994 Mar 23-26; Austin, TX.

Yang KN, Schaller J. Teachers' ratings of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and decisions for referral for services in Taiwan. J Child Fam Stud 1997 Jun;6(2):249-61.

Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Magder LS, Riddle MA. Methylphenidate patterns among Medicaid youths. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33(1):143-7.

Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Riddle MA. Racial disparity in psychotropic medications prescribed for youths with Medicaid insurance in Maryland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Feb;37(2):179-84.
Return to table of contents

----

### Educational Policies

Burcham B, Carlson L. Promising practices for serving students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Admin 1994 Nov;51(10):32-4.

Jerome L, Gordon M, Hustler P. A comparison of American and Canadian teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Can J Psychiatry 1994 Nov;39(9):563-7.

Kube DA, Shapiro BK. Persistent school dysfunction: unrecognized comorbidity and suboptimal therapy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996 Nov;35(11):571-6.

Lopez MF, Forness SR, MacMillan DL, Bocian KM, et al. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional or behavioral disorders in primary grades: Inappropriate placement in the learning disorder category. Educ Treat Child 1996 Aug;19(3):286-99.

Poillion MJ. Educational alternatives for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Paper presented at: Council for Exceptional Children Topical Conference on At-Risk Children & Youth; 1991 Nov 10-12; New Orleans, LA. 41 p.

Power TJ, Hess LE, Bennett DS. The acceptability of interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary and middle school teachers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995 Aug;16(4):238-43.

Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a disability category: A critique. Except Child 1994 Dec-Jan;60(3):198-204.

Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF, Wright G. Who are the children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder? A school-based survey. J Spec Educ 1994 Summer;28(2):117-37.

Runnheim VA, Frankenberger WR, Hazelkorn MN. Medicating students with emotional and behavioral disorders and ADHD: A state survey. Behav Disord 1996 Aug;21(4):306-14.

Williams RA, Horn S, Daley SP, Nader PR. Evaluation of access to care and medical and behavioral outcomes in a school-based intervention program for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Sch Health 1993 Sep;63(7):294-7.
Return to table of contents

----

### Insurance and Managed Care

Barkley RA, Anastopoulos AD, Guevremont DC, Fletcher KE. Adolescents with ADHD: patterns of behavioral adjustment, academic functioning, and treatment utilization. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):752-61.

Costello EJ. Primary care pediatrics and child psychopathology: a review of diagnostic, treatment, and referral practices. Pediatrics 1986 Dec;78(6):1044-51.

Goldberg ID, Roughmann KJ, McInerny TK, Burke JD Jr. Mental health problems among children seen in pediatric practice: prevalence and management. Pediatrics 1984 Mar;73(3):278-93.

Horwitz SM, Leaf PJ, Leventhal JM, Forsyth B, Speechley KN. Identification and management of psychosocial and developmental problems in community-based, primary care pediatric practices. Pediatrics 1992 Mar;89(3):480-5.

Kelleher KJ, Childs GE, Wasserman RC, McInerny TK, Nutting PA, Gardner WP. Insurance status and recognition of psychosocial problems: a report from pediatric research in office settings and the ambulatory sentinel practice networks. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997 Nov;151(11):1109-15.

Knapp M. Economic evaluations and interventions for children and adolescents with mental health problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987 Jan;38(1):3-25.

Offord DR, Boyle MH, Fleming JE, Blum HM, Grant NI. Ontario Child Health Study. Summary of selected results. Can J Psychiatry 1989 Aug;34(6):483-91.

Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH. Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Mar;30(2):205-17.
Return to table of contents

----

### Individual and Family Barriers

Cohen NJ, Thompson L. Perceptions and attitudes of hyperactive children and their mothers regarding treatment with methylphenidate. Can J Psychiatry 1982 Feb;27(1):40-2.

Firestone P, Witt JE. Characteristics of families completing and prematurely discontinuing a behavioral parent-training program. J Pediatr Psychol 1982 Jun;7(2):209-22.

Pena M. Organizing an ADHD organization and developing programs for teachers and parents in a small country: Costa Rica as a model. Paper presented at: 8th Annual Conference of Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders; 1996 Nov 14-16; Chicago, IL. 8 p.

Pliszka SR. A reply to critics of using stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Tex Med 1991 Apr;87(4):84-7.

Reid R, Hertzog M, Snyder M. Educating every teacher, every year: the public schools and parents of children with ADHD. Semin Speech Lang 1996 Feb;17(1):73-90.

Rostain AL, Power TJ, Atkins MS. Assessing parents' willingness to pursue treatment for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):175-81.

Safer DJ. The impact of recent lawsuits on methylphenidate sales. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1994 Mar;33(3):166-8.

Safer DJ, Krager JM. Effect of a media blitz and a threatened lawsuit on stimulant treatment. JAMA 1992 Aug 26;268(8):1004-7. Comment in: JAMA 1992 Aug 26;268(8):1026-7; JAMA 1993 May 12;269(18):2368; discussion 2369; JAMA 1993 May 12;269(18):2368-9.

Slimmer LW, Brown RT. Parents' decision-making process in medication administration for control of hyperactivity. J Sch Health 1985 Aug;55(6):221-5.

Sobol MP, Ashbourne DT, Earn BM, Cunningham CE. Parents' attributions for achieving compliance from attention-deficit-disordered children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):359-69.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Balding J. British parents' beliefs about the causes of three forms of childhood psychological disturbance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Aug;21(4):367-76.

Summers JA, Caplan PJ. Laypeople's attitudes toward drug treatment for behavioral control depend on which disorder and which drug. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987 May;26(5):258-63.

Wilson LJ, Jennings JN. Parents' acceptability of alternative treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):114-21.

Woodward L, Dowdney L, Taylor E. Child and family factors influencing the clinical referral of children with hyperactivity: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 May;38(4):479-85.
Return to table of contents

**Last updated:** 13 November 1998**First published:**  13 November 1998**Metadata**| **Permanence level****:** Permanent: Dynamic Content

Copyright, Privacy, AccessibilityU.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services