person has been prosecuted for violating a statute and the district court

has ruled on the constitutionality or validity of the statute. NRS 34.020(3); Zarnarripa, 103 Nev. at 640, 747 P.2d at 1387. "Statutes are presumed to be valid, and the burden is on the challenger to make a clear showing of their unconstitutionality." Childs ix State, 107 Nev. 584, 587, 816 P.2d 1079, 1081 (1991).

Arevalo's sole basis for his challenge to the constitutionality of the statutes is that the conduct for which he was convicted was protected speech under the First Amendment.' We conclude that Arevalo's conduct, which included obscenities and threats to the victim, was not protected by the First Amendment. 2See Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 309-10 (1940) ("Resort to epithets or personal abuse is not in any proper sense communication of information or opinion safeguarded by the Constitution, and its punishment as a criminal act would raise no question under that instrument."); Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 707-08 (1969) (holding that a true threat of violence to another person is not protected speech); Ford v. State, 127 Nev., Adv. Op. 55, 262 P.3d 1123, 1130 (2011) ("Speech
lArevalo makes no challenge to the language of the statutes of conviction and provides no argument that the statutes are unconstitutionally vague or overbroad.

2 The record shows that Arevalo approached the victim who was sitting on a bench in a church courtyard, accused him of hurting Arevalo's son, took off his shirt and threw it to the ground, screamed obscenities at the victim, challenged him to a fight, and threatened to harm him both then and in the future.

SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 2 (0) I94Th eDapFintegral to criminal conduct, such as fighting words, threats, and

solicitations, remain categorically outside [the First Amendment's] protection." (quoting 

### United States v. White, 610 F.3d 956, 960 (7th Cir. 2010))). Arevalo appears to contend that an inquiry into the subjective state of mind of both the defendant and the victim is necessary to determine whether the defendant made "true threats." To the extent that Arevalo relies on 

### Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. , 135 S. Ct. 2001 (2015), his reliance is misplaced. The 

### Elonis decision, which involved a criminal statute that lacked a mental state requirement for the defendant, held that criminal liability could not be imposed merely because a reasonable person would have perceived a communication as a threat; rather, the defendant must have intended to issue the threat or known that the communication would be viewed as a threat. 575 U.S. at , 135 S. Ct. at 2012. Here, unlike in 

### Elonis, both of the statutes, NRS 200.571(1) (harassment) and NRS 203.010 (breach of peace), contain a mental state requirement and thus Arevalo's convictions for harassment and breach of peace took into consideration his subjective state of mind. The 

### Elonis decision does not require an inquiry into the subjective mind of the victim, and such an inquiry would not have helped Arevalo, as the victim testified that he was scared of Arevalo, he knew that Arevalo was a police officer and often carried a gun, he called 911 during the incident, and he took protective measures after the incident based on Arevalo's threats.

SUPREME Courrr

OF NEVADA 3 (0) 1947A ce ,

### Having considered his petition and concluded that Arevalo

fails to demonstrate that the statutes were unconstitutionally applied, we

ORDER the petition DENIED. 3

Gibbons J.

J.

J. Pickering

cc: Hon. Rob Bare, District Judge Chesnoff & Schonfeld Attorney General/Carson City Las Vegas City Attorney Las Vegas City Attorney/Criminal Division Clark County District Attorney Eighth District Court Clerk

3 

### In light of this disposition, we deny as moot Arevalo's motion for transmission of original exhibits and motion for stay.

SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 

### 4 (0) 1947A 

### e