Technical Report

NREL/TP-550-47867

September 2010

Large Hospital 50% 

Energy Savings: 

Technical Support Document

Eric Bonnema, Daniel Studer, Andrew Parker, 

Shanti Pless, and Paul Torcellini
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393

303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308

Technical Report

NREL/TP-550-47867

September 2010

Large Hospital 50% 

Energy Savings: 

Technical Support Document

Eric Bonnema, Daniel Studer, Andrew Parker, 

Shanti Pless, and Paul Torcellini

Prepared under Task No. BEC7.1309
NOTICE

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i

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program. 

This document was prepared by the Commercial Buildings Group of the National Renewable 

Energy Laboratory (NREL) Electricity, Resources, and Buildings System Integration Center as 

Deliverable 10-2.2.4 under Task BEC7.1309 in the Commercial Buildings Statement of Work.

This project would not have been possible without the help of Jeff Boldt, Mike Lawless, Matt 

Slager, Steve Mumm, Jared VanMiddlesworth, and Melissa Oelke of KJWW Engineering 

Consultants and Donald E. Wojtkowski, Executive Director of Design, Construction, and 

Facilities Management at SSM Health Care St. Louis. These individuals provided assistance and 

data critical to the creation of the energy models used for this study.

The authors are indebted to a number of building industry professionals for taking the time to 

review the analysis assumptions and earlier versions of this report. Jeff Boldt, Mike Lawless, 

Matt Slager, and Steve Mumm of KJWW Engineering Consultants commented on the prototype

energy model and energy design measure model assumptions based on their experiences and 

standard practices. Jeff Boldt of KJWW Engineering Consultants, Brian Ball of NREL; Lam Vu 

of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Construction and Facilities Management;

Drew Chidester and Sam McMahon of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Michael 

Myer of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; John D’Angelo of the Cleveland Clinic; and 

Heather Burpee with the University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab reviewed an earlier 

draft of this report.

The authors extend their thanks to their NREL colleagues Kyle Benne and Michael Sheppy for 

conducting formal internal reviews of this document, and to Stefanie Woodward and Sara Havig 

for providing editing assistance.

Thousands of EnergyPlus simulations were run to fully debug and finalize the energy models 

referenced by this report. This would not have been possible without the support of the NREL 

High Performance Computing Center managed by Jim Albin and Wesley Jones. Additional 

thanks go to Torri Lopez of the NREL High Performance Computing Center for helping to

install and maintain the software necessary to perform energy simulations on the Windows High 

Performance Computing cluster.

Finally, several other NREL colleagues provided valuable guidance and information during the 

modeling process, either directly or through their past work. Ian Doebber contributed insights, 

particularly heating, ventilation, and air conditioning insights, gained through his work on 

previous healthcare projects. Jennifer Scheib provided electric lighting data. Kyle Benne 

provided programming and automation assistance, and Brent Griffith contributed invaluable

EnergyPlus modeling and debugging assistance.
ii

Executive Summary

The Commercial Buildings Group at NREL developed this Technical Support Document under 

the direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program. It documents

the technical analysis performed and the resulting design guidance that will enable large 

hospitals to achieve whole-building energy savings of at least 50% over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA

Standard 90.1-2004. This report also documents in detail the modeling methods used to 

demonstrate that the design recommendations meet or exceed the 50% energy savings goal.

Methodology

To account for energy interactions between building subsystems, we used EnergyPlus (DOE 

2010) to model the predicted energy performance of the baseline and low-energy buildings to 

verify that 50% energy savings are achievable in all climate zones. EnergyPlus computes 

building energy use based on the interactions between climate, building form and fabric, internal 

gains, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems. The percent energy savings values 

presented in this document are based on a nominal minimally code-compliant building, as 

described in Standard 90.1-2004, and utilize a whole-building site energy use intensity metric 

(Torcellini et al. 2006).

The following steps were used to determine 50% savings:

1. Define architectural-program characteristics (design features not addressed by Standard

90.1-2004) for a typical large hospital, thereby defining a single prototype model.

2. Create baseline energy models for each climate zone that are elaborations of the 

prototype model and are compliant with Standard 90.1-2004, using industry feedback to 

strengthen the inputs for the baseline models.

3. Create low-energy models for each climate zone by applying a list of energy design 

measures to the prototype model. Utilize industry feedback to strengthen the energy 

design measures chosen for application.

4. Simulate the baseline and low-energy models in each climate zone to show that 50% (or 

greater) energy savings are achieved when the energy design measures are applied to the 

prototype model.

Figure ES-1 graphically shows the steps to determine 50% energy savings.
iii

Figure ES-1 Flow diagram of modeling process

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
iv

The simulations supporting this work were conducted with the NREL commercial building 

energy analysis platform, Opt-E-Plus (NREL 2010). Opt-E-Plus is a software research tool that 

integrates with EnergyPlus and was used to coordinate the very large number of EnergyPlus 

simulations necessary for this study. Opt-E-Plus transforms user-specified, high-level building 

parameters stored in extensible markup language files into an EnergyPlus input file. Although 

Opt-E-Plus can perform whole-building optimizations, that functionality was forgone in this 

report because of the complexity of the large hospital energy model. Instead, Opt-E-Plus was 

used solely to manage the large batches of EnergyPlus simulations.

In this report, three types of models are referred to:

1. A prototype model that contains the architectural-program characteristics (design features 

not addressed by Standard 90.1-2004).

2. Baseline models that are created by taking the prototype model and distributing it across 

16 U.S. climate zones while applying design features addressed by Standard 90.1-2004.

3. Low-energy models that are created by taking the prototype model and distributing it 

across 16 U.S. climate zones while applying energy design measures addressed by the 

TSD.

The prototype model is a 527,000 ft2 (49,000 m

2

), seven-story hospital. A 40% fraction of 

fenestration to gross wall area for the whole building was assumed. The prototype building has

steel-frame construction and a roof with insulation above deck. Baseline heating, ventilation, 

and air conditioning equipment consists of central air handling units, chillers, boilers, chilled and 

hot water air handling unit coils, and constant air volume terminal units with hot water reheat

coils.

Findings

The energy modeling results show that 50% energy savings can be achieved in large hospitals

across all U.S. climate zones. Table ES-1 summarizes the percent savings for the 16 U.S. 

locations, which encompass all 15 U.S. climate zones, for which simulations were run.
v

Table ES-1 Low-Energy Model Performance

Climate Zone Representative City Savings

1A Miami, Florida 50.8%

2A Houston, Texas 52.9%

2B Phoenix, Arizona 58.1%

3A Atlanta, Georgia 53.0%

3B Los Angeles, California 60.0%

3B Las Vegas, Nevada 58.0%

3C San Francisco, California 61.8%

4A Baltimore, Maryland 53.6%

4B Albuquerque, New Mexico 57.5%

4C Seattle, Washington 58.6%

5A Chicago, Illinois 52.2%

5B Boulder, Colorado 56.2%

6A Minneapolis, Minnesota 51.8%

6B Helena, Montana 55.5%

7 Duluth, Minnesota 52.4%

8 Fairbanks, Alaska 52.6%

A comparison of energy use intensities across climate zones shows that the energy savings range 

from 50.6% to 61.3%. Energy savings were smallest in the humid climates (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 

5A, and 6A) and in the extremely cold climates (7 and 8). The highest energy savings were 

achieved in the marine climates (3C and 4C), with relatively high energy savings achieved in the 

dry climates (2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B). In general, for each climate type (humid, marine, and 

arid) savings were seen to decrease as the climate became progressively colder.

The following energy design measures were used to attain 50% energy savings:

• Reduced lighting power densities.

• Daylighting sensors in applicable perimeter zones.

• Occupancy sensors in applicable zones.

• More insulative envelope (opaque exterior and fenestration).

• Overhangs on south-facing fenestrations.

• A multizone variable air volume dedicated outdoor air system with zone-level water-toair heat pumps. The heat pumps shared a common condenser loop whose temperature 

was maintained though the use of a chiller and boiler.

• High-efficiency chillers, boilers, and water heaters.

• Demand controlled ventilation.

• More efficient pumps.

• Reduced infiltration through tighter envelope construction.

• Integration of subsystems to achieve whole-building performance.

Table ES-2 summarizes the energy design measures used to attain 50% energy savings.
vi

Table ES-2 Recommendations to Achieve 50% Energy Savings

Item Component Recommendation

Envelope

Roofs Insulation entirely above deck R-25 c.i. to R-35 c.i., depending on climate zone

SRI Climate zone 1-3: 78, all other comply with Standard 90.1-2004

Walls Steel-framed R-13 + R-7.5 c.i. to R-13 + R-21.6 c.i., depending on climate zone

Slabs Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1

Air Barrier Infiltration 0.05 cfm/ft2 of exterior wall and roof area

Vertical fenestration

Total fenestration to gross wall area 40% max

Thermal transmittance U-0.20 to U-0.43, depending on climate zone

SHGC – all types and orientations SHGC-0.26 to SHGC-0.40, depending on climate zone

Visible light transmittance VLT-0.63 to VLT-0.69, depending on climate zone

Exterior sun control (S, E, W only) Projection factor of 0.5

Lighting

Interior lighting

Whole building interior LPD 0.88 W/ft2

Occupancy sensors Installed in applicable zones

Daylighting 400 lux continuous dimming in applicable perimeter zones

Exterior lighting Whole building exterior LPD 2.5 W/ft of exterior first floor façade perimeter

Operating 

Suite HVAC

Central air handling 

system

Water-cooled chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 44.0°F outlet temperature

Cooling tower Open tower, variable speed cooling tower fan

Gas boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, outdoor air temperature reset

Pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient

Air-side economizer Differential enthalpy controlled

HVAC

Water loop heat 

pump/dedicated 

outdoor air system

Water loop heat pump cooling efficiency 4.5 COP (15.4 EER) at 86°F

Water loop heat pump heating efficiency 5.0 COP (17.1 EER) at 68°F

Water loop heat pump fans 55% efficient, 0.30 in. w.c. pressure drop

Condenser loop water-cooled chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 86.0°F outlet temperature

Condenser loop cooling tower Open tower, variable speed cooling tower fan

Condenser loop gas boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, 68.0°F outlet temperature

Condenser loop economizer Counterflow waterside economizer

Condenser loop pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient

Dedicated outdoor air system fans 2.0 in. w.c. reduction over baseline central air handling system

Dedicated outdoor air system boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, outdoor air reset

Dedicated outdoor air system chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 44.0°F outlet temperature

Dedicated outdoor air system pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient, 60 ft w.c.
vii

Nomenclature

AEDG Advanced Energy Design Guide

ACH air changes per hour

AHU air handling unit

AIA American Institute of Architects

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers

Btu British thermal unit

C Celsius, centigrade

CAV constant air volume

CBECS Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

CDD cooling degree day

c.i. continuous insulation

COP coefficient of performance

DOAS dedicated outdoor air system

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

EDM energy design measure

EER energy efficiency ratio

EMS energy management system

EUI energy use intensity

F Fahrenheit

ft foot

gal gallon

h hour

HDD heating degree day

HEA Hospital Energy Alliance

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

in. inch

LPD lighting power density

m meter

MOB medical office building

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NR not regulated

OA outside air

PLR part-load ratio

RH relative humidity

SHGC solar heat gain coefficient

SRI solar reflectance index

SWH service water heating

TMY3 typical meteorological year 3

TSD Technical Support Document

USGBC U.S. Green Building Council

VAV variable air volume
viii

VLT visible light transmittance

W Watt

w.c. water column

WLHP water loop heat pump

XML extensible markup language
ix

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................II

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... II

FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................IV

NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................................. VII

CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................IX

FIGURES AND TABLES ........................................................................................................ XII

FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................XII

TABLES ......................................................................................................................................XII

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 SCOPE .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION .................................................................................................. 2

2. METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS........................................................................ 3

2.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................... 3

2.2 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1 Energy Use.................................................................................................................. 3

2.2.2 Percent Energy Savings.............................................................................................. 4

2.2.3 Standard 90.1-2004 Baseline...................................................................................... 4

2.3 BUILDING ENERGY MODELING METHODOLOGY.............................................................. 4

2.3.1 EnergyPlus.................................................................................................................. 4

2.3.2 Opt-E-Plus.................................................................................................................. 5

2.3.3 Climate Zones ............................................................................................................. 5

2.4 ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................. 6

2.5 DEFINING A “TYPICAL” HOSPITAL................................................................................... 6

2.6 MODELING PROCESS........................................................................................................ 7

2.7 EXTERNAL REVIEW PROCESS........................................................................................... 9

2.8 ENERGY DESIGN MEASURES............................................................................................ 9

3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................... 11

3.1 FORM ............................................................................................................................. 11

3.1.1 Space Types............................................................................................................... 18

3.2 FABRIC........................................................................................................................... 19

3.2.1 Exterior Walls........................................................................................................... 19

3.2.2 Roofs ......................................................................................................................... 19

3.2.3 Slab-on-Grade Floors............................................................................................... 20

3.2.4 Fenestration .............................................................................................................. 22

3.3 INFILTRATION ................................................................................................................ 23

3.3.1 Baseline Model.......................................................................................................... 23
x

3.3.2 Low-Energy Model.................................................................................................... 24

3.4 INTERNAL LOAD DENSITIES........................................................................................... 24

3.4.1 Occupancy Density ................................................................................................... 24

3.4.2 Plug and Process Loads............................................................................................ 25

3.4.3 Service Water Heating Loads ................................................................................... 26

3.5 SCHEDULES.................................................................................................................... 27

3.6 LIGHTING....................................................................................................................... 28

3.6.1 Interior Lighting........................................................................................................ 28

3.6.2 Exterior Lighting....................................................................................................... 28

3.6.3 Daylighting Controls ................................................................................................ 28

3.7 HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING........................................................ 30

3.7.1 Sizing......................................................................................................................... 30

3.7.2 Humidification .......................................................................................................... 30

3.7.3 Dehumidification....................................................................................................... 30

3.7.4 Ventilation and Total Airflow ................................................................................... 31

3.7.5 Baseline Model.......................................................................................................... 33

3.7.6 Low-Energy Model.................................................................................................... 35

3.8 SERVICE WATER HEATING............................................................................................. 40

3.8.1 Baseline Model.......................................................................................................... 40

3.8.2 Low-Energy Model.................................................................................................... 40

4. MODEL VALIDATION .................................................................................................... 41

4.1 SIMULATION RUNTIME................................................................................................... 41

4.2 TOTAL AND VENTILATION AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS.................................................... 42

4.2.1 Baseline Model.......................................................................................................... 42

4.2.2 Low-Energy Model.................................................................................................... 46

4.3 DETERMINATION OF REHEAT ENERGY........................................................................... 50

4.3.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 50

4.3.2 Reheat Energy Results .............................................................................................. 52

4.4 HOURS SET POINT NOT MET.......................................................................................... 53

4.5 ZONE RELATIVE HUMIDITY LEVELS .............................................................................. 54

5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 57

5.1 BASELINE MODELS ........................................................................................................ 57

5.2 LOW-ENERGY MODELS.................................................................................................. 58

5.3 COMPARISON ................................................................................................................. 61

5.4 BUNDLE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 63

6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 67

7. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 68

APPENDIX A. SPACE TYPES AND STANDARDS MAPPING .................................... 70

A.1 MAPPING FOR LPD ........................................................................................................ 70

A.2 MAPPING FOR AIRFLOW................................................................................................. 71

A.3 MAPPING FOR PLUG AND PROCESS LOADS..................................................................... 73

APPENDIX B. ENERGY USE DATA BY END USE ....................................................... 74
xi

B.1 IP UNITS ........................................................................................................................ 74

B.2 SI UNITS ........................................................................................................................ 76

APPENDIX C. REHEAT EMS CODE ............................................................................... 78

C.1 OUTPUT VARIABLES ...................................................................................................... 78

C.2 EMS SENSORS ............................................................................................................... 78

C.3 EMS PROGRAM CALLING MANAGER............................................................................. 79

C.4 EMS PROGRAM ............................................................................................................. 80

C.5 EMS GLOBAL VARIABLES............................................................................................. 81

C.6 EMS OUTPUT VARIABLES ............................................................................................. 81

APPENDIX D. TOTAL AND VENTILATION AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS........... 83

D.1 BASELINE MODEL.......................................................................................................... 83

D.2 LOW-ENERGY MODEL ................................................................................................. 114

APPENDIX E. SCHEDULES ............................................................................................ 145

E.1 24/7 SCHEDULES.......................................................................................................... 145

E.2 PATIENT SCHEDULES ................................................................................................... 147

E.3 OFFICE SCHEDULES ..................................................................................................... 149

E.4 FOOD SERVICE-RELATED AREA SCHEDULES ............................................................... 157

E.5 LAUNDRY SCHEDULES ................................................................................................. 161

E.6 OPERATING SUITE SCHEDULES .................................................................................... 165

E.7 INFILTRATION SCHEDULES........................................................................................... 165

E.8 SERVICE WATER HEATING SCHEDULES ....................................................................... 169
xii

Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure ES-1 Flow diagram of modeling process...........................................................................iii

Figure 2-1 DOE climate zones and representative cities............................................................. 5

Figure 2-2 Flow diagram of modeling process............................................................................ 8

Figure 3-1 Baseline model rendering: View from southeast.................................................... 12

Figure 3-2 Large hospital prototype first floor plan .................................................................. 13

Figure 3-3 Large hospital prototype second floor plan ............................................................. 14

Figure 3-4 Large hospital prototype third floor plan................................................................. 15

Figure 3-5 Large hospital prototype patient tower floor plan.................................................... 16

Figure 3-6 Large hospital prototype MOB floor plan ............................................................... 17

Figure 4-1 HVAC system temperature diagram........................................................................ 51

Figure 5-1 EUI by end use for baseline and low-energy models .............................................. 62

Figure 5-2 Bundle analysis results for humid climate zones..................................................... 64

Figure 5-3 Bundle analysis results for arid climate zones......................................................... 65

Figure 5-4 Bundle analysis results for marine and cold climate zones..................................... 66

Figure E-1 24/7 occupancy, equipment, and lighting schedules.............................................. 146

Figure E-2 Patient area occupancy and lighting schedules...................................................... 148

Figure E-3 Office occupancy schedules................................................................................... 153

Figure E-4 Office lighting schedules ....................................................................................... 154

Figure E-5 Office equipment schedules................................................................................... 155

Figure E-6 Office set point schedules...................................................................................... 156

Figure E-7 Food service-related area occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules ............ 159

Figure E-8 Food service-related area set point schedules........................................................ 160

Figure E-9 Laundry zone occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules............................... 163

Figure E-10 Laundry zone set point schedules.......................................................................... 164

Figure E-11 Infiltration schedules.............................................................................................. 168

Figure E-12 SWH schedules...................................................................................................... 170

Tables

Table ES-1 Low-Energy Model Performance .............................................................................. v

Table ES-2 Recommendations to Achieve 50% Energy Savings................................................ vi

Table 2-1 Recommendations to Achieve 50% Energy Savings............................................... 10

Table 3-1 Selected Modeling Assumptions.............................................................................. 11

Table 3-2 Space Type Floor Areas in the Prototype Model..................................................... 18

Table 3-3 Baseline Exterior Wall Constructions...................................................................... 19

Table 3-4 Low-Energy Exterior Wall Constructions............................................................... 19

Table 3-5 Baseline Roof Constructions.................................................................................... 20

Table 3-6 Low-Energy Roof Constructions............................................................................. 20

Table 3-7 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Humid Climates................................. 21

Table 3-8 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Arid Climates..................................... 21

Table 3-9 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Marine and Cold Climates................. 22

Table 3-10 Baseline Window Constructions.............................................................................. 23

Table 3-11 Low-Energy Window Constructions....................................................................... 23
xiii

Table 3-12 Peak Occupancy Density Mapping.......................................................................... 25

Table 3-13 Peak Plug Loads....................................................................................................... 26

Table 3-14 SWH Design Flow Rates......................................................................................... 27

Table 3-15 Lighting by Space Type ........................................................................................... 29

Table 3-16 Minimum Ventilation Rates..................................................................................... 32

Table 3-17 Baseline System Fan Calculation Results................................................................ 33

Table 3-18 Baseline System Fan Model Inputs.......................................................................... 33

Table 3-19 Baseline Heating Hot Water System Outdoor Air Reset Values............................. 34

Table 3-20 Baseline Boiler Performance Metrics...................................................................... 34

Table 3-21 Non-condensing Boiler Efficiency Curve Data ....................................................... 35

Table 3-22 Baseline Chiller Performance Metrics..................................................................... 35

Table 3-23 Low-Energy System Fan Model Inputs................................................................... 37

Table 3-24 Condenser Loop Performance Metrics .................................................................... 38

Table 3-25 Low-Energy Heating Hot Water System OA Reset Values.................................... 38

Table 3-26 Low-Energy Heating Hot Water Loop Performance Metrics.................................. 38

Table 3-27 Condensing Boiler Efficiency Curve Data .............................................................. 39

Table 3-28 Low-Energy Chilled Water Loop Performance Metrics.......................................... 39

Table 3-29 Low-Energy WLHP Performance Metrics .............................................................. 40

Table 3-30 SWH Performance Metrics...................................................................................... 40

Table 4-1 Simulation Runtime and Results Comparison ......................................................... 41

Table 4-2 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Humid Climates ........................................ 43

Table 4-3 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Arid Climates............................................ 43

Table 4-4 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates ........................ 44

Table 4-5 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates ............................................. 44

Table 4-6 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates................................................. 45

Table 4-7 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates ............................. 45

Table 4-8 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Humid Climates.................................. 47

Table 4-9 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Arid Climates...................................... 47

Table 4-10 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates.................. 48

Table 4-11 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates....................................... 48

Table 4-12 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates........................................... 49

Table 4-13 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates....................... 49

Table 4-14 Summary of Reheat Assignment by AHU Coil Activity and Zone State................ 50

Table 4-15 Baseline Reheat Energy Percentage......................................................................... 53

Table 4-16 Hours Set Point Not Met During Occupied Hours .................................................. 54

Table 4-17 Baseline Annual 5th and 95th Percentile RH Values ................................................ 55

Table 4-18 Low-Energy Annual 5th and 95th Percentile RH Values.......................................... 56

Table 5-1 Baseline Model Performance: Humid Climates ..................................................... 57

Table 5-2 Baseline Model Performance: Arid Climates......................................................... 58

Table 5-3 Baseline Model Performance: Marine and Cold Climates ..................................... 58

Table 5-4 Low-Energy Model Performance: Humid Climate Zones...................................... 59

Table 5-5 Low-Energy Model Performance: Arid Climate Zones.......................................... 60

Table 5-6 Low-Energy Model Performance: Marine and Cold Climate Zones...................... 61

Table A-1 Standard 90.1-2004 Space Type Mapping............................................................... 70

Table A-2 AIA Guidelines and Standard 170 Space Type Mapping........................................ 71

Table A-3 Standard 62.1-2004 Space Type Mapping............................................................... 72
xiv

Table A-4 GGHC Space Type Mapping................................................................................... 73

Table B-1 Large Hospital End Uses (IP Units)......................................................................... 74

Table B-2 Large Hospital End Uses (SI Units)......................................................................... 76

Table D-1 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Humid Climates ........................ 84

Table D-2 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Arid Climates............................ 89

Table D-3 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates ........ 94

Table D-4 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates.................................. 99

Table D-5 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates.................................... 104

Table D-6 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates................ 109

Table D-7 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Humid Climates................ 115

Table D-8 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Arid Climates.................... 120

Table D-9 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates 125

Table D-10 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates ......................... 130

Table D-11 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates............................. 135

Table D-12 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates ......... 140

Table E-1 24/7 Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules.......................................... 145

Table E-2 24/7 Set Point Schedules........................................................................................ 145

Table E-3 Patient Area Lighting and Occupancy Schedules.................................................. 147

Table E-4 Office Occupancy Schedule................................................................................... 149

Table E-5 Office Lighting Schedule....................................................................................... 150

Table E-6 Office Equipment Schedule ................................................................................... 151

Table E-7 Office Set Point Schedule ...................................................................................... 152

Table E-8 Food Service-Related Area Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules...... 157

Table E-9 Food Service-Related Area Set Point Schedules................................................... 158

Table E-10 Laundry Zone Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules .......................... 161

Table E-11 Laundry Zone Set Point Schedules........................................................................ 162

Table E-12 Operating Suite Set Point Schedules...................................................................... 165

Table E-13 Infiltration Schedule Names by Space Type.......................................................... 166

Table E-14 Low-Energy Infiltration Schedules........................................................................ 167

Table E-15 SWH Schedules ..................................................................................................... 169
1

1. Introduction

This Technical Support Document (TSD) is a detailed compilation of the modeling assumptions, 

analysis techniques, and results that provide the technical basis for building design 

recommendations that achieve a desired level of energy savings compared to a baseline model. 

A series of TSDs is available for different building types and different energy savings levels;

some of the TSDs have led to Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs) jointly produced by 

the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 

American Institute of Architects (AIA), Illuminating Engineering Society of America (IESNA), 

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The AEDGs 

are user-friendly books containing the design recommendations derived from the TSDs plus 

relevant case studies and best practices tips (Pless et al. 2007).

The TSDs are part of an effort to progressively facilitate the design, construction, and operation 

of energy-efficient buildings. The first phase concentrated on achieving 30% energy savings 

over Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). The second phase, which includes this TSD, 

provides design recommendations that architects, designers, contractors, developers, owners, and 

lessees of large hospitals can use to achieve whole-building site energy savings of at least 50% 

compared to the minimum requirements of Standard 90.1-2004. The energy reducing 

recommendations address building envelope (including infiltration through walls and doors);

fenestration types; electrical lighting systems; daylighting; heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems; and outside air (OA) quantity and treatment. The 

recommendations should be used as a starting point for project-specific analyses and are not 

intended to be part of a code or standard. This work will also reach its intended audience

through the DOE-sponsored Hospital Energy Alliance (HEA) (DOE 2008).

This TSD was developed by the Commercial Buildings Group at the National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory (NREL) under the direction of the DOE Building Technologies Program as 

Deliverable 10-2.2.4 under Task BEC7.1309 in the Commercial Buildings Statement of Work.

1.1 Objectives

The modeling and analysis described in this report are used to develop:

• A baseline building as a basis for evaluating energy savings measures.

• A set of recommendations that meet or exceed a goal of 50% site energy savings over 

Standard 90.1-2004.

1.2 Scope

This document provides recommendations to designers, developers, and owners of large 

hospitals to encourage the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings. To ease the 

burden of designing and constructing new energy-efficient large hospitals, this report describes a 

set of design measures that enable the 50% energy savings target to be met for each climate zone.

The TSD discusses energy savings and does not address other sustainability issues, such as 

acoustics, productivity, indoor environmental quality, water efficiency, landscaping, and 

transportation, except as they relate to operational energy consumption. It is also not intended to 

serve as any kind of design document—detailed design is left to the experts working on 

particular projects. The results are intended to demonstrate the advantages of integrated wholebuilding design and to show that 50% energy savings is possible independent of climate zone.
2

1.3 Report Organization

This report is organized into five sections. Section 1 provides background, overview, and scope 

information. Section 2 introduces the modeling methodology, including definitions, analysis 

framework and assumptions, prototype definition, the modeling process, and the external review

process. Section 3 describes the model development process, starting with a description of the

prototype model, followed by detailed input data for the climate-specific baseline and lowenergy building models. Section 4 provides an overview of the validation work performed on 

the baseline and low-energy models to ensure that the results were reasonable and accurate. 

Section 5 contains the results of the modeling study, including the energy use intensities (EUIs) 

of the baseline and low-energy models.
3

2. Methodology and Assumptions

This section describes the methodology and assumptions used to develop this TSD. Our overall 

goal was to show, through energy modeling, that 50% energy savings are achievable in large 

hospitals across all U.S. climate zones.

2.1 Guiding Principles

The objective was to develop a set of recommendations to enable the design and construction of

large hospitals that meet or exceed a goal of 50% energy savings over Standard 90.1-2004 and to 

develop a baseline building as a basis for evaluating energy savings measures. Achieving 50% 

energy savings requires integrated building design—an approach that analyzes buildings as 

holistic systems rather than as disconnected collections of individually engineered subsystems. 

Indeed, accounting for and taking advantage of interactions between subsystems is a paramount 

concern. As an example, a reduction in installed lighting power density (LPD) can often be 

accompanied by a smaller HVAC system, but only if an integrated design process allows for it.

The design was determined by applying energy design measures (EDMs) to a baseline building. 

We used the following guiding principles to develop a list of prospective EDMs:

• We considered only off-the-shelf technologies that were available from multiple sources, 

as opposed to technologies or techniques that were available only in limited quantities or 

from one manufacturer.

• The EDMs were limited to technologies that could be modeled with EnergyPlus.

• Verification was required that the measure saved energy as part of the integrated lowenergy design during model development and simulation.

The recommended design is also expected to be reasonably cost effective, but not necessarily the 

most cost-effective design. Many EDMs involve cost reductions in other places, so we believe 

that the recommended design is reasonably cost effective. Given the difficulty of obtaining 

accurate and timely cost data on all the technologies required to reach 50% savings in all climate 

zones, we performed no economic analysis. However, the recommendations were based on 

strategies that have been shown to be cost effective in actual projects based on HEA and industry 

input.

2.2 Definitions

This section specifies how building energy use and the percent energy savings relative to 

Standard 90.1-2004 were calculated. It includes the site boundary used to calculate site energy 

use, approaches to energy demands not treated by the standards, and the application of Standard 

90.1-2004 in this study.

2.2.1 Energy Use

Building energy use can be calculated a number of ways based on where the energy is assumed 

to originate and on which loads are included. Our assumptions follow.

2.2.1.1 Site Energy Use

The percent energy savings goal was based on site energy use, which is the amount of energy 

delivered to a building by the utility (typically in the form of electricity or natural gas) minus any 

renewable energy generated within its footprint. Other metrics, such as energy cost savings, 

source energy savings, and carbon savings, could be used (Torcellini et al. 2006). Each metric 
4

has advantages and disadvantages in calculation and interpretation, and each favors different 

technologies and fuel types. This TSD used site energy savings to retain consistency with the 

previous TSDs and AEDGs.

2.2.1.2 Whole-Building Energy Use

Energy savings can be expressed in two ways: for regulated loads only or for all loads (the 

whole building). Regulated loads include lighting loads, HVAC loads, and any other load 

regulated by code. Non-regulated loads include plug and process loads that are not code 

regulated. Whole-building energy savings calculations include all loads, both regulated and nonregulated. In general, whole-building savings more accurately represent a building’s impact.

The whole-building energy savings method was used to determine 50% energy savings, in line 

with Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b) and the current Leadership in Energy and 

Environmental Design V3 (USGBC 2009).

2.2.2 Percent Energy Savings

Percent energy savings were based on the notion of a minimally code-compliant building as 

described in Standard 90.1-2004. The following steps were used to determine 50% savings:

1. Define architectural program characteristics (design aspects not addressed by Standard 

90.1-2004) for typical large hospitals, thereby defining a prototype model.

2. Create baseline energy models for each climate zone that are elaborations of the 

prototype model and are minimally compliant with Standard 90.1-2004.

3. Create a list of EDMs that can be applied to the prototype model to create low-energy

models that achieve 50% energy savings compared to the baseline models.

2.2.3 Standard 90.1-2004 Baseline

The 50% level of savings achieved by each low-energy building model was demonstrated in 

comparison with a baseline model that minimally satisfied the requirements of Standard 90.1-

2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). Notable deviations from Standard 90.1-2004 included:

• Economizer high limit shutoff values ignored (due to enthalpy control)

• No pressure credits taken, as defined in the exception to Standard 90.1-2004 section 

G3.1.2.9

• Only one boiler was modeled, as opposed to two staged boilers as required by section

G3.1.3.2

• Only one chiller was modeled, instead of more than one chiller as required by section 

G3.1.3.7 (very complex to apply this to all baseline models due to the varying cooling 

load experienced by the building in the different climate zones)

• Chilled water reset was not utilized (G3.1.3.9)

• The supply air temperature was not reset under minimum load conditions (G3.1.3.12)

2.3 Building Energy Modeling Methodology

This section describes in detail our building energy modeling methodology.

2.3.1 EnergyPlus

EnergyPlus Version 5.0 (DOE 2010), a publicly available building simulation engine, was used 

for all energy analyses. EnergyPlus was selected because it is a detailed DOE simulation tool 

that computes building energy use based on the interactions between climate, building form and 
5

fabric, internal gains, HVAC systems, and renewable energy systems. The simulations were run 

on local personal computers and a 64-bit Linux cluster computer at NREL.

2.3.2 Opt-E-Plus

The simulations were managed with the NREL analysis platform, Opt-E-Plus (NREL 2010), 

which transforms user-specified, high-level building parameters (area, internal gains per zone, 

HVAC system configuration, etc.) stored in extensible markup language (XML) files. These 

XML files were expanded using the Opt-E-Plus capabilities into EnergyPlus input files. The 

advantage is that high-level variables can be changed and automatically mapped to several 

EnergyPlus inputs. Although Opt-E-Plus can perform whole-building optimizations, Opt-E-Plus 

was only used for managing the large number of simulations needed for the analysis. This is 

partly due to the complexity of hospitals.

2.3.3 Climate Zones

The TSDs contain a set of energy efficiency recommendations for each DOE climate zone

examined. The eight zones and three subzones in the United States are depicted in Figure 2-1. 

The zones are defined primarily by heating degree days (HDDs) and cooling degree days 

(CDDs) (Briggs et al. 2003). The climate zones range from hot (zone 1) to cold (zone 8).

Subzones indicate varying moisture conditions. Humid subzones are designated by the letter A, 

dry subzones by B, and marine subzones by C.

Figure 2-1 DOE climate zones and representative cities

(Credit: (DOE 2005)
6

The 16 specific locations (marked in Figure 2-1) for which analysis was performed are listed 

below and are designated as being representative of their climate zones. Large cities were 

chosen, as their weather data directly apply to a large fraction of the total U.S. building floor 

area. Energy savings were determined by running baseline and low-energy model simulations 

with the same typical meteorological year 3 (TMY3) weather file (one set of simulations for each 

city) (Deru et al. 2010).

• Zone 1A: Miami, Florida (very hot, humid)

• Zone 2A: Houston, Texas (hot, humid)

• Zone 2B: Phoenix, Arizona (hot, dry)

• Zone 3A: Atlanta, Georgia (hot, humid)

• Zone 3B: Las Vegas, Nevada (hot, dry) and Los Angeles, California (warm, dry)

• Zone 3C: San Francisco, California (marine)

• Zone 4A: Baltimore, Maryland (mild, humid)

• Zone 4B: Albuquerque, New Mexico (mild, dry)

• Zone 4C: Seattle, Washington (marine)

• Zone 5A: Chicago, Illinois (cold, humid)

• Zone 5B: Denver, Colorado (cold, dry)

• Zone 6A: Minneapolis, Minnesota (cold, humid)

• Zone 6B: Helena, Montana (cold, dry)

• Zone 7: Duluth, Minnesota (very cold)

• Zone 8: Fairbanks, Alaska (extremely cold)

2.4 Analysis Assumptions

We made the following assumptions:

• The models developed in this work represent typical large hospitals. They incorporate 

design features that yield climate-specific guidance.

• The models are controlled under ideal conditions. In actual buildings, the anticipated 

energy savings are often not achieved or erode over time because the buildings are not 

properly commissioned, operated, or maintained.

2.5 Defining a “Typical” Hospital

Each hospital building is unique and most do not follow a typical prototypical form or floor plan. 

Any large hospital is likely to differ significantly from another based on the services offered, 

owner preferences, and location. For this project, the geometry was based on actual project plans 

for a hospital similar in size to the target square footage for this report [500,000 ft2 (46,450 m2

)]. 

The plans were provided by an engineering firm which specializes in hospital design.

In addition, a number of reports and datasets were surveyed to develop typical large hospital

characteristics and obtain energy performance estimates. These included the following:

• 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) (EIA 2005)

• U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models for Energy 

Simulation (Deru et al. 2010)

• Green Guide for Health Care, V2.2 (GGHC 2007)

• 2006 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities (AIA et al. 2006)

• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a)
7

• Technical Support Document: Development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for 

Small Hospitals and Healthcare Facilties—30% Guide (Bonnema et al. 2010)

• Prototypical hospital plans from actual projects.

2.6 Modeling Process

Once a “typical” hospital was defined, it was used to create the initial EnergyPlus model known 

as the prototype. This prototype was taken in two separate directions: (1) applying Standard 

90.1-2004 to generate the baseline model; and (2) applying EDMs to create the low-energy 

model. These two models were distributed across the climate zones, updated to include climatespecific parameters, and then simulated using EnergyPlus to generate percent energy savings 

comparisons. A diagram of this process is shown in Figure 2-2.
8

1

(ASHRAE 2004a) 2(GGHC 2007) 3(AIA et al. 2006) 4(Bonnema et al. 2010)

Figure 2-2 Flow diagram of modeling process

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
9

2.7 External Review Process

Building model inputs and assumptions were reviewed by several members of the HEA and by

an engineering firm which specializes in large hospital design. All members of the HEA were 

invited to submit comments on an earlier draft of this document.

2.8 Energy Design Measures

The EDMs chosen for this analysis were:

• Reduced lighting power densities.

• Daylighting sensors in applicable perimeter zones.

• Occupancy sensors in applicable zones.

• More insulative envelope (opaque exterior and fenestration).

• Overhangs on south-facing fenestrations.

• A multizone variable air volume dedicated outdoor air system with zone-level water-toair heat pumps. The heat pumps shared a common condenser loop whose temperature 

was maintained though the use of a chiller and boiler.

• High-efficiency chillers, boilers, and water heaters.

• Demand controlled ventilation.

• More efficient pumps.

• Reduced infiltration through tighter envelope construction

Table 2-1 summarizes the energy design measures used to attain 50% energy savings.
10

Table 2-1 Recommendations to Achieve 50% Energy Savings

Item Component Recommendation

Envelope

Roofs Insulation entirely above deck R-25 c.i. to R-35 c.i., depending on climate zone

SRI Climate zone 1-3: 78, all other comply with Standard 90.1-2004

Walls Steel-framed R-13 + R-7.5 c.i. to R-13 + R-21.6 c.i., depending on climate zone

Slabs Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1

Air Barrier Infiltration 0.05 cfm/ft2 of exterior wall and roof area

Vertical fenestration

Total fenestration to gross wall area 40% max

Thermal transmittance U-0.20 to U-0.43, depending on climate zone

SHGC – all types and orientations SHGC-0.26 to SHGC-0.40, depending on climate zone

Visible light transmittance VLT-0.63 to VLT-0.69, depending on climate zone

Exterior sun control (S, E, W only) Projection factor of 0.5

Lighting

Interior lighting

Whole building interior LPD 0.88 W/ft2

Occupancy sensors Installed in applicable zones

Daylighting 400 lux continuous dimming in applicable perimeter zones

Exterior lighting Whole building exterior LPD 2.5 W/ft of exterior first floor façade perimeter

Operating 

Suite HVAC

Central air handling 

system

Water-cooled chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 44.0°F outlet temperature

Cooling tower Open tower, variable speed cooling tower fan

Gas boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, outdoor air temperature reset

Pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient

Air-side economizer Differential enthalpy controlled

HVAC

Water loop heat 

pump/dedicated 

outdoor air system

Water loop heat pump cooling efficiency 4.5 COP (15.4 EER) at 86°F

Water loop heat pump heating efficiency 5.0 COP (17.1 EER) at 68°F

Water loop heat pump fans 55% efficient, 0.30 in. w.c. pressure drop

Condenser loop water-cooled chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 86.0°F outlet temperature

Condenser loop cooling tower Open tower, variable speed cooling tower fan

Condenser loop gas boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, 68.0°F outlet temperature

Condenser loop economizer Counterflow waterside economizer

Condenser loop pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient

Dedicated outdoor air system fans 2.0 in. w.c. reduction over baseline central air handling system

Dedicated outdoor air system boiler 90% efficient condensing boiler, outdoor air reset

Dedicated outdoor air system chiller Variable speed, centrifugal, 7.0 COP, 44.0°F outlet temperature

Dedicated outdoor air system pumps Variable speed, 80% efficient, 60 ft w.c.
11

3. Model Development

This section describes the modeling inputs used to construct the baseline and low-energy models. 

Where the baseline and low-energy model inputs are identical, the inputs are listed with no 

subheadings. In sections where the baseline model and the low-energy model differ, 

subheadings of “Baseline Model” and “Low-Energy Model” are used. This layout was chosen to 

facilitate a quick comparison between the two models.

3.1 Form

The geometry for the energy models was based on actual hospital blueprints and includes a 

427,000 ft2 (39,670 m2) seven-story hospital building and an attached 100,000 ft2 (9,290 m2) 

five-story medical office building (MOB). The MOB contains closed offices along the perimeter 

zones and open offices in the core.

The floor-to-floor height was modeled as 10 ft (3.05 m) (plenum spaces were ignored to simplify 

the energy model). Basic modeling parameters for the model are listed in Table 3-1. A 

rendering of the model is shown in Figure 3-1 (the MOB is shown on the left of the figure). 

Floor plans are shown in Figure 3-2 through Figure 3-6.

Table 3-1 Selected Modeling Assumptions

Model Parameters Value

Total floor area 527,000 ft2 (48,960 m2)

Hospital floor area 427,000 ft2 (39,670 m2)

MOB floor area 100,000 ft2 (9,290 m2)

Floor-to-floor height (plenum spaces were 

ignored to simplify the energy model) 10 ft (3.05 m)

Number of floors (hospital) 7

Number of floors (MOB) 5

Glazing sill height (bottom of window to floor) 3.6 ft (1.1 m)

Glazing head height (top of window to ceiling) 2.4 ft (0.7 m)
12

Figure 3-1 Baseline model rendering: View from southeast

(Credit: Eric Bonnema/NREL)
13

Figure 3-2 Large hospital prototype first floor plan

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
14

Figure 3-3 Large hospital prototype second floor plan

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
15

Figure 3-4 Large hospital prototype third floor plan

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
16

Figure 3-5 Large hospital prototype patient tower floor plan

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
17

Figure 3-6 Large hospital prototype MOB floor plan

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)
18

3.1.1 Space Types

Every zone in the model was assigned to 1 of 32 space types, each of which had its own space 

conditioning and equipment requirements, which are discussed below. These space types 

corresponded to spaces listed in Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a) and AIA et al. (2006). 

Table 3-2 lists these space types and gives an overview of their respective weighting in the 

model.

Table 3-2 Space Type Floor Areas in the Prototype Model

Space Type Name Floor Area (ft2) Percent of Total

Anesthesia gas storage 624 0.1%

Cafeteria 4,018 0.8%

Clean workroom/holding 3,783 0.7%

Conference room 6,150 1.2%

Corridor/transition 38,640 7.3%

Dining room 4,920 0.9%

Examination/treatment room 18,940 3.6%

Food preparation center 4,018 0.8%

Laboratory 12,580 2.4%

Laundry 2,236 0.4%

Lobby area 3,750 0.7%

Locker 750 0.1%

Lounge 3,355 0.6%

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room 18,900 3.6%

Medical supply/medication room 18,400 3.5%

Nurse station 22,730 4.3%

Nursery 990 0.2%

Office 163,766 31.1%

Operating suite 21,076 4.0%

Patient room 97,514 18.5%

Pharmacy 6,000 1.1%

Physical therapy 4,920 0.9%

Procedure room 4,600 0.9%

Radiology/imaging 11,230 2.1%

Reception/waiting 21,320 4.0%

Recovery room 6,150 1.2%

Restroom 1,540 0.3%

Soiled workroom/holding 6,283 1.2%

Sterilizer equipment room 1,360 0.3%

Storage/receiving 9,776 1.9%

Trauma/emergency room 4,480 0.8%

Triage 2,375 0.5%
19 

3.2 Fabric

This section describes the building fabric, including materials comprising any part of the 

building’s walls, floors, and roofs.

3.2.1 Exterior Walls

The baseline and low-energy walls were assumed to be steel framed. The material layers that 

made up the exterior wall construction consisted of a sheathing layer, a parallel steel stud/batt 

insulation layer, a layer of continuous insulation (c.i.) if necessary (c.i. is based on climate zone), 

and a 0.5-in. (0.0127-m) layer of gypsum board. 

3.2.1.1 Baseline Model

Assembly U-factors for the baseline model varied based on the climate zone and were adjusted 

to account for standard film coefficients. Continuous insulation R-values were selected to meet 

the maximum U-factors required in Section 5 of Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). The 

baseline model exterior wall performance metrics are listed in Table 3-3. 

Table 3-3 Baseline Exterior Wall Constructions

Climate

Zone 

Insulation R-values, 

Nominal 

Assembly U-Factor 

(Btu/h·ft2·°F)

Construction 

Type

1–4 R-13 batt 0.124 Steel framed

5–6 R-13 batt + R-3.8 c.i. 0.084 Steel framed

7–8 R-13 batt + R-7.5 c.i. 0.064 Steel framed

3.2.1.2 Low-Energy Model

The low-energy model exterior wall constructions were taken from the recommendations for 

steel-frame exterior wall constructions found in Bonnema et al. (2010). The low-energy model 

exterior wall performance metrics are listed in Table 3-4. 

Table 3-4 Low-Energy Exterior Wall Constructions

Climate

Zone 

Insulation R-values, 

Nominal 

Assembly U-Factor 

(Btu/h·ft2·°F)

Construction 

Type

1–4 R-13 batt + R-7.5 c.i. 0.064 Steel framed

5 R-13 batt + R-15.6 c.i. 0.042 Steel framed

6–7 R-13 batt + R-18.8 c.i. 0.037 Steel framed

8 R-13 batt + R-21.6 c.i. 0.034 Steel framed

3.2.2 Roofs

The baseline and low-energy roof constructions were modeled as a roof with insulation entirely 

above deck, where the construction consisted of three layers: a roof membrane, insulation, and 

metal decking. 

3.2.2.1 Baseline Model

Continuous insulation R-values were selected to meet the maximum U-values required in Section 

5 of Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). The baseline roof performance metrics are listed in 

Table 3-5. 
20

Table 3-5 Baseline Roof Constructions

Climate

Zone

Insulation R-values,

Nominal

Assembly U-Factor

(Btu/h·ft2·°F)

Construction

Type

1–7 R-15.0 c.i. 0.063 Insulation entirely above deck

8 R-20.0 c.i. 0.048 Insulation entirely above deck

The prescriptive portion of Standard 90.1-2004 does not specify performance characteristics such 

as roof reflectance or absorption. However, Standard 90.1-2004 states that the baseline roof 

construction albedo shall be 0.30. As such, we assumed that the baseline roof membrane has a 

solar reflectivity of 0.30, a thermal absorptance of 0.90, and a visible absorptance of 0.70.

3.2.2.2 Low-Energy Model

The low-energy model roof constructions were taken from the recommendations for insulation 

entirely above deck roof types found in Bonnema et al. (2010). The thermal performance 

metrics for the low-energy roof constructions are listed by climate zone in Table 3-6.

Table 3-6 Low-Energy Roof Constructions

Climate 

Zone

Insulation R-values,

Nominal

Assembly UFactor 

(Btu/h·ft2·°F)

Construction

Type

Solar 

Reflectivity

1–3 R-25 c.i. 0.039 Insulation entirely above deck 0.70

4–6 R-30 c.i. 0.032 Insulation entirely above deck 0.30

7–8 R-35 c.i. 0.028 Insulation entirely above deck 0.30

The low-energy model roof membrane has a thermal absorptance of 0.9 and a visible 

absorptance of 0.7. The solar reflectivity of the roof membrane varies by climate zone (see 

Table 3-6).

3.2.3 Slab-on-Grade Floors

Both models had identical slab-on-grade floors, which were composed of a carpet pad layer over 

an 8-in. (0.2-m) thick heavyweight concrete layer. The average monthly temperatures used in 

EnergyPlus to calculate the ground heat transfer are listed in Table 3-7 through Table 3-9. These 

data were generated through the use of the Slab program, which is packaged with EnergyPlus.
21

Table 3-7 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Humid Climates

Month

Miami Houston Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Minneapolis

°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C

January 72.5 22.5 69.0 20.5 67.9 20.0 67.5 19.7 67.1 19.5 66.8 19.3

February 72.8 22.6 68.6 20.3 67.8 19.9 67.4 19.7 67.1 19.5 66.8 19.3

March 73.0 22.8 69.4 20.8 67.9 19.9 67.5 19.7 67.2 19.5 66.9 19.4

April 73.3 23.0 71.8 22.1 68.8 20.5 67.5 19.7 67.3 19.6 67.1 19.5

May 73.5 23.1 73.0 22.8 71.7 22.0 68.9 20.5 68.0 20.0 68.3 20.2

June 73.5 23.1 73.2 22.9 72.6 22.5 71.8 22.1 71.0 21.6 70.8 21.6

July 73.6 23.1 73.3 22.9 72.8 22.7 72.4 22.5 72.0 22.2 71.8 22.1

August 73.6 23.1 73.3 23.0 73.0 22.8 72.6 22.6 72.3 22.4 72.1 22.3

September 73.6 23.1 73.4 23.0 73.1 22.8 71.9 22.2 70.6 21.4 69.2 20.6

October 73.7 23.1 73.1 22.8 70.1 21.2 69.1 20.6 68.2 20.1 67.8 19.9

November 73.5 23.1 70.9 21.6 68.5 20.3 68.1 20.0 67.6 19.8 67.4 19.6

December 73.2 22.9 69.2 20.6 68.1 20.0 67.6 19.8 67.3 19.6 67.1 19.5

Table 3-8 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Arid Climates

Month

Phoenix Los Angeles Las Vegas Albuquerque Boulder Helena

°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C

January 66.7 19.3 68.2 20.1 66.0 18.9 66.6 19.2 66.6 19.2 66.4 19.1

February 66.6 19.2 68.2 20.1 66.0 18.9 66.6 19.2 66.5 19.2 66.5 19.1

March 68.7 20.4 68.2 20.1 66.0 18.9 66.5 19.2 66.6 19.2 66.5 19.1

April 70.5 21.4 68.4 20.2 68.6 20.3 66.6 19.2 66.7 19.3 66.6 19.2

May 70.7 21.5 69.0 20.6 69.6 20.9 68.8 20.4 66.9 19.4 66.7 19.3

June 70.1 21.2 69.7 21.0 69.7 20.9 70.5 21.4 68.8 20.4 68.1 20.0

July 69.9 21.1 72.3 22.4 69.4 20.8 70.8 21.6 70.7 21.5 70.4 21.3

August 70.3 21.3 72.9 22.7 69.5 20.8 71.1 21.7 71.2 21.8 69.8 21.0

September 70.6 21.4 73.0 22.8 69.8 21.0 71.3 21.8 68.8 20.4 67.7 19.8

October 70.9 21.6 71.5 22.0 69.6 20.9 67.7 19.8 67.2 19.5 66.9 19.4

November 68.6 20.3 69.1 20.6 66.6 19.2 66.9 19.4 66.8 19.3 66.7 19.3

December 66.9 19.4 68.4 20.2 66.1 18.9 66.7 19.3 66.6 19.2 66.5 19.2
22

Table 3-9 Simulated Monthly Ground Temperatures: Marine and Cold Climates

Month

San Francisco Seattle Duluth Fairbanks

°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C

January 67.8 19.9 67.5 19.7 66.5 19.2 65.2 18.4

February 67.9 19.9 67.5 19.7 66.5 19.1 65.1 18.4

March 67.8 19.9 67.5 19.7 66.6 19.2 65.4 18.5

April 67.9 19.9 67.6 19.8 66.8 19.3 65.7 18.7

May 67.9 19.9 67.7 19.8 66.9 19.4 66.0 18.9

June 68.1 20.0 68.1 20.0 67.6 19.8 66.4 19.1

July 68.6 20.3 69.3 20.7 69.7 20.9 67.3 19.6

August 68.1 20.1 70.0 21.1 68.8 20.5 66.6 19.2

September 68.8 20.4 68.8 20.4 67.6 19.8 66.4 19.1

October 68.2 20.1 68.0 20.0 67.2 19.6 66.1 19.0

November 68.0 20.0 67.7 19.8 67.0 19.4 65.7 18.7

December 67.9 19.9 67.6 19.8 66.7 19.3 65.4 18.6

3.2.4 Fenestration

Building fenestration includes all envelope penetrations used for access and egress or lighting

such as windows, doors, and skylights.

3.2.4.1 Baseline Model

Standard 90.1-2004 specifies window properties as window systems and not as window frame 

and glass separately; thus, window frames were not explicitly modeled and only one window 

was modeled per exterior surface. This reduced the complexity and increased the speed of the 

EnergyPlus simulations. The building had an overall fraction of fenestration to gross wall area 

of 40%, with individual fenestration objects distributed evenly on all exterior surfaces.

The U-factors and solar heat gain coefficients (SHGCs) that were applied to the fenestration 

objects were whole-assembly values and included framing effects. The performance criteria 

listed in Table 3-10 were set to match the requirements of Table 5.5-1 through Table 5.5-8 in

Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). The multipliers from the visible light transmittance 

(VLT) table, Table C3.5 in Standard 90.1-2004 Appendix C (ASHRAE 2004b), were used to 

calculate VLT values for the baseline windows.
23

Table 3-10 Baseline Window Constructions

Climate Zone SHGC (North) SHGC

(All Other) VLT U-Factor (Btu/h·ft2·°F)

1 (A,B) 0.44 0.25 0.250 1.22

2 (A,B) 0.61 0.25 0.250 1.22

3 (A,B) 0.39 0.25 0.318 0.57

3 (C) 0.61 0.34 0.340 1.22

4 (A,B,C) 0.49 0.39 0.495 0.57

5 (A,B,C) 0.49 0.39 0.495 0.57

6 (A,B) 0.49 0.39 0.495 0.57

7 0.64 0.49 0.490 0.57

8 NR, 0.64 used NR, 0.49 used NR, 0.490 used 0.46

3.2.4.2 Low-Energy Model

The amount and distribution of glazing were identical in the low-energy and baseline energy 

models. For the low-energy model, window construction thermal property values were taken 

from Table 8-1 of Bonnema et al. (2010). The low-energy model window construction 

properties are summarized in Table 3-11.

Table 3-11 Low-Energy Window Constructions

Climate Zone SHGC (All) VLT U-Factor (Btu/h·ft2·°F)

1-3 0.26 0.63 0.43

4-8 0.34 0.69 0.29

Window overhangs were modeled on all south façades of the low-energy model. The fixed 

overhang started just above the window and extended out from the façade half the height of the 

window, providing a projection factor of 0.5. Our model had 4-ft (1.2-m) tall windows, meaning

the overhangs projected 2 ft (0.6 m) outward from the top of the window.

3.3 Infiltration

Infiltration is the unintentional or accidental introduction of OA into a building, typically through 

cracks in the envelope and open doors. Infiltration is sometimes called air leakage.

3.3.1 Baseline Model

Baseline infiltration rates were calculated using an infiltration rate factor and total exterior wall 

areas for each zone. The calculated infiltration rate factor was assumed to be constant 

throughout the year. This is a good assumption for annual energy performance, but caution 

should be used in evaluating hour by hour loads with this method.

To determine the infiltration rate factor, we assumed that the building was constructed in such a 

manner that at a pressure differential of 75 Pa, the infiltration rate was equivalent to 0.4 cfm/ft2

(2.0 L/s/m2) of external wall area. Using a flow coefficient of 0.65 and an assumed pressure 

differential across the envelope of 4 Pa (a pressure likely to be encountered during normal 

building operation), we calculated the final infiltration rate factor to be 0.06 cfm/ft2 (0.30

L/s/m2

). For zones with no external wall surfaces, the infiltration rate was set to zero. This 

methodology is consistent with that used by Deru et al. (2010).
24

Because a large amount of OA was brought into the building by the HVAC system, we modified 

the calculated zone infiltration rates via an infiltration schedule that was set to 0.50 during

HVAC system operation. The infiltration schedule was a simple multiplier that in this case 

reduced the total infiltration by half. In many buildings, this schedule would be increased to 1.0 

when the HVAC system was shut off for the night, to simulate the greater infiltration rate that 

would result from the building no longer being pressurized. But because of the unique space 

requirements of hospitals, the HVAC system operated 24/7, so the infiltration modification 

schedule was set to a constant value of 0.50.

3.3.2 Low-Energy Model

Infiltration in the low-energy model was treated in the same manner as in the baseline model, 

with two key exceptions: 

• The infiltration rate factor was reduced by 15% to 0.05 cfm/ft2 (0.26 L/s/m2

). This 

reduction was due to an assumed higher envelope construction quality (greater attention 

to detail was paid to the building envelope air barrier installation during construction). 

• Because the individual zone DOAS VAV dampers in certain space types were allowed to 

close during unoccupied times (reducing the pressure in those zones), the infiltration rates 

for these zones were correspondingly increased via an infiltration schedule. Those 

infiltration schedules inversely mimicked the occupancy schedules for the space types to 

which they applied. A key showing the infiltration schedule used, by space type, is 

shown in Table E-13 in Appendix E. The infiltration schedules are shown in Table E-14

and Figure E-11. 

3.4 Internal Load Densities

Internal loads include the heat generated by occupants, lights, appliances (plug and process 

loads), and water use equipment. This section addresses the aspects of these loads not addressed 

in Standard 90.1, including peak occupant and plug load densities.

3.4.1 Occupancy Density

Occupancy density values by space type were defined according to Standard 62.1-2004

(ASHRAE 2004a). The mapping from each space type to Standard 62.1-2004 and the resulting 

occupancy density values are presented in Table 3-12. Values for space types without direct 

mapping to the standard were estimated (denoted “Engineering judgment” in Table 3-12).
25

Table 3-12 Peak Occupancy Density Mapping

Space Type Mapping to 62.1-2004 Occupancy Density

(#/1,000 ft2) (#/100 m2)

Anesthesia gas storage General::Storage rooms 0.00 0.00

Cafeteria Food and beverage service::

Cafeteria/fast food dining 100.0 107.64

Clean workroom/holding Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Conference room General::Conference/meeting 50.0 53.82

Corridor/transition General::Corridors 0.0 0.00

Dining room Food and beverage service::

Restaurant dining rooms 70.0 75.35

Examination/treatment room Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Food preparation center Kitchen::commercial 5.0 5.38

Laboratory Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Laundry Retail::Coin operated laundries 20.0 21.53

Lobby area Office buildings::Reception areas 30.0 32.29

Locker Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Lounge Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room General::Storage rooms 0.0 0.00

Medical supply/medication room General::Storage rooms 0.0 0.00

Nurse station Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Nursery Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Office Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Operating suite Engineering judgment 5.0 5.38

Patient room Engineering judgment 5.0 5.38

Pharmacy Miscellaneous Spaces::Pharmacy 10.0 10.76

Physical therapy Sports and Entertainment::

Health club/weight rooms 10.0 10.76

Procedure room Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Radiology/imaging Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Reception/waiting Office buildings::Reception areas 30.0 32.29

Recovery room Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Restroom Engineering judgment 5.0 5.38

Soiled workroom/holding Engineering judgment 5.0 5.38

Sterilizer equipment room Engineering judgment 0.0 0.00

Storage/receiving Miscellaneous spaces::Shipping and 

receiving 0.0 0.00

Trauma/emergency room Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

Triage Office buildings::Office space 5.0 5.38

3.4.2 Plug and Process Loads

Plug and process loads are notoriously difficult to estimate. When available, plug and process 

load densities were taken from the Green Guide for Health Care: Best Practices for Creating 

High Performance Healing Environments, Version 2.2 (GGHC) (GGHC 2007). The mapping 

from the space types in the model to the GGHC can be found in Table A-4 in Appendix A. The 

electricity and gas process loads for the food preparation space type were derived from an 

ASHRAE Transaction article regarding the estimation of food service loads and profiles
26

(ASHRAE 2001). Table 3-13 lists the peak plug and process loads used, for both the baseline

and low-energy models, by space type.

Table 3-13 Peak Plug Loads

Space Type Electric Plug Load 

(W/ft2)

Electric Process Load

(W/ft2)

Gas Process Load 

(W/ft2)

Anesthesia gas storage 1.00 0.00 0.00

Cafeteria 0.10 0.00 0.00

Clean workroom/holding 2.00 0.00 0.00

Conference room 0.10 0.00 0.00

Corridor/transition 0.10 0.00 0.00

Dining room 0.10 0.00 0.00

Examination/treatment room 1.00 0.00 0.00

Food preparation center 1.00 17.50 173.70

Laboratory 1.00 3.00 0.00

Laundry 0.00 0.50 10.00

Lobby area 0.10 0.00 0.00

Locker 0.25 0.00 0.00

Lounge 0.10 0.00 0.00

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room 0.10 0.00 0.00

Medical supply/medication room 1.00 0.00 0.00

Nurse station 0.25 0.50 0.00

Nursery 1.00 0.00 0.00

Office 0.50 0.00 0.00

Operating suite 1.00 3.00 0.00

Patient room 1.00 0.00 0.00

Pharmacy 1.00 0.00 0.00

Physical therapy 1.00 0.00 0.00

Procedure room 1.00 3.00 0.00

Radiology/imaging 1.00 8.00 0.00

Reception/waiting 0.10 0.00 0.00

Recovery room 1.00 1.00 0.00

Restroom 0.10 0.00 0.00

Soiled workroom/holding 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sterilizer equipment room 1.00 5.00 7.00

Storage/receiving 1.00 0.00 0.00

Trauma/emergency room 1.00 3.00 0.00

Triage 1.00 0.00 0.00

3.4.3 Service Water Heating Loads

With the exception of the service water heating (SWH) flow rates in the kitchen and patient 

rooms, design flow rate values for SWH loads were taken from GGHC (2007). The GGHC does 

not explicitly provide flow rates, but it does provide design thermal loads by space type, in units 

of Btu/h/person. For this analysis, these design loads were converted to design flow rates based 

on the physical properties of water and an assumed temperature rise of 95oF (35oC) in the SWH 
27

system. All SWH load schedules except those in the kitchens and patient room zones referenced

their respective zone occupancy schedules.

The kitchen SWH design flow rate and schedule values were taken directly from the Full Service 

Restaurant Reference Building Model (Deru et al. 2010). The design flow rate and schedule for 

the patient room SWH loads were based on data for nursing homes found in Table 7 of Chapter 

49 in the 2007 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications (ASHRAE 2007). The schedule was 

developed such that the total and peak daily water use matched those found in the table. Table 

3-14 provides an overview of the design (peak) flow rates by zone type. Table E-15 and Figure 

E-12 in Appendix E provide the SWH use schedules associated with the kitchen and patient 

room zones.

Table 3-14 SWH Design Flow Rates

Space Type Design Flow Rate 

(gal/h/person)

Cafe 0.379

Conference room 0.190

Dining 0.379

Exam room 0.379

Intensive care 0.379

Imaging 0.758

Kitchen 133.0 (gal/h)

Laboratory 0.758

Laundry 0.758

Lobby 0.126

Nurse station 0.190

Nursery 0.379

Operating suite 1.263

PACU 0.379

Patient room 18.4 (gal/h)

Pharmacy 0.190

Physical therapy 0.190

Procedure room 0.758

Soiled linens 0.758

Sterilizing 0.758

Trauma 0.758

Triage 0.758

3.5 Schedules

As a whole, the hospital was assumed to be open 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. However, 

not all spaces were assumed to operate on this schedule. Generally, space type operating 

schedules were grouped into two categories: 24/7 and extended office hours. Extended office 

hours spanned from 5:00 a.m. until midnight; with the bulk of the occupancy occurring between 

7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Because of the wide array of space types, however, five distinct 

operating schedules were developed. These are presented in Appendix E. Schedules were 

derived based on engineering judgment, except for the food area gas equipment schedule and the 
28

food area electric equipment and lighting schedules, which were taken from the Full Service 

Restaurant Reference Building Model (Deru et al. 2010).

3.6 Lighting

This section describes the electric lighting modeled in the baseline and low-energy buildings.

3.6.1 Interior Lighting

Interior lighting includes all electric lighting inside the building envelope. It represents hardwired light fixtures only; lighting from task lights or moveable fixtures was considered a plug or 

process load (see Section 3.4.2 for plug and process loads).

3.6.1.1 Baseline Model

The baseline interior LPDs for each space type were derived using the space-by-space method 

described in ASHRAE (2004b) and appear in Table 3-15. The mapping from each space type to 

the standard and the resulting baseline LPDs are presented in Table A-1 in Appendix A. For the 

location of each space type, refer to Figure 3-2 through Figure 3-6.

3.6.1.2 Low-Energy Model

The low-energy interior LPDs for each space type are provided in Table 3-15. The LPDs used 

were based on Bonnema et al. (2010). ASHRAE et al. (2009) explains how designers can

achieve the LPD values listed in Table 3-15. Note that the LPD values given also take into 

account an additional 10% reduction for spaces, such as restrooms and offices, where occupancy 

sensors would be viable. Table 3-15 details which space types were assumed to incorporate 

occupancy sensors. For the location of each space type, see Figure 3-2 through Figure 3-6.

3.6.2 Exterior Lighting

Exterior lighting includes all electric lighting used to light the first floor of the façade. The 

model assumed no parking lot lighting because it is not within the building footprint. Exterior 

lighting was controlled in both models through the use of an astronomical clock (i.e. on at dusk, 

off at dawn).

3.6.2.1 Baseline Model

The baseline model had an installed exterior lighting capacity of 11,750 W. This number was 

derived using Standard 90.1-2004 Table 9.4.5 (ASHRAE 2004b), which specifies exterior façade 

lighting at a rate of 5.0 W/ft (3.28 W/m) of exterior first floor façade perimeter.

3.6.2.2 Low-Energy Model

The modeled low-energy exterior lighting power assumed a reduction of 50% from the baseline 

value for a total installed capacity of 5,875 W. This value was based on the lighting pollution 

section (Sustainable Sites Credit 8) of USGBC (2006). Such a large reduction was possible 

because most façade lighting is installed for aesthetic purposes only (except for that located near

entrances and exits).

3.6.3 Daylighting Controls

Daylighting controls are specialty devices that measure the amount of daylight in a space and 

automatically dim the artificial electric lights to maintain a certain lighting level. No daylighting 

controls were modeled in the baseline building because they are an EDM—only applicable to the 

low-energy model. Continuous dimming daylighting controls were input into the low-energy 

model for appropriate space types (see Table 3-15). These controls consisted of one daylighting 
29

reference point per zone, which controlled all of the lighting within that zone. The daylighting 

sensor was given a set point of 40 fc (400 lux) (Bonnema et al. 2010).

Table 3-15 Lighting by Space Type

Space Type

Baseline Model Low-Energy Model

LPD 

(W/ft2)

LPD 

(W/m2)

LPD 

(W/ft2)

LPD 

(W/m2)

Occupancy 

Sensors 

(Yes/No)

Daylighting 

(Yes/No)

Anesthesia gas storage 0.90 9.69 0.80 8.61 Yes No

Cafeteria 0.90 9.69 0.90 9.69 No Yes

Clean workroom/holding 1.10 11.84 0.80 8.61 Yes No

Conference room 1.30 13.99 1.10 11.84 Yes Yes

Corridor/transition 1.00 10.76 0.70 7.53 No Yes

Dining room 0.90 9.69 0.90 9.69 No Yes

Examination/treatment room 1.50 16.15 1.10 11.84 Yes No

Food preparation center 1.20 12.92 1.20 12.92 No No

Laboratory 1.40 15.07 0.90 9.69 No No

Laundry 0.60 6.46 0.60 6.46 No Yes

Lobby area 1.30 13.99 0.80 8.61 No Yes

Locker 0.60 6.46 0.60 6.46 No No

Lounge 0.80 8.61 0.80 8.61 No Yes

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room 1.50 16.15 0.80 8.61 Yes No

Medical supply/medication room 1.40 15.07 1.10 11.84 Yes No

Nurse station 1.00 10.76 1.00 10.76 No Yes

Nursery 0.60 6.46 0.60 6.46 No No

Office 1.10 11.84 0.80 8.61 Yes Yes

Operating suite 2.20 23.68 2.00 21.53 No No

Patient room 0.70 7.53 0.70 7.53 No No

Pharmacy 1.20 12.92 1.20 12.92 No No

Physical therapy 0.90 9.69 0.90 9.69 No No

Procedure room 2.70 29.06 2.00 21.53 No No

Radiology/imaging 0.40 4.31 0.40 4.31 No No

Reception/waiting 1.30 13.99 0.90 9.69 No Yes

Recovery room 0.80 8.61 0.80 8.61 No No

Restroom 0.90 9.69 0.80 8.61 Yes No

Soiled workroom/holding 1.10 11.84 0.80 8.61 Yes No

Sterilizer equipment room 0.90 9.69 0.90 9.69 Yes No

Storage/receiving 0.90 9.69 0.70 7.53 Yes No

Trauma/emergency room 2.70 29.06 1.20 12.92 No No

Triage 2.70 29.06 2.00 21.53 No No

Table 3-15 does not list patient rooms as available for daylighting. Although patient rooms may 

appear to be good candidates for daylighting based on room size and proximity to outside walls, 

in reality these often have the window shades drawn for sleeping and recovery. Patient room 
30

lighting patterns are thus unpredictable, so they are not suitable candidates for daylighting. This 

is consistent with Bonnema et al. (2010) and ASHRAE et al. (2009).

3.7 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning

Because of the substantial differences between the baseline and low-energy HVAC systems, a

side-by-side comparison is difficult. As such, components that were modeled identically 

between the two models will be presented first, followed by a description of the remaining 

baseline HVAC components, and a similar description of the remaining low-energy HVAC 

system components.

3.7.1 Sizing

The equipment efficiencies and pressure rises and drops were specified separately in the baseline 

and low-energy models, but the equipment capacities and flow rates (on both the water and air 

systems) were allowed to autosize in EnergyPlus. This requirement was imposed because the 

models were swept across many climate zones; the building required a different heating and 

cooling capacity for the systems (and thus different water and airflow rates) in each climate. To 

avoid oversizing the systems (and thus overestimating energy use), we used a global sizing factor 

of 1.0 in both models. This multiplier was applied in EnergyPlus at the zone level to all zone 

heating and cooling loads and airflow rates, which were then used to calculate the system sizes.

Note that zone sizing factors greater than 1.0 were used for a select few zones to ensure 

reasonable hours out of set point values. For zones where this was necessary, the same sizing 

factors were applied in both the baseline and low-energy models. Primary equipment sizing 

factors were also applied in such a manner as to ensure the boilers and chillers operated at 

reasonable part-load ratios (PLRs) throughout the year.

3.7.2 Humidification

Hospitals are unique among commercial buildings because they have minimum humidity 

requirements per AIA guidelines (AIA et al. 2006). All air handling units (AHUs), except the 

one serving the MOB, were equipped with electric, direct-injection steam humidifiers to 

maintain the control zone’s interior relative humidity (RH) at 30% or higher (AIA et al. 2006). 

Although gas humidifiers are generally favored over electric devices in a hospital setting, electric

humidifiers are the only option in EnergyPlus. For each AHU, a control zone with high OA 

requirements was chosen in an attempt to ensure that all zones served by that AHU met the 

required minimum RH set point throughout the year. Because of variations in latent loads 

caused by varying occupancy and SWH loads in each zone, the zone RH is unlikely to always be 

within the required tolerances.

Even though an electric humidifier is essentially 100% efficient—because all the electric power

is transferred to the water as heat—a resultant efficiency of 93% (Bonnema et al. 2010) was used 

to account for occasional condensate blowdown. Modeled power draw and humidification 

parameters were based on data for a typical unit (Armstrong 2010). Individual capacity sizing 

multipliers were applied to meet the minimum humidity requirements in each AHU control zone.

3.7.3 Dehumidification

Section 5.10.1 of Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a) states that an occupied space’s RH shall 

be limited to 65% or less at either of the following design conditions: (1) the peak outdoor dew

point design conditions and at the peak indoor design latent load; or (2) at the lowest space 

sensible heat ratio expected to occur and the concurrent outdoor condition. AIA et al. (2006) 
31

lowers this requirement further by mandating a maximum humidity of 60%. Therefore, the

cooling coils in all applicable AHUs were controlled in such a way as to prevent the RH of the 

control zones from rising higher than 60%.

3.7.4 Ventilation and Total Airflow

Ventilation rates by zone were defined according to—in order of priority—the 2006 Guidelines 

for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities (AIA et al. 2006), ASHRAE/ASHE 

Standard 170-2008 (ASHRAE 2008), and Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a), depending on 

space type. Hospitals are unique among commercial buildings in that they have total airflow 

requirements as well as ventilation airflow requirements. Total airflow requirements are 

mandated by AIA et al. (2006) and apply only to hospital-specific space types. All total air 

requirements and some ventilation air requirements for the baseline and low-energy model zones 

were taken from this guide. If a zone did not have total air requirements listed in the guide, none 

were set. If a zone did not have ventilation air requirements listed in AIA et al. 2006 or Standard 

170-2008, Standard 62.1-2004 was used.

The mapping from each space type to the respective standard along with the resulting required 

ventilation rates is presented in Table A-2 and Table A-3 in Appendix A. Table 3-16 presents 

the minimum ventilation rate for each space type.
32

Table 3-16 Minimum Ventilation Rates

Space Type

Ventilation per 

Person

Ventilation per 

Area

Required 

OA 

Changes

Required 

Total Air 

Changes

cfm per 

person

L/s per 

person

cfm/ft2 L/s·m2 ACH ACH

Anesthesia gas storage 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.61 0 8

Cafeteria 7.5 3.5 0.18 0.91 0 0

Clean workroom/holding 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 4

Conference room 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Corridor/transition 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.31 0 2

Dining room 7.5 3.5 0.18 0.91 0 0

Examination/treatment room 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 6

Food preparation center 0.0 0.0 0.70 3.56 0 10

Laboratory 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 6

Laundry 7.5 3.5 0.06 0.31 0 10

Lobby area 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Locker 0.0 0.0 0.50 2.54 0 10

Lounge 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.61 0 0

Medical supply/medication room 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.61 0 4

Nurse station 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Nursery 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 2 6

Office 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Operating suite 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 4 20

Patient room 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 2 6*

Pharmacy 5.0 2.4 0.18 0.91 0 4

Physical therapy 20.0 9.4 0.06 0.31 0 6

Procedure room 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 3 15

Radiology/imaging 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 6

Reception/waiting 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 0

Recovery room 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 2 6

Restroom 0.0 0.0 0.25 1.27 0 10

Soiled workroom/holding 5.0 2.4 0.06 0.31 0 10

Sterilizer equipment room 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.61 0 10

Storage/receiving 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.61 0 0

Trauma/emergency room 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 3 15

Triage 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 2 12

* Set to 4 ACH in the low energy model based on AIA et al. 2006 Table 2.1-2 Note 10
33

3.7.5 Baseline Model

The baseline HVAC system was modeled as a CAV system with hot water reheat at the zone 

terminal CAV boxes. Six AHUs served the building (one served the MOB, one served the 

operating suites, two served the patient tower, and two served the remainder of spaces on the first 

two floors). This air handler configuration was selected based on review of the mechanical plans 

on which the energy model geometry was based. The design deck air temperature was 45.0°F 

(7.2°C) for AHU 3 (which served the two operating suite zones), 55.0°F (12.8°C) for AHU 6 

(which served the MOB), and 52.0°F (11.1°C) for the remaining four AHUs.

3.7.5.1 Fan Power Assumptions

To simplify the energy model, we combined discrete supply and return fans into a single 

equivalent fan component model in EnergyPlus. The calculated pressure drop, total fan 

efficiency, and motor efficiency values were based on the actual mechanical drawings for the 

modeled hospital. Table 3-17 lists the inputs and calculated outputs for the combined fans for 

the six AHUs.

Table 3-17 Baseline System Fan Calculation Results

Component AHU 1 AHU 2 AHU 3 AHU 4 AHU 5 AHU 6

Supply fan internal pressure drop (in. w.c.) 2.7 2.7 4.3 2.2 2.2 2.2

Supply fan total efficiency (%) 67.0 67.5 66.7 60.7 60.4 52.8

Return fan internal pressure drop (in. w.c.) 0.3 0.3 4.5 3.0 3.3 0.3

Return fan total efficiency (%) 70.1 70.1 66.1 60.6 60.7 70.1

External pressure drop (in. w.c.) 6.8 6.5 3.3 4.0 4.3 5.7

Combined fan total pressure drop (in. w.c.) 10.0 9.5 12.1 9.2 9.7 8.1

Combined fan total efficiency (%) 74.4 75.2 70.2 68.1 68.3 64.0

Motor efficiency (%) 95.4 95.4 95.4 96.2 96.2 95.4

For simplicity, the inputs for AHUs serving similar space types and floor areas were then

averaged to determine the modeled fan properties (see Table 3-18).

Table 3-18 Baseline System Fan Model Inputs

Component AHU 1 AHU 2 AHU 3 AHU 4 AHU 5 AHU 6

Combined fan total pressure drop (in. w.c.) 9.7 9.7 12.1 9.5 9.5 8.1

Combined fan total efficiency (%) 74.8 74.8 70.2 68.2 68.2 64.0

Motor efficiency (%) 95.4 95.4 95.4 96.2 96.2 95.4

The motor efficiencies listed are for National Electrical Manufacturers Association premium 

efficiency, 4-pole, random wound enclosed electric motors rated at smaller than 600 volts. The 

efficiency level was selected based on what the fan total horsepower would have been had the 

flow rate through the fan been as listed in the mechanical drawings.

3.7.5.2 Economizers

Fixed minimum differential enthalpy controlled OA economizers were modeled in all climates. 

Differential enthalpy controlled economizers compare the return air enthalpy with the OA 

enthalpy. When the OA enthalpy is greater than the return air enthalpy, the OA flow rate is set 

to minimum. Enthalpy sensors for economizers are historically inaccurate (Taylor), so this 
34

analysis assumed that the economizers used enthalpy data from a local weather station for 

control, significantly increasing the accuracy of the enthalpy measurements. This assumption 

did not affect the energy model but was the basis for choosing enthalpy control for the 

economizers over another type of control such as dry-bulb temperature control.

3.7.5.3 Heating Hot Water System

The hot water system was served by a non-condensing boiler that supplied water to the AHU

heating coils and VAV box reheat coils according to an OA reset-based supply water 

temperature set point. The upper and lower bounds of this schedule were taken from Section 

G3.1.3.4 of Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b) (see Table 3-19). For OA temperatures 

within this range, the supply water temperature value was linearly interpolated. For OA

temperatures outside this bound, the upper or lower limit value was used. The design return 

water temperature difference was 20.0°F (11.1°C). Important performance metrics for the hot 

water system are listed in Table 3-20.

Table 3-19 Baseline Heating Hot Water System Outdoor Air Reset Values

Property Value

Set point at outdoor low temperature 180.0°F (82.2°C)

Outdoor low temperature 20.0°F (-6.7°C)

Set point at outdoor high temperature 150.0°F (65.6°C)

Outdoor high temperature 50.0°F (10.0°C)

Table 3-20 Baseline Boiler Performance Metrics

Property Value

Boiler type Non-condensing

Fuel type Natural gas

Boiler efficiency 80%

Boiler water design outlet temperature Varies

Hot water pump type Variable speed

Hot water pump efficiency 75%

Hot water pump head 60 ft w.c. (179 kPa)

The boiler efficiency was modeled strictly as a function of its operating PLR, which is the 

heating load divided by the steady-state heating capacity at any point in time. The cubic 

equation used to model the boiler PLR can be found in (3-1); its coefficients are listed in Table

3-21 and were taken from Bonnema et al. (2010).

2 3 Boiler Efficiency =+⋅ +⋅ +⋅ C C PLR C PLR C PLR 12 3 4 (3-1)
35

Table 3-21 Non-condensing Boiler Efficiency Curve Data

EnergyPlus Input Data Value

Nominal Et 0.80

Coefficient 1: constant (C1 in (3-1)) 0.626

Coefficient 2: PLR (C2 in (3-1)) 0.646

Coefficient 3: PLR2 (C3 in (3-1)) –0.777

Coefficient 4: PLR3 (C4 in (3-1)) 0.314

Calculation PLR minimum 0.1

Calculation PLR maximum 1.0

3.7.5.4 Chilled Water System

The chilled water system was supplied by a water-cooled, variable-speed, centrifugal chiller. Its 

performance curves were taken from Richard Lord’s Standard 90.1 Chiller Equipment Models 

(Lord 2010). Water was supplied to the AHU chilled water coils at 44.0°F (6.7°C) with a design 

return water temperature of 56.0°F (13.3°C). The cooling tower was modeled as a variablespeed cross-flow open cooling tower with a design approach temperature (outlet water 

temperature minus inlet air wet-bulb temperature) of 7.0°F (3.9°C) and a design range 

temperature (inlet water temperature minus outlet water temperature) of 10.0°F (5.6°C). 

Performance metrics are listed in Table 3-22.

Table 3-22 Baseline Chiller Performance Metrics

Property Value

Chiller type Centrifugal, water cooled, variable speed

Chiller fuel Electricity

Chiller coefficient of performance 6.1

Tower type Open, variable speed

Chiller design outlet temperature 44.0°F (6.7°C)

Chilled water design return temperature 56.0°F (13.3°C)

Chilled water pump type Variable speed

Chilled water pump efficiency 75%

Chilled water pump head 60 ft w.c. (179 kPa)

3.7.6 Low-Energy Model

The low-energy model used zone-level water loop heat pumps (WLHPs) supplied by a common 

condenser loop for space conditioning and a VAV DOAS for ventilation. The only exception 

was the operating suite, which was conditioned and ventilated with a traditional CAV system, 

just as in the baseline model. The DOAS/WLHP system type was chosen because it had been 

proven to save energy and to function well in hospital environments ((KJWW 2000) and (KJWW 

2009)). The large energy savings associated with this system type occur because it decouples the 

large ventilation air requirements (see Section 3.7.4) from the space conditioning requirements. 

The WHLP portion of this system shared a common condenser loop for heat rejection, which 

allowed zones to “share” loads. That meant that if one zone was in cooling mode and another 

was in heating mode, both could reject their heat to the condenser loop and the loads would

balance each other out. It is very common in hospitals to have some zones in cooling mode and 
36

some in heating mode (because of the large plug and process loads in certain zones), so this 

system type was ideal.

However, care must be taken when utilizing a DOAS/WLHP system type in a hospital setting. 

Some important design considerations for installing heat pumps in hospitals include the 

following:

• Accessibility for maintenance, filter changing, and unit replacement are critical. One 

option is to have filters on the inlets to the heat pumps or filter-grilles. Another option is 

to mount the heat pumps in small closets near each patient room.

• The filter housings provided by the manufacturers are poorly constructed, and they may 

leak a lot. To minimize filter bypass some options include using strip magnets 

(inexpensive, but a little tacky looking), or manufactured slide-out filter sections with 

tight sealing doors (expensive, but much more professional looking).

• Adequate dehumidification must be available for densely occupied spaces. Sometimes it 

is impossible to locate heat pumps with an option for hot gas reheat, so electric coils may 

sometimes need to be added in the reheat position. There are few manufacturers who 

make a heat pump with an integral electric coil in the reheat position.

• Ducting the DOAS directly to the space can simplify balancing and eliminate the 

possibility that heat pump discharge temperature in heating season will exceed the 

Standard 62.1-2004 temperature limit, thus requiring additional OA. If the DOAS is 

connected to the heat pump supply duct there can be balancing issues, and the heat pump 

fans may spin backward when the heat pumps are off. If the DOAS is ducted to the heat 

pump inlets, some of the heat pump unit sizes may need to be increased because it may 

be necessary to warm the DOAS to satisfy the minimum inlet temperature requirements 

of the heat pumps. Keeping the DOAS cold after dehumidifying in warm weather saves 

energy, and not heating all the way to space neutral in cold weather often saves energy in 

zones that are in cooling mode.

In a normal installation, the WLHP system condenser loop would most likely contain some type 

of geothermal heat exchanger (ground- or pond-coupled) with a fluid cooler and boiler to handle 

the portion of the heat rejection load that the ground could not. EnergyPlus can model 

geothermal heat exchangers, but this can become an enormously complex task because

EnergyPlus cannot autosize the ground heat exchangers or loop flows. Because the low-energy 

model was simulated in multiple climate zones, autosizing was a necessity.

Additionally, it would have been immensely difficult to hard-size the geothermal heat exchanger

systems for all climate zones, because mixing autosizing and hard-sizing in EnergyPlus is not 

recommended; rather, all systems should be hard-sized or autosized exclusively.

In the low-energy model, the WLHP condenser loop temperature was maintained instead through 

the use of a traditional chiller and boiler, both of which can be autosized in EnergyPlus. The 

idea was to show that 50% energy savings were achievable even without the geothermal heat 

exchanger.

As in the baseline model, six AHUs served the building, and the areas served by each AHU were 

left the same between the two models. However, the AHU that served the two operating suite 

zones was specified as a CAV unit with hot water reheat, because the spaces it served were of 

the most critical nature. The five DOASs supplied 100% OA and had supply air temperature set
37

points of 55.0°F (12.8°C). AHU 3, which served the two operating suites, had a design deck air 

temperature of 45.0°F (7.2°C).

3.7.6.1 Fan Power Assumptions

The DOAS airflows were much smaller than those in the baseline HVAC system because the 

DOAS was only required to handle the ventilation air. As such, increasing the DOAS duct size 

slightly to reduce duct velocities and pressure drops would likely be an economical option 

(because of the smaller additional amount of material required to increase the duct size). Similar 

logic applies to slightly oversizing the DOAS AHUs and coils to reduce the velocity of the air 

across the coils.

A pressure drop reduction of 2.0 in. w.c. over the baseline values was applied to all five DOAS 

AHU fans. This assumed that 1.0 in. of pressure drop credit was realized because of smaller duct 

pressure losses, and that the remaining 1.0 in. was due to lower face velocities across the coils. 

The low-energy fan parameters, as modeled, are listed in Table 3-23. The motor efficiencies 

listed are for National Electrical Manufacturers Association premium efficiency, 4-pole, random 

wound enclosed electric motors rated at smaller than 600 volts.

Table 3-23 Low-Energy System Fan Model Inputs

Component AHU 1 AHU 2 AHU 3 AHU 4 AHU 5 AHU 6

Combined fan total pressure drop (in. w.c.) 7.7 7.7 12.1 7.5 7.5 6.1

Combined fan total efficiency (%) 74.8 74.8 70.2 68.2 68.2 64.0

Motor efficiency (%) 95.4 95.4 95.4 96.2 96.2 95.4

3.7.6.2 Condenser Loop

The zone-level WLHPs were fed off of a single condenser loop. The loop temperature was 

allowed to float between 68.0°F (20.0°C) and 86.0°F (30.0°C) and was kept within this range by 

a water-side economizer, a water-cooled chiller, and a natural gas-fired boiler.

The water-side economizer was located upstream of the chiller on the condenser loop and was 

modeled as a simple counterflow heat exchanger. The chiller was modeled as a water-cooled,

variable-speed, centrifugal chiller. Performance curves for the chiller were taken from Lord 

(2010). The water-side economizer and the chiller worked in series to maintain the water 

temperature at 86.0°F (30.0°C). Heat was rejected from both components to a secondary loop 

that was maintained via a variable-speed, cross-flow open cooling tower. This tower had a 

design approach temperature (outlet water temperature minus inlet air wet-bulb temperature) of 

7.0°F (3.9°C) and a design range temperature (inlet water temperature minus outlet water 

temperature) of 10.0°F (5.6°C).

The final piece of primary equipment on the condenser loop was a natural gas-fired condensing 

boiler that kept the loop temperature from dropping below 68.0°F (20.0°C). The coefficients for

the boiler PLR curve, which were taken from Bonnema et al. (2010), are listed in Table 3-27. 

The boiler efficiency curve used can be found in (3-1). Performance metrics for the condenser 

loop equipment are listed in Table 3-24.
38

Table 3-24 Condenser Loop Performance Metrics

Property Value

Chiller type Centrifugal, water cooled, variable speed

Chiller fuel type Electricity

Chiller COP 7.0

Chiller design outlet temperature 86.0°F (30.0°C)

Boiler type Condensing

Boiler fuel type Natural gas

Boiler efficiency 90%

Boiler design outlet temperature 68.0°F (20.0°C)

Water-side economizer type Counterflow

Tower type Open, variable speed

Condenser loop pump type Variable speed

Condenser loop pump efficiency 80%

Condenser pump head 60 ft w.c. (179 kPa)

3.7.6.3 Heating Hot Water System

The hot water system supplied water to the six AHUs and to the operating suite reheat coils.

Note that it did not serve the condenser loop, as the water supply temperature requirements of the 

condenser loop were drastically different from those required by the AHU and OR heating coils. 

The hot water system was served by a natural gas-fired condensing boiler with an OA resetbased supply water temperature set point. The upper and lower bounds of this reset schedule are 

listed in Table 3-25. For OA temperatures within this range, the supply water temperature value 

was linearly interpolated. For OA temperatures outside this bound, the upper or lower limit 

value was used. Important performance metrics for the hot water system are listed in Table 3-26.

Table 3-25 Low-Energy Heating Hot Water System OA Reset Values

Property Value

Set point at outdoor low temperature 180.0°F (82.2°C)

Outdoor low temperature 0.0°F (–17.8°C)

Set point at outdoor high temperature 140.0°F (60.0°C)

Outdoor high temperature 60.0°F (15.6°C)

Table 3-26 Low-Energy Heating Hot Water Loop Performance Metrics

Property Value

Boiler type Condensing

Fuel type Natural gas

Boiler efficiency 90%

Hot water return design temperature difference 20.0°F (11.1°C)

Hot water pump type Variable speed

Hot water pump efficiency 80%

Hot water pump head 60 ft w.c. (179 kPa)

Although the efficiency of a condensing boiler depends on the boiler PLR and the return water 

temperature, the boiler efficiency was modeled solely as a function of PLR because of
39

limitations within EnergyPlus. The coefficients for the PLR curve, which were taken from

Bonnema et al. (2010), are listed in Table 3-27. The boiler efficiency curve used can be found in 

(3-1).

Table 3-27 Condensing Boiler Efficiency Curve Data

EnergyPlus Input Data Value

Nominal Et 0.90

Coefficient 1: constant (C1 in (3-1)) 0.9667

Coefficient 2: PLR (C2 in (3-1)) –0.1667

Coefficient 3: PLR2 (C3 in (3-1)) 0

Coefficient 4: PLR3 (C4 in (3-1)) 0

Calculation PLR minimum 0.1

Calculation PLR maximum 1.0

3.7.6.4 Chilled Water System

The chilled water system, which was supplied by a water-cooled, variable-speed, centrifugal 

chiller, delivered chilled water to the six AHUs. Performance curves for the chiller were taken 

from Lord (2010). Water was supplied to the AHU chilled water coils at 44.0°F (6.7°C) and

designed to return at a temperature of 56.0°F (13.3°C). The cooling tower was modeled as a 

variable-speed, cross-flow, open cooling tower with a design approach temperature (outlet water 

temperature minus inlet air wet-bulb temperature) of 7.0°F (3.9°C) and a design range 

temperature (inlet water temperature minus outlet water temperature) of 10.0°F (5.6°C). In 

reality, the condenser loop and chilled water loops would most likely share the same cooling 

tower; however, because of a modeling simplification, each loop was modeled with its own 

cooling tower (both have identical performance parameters, but not identical capacities). 

Performance metrics for the chilled water system are listed in Table 3-28.

Table 3-28 Low-Energy Chilled Water Loop Performance Metrics

Property Value

Chiller type Centrifugal, water cooled, variable speed

Chiller fuel Electricity

Chiller coefficient of performance 7.0

Tower type Open, variable speed

Chiller design outlet temperature 44.0°F (6.7°C)

Chilled water design return temperature 56.0°F (13.3°C)

Chilled water pump type Variable speed

Chilled water pump efficiency 80%

Chilled water pump head 60 ft w.c. (179 kPa)

3.7.6.5 Water Loop Heat Pumps

Each zone in the model (except for the two operating suites), was conditioned via its own 

WLHP. Each WLHP used two direct-expansion coils, one for heating and the other for cooling. 

Both coils were fed from the condenser water loop described in section 3.7.6.2. A gas-fired 

heating coil provided backup heating in case the primary heating coil could not meet the zone 

load. Performance characteristics for the heat pumps are listed in Table 3-29. Heat pump 
40

efficiency values were taken from a typical heat pump (ClimateMaster 2010). Fan pressure rise 

values are typical industry values for hospitals.

Table 3-29 Low-Energy WLHP Performance Metrics

Property Value

Cooling coil type Direct expansion

Cooling coil coefficient of performance 4.5 (15.4 EER)

Primary heating coil type Direct expansion

Primary heating coil coefficient of performance 5.0 (17.1 EER)

Secondary heating coil type Natural gas burner

Secondary heating coil efficiency 80%

Fan pressure rise 0.30 in. w.c. (74 Pa)

Fan total efficiency 55%

Motor efficiency 90%

3.7.6.6 Demand Controlled Ventilation

Demand controlled ventilation was modeled for zones in which the OA requirement was (at least 

in part) a function of occupancy. In these zones, the DOAS VAV terminal unit damper position

was allowed to fluctuate as the occupancy in each eligible zone changed, so that these zones

were not overventilated. The AHUs serving these zones used VAV fans, so as the dampers 

closed, the fans turned down, saving primary fan energy in addition to the energy that would 

otherwise have been necessary to condition the additional OA.

3.8 Service Water Heating

Service water heating (SWH) is the hot water supply that is used for purposes other than space 

heating.

3.8.1 Baseline Model

The SWH loads for the baseline models were met via an 80% efficient natural gas water heater. 

We ignored pumping energy, on the assumption that the water main pressure was strong enough 

to deliver service water to the building. SWH system parameters are listed in Table 3-30.

Table 3-30 SWH Performance Metrics

Properties Value

Fuel type Natural gas

Boiler efficiency 80%

Storage volume 793 gal (3.0 m3

)

Water heater capacity (kW) 845.0

3.8.2 Low-Energy Model

The low-energy model SWH had the same parameters as the baseline model (Table 3-30), except 

the natural gas water heater was modeled as 90% efficient.
41

4. Model Validation

This section describes our model validation work, which included analysis of both annual and 

subhourly results for certain key data. This data was checked both to assure that it was 

reasonable, as well as to ensure that, where applicable, it was within the proper tolerances.

4.1 Simulation Runtime

Because of the large number of zones (130) in the model, simulation runtime was a concern. To 

shorten the runtime we changed all interzone surface boundary conditions from adjacent zone to 

adiabatic. This eliminated the interzone heat transfer calculations performed within EnergyPlus. 

Because all zones were maintained at relatively the same temperature, the interzone heat transfer 

was small (small temperature gradient between zones) and could therefore be neglected. An

analysis was performed to determine the simulation runtime and energy use effect of setting all 

interzone surface boundary conditions to adiabatic.

The first step was to set all interzone surface boundary conditions to adiabatic while keeping all 

interzone surfaces matched. The interzone surfaces were matched to allow for proper 

assignment of constructions. Simply changing the matched surface boundary condition from 

interzone to adiabatic resulted in negligible differences in simulation runtime and energy use (see 

Table 4-1).

Table 4-1 Simulation Runtime and Results Comparison

Simulation Runtime

(s)

Runtime 

Difference 

(%)

Energy

Use

(GJ)

Energy Use 

Difference

(%)

Matched surfaces, adjacent zone interzone

boundary conditions 2,973.72 0.00 133,320.95 0.00

Matched surfaces, adiabatic interzone 

boundary conditions 2,979.00 -0.18 133,507.65 –0.14

Aggregated surfaces, adiabatic interzone 

boundary conditions 1,955.55 34.24 134,007.69 –0.52

The next step was to aggregate the previously matched surfaces by deleting surface subdividing 

boundaries (essentially aggregating what had previously been multiple matched surfaces into one 

new adiabatic surface per zone). This resulted in significantly fewer surfaces within the model 

and led to an approximately one-third reduction in runtime without sacrificing energy 

consumption accuracy (see Table 4-1).

The results showed that aggregating subdivided surfaces and setting interzone boundary 

conditions to adiabatic significantly reduced simulation runtime while maintaining simulation 

accuracy.
42

4.2 Total and Ventilation Airflow Requirements

Nearly all commercial buildings have ventilation requirements that ensure that enough OA is 

provided. Hospitals differ from typical commercial buildings in that they also have total airflow 

(ventilation air mixed with return air) requirements in addition to ventilation air requirements. It 

was essential that the energy models satisfied total air and ventilation air requirements to 

properly model the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Table 2.1-2 in AIA et al. (2006)

was first used to specify the OA and total air requirements. These tables list total air and 

ventilation air requirements for numerous hospital-specific space area designations. All total air 

requirements and some ventilation air requirements for the energy model zones were taken from 

this guide. If a zone in the energy model did not have total air requirements listed in the guide,

none were set. If a zone in the energy model did not have ventilation air requirements listed in 

the guide, Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a) was used.

4.2.1 Baseline Model

In the baseline model, the total airflow (where applicable) and ventilation airflow rates were set 

by sizing the minimum airflow rate to the CAV terminal box in each zone to match the 

requirement. The larger of the total airflow rate and the ventilation airflow rate divided by the 

AHU OA fraction was used to set the minimum airflow rate to the CAV terminal box in each 

zone. This ensured that every zone met the total and ventilation airflow requirements.

It is worthwhile to note that many zones were over ventilated due to this strategy, because the 

critical zone (the zone requiring the highest fraction of outdoor air) for each air handler 

determined the total minimum OA fraction for that air system. This led to excessive OA in 

zones that had less stringent OA requirements than the critical zone served by each AHU. 

To confirm that this requirement was being met, we exported detailed simulation timestep 

airflow data from EnergyPlus and compared these to the calculated minimum requirements. 

Table 4-2 through Table 4-4 show that the zones met total airflow requirements (where 

applicable) and Table 4-5 through Table 4-7 show that the zones were never supplied with less 

than 97% of the required ventilation air. Because of the large number of zones (130), only 10

often-scrutinized zones are included in Table 4-2 through Table 4-7. Table D-1 and Table D-4 in 

Appendix D demonstrate that the total airflow and ventilation airflow requirements were met for 

all zones.
43

Table 4-2 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 1,658.9 1,752.7 1,758.8 1,861.5 1,852.1 1,864.6

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 278.0 286.9 290.2 276.3 274.6 269.9

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,184.6 1,263.7 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,320.5 1,352.2 1,370.7 1,392.5 1,387.7 1,383.9

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,701.6

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0

Table 4-3 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 874.3 871.2 871.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 2,016.0 1,661.8 1,976.4 2,220.0 2,151.8 2,066.2

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 309.8 262.5 310.8 333.0 322.1 297.9

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 13,165.0 12,850.7 13,171.3 14,616.5 14,403.4 13,392.5

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,462.8 1,136.0 1,346.4 1,361.9 1,248.9 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,460.7 1,279.8 1,465.3 1,684.6 1,646.8 1,537.1

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,750.3 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,790.5 1,845.2 1,896.6

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0
44

Table 4-4 Baseline Outdoor Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 1,754.5 1,882.6 1,929.0 1,715.8

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 237.5 252.9 268.0 213.7

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,358.6 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,265.6 1,343.5 1,434.7 1,290.4

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,719.4 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,689.5 1,840.6 1,802.5 2,107.0

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0

Table 4-5 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 5,027.1 5,311.1 5,329.8 5,641.0 5,612.3 5,650.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,280.0 3,211.2 3,263.1 3,339.3 3,205.8 3,227.4 3,212.8

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 3,589.8 3,829.3 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,602.5 6,761.0 6,853.7 6,962.6 6,938.4 6,919.4

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,156.2

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0
45

Table 4-6 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,649.4 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 6,109.1 5,035.8 5,989.2 6,727.3 6,520.7 6,261.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,280.0 3,449.6 3,125.8 3,519.3 3,875.5 3,833.3 3,571.4

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 65,825.1 64,253.3 65,856.6 73,082.3 72,017.2 66,962.7

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 4,432.7 3,442.4 4,080.1 4,126.9 3,784.6 3,442.4

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 7,303.6 6,399.2 7,326.5 8,423.1 8,234.0 7,685.4

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,304.1 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,425.9 5,591.4 5,747.4

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0

Table 4-7 Baseline Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 5,316.7 5,704.8 5,845.6 5,199.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,280.0 2,977.6 3,087.8 3,241.1 2,876.4

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,328.2 6,717.5 7,173.3 6,451.8

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,119.8 5,577.6 5,462.2 6,385.0

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0
46

4.2.2 Low-Energy Model

In the low-energy model, the ventilation airflow rates were set by sizing the minimum airflow 

rates to the VAV terminal boxes in each zone to match the ventilation air requirements. The 

total airflow rates (where applicable) were set at the zone WLHP fan by specifying a 24/7 fan 

operation schedule and a minimum flow rate for the unit equivalent to the total airflow 

requirement for the zone minus the ventilation airflow rate being delivered via the VAV terminal 

box.

To verify that this requirement was being met, we exported detailed simulation timestep airflow 

data from EnergyPlus and compared these to the calculated minimum requirements to 

demonstrate that the model always met airflow requirements. Table 4-8 through Table 4-10

show that the zones met total airflow requirements (where applicable) and Table 4-11 through 

Table 4-13 show that the zones were never supplied with less than 97% of the required 

ventilation air. Because of the large number of zones (130), only 10 often-scrutinized zones are 

included in Table 4-8 through Table 4-13. Table D-7 through Table D-12 demonstrate that the 

total airflow and ventilation airflow requirements were met for all zones.
47

Table 4-8 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 159.5 158.2 158.2 156.7 156.4 155.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 253.7 251.7 251.6 249.3 248.8 247.5

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.9 90.2 90.1 89.6 89.2 88.7

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0

Table 4-9 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate

Zone 4B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 158.7 157.4 158.4 158.5 159.1 157.3

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 252.5 250.5 252.0 252.1 253.1 250.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.6 89.9 90.3 90.4 90.7 89.7

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 13,210.6 13,124.4 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,207.6 1,200.0 1,244.0 1,413.1 1,398.6 1,307.3

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0
48

Table 4-10 Low-Energy Outdoor Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 158.5 156.5 156.1 154.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 252.2 248.9 248.4 246.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.4 89.0 89.0 88.1

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0

Table 4-11 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,939.8 3,910.4 3,896.5

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,086.2 2,550.7 2,563.2 2,634.1 2,587.3 2,626.0 2,631.4

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 2,875.7 2,886.7 2,967.8 2,914.6 2,924.6 2,937.9

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 2,497.4 2,504.9 2,425.2 2,470.9 2,444.0 2,357.1

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 2,925.3 3,053.7 3,084.5 3,054.0 2,986.0 2,984.7

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0
49

Table 4-12 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 4,155.9 3,843.0 4,259.9 4,721.2 4,561.2 4,241.8

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,086.2 2,704.4 2,511.3 2,794.3 3,110.3 3,107.0 2,902.4

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 66,053.1 65,622.1 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 3,046.6 2,777.6 3,116.9 3,534.3 3,492.4 3,256.4

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 2,821.2 1,945.9 2,926.3 3,009.6 2,806.6 2,491.7

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,038.1 6,000.0 6,220.0 7,065.6 6,993.1 6,536.5

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,542.2 2,753.0 3,596.9 3,662.9 3,481.4 3,255.3

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0

Table 4-13 Low-Energy Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 2,086.2 2,459.4 2,546.4 2,644.5 2,531.7

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,780.5 2,962.2 2,870.6

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,703.7 1,949.1 2,226.6 2,116.2

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,172.9 3,349.9 2,886.8 3,951.5

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0
50

4.3 Determination of Reheat Energy

Initial energy simulations showed that a large portion of the building’s total energy use was 

devoted to heating, even in hot climates. This, coupled with anecdotal evidence that reheat 

energy in hospitals accounted for a significant fraction of total energy use, led to the pursuit of 

EDMs that would reduce the need for reheat. However, in order to choose energy design 

strategies that effectively reduced reheat energy, we first needed to better understand the fraction 

of building heating energy that was classified as reheat for each climate zone. We therefore 

wrote customized EnergyPlus Runtime Language code into the large hospital TSD model using 

the Energy Management System (EMS) feature of EnergyPlus.

4.3.1 Methodology

For this analysis, energy used by the AHU heating coils and the zone-level reheat coils was 

broken up into two categories, primary heating energy and reheat energy.

Primary heating energy included:

• Heating energy used by the AHU heating coils.

• Energy used by the zone reheat coil to directly increase the space temperature of a zone

that was requesting heating. This did not include the energy used to counteract the AHU 

if that AHU was in cooling mode.

Reheat energy included all other energy used by the zone reheat coil.

To see how the zone-level reheat coil energy was apportioned between primary heating and 

reheat energy on a case-by-case basis, refer to Table 4-14.

Table 4-14 Summary of Reheat Assignment by AHU Coil Activity and Zone State

Active AHU 

Heating Coil

Active AHU 

Cooling Coil Zone State Reheat Coil* Energy Assignment Notes

Yes

Yes

Cooling

None – AHU control problem This will trigger a flag 

in the EMS code Deadband

Heating

No

Cooling 100% reheat energy Deadband

Heating 100% primary heating energy

No

Yes

Cooling 100% reheat energy Deadband

Heating X% reheat energy

(1 - X)% primary heating energy See (4-1), (4-3), (4-4)

No

Cooling 100% reheat energy Deadband Economizing

Heating 100% primary heating energy

* With this HVAC system configuration, zone level reheat coils perform the primary heating.

As an operational note, the AHU heating coils raised the air temperature (when necessary) to the 

required deck temperature, which was much lower than the heating supply air temperature (the 

temperature at which air is supplied to a zone that is calling for heating). If required, the zone 

reheat coils raised the supplied air temperature to the heating supply air temperature set point.
51

For the unique case in which the zone called for heating and the AHU actively cooled the 

incoming airstream, the zone reheat coil energy had to be distributed between primary heating 

energy, which the zone called for, and reheat energy, which the zone reheat coil provided to 

combat the cooling provided by the AHU. To determine the fraction of reheat coil energy that 

was labeled as reheat energy, we applied a simple temperature ratio in which the difference 

between the AHU cooling coil inlet air temperature and the AHU fan outlet air temperature was 

divided by the reheat coil outlet to inlet air temperature difference (see (4-1) and Figure 4-1).

,0 ,1 InTemp OutTemp

OutTemp InTemp

CC Fan

ReheatEnergyRatio Min Max ZRC ZRC

    − =     −    

(4-1)

where

ReheatEnergyRatio: The fraction of zone reheat coil energy appropriated to reheat

CCInTemp: AHU cooling coil inlet air temperature

FanOutTemp: AHU fan outlet air temperature

ZRCOutTemp: Zone reheat coil outlet air temperature

ZRCInTemp: Zone reheat coil inlet air temperature

Figure 4-1 provides a graphical representation of the temperatures experienced by the HVAC 

system points referenced in (4-1).

Figure 4-1 HVAC system temperature diagram

(Credit: Marjorie Schott/NREL)

A temperature ratio (instead of an energy ratio) was used to simplify and reduce the required

EMS code. This was appropriate for two reasons:

• The mass flow rate of air destined for a specific zone that passes through the AHU is 

equal to the mass flow rate of air that passes through that zone’s reheat coil.

• The specific heat capacity of air does not change appreciably over the range of 

temperatures experienced by the airstream in a typical HVAC system (Moran 2004).
52

Had an energy ratio been used, the equation would have been:

( )

( )

,0 ,1 Air

Air

Air p InTemp OutTemp

Air p OutTemp InTemp

Mass C CC Fan

ReheatEnergyRatio Min Max Mass C ZRC ZRC

    ⋅⋅ − =     ⋅⋅ −    

(4-2)

With the above assumptions, the mass flow rate and specific heat terms would have dropped out, 

leaving only the ratio of the temperature differences, and the equation would have simplified to 

(4-1).

In (4-1), the maximum of this reheat energy ratio and zero was taken to guard against air entering 

the cooling coil at a temperature lower than that of the fan outlet but higher than the cooling coil 

outlet set point (which would lead to a ratio less than zero). In this case, the cooling coil must 

still remove heat from the airstream to meet the cold deck temperature set point, which is set 

downstream of the fan (i.e. after the fan heat is added). However, because the heat removed by 

the cooling coil is added back for “free” by the system fan, no additional load is imposed on the 

zone reheat coil and all the zone reheat coil energy should be apportioned to primary heating.

The minimum statement in (4-1) was necessary to guard against the possibility that the 

temperature rise across the reheat coil was smaller than the temperature decrease from the 

cooling coil inlet to the supply fan outlet. In that case, the reheat energy ratio would have 

exceeded a value of 1.0. Were this scenario to occur in the model, the heating energy that the 

zone reheat coil provided to the airstream would be categorized as 100% reheat. This is because

the reheat coil would not be actively raising the zone temperature, but would instead be 

counteracting the AHU cooling coil.

To calculate the actual amount of reheat coil energy that was assigned as reheat energy, we 

multiplied the reheat energy ratio by the amount of energy the zone reheat coil transferred to the 

airstream, which is an available reporting variable in EnergyPlus (see (4-3)). A similar approach 

was applied to determine the amount of primary heating energy that the zone reheat coil supplied 

to the zone, except that a value of 1 minus the reheat energy ratio was used (see (4-4)).

ReheatEnergy ReheatEnergyRatio ZoneReheatC = ⋅ oilEnergy (4-3)

PrimaryHeatingEnergy ReheatEnergyRatio Zon = (1− ⋅) eReheatCoilEnergy (4-4)

where

ZoneReheatCoilEnergy: Energy transferred from the zone reheat coil to the zone supply air

For more details, refer to the representative EMS code in Appendix C.

4.3.2 Reheat Energy Results

The fraction of building heating energy that was categorized as primary heating energy and the 

fraction that was categorized as reheat energy (as defined according to Table 4-14 and Section 

4.3.1) in the baseline simulations is detailed in Table 4-15. Because the DOAS allowed

ventilation air to be supplied independent of the space thermal loads, reheat energy in the lowenergy model was essentially non-existent (there was some reheat energy attributable to the 

CAV system that served the operating suite, but it was minimal) and is therefore not reported.
53

Table 4-15 Baseline Reheat Energy Percentage

Climate Zone Primary Heating 

Energy Percentage (%)

Reheat Energy 

Percentage (%)

1A 1.0 99.0

2A 7.0 93.0

2B 5.8 94.2

3A 8.4 91.6

3B:CA 3.6 96.4

3B:Other 7.2 92.8

3C 8.9 91.1

4A 12.6 87.4

4B 11.4 88.6

4C 11.3 88.7

5A 16.2 83.8

5B 14.3 85.7

6A 19.9 80.1

6B 18.0 82.0

7A 22.0 78.0

7B 29.6 70.4

4.4 Hours Set Point Not Met

To determine whether the simulated HVAC systems adequately met the thermal loads, we 

reported the hours that the heating and cooling set points were not met during occupied hours 

(defined as people being in the zone) for each model in all locations. The simulations used 10-

minute time steps, leading to the possibility of fractional hours where the set point was not met. 

For a time step to be counted as “out of set point,” the difference between the zone temperature 

and the current zone set point had to be greater than 1.8°F (1.0°C). If multiple zones were out of 

set point for the same time step, that time step was not counted as being out of set point twice 

(the maximum number of hours that the model could be out of set point was 8,760). Hours out 

of set point for the baseline and low-energy models, by location, are listed in Table 4-16.
54

Table 4-16 Hours Set Point Not Met During Occupied Hours

Climate

Zone

Baseline Low-Energy

Heating Cooling Total Heating Cooling Total

1A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3B:CA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3B:Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.17 33.17

4C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5B 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 25.67 25.67

6A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6B 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.50

7A 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

7B 2.33 0.00 2.33 0.00 1.83 1.83

4.5 Zone Relative Humidity Levels

Hospitals are required to maintain space RH values between 30% and 60% (AIA et al. 2006). To 

ensure this requirement was being met, we reported the RH values for the five humidity control 

zones (one per AHU; AHU/DOAS 6 serving the MOB did not have a humidifier) at detailed time 

steps for each location. The 5th and 95th percentile RH values experienced by each zone are 

reported in Table 4-17 (baseline model) and Table 4-18 (low-energy model).
55 

Table 4-17 Baseline Annual 5th and 95th Percentile RH Values

Climate 

Zone

Floor 2 Lab 1 RH (%) Floor 2 Trauma RH (%) Floor 2 Operating 

Suite RH (%) Floor 3 ICU RH (%) Floor 3 Triage RH (%)

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th 

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th 

Percentile

95th

Percentile

1A 44.2 46.4 48.8 51.3 43.7 46.1 43.6 46.0 43.5 45.6

2A 30.0 46.3 30.0 51.4 30.0 45.8 30.0 45.7 30.0 45.4

2B 30.0 46.2 30.0 52.0 30.0 45.4 30.0 45.0 30.0 45.2

3A 30.0 45.9 30.0 51.4 30.0 45.5 30.0 45.3 30.0 45.0

3B:CA 30.2 46.8 34.9 52.6 30.1 46.2 30.1 46.5 30.1 46.2

3B:Other 30.0 45.3 30.0 51.4 30.0 44.9 30.0 44.3 30.0 44.4

3C 31.5 46.6 36.6 52.0 31.0 46.2 31.2 45.9 31.0 45.4

4A 30.0 46.3 30.0 51.3 30.0 45.7 30.0 45.4 30.0 45.2

4B 28.8 46.4 30.0 52.5 29.9 46.9 30.0 45.8 30.0 46.1

4C 30.0 46.1 30.0 51.5 30.0 45.5 30.0 45.1 30.0 44.9

5A 30.0 46.0 30.0 51.1 30.0 45.5 30.0 45.2 30.0 45.0

5B 30.0 45.4 30.0 51.8 30.0 45.8 30.0 44.8 30.0 44.9

6A 30.0 45.9 30.0 51.2 30.0 45.5 30.0 45.1 30.0 45.0

6B 30.0 44.6 30.0 51.1 30.0 44.5 30.0 43.8 30.0 43.8

7A 30.0 45.7 30.0 51.4 30.0 45.2 30.0 44.8 30.0 44.7

7B 30.0 46.2 30.0 51.9 30.0 45.9 30.0 45.3 30.0 45.4
56

Table 4-18 Low-Energy Annual 5th and 95th Percentile RH Values

Climate 

Zone

Floor 2 Lab 1 RH (%) Floor 2 Trauma RH (%) Floor 2 Operating 

Suite RH (%) Floor 3 ICU RH (%) Floor 3 Triage RH (%)

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th 

Percentile

95th 

Percentile

5th

Percentile

95th

Percentile

5th 

Percentile

95th

Percentile

1A 44.7 47.3 48.9 51.7 40.7 52.2 41.0 50.6 41.9 48.5

2A 41.5 48.2 30.0 51.8 33.3 53.1 32.0 51.2 33.8 49.1

2B 43.7 51.0 30.0 52.3 34.1 53.3 31.9 49.4 34.0 50.2

3A 40.3 47.3 30.0 51.8 32.5 52.5 31.6 50.2 33.1 48.5

3B:CA 47.2 53.6 35.0 53.0 36.5 57.1 32.5 52.1 36.3 53.1

3B:Other 43.4 50.0 30.0 51.7 33.8 51.5 31.6 48.6 33.7 49.5

3C 47.8 54.3 36.7 52.5 36.0 56.9 32.9 52.4 35.9 53.5

4A 41.2 48.5 30.0 51.6 32.6 52.1 31.8 49.8 33.2 48.6

4B 40.7 46.7 30.0 52.8 33.6 53.0 31.8 49.0 33.5 50.4

4C 44.9 52.3 30.0 52.0 34.5 54.6 32.0 50.8 34.3 51.4

5A 40.4 47.6 30.0 51.4 32.5 51.4 31.5 49.2 32.9 47.9

5B 40.2 45.3 30.0 52.0 33.8 50.1 31.8 47.5 33.6 48.4

6A 40.8 48.0 30.0 51.6 32.8 51.4 31.5 48.8 33.1 47.7

6B 42.0 47.4 30.0 51.4 33.6 47.6 31.6 46.6 33.4 47.8

7A 41.0 48.4 30.0 51.7 33.3 52.3 31.3 49.4 33.2 48.4

7B 43.3 53.4 30.0 52.3 33.4 53.6 31.2 50.8 33.2 52.1
57

5. Results

This section describes simulation results for both models in each climate zone. Section 5.1

describes the baseline models, and Section 5.2 describes the low-energy models and compares 

their energy performance to the baseline.

Performance is reported using the following metrics:

• Site EUI is the whole-building site yearly energy use (Section 2.2.1) divided by the 

building floor area and is reported in MJ/m2

·yr and kBtu/ft2·yr.

• Electricity intensity is the yearly electricity consumption divided by the building floor 

area and is reported in MJ/m2

·yr and kBtu/ft2·yr.

• Natural gas intensity is the yearly natural gas consumption divided by the building floor 

area and is reported in MJ/m2·yr and kBtu/ft2·yr.

5.1 Baseline Models

The energy intensities of the Standard 90.1-2004 baseline models are shown in Table 5-1

through Table 5-3. The EUIs vary across the climate zones; thus the difficulty in achieving 50% 

energy savings and the amount of energy saved in doing so vary by climate zone.

Table 5-1 Baseline Model Performance: Humid Climates

Units Metric

Humid Climate Zones

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A

SI

EUI (MJ/m2·yr) 4,787.6 4,697.5 4,474.5 4,544.0 4,409.4 4,397.0

Electricity intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 3,218.1 2,956.3 2,748.8 2,623.5 2,448.3 2,383.7

Natural gas intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 1,569.5 1,741.2 1,725.7 1,920.5 1,961.1 2,013.3

IP

EUI (kBtu/ft2·yr) 421.6 413.6 394.0 400.1 388.3 387.2

Electricity intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 283.4 260.3 242.0 231.0 215.6 209.9

Natural gas intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 138.2 153.3 152.0 169.1 172.7 177.3
58

Table 5-2 Baseline Model Performance: Arid Climates

Units Metric

Arid Climate Zones

2C 3B:CA 3B:Other 4B 5B 6B

SI

EUI (MJ/m2·yr) 4,602.7 4,131.0 4,465.4 4,254.8 4,077.5 4,077.7

Electricity intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 2,896.8 2,461.6 2,829.7 2,671.2 2,408.7 2,224.4

Natural gas intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 1,705.9 1,669.4 1,635.6 1,583.6 1,668.8 1,853.3

IP

EUI (kBtu/ft2·yr) 405.3 363.8 393.2 374.7 359.0 359.1

Electricity intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 255.1 216.8 249.2 235.2 212.1 195.9

Natural gas intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 150.2 147.0 144.0 139.4 146.9 163.2

Table 5-3 Baseline Model Performance: Marine and Cold Climates

Units Metric

Marine Climate Zones Cold Climate Zones

3C 4C 7 8

SI

EUI (MJ/m2·yr) 4,072.6 4,003.9 4,290.6 4,417.3

Electricity intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 2,258.3 2,075.2 2,233.9 2,108.8

Natural gas intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 1,814.3 1,928.7 2,056.8 2,308.5

IP

EUI (kBtu/ft2·yr) 358.6 352.6 377.8 389.0

Electricity intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 198.9 182.7 196.7 185.7

Natural gas intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

·yr) 159.8 169.8 181.1 203.3

A comparison of the baseline model results shows that the most energy intensive climate zone is 

1A, represented by Miami, Florida, and the least energy intensive is 4C, represented by Seattle, 

Washington. However, the baseline model energy intensity results are similar across most of the 

modeled climate zones.

5.2 Low-Energy Models

The energy performance of the selected low-energy models is summarized in Table 5-4 through 

Table 5-6. The tables report several whole-building metrics.
59

Table 5-4 Low-Energy Model Performance: Humid Climate Zones

Building Type 

and Units Metric

Humid Climate Zones

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A

Low-energy Percent energy 

savings 50.9% 54.2% 54.3% 54.7% 53.0% 52.4%

Baseline

(SI units)

EUI 

(MJ/m2·yr) 4,787.6 4,697.5 4,474.5 4,544.0 4,409.4 4,397.0

Low-energy

(SI units)

EUI 

(MJ/m2·yr) 2,352.1 2,149.8 2,043.1 2,059.3 2,072.2 2,095.1

Baseline

(SI units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

3,218.1 2,956.3 2,748.8 2,623.5 2,448.3 2,383.7

Low-energy

(SI units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

2,152.5 1,915.9 1,772.7 1,708.4 1,648.7 1,610.5

Baseline

(SI units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(MJ/m2·yr)

1,569.5 1,741.2 1,725.7 1,920.5 1,961.1 2,013.3

Low-energy

(SI Units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(MJ/m2·yr)

199.6 233.9 270.5 350.9 423.4 484.7

Baseline

(IP units)

EUI 

(kBtu/ft2yr) 421.6 413.6 394.0 400.1 388.3 387.2

Low-energy

(IP units)

EUI 

(kBtu/ft2

yr) 207.1 189.3 179.9 181.3 182.5 184.5

Baseline

(IP units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

283.4 260.3 242.0 231.0 215.6 209.9

Low-energy

(IP units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

189.5 168.7 156.1 150.4 145.2 141.8

Baseline

(IP units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

138.2 153.3 152.0 169.1 172.7 177.3

Low-energy

(IP units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

17.6 20.6 23.8 30.9 37.3 42.7
60

Table 5-5 Low-Energy Model Performance: Arid Climate Zones

Building Type 

and Units Metric

Arid Climate Zones

2B 3B:CA 3B:Other 4B 5B 6B

Low-energy

Percent 

energy 

savings

59.5% 59.8% 59.7% 59.3% 58.0% 57.2%

Baseline

(SI units)

EUI 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 4,602.7 4,131.0 4,465.4 4,254.8 4,077.5 4,077.7

Low-energy

(SI units)

EUI 

(MJ/m2·yr) 1,861.9 1,659.2 1,799.2 1,730.0 1,713.7 1,745.9

Baseline

(SI units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

2,896.8 2,461.6 2,829.7 2,671.2 2,408.7 2,224.4

Low-energy

(SI units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

1,660.0 1,452.2 1,573.7 1,463.9 1,388.4 1,334.3

Baseline

(SI units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

1,705.9 1,669.4 1,635.6 1,583.6 1,668.8 1,853.3

Low-energy

(SI units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr)

201.9 207.0 225.5 266.1 325.3 411.7

Baseline

(IP units)

EUI 

(kBtu/ft2

yr) 405.3 363.8 393.2 374.7 359.0 359.1

Low-energy

(IP units)

EUI 

(kBtu/ft2yr) 164.0 146.1 158.4 152.3 150.9 153.7

Baseline

(IP units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

255.1 216.8 249.2 235.2 212.1 195.9

Low-energy

(IP units)

Electricity 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

146.2 127.9 138.6 128.9 122.3 117.5

Baseline

(IP units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

150.2 147.0 144.0 139.4 146.9 163.2

Low-energy

(IP units)

Natural gas 

intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr)

17.8 18.2 19.9 23.4 28.6 36.2
61

Table 5-6 Low-Energy Model Performance: Marine and Cold Climate Zones

Building Type 

and Units Metric

Marine Climate Zones Cold Climate Zone

1A 3B 4C 7A

Low-energy Percent energy savings 62.7% 59.8% 52.6% 52.5%

Baseline

(SI units) EUI (MJ/m2

·yr) 4,072.6 4,003.9 4,290.6 4,417.3

Low-energy

(SI units) EUI (MJ/m2

·yr) 1,519.2 1,610.2 2,033.7 2,096.9

Baseline

(SI units)

Electricity intensity 

(MJ/m2·yr) 2,258.3 2,075.2 2,233.9 2,108.8

Low-energy

(SI units)

Electricity Intensity 

(MJ/m2·yr) 1,284.5 1,298.2 1,486.3 1,343.4

Baseline

(SI units)

Natural gas intensity 

(MJ/m2

·yr) 1,814.3 1,928.7 2,056.8 2,308.5

Low-energy

(SI units)

Natural gas intensity 

(MJ/m2·yr) 234.7 312.0 547.4 753.6

Baseline

(IP units) EUI (kBtu/ft2

yr) 358.6 352.6 377.8 389.0

Low-energy

(IP units) EUI (kBtu/ft2

yr) 133.8 141.8 179.1 184.6

Baseline

(IP units)

Electricity intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr) 198.9 182.7 196.7 185.7

Low-energy

(IP units)

Electricity intensity 

(kBtu/ft2yr) 113.1 114.3 130.9 118.3

Baseline

(IP units)

Natural gas intensity 

(kBtu/ft2

yr) 159.8 169.8 181.1 203.3

Low-energy

(IP units)

Natural gas intensity 

(kBtu/ft2yr) 20.7 27.5 48.2 66.4

All climate zones met the 50% energy savings goal. A comparison of the baseline model results 

shows that the most energy intensive climate zone is 1A, represented by Miami, Florida, and the 

least energy intensive is 4C, represented by Seattle, Washington. However, the baseline model 

energy intensity results are similar across most of the modeled climate zones.

5.3 Comparison

Figure 5-1 shows the energy use of the baseline and low-energy models broken down by end use. 

Tabular end use energy consumption data are detailed in Appendix B. As Figure 5-1 and Table 

5-4 show, the biggest source of energy savings was natural gas, which is due to the change in 

HVAC systems types between the baseline and low-energy models. This almost completely 

eliminated the wasteful reheat energy and saved a tremendous amount of natural gas while still 

maintaining the space airflow, temperature, and humidity requirements. The biggest electricity 

savings came from reducing fan energy, a direct result of changing the HVAC system type in the 

low-energy model thereby reducing the required airflow rates and pressure drops seen by the

system.
62

Figure 5-1 EUI by end use for baseline and low-energy models

(Credit: Eric Bonnema/NREL)

50.9%

54.2%

59.5%

54.3%

59.8%

59.7%

62.7%

54.7%

59.3%

59.8%

53.0%

58.0%

52.4%

57.2%

52.6%

52.5%

1A

2A

2B

3A

3B:CA

3B:Other

3C

4A

4B

4C

5A

5B

6A

6B

7

8

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Baseline

Low-Energy

Annual Energy End Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2yr)

Interior Equipment (elec)

Interior Equipment (gas)

Exterior Equipment (elec)

Interior Lighting (elec)

Exterior Lighting (elec)

Heating (elec)

Heating (gas)

Cooling (elec)

Fans (elec)

Pumps (elec)

Water Systems (gas)

Humidification (elec)

Refrigeration (elec)
63

5.4 Bundle Analysis

During the modeling process, baseline and low-energy models were created and compared to 

provide the percent energy savings numbers. The low-energy model was created by starting with 

the prototype model and applying the design recommendations. However, it is difficult to 

determine which recommendations provided the largest energy savings, because all EDMs were

all applied in a single operation. To better understand how each recommendation affected

energy performance, we performed a study in which each group of similar recommendations was 

incrementally and aggregately applied to the baseline model until the low-energy model was 

obtained. A similar study was performed by Bonnema et al. (2010) and was termed a bundled 

energy efficiency measure analysis. The same terminology, or the bundle analysis, will be used 

here. The bundle analysis in this report includes four steps, chosen in no particular order:

1. Apply envelope efficiency measures, which included adding overhangs to the south 

windows and upgrading the building materials in accordance with Section 3.2.

2. Reduce infiltration in the exterior zones from 0.3 ACH to 0.25 ACH, representing a 

tighter envelope construction (see Section 3.3).

3. Reduce interior and exterior LPDs and add daylighting controls and occupancy sensors to 

applicable zones (see Section 3.6).

4. Change HVAC system type from CAV AHUs to a DOAS/WLHP system (see Section 

3.7).

Figure 5-2 shows the bundle analysis results for the humid climate zones, Figure 5-3 shows the 

results for the arid climate zones, and Figure 5-4 shows the results for the marine and cold 

climate zones.

The results show that the biggest energy saver (by far) is the change of HVAC system type. 

Moving from the CAV AHUs to a DOAS/WLHP system decoupled the space conditioning loads 

from the ventilation loads. This eliminated the largest energy use (reheat energy). This type of 

system also shares a common condenser loop for heat rejection, which allowed zones to share 

loads. This meanstthat if one zone was in cooling mode and another was in heating mode, they 

could reject their heat to the common condenser loop and the loads would balance each other 

out. During the winter, hospitals typically have some zones in cooling mode (because of the 

large plug and process loads in certain zones) and some in heating mode so this system type is 

ideal.
64

Figure 5-2 Bundle analysis results for humid climate zones

(Credit: Eric Bonnema/NREL)

3.2%

5.7%

4.7%

6.5%

6.9%

7.5%

3.3%

5.8%

4.8%

6.6%

7.0%

7.6%

7.1%

9.5%

8.9%

10.8%

11.3%

11.7%

50.9%

54.2%

54.3%

54.7%

53.0%

52.4%

1A

2A

3A

4A

5A

6A

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Annual Energy End Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2yr)

Interior Equipment (elec)

Interior Equipment (gas)

Exterior Equipment (elec)

Interior Lighting (elec)

Exterior Lighting (elec)

Heating (elec)

Heating (gas)

Cooling (elec)

Fans (elec)

Pumps (elec)

Water Systems (gas)

Humidification (elec)

Refrigeration (elec)
65

Figure 5-3 Bundle analysis results for arid climate zones

(Credit: Eric Bonnema/NREL)

8.4%

4.4%

6.3%

8.7%

9.0%

9.6%

8.5%

4.4%

6.4%

8.8%

9.1%

9.7%

13.5%

8.7%

11.5%

13.9%

14.6%

14.7%

59.5%

59.8%

59.7%

59.3%

58.0%

57.2%

2B

3B:CA

3B:Other

4B

5B

6B

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Annual Energy End Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2yr)

Interior Equipment (elec)

Interior Equipment (gas)

Exterior Equipment (elec)

Interior Lighting (elec)

Exterior Lighting (elec)

Heating (elec)

Heating (gas)

Cooling (elec)

Fans (elec)

Pumps (elec)

Water Systems (gas)

Humidification (elec)

Refrigeration (elec)
66

Figure 5-4 Bundle analysis results for marine and cold climate zones

(Credit: Eric Bonnema/NREL)

7.5%

8.4%

9.2%

9.1%

7.6%

8.4%

9.4%

9.2%

11.7%

12.9%

13.4%

13.0%

62.7%

59.8%

52.6%

52.5%

3C

4C

7

8

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Baseline

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Low-Energy

Annual Energy End Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2yr)

Interior Equipment (elec)

Interior Equipment (gas)

Exterior Equipment (elec)

Interior Lighting (elec)

Exterior Lighting (elec)

Heating (elec)

Heating (gas)

Cooling (elec)

Fans (elec)

Pumps (elec)

Water Systems (gas)

Humidification (elec)

Refrigeration (elec)
67

6. Conclusion

This TSD describes the methodology and process behind demonstrating 50% energy savings in 

large hospitals compared to Standard 90.1-2004, and it demonstrates that 50% energy savings in 

large hospitals is achievable in all U.S. climate zones.

Hospitals are enormously complex buildings with many unique requirements. Architects, 

designers, contractors, developers, owners, and lessees of large hospitals thus often overlook 

energy usage because they are so focused on meeting the hospital’s numerous other 

requirements. We have demonstrated that 50% energy savings is achievable with conventional 

technologies while still maintaining all of the requirements necessary for hospital accreditation.

Our ultimate goal is to empower architects and engineers to design the most energy-efficient 

commercial buildings possible. Unfortunately, design solutions are not identical across all 

commercial building types because of inherent program differences, so a separate analysis must 

be run for each commercial building category.

A series of TSDs is available for different building types and different energy savings levels;

some of the TSDs have led to the production of volumes in the first stage of the ASHRAE, AIA, 

IESNA, USGBC, and DOE AEDG series. These represent designs that achieve 30% energy 

savings over Standard 90.1. The next generation of TSDs target 50% energy savings over 

Standard 90.1, and it is our hope that the results of this study will influence the creation of an 

AEDG for large hospitals. The AEDG would be built around the analysis performed in this TSD 

but would address other building related items not covered in this TSD and provide alternative 

design recommendations, relevant case studies, and best practices tips.
68

7. References

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from http://www.armstronginternational.com/files/common/hvacsolutionsource/ehu700.pdf.

ASHRAE (2001). Estimating Food Service Loads and Profiles. Atlanta, GA.

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Quality. Atlanta, Georgia, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning 

Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE (2004b). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings 

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, Georgia, American Society of Heating, 

Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE (2007). HVAC Applications Handbook. Atlanta, GA, American Society of Heating, 

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE (2008). ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170, Ventilation of Health Care Facilities. 

Atlanta, GA, ASHRAE.

ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC, DOE (2009). Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small 

Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities: Achieving 30% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy 

Building. Atlanta, ASHRAE.

Bonnema, E., Doebber, I., Pless, S., Torcellini, P. (2010). Technical Support Document: 

Development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Hospitals and Healthcare 

Facilities-30% Guide. Golden, CO., National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Briggs, R. S., Lucas, R. G., Taylor, Z. T. (2003). Climate Classification for Building Energy 

Codes and Standards: Part 1- Development Process. Richland, WA.

ClimateMaster. (2010). "Tranquility 20 Series." Retrieved August 2010, from 

http://www.climatemaster.com/downloads/LC376.pdf.

Deru, M., Field, K., Studer, D., Benne, K., Griffith, B., Torcellini, P., Liu, B., Halverson, M., 

Winiarski, D., Rosenberg, M., Yazdanian, M., Huang, J., Crawley, D. (2010). U.S. Department 

of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock - Technical 

Report. TP-550-46861. Golden, CO, Narional Renewable Energy Laboratory.

DOE. (2005). "Map of DOE's Proposed Climate Zones." Retrieved July, 2010, from 

www.energycodes.gov/implement/pdfs/color_map_climate_zones_Mar03.

DOE (2008). Hospital Energy Alliance.

DOE (2010). EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software, Version 5.0. Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Department of Energy.

EIA (2005). 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Washington, D.C.

GGHC. (2007). "Green Guide for Health Care: Best Practices for Creating High Performance 

Healing Environments, Version 2.2." Retrieved August 2010, from www.gghc.org.
69

KJWW. (2000). "New 700,000 SF Greenfield Replacement Hospital with 2000-ton LakeCoupled Geothermal System." Retrieved August, 2010.

KJWW. (2009). "New 255-Bed Greenfield Replacement Hospital with 2400-ton Lake-Coupled 

Geothermal System and 6750 kW Emergency Generation." Retrieved August, 2010.

Lord, R. (2010). Chiller Equipment Models - ASHRAE 90.1. Tennessee, Carrier Corporation -

Unpublished.

Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H.N. (2004). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Hoboken, 

NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

NREL (2010). Opt-E-Plus Software for Commercial Building Optimization. Golden, CO, 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. FS-550-45620.

Pless, S., Torcellini, P., Long, N. (2007). Technical Support Document: Development of the 

Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 Schools--30% Energy Savings. Golden, CO, National 

Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Taylor, S. T. (2010). Impact of Humidity & Enthalpy Sensor Error on Economizer Performance. 

ASHRAE Seminar 41, Orlando, Florida.

Torcellini, P., Pless, S., Deru, M., Griffith, B., Long, N., Judkoff, R. (2006). Lessons Learned 

from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. Golden, CO, National Renewable 

Energy Laboratory.

USGBC (2009). LEED 2009 Green Building Design And Construction Reference Guide.
70

Appendix A. Space Types and Standards Mapping

This section documents the mapping from the space types in the energy model to the various 

references used to determine model input parameters.

A.1 Mapping for LPD

The mapping from each space type to Standard 90.1-2004 for LPDs is listed in Table A-1.

Table A-1 Standard 90.1-2004 Space Type Mapping

Space Type Mapping to Standard 90.1-2004 Table 9.6.1

Anesthesia gas storage Active storage::For hospital

Cafeteria Dining area

Clean workroom/holding Office-enclosed

Conference room Conference/meeting/multipurpose

Corridor/transition Corridor/transition::For hospital

Dining room Dining area

Examination/treatment room Hospital::Exam/treatment

Food preparation center Food preparation

Laboratory Laboratory

Laundry Hospital::Laundry-washing

Lobby area Lobby

Locker Dressing/locker/fitting room

Lounge Lounge/recreation::For hospital

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room Electrical/mechanical

Medical supply/medication room Hospital::Medical supply

Nurse station Hospital::Nurse station

Nursery Hospital::Nursery

Office Office-enclosed

Operating suite Hospital::Operating suite

Patient room Hospital::Patient room

Pharmacy Hospital::Pharmacy

Physical therapy Hospital::Physical therapy

Procedure room Hospital::Emergency room

Radiology/imaging Hospital::Radiology

Reception/waiting Lobby

Recovery room Hospital::Recovery

Restroom Restrooms

Soiled workroom/holding Office-enclosed

Sterilizer equipment room Active storage::For hospital

Storage/receiving Active storage::For hospital

Trauma/emergency room Hospital::Emergency room

Triage Hospital::Exam/treatment
71

A.2 Mapping for Airflow

The mapping from each space type to AIA Guidelines Table 2.1-2 and to Standard 170-2007 for 

air change rates is listed in Table A-3.

Table A-2 AIA Guidelines and Standard 170 Space Type Mapping

Space Type Mapping to AIA Guidelines Table 2.1-2

Mapping to 

Standard 170-2008 

Table 7-1

Anesthesia gas storage Emergency, surgery, and critical care::Anesthesia gas 

storage

Cafeteria

Clean workroom/holding Support areas::Clean workroom or clean holding

Conference room

Corridor/transition Nursing units::Patient corridor

Dining room

Examination/treatment room Diagnostic and treatment areas::Examination room

Food preparation center Service areas::Food preparation center

Laboratory Diagnostic and treatment areas::Laboratory: General

Laundry Service areas::Laundry, general

Lobby area

Locker Service areas::Bathroom

Lounge

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm 

room

Medical supply/medication 

room Support areas::Medication room

Nurse station

Nursery Nursing units::Newborn nursery suite

Office

Operating suite Operating/surgical 

cytoscopic rooms

Patient room Nursing units::Patient room

Pharmacy Service areas::Pharmacy

Physical therapy Diagnostic and treatment areas::Physical therapy and 

hydrotherapy

Procedure room Emergency, surgery, and critical care::Procedure room

Radiology/imaging Diagnostic and treatment areas::Imaging::X-ray 

(diagnostic & treatment)

Reception/waiting

Recovery room Emergency, surgery, and critical care::Recovery room

Restroom Service areas::Bathroom

Soiled workroom/holding Soiled workroom or soiled holding

Sterilizer equipment room Sterilizing and supply::ETO-sterilizer room

Storage/receiving

Trauma/emergency room Emergency, surgery, and critical care::Trauma room

Triage Emergency, surgical, and critical care::Triage

The mapping from each space type to ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Table 6-1 for ventilation 

rates and to Table 6-4 for exhaust rates is listed in Table A-3.
72

Table A-3 Standard 62.1-2004 Space Type Mapping

Space Type Mapping to Standard 62.1-2004 

Table 6-1

Mapping to Standard 62.1-2004 

Table 6-4

Anesthesia gas storage General::Storage rooms

Cafeteria Food and beverage 

service::Cafeteria/fast food dining

Clean workroom/holding Office buildings::Office space

Conference room General::Conference/meeting

Corridor/transition General::Corridors

Dining room Food and beverage 

service::Restaurant dining rooms

Examination/treatment room Office buildings::Office space

Food preparation center Kitchen - commercial

Laboratory Office buildings::Office space

Laundry Retail::Coin-operated laundries

Lobby area Office buildings::Reception areas

Locker Office buildings::Office space Locker rooms

Lounge Office buildings::Office space

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm roomGeneral::Storage rooms

Medical supply/medication room General::Storage rooms

Nurse station Office buildings::Office space

Nursery Office buildings::Office space

Office Office buildings::Office space

Operating suite

Patient room

Pharmacy Miscellaneous Spaces::Pharmacy

Physical therapy Sports and Entertainment:: Health 

club/weight rooms

Procedure room Office buildings::Office space

Radiology/imaging Office buildings::Office space

Reception/waiting Office buildings::Reception areas

Recovery room Office buildings::Office space

Restroom Locker/dressing rooms

Soiled workroom/holding

Sterilizer equipment room General::Storage rooms

Storage/receiving Miscellaneous spaces::

Shipping/receiving

Trauma/emergency room Office buildings::Office space

Triage Office buildings::Office space
73

A.3 Mapping for Plug and Process Loads

The mapping from each space type to GGHC Table OCC-1 for electric plug loads and to Table 

P-1 for electric and natural gas process loads is listed in Table A-4.

Table A-4 GGHC Space Type Mapping

Space Type Mapping to GGHC Table OCC-1 Mapping to GGHC Table P-1

Anesthesia gas storage Anesthesia storage

Cafeteria

Clean workroom/holding Clean utility/workroom

Conference room Conference rooms

Corridor/transition Corridors

Dining room Dining room

Examination/treatment room Treatment/examination

Food preparation center Kitchen, food preparation Full service kitchen

Laboratory Laboratory Labs

Laundry Laundry

Lobby area Waiting areas/lounges

Locker Lockers

Lounge Waiting areas/lounges

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm roomJanitors closet/utility

Medical supply/medication room Surgical supply

Nurse station Nursing stations general Nursing units

Nursery Nursery, general

Office

Operating suite Operating suite Surgical suite

Patient room Patient room

Pharmacy Pharmacy/medicine room

Physical therapy Physical therapy and hydrotherapy

Procedure room Trauma Emergency department

Radiology/imaging X-ray, diagnostic and treatment Imaging department or area

Reception/waiting Waiting areas/lounges

Recovery room Recovery ICU/CCU

Restroom Bathroom/public

Soiled workroom/holding

Sterilizer equipment room Sterilizer room Central sterile

Storage/receiving Unsterile supply

Trauma/emergency room Trauma Emergency department

Triage
74

Appendix B. Energy Use Data by End Use

This section contains detailed simulation data by end use in both inch-pound (IP) and international (SI) units.

B.1 IP Units

Table B-1 shows the detailed energy use information of the energy models by end use in IP units.

Table B-1 Large Hospital End Uses (IP Units)

Climate

Model

Electricity (kBtu/ft2yr) Gas (kBtu/ft2yr)

Total End Uses

Percent Savings

Heating

Cooling

Interior Lights

Exterior Lights

Interior Equipment

Exterior Equipment

Fans

Pumps

Humidifiers

Refrigeration

Heating

Interior Equipment

Water Systems

1A Baseline 0.0 155.6 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 56.1 17.3 0.4 2.0 130.3 24.1 3.3 431.8 N/A

Low-energy 0.0 110.7 15.2 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 16.5 0.1 2.0 10.1 24.1 2.9 211.8 51.0%

2A Baseline 0.0 129.5 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 57.3 15.5 4.5 1.6 144.8 24.1 3.9 422.8 N/A

Low-energy 0.2 89.5 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 15.7 1.4 1.7 12.5 24.1 3.5 199.5 52.8%

2B Baseline 0.0 109.0 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 61.1 13.3 18.0 1.6 142.1 24.1 3.5 413.3 N/A

Low-energy 0.1 66.9 15.2 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.2 12.1 5.1 1.7 10.0 24.1 3.1 171.6 58.5%

3A Baseline 0.0 103.7 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 57.3 13.4 14.4 1.3 142.8 24.1 4.6 401.5 N/A

Low-energy 0.4 75.0 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 14.6 4.5 1.4 15.1 24.1 4.1 189.1 52.9%

3B:CA Baseline 0.0 94.6 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 55.3 11.7 2.0 1.1 137.9 24.1 4.4 370.4 N/A

Low-energy 0.2 55.9 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 10.0 0.5 1.2 9.7 24.1 3.9 148.2 60.0%

3B:OtherBaseline 0.0 79.1 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 60.0 10.9 45.7 1.4 135.4 24.1 4.0 399.2 N/A

Low-energy 0.3 53.2 15.2 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.2 10.7 12.6 1.5 11.7 24.1 3.6 165.0 58.7%

3C Baseline 0.0 79.8 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 55.3 10.0 0.8 0.9 150.2 24.1 5.0 364.7 N/A

Low-energy 0.4 42.8 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 8.5 0.2 1.0 11.6 24.1 4.4 138.8 61.9%

4A Baseline 0.0 85.5 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 58.4 12.5 21.3 1.2 159.4 24.1 5.1 406.5 N/A

Low-energy 0.4 66.8 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 14.3 7.4 1.3 21.8 24.1 4.5 190.1 53.2%
75

Climate

Model

Electricity (kBtu/ft2yr) Gas (kBtu/ft2yr)

Total End Uses

Percent Savings

Heating

Cooling

Interior Lights

Exterior Lights

Interior Equipment

Exterior Equipment

Fans

Pumps

Humidifiers

Refrigeration

Heating

Interior Equipment

Water Systems

4B Baseline 0.0 51.5 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 65.6 8.7 56.3 1.1 129.9 24.1 5.0 378.6 N/A

Low-energy 0.2 41.9 15.2 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.7 9.1 15.9 1.2 14.4 24.1 4.4 157.6 58.4%

4C Baseline 0.0 58.1 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 57.8 8.5 5.4 0.9 159.9 24.1 5.3 357.6 N/A

Low-energy 0.5 41.4 15.4 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 9.3 1.8 1.0 18.1 24.1 4.7 147.3 58.8%

5A Baseline 0.0 72.0 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 58.3 11.6 20.6 1.1 162.6 24.1 5.5 393.6 N/A

Low-energy 0.6 60.8 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 13.9 8.4 1.2 27.8 24.1 4.9 190.6 51.6%

5B Baseline 0.0 42.8 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 64.8 7.9 43.7 1.0 136.8 24.1 5.5 362.5 N/A

Low-energy 0.3 37.1 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.7 8.8 14.3 1.1 19.1 24.1 4.9 155.7 57.0%

6A Baseline 0.0 59.8 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 58.5 10.8 27.7 1.1 166.8 24.1 5.9 391.7 N/A

Low-energy 0.7 54.7 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 13.2 11.8 1.1 32.8 24.1 5.2 192.0 51.0%

6B Baseline 0.0 35.0 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 62.2 7.1 38.7 0.9 152.6 24.1 6.0 361.9 N/A

Low-energy 0.5 33.1 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.3 8.6 13.8 1.0 26.3 24.1 5.3 158.2 56.3%

7 Baseline 0.0 43.6 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 59.4 9.0 31.7 0.9 170.0 24.1 6.5 381.3 N/A

Low-energy 0.9 43.6 15.3 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.1 11.4 13.8 1.0 37.8 24.1 5.8 185.2 51.4%

8 Baseline 0.0 26.6 21.1 0.3 24.1 6.6 58.8 6.2 41.2 0.8 191.4 24.1 7.3 391.1 N/A

Low-energy 1.1 26.7 15.6 0.2 24.1 6.6 14.3 8.9 19.9 0.9 55.3 24.1 6.5 188.5 51.8%
76

B.2 SI Units

Table B-2 shows the detailed energy use information of the energy models by end use in SI units.

Table B-2 Large Hospital End Uses (SI Units)

Climate

Model

Electricity (MJ/m2·yr) Gas (MJ/m2·yr)

Total End Uses

Percent Savings

Heating

Cooling

Interior Lights

Exterior Lights

Interior Equipment

Exterior Equipment

Fans

Pumps

Humidifiers

Refrigeration

Heating

Interior Equipment

Water Systems

1A Baseline 0.0 1,767.4 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 637.0 196.0 4.6 22.2 1,480.1 273.5 37.0 4,904.2 N/A

Low-energy 0.4 1,257.4 172.9 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.6 187.0 1.3 22.9 114.2 273.5 32.8 2,405.1 51.0%

2A Baseline 0.0 1,470.4 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 650.3 175.7 51.1 18.0 1,644.2 273.5 44.5 4,801.2 N/A

Low-energy 2.6 1,016.3 173.4 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.4 178.7 15.7 18.9 141.9 273.5 39.6 2,265.6 52.8%

2B Baseline 0.0 1,237.8 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 693.5 151.5 204.6 18.4 1,613.3 273.5 40.2 4,693.2 N/A

Low-energy 1.7 759.5 172.4 1.9 273.5 74.5 161.2 137.9 57.9 19.5 113.7 273.5 35.7 1,949.3 58.5%

3A Baseline 0.0 1,177.4 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 650.2 152.2 163.0 15.1 1,621.5 273.5 51.8 4,559.7 N/A

Low-energy 4.5 851.2 173.5 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.5 165.5 51.5 16.1 172.0 273.5 46.0 2,147.1 52.9%

3B:CA Baseline 0.0 1,074.6 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 628.1 133.0 22.7 12.3 1,566.6 273.5 50.4 4,206.9 N/A

Low-energy 2.2 634.5 173.2 1.9 273.5 74.5 159.8 113.0 6.1 13.6 109.8 273.5 44.8 1,682.6 60.0%

3B:OtherBaseline 0.0 898.0 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 681.7 124.3 519.1 15.8 1,537.8 273.5 45.4 4,533.8 N/A

Low-energy 3.0 604.2 172.8 1.9 273.5 74.5 161.7 121.8 143.3 16.9 132.7 273.5 40.3 1,873.8 58.7%

3C Baseline 0.0 905.7 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 628.3 113.7 9.6 10.1 1,705.2 273.5 56.6 4,141.5 N/A

Low-energy 4.5 485.9 173.5 1.9 273.5 74.5 159.9 97.1 2.7 11.1 131.9 273.5 50.3 1,576.1 61.9%

4A Baseline 0.0 971.3 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 663.8 142.4 241.6 13.6 1,810.5 273.5 57.5 4,616.2 N/A

Low-energy 5.1 758.5 173.8 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.4 161.8 84.4 14.5 247.4 273.5 51.1 2,158.5 53.2%
77

Climate

Model

Electricity (MJ/m2·yr) Gas (MJ/m2·yr)

Total End Uses

Percent Savings

Heating

Cooling

Interior Lights

Exterior Lights

Interior Equipment

Exterior Equipment

Fans

Pumps

Humidifiers

Refrigeration

Heating

Interior Equipment

Water Systems

4B Baseline 0.0 585.2 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 745.5 98.3 639.3 12.1 1,474.7 273.5 56.4 4,299.6 N/A

Low-energy 2.0 475.9 172.6 1.9 273.5 74.5 166.5 103.5 180.3 13.2 163.5 273.5 50.1 1,790.0 58.4%

4C Baseline 0.0 660.3 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 656.3 96.1 61.4 10.2 1,815.8 273.5 60.5 4,061.3 N/A

Low-energy 5.2 469.7 175.1 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.1 106.2 20.7 11.2 205.8 273.5 53.7 1,673.2 58.8%

5A Baseline 0.0 817.4 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 662.0 131.9 233.6 12.5 1,846.2 273.5 62.5 4,469.7 N/A

Low-energy 6.9 690.9 174.0 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.3 157.5 95.8 13.4 315.4 273.5 55.6 2,164.7 51.6%

5B Baseline 0.0 485.7 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 735.5 89.3 496.4 11.0 1,554.1 273.5 62.2 4,116.3 N/A

Low-energy 3.2 420.9 173.7 1.9 273.5 74.5 166.9 99.5 162.5 12.0 217.5 273.5 55.3 1,768.4 57.0%

6A Baseline 0.0 678.6 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 664.9 122.3 315.1 12.0 1,894.0 273.5 66.8 4,448.5 N/A

Low-energy 8.3 621.3 174.1 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.4 149.9 133.7 13.0 372.8 273.5 59.4 2,180.2 51.0%

6B Baseline 0.0 397.2 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 706.1 80.9 439.1 10.2 1,733.2 273.5 67.6 4,109.4 N/A

Low-energy 5.4 376.4 173.9 1.9 273.5 74.5 162.3 98.2 156.9 11.3 299.1 273.5 60.1 1,796.1 56.3%

7 Baseline 0.0 495.6 239.1 3.8 273.5 74.5 674.0 102.7 360.5 10.1 1,930.3 273.5 74.0 4,329.8 N/A

Low-energy 9.7 495.0 174.3 1.9 273.5 74.5 160.3 129.0 157.2 10.9 429.2 273.5 65.8 2,103.6 51.4%

8 Baseline 0.0 301.9 239.1 3.7 273.5 74.5 667.7 70.5 468.4 9.4 2,173.4 273.5 82.6 4,441.6 N/A

Low-energy 13.0 303.1 177.4 1.9 273.5 74.5 162.9 100.8 225.9 10.5 627.6 273.5 73.4 2,140.3 51.8%
78

Appendix C. Reheat EMS Code

This section contains representative EnergyPlus Runtime Language code that apportioned reheat energy from primary heating energy 

in the baseline model.

C.1 Output Variables

These output variables contain the heating and reheat energy for the energy model, the goal of this program. The AHU heating coil 

energy output variables are repeated for every AHU.

Output:Variable,

 *,

 Building Reheat Total Energy,

 Detailed;

Output:Variable,

 *,

 Building Heating Total Energy,

 Detailed;

Output:Variable,

 AHU_HeatCoil,

 Total Water Heating Coil Energy,

 Detailed;

C.2 EMS Sensors

These EMS sensors are repeated for every zone in the energy model and represent various building model sensors used in the reheat 

program.

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 ZoneName_Load,

 Zone Name,

 Zone/Sys Sensible Load Predicted;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 ZoneName_Coil_Energy,

 Zone Name VAV Box Reheat Coil,

 Total Water Heating Coil Energy;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 ZoneName_Coil_Inlet_Air_Temp,
79

 ZoneName VAV Box Inlet Node Name,

 System Node Temp;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 ZoneName_Coil_Outlet_Air_Temp,

 Zone Name VAV Box Outlet Node Name,

 System Node Temp;

The following EMS sensors are repeated for every AHU in the energy model.

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 AHU_HeatCoil_Energy,

 AHU Heat Coil Name,

 Total Water Heating Coil Energy;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 AHU_CoolCoil_Energy,

 AHU Cool Coil Name,

 Total Water Heating Coil Energy;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 AHU_CoolCoil_Inlet_Node_Temp,

 AHU Cool Coil Inlet Node Name,

 System Node Temp;

EnergyManagementSystem:Sensor,

 AHU_Out,

 AHU Supply Equipment Outlet Node,

 System Node Temp;

C.3 EMS Program Calling Manager

This is the initialization program calling manager; it is used to initialize the variables to zero.

EnergyManagementSystem:ProgramCallingManager,

 InitializeVariables,

 BeginTimestepBeforePredictor,

 Initialize;

These EMS program calling managers are repeated for every zone in the energy model.

EnergyManagementSystem:ProgramCallingManager,

 ZoneName_Call,
80

 EndofZoneTimestepAfterZoneReporting,

 Flr_1_Cafe_Coil_Reheat_Energy_Program;

The following are the AHU program calling managers, repeated for every AHU in the energy model.

EnergyManagementSystem:ProgramCallingManager,

 Reheat_Sum_Call,

 EndofZoneTimestepAfterZoneReporting,

 Reheat_Sum_Program;

EnergyManagementSystem:ProgramCallingManager,

 Heat_Sum_Call,

 EndofZoneTimestepAfterZoneReporting,

 Heat_Sum_Program;

EnergyManagementSystem:ProgramCallingManager,

 AHU_Heat_Sum_Call,

 EndofZoneTimestepAfterZoneReporting,

 AHU_Heat_Energy_Program;

C.4 EMS Program

This program initializes all variables to zero and the ‘set’ line is repeated for every variable.

EnergyManagementSystem:Program,

 Initialize,

 IF (DayOfYear == 1 && Hour == 0 && DayOfMonth == 1),

 SET VariableName = 0,

 ENDIF;

This is the main reheat energy calculation program and it is repeated for every zone in the energy model.

EnergyManagementSystem:Program,

 ZoneName_Coil_Reheat_Energy_Program,

 IF (AHU_CoolCoil_Energy > 0 && AHU_HeatCoil_Energy > 0),

 SET AHU_Problem = AHU_Problem + 1,

 ELSEIF (ZoneName_Load <= 0),

 SET ZoneName_ReheatEnergy = ZoneName_ReheatEnergy + ZoneName_Coil_Energy,

 ELSEIF (AHU_HeatCoil_Energy > 0 && AHU_CoolCoil_Energy == 0),

 SET ZoneName_Heat = ZoneName_Heat + ZoneName_Coil_Energy,

 ELSEIF (AHU_CoolCoil_Energy > 0 && AHU_HeatCoil_Energy == 0),

 SET ZoneName_DryBulbTemp1 = ZoneName_Coil_Outlet_Air_Temp - ZoneName_Coil_Inlet_Air_Temp,

 SET ZoneName_DryBulbTemp2 = @Max (AHU_CoolCoil_Inlet_Node_Temp - AHU_Out) 0,
81

 SET ZoneName_Ratio = @Min (ZoneName_DryBulbTemp2 / ZoneName_DryBulbTemp1) 1,

 SET ZoneName_ReheatEnergy = ZoneName_ReheatEnergy + (ZoneName_Ratio * ZoneName_Coil_Energy),

 SET ZoneName_Heat = ZoneName_Heat + ((1-ZoneName_Ratio) * ZoneName_Coil_Energy),

 ELSEIF (AHU_CoolCoil_Energy == 0 && AHU_HeatCoil_Energy == 0),

 SET AHU_Economize = AHU_Economize + 1,

 SET ZoneName_Heat = ZoneName_Heat + ZoneName_Coil_Energy,

 ENDIF;

This program sums the AHU heating energy. The “set” line sums the previous “AHU_Heat” value with the “AHU_HeatCoil_Energy”

values for each AHU.

EnergyManagementSystem:Program,

 AHU_Heat_Energy_Program,

 SET AHU_Heat = AHU_Heat + AHU_HeatCoil_Energy;

These two programs sum the primary heating and reheat energy. The ‘set’ lines include the variables for every zone.

EnergyManagementSystem:Program,

 Heat_Sum_Program,

 SET Heat = ZoneName_Heat + ZoneName_Heat;

EnergyManagementSystem:Program,

 Reheat_Sum_Program,

 SET Reheat = ZoneName_Reheat_Energy + ZoneName_Reheat_Energy;

C.5 EMS Global Variables

This EMS object contains the names of all the global variables in the program.

EnergyManagementSystem:GlobalVariable,

 VariableName,

C.6 EMS Output Variables

The following EMS output variables are repeated for every zone.

EnergyManagementSystem:OutputVariable,

 Zone Name Reheat Energy,

 ZoneName_ReheatEnergy,

 Summed,

 ZoneTimestep,

 ZoneName_Coil_Reheat_Energy_Program;
82

These EMS output variables sum the primary heating and reheat energy values reported inside the energy model.

EnergyManagementSystem:OutputVariable,

 Building Reheat Total Energy,

 Reheat,

 Summed,

 ZoneTimestep,

 Reheat_Sum_Program;

EnergyManagementSystem:OutputVariable,

 Building Heating Total Energy,

 Heat,

 Summed,

 ZoneTimestep,

 Heat_Sum_Program;

The following EMS output variables are AHU indicators and are repeated for every AHU.

EnergyManagementSystem:OutputVariable,

 AHU Problem Indicator,

 AHU_Problem,

 Summed,

 ZoneTimestep,

 ZoneName_Coil_Reheat_Energy_Program;

EnergyManagementSystem:OutputVariable,

 AHU Economize Indicator,

 AHU_Economize,

 Summed,

 ZoneTimestep,

 ZoneName_Coil_Reheat_Energy_Program;
83

Appendix D. Total and Ventilation Airflow Requirements

This section documents that all zones in the baseline and low-energy model meet the total and 

ventilation airflow requirements. Not all zones have minimum total airflow requirements and are 

represented with “N/A” in the tables. See Section 4.2 for more details on total and ventilation 

airflow requirements.

D.1 Baseline Model

Table D-1 through Table D-3 demonstrate that all the zones in the baseline model are supplied 

with at least 97% of the minimum ventilation air required by the standards; Table D-4 through 

Table D-6 show that all zones in the baseline model are supplied with at least 97% of the 

minimum total air (where applicable) required by the standards.
84

Table D-1 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7

Floor 1 Clean 40.8 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6

Floor 1 Conference 1,906.5 2,703.8 2,879.1 2,963.7 3,071.5 3,092.7 3,149.3

Floor 1 Dining 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6

Floor 1 Elevator 378.0 496.5 543.9 556.7 594.8 595.9 611.8

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 6,965.8 6,975.4 7,212.9 6,971.9 7,099.8 7,143.7

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6

Floor 1 Imaging 129.2 942.7 941.3 967.9 934.0 947.0 951.1

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 7,789.4 7,789.4 7,789.4 7,789.4 7,789.4 7,789.4

Floor 1 Lab 1 170.0 710.5 707.7 724.9 697.4 704.7 706.6

Floor 1 Lab 2 416.5 1,856.7 1,855.1 1,887.4 1,849.2 1,839.3 1,843.8

Floor 1 Laundry 469.6 2,568.8 2,578.8 2,640.9 2,564.7 2,594.5 2,608.0

Floor 1 Lobby 787.5 1,248.1 1,265.2 1,262.9 1,241.4 1,216.1 1,198.6

Floor 1 Lounge 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 1,539.1 1,580.0 1,501.2 1,567.7 1,512.5 1,494.3

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 2,912.8 3,044.2 2,919.8 3,109.8 2,976.6 2,923.5

Floor 1 Office 1 627.3 1,251.8 1,234.7 1,218.4 1,217.9 1,212.8 1,204.9

Floor 1 Office 2 483.1 1,081.0 1,078.0 1,081.1 1,105.6 1,084.4 1,080.6

Floor 1 Office 3 1,682.6 3,185.9 3,133.2 3,129.4 2,987.3 2,970.4 2,958.2

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 245.5 943.2 1,008.5 866.3 842.8 803.5 787.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 155.6 792.8 813.8 820.3 971.9 918.2 927.6

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 245.5 851.5 1,027.0 1,057.9 1,248.3 1,249.7 1,303.6

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 1,279.2 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 575.4 608.7 549.5 558.3 534.0 534.3

Floor 1 Reception 117.6 307.7 320.6 317.5 372.6 357.8 357.4
85

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 40.8 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 996.1 981.7 985.5 941.9 939.5 936.8

Floor 1 Waiting 319.2 328.8 326.3 332.4 319.2 320.1 320.3

Floor 2 Chapel 173.4 736.4 806.4 815.0 916.0 917.7 937.8

Floor 2 Clean 1 41.1 148.1 151.5 154.3 147.6 147.8 146.3

Floor 2 Clean 2 27.2 72.5 72.6 75.1 72.8 74.1 74.6

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0

Floor 2 Elevator 378.0 532.6 592.2 617.2 671.6 683.8 706.9

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 1,658.9 1,752.7 1,758.8 1,861.5 1,852.1 1,864.6

Floor 2 Exam 2 114.8 445.5 445.5 445.5 445.5 445.5 445.5

Floor 2 Exam 3 344.3 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5

Floor 2 Exam 4 340.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop 153.0 512.5 581.1 604.1 664.8 672.7 690.9

Floor 2 Imaging 1 196.4 1,716.8 1,735.6 1,782.8 1,718.0 1,737.6 1,737.0

Floor 2 Imaging 2 289.0 2,655.0 2,856.6 2,992.1 3,119.8 3,175.0 3,249.7

Floor 2 Imaging 3 340.0 3,231.1 3,312.5 3,217.0 3,167.5 3,193.3 3,145.1

Floor 2 Lab 1 193.8 1,059.7 1,076.8 1,102.0 1,057.9 1,065.0 1,060.2

Floor 2 Lab 2 289.0 1,393.8 1,397.6 1,431.8 1,374.6 1,392.3 1,396.3

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5

Floor 2 Lounge 1 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0

Floor 2 Lounge 2 74.4 281.9 313.9 318.4 375.6 364.6 375.9

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 278.0 286.9 290.2 276.3 274.6 269.9

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 340.0 781.6 809.1 810.7 799.9 795.7 792.3

Floor 2 Office 1 198.9 565.6 566.9 580.4 557.2 558.7 562.6

Floor 2 Office 2 163.2 459.2 483.6 452.3 449.8 451.1 452.3

Floor 2 Office 3 255.0 644.8 646.1 666.2 647.2 658.5 662.3

Floor 2 Office 4 297.5 1,135.7 1,245.9 1,270.4 1,402.7 1,407.7 1,435.8

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0
86

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,184.6 1,263.7 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0

Floor 2 Reception 367.5 625.8 676.3 701.8 742.5 750.4 767.3

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 41.1 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7

Floor 2 Soil 2 27.2 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 1,387.4 1,399.8 1,440.3 1,389.8 1,406.5 1,402.5

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 391.8 393.0 402.3 386.5 387.9 390.3

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 155.6 155.9 160.8 156.2 158.9 159.9

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5

Floor 2 Waiting 819.0 2,023.4 2,113.6 2,093.5 2,291.4 2,238.0 2,219.4

Floor 3 Clean 42.5 113.1 113.4 117.2 113.6 115.7 116.4

Floor 3 Elevator 378.0 716.9 787.1 795.1 894.9 898.3 922.3

Floor 3 Exam 229.5 891.0 891.0 891.0 891.0 891.0 891.0

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 830.8 877.6 856.2 918.2 889.9 898.7

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 255.7 493.5 500.1 509.8 522.3 524.5 527.3

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 204.0 923.1 978.1 917.4 969.3 941.9 914.6

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 333.0 330.0 330.0

Floor 3 Office 229.5 1,109.2 1,162.9 1,155.1 1,288.0 1,248.0 1,230.2

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,320.5 1,352.2 1,370.7 1,392.5 1,387.7 1,383.9

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,701.6

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,332.9 1,389.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8
87

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 594.0 594.0 594.0 594.0 594.0 594.0

Floor 3 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0

Floor 3 Waiting 207.9 385.5 392.6 391.1 410.9 396.3 395.2

Floor 4-6 Clean 42.5 339.4 340.1 351.6 340.8 347.1 349.3

Floor 4-6 Elevator 378.0 2,160.6 2,365.9 2,384.6 2,682.5 2,694.5 2,765.4

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 255.7 1,480.5 1,500.6 1,529.3 1,567.2 1,574.4 1,582.6

Floor 4-6 Office 127.5 1,266.7 1,349.8 1,216.5 1,206.5 1,187.8 1,178.9

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,118.7

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,952.1 4,014.9 4,186.1

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Soil 85.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8

Floor 7 Clean 42.5 148.9 153.4 155.9 148.4 148.1 146.3

Floor 7 Elevator 378.0 861.0 938.3 938.1 1,036.6 1,034.1 1,051.9

Floor 7 Nurse Station 255.7 712.6 745.3 746.7 740.7 728.0 715.4

Floor 7 Office 127.5 520.1 561.6 511.5 495.4 481.5 470.2

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,699.2 1,747.1 1,956.1 1,969.0 2,030.9

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,718.3 1,847.2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,457.6 1,562.8 1,408.5 1,419.5 1,378.0 1,325.7

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,394.4 1,431.3 1,610.5 1,620.9 1,670.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 528.6 563.3 556.7 541.0 524.6 509.3

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 528.6 563.3 556.7 541.0 524.6 509.3

Floor 7 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0
88

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 855.6 893.4 896.8 856.2 846.1 831.9

MOB Floor 1 Core 1,170.9 1,350.8 1,328.2 1,328.4 1,267.2 1,260.4 1,255.1

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 194.5 644.6 675.4 664.9 801.4 764.4 761.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 140.3 354.7 431.9 448.3 533.4 535.0 560.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 194.5 569.4 583.9 586.1 686.5 648.6 654.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 1,049.8 4,493.7 4,502.1 4,642.0 4,510.1 4,588.3 4,614.7

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 184.9 2,135.0 2,249.2 2,236.3 2,729.2 2,640.3 2,636.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 140.3 1,179.5 1,452.7 1,533.8 1,845.5 1,886.0 1,980.4

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 184.9 1,878.7 1,946.4 1,974.5 2,347.0 2,260.0 2,280.7

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 140.3 1,169.3 1,270.0 1,097.3 1,092.7 1,059.9 1,046.3

MOB Floor 5 Core 1,049.8 1,663.5 1,669.5 1,706.9 1,637.6 1,639.9 1,649.3

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 184.9 836.3 888.2 883.0 1,055.1 1,018.2 1,009.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 140.3 526.2 652.3 686.1 810.8 823.9 859.1

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 184.9 661.5 688.8 695.4 829.5 796.0 802.3

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 140.3 463.7 506.3 444.9 434.6 418.9 408.5
89

Table D-2 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7

Floor 1 Clean 40.8 105.6 105.6 105.6 113.3 113.9 105.6

Floor 1 Conference 1,906.5 3,143.4 2,895.2 3,117.5 3,487.4 3,528.5 3,427.0

Floor 1 Dining 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6

Floor 1 Elevator 378.0 606.1 549.2 584.8 657.2 668.3 661.5

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 874.3 871.2 871.2

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 7,179.2 6,967.6 7,453.5 8,465.9 8,537.3 7,982.3

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6 274.6

Floor 1 Imaging 129.2 939.8 937.0 969.2 1,109.3 1,117.6 1,044.3

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 7,789.4 7,789.4 7,994.7 9,025.3 9,101.0 8,532.5

Floor 1 Lab 1 170.0 687.2 702.0 705.2 817.3 822.8 766.6

Floor 1 Lab 2 416.5 1,853.4 1,780.8 1,853.0 2,174.0 2,141.6 1,987.6

Floor 1 Laundry 469.6 2,636.2 2,533.1 2,689.0 3,056.7 3,064.9 2,869.3

Floor 1 Lobby 787.5 1,281.3 1,143.1 1,263.8 1,462.6 1,401.4 1,276.3

Floor 1 Lounge 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 1,600.9 1,332.7 1,486.3 1,791.3 1,684.6 1,529.8

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 3,309.4 2,534.8 3,081.0 3,619.5 3,344.1 3,046.9

Floor 1 Office 1 627.3 1,203.4 1,154.2 1,168.1 1,334.8 1,318.8 1,204.5

Floor 1 Office 2 483.1 1,024.5 1,033.7 1,006.6 1,236.8 1,202.3 1,109.5

Floor 1 Office 3 1,682.6 2,813.4 3,042.5 2,820.9 3,441.8 3,450.1 3,174.7

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 245.5 1,140.7 647.8 966.4 991.6 888.6 792.5

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 155.6 926.8 737.1 866.7 1,114.3 1,021.1 965.7

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 245.5 1,295.9 1,066.3 1,217.7 1,327.5 1,364.5 1,413.9

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 1,279.2 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 673.0 474.0 585.3 628.5 577.0 537.0
90

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Reception 117.6 358.0 290.3 344.6 441.4 413.8 385.3

Floor 1 Soil 40.8 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 857.2 958.1 858.3 1,036.0 1,039.5 962.0

Floor 1 Waiting 319.2 319.2 322.1 319.2 365.9 367.9 341.2

Floor 2 Chapel 173.4 998.2 799.4 965.0 1,045.9 1,043.8 1,041.9

Floor 2 Clean 1 41.1 161.8 142.4 163.8 178.2 174.5 162.2

Floor 2 Clean 2 27.2 75.3 72.6 78.2 88.0 88.8 83.3

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0

Floor 2 Elevator 378.0 711.5 615.7 701.2 764.7 788.1 790.4

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 2,016.0 1,661.8 1,976.4 2,220.0 2,151.8 2,066.2

Floor 2 Exam 2 114.8 446.2 445.5 453.7 480.1 472.4 445.5

Floor 2 Exam 3 344.3 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,349.7 1,361.2 1,336.5

Floor 2 Exam 4 340.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,365.7 1,358.0 1,320.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop 153.0 724.6 596.2 708.9 746.1 759.8 766.4

Floor 2 Imaging 1 196.4 1,822.4 1,691.1 1,871.5 2,077.5 2,070.5 1,934.4

Floor 2 Imaging 2 289.0 3,275.0 2,943.1 3,299.9 3,620.5 3,700.2 3,633.5

Floor 2 Imaging 3 340.0 3,619.6 2,895.8 3,585.1 3,864.9 3,766.8 3,432.2

Floor 2 Lab 1 193.8 1,138.4 1,031.5 1,161.4 1,278.9 1,265.0 1,178.6

Floor 2 Lab 2 289.0 1,456.6 1,355.4 1,500.3 1,671.2 1,662.0 1,552.4

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5

Floor 2 Lounge 1 102.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 115.9 116.9 109.7

Floor 2 Lounge 2 74.4 412.2 288.4 376.4 421.5 400.4 400.8

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 309.8 262.5 310.8 333.0 322.1 297.9

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 340.0 905.6 735.1 887.5 964.1 933.4 872.2

Floor 2 Office 1 198.9 616.6 533.5 622.8 646.3 629.7 592.7

Floor 2 Office 2 163.2 568.3 400.7 520.4 531.7 507.5 472.3

Floor 2 Office 3 255.0 668.4 646.1 691.9 772.7 779.3 733.6

Floor 2 Office 4 297.5 1,531.2 1,239.8 1,488.4 1,602.0 1,601.3 1,593.0
91

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 13,165.0 12,850.7 13,171.3 14,616.5 14,403.4 13,392.5

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,462.8 1,136.0 1,346.4 1,361.9 1,248.9 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0

Floor 2 Reception 367.5 805.2 683.3 793.6 848.6 859.7 853.6

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0 352.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0 495.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 41.1 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7

Floor 2 Soil 2 27.2 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 1,465.4 1,370.9 1,508.9 1,681.6 1,681.2 1,559.8

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 426.8 372.1 431.9 451.0 440.1 413.9

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 161.3 155.9 167.1 186.7 188.3 177.2

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5 577.5

Floor 2 Waiting 819.0 2,392.4 1,876.6 2,334.4 2,777.4 2,633.5 2,433.0

Floor 3 Clean 42.5 117.6 113.4 122.1 137.4 138.6 130.0

Floor 3 Elevator 378.0 982.5 770.7 936.7 1,032.7 1,032.3 1,023.2

Floor 3 Exam 229.5 891.0 891.0 894.0 945.6 928.6 891.0

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 1,038.1 748.1 959.5 1,078.8 1,006.6 955.8

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 255.7 536.6 486.1 543.6 631.4 624.8 585.2

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 204.0 1,129.1 764.8 1,060.8 1,185.1 1,097.0 987.1

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 357.3 330.0 334.4 388.6 360.1 343.1

Floor 3 Office 229.5 1,327.7 1,025.1 1,290.6 1,566.5 1,468.6 1,352.9

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,460.7 1,279.8 1,465.3 1,684.6 1,646.8 1,537.1

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,750.3 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,790.5 1,845.2 1,896.6

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,672.5 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7
92

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,428.8 1,316.7 1,360.4 1,462.5 1,509.0 1,550.9

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 369.7 367.8 367.8

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 369.5 367.8 367.8

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 594.0 594.0 594.0 639.7 622.7 594.0

Floor 3 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0

Floor 3 Waiting 207.9 450.7 336.1 427.5 491.8 454.8 418.3

Floor 4-6 Clean 42.5 352.8 340.2 366.2 412.2 415.7 390.0

Floor 4-6 Elevator 378.0 2,958.1 2,305.7 2,811.7 3,098.1 3,097.4 3,068.8

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 255.7 1,610.8 1,457.6 1,630.6 1,894.7 1,875.3 1,756.6

Floor 4-6 Office 127.5 1,577.2 954.0 1,415.1 1,469.6 1,379.9 1,265.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,283.0 5,000.0 5,000.8 5,380.2 5,552.0 5,711.3

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,043.5 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 4,280.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 4,069.6 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 4,308.3 3,950.0 4,092.8 4,401.0 4,547.1 4,675.6

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,109.0 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,109.0 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Soil 85.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8

Floor 7 Clean 42.5 163.8 143.5 164.9 179.6 175.2 163.0

Floor 7 Elevator 378.0 1,155.9 890.7 1,097.9 1,203.2 1,187.2 1,169.9

Floor 7 Nurse Station 255.7 820.0 671.3 805.9 896.5 855.5 793.4

Floor 7 Office 127.5 654.4 391.8 588.7 606.6 559.2 509.8

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 2,190.0 1,693.7 2,070.9 2,183.0 2,215.0 2,262.8

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 2,170.0 1,666.7 1,967.7 1,987.8 1,811.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,828.0 1,316.7 1,669.4 1,746.6 1,596.6 1,418.2
93

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,791.8 1,402.9 1,699.8 1,803.7 1,827.8 1,865.1

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 634.7 480.6 608.3 654.6 610.0 564.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 634.7 480.6 608.3 654.6 610.0 564.2

Floor 7 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 979.8 809.6 962.7 1,035.6 993.9 924.7

MOB Floor 1 Core 1,170.9 1,185.9 1,292.4 1,191.4 1,456.8 1,461.6 1,345.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 194.5 760.7 601.3 727.1 946.3 878.5 814.4

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 140.3 548.2 454.3 516.4 563.5 582.7 608.4

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 194.5 663.0 528.4 617.5 785.9 720.7 679.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 1,049.8 4,657.1 4,502.5 4,819.6 5,379.1 5,425.0 5,108.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 184.9 2,651.9 2,024.2 2,567.3 3,296.7 3,098.2 2,888.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 140.3 1,951.8 1,575.4 1,880.6 2,007.6 2,111.2 2,215.2

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 184.9 2,331.6 1,776.3 2,221.4 2,767.1 2,579.5 2,449.6

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 140.3 1,531.4 794.5 1,322.9 1,335.4 1,216.2 1,104.5

MOB Floor 5 Core 1,049.8 1,822.7 1,569.2 1,838.1 1,899.1 1,844.2 1,734.8

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 184.9 1,039.9 787.7 1,004.3 1,279.4 1,196.9 1,112.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 140.3 871.9 690.2 835.4 884.8 921.0 962.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 184.9 832.5 615.4 786.9 971.2 895.0 850.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 140.3 604.9 313.4 528.2 534.3 483.4 436.7
94

Table D-3 Baseline Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 3,736.7 3,760.4 3,736.7 3,736.7 3,736.7

Floor 1 Clean 40.8 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6

Floor 1 Conference 1,906.5 2,961.9 3,153.2 3,151.4 3,188.5

Floor 1 Dining 3,468.6 3,490.6 3,468.6 3,468.6 3,468.6

Floor 1 Elevator 378.0 575.9 621.7 608.0 636.2

Floor 1 Exam 224.4 871.2 871.2 871.2 871.2

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 6,906.1 6,989.1 7,260.9 6,945.0

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 276.3 274.6 274.6 274.6

Floor 1 Imaging 129.2 891.4 916.4 948.2 889.5

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 7,838.8 7,789.4 7,799.6 7,789.4

Floor 1 Lab 1 170.0 660.0 670.2 691.9 660.0

Floor 1 Lab 2 416.5 1,627.3 1,698.1 1,810.2 1,649.9

Floor 1 Laundry 469.6 2,443.0 2,508.4 2,610.1 2,464.3

Floor 1 Lobby 787.5 963.4 1,067.2 1,159.5 932.3

Floor 1 Lounge 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 1,122.0 1,293.1 1,421.4 1,193.6

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 2,125.7 2,539.3 2,849.1 2,225.3

Floor 1 Office 1 627.3 910.5 1,018.3 1,081.1 929.6

Floor 1 Office 2 483.1 851.2 966.5 1,022.8 889.6

Floor 1 Office 3 1,682.6 2,530.6 2,609.4 2,796.1 2,236.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 245.5 552.8 606.5 718.8 621.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 155.6 671.3 858.7 971.8 943.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 245.5 1,256.8 1,403.4 1,330.0 1,534.0

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0 1,380.0

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 1,279.2 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6 1,623.6

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 384.7 445.4 494.4 444.4

Floor 1 Reception 117.6 298.3 344.5 380.7 344.9
95

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 40.8 264.0 264.0 264.0 264.0

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 773.5 839.1 855.2 734.7

Floor 1 Waiting 319.2 319.2 319.2 319.2 319.2

Floor 2 Chapel 173.4 893.3 980.9 976.4 998.6

Floor 2 Clean 1 41.1 133.0 139.4 146.6 124.6

Floor 2 Clean 2 27.2 72.9 73.4 76.2 73.5

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 572.0 572.0 572.0 572.0

Floor 2 Elevator 378.0 714.3 752.0 741.3 823.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 357.0 1,754.5 1,882.6 1,929.0 1,715.8

Floor 2 Exam 2 114.8 445.5 445.5 445.5 445.5

Floor 2 Exam 3 344.3 1,345.0 1,336.5 1,336.5 1,336.5

Floor 2 Exam 4 340.0 1,328.4 1,320.0 1,320.0 1,320.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop 153.0 679.6 729.9 716.9 760.1

Floor 2 Imaging 1 196.4 1,643.2 1,687.5 1,760.9 1,616.6

Floor 2 Imaging 2 289.0 3,188.2 3,359.9 3,371.2 3,327.4

Floor 2 Imaging 3 340.0 2,860.0 2,949.8 3,168.7 3,004.1

Floor 2 Lab 1 193.8 982.6 1,019.0 1,069.6 949.2

Floor 2 Lab 2 289.0 1,330.7 1,355.5 1,416.5 1,339.7

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 412.5 412.5 412.5 412.5

Floor 2 Lounge 1 102.0 102.6 102.0 102.0 102.0

Floor 2 Lounge 2 74.4 315.4 372.1 391.2 421.5

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 109.7 237.5 252.9 268.0 213.7

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 340.0 698.7 742.8 799.9 779.0

Floor 2 Office 1 198.9 511.0 524.1 546.4 554.0

Floor 2 Office 2 163.2 389.9 386.9 443.0 446.7

Floor 2 Office 3 255.0 648.2 652.7 675.6 653.5

Floor 2 Office 4 297.5 1,384.3 1,494.3 1,488.0 1,509.6

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,358.6 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0
96

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0 2,079.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0 1,122.0

Floor 2 Reception 367.5 746.1 792.2 790.5 811.9

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 354.2 352.0 352.0 352.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 498.1 495.0 495.0 495.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 41.1 265.7 265.7 265.7 265.7

Floor 2 Soil 2 27.2 177.1 176.0 176.0 176.0

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 1,314.7 1,351.5 1,421.7 1,315.5

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 357.4 366.2 380.8 382.5

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 156.4 157.5 163.1 157.7

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 3,719.4 3,696.0 3,696.0 3,696.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 581.2 577.5 577.5 577.5

Floor 2 Waiting 819.0 1,868.7 2,107.5 2,356.7 2,037.3

Floor 3 Clean 42.5 113.0 114.6 119.0 114.8

Floor 3 Elevator 378.0 873.6 952.9 964.5 1,029.4

Floor 3 Exam 229.5 891.0 891.0 891.0 891.0

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 716.1 822.3 922.2 909.7

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 255.7 493.5 517.6 549.6 522.9

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 204.0 732.4 823.1 942.3 806.9

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 330.0 330.0 337.8 337.2

Floor 3 Office 229.5 971.8 1,147.2 1,319.1 1,145.9

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,265.6 1,343.5 1,434.7 1,290.4

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,689.5 1,840.6 1,802.5 2,107.0

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,396.5 1,509.1 1,466.9 1,696.1

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8
97

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 367.8 367.8 367.8 367.8

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 594.0 594.0 594.0 594.0

Floor 3 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 809.6 809.6 809.6 809.6

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 990.0 990.0 990.0 990.0

Floor 3 Waiting 207.9 289.9 334.8 402.4 373.5

Floor 4-6 Clean 42.5 339.0 343.9 356.9 344.3

Floor 4-6 Elevator 378.0 2,610.7 2,851.6 2,892.9 3,086.9

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 255.7 1,479.3 1,552.6 1,650.5 1,570.6

Floor 4-6 Office 127.5 967.2 1,008.6 1,178.7 1,157.3

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,075.5 5,539.5 5,426.5 6,314.9

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 4,193.8 4,547.1 4,425.3 5,114.6

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5 1,103.5

Floor 4-6 Soil 85.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8 2,428.8

Floor 7 Clean 42.5 133.5 140.6 146.8 127.3

Floor 7 Elevator 378.0 973.7 1,073.9 1,093.2 1,109.7

Floor 7 Nurse Station 255.7 622.8 681.9 728.9 608.1

Floor 7 Office 127.5 364.5 387.9 464.4 392.5

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,951.3 2,152.3 2,122.1 2,325.9

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,323.3 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,622.4 1,780.6 1,743.6 1,891.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 420.8 473.9 508.6 402.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 420.8 473.9 508.6 402.2

Floor 7 Soil 85.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0
98

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 809.6 809.6 829.1 809.6

MOB Floor 1 Core 1,170.9 1,170.9 1,170.9 1,183.9 1,170.9

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 194.5 605.8 717.8 813.8 740.3

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 140.3 542.1 610.6 575.9 678.2

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 194.5 478.5 607.4 679.9 646.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 1,049.8 4,488.9 4,548.3 4,706.9 4,553.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 184.9 2,171.7 2,548.3 2,926.1 2,780.9

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 140.3 2,017.0 2,221.8 2,128.7 2,576.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 184.9 1,754.2 2,157.6 2,481.7 2,472.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 140.3 774.6 817.9 1,034.0 936.2

MOB Floor 5 Core 1,049.8 1,498.8 1,538.2 1,598.6 1,621.6

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 184.9 821.7 971.7 1,116.5 1,022.7

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 140.3 854.6 950.0 917.5 1,069.7

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 184.9 602.6 747.3 868.6 867.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 140.3 296.2 314.7 401.2 339.9
99

Table D-4 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5

Floor 1 Clean 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0

Floor 1 Conference N/A 8,193.4 8,724.6 8,980.8 9,307.7 9,371.8 9,543.4

Floor 1 Dining N/A 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 1,504.5 1,648.3 1,687.0 1,802.5 1,805.6 1,853.9

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 1 Food Storage 3,348.3 21,108.4 21,137.7 21,857.2 21,127.0 21,514.4 21,647.6

Floor 1 Gas Storage 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0

Floor 1 Imaging 1,520.0 2,856.7 2,852.5 2,933.1 2,830.4 2,869.7 2,882.0

Floor 1 Kitchen 3,348.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3

Floor 1 Lab 1 2,000.0 2,153.2 2,144.5 2,196.8 2,113.4 2,135.4 2,141.4

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,900.0 5,626.2 5,621.6 5,719.3 5,603.6 5,573.5 5,587.2

Floor 1 Laundry 3,726.7 7,784.1 7,814.4 8,002.6 7,771.7 7,862.0 7,903.1

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 3,782.1 3,833.8 3,826.9 3,761.9 3,685.1 3,632.0

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 4,664.0 4,787.9 4,549.2 4,750.7 4,583.2 4,528.1

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 8,826.5 9,224.8 8,847.9 9,423.5 9,020.0 8,859.0

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 3,793.2 3,741.6 3,692.0 3,690.7 3,675.1 3,651.1

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 3,275.6 3,266.6 3,276.0 3,350.2 3,286.1 3,274.4

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 9,654.2 9,494.5 9,483.0 9,052.4 9,001.2 8,964.2

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 2,858.2 3,055.9 2,625.0 2,553.9 2,434.9 2,386.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,402.4 2,466.0 2,485.8 2,945.1 2,782.4 2,811.1

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 2,580.3 3,112.0 3,205.7 3,782.6 3,786.9 3,950.4

Floor 1 Patient 1,800.0 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2

Floor 1 Pharmacy 4,000.0 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 1,743.7 1,844.5 1,665.0 1,691.8 1,618.2 1,619.0

Floor 1 Reception N/A 932.4 971.5 962.2 1,129.1 1,084.1 1,082.9
100

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0

Floor 1 Storage N/A 3,018.6 2,974.7 2,986.3 2,854.1 2,847.1 2,838.8

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 996.5 988.9 1,007.4 967.3 969.9 970.5

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 2,231.7 2,443.6 2,469.7 2,775.9 2,780.9 2,841.9

Floor 2 Clean 1 322.0 448.7 459.2 467.6 447.2 447.7 443.3

Floor 2 Clean 2 213.3 219.6 220.1 227.5 220.5 224.6 226.1

Floor 2 Corridor 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 1,614.0 1,794.6 1,870.2 2,035.1 2,072.2 2,142.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 5,027.1 5,311.1 5,329.8 5,641.0 5,612.3 5,650.3

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Exam 3 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0

Floor 2 Exam 4 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 1,553.1 1,761.0 1,830.6 2,014.5 2,038.6 2,093.5

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,310.0 5,202.3 5,259.5 5,402.3 5,206.0 5,265.4 5,263.5

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,400.0 8,045.5 8,656.5 9,067.0 9,453.9 9,621.2 9,847.5

Floor 2 Imaging 3 4,000.0 9,791.2 10,037.9 9,748.4 9,598.5 9,676.7 9,530.6

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,280.0 3,211.2 3,263.1 3,339.3 3,205.8 3,227.4 3,212.8

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,400.0 4,223.7 4,235.1 4,338.7 4,165.4 4,219.0 4,231.3

Floor 2 Lockers 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 309.1 309.1 309.1 309.1 309.1 309.1

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 854.3 951.3 964.8 1,138.1 1,104.7 1,139.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 842.5 869.3 879.5 837.2 832.1 818.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 2,368.6 2,451.7 2,456.6 2,423.9 2,411.3 2,400.8

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 1,713.9 1,717.9 1,758.8 1,688.5 1,693.1 1,704.9

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 1,391.4 1,465.4 1,370.6 1,362.9 1,367.1 1,370.5

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 1,954.1 1,957.8 2,018.9 1,961.3 1,995.4 2,007.0

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 3,441.5 3,775.4 3,849.7 4,250.5 4,265.7 4,351.0

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9
101

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 3,589.8 3,829.3 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4

Floor 2 Patient 2 2,806.0 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 1,896.3 2,049.5 2,126.6 2,250.0 2,274.1 2,325.3

Floor 2 Restroom 1 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0

Floor 2 Soil 2 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,266.7 4,204.3 4,241.7 4,364.4 4,211.5 4,262.1 4,249.9

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 1,187.1 1,190.8 1,219.2 1,171.1 1,175.4 1,182.8

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 471.5 472.4 487.3 473.3 481.6 484.4

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 6,131.4 6,404.7 6,344.1 6,943.6 6,781.7 6,725.4

Floor 3 Clean 333.3 342.8 343.5 355.1 344.2 350.6 352.9

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 2,172.3 2,385.1 2,409.4 2,711.8 2,722.1 2,794.7

Floor 3 Exam 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0

Floor 3 ICU 2,100.0 2,517.5 2,659.3 2,594.5 2,782.5 2,696.6 2,723.2

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 1,495.5 1,515.6 1,544.9 1,582.8 1,589.5 1,597.8

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 2,797.3 2,963.8 2,780.1 2,937.3 2,854.3 2,771.6

Floor 3 Nursery 990.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,009.1 1,000.0 1,000.0

Floor 3 Office N/A 3,361.3 3,523.8 3,500.3 3,903.2 3,781.8 3,727.9

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,602.5 6,761.0 6,853.7 6,962.6 6,938.4 6,919.4

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,156.2

Floor 3 Patient 2 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5

Floor 3 Patient 3 3,950.0 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9

Floor 3 Patient 4 3,950.0 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 4,039.0 4,211.1

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7
102

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7

Floor 3 Procedure 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0

Floor 3 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 1,168.1 1,189.7 1,185.1 1,245.0 1,200.9 1,197.5

Floor 4-6 Clean 333.3 1,028.4 1,030.6 1,065.4 1,032.6 1,051.9 1,058.6

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 6,547.3 7,169.3 7,226.1 8,128.9 8,165.2 8,380.0

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 4,486.3 4,547.2 4,634.3 4,749.0 4,770.9 4,795.7

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 3,838.5 4,090.3 3,686.4 3,656.2 3,599.5 3,572.5

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 5,000.0 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,511.2

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 5,000.0 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 3,950.0 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 3,950.0 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,976.2 12,166.2 12,685.3

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,453.3 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0

Floor 7 Clean 333.3 451.2 464.9 472.3 449.8 448.8 443.2

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 2,609.1 2,843.3 2,842.8 3,141.2 3,133.7 3,187.5

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 2,159.4 2,258.6 2,262.9 2,244.4 2,206.1 2,167.9

Floor 7 Office N/A 1,576.1 1,701.8 1,550.0 1,501.1 1,459.1 1,424.8

Floor 7 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,149.0 5,294.3 5,927.4 5,966.8 6,154.2

Floor 7 Patient 2 5,000.0 5,207.0 5,597.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5

Floor 7 Patient 3 3,950.0 4,417.0 4,735.6 4,268.3 4,301.5 4,175.8 4,017.3

Floor 7 Patient 4 3,950.0 3,989.9 4,225.4 4,337.1 4,880.4 4,911.9 5,061.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,601.7 1,706.8 1,687.1 1,639.3 1,589.7 1,543.4

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,601.7 1,706.8 1,687.1 1,639.3 1,589.7 1,543.4

Floor 7 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7
103

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 2,453.3 2,592.7 2,707.2 2,717.5 2,594.5 2,563.9 2,520.9

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 6,754.2 6,641.2 6,642.0 6,336.0 6,302.0 6,275.4

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 3,223.1 3,377.1 3,324.5 4,007.0 3,821.9 3,805.2

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 1,773.6 2,159.7 2,241.4 2,667.1 2,675.1 2,800.1

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 2,847.2 2,919.5 2,930.3 3,432.4 3,242.9 3,271.6

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 22,468.6 22,510.4 23,209.8 22,550.3 22,941.6 23,073.4

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 10,675.1 11,245.8 11,181.3 13,646.1 13,201.7 13,180.2

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 5,897.7 7,263.6 7,669.2 9,227.3 9,429.9 9,902.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 9,393.4 9,731.8 9,872.4 11,734.9 11,299.8 11,403.5

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 5,846.6 6,350.0 5,486.7 5,463.6 5,299.5 5,231.6

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 8,317.6 8,347.5 8,534.5 8,188.1 8,199.5 8,246.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 4,181.6 4,440.9 4,414.8 5,275.6 5,091.2 5,047.2

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,631.2 3,261.4 3,430.7 4,054.0 4,119.3 4,295.7

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 3,307.3 3,443.9 3,476.9 4,147.7 3,980.0 4,011.6

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 2,318.3 2,531.6 2,224.3 2,173.1 2,094.6 2,042.6
104

Table D-5 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5

Floor 1 Clean 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0 343.3 345.2 320.0

Floor 1 Conference N/A 9,525.5 8,773.2 9,447.1 10,567.8 10,692.5 10,384.8

Floor 1 Dining N/A 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 1,836.7 1,664.4 1,772.0 1,991.5 2,025.0 2,004.6

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,649.4 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 1 Food Storage 3,348.3 21,755.0 21,114.1 22,586.3 25,654.1 25,870.7 24,188.8

Floor 1 Gas Storage 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0

Floor 1 Imaging 1,520.0 2,847.9 2,839.2 2,936.9 3,361.4 3,386.8 3,164.4

Floor 1 Kitchen 3,348.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 24,226.4 27,349.3 27,578.7 25,856.0

Floor 1 Lab 1 2,000.0 2,082.4 2,127.3 2,136.9 2,476.8 2,493.4 2,322.9

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,900.0 5,616.3 5,396.4 5,615.1 6,587.7 6,489.6 6,023.2

Floor 1 Laundry 3,726.7 7,988.5 7,676.1 8,148.6 9,262.7 9,287.4 8,694.7

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 3,882.8 3,463.9 3,829.7 4,432.0 4,246.7 3,867.6

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 4,851.4 4,038.4 4,504.0 5,428.2 5,104.7 4,635.8

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 10,028.4 7,681.2 9,336.4 10,968.2 10,133.7 9,232.9

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 3,646.6 3,497.6 3,539.7 4,044.8 3,996.3 3,650.0

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 3,104.7 3,132.3 3,050.3 3,748.0 3,643.4 3,362.2

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 8,525.5 9,219.6 8,548.2 10,429.7 10,454.7 9,620.3

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 3,456.7 1,963.1 2,928.5 3,004.7 2,692.8 2,401.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,808.4 2,233.8 2,626.4 3,376.7 3,094.3 2,926.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 3,927.0 3,231.3 3,689.9 4,022.9 4,135.0 4,284.5

Floor 1 Patient 1,800.0 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2

Floor 1 Pharmacy 4,000.0 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 2,039.3 1,436.4 1,773.6 1,904.7 1,748.5 1,627.2
105

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Reception N/A 1,084.9 879.7 1,044.2 1,337.6 1,253.9 1,167.6

Floor 1 Soil 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0

Floor 1 Storage N/A 2,597.6 2,903.5 2,600.8 3,139.3 3,150.0 2,915.3

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 967.3 976.1 967.3 1,108.7 1,114.8 1,034.0

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 3,024.9 2,422.4 2,924.2 3,169.5 3,162.9 3,157.2

Floor 2 Clean 1 322.0 490.2 431.4 496.3 540.0 528.9 491.5

Floor 2 Clean 2 213.3 228.3 220.1 237.0 266.7 269.0 252.4

Floor 2 Corridor 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 2,156.2 1,865.6 2,124.7 2,317.3 2,388.1 2,395.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 6,109.1 5,035.8 5,989.2 6,727.3 6,520.7 6,261.3

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,350.0 1,352.0 1,350.0 1,374.7 1,454.8 1,431.4 1,350.0

Floor 2 Exam 3 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,089.9 4,124.9 4,050.0

Floor 2 Exam 4 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,138.5 4,115.0 4,000.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 2,195.8 1,806.6 2,148.3 2,260.9 2,302.3 2,322.3

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,310.0 5,522.3 5,124.5 5,671.4 6,295.5 6,274.2 5,861.8

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,400.0 9,924.3 8,918.3 9,999.5 10,971.4 11,212.9 11,010.7

Floor 2 Imaging 3 4,000.0 10,968.5 8,775.3 10,863.9 11,711.8 11,414.6 10,400.6

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,280.0 3,449.6 3,125.8 3,519.3 3,875.5 3,833.3 3,571.4

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,400.0 4,413.9 4,107.3 4,546.3 5,064.3 5,036.4 4,704.3

Floor 2 Lockers 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 309.1 309.1 312.1 351.2 354.3 332.3

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 1,249.0 873.8 1,140.6 1,277.3 1,213.3 1,214.6

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 938.9 795.5 941.8 1,009.1 975.9 902.7

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 2,744.3 2,227.6 2,689.2 2,921.6 2,828.4 2,642.9

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 1,868.6 1,616.5 1,887.1 1,958.4 1,908.2 1,795.9

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 1,722.1 1,214.1 1,576.9 1,611.1 1,537.8 1,431.1

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 2,025.5 1,957.9 2,096.6 2,341.6 2,361.6 2,223.1

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 4,640.1 3,757.1 4,510.4 4,854.4 4,852.4 4,827.4
106

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 65,825.1 64,253.3 65,856.6 73,082.3 72,017.2 66,962.7

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 4,432.7 3,442.4 4,080.1 4,126.9 3,784.6 3,442.4

Floor 2 Patient 2 2,806.0 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 2,440.1 2,070.6 2,405.0 2,571.4 2,605.2 2,586.7

Floor 2 Restroom 1 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0

Floor 2 Soil 2 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,266.7 4,440.6 4,154.2 4,572.4 5,095.8 5,094.4 4,726.6

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 1,293.3 1,127.5 1,308.7 1,366.8 1,333.6 1,254.3

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 488.9 472.5 506.2 565.9 570.7 537.0

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 7,249.8 5,686.5 7,074.0 8,416.3 7,980.2 7,372.8

Floor 3 Clean 333.3 356.4 343.6 369.9 416.3 419.9 393.9

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 2,977.3 2,335.5 2,838.6 3,129.4 3,128.3 3,100.5

Floor 3 Exam 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,708.9 2,865.4 2,813.8 2,700.0

Floor 3 ICU 2,100.0 3,145.7 2,267.0 2,907.6 3,269.2 3,050.2 2,896.3

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 1,626.0 1,473.0 1,647.1 1,913.4 1,893.2 1,773.3

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 3,421.5 2,317.6 3,214.7 3,591.2 3,324.3 2,991.2

Floor 3 Nursery 990.0 1,082.7 1,000.0 1,013.4 1,177.5 1,091.3 1,039.7

Floor 3 Office N/A 4,023.3 3,106.3 3,910.9 4,746.9 4,450.3 4,099.6

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 7,303.6 6,399.2 7,326.5 8,423.1 8,234.0 7,685.4

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,304.1 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,425.9 5,591.4 5,747.4

Floor 3 Patient 2 5,000.0 5,068.2 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5
107

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient 3 3,950.0 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9

Floor 3 Patient 4 3,950.0 4,329.7 3,989.9 4,122.5 4,431.8 4,572.6 4,699.6

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,120.2 1,114.7 1,114.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,119.6 1,114.7 1,114.7

Floor 3 Procedure 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,938.6 1,886.8 1,800.0

Floor 3 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 1,365.7 1,018.4 1,295.3 1,490.3 1,378.1 1,267.5

Floor 4-6 Clean 333.3 1,069.1 1,030.8 1,109.8 1,248.9 1,259.8 1,181.7

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 8,964.0 6,986.9 8,520.3 9,388.3 9,386.1 9,299.4

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 4,881.3 4,417.0 4,941.2 5,741.5 5,682.7 5,323.1

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 4,779.4 2,890.9 4,288.2 4,453.5 4,181.5 3,833.2

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 5,000.0 16,009.1 15,151.5 15,154.1 16,303.5 16,824.3 17,307.1

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 5,000.0 15,283.4 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 3,950.0 12,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 12,332.2 11,969.7 11,969.7

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 3,950.0 13,055.5 11,969.7 12,402.3 13,336.3 13,779.2 14,168.4

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,360.7 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,360.7 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,453.3 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0

Floor 7 Clean 333.3 496.5 434.9 499.6 544.4 531.0 494.0

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 3,502.9 2,699.1 3,327.0 3,646.0 3,597.6 3,545.0

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 2,484.9 2,034.4 2,442.1 2,716.6 2,592.6 2,404.1

Floor 7 Office N/A 1,983.0 1,187.4 1,784.0 1,838.1 1,694.4 1,544.8

Floor 7 Patient 1 5,000.0 6,636.3 5,132.4 6,275.4 6,615.2 6,712.1 6,856.8

Floor 7 Patient 2 5,000.0 6,575.7 5,050.5 5,962.7 6,023.6 5,490.1 5,050.5

Floor 7 Patient 3 3,950.0 5,539.3 3,989.9 5,058.6 5,292.7 4,838.3 4,297.6
108

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Patient 4 3,950.0 5,429.6 4,251.3 5,150.8 5,465.7 5,538.9 5,651.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,923.4 1,456.3 1,843.3 1,983.6 1,848.5 1,709.8

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,923.4 1,456.3 1,843.3 1,983.6 1,848.5 1,709.8

Floor 7 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Supply 2,453.3 2,969.2 2,453.3 2,917.3 3,138.2 3,011.9 2,802.2

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 5,929.6 6,462.1 5,957.2 7,284.1 7,308.0 6,725.2

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 3,803.6 3,006.6 3,635.3 4,731.7 4,392.6 4,071.8

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,740.8 2,271.3 2,582.0 2,817.6 2,913.6 3,042.2

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 3,315.0 2,641.9 3,087.5 3,929.3 3,603.3 3,394.9

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 23,285.3 22,512.6 24,097.9 26,895.3 27,124.8 25,541.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 13,259.4 10,121.2 12,836.5 16,483.6 15,490.8 14,441.4

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 9,759.1 7,877.1 9,402.8 10,038.0 10,556.2 11,075.9

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 11,658.0 8,881.5 11,107.0 13,835.7 12,897.6 12,247.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 7,657.1 3,972.4 6,614.6 6,677.1 6,080.9 5,522.4

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 9,113.6 7,845.9 9,190.6 9,495.7 9,221.1 8,674.2

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 5,199.7 3,938.3 5,021.7 6,397.0 5,984.3 5,564.6

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 4,359.7 3,450.8 4,176.8 4,424.0 4,605.2 4,812.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 4,162.5 3,076.8 3,934.7 4,856.0 4,475.0 4,254.3

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 3,024.7 1,567.1 2,641.2 2,671.5 2,417.0 2,183.6
109

Table D-6 Baseline Model Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5 11,323.5

Floor 1 Clean 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0 320.0

Floor 1 Conference N/A 8,918.9 9,555.0 9,549.6 9,662.2

Floor 1 Dining N/A 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9 10,510.9

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 1,734.2 1,884.0 1,842.5 1,927.8

Floor 1 Exam 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0 2,640.0

Floor 1 Food Storage 3,348.3 20,795.8 21,179.0 22,002.8 21,045.4

Floor 1 Gas Storage 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0 832.0

Floor 1 Imaging 1,520.0 2,701.2 2,776.9 2,873.2 2,695.5

Floor 1 Kitchen 3,348.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,635.3 23,604.3

Floor 1 Lab 1 2,000.0 2,000.0 2,031.0 2,096.8 2,000.0

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,900.0 4,900.0 5,145.8 5,485.4 4,999.8

Floor 1 Laundry 3,726.7 7,356.4 7,601.3 7,909.4 7,467.5

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 2,919.4 3,234.0 3,513.6 2,825.3

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 329.7 329.7 329.7 329.7

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 3,400.0 3,918.4 4,307.1 3,617.1

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 6,441.4 7,695.0 8,633.7 6,743.4

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 2,759.2 3,085.8 3,276.0 2,816.9

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 2,563.0 2,928.8 3,099.5 2,695.8

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 7,620.1 7,907.2 8,473.0 6,777.1

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 1,664.5 1,838.0 2,178.3 1,882.9

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,021.3 2,602.1 2,944.8 2,857.7

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 3,784.6 4,252.6 4,030.4 4,648.5

Floor 1 Patient 1,800.0 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2 1,818.2

Floor 1 Pharmacy 4,000.0 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8 4,181.8

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0 4,920.0

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 1,158.4 1,349.6 1,498.3 1,346.6

Floor 1 Reception N/A 904.0 1,043.8 1,153.6 1,045.1
110

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0 800.0

Floor 1 Storage N/A 2,343.9 2,542.8 2,591.4 2,226.4

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 967.3 967.3 967.3 967.3

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 2,706.9 2,972.6 2,958.7 3,026.1

Floor 2 Clean 1 322.0 403.0 422.3 444.2 377.4

Floor 2 Clean 2 213.3 219.4 222.5 231.0 222.8

Floor 2 Corridor 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3 1,733.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 2,150.8 2,278.8 2,246.2 2,495.7

Floor 2 Exam 1 4,200.0 5,316.7 5,704.8 5,845.6 5,199.3

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Exam 3 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0 4,050.0

Floor 2 Exam 4 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0 4,000.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 2,046.5 2,211.9 2,172.6 2,303.4

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,310.0 4,979.5 5,113.7 5,336.0 4,898.8

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,400.0 9,661.3 10,181.6 10,215.8 10,083.1

Floor 2 Imaging 3 4,000.0 8,612.0 8,938.7 9,602.0 9,103.4

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,280.0 2,977.6 3,087.8 3,241.1 2,876.4

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,400.0 4,032.6 4,107.5 4,292.5 4,059.8

Floor 2 Lockers 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,250.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 309.1 309.1 309.1 309.1

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 949.7 1,127.5 1,185.4 1,277.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 719.6 766.3 812.1 647.6

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 2,103.8 2,251.0 2,424.1 2,360.6

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 1,548.4 1,588.0 1,655.8 1,678.8

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 1,174.1 1,172.4 1,342.5 1,353.6

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 1,952.0 1,978.0 2,047.2 1,980.4

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 4,168.3 4,528.1 4,509.2 4,574.6

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 4,050.0 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9 4,090.9
111

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 3,408.0 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4 3,442.4

Floor 2 Patient 2 2,806.0 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3 2,834.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0 6,300.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0 3,400.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 2,246.6 2,400.6 2,395.3 2,460.2

Floor 2 Restroom 1 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7 1,066.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,500.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0 805.0

Floor 2 Soil 2 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3 533.3

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,266.7 3,983.9 4,095.3 4,308.2 3,986.3

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 1,082.9 1,109.8 1,153.8 1,159.0

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 471.0 477.4 494.2 478.0

Floor 2 Trauma 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0 11,200.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0 1,750.0

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 5,662.7 6,386.2 7,141.4 6,173.7

Floor 3 Clean 333.3 342.4 347.4 360.5 347.8

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 2,647.2 2,887.7 2,922.6 3,119.3

Floor 3 Exam 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,700.0

Floor 3 ICU 2,100.0 2,170.0 2,491.9 2,794.6 2,756.6

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 1,495.6 1,568.4 1,665.5 1,584.4

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 2,219.4 2,494.3 2,855.5 2,445.2

Floor 3 Nursery 990.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,023.6 1,022.0

Floor 3 Office N/A 2,944.7 3,476.3 3,997.4 3,472.3

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,328.2 6,717.5 7,173.3 6,451.8

Floor 3 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,119.8 5,577.6 5,462.2 6,385.0

Floor 3 Patient 2 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5

Floor 3 Patient 3 3,950.0 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9 3,989.9

Floor 3 Patient 4 3,950.0 4,231.7 4,573.0 4,445.0 5,139.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7
112

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7 1,114.7

Floor 3 Procedure 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 1,800.0

Floor 3 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3

Floor 3 Triage 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 878.4 1,014.6 1,219.5 1,132.0

Floor 4-6 Clean 333.3 1,027.3 1,042.1 1,081.5 1,043.5

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 7,911.3 8,641.2 8,766.5 9,354.3

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 4,482.8 4,705.0 5,001.4 4,759.4

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 2,930.9 3,056.4 3,571.7 3,507.1

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 5,000.0 15,380.4 16,786.2 16,444.0 19,136.2

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 5,000.0 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5 15,151.5

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 3,950.0 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7 11,969.7

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 3,950.0 12,708.4 13,779.2 13,410.0 15,498.8

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0 3,344.0

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,453.3 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0 7,360.0

Floor 7 Clean 333.3 404.6 426.1 445.0 385.9

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 2,950.7 3,254.4 3,312.8 3,362.7

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 1,887.4 2,066.3 2,208.7 1,842.7

Floor 7 Office N/A 1,104.4 1,175.4 1,407.3 1,189.3

Floor 7 Patient 1 5,000.0 5,913.0 6,522.0 6,430.7 7,048.3

Floor 7 Patient 2 5,000.0 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5 5,050.5

Floor 7 Patient 3 3,950.0 3,989.9 3,989.9 4,010.0 3,989.9

Floor 7 Patient 4 3,950.0 4,916.3 5,395.8 5,283.5 5,732.4

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 1,114.7 1,275.2 1,436.2 1,541.1 1,218.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 1,114.7 1,275.2 1,436.2 1,541.1 1,218.7

Floor 7 Soil 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7
113

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,453.3 2,512.5 2,453.3

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 5,854.4 5,854.4 5,919.6 5,854.4

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 3,029.1 3,589.1 4,069.2 3,701.5

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 2,710.7 3,052.9 2,879.7 3,391.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 2,392.5 3,037.2 3,399.3 3,230.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 22,444.3 22,741.3 23,534.5 22,768.9

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 10,858.5 12,741.6 14,630.3 13,904.5

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 10,085.2 11,109.2 10,643.6 12,884.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 8,771.0 10,788.1 12,408.4 12,363.9

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 3,873.0 4,089.5 5,170.1 4,681.2

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 7,494.2 7,690.8 7,993.0 8,108.1

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 4,108.3 4,858.4 5,582.7 5,113.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 4,273.2 4,750.2 4,587.3 5,348.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 3,013.1 3,736.3 4,343.1 4,339.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 1,480.9 1,573.6 2,005.9 1,699.4
114

D.2 Low-Energy Model

Table D-7 through Table D-9 demonstrate that all the zones in the baseline model are supplied 

with at least 97% of the required ventilation air required by the standards, while Table D-10

through Table D-12 show that all zones in the baseline model are supplied with at least 97% of 

the total air (where applicable) required by the standards.
115

Table D-7 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 723.2 726.8 720.9 720.7 719.8 713.3 709.2

Floor 1 Clean 28.8 33.8 33.6 33.5 33.3 33.2 33.0

Floor 1 Conference 369.0 371.2 368.2 368.1 364.6 364.3 362.2

Floor 1 Dining 885.6 889.9 882.7 882.5 881.3 873.5 868.4

Floor 1 Elevator 108.0 217.2 215.5 215.4 214.1 213.3 212.0

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 159.5 158.2 158.2 156.7 156.4 155.6

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 1,406.3 1,402.4 1,399.0 1,388.7 1,387.6 1,379.5

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9

Floor 1 Imaging 91.2 107.1 106.2 106.2 105.6 105.1 104.5

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 1,413.8 1,402.4 1,399.0 1,388.7 1,387.6 1,379.5

Floor 1 Lab 1 120.0 140.9 139.8 139.8 138.9 138.3 137.5

Floor 1 Lab 2 294.0 345.0 342.2 342.1 340.1 338.7 336.8

Floor 1 Laundry 134.2 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7

Floor 1 Lobby 225.0 452.9 449.3 449.2 446.4 444.3 441.9

Floor 1 Lounge 76.8 90.2 89.5 89.4 88.9 88.5 88.0

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 972.6 970.8 968.6 961.5 959.7 954.5

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 1,296.9 1,294.3 1,291.4 1,282.0 1,279.6 1,272.7

Floor 1 Office 1 442.8 445.8 442.2 442.1 438.0 437.2 434.8

Floor 1 Office 2 341.0 343.1 340.3 340.2 337.0 336.7 334.8

Floor 1 Office 3 1,187.7 1,194.8 1,185.2 1,184.8 1,173.6 1,172.7 1,165.9

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 173.3 174.3 172.9 172.8 171.2 171.1 170.1

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 109.8 110.5 109.6 109.5 108.5 108.4 107.8

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 173.3 174.3 172.9 172.8 171.2 171.1 170.1

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,080.0 1,206.9 1,197.2 1,196.8 1,189.5 1,183.9 1,177.6

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 295.2 297.2 294.8 294.7 292.0 291.5 289.9

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 268.5 267.7 267.1 265.1 264.9 263.4

Floor 1 Reception 33.6 67.6 67.1 67.1 66.7 66.3 66.0
116

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 28.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 648.4 647.2 645.7 641.0 639.8 636.4

Floor 1 Waiting 91.2 183.6 182.1 182.1 180.9 180.1 179.1

Floor 2 Chapel 122.4 123.2 122.2 122.2 121.1 120.9 120.2

Floor 2 Clean 1 29.0 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.5 33.4 33.2

Floor 2 Clean 2 19.2 22.5 22.3 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.0

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 312.2 311.6 310.9 308.6 308.1 306.4

Floor 2 Elevator 108.0 217.2 215.5 215.4 214.1 213.3 212.0

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 253.7 251.7 251.6 249.3 248.8 247.5

Floor 2 Exam 2 81.0 81.6 80.9 80.9 80.1 80.0 79.5

Floor 2 Exam 3 243.0 244.5 242.5 242.4 240.1 239.9 238.5

Floor 2 Exam 4 240.0 241.4 239.5 239.4 237.2 237.0 235.6

Floor 2 Gift Shop 108.0 108.6 107.8 107.7 106.7 106.6 106.0

Floor 2 Imaging 1 138.6 162.8 161.5 161.4 160.4 159.7 158.8

Floor 2 Imaging 2 204.0 239.6 237.7 237.6 236.1 235.0 233.8

Floor 2 Imaging 3 240.0 281.6 279.4 279.3 277.6 276.5 274.9

Floor 2 Lab 1 136.8 160.7 159.4 159.3 158.4 157.6 156.8

Floor 2 Lab 2 204.0 239.6 237.7 237.6 236.1 235.0 233.8

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 72.0 84.5 83.8 83.8 83.3 83.0 82.5

Floor 2 Lounge 2 52.5 61.6 61.1 61.1 60.7 60.5 60.1

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.9 90.2 90.1 89.6 89.2 88.7

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 240.0 281.6 279.4 279.3 277.6 276.5 274.9

Floor 2 Office 1 140.4 141.4 140.2 140.2 138.9 138.6 137.9

Floor 2 Office 2 115.2 115.9 115.0 114.9 113.8 113.7 113.1

Floor 2 Office 3 180.0 181.1 179.6 179.6 177.9 177.7 176.7

Floor 2 Office 4 210.0 211.3 209.6 209.5 207.5 207.3 206.1

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0
117

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0

Floor 2 Reception 105.0 211.2 209.5 209.4 208.2 207.3 206.2

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 29.0 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1

Floor 2 Soil 2 19.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 180.1 179.8 179.4 178.1 177.7 176.8

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 76.9 76.6 76.5 75.9 75.8 75.4

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7

Floor 2 Waiting 234.0 471.1 467.3 467.1 464.3 462.1 459.6

Floor 3 Clean 30.0 35.3 35.0 35.0 34.7 34.6 34.4

Floor 3 Elevator 108.0 217.5 215.7 215.7 214.4 213.3 212.3

Floor 3 Exam 162.0 163.2 161.9 161.8 160.3 160.0 159.2

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 180.5 212.1 210.3 210.3 209.0 207.9 207.0

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 144.0 169.2 167.8 167.8 166.8 165.9 165.2

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0

Floor 3 Office 162.0 163.2 161.9 161.8 160.3 160.0 159.2

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 200.5 200.0 198.5 198.1 197.2
118

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 200.5 200.0 198.6 198.1 197.0

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0

Floor 3 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 441.9 441.3 440.3 437.0 436.0 433.5

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0

Floor 3 Waiting 59.4 119.6 118.7 118.6 117.9 117.3 116.8

Floor 4-6 Clean 30.0 105.8 104.9 104.9 104.2 103.7 103.1

Floor 4-6 Elevator 108.0 652.5 647.2 647.1 643.1 639.8 637.0

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 180.5 636.2 631.0 630.9 627.0 623.8 621.1

Floor 4-6 Office 90.0 272.0 269.8 269.7 267.2 266.6 265.1

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 602.3 601.4 600.0 595.6 594.3 591.6

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 602.3 601.5 600.1 595.7 594.3 590.9

Floor 4-6 Soil 60.0 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 1,325.7 1,323.9 1,320.8 1,311.0 1,308.1 1,300.6

Floor 7 Clean 30.0 35.3 35.0 35.0 34.7 34.6 34.4

Floor 7 Elevator 108.0 217.5 215.7 215.7 214.4 213.3 212.3

Floor 7 Nurse Station 180.5 212.1 210.3 210.3 209.0 207.9 207.0

Floor 7 Office 90.0 90.7 89.9 89.9 89.1 88.9 88.4

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 200.5 200.0 198.5 198.1 197.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 200.5 200.0 198.6 198.1 197.0

Floor 7 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
119

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 441.9 441.3 440.3 437.0 436.0 433.5

MOB Floor 1 Core 826.5 831.8 825.1 824.9 817.1 816.1 813.8

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 137.3 138.1 137.0 137.0 135.7 135.5 135.1

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.6 98.8 98.8 97.9 97.7 97.5

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 137.3 138.1 137.0 137.0 135.7 135.5 135.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 741.0 2,237.3 2,219.3 2,218.6 2,197.6 2,194.9 2,189.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 130.5 394.0 390.8 390.7 387.0 386.6 385.5

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 99.0 298.9 296.5 296.4 293.6 293.2 292.5

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 130.5 394.0 390.8 390.7 387.0 386.6 385.5

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 99.0 298.9 296.5 296.4 293.6 293.2 292.5

MOB Floor 5 Core 741.0 745.8 739.8 739.5 732.5 731.6 729.7

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 130.5 131.3 130.3 130.2 129.0 128.9 128.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.6 98.8 98.8 97.9 97.7 97.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 130.5 131.3 130.3 130.2 129.0 128.9 128.5

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 99.0 99.6 98.8 98.8 97.9 97.7 97.5
120

Table D-8 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 723.2 723.7 717.3 722.3 722.9 725.6 717.7

Floor 1 Clean 28.8 33.7 33.4 33.6 33.6 33.7 33.4

Floor 1 Conference 369.0 369.6 366.4 368.9 369.2 370.4 366.4

Floor 1 Dining 885.6 886.2 878.4 884.5 885.1 888.5 878.8

Floor 1 Elevator 108.0 216.5 214.7 215.9 216.2 216.9 214.5

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 158.7 157.4 158.4 158.5 159.1 157.3

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 1,406.3 1,394.0 1,403.9 1,406.2 1,404.9 1,395.5

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9

Floor 1 Imaging 91.2 106.8 105.9 106.4 106.5 106.8 105.7

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 1,407.0 1,394.0 1,403.9 1,406.2 1,411.3 1,395.5

Floor 1 Lab 1 120.0 140.5 139.3 140.0 140.1 140.6 139.1

Floor 1 Lab 2 294.0 343.9 341.0 342.9 343.3 344.5 340.8

Floor 1 Laundry 134.2 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7

Floor 1 Lobby 225.0 451.5 447.7 449.9 450.3 451.8 446.9

Floor 1 Lounge 76.8 89.9 89.2 89.6 89.7 90.0 89.0

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 972.6 965.1 971.0 972.5 972.1 965.4

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 1,296.9 1,286.8 1,294.6 1,296.6 1,296.2 1,287.2

Floor 1 Office 1 442.8 443.6 440.1 442.8 443.0 444.6 439.8

Floor 1 Office 2 341.0 341.6 338.6 341.0 341.2 342.3 338.6

Floor 1 Office 3 1,187.7 1,189.8 1,179.3 1,187.5 1,188.4 1,192.1 1,179.4

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 173.3 173.6 172.0 173.2 173.4 173.9 172.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 109.8 110.0 109.0 109.8 109.9 110.2 109.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 173.3 173.6 172.0 173.2 173.4 173.9 172.0

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,080.0 1,203.0 1,193.0 1,198.7 1,199.8 1,203.8 1,190.9

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 295.2 295.8 293.4 295.2 295.3 296.4 293.2

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 268.5 266.1 268.0 268.5 268.2 266.4
121

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Reception 33.6 67.4 66.9 67.2 67.2 67.5 66.7

Floor 1 Soil 28.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 648.4 643.4 647.3 648.3 648.1 643.6

Floor 1 Waiting 91.2 183.0 181.5 182.3 182.5 183.1 181.2

Floor 2 Chapel 122.4 122.6 121.6 122.4 122.5 122.9 121.6

Floor 2 Clean 1 29.0 33.9 33.6 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.6

Floor 2 Clean 2 19.2 22.5 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.3

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 312.2 309.8 311.7 312.1 312.0 309.9

Floor 2 Elevator 108.0 216.5 214.7 215.9 216.2 216.9 214.5

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 252.5 250.5 252.0 252.1 253.1 250.3

Floor 2 Exam 2 81.0 81.2 80.5 81.0 81.0 81.3 80.4

Floor 2 Exam 3 243.0 243.4 241.3 243.0 243.1 243.9 241.3

Floor 2 Exam 4 240.0 240.4 238.3 240.0 240.1 240.9 238.3

Floor 2 Gift Shop 108.0 108.2 107.2 108.0 108.1 108.4 107.2

Floor 2 Imaging 1 138.6 162.3 160.9 161.7 161.8 162.4 160.6

Floor 2 Imaging 2 204.0 238.8 236.8 238.0 238.2 239.0 236.4

Floor 2 Imaging 3 240.0 280.7 278.4 279.9 280.3 281.2 278.2

Floor 2 Lab 1 136.8 160.2 158.8 159.6 159.7 160.3 158.5

Floor 2 Lab 2 204.0 238.8 236.8 238.0 238.2 239.0 236.4

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 72.0 84.2 83.5 84.0 84.1 84.4 83.4

Floor 2 Lounge 2 52.5 61.4 60.9 61.2 61.3 61.5 60.8

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.6 89.9 90.3 90.4 90.7 89.7

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 240.0 280.7 278.4 279.9 280.3 281.2 278.2

Floor 2 Office 1 140.4 140.7 139.5 140.4 140.5 141.0 139.4

Floor 2 Office 2 115.2 115.4 114.4 115.2 115.3 115.6 114.4

Floor 2 Office 3 180.0 180.3 178.7 180.0 180.1 180.7 178.7

Floor 2 Office 4 210.0 210.4 208.5 210.0 210.1 210.8 208.5
122

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 13,210.6 13,124.4 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0

Floor 2 Reception 105.0 210.5 208.8 209.9 210.2 210.9 208.6

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 29.0 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1

Floor 2 Soil 2 19.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 180.1 178.7 179.8 180.1 180.0 178.8

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 76.8 76.2 76.7 76.8 76.8 76.3

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7

Floor 2 Waiting 234.0 469.5 465.6 467.9 468.3 469.8 464.8

Floor 3 Clean 30.0 35.1 34.8 35.0 35.0 35.2 34.8

Floor 3 Elevator 108.0 216.8 215.0 215.9 216.3 217.0 214.7

Floor 3 Exam 162.0 162.4 161.1 162.0 162.2 162.7 161.0

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 180.5 211.4 209.6 210.5 210.9 211.6 209.3

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 144.0 168.7 167.2 168.0 168.3 168.8 167.0

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0

Floor 3 Office 162.0 162.4 161.1 162.0 162.2 162.7 161.0

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,207.6 1,200.0 1,244.0 1,413.1 1,398.6 1,307.3

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7
123

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 199.3 200.4 200.8 200.8 199.4

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 199.3 200.4 200.8 200.7 199.2

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0

Floor 3 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 441.9 438.7 441.1 441.9 441.8 438.5

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0

Floor 3 Waiting 59.4 119.3 118.2 118.8 119.0 119.4 118.1

Floor 4-6 Clean 30.0 105.4 104.5 105.0 105.1 105.5 104.3

Floor 4-6 Elevator 108.0 650.5 645.0 647.8 648.9 651.1 644.1

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 180.5 634.2 628.8 631.6 632.6 634.8 627.9

Floor 4-6 Office 90.0 270.5 268.5 269.9 270.2 271.0 268.1

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 602.3 597.9 601.3 602.3 602.3 598.2

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 602.3 597.9 601.3 602.3 602.2 597.7

Floor 4-6 Soil 60.0 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 1,325.7 1,316.0 1,323.4 1,325.6 1,325.4 1,315.5

Floor 7 Clean 30.0 35.1 34.8 35.0 35.0 35.2 34.8

Floor 7 Elevator 108.0 216.8 215.0 215.9 216.3 217.0 214.7

Floor 7 Nurse Station 180.5 211.4 209.6 210.5 210.9 211.6 209.3

Floor 7 Office 90.0 90.2 89.5 90.0 90.1 90.3 89.4

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7
124

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 199.3 200.4 200.8 200.8 199.4

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 199.3 200.4 200.8 200.7 199.2

Floor 7 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 441.9 438.7 441.1 441.9 441.8 438.5

MOB Floor 1 Core 826.5 829.5 821.0 827.1 829.8 832.5 822.9

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 137.3 137.8 136.3 137.3 137.8 138.2 136.7

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.4 98.3 99.1 99.4 99.7 98.6

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 137.3 137.8 136.3 137.3 137.8 138.2 136.7

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 741.0 2,231.1 2,208.2 2,224.5 2,231.8 2,239.1 2,213.3

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 130.5 392.9 388.9 391.8 393.0 394.3 389.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 99.0 298.1 295.0 297.2 298.2 299.2 295.7

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 130.5 392.9 388.9 391.8 393.0 394.3 389.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 99.0 298.1 295.0 297.2 298.2 299.2 295.7

MOB Floor 5 Core 741.0 743.7 736.1 741.5 743.9 746.4 737.8

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 130.5 131.0 129.6 130.6 131.0 131.4 129.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.4 98.3 99.1 99.4 99.7 98.6

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 130.5 131.0 129.6 130.6 131.0 131.4 129.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 99.0 99.4 98.3 99.1 99.4 99.7 98.6
125

Table D-9 Low-Energy Model Ventilation Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe 723.2 722.7 713.4 711.5 705.6

Floor 1 Clean 28.8 33.6 33.1 33.1 32.8

Floor 1 Conference 369.0 369.1 364.4 363.4 360.4

Floor 1 Dining 885.6 884.9 873.5 871.2 864.0

Floor 1 Elevator 108.0 216.1 212.6 212.7 210.9

Floor 1 Exam 158.4 158.5 156.5 156.1 154.6

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,406.3 1,404.7 1,376.3 1,381.6 1,366.0

Floor 1 Gas Storage 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.9

Floor 1 Imaging 91.2 106.5 104.9 104.9 103.8

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,406.3 1,405.6 1,376.3 1,381.6 1,372.5

Floor 1 Lab 1 120.0 140.1 138.0 138.0 136.6

Floor 1 Lab 2 294.0 343.2 337.7 337.8 334.9

Floor 1 Laundry 134.2 469.7 469.7 469.7 469.7

Floor 1 Lobby 225.0 450.4 443.4 443.5 439.1

Floor 1 Lounge 76.8 89.7 88.3 88.3 87.5

Floor 1 Mech 1 972.0 972.5 951.9 958.2 948.8

Floor 1 Mech 2 1,296.0 1,296.7 1,269.2 1,277.5 1,265.1

Floor 1 Office 1 442.8 443.2 437.4 436.5 432.2

Floor 1 Office 2 341.0 341.2 336.8 335.9 333.1

Floor 1 Office 3 1,187.7 1,188.1 1,172.8 1,169.7 1,160.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 173.3 173.3 171.1 170.6 169.2

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 109.8 109.8 108.4 108.1 107.2

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 173.3 173.3 171.1 170.6 169.2

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0

Floor 1 Pharmacy 1,080.0 1,200.0 1,181.5 1,181.6 1,170.1

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 295.2 295.5 291.6 291.0 288.2

Floor 1 Receiving 268.3 268.2 262.8 263.8 260.8

Floor 1 Reception 33.6 67.3 66.2 66.2 65.6
126

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 28.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8

Floor 1 Storage 648.0 648.3 634.6 638.8 632.5

Floor 1 Waiting 91.2 182.5 179.7 179.7 178.0

Floor 2 Chapel 122.4 122.5 120.9 120.7 119.5

Floor 2 Clean 1 29.0 33.8 33.3 33.3 33.0

Floor 2 Clean 2 19.2 22.4 22.1 22.1 21.9

Floor 2 Corridor 312.0 312.2 305.6 307.6 304.6

Floor 2 Elevator 108.0 216.1 212.6 212.7 210.9

Floor 2 Exam 1 252.0 252.2 248.9 248.4 246.0

Floor 2 Exam 2 81.0 81.1 80.0 79.8 79.1

Floor 2 Exam 3 243.0 243.1 240.0 239.3 237.3

Floor 2 Exam 4 240.0 240.1 237.0 236.4 234.4

Floor 2 Gift Shop 108.0 108.0 106.6 106.4 105.5

Floor 2 Imaging 1 138.6 161.9 159.4 159.4 157.8

Floor 2 Imaging 2 204.0 238.2 234.5 234.6 232.3

Floor 2 Imaging 3 240.0 280.2 275.7 275.7 273.4

Floor 2 Lab 1 136.8 159.8 157.3 157.3 155.8

Floor 2 Lab 2 204.0 238.2 234.5 234.6 232.3

Floor 2 Lockers 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 375.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 72.0 84.1 82.7 82.7 82.0

Floor 2 Lounge 2 52.5 61.3 60.3 60.3 59.8

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 77.4 90.4 89.0 89.0 88.1

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 240.0 280.2 275.7 275.7 273.4

Floor 2 Office 1 140.4 140.5 138.7 138.4 137.0

Floor 2 Office 2 115.2 115.2 113.8 113.5 112.5

Floor 2 Office 3 180.0 180.1 177.7 177.3 175.8

Floor 2 Office 4 210.0 210.1 207.4 206.8 205.1

Floor 2 Operating 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7 12,850.7

Floor 2 PACU 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0
127

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0 1,136.0

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3 935.3

Floor 2 Procedure 1 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,260.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0 680.0

Floor 2 Reception 105.0 210.1 206.7 206.8 205.0

Floor 2 Restroom 1 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0

Floor 2 Restroom 2 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 29.0 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1

Floor 2 Soil 2 19.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2

Floor 2 Sterilizing 163.2 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3

Floor 2 Storage 1 180.0 180.1 176.3 177.4 175.7

Floor 2 Storage 2 76.8 76.8 75.2 75.5 74.6

Floor 2 Trauma 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0 2,240.0

Floor 2 Triage 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7 291.7

Floor 2 Waiting 234.0 468.4 461.1 461.2 456.7

Floor 3 Clean 30.0 35.0 34.5 34.5 34.2

Floor 3 Elevator 108.0 216.2 212.9 212.7 211.1

Floor 3 Exam 162.0 162.2 160.2 159.6 158.3

Floor 3 ICU 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0 700.0

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 180.5 210.8 207.6 207.4 205.8

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 144.0 168.2 165.6 165.5 164.2

Floor 3 Nursery 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0 330.0

Floor 3 Office 162.0 162.2 160.2 159.6 158.3

Floor 3 Operating 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 196.5 197.3 195.2
128

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 196.5 197.2 195.0

Floor 3 Procedure 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0 360.0

Floor 3 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0

Floor 3 Supply 441.6 441.9 432.5 434.1 429.2

Floor 3 Triage 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0

Floor 3 Waiting 59.4 118.9 117.1 117.0 116.1

Floor 4-6 Clean 30.0 105.1 103.4 103.4 102.5

Floor 4-6 Elevator 108.0 648.6 638.8 638.2 633.2

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station 180.5 632.4 622.8 622.3 617.3

Floor 4-6 Office 90.0 270.3 266.6 265.8 263.6

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0 3,950.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 602.3 589.5 591.9 585.6

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 602.3 589.5 591.7 585.0

Floor 4-6 Soil 60.0 255.1 255.1 255.1 255.1

Floor 4-6 Supply 441.6 1,325.7 1,297.4 1,302.4 1,287.6

Floor 7 Clean 30.0 35.0 34.5 34.5 34.2

Floor 7 Elevator 108.0 216.2 212.9 212.7 211.1

Floor 7 Nurse Station 180.5 210.8 207.6 207.4 205.8

Floor 7 Office 90.0 90.1 88.9 88.6 87.9

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7 1,666.7

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7 1,316.7

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 200.6 200.8 196.5 197.3 195.2

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 200.6 200.8 196.5 197.2 195.0

Floor 7 Soil 60.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
129

Zone Name

Required 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Ventilation 

Air (cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 441.6 441.9 432.5 434.1 429.2

MOB Floor 1 Core 826.5 827.2 817.5 816.1 813.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 137.3 137.4 135.8 135.5 135.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.1 97.9 97.8 97.4

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 137.3 137.4 135.8 135.5 135.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Core 741.0 2,224.8 2,198.9 2,195.2 2,186.8

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 130.5 391.8 387.2 386.6 385.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 99.0 297.2 293.8 293.3 292.2

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 130.5 391.8 387.2 386.6 385.1

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 99.0 297.2 293.8 293.3 292.2

MOB Floor 5 Core 741.0 741.6 733.0 731.7 728.9

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 130.5 130.6 129.1 128.9 128.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 99.0 99.1 97.9 97.8 97.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 130.5 130.6 129.1 128.9 128.4

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 99.0 99.1 97.9 97.8 97.4
130

Table D-10 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Humid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Clean 279.2 285.9 283.4 288.3 280.2 281.7 283.0

Floor 1 Conference N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Dining N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 264.5 34.3 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,942.0 21,108.4 21,137.7 21,857.1 21,268.5 21,661.0 21,951.8

Floor 1 Gas Storage 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1

Floor 1 Imaging 1,390.8 2,856.7 2,852.5 2,933.1 2,857.1 2,898.0 2,930.5

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,942.0 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,604.3

Floor 1 Lab 1 1,830.0 1,990.3 1,981.5 2,028.3 1,976.4 1,997.3 2,017.6

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,483.5 5,146.2 5,129.3 5,234.5 5,138.0 5,138.0 5,195.0

Floor 1 Laundry 3,257.1 7,625.7 7,638.2 7,849.5 7,629.4 7,731.2 7,770.6

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 428.5 108.7 47.9 75.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 72.9 14.4 7.5 9.2 7.3 11.7

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 929.0 928.7 934.1 958.1 947.4 947.8

Floor 1 Pharmacy 2,620.0 3,197.9 3,166.7 3,215.5 3,133.0 3,145.2 3,168.2

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Reception N/A 33.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
131

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2

Floor 1 Storage N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 220.6 148.5 152.6 145.4 150.8 157.4

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Clean 1 280.9 325.3 327.4 335.3 332.2 336.5 336.4

Floor 2 Clean 2 186.1 201.5 201.9 208.7 202.3 206.1 207.4

Floor 2 Corridor 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 280.3 173.8 73.9 168.2 70.8 56.2

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,939.8 3,910.4 3,896.5

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,235.3 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2

Floor 2 Exam 3 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8

Floor 2 Exam 4 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,113.7 4,752.5 4,769.6 4,914.7 4,796.3 4,876.9 4,896.8

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,111.0 7,437.0 7,551.0 7,741.3 7,590.1 7,620.2 7,646.9

Floor 2 Imaging 3 3,660.0 9,322.7 9,344.2 9,420.8 9,270.3 9,375.7 9,245.3

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,086.2 2,550.7 2,563.2 2,634.1 2,587.3 2,626.0 2,631.4

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,111.0 3,698.2 3,707.0 3,820.8 3,710.6 3,772.0 3,792.3

Floor 2 Lockers 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 106.7 104.9 122.8 110.0 119.8 126.5

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 180.3 124.1 123.1 119.0 93.5 72.2

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 661.4 501.4 485.9 507.7 442.4 360.4

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 2,875.7 2,886.7 2,967.8 2,914.6 2,924.6 2,937.9
132

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 2,497.4 2,504.9 2,425.2 2,470.9 2,444.0 2,357.1

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 1,275.8 1,286.9 1,311.9 1,314.6 1,327.7 1,323.5

Floor 2 Procedure 1 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 247.8 57.5 0.0 22.6 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Restroom 1 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9

Floor 2 Soil 2 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,103.5 3,938.2 3,951.4 4,075.2 3,968.9 4,036.6 4,052.1

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 291.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Clean 290.8 314.5 315.1 325.8 315.7 321.7 323.7

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 123.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Exam 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5

Floor 3 ICU 1,400.0 2,238.3 2,276.0 2,320.9 2,491.3 2,460.6 2,483.0

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 481.6 435.0 467.1 449.0 459.4 468.8

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 85.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Nursery 660.0 765.5 781.7 798.0 888.2 875.0 883.7

Floor 3 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 2,925.3 3,053.7 3,084.5 3,054.0 2,986.0 2,984.7

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 3,423.8 3,437.6 3,345.3 3,347.2 3,325.5 3,224.0

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 2,358.1 2,374.7 2,371.4 2,400.4 2,400.6 2,357.4

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 2,485.9 2,587.9 2,614.6 2,633.5 2,581.5 2,579.0

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0
133

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 3 Procedure 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,461.9 1,479.1 1,483.4

Floor 3 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 79.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Clean 290.8 943.4 945.4 977.4 947.2 965.0 971.1

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 363.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 1,438.6 1,300.6 1,397.3 1,344.0 1,376.7 1,399.8

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 8,780.0 9,165.1 9,252.9 9,152.8 8,957.1 8,955.2

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 10,273.4 10,317.5 10,044.6 10,043.7 9,979.8 9,677.3

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 8,795.1 8,839.5 8,638.9 8,797.6 8,720.2 8,480.8

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 7,482.7 7,788.6 7,867.2 7,927.1 7,778.6 7,774.0

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,581.7 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,011.7 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2

Floor 7 Clean 290.8 335.4 338.0 346.1 341.3 345.3 345.1

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 376.5 233.2 203.7 215.1 144.0 76.3

Floor 7 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,153.4 3,296.6 3,308.2 3,334.1 3,242.3 3,226.4

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 3,725.1 3,753.9 3,634.7 3,685.5 3,637.4 3,509.9

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,206.5 3,233.3 3,147.1 3,249.5 3,201.9 3,099.2

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 2,715.8 2,834.3 2,844.7 2,916.4 2,845.8 2,829.9

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7
134

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 1A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
135

Table D-11 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Arid Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Clean 279.2 279.2 279.4 279.2 321.8 323.6 303.3

Floor 1 Conference N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Dining N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 15.1 92.6 0.0 75.1 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,942.0 21,755.0 21,114.1 22,586.3 25,835.5 26,054.4 24,550.4

Floor 1 Gas Storage 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1

Floor 1 Imaging 1,390.8 2,847.9 2,839.2 2,936.9 3,398.9 3,424.8 3,229.6

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,942.0 23,604.3 23,604.3 24,226.5 27,530.2 27,761.8 26,216.3

Floor 1 Lab 1 1,830.0 1,914.2 1,964.3 1,962.5 2,318.0 2,333.6 2,198.9

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,483.5 5,033.3 4,958.4 5,104.1 6,044.8 5,996.0 5,638.9

Floor 1 Laundry 3,257.1 7,742.1 7,564.5 7,986.7 9,103.7 9,144.8 8,572.6

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 105.9 208.0 69.8 277.0 111.6 46.8

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 0.0 12.5 0.0 17.5 18.7 26.2

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 863.1 893.0 873.3 1,090.5 1,071.7 1,000.4

Floor 1 Pharmacy 2,620.0 2,877.5 3,116.7 2,917.0 3,579.4 3,597.7 3,381.6

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
136

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Reception N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Soil 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2

Floor 1 Storage N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 135.5 176.5 136.4 243.7 250.3 242.7

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Clean 1 280.9 349.3 317.0 359.9 397.4 394.7 368.1

Floor 2 Clean 2 186.1 209.5 201.9 217.4 244.7 246.8 231.5

Floor 2 Corridor 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 199.7 277.4 244.8 351.4 223.5 172.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 4,155.9 3,843.0 4,259.9 4,721.2 4,561.2 4,241.8

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,235.3 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,241.3 1,409.1 1,400.0 1,316.6

Floor 2 Exam 3 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8

Floor 2 Exam 4 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,777.5 3,778.7 3,660.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,113.7 4,994.6 4,719.6 5,172.3 5,781.4 5,801.4 5,430.0

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,111.0 8,161.2 7,286.8 8,394.1 9,138.6 9,028.3 8,458.7

Floor 2 Imaging 3 3,660.0 9,927.7 8,611.0 10,315.4 11,297.4 11,114.5 10,105.2

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,086.2 2,704.4 2,511.3 2,794.3 3,110.3 3,107.0 2,902.4

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,111.0 3,869.6 3,667.9 4,005.8 4,485.7 4,499.8 4,214.9

Floor 2 Lockers 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 135.9 157.2 142.5 195.9 196.6 205.4

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 160.2 181.3 175.7 236.1 182.1 146.3

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 663.9 748.1 691.2 917.2 753.9 669.8

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
137

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 66,053.1 65,622.1 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 3,046.6 2,777.6 3,116.9 3,534.3 3,492.4 3,256.4

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 2,821.2 1,945.9 2,926.3 3,009.6 2,806.6 2,491.7

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 1,391.4 1,225.7 1,428.4 1,565.4 1,543.2 1,435.6

Floor 2 Procedure 1 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,131.3 5,140.3 5,040.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,739.4 2,720.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 108.0 190.4 118.2 216.2 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Restroom 1 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9

Floor 2 Soil 2 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,103.5 4,127.5 3,920.7 4,276.7 4,789.8 4,813.1 4,501.2

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 12.3 150.7 0.0 93.8 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Clean 290.8 326.9 315.2 339.3 381.9 385.2 361.3

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 0.0 41.8 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Exam 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,755.9 2,732.4 2,565.5

Floor 3 ICU 1,400.0 2,561.1 2,079.5 2,568.0 2,962.1 2,852.5 2,696.3

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 492.4 540.8 544.3 712.7 696.1 661.8

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Nursery 660.0 886.3 716.7 888.9 1,052.1 1,010.9 958.5

Floor 3 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,038.1 6,000.0 6,220.0 7,065.6 6,993.1 6,536.5

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,542.2 2,753.0 3,596.9 3,662.9 3,481.4 3,255.3

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 3,827.8 2,757.3 3,974.8 4,108.1 3,870.4 3,425.5
138

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 2,579.0 2,114.4 2,673.0 2,927.2 2,830.0 2,552.8

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 2,989.2 2,352.0 3,045.2 3,160.4 3,009.5 2,809.0

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 3 Procedure 1,440.0 1,465.0 1,440.0 1,515.4 1,750.7 1,738.8 1,629.4

Floor 3 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,020.1 2,019.0 2,011.7

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 32.1 54.7 3.1 47.1 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Clean 290.8 980.8 945.6 1,018.0 1,145.7 1,155.6 1,084.0

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 0.0 116.3 0.0 13.7 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 1,472.8 1,615.9 1,629.9 2,141.0 2,082.2 1,974.3

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 10,641.4 8,248.5 10,806.4 10,985.8 10,443.2 9,765.8

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 11,506.2 8,275.2 11,943.1 12,331.7 11,620.8 10,284.6

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 9,834.2 7,166.9 10,205.1 10,795.3 10,182.6 9,029.8

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 9,001.5 7,067.9 9,171.9 9,519.7 9,071.2 8,468.5

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,581.7 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,011.7 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,059.3 6,057.0 6,035.2

Floor 7 Clean 290.8 361.2 327.2 371.7 409.0 405.5 378.4

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 321.9 372.9 333.3 482.1 297.5 231.5

Floor 7 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,903.6 2,874.4 3,932.4 3,975.3 3,721.7 3,466.4

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 4,263.0 2,916.8 4,398.6 4,499.9 4,185.3 3,699.2

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 3,658.2 2,550.3 3,773.0 3,967.6 3,699.0 3,272.8
139

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 2B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:CA 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 

3B:Other 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4A 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 5B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 6B 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 3,331.4 2,499.9 3,369.4 3,482.6 3,274.8 3,045.1

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 922.3 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 922.3 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7

Floor 7 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,209.6 2,161.6 2,029.7

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
140

Table D-12 Low-Energy Model Total Airflow Validation: Marine and Cold Climates

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Cafe N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Clean 279.2 279.2 279.2 279.2 279.2

Floor 1 Conference N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Dining N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Elevator N/A 50.9 50.9 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Exam 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6 2,415.6

Floor 1 Food Storage 1,942.0 20,795.8 21,335.6 22,343.8 21,407.5

Floor 1 Gas Storage 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1 757.1

Floor 1 Imaging 1,390.8 2,701.2 2,810.4 2,937.6 2,773.5

Floor 1 Kitchen 1,942.0 23,604.3 23,604.3 23,975.1 23,604.3

Floor 1 Lab 1 1,830.0 1,830.0 1,901.6 1,989.3 1,841.8

Floor 1 Lab 2 4,483.5 4,483.5 4,780.4 5,080.5 4,735.3

Floor 1 Laundry 3,257.1 7,248.1 7,510.1 7,793.8 7,417.4

Floor 1 Lobby N/A 132.1 143.5 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Lounge N/A 6.4 13.7 11.9 0.0

Floor 1 Mech 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Mech 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Office 3 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Patient 600.0 729.1 863.6 889.6 811.3

Floor 1 Pharmacy 2,620.0 2,636.7 2,892.9 3,028.0 2,697.6

Floor 1 Physical Therapy 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8 3,640.8

Floor 1 Receiving N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Reception N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
141

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 1 Soil 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2 759.2

Floor 1 Storage N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 1 Waiting N/A 171.4 178.8 182.2 167.0

Floor 2 Chapel N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Clean 1 280.9 307.6 322.9 334.3 319.4

Floor 2 Clean 2 186.1 201.3 204.2 211.9 204.4

Floor 2 Corridor 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3 1,421.3

Floor 2 Elevator N/A 251.1 237.0 48.1 27.6

Floor 2 Exam 1 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0 3,843.0

Floor 2 Exam 2 1,235.3 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2 1,235.2

Floor 2 Exam 3 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8 3,705.8

Floor 2 Exam 4 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0 3,660.0

Floor 2 Gift Shop N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Imaging 1 2,113.7 4,664.5 4,781.0 4,960.1 4,767.4

Floor 2 Imaging 2 3,111.0 7,703.1 7,930.0 7,666.4 8,120.8

Floor 2 Imaging 3 3,660.0 8,343.1 8,721.9 9,274.3 8,841.9

Floor 2 Lab 1 2,086.2 2,459.4 2,546.4 2,644.5 2,531.7

Floor 2 Lab 2 3,111.0 3,637.3 3,707.2 3,854.3 3,709.4

Floor 2 Lockers 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0 875.0

Floor 2 Lounge 1 N/A 156.6 157.7 147.0 175.9

Floor 2 Lounge 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Nurse Station 1 N/A 164.6 159.3 96.6 39.9

Floor 2 Nurse Station 2 N/A 698.4 685.6 462.9 339.5

Floor 2 Office 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Office 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Operating 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3 64,253.3

Floor 2 PACU 2,700.0 2,700.0 2,780.5 2,962.2 2,870.6
142

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 2 Patient 1 1,136.0 1,703.7 1,949.1 2,226.6 2,116.2

Floor 2 Patient 2 935.3 1,173.9 1,255.4 1,298.3 1,234.2

Floor 2 Procedure 1 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0 5,040.0

Floor 2 Procedure 2 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0 2,720.0

Floor 2 Reception N/A 134.9 105.6 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Restroom 1 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7 906.7

Floor 2 Restroom 2 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0 1,275.0

Floor 2 Soil 1 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9 763.9

Floor 2 Soil 2 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1

Floor 2 Sterilizing 2,103.5 3,867.8 3,954.8 4,114.5 3,950.8

Floor 2 Storage 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Storage 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 2 Trauma 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0 8,960.0

Floor 2 Triage 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3 1,458.3

Floor 2 Waiting N/A 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Clean 290.8 314.1 318.6 330.7 319.1

Floor 3 Elevator N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Exam 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5 2,470.5

Floor 3 ICU 1,400.0 1,937.6 2,313.4 2,444.3 2,561.5

Floor 3 Nurse Station 1 N/A 564.7 550.1 503.9 618.5

Floor 3 Nurse Station 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Nursery 660.0 661.9 825.8 869.5 930.7

Floor 3 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 3 Operating 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0 6,000.0

Floor 3 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,172.9 3,349.9 2,886.8 3,951.5

Floor 3 Patient 2 1,666.7 2,529.3 2,798.9 3,122.4 3,006.2

Floor 3 Patient 3 1,316.7 2,006.0 2,184.9 2,336.8 2,228.5

Floor 3 Patient 4 1,316.7 2,667.8 2,767.8 2,504.0 3,191.5

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0
143

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 3 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 3 Procedure 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,495.7 1,502.0

Floor 3 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7

Floor 3 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7

Floor 3 Triage 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,500.0

Floor 3 Waiting N/A 18.4 21.2 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Clean 290.8 942.4 955.9 992.1 957.2

Floor 4-6 Elevator N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Nurse Station N/A 1,690.5 1,606.3 1,509.3 1,853.6

Floor 4-6 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 4-6 Patient 1 1,666.7 9,556.4 10,060.1 8,657.4 11,851.6

Floor 4-6 Patient 2 1,666.7 7,595.1 8,399.4 9,369.2 9,018.2

Floor 4-6 Patient 3 1,316.7 6,513.5 7,319.6 8,239.2 8,036.5

Floor 4-6 Patient 4 1,316.7 8,032.6 8,337.8 7,546.7 9,626.6

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1 2,742.1

Floor 4-6 Soil 1,581.7 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0 4,745.0

Floor 4-6 Supply 2,011.7 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2 6,035.2

Floor 7 Clean 290.8 317.8 332.5 343.6 329.2

Floor 7 Elevator N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Nurse Station N/A 329.0 321.4 114.3 0.0

Floor 7 Office N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Floor 7 Patient 1 1,666.7 3,301.4 3,596.9 3,074.2 4,271.1

Floor 7 Patient 2 1,666.7 2,597.6 2,978.8 3,315.8 3,142.9

Floor 7 Patient 3 1,316.7 2,260.4 2,624.0 2,946.3 2,837.1

Floor 7 Patient 4 1,316.7 2,795.7 2,987.4 2,696.6 3,460.9

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 1 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Patient Corridor 2 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0 914.0

Floor 7 Soil 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7 1,581.7
144

Zone Name

Required 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 3C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 4C 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 7 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Climate 

Zone 8 

Total Air 

(cfm)

Floor 7 Supply 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7 2,011.7

MOB Floor 1 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 1 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 2-4 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Core N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 1 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 3 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOB Floor 5 Perimeter 4 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
145

Appendix E. Schedules

This section contains the schedules used in the energy models.

E.1 24/7 Schedules

The 24/7 occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules are presented in Table E-1 and Figure 

E-1. The 24/7 set point schedules are presented in Table E-2. No figure is included for Table 

E-2 because of its simplicity.

Table E-1 24/7 Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules

Hour Occupancy

All Days

Lighting

All Days

Equipment

All Days

1 0.4 0.8 0.5

2 0.4 0.8 0.5

3 0.4 0.8 0.5

4 0.4 0.8 0.5

5 0.65 0.8 0.8

6 0.65 0.8 0.8

7 0.9 0.9 1.0

8 0.9 0.9 1.0

9 0.9 0.9 1.0

10 0.9 0.9 1.0

11 0.9 0.9 1.0

12 0.9 0.9 1.0

13 0.9 0.9 1.0

14 0.9 0.9 1.0

15 0.9 0.9 1.0

16 0.9 0.9 1.0

17 0.9 0.9 1.0

18 0.9 0.9 1.0

19 0.65 0.9 0.8

20 0.65 0.9 0.8

21 0.65 0.9 0.5

22 0.65 0.9 0.5

23 0.4 0.8 0.5

24 0.4 0.8 0.5

Total Hours/Day 17.1 20.8 19.2

Table E-2 24/7 Set Point Schedules

Hour Heating Set 

Point (°C)

Heating Set 

Point (°F)

Cooling Set 

Point (°C)

Cooling Set 

Point (°F)

1–24 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0
146

Figure E-1 24/7 occupancy, equipment, and lighting schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Equipment Lighting Occupancy
147

E.2 Patient Schedules

Patient area occupancy and lighting schedules are presented in Table E-3 and Figure E-2. Patient 

areas use 24/7 equipment and set point schedules (see Section E.1).

Table E-3 Patient Area Lighting and Occupancy Schedules

Hour Lighting, All 

Days

Occupancy, All 

Days

1 0.5 0.7

2 0.5 0.7

3 0.5 0.7

4 0.5 0.7

5 0.7 0.7

6 0.7 0.7

7 0.9 0.7

8 0.9 0.7

9 0.9 0.7

10 0.9 0.7

11 0.9 0.8

12 0.9 0.8

13 0.9 0.8

14 0.9 0.8

15 0.9 0.8

16 0.9 0.8

17 0.9 0.8

18 0.9 0.8

19 0.7 0.7

20 0.7 0.7

21 0.7 0.7

22 0.7 0.7

23 0.5 0.7

24 0.5 0.7

Total Hours/Day 18.0 17.6
148

Figure E-2 Patient area occupancy and lighting schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Occupancy Lighting
149

E.3 Office Schedules

Office occupancy, lighting, equipment, and set point schedules are presented in Table E-4

through Table E-7 and Figure E-3 through Figure E-6.

Table E-4 Office Occupancy Schedule

Hour Weekdays Saturdays Sundays

1 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 0.10 0.00 0.00

7 0.20 0.10 0.00

8 0.95 0.10 0.00

9 0.95 0.30 0.00

10 0.95 0.30 0.00

11 0.95 0.30 0.00

12 0.95 0.30 0.00

13 0.50 0.10 0.00

14 0.95 0.10 0.00

15 0.95 0.10 0.00

16 0.95 0.10 0.00

17 0.95 0.10 0.00

18 0.30 0.00 0.00

19 0.30 0.00 0.00

20 0.10 0.00 0.00

21 0.05 0.00 0.00

22 0.05 0.00 0.00

23 0.05 0.00 0.00

24 0.05 0.00 0.00

Total Hours/Day 10.25 1.90 0.00
150

Table E-5 Office Lighting Schedule 

Hour Weekdays Saturdays Sundays

1 0.05 0.05 0.05

2 0.05 0.05 0.05

3 0.05 0.05 0.05

4 0.05 0.05 0.05

5 0.05 0.05 0.05

6 0.10 0.05 0.05

7 0.30 0.10 0.05

8 0.90 0.10 0.05

9 0.90 0.30 0.05

10 0.90 0.30 0.05

11 0.90 0.30 0.05

12 0.90 0.30 0.05

13 0.90 0.15 0.05

14 0.90 0.15 0.05

15 0.90 0.15 0.05

16 0.90 0.15 0.05

17 0.90 0.15 0.05

18 0.90 0.05 0.05

19 0.90 0.05 0.05

20 0.50 0.05 0.05

21 0.30 0.05 0.05

22 0.20 0.05 0.05

23 0.10 0.05 0.05

24 0.05 0.05 0.05

Total Hours/Day 12.60 2.80 1.20
151

Table E-6 Office Equipment Schedule 

Hour Weekdays Saturdays Sundays

1 0.40 0.30 0.30

2 0.40 0.30 0.30

3 0.40 0.30 0.30

4 0.40 0.30 0.30

5 0.40 0.30 0.30

6 0.40 0.30 0.30

7 0.40 0.40 0.30

8 0.90 0.40 0.30

9 0.90 0.50 0.30

10 0.90 0.50 0.30

11 0.90 0.50 0.30

12 0.90 0.50 0.30

13 0.80 0.35 0.30

14 0.90 0.35 0.30

15 0.90 0.35 0.30

16 0.90 0.35 0.30

17 0.90 0.35 0.30

18 0.65 0.30 0.30

19 0.50 0.30 0.30

20 0.40 0.30 0.30

21 0.40 0.30 0.30

22 0.40 0.30 0.30

23 0.40 0.30 0.30

24 0.40 0.30 0.30

Total Hours/Day 14.85 8.45 7.20
152

Table E-7 Office Set Point Schedule

Hour

Weekdays Saturdays Sundays

Heating Cooling Heating Cooling Heating Cooling

(°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F)

1 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

2 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

3 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

4 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

5 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

6 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

7 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

8 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

9 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

10 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

11 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

12 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

13 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

14 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

15 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

16 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

17 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

18 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

19 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

20 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

21 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

22 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

23 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

24 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0
153

Figure E-3 Office occupancy schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Weekdays Saturday Sunday
154

Figure E-4 Office lighting schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Weekdays Saturday Sunday
155

Figure E-5 Office equipment schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Weekdays Saturday Sunday
156

Figure E-6 Office set point schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Temperature (  ̊F)

Hour

Saturday Heating Set Point Weekday Cooling Set Point Saturday Cooling Set Point

Weekday Heating Set Point Sunday Cooling Set Point Sunday Heating Set Point
157

E.4 Food Service-Related Area Schedules

Occupancy, lighting, equipment, and set point schedules for food service related areas are 

presented in Table E-8, Table E-9, Figure E-7, and Figure E-8.

Table E-8 Food Service-Related Area Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules

Hour

Kitchen 

Occupancy, All 

Days

Dining 

Occupancy, All 

Days

Lighting, All 

Days

Gas 

Equipment, All 

Days

Electric 

Equipment, All 

Days

1 0.45 0.05 0.45 0.01 0.10

2 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.10

3 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.10

4 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.10

5 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.10

6 0.45 0.05 0.45 0.12 0.10

7 0.90 0.10 0.90 0.14 0.25

8 0.90 0.40 0.90 0.13 0.35

9 0.90 0.40 0.90 0.14 0.35

10 0.90 0.20 0.90 0.18 0.25

11 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.20 0.35

12 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.15 0.35

13 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.13 0.35

14 0.90 0.70 0.90 0.19 0.25

15 0.90 0.40 0.90 0.20 0.25

16 0.90 0.20 0.90 0.16 0.25

17 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.14 0.35

18 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.10 0.35

19 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.07 0.35

20 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.04 0.25

21 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.04 0.25

22 0.90 0.35 0.90 0.02 0.25

23 0.60 0.20 0.90 0.01 0.25

24 0.60 0.20 0.90 0.01 0.25

Total Hours/Day 17.10 8.45 17.70 2.22 5.9
158

Table E-9 Food Service-Related Area Set Point Schedules

Hour Heating Set 

Point (°C)

Heating Set 

Point (°F)

Cooling Set 

Point (°C)

Cooling Set 

Point (°F)

1 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

2 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

3 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

4 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

5 18.3 64.9 25.0 77.0

6 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

7 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

8 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

9 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

10 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

11 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

12 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

13 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

14 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

15 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

16 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

17 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

18 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

19 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

20 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

21 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

22 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

23 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0

24 21.1 70.0 22.2 72.0
159

Figure E-7 Food service-related area occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Electric Equipment Lighting Dining Occupancy Gas Equipment Kitchen Occupancy
160

Figure E-8 Food service-related area set point schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Temperature (  ̊F)

Hour

Cooling Set Point Heating Set Point
161

E.5 Laundry Schedules

Occupancy, lighting, equipment, and set point schedules for the laundry room zones are 

presented in Table E-10, Table E-11, Figure E-9, and Figure E-10. The gas equipment schedule 

is also used to modify the electric equipment load.

Table E-10 Laundry Zone Occupancy, Lighting, and Equipment Schedules

Hour Occupancy, All 

Days

Lighting, All 

Days

Gas 

Equipment, All 

Days

1 0.00 0.05 0.00

2 0.00 0.05 0.00

3 0.00 0.05 0.00

4 0.00 0.05 0.00

5 0.00 0.05 0.00

6 0.10 0.10 0.00

7 0.20 0.30 0.00

8 0.95 0.90 0.00

9 0.95 0.90 1.00

10 0.95 0.90 1.00

11 0.95 0.90 1.00

12 0.95 0.90 1.00

13 0.50 0.90 1.00

14 0.95 0.90 1.00

15 0.95 0.90 1.00

16 0.95 0.90 1.00

17 0.95 0.90 1.00

18 0.30 0.90 1.00

19 0.30 0.90 0.00

20 0.10 0.50 0.00

21 0.05 0.30 0.00

22 0.05 0.20 0.00

23 0.05 0.10 0.00

24 0.05 0.05 0.00

Total Hours/Day 10.25 12.60 10.00
162

Table E-11 Laundry Zone Set Point Schedules

Hour Heating Set 

Point (°C)

Heating Set 

Point (°F)

Cooling Set 

Point (°C)

Cooling Set 

Point (°F)

1 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

2 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

3 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

4 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

5 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

6 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

7 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

8 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

9 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

10 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

11 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

12 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

13 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

14 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

15 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

16 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

17 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

18 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

19 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

20 18.3 64.9 20.0 68.0

21 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

22 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

23 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0

24 16.7 62.1 22.2 72.0
163

Figure E-9 Laundry zone occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Gas Equipment Lighting Occupancy
164

Figure E-10 Laundry zone set point schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Temperature (  ̊F)

Hour

Cooling Set Point Heating Set Point
165

E.6 Operating Suite Schedules

The operating suites were assumed to be available 24 hours per day, 7 days per week and, except

for the set point schedule, utilized the 24/7 schedules presented in Section E.1. The operating 

suite set point schedules can be found in Table E-12. No figure is included for Table E-12

because of its simplicity.

Table E-12 Operating Suite Set Point Schedules

Hour Heating Set 

Point (°C)

Heating Set 

Point (°F)

Cooling Set 

Point (°C)

Cooling Set 

Point (°F)

1–24 18.3 64.9 18.3 64.9

E.7 Infiltration Schedules

The infiltration schedules used in the energy models are shown in Table E-13 with visual 

representations of the data in Figure E-11. Table E-14 shows which space types in which models 

used which infiltration schedules.
166

Table E-13 Infiltration Schedule Names by Space Type

Space Type Baseline Model Infiltration 

Schedule

Low-Energy Model Infiltration 

Schedule

Anesthesia gas storage Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Cafeteria Always on infiltration schedule Dining infiltration schedule

Clean workroom/holding Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Conference room Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Corridor/transition Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Dining room Always on infiltration schedule Dining infiltration schedule

Examination/treatment room Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Food preparation center Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Laboratory Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Laundry Always on infiltration schedule Laundry infiltration schedule

Lobby area Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Locker Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Lounge Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Mechanical/electrical/telecomm room Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Medical supply/medication room Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Nurse station Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Nursery Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Office Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Operating suite Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Patient room Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Pharmacy Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Physical therapy Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Procedure room Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Radiology/imaging Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Reception/waiting Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Recovery room Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Restroom Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Soiled workroom/holding Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Sterilizer equipment room Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Storage/receiving Always on infiltration schedule Office infiltration schedule

Trauma/emergency room Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule

Triage Always on infiltration schedule Always on infiltration schedule
167

Table E-14 Low-Energy Infiltration Schedules

Hour

Always On

Infiltration

All Days

Dining 

All Days

Laundry 

All Days

Office 

Weekdays

Office 

Saturday

Office 

Sunday

1 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

2 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

3 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

4 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

10 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

11 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

12 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

13 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

14 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

15 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

16 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

17 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

18 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

19 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

20 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

21 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

22 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

23 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

24 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Total Hours/Day 12.0 14.5 16.5 16.5 18.5 24.0
168

Figure E-11 Infiltration schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fraction of Peak

Hour

Always On All Days Dining All Days Laundry All Days/Office Weekdays Office Saturday Office Sunday
169

E.8 Service Water Heating Schedules

The SWH schedules are listed in Table E-15 with a visual representation in Figure E-12.

Table E-15 SWH Schedules

Hour Kitchen

All Days

Patient Rooms

All Days

1 0.20 0.013

2 0.00 0.013

3 0.00 0.013

4 0.00 0.013

5 0.00 0.013

6 0.00 0.017

7 0.15 0.020

8 0.60 0.027

9 0.55 0.027

10 0.45 0.150

11 0.40 0.150

12 0.45 0.027

13 0.40 0.033

14 0.35 0.033

15 0.30 0.033

16 0.30 0.033

17 0.30 0.150

18 0.40 0.053

19 0.55 0.047

20 0.60 0.033

21 0.50 0.030

22 0.55 0.027

23 0.45 0.023

24 0.25 0.020

Total Hours/Day 7.75 1.000
170

Figure E-12 SWH schedules

(Credit: Daniel Studer/NREL)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Temperature (  ̊C)

Hour

Kitchen Patient Rooms
F1147-E(10/2008)

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1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

September 2010

2. REPORT TYPE

Technical Report

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Large Hospital 50% Energy Savings: Technical Support Document

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

DE-AC36-08-GO28308

5b. GRANT NUMBER

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6. AUTHOR(S)

Eric Bonnema, Daniel Studer, Andrew Parker, Shanti Pless, and 

Paul Torcellini

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NREL/TP-550-47867

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BEC7.1309

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14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words)

This Technical Support Document documents the technical analysis and design guidance for large hospitals to 

achieve whole-building energy savings of at least 50% over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 and 

represents a step toward determining how to provide design guidance for aggressive energy savings targets. This 

report documents the modeling methods used to demonstrate that the design recommendations meet or exceed the 

50% goal. EnergyPlus was used to model the predicted energy performance of the baseline and low-energy buildings 

to verify that 50% energy savings are achievable. Percent energy savings are based on a nominal minimally codecompliant building and whole-building, net site energy use intensity. The report defines architectural-program 

characteristics for typical large hospitals, thereby defining a prototype model; creates baseline energy models for 

each climate zone that are elaborations of the prototype models and are minimally compliant with Standard 90.1-

2004; creates a list of energy design measures that can be applied to the prototype model to create low-energy 

models; uses industry feedback to strengthen inputs for baseline energy models and energy design measures; and 

simulates low-energy models for each climate zone to show that when the energy design measures are applied to 

the prototype model, 50% energy savings (or more) are achieved.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

tsd; technical support document; energy modeling; energy design measure; edm; hospital

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