Pest List for the Importation of

Dragon Fruit (multiple genera and species) into the

Continental United States from Thailand

January 7, 2011

Ver. 2

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 Jnauary 7, 2011 2

1. Introduction

We developed this pathway-initiated commodity pest list to identify potential plant pest risks 

associated with the proposed importation of dragon fruit (pitahaya, pitaya) from Thailand into 

the continental United States. The list of dragon fruit pests is based on extensive survey data on 

dragon fruit grown in Thailand, published scientific literature, and worldwide pest interception 

records of the United States Department of Agriculture (PestID, 2009). All future references to 

the proposed importation of dragon fruit will imply restriction to the continental United States.

The botanical nomenclature of dragon fruit is unsettled (Jacobs, 1999; Raveh et al., 1993; 

Soloman, 2006). This is partly due to its morphological similarities to and ability to hybridize 

with other Hylocereus spp. and cactus genera (Morton, 1987; Raveh et al., 1993; Tel-Sur et al., 

2001). Numerous synonyms and frequent misidentifications exist for the commodity (NGRP, 

2006; Jacobs, 1999; Morton, 1987; Tel-Sur et al., 2001). Therefore, we have listed the fruit of 

cacti that are referred to as "dragon fruit" or “pitaya” that we assessed (Table 1).

Table 1. Cacti fruit that are referred to as Dragon Fruit or Pitaya1

Cactus species Synonym(s)/Alternate nomenclature

Acanthocereus occidentalis none

Acanthocereus tetragonus Acanthocereus colombianus, A. floridanus, A. pentagonus, A. 

pitajaya, Cactus pentagonus, C. pitajaya, C. tetragonus, 

Cereus pentagonus, C. pitajaya

Cereus hildmannianus Cactus peruvianus, Cereus uruguayanus

Echinocereus conglomeratus Cereus conglomeratus

Echinocereus stramineus Cereus stramineus, Echinocereus enneacanthus var. 

stramineus

Escontria chiotilla Cereus chiotilla

Hylocereus costaricensis Cereus trigonus var. costaricensis

Hylocereus ocamponis Cereus ocamponis

Hylocereus polyrhizus Cereus polyrhizus, H. lemairei

Hylocereus undatus Cactus triangularis, Cereus triangularis, C. tricostatus, C.

trigonus var. guatemalensis, C. undatus, Hylocereus 

guatemalensis, H. tricostatus

Myrtillocactus geometrizans Cereus geometrizans

Stenocereus stellatus Cereus stellatus

Stenocereus thurberi Cereus thurberi, Lemairocereus thurberi,

Marshallocereus thurberi, Pachycereus thurberi

 

1 NGRP, 2006; Jacobs, 1999; Morton, 1987; Soloman, 2006.
Pest List for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 Jnauary 7, 2011 3

2. Pest Categorization

We listed pests associated with dragon fruit that occur in Thailand below (Table 2). This list 

includes information on the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the affected 

plant part or parts, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, an 

indication of the pest-host association, and pertinent references for pest distribution and biology.

Note: In the pest list, we only provided information on plant part association and whether the 

pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if 

non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified, considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, 

information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not 

needed for non-quarantine pests and is indicated with N/A (not applicable).

Table 2. Pests associated with dragon fruit that are also present in Thailand

Pest Geographical 

distribution2

Quarantine pestPlant part 

affected3

Follow 

pathway

References

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Tarsonemidae

Tarsonemus sp. TH, US Yes4F, S Yes5PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007; Lombardero et

al., 2000

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Protaetia sp. TH, US (HI) Yes S No PPD, 2006; Pholboon, 

1965; Campora, 2009

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006; 

CABI, 2007

Bactrocera cucurbitae 

(Coquillett)

TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006; 

CABI, 2007

Bactrocera dorsalis 

(Hendel)

TH Yes F Yes World Bank, 2006; 

CABI, 2007

 

2

Specific states are listed only if distribution is limited. Distribution: CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; LA = 

Louisiana; TX = Texas.

3

Plant Parts: F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence (flower); L = Leaf; R = Root; S =Stem; Sd = Seed.

4 This cosmopolitan genus of soft mites contains some species that are specific to a region, while other species in the genus 

are found worldwide (CABI, 2007). Many species within this genus are quarantine species. With no certainty as to 

whether the intercepted Tarsonemus sp. is of quarantine significance, we made a conservative decision here.

5 Only one interception of Tarsonemus sp. has been reported on Hylocereus; however, Tarsonemus sp. has been reported 

over 1,950 times on various commodities from the world (PestID, 2009). Thus, it is likely to follow the pathway. 
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 4

Pest Geographical 

distribution2

Quarantine pestPlant part 

affected3

Follow 

pathway

References

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis gossypii Glover TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Pentalonia nigronervosa 

(Coquerel, 1859)

TH, US (CA, 

FL, HI)

No S N/A FAO, 2004; CABI, 

2007

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus sp. TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI 

2007

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Mictis longicornis

(Westwood)

TH Yes S No Pholboon, 1965, PPD, 

2006

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Diaspis echinocacti

(Bouché) 

TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; 

Rojanavongse, et al., 

1983; Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; CABI, 2007 

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Paraputo sp. Laing 

syn. Cataenococcus sp.

TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes

Beardsley

TH, US [HI] Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Dysmicoccus brevipes 

(Cockerell 1903) 

syn. Pseudococcus 

brevipes (Cockerell)

TH, US (CA, 

HI, FL, LA)

No F, I, S N/A PestID, 2009; FAO, 

2004; CABI, 2007

Dysmicoccus sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007,

Ferrisia virgata Cockerell TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green)

TH, US (FL, 

HI, CA)

[Yes]6F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Paracoccus sp. TH, US Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Planococcus citri (Risso) TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007; Mazzeo et al., 

2008

Planococcus lilacinus 

(Cockerell)

TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; BenDov, 1994

 

6 Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2006; 

PestID, 2009).
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 5

Pest Geographical 

distribution2

Quarantine pestPlant part 

affected3

Follow 

pathway

References

Planococcus minor Maskell TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; Cox, 

1981; Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

Planococcus sp. TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Pseudococcus cryptus 

Hempel

TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; 

Panyasiri et al., 2007; 

CABI, 2007

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel

TH, US (HI, 

FL, TX)

No L N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Pseudococcus sp. TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Cardiocondyla wroughtoni TH, US No S, I, F N/A Mackay, 1995; PPD, 

2006

Paratrechina longicornis 

(Latreille)

TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Pheidole megacephala 

(Fabricius)

TH, US No F N/A FAO, 2004

Solenopsis geminata 

(Fabricius)

TH, US No F, I, S N/A FAO, 2004; PPD, 

2006

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Conogethes sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Conopomorpha sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Ephestia elutella (Hubner) TH, US No Sd N/A PestID, 2009; 

Charernsom, 2004; 

CABI, 2007

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Orgyia sp. TH Yes L No PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

BACTERIA

Xanthomonas campestris 

(Pammel 1895) Dowson 

1939 

TH, US No F, S N/A Jacobs, 1999; CABI, 

2007

FUNGI

Alternaria sp. TH, US Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 6

Pest Geographical 

distribution2

Quarantine pestPlant part 

affected3

Follow 

pathway

References

Alternaria alternata (Fr: Fr) 

Kessel

TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Cercospora sp. TH No L N/A PestID, 2009; Kawabe 

et al., 2002; Sherf, 

1975

Botryosphaeria dothidea

(Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De 

Not

TH, US No S N/A FAO, 2007; Farr et al., 

2010; Valencia-Botín, 

2003

Cladosporium herbarum 

(Pers.Fr.) Fr. = C.

epiphyllum (Pers.Fr.) Fr. 

TH, US No L N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Cladosporium sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Colletotrichum capsici

(Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby

TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007; Sontirat, 

1994

Colletotrichum coccodes

(Wallr.) S. Hughes

TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007; Sontirat, 

1994

Colletotrichum sp. TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Fusarium oxysporum 

(Schlechtendahl) 

TH, US No F N/A CABI, 2007;

Suwanarit, 2005

Fusarium sp. TH, US No F N/A FAO, 2004; 

Suwanarit, P. et al., 

2005

Gibberella moniliformis 

Wineland = G. fujikuroi

(Sawada) Ito; Anamorph: 

Fusarium verticillioides 

(Sacc.) Nirenberg, = F.

moniliforme Sheld.

TH, US No I, F, R, S, 

Sd

N/A CABI, 2007; Miller, 

1993; Sontirat, 1994

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stonem.) Spauld, & 

Schrenk [teleomorph] =

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Spauld. 

& Schrenk) 

TH, US No F N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007; Palmateer and 

Ploetz, 2007

Lasiodiplodia theobromae 

(Pat.) Griffin & Maubl. = 

Botryodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) Griffin 

& Maubl. 

TH, US No F, S N/A PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007; Dethoup et al., 

2007 
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 7

Pest Geographical 

distribution2

Quarantine pestPlant part 

affected3

Follow 

pathway

References

Leptosphaeria sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Mycosphaerella sp. TH Yes L

7 No PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Pestalotiopsis sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; Ploetz et 

al., 1997; Sittigul et 

al., 2005

Phoma sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; 

Likhitekaraj et al., 

2007

Phomopsis sp. TH Yes F Yes PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Phytophthora cactorum 

(Lebert & Cohn) J. 

Schröt.

TH, US No F, R, S N/A CABI, 2007; Erwin, 

1996; Sontirat, 1994

Thanatephorus cucumeris

(Frank) Donk. 

[Anamorph: Rhizoctonia 

solani Kühn] 

TH, US No R, S N/.A Alfieri et al., 1984; 

Farr et al., 2010

NEMATODES

Cactodera cacti Filipjev & 

Stekhoven 

TH, US No R No CABI, 2007, 

Charernsom, 2004

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb)

TH, US No R No CABI, 2007; Buriticá, 

1999; Castaña et al.,

1991

Meloidogyne incognita 

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood

TH, US No R No PestID, 2009; CABI, 

2007

Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Linford & Oliveira 

TH, US No R No CABI, 2007; Inserra, 

1999

 

7

Interception record indicates the fungi was found on the plant, but no specifics were given (PestID, 2009). Typically, fungi 

affect the leaf, flower, and/or stem.

2.1. Pest list discussion

We did not list some quarantine pests as being likely to follow the pathway, for a variety of 

reasons (e.g., a lack of specific identification). Should any of these pests be intercepted in 

shipments of the commodity, however, quarantine action may be taken and additional risk 

analyses may be done.
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 8

Biological hazards associated with organisms not identified to the species level were not 

assessed because often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume 

that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. In this risk assessment, the above 

statement applies to Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. 

(Anamorphic fungi); Aphis sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae); Cataenococcus sp., Dysmicoccus sp., 

Planococcus sp., and Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); Coccus sp. (Hemiptera: 

Coccidae); Colleotrichum sp. (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales); Conopomorpha sp. (Lepidoptera: 

Gracillariidae); Gloeosporium sp. (Ascomycetes: Helotiales); Orgyia sp. (Lepidoptera: 

Lymantriidae); Pheidole sp. and Technomyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Phoma sp., and 

Phomopsis sp. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales); and Tarsonemus sp. (Acari: Tarsonemidae).

2.2. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The quarantine pests that are likely to follow the pathway are listed below (Table 4).

Table 4. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

Organism Taxonomy

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Diptera: Tephritidae

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel) Homoptera: Pseudococcidae

3. Authors and Reviewers

Authors

Kayimbi Tubajika, Plant Pathologist a

Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomologist a

Reviewers

Heather Hartzog, Plant Pathologist a

James Smith, Entomologist a

Contributor

Ralph T. Ross, Consultant b

a

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Center for Plant Health Science and 

Technology. USDA, APHIS, PPQ.

b

The Royal Thai Embassy of Thailand, Office of Agricultural Affairs, Washington, D. C.
Pest list for Dragon Fruit from Thailand

Ver. 2 January 7, 2011 9

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