UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

BREAKTHROUGH TOWING, LLC 

and MICHAEL DICKERSON, 

 Plaintiffs, CIVIL ACTION NO. 15-cv-12526 

 v. DISTRICT JUDGE ARTHUR J. TARNOW 

 

SCOTT HALL, ROHIT JOSHI, MAGISTRATE JUDGE MONA K. MAJZOUB 

WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY, 

and CITY OF DETROIT, 

 Defendants. 

_________________________________/ 

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO COMPEL [14] 

 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiffs Breakthrough Towing, LLC and 

Michael Dickerson’s Motion to Compel Unredacted Version of Citizen’s Complaints against 

Defendant Hall. (Docket no. 14.) Defendant City of Detroit responded to Plaintiffs’ Motion 

(docket no. 16), and Plaintiffs replied to Defendant’s Response (docket no. 18). The parties have 

also filed a Joint Statement of Resolved and Unresolved Issues regarding Plaintiffs’ Motion to 

Compel. (Docket no. 34.) The Motion has been referred to the undersigned for consideration. 

(Docket no. 15.) The Court has reviewed the pleadings and dispenses with oral argument 

pursuant to Eastern District of Michigan Local Rule 7.1(f)(2). The Court is now ready to rule 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). 

I. BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff Dickerson is the sole member of Plaintiff Breakthrough Towing, LLC, a 

Michigan limited liability company that tows vehicles in the City of Detroit pursuant to contracts 

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with businesses and insurance companies. (Docket no. 3 ¶ 10.) On December 26, 2014, one of 

Plaintiffs’ tow-truck drivers towed a vehicle from the parking lot of a local McDonald’s 

restaurant and subsequently went to the Third Precinct of the Detroit Police Department to have 

the vehicle entered into Michigan’s Law Enforcement Information Network (LEIN). (Docket 

no. 3 ¶ 17; docket no. 14 at 11; docket no. 14-3 at 3.) Defendant Hall, the sergeant on duty at 

the time, denied the driver’s request on belief that the vehicle was unlawfully towed. (Docket 

no. 3 ¶ 17; docket no. 14 at 11; docket no. 16 at 10.) Plaintiff Dickerson then advised the driver 

to tow the vehicle to Plaintiffs’ storage yard. (Docket no. 14-3 at 3.) According to Plaintiffs, 

that same evening, and without probable cause, a search warrant, or consent, Defendant Hall and 

two other officers went to Plaintiffs’ storage yard to recover the vehicle in question; Defendant 

Hall instructed one of those officers to break the lock on the gate securing the lot; and Defendant 

Hall then proceeded to tow away Plaintiffs’ tow truck. (Docket no. 14 at 11.) Defendant Hall 

admits that he impounded Plaintiffs’ tow truck because he believed that it was involved in the 

unlawful towing of the subject vehicle. (Docket no. 16 at 10.) 

The next day, Plaintiff Dickerson filed a Citizen Complaint with the Detroit Police 

Department in which he alleged that Defendant Hall (1) prevented the LEIN Operator from 

entering a private property impound into the LEIN System; (2) broke the lock to gain entry onto 

his property; (3) removed a vehicle from his lot; (4) impounded his tow truck; and (5) referred 

University Liquor to another tow company. (Docket no. 14 at 11; docket no. 14-3 at 2.) 

Following an investigation, the Office of the Chief Investigator exonerated Defendant Hall on 

the portion of Plaintiff Dickerson’s complaint regarding entry of the vehicle into the LEIN 

System, and it found that the portion of the complaint regarding Defendant Hall and University 

Liquor was unfounded. But the Office of the Chief Investigator sustained Plaintiff Dickerson’s 

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complaint on the allegations that Defendant Hall broke the lock to gain entry onto Plaintiffs’ 

property, removed a vehicle from the lot, and impounded Plaintiffs’ tow truck. (Docket no. 14-3 

at 13-18.) Based on its investigative findings, in March 2015, the Office of the Chief 

Investigator recommended that Plaintiff Dickerson’s Citizen Complaint be forwarded to the 

Chief of Police for the appropriate corrective or disciplinary action. (Id. at 18-19.) 

On July 15, 2015, Plaintiffs filed the instant action against Defendants Hall and City of 

Detroit regarding the December 2014 incident described above.1 In the Amended Complaint, 

Plaintiffs allege, in relevant part, that (1) Defendant Hall violated Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment 

right to be from unlawful search and seizure; and (2) Defendant City of Detroit created policies, 

practices, and customs regarding the police department’s constitutional obligation to refrain from 

entering an individual’s property for the purpose of seizing personal property without a search 

warrant, which policies, etc. demonstrated “deliberate indifference” to the constitutional rights of 

its citizens and was the moving force behind Defendant Hall’s violation of Plaintiffs’ rights. 

(Docket no. 3 ¶ 34.) A Stipulated Order for Partial Summary Judgment was entered against 

Defendant Hall on August 5, 2016, holding that he is liable for violating Plaintiffs’ clearly 

established Fourth Amendment right against unlawful search and seizure, irrespective of the 

existence or non-existence of probable cause. (Docket no. 25.) 

The disputed discovery in this matter is Defendants’ production of three redacted citizen 

complaint investigation reports filed against Defendant Hall, including the one filed by Plaintiff 

Dickerson, produced in response to Plaintiffs’ Request for Production (RFP) no. 13, which 

requested “All documents relating to any internal police investigation arising out of the seizures 

of Plaintiffs’ property on November 16, 2014 and/or December 27, 2014.” (See docket no. 14 at 

 

1

 The Complaint also included claims against Defendants Rohit Joshi and Wayne State University regarding 

unrelated events that took place on November 16, 2014. (See docket no. 1.) These claims have since been 

dismissed. (Docket no. 36.) 

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12; docket no. 14-5 at 9 (emphasis omitted).) On December 30, 2015, Defendants produced the 

three investigation reports and other documents informally via email in response to Plaintiffs’ 

informal email request to receive the documents requested before the holidays. (Docket no. 16-3 

at 1.) Defendants’ production was accompanied by the following disclosure: 

You will note that we have produced internal police documents regarding 

complaints and investigations regarding Sergeant Hall, and his personnel file, but 

I have redacted certain portions based on confidentiality concerns, the deliberative 

process privilege and the law enforcement privilege. 

(Id.) As Defendants’ counsel further explained a few days later, all of the witness statements and 

factual matters were reviewed; the nature of the charges and allegations, and the final decisions 

reached were not redacted from the investigation reports; the only portions of the reports that 

were redacted are those in which the police department was evaluating the allegations, facts, and 

law. (Docket no. 16-4 at 1.) Later, in their January 20, 2016 formal response to Plaintiffs’ RFP 

no. 13, Defendants stated, “On information and belief, all of these documents were provided to 

Plaintiffs on December 30, 2015.” (Docket no. 14-5 at 9.) Plaintiffs now seek production of the 

unredacted versions of the citizen complaint investigation reports through the instant Motion to 

Compel. (Docket no. 14.) 

II. GOVERNING LAW

 The scope of discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is traditionally quite 

broad. Lewis v. ACB Bus. Servs., 135 F.3d 389, 402 (6th Cir. 1998). Parties may obtain 

discovery on any matter that is not privileged, is relevant to any party’s claim or defense, and is 

proportional to the needs of the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). “Relevant evidence” is “evidence 

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the 

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the 

evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. Information need not be admissible in evidence to be 

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discoverable. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). But the scope of discovery is not unlimited. “District 

courts have discretion to limit the scope of discovery where the information sought is overly 

broad or would prove unduly burdensome to produce.” Surles ex rel. Johnson v. Greyhound 

Lines, Inc., 474 F.3d 288, 305 (6th Cir. 2007). 

 Rules 33 and 34 allow a party to serve interrogatories and requests for production of 

documents on an opposing party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33, 34. A party receiving these types of 

discovery requests has thirty days to respond with answers or objections. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

33(b)(2), 34(b)(2)(A). If the party receiving discovery requests under Rules 33 or 34 fails to 

respond properly, Rule 37 provides the party who sent the discovery the means to file a motion 

to compel. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(B). If a court grants a Rule 37 motion to compel, or if 

discovery is received after a Rule 37 motion is filed, then the court must award reasonable 

expenses and attorney’s fees to the successful party, unless the successful party did not confer in 

good faith before the motion, the opposing party’s position was substantially justified, or other 

circumstances would make an award unjust. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(A). 

III. ANALYSIS 

Plaintiffs argue that the citizen complaint investigation reports are not subject to the 

deliberative process privilege, and even if they are, the privilege is waived because Defendants 

did not properly invoke the privilege. (Docket no. 14 at 13-18.) Reports of misconduct, 

investigations and dispositions of citizen complaints, and portions of these documents may be 

protected from disclosure and discovery by the executive or “deliberative process” privilege. 

Under the deliberative process privilege “intra-government documents which reflect advisory 

opinions, recommendations, and deliberations comprising part of the process by which 

governmental decisions and policies are formulated” are protected from disclosure in discovery. 

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Dowd v. Calabrese, 101 F.R.D. 427, 430 (D.D.C. 1984). Factual material, including reports and 

summaries, is not protected by the privilege. See Frankenhauser v. Rizzo, 59 F.R.D. 339, 344-46 

(E.D. Pa. 1973). “[T]he key issue in applying this exception is whether disclosure of the 

materials would expose an agency's decisionmaking process in such a way as to discourage 

discussion within the agency.” Rugiero v. Dep't of Justice, 257 F.3d 534, 550 (6th Cir. 2001) 

(internal quotations and citations omitted). “Accordingly, a governmental entity asserting the 

privilege must show that the material sought is pre-decisional and deliberative.” Bayliss v. New 

Jersey State Police, 622 F. App'x 182, 185 (3d Cir. 2015) (citing Abdelfattah v. U.S. Dep't of 

Homeland Sec., 488 F.3d 178, 183 (3d Cir. 2007); Redland Soccer Club, Inc. v. Dep't of Army of 

U.S., 55 F.3d 827, 853-54 (3d Cir. 1995)). 

 “The deliberative process privilege is a qualified privilege and can be overcome by a 

sufficient showing of need.” In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 737–38 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (footnote 

omitted). “This need determination is to be made flexibly on a case-by-case, ad hoc basis.” Id. 

Thus, when faced with an assertion of the deliberative process privilege, “a court deciding 

whether to grant discovery must consider, among other factors, ‘(i) the relevance of the evidence 

sought to be protected; (ii) the availability of other evidence; (iii) the ‘seriousness' of the 

litigation and the issues involved; (iv) the role of the government in the litigation; [and] (v) the 

possibility of future timidity by government employees who will be forced to recognize that their 

secrets are violable.’” Bayliss, 622 F. App'x at 186 (quoting Redland Soccer Club, 55 F.3d at 

854). 

 As an initial matter, the Court will address Plaintiffs’ argument that Defendant City of 

Detroit waived its claim of privilege because it failed to properly invoke the privilege in 

accordance with United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1 (1953). (Docket no. 14 at 16-17.) In 

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Reynolds, the Supreme Court provided that to properly invoke the privilege that protects military 

and state secrets, “[t]here must be formal claim of privilege, lodged by the head of the 

department which has control over the matter, after actual personal consideration by that 

officer.” Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 7–8. Several circuit and district courts have extended this rule to 

the deliberative process privilege, including many district courts located within the Eastern 

District of Michigan and the Sixth Circuit. See, e.g., Liuzzo v. United States, 508 F. Supp. 923, 

937 (E.D. Mich. 1981) (Joiner, J.); Moody v. Michigan Gaming Control Bd., No. 12-cv-13593, 

2013 WL 3013862, at *4 (E.D. Mich. June 18, 2013) (Drain, J.); E.E.O.C. v. Peoplemark, Inc., 

No. 1:08-CV-907, 2010 WL 748250, at *3 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 26, 2010); United States ex rel. 

Martin v. Life Care Centers of Am., Inc., No. 1:08-CV-251, 2015 WL 12917012, at *3 (E.D. 

Tenn. Apr. 27, 2015); Hill v. Waste Mgmt., Inc. of Tennessee, No. 1:10-CV-0033, 2011 WL 

3475545, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 9, 2011). 

 Defendants point out, however, that there is no Sixth Circuit precedent extending the 

Reynolds requirements to the deliberative process privilege, and other courts have held that the 

deliberative process privilege may be asserted by counsel. (See docket no. 16 at 21-22 (citing 

U.S. Dep't of Energy v. Brett, 659 F.2d 154, 155-56 (Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1981) and Founding 

Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Dir., F.B.I., 104 F.R.D. 459, 465-66 (D.D.C. 

1985)).) See also Marriott Int'l Resorts, L.P. v. United States, 437 F.3d 1302, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 

2006) (“[O]ur sister circuits have split over whether the Agency head invocation rule outlined in 

Reynolds applies to the deliberative process privilege as well as the military and state secrets 

privilege.”) (citing cases). In declining to extend the requirements for invoking the military or 

state secrets privilege set forth in Reynolds to the deliberative process privilege, the Temporary 

Emergency Court of Appeals stated: 

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The requirements for properly asserting [the deliberative process] privilege are set 

forth in Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C.Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 

977, 94 S.Ct. 1564, 39 L.Ed.2d 873 (1974). Vaughn does not specifically require 

the filing of affidavits by any agency officials. Rather, affidavits or testimony are 

necessary under Vaughn only if the agency wishes to avoid in camera inspection 

of the documents by the trial court. See 484 F.2d at 826 n.20, citing EPA v. Mink, 

410 U.S. 73, 93-94, 93 S.Ct. 827, 839, 35 L.Ed.2d 119 (1973). See also Crooker 

v. Office of Pardon Att'y, 614 F.2d 825, 828 (2d Cir. 1980). In this case, the DOE 

is not only willing to submit the documents to an in camera inspection but, in fact, 

seeks such an inspection. Thus, an affidavit or testimony from a responsible DOE 

official was unnecessary to assert the privilege effectively. 

Brett, 659 F.2d at 155. And in deciding to follow the principles outlined in Brett, the District 

Court for the District of Columbia explained: 

It may be that where deliberative process privilege material also involves 

assertion of the executive privilege for highly sensitive policy making material, 

scrutiny by the head of the department may be required, but it can hardly be 

intended that deliberative process material generated at the working attorney staff 

level or by mid-level managers or administrators must be reviewed by the head of 

a department or agency. Such a requirement would be an unwarranted imposition 

on the time of the heads of departments and agencies, who need to be free to 

devote their time to major policy issues and the management of their departments 

and agencies. 

Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc., 104 F.R.D. at 465. This Court is 

aligned with the views enunciated in Brett and Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, 

D.C., and in the absence of binding precedent from the Sixth Circuit, the Court declines to 

extend the Reynolds requirements for invoking the military and state secrets privilege to 

Defendants’ assertion of the deliberative process privilege in this matter, particularly where 

Defendants have consistently been willing to produce (and have produced) the documents to the 

Court for an in camera review and the documents do not constitute “highly sensitive policy 

making material” such that scrutiny by the head of the department would be required.2

 

 

2

 The Court acknowledges Defendants’ recent (and untimely) submission of the Affidavit of Pamela L. Davis-Drake, 

the Chief Investigator in the Office of the Chief Investigator of the City of Detroit, in which she affirms that she has 

reviewed the documents at issue and inexplicitly asserts the deliberative process privilege with regard to the 

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 A party claiming that otherwise discoverable information is privileged must expressly 

make the claim and describe the nature of the documents, communications, or tangible things 

withheld in a manner that will enable other parties to assess the claim. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

26(b)(5)(A). Here, upon production of the citizen complaint investigation reports, Defendants’ 

counsel informed Plaintiffs’ counsel, albeit informally, that he had redacted certain portions of 

those reports based on confidentiality concerns, the deliberative process privilege, and the law 

enforcement privilege. (Docket no. 16-3 at 1.) Subsequently, upon Plaintiffs’ counsel’s 

challenge to the assertion of privilege, Defendants’ counsel provided further explanation for 

application of the privilege, including references to legal precedent and an expanded description 

of the content of the redacted portions of the documents. (Docket nos. 16-4 and 16-5.) The 

Court finds that Defendants’ counsel’s initial assertion of the privilege was sufficient to satisfy 

the requirements of Rule 26(b)(5)(A); moreover, counsel’s subsequent, supplemental 

explanations were more than adequate to enable Plaintiffs to assess the claim of privilege. 

Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendants properly invoked the deliberative process privilege 

with regard to the redacted portions of the citizen complaint investigation reports in this matter, 

and Plaintiffs’ argument regarding waiver fails. 

 Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that the citizen complaint investigation reports are not 

subject to the deliberative process privilege because the privilege is unavailable where, as here, 

the City’s decision-making process or malfeasance is at issue. (Docket no. 14 at 14-15.) 

Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that although Plaintiff Dickerson’s complaints of illegal entry and 

seizure were sustained by the Office of the Chief Investigator, Defendants’ discovery responses 

suggest that Defendant Hall was not disciplined by Defendant City of Detroit for his illegal 

 

redacted portions of those documents. (Docket no. 37.) Had the Court extended Reynolds to this matter, this 

Affidavit would likely have cured any defect in Defendants’ invocation of the deliberative process privilege. 

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conduct. Plaintiffs continue that the City’s decision making in connection with the citizen 

complaints against Defendant Hall is therefore “the issue” in this matter. Plaintiffs further argue 

that the City’s decision making, along with the City’s alleged policy of ratifying unconstitutional 

searches and seizures, goes to the heart of Plaintiffs’ Monell claim. 

 To support this argument, Plaintiffs rely on an opinion from the United States Court of 

Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which provides, in relevant part, that “the common 

law deliberative process privilege is not appropriately asserted . . . when a plaintiff's cause of 

action turns on the government's intent[,]” as “it makes no sense to permit the government to use 

the privilege as a shield.” In re Subpoena Duces Tecum Served on Office of Comptroller of 

Currency, 145 F.3d 1422, 1424 (D.C. Cir.), on reh'g in part, 156 F.3d 1279 (D.C. Cir. 1998) 

(fraudulent transfer action against the FDIC). This is not a well-settled legal principle, however. 

The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois recently discussed this issue 

in the context of a Monell claim substantially similar to Plaintiffs’ Monell claim in this matter: 

Plaintiffs argue that their Complaint alleges that the City and IPRA have 

intentionally protected, covered-up, and failed to hold Officer Kelly accountable 

for his “long history of violent misconduct, which caused Plaintiffs' 

unconstitutional violations to occur.” For this reason, they contend, the City's 

intent (which can only be revealed through its deliberations) is critically important 

to Plaintiffs' Monell claim. However, if this rationale were accepted by the Court, 

the privilege would be overcome in any case in which the government's intent is 

called into question, rendering the deliberative process privilege a nullity in any 

case with a Monell claim. The Court believes that the mere allegation that a 

governmental unit acted improperly cannot open the door to its entire decisionmaking process without a further and careful examination of the relevance of the 

particular documents to the specific allegations in the case. 

Turner v. City of Chicago, No. 15 CV 06741, 2017 WL 552876, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 10, 2017). 

This Court has elected, in its discretion, to conduct such an examination here. 

 In accordance with a March 16, 2017 Order, Defendants have provided the Court with 

unredacted copies of the citizen complaint investigation reports at issue in this matter. The Court 

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has since reviewed the documents in their entirety and has determined that the deliberative 

process privilege applies to the redacted portions of the documents, as they reflect the analysis, 

evaluation, deliberations, and opinions of the personnel of the Office of the Chief Investigator. 

The Court has also considered the redacted information in conjunction with Plaintiffs’ Monell

claim and the balancing factors enumerated in Bayliss, supra, and finds that the relevance of the 

information, if any, is marginal. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ need for the information is insufficient to 

overcome Defendant City of Detroit’s interest in protecting the information and preventing any 

“future timidity” of its investigators through application of the deliberative process privilege. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel [14] is DENIED. 

NOTICE TO THE PARTIES 

 Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a), the parties have a period of fourteen days from the date 

of this Order within which to file any written appeal to the District Judge as may be permissible 

under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). 

Dated: March 29, 2017 s/ Mona K. Majzoub 

 MONA K. MAJZOUB 

 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 

PROOF OF SERVICE

 I hereby certify that a copy of this Opinion and Order was served upon counsel of record 

on this date. 

Dated: March 29, 2017 s/ Lisa C. Bartlett 

 Case Manager

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