## Importation of **Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon**  **) from** 

**Chile into**  **the continental United States A Qualitative, Pathway** 
**- Initiated Pest Risk Assessment** 

**March 2**  **6 , 2014** 

**Version 1** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 i 

### Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commerciall y produced fruit of cranberry , Vaccinium ma crocarpon ( Ericaceae ) , for consumption from Chile into the continental United States . Based on the market access request from Chile , cranberries will be washed and dried, and maintained at 5 ° C . All processes and conditions considered during the risk asses sment process become mandatory conditions for entry

of the commodity

. Cranberry

production in Chile is noted to have very few insect and pathogen problems ( Stang, 1997 ). Based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Chile , w e developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory

status for the continental United States that are known to occur in Chile and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywh ere in the world. We found no actionabl e pests that were likely to follow the pathway

of fresh cranberry

from Chile.Pest Risk Assessment for Cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 ii 

### Table of Contents
**Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **....................... i**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  1.1. Backgroun d

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Initiating event

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

.................... 1 1.4. Description of the pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 **2. Pest List and Pest Categorization ................................**  **................................ ............................**  **3** 2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

................................ ................................ 3 2.2. Pest list

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 **3. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment**  **................................ ................................**  **..... 4**  **4. Acknowledgements ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **................... 5**  **5. Literature Cited ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 5**  **6. Appendix: Pests with non**
**- actionable regulatory status**  **................................ ........................**  **7**Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 1 

### 1. Introduction **1.1. Background** This document was prepared b y the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is L aboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commerciall y produced fresh fruit of cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) for consumption from Chile into the continental United States

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) o n “ Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests ” ( IP PC, 2013 ). The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the “ Glossary of Phy tosanitary Terms ” ( IP PC, 2012 ). Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation ; Stage 2, Risk Assessment ; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2. This is a qualitative risk assessment

. W e express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via the imported commodity from Chile . The details of the methodology and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines fo r Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 ( PPQ, 2012 ). The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropri ate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk assessment . Risk management will be specified in a separate document. **1.2. Initiating e** **vent** The importation of fruits and vegeta bles for consumption into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.56 (7 CFR §319.56 , 2012 ). Currentl y the entry of cranberries from Chile into the continental United States is not authorized. This assessment was prepared in response to a request from the government of Chile to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry ( Contesse, 2012 )

. **1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk**  **assessment for the commodity** In some cases, the imported commodity may have the potential of becom ing invasiv e in the pest risk anal ys is ( PRA) area. The likelihood that this may happen is evaluated in a weed risk assessment, conducted separatel y from the commodity risk assessment. Weed risk assessments do not need to be conducted for plant species that are widel y established (native or naturalized) or cultivated in the PRA area, for commodities that are already enterablePest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 2 into the PRA area from other countries, or when the plant part(s) canno t easily propagate on their own or be propagated. We determined that a weed risk assessment is not needed for cranberries because they

are native to North America (Roper, 2008), and already enterable from Canada into all ports of entry

in the United States (APHI S, 2014 ). **1. 4**  **. Description of the p**  **athway** The IP PC (2012) defines a pathway as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.” In the context of commodity pest risk assessments, the pathway is the commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes that may

have an impact on pest risk. In this risk assessment, the specific pathway of concern is the importation of fresh fruit of cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon A iton) for consumption from Chile into the continental United States ; the movement of this commodity is a potential pathway for the introduction and/or spread of plant pests. The following description of this pathway focuses on the conditions that may affect plant pest risk, including morphological and phys iological characteristics of the commodity, as well as processes the commodity will undergo from production in Chile through importation and distribution in the continental United States

. These conditions provided the basis for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihood of introduction of the pests selected for further anal ys is; therefore, all components of the pathway , as they are described below, should be considered mandatory

conditions for importation of the commodity

. 1.4.1 . Description of the c ommodity Native to North America, cranberry is a low

- growing, trailing, woody evergreen vine grown in carefully crafted cranberry

marshes ( Roper, 2008 ; Stang, 1997 ). In Chile, fruit ripens in earl y March ( Stang, 1997 ). Cranberry production in Chile is relatively new, onl y established during the 1990s ( CABI, 2014 ; Stang, 1997 ). 1.4.2. Production and harvest procedures in the exporting area P roduction and harvesting p rocedures in the exporting area have not been specified. 1.4.3. Post

- harvest procedures in the exporting area Following harvest, the cranberries are washed and dried, and maintained at 5 ° C (Vildosola, 2012 ). 1.4.4. Shipping and storage conditions S hipping and storage conditions have not been specified

. 1.4.5. Summary

of the pathway The figure below summarizes the pathway of concern: the importation of fresh fruit of cranberry for consumption from Chile into the continental United States

.Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 3 **Figure 1**

. Pathway

diagram for imports of cranberries from Chile into the continental United States

. 

### 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization In this section, we ide ntify the plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that could potentially become established in the continental United States as a result of the importation of cranberry from Chile , and we determine which of these pests meet the criteria for further analysis. Pests are considered to be of regulatory significance if th ey

are actionable at U.S. ports

- of

- entry . Actionable pests include quarantine pests, pests considered for or under official control, and pests that req uire evaluation for regulatory action. **2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list** 2.1.1. Pests with weak evidence for association with the commodity Prado (1991) lists organisms associated with cultivated ‘arandano’ ( Vaccinium spp.) in Chile. While many

of these organisms were included in the prerequisite pest list, we found no evidence indicating that they

are associated with V. macrocarpon any where in the world. Therefore, we did not include the following pests in Table 1 : Ae gorhinus superciliosus germani (Gay y Sol.), Ametastagia glabrata (Fallen), Aphis gossypii Glover, Chiromyza paulseni (Phil.), Graphognathus leucoloma (Boch.), Heliothis zea (Boddie), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comst.), Illinoia lambersi (MacGill.), Leptoglossus chilensis (Spin.), Ligyrus villosus (Burm.), Medonia deromecoides Sch., Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.), Rhyephenes humeralis (Guer.), and Tetranychus urticae (Koch). 2.1.2. Organisms with non

- actionable regulatory status We found evidence of the organisms listed in the Appendix being associated with cranberry and being present in Chile . B ecause these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the continental United States , however, we did not include them in Table 1 of this risk assessment.Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 4 **2.2. Pest l** **ist** In Table 1 , we list the actionable pests associated with cranberry that occur in Chile

. The list contains actionable pests that occur in Chile on any host and are reported to be associated with cranberry in Chile or elsewhere in the world. For each pest , we indicate 1) the part of the imported plant species with which the pest is generally associated, and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated, in viable form, with the commodity f ollowing harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Chile

. Cranberry production in Chile is noted to have very few insect and pathogen problems ( Stang, 1997 ). We found no actionable pests that we determined likely to follow the pathway

of fresh cranberry

from Chile.

**Table 1**  . Actionable pests reported on cranberry (in any country) and present in Chile (on any host)

. **Pest n**  **ame Evidence of** 

**presence in Chile**  **Association with**

**cranberry 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On harvested**

**plant part(s)?**  **3 Remarks** 

**ARTHROPODS Lepidoptera: Hepialidae**  Dalaca chiliensis (Viette) Koch and

Waterhouse, 2000 Koch and

Waterhouse, 2000 Leaves, stems

( Cisternas, 2000 ) No
Dalaca pallens (Blanchard) Koch and

Waterhouse, 2000 Koch and

Waterhouse, 2000 Leaves, stems

( Cisternas, 2000 ) No



### 3 **. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment** Of the organisms associated with cranberries worldwide and reported in Chile , we identified no organisms that are actionable pests for the continental United States and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing. Cranberry production in Chile is noted to have very few insect and pathogen problems ( Stang, 1997 ).

1 If the pest occurs on the commodity and where appropriate, the host status is indicated. Host types are explained in Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 (PPQ, 2012 )

. 2 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted. 3 “Yes” indicates simply th at the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested commodity ; the level of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed in Risk Element A1 as part of the likelihood of introduction assessment (section 3).Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 5 

### 4 **. Ack nowledgements** 
**Authors** Cy nthia Landry , Ecologist a Kayimbi Tubajika, Pathologist a **Reviewers** Marina Zlotina , Entomologya

John Rogers, Pathologist a

a Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analy sis Laboratory , USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ 

### 5 **. Literature Cited** 7 CFR § 319.56. 2012. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319.56

- Fruits and Vegetables). Acuña, R. 2008. Compendio de fitopatógenos de cultivos agrícolas en Chile. Santiago de Chile, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero. 89p. Andrade, N., and N. Lo yola. 1993. Determinación e incidencia de patógenos de post cosecha en frutos de arándanos (Vaccinium spp.). Simiente 63(1):57. Antonelli, A., K. Patten, P. Bristow, and C. Shanks. 1991. Cranberry Insect, Disease and Weed Control Program (EB0845). Washington State University Cooperative Extension. 8 pp. APHI S. 2014. Fruits and Vegetables Import Requirements (FAVIR) Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S). https://epermits.aphis.usda.gov/manual/index.c fm?ACTION=pubHome. (Archived at PERAL). Ben

- Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2014. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/scalenet.htm . (Archived at PERAL). Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An I dentification and In formation Guide (Second). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 466 pp. CABI. 2013. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI). http://www.cabi.org/cpc/ . (Archived at PERAL). CABI. 2014. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI). http://www.cabi.org/cpc/ . (Archived at PERAL). Caruso, F., and D. Ramsdell. 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society . APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 87p. Cisternas, E. A. 2000. La Cuncunilla Negra (Informativo Remehue No. 16). Centro Re gional de Investigacion Remehue, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura. 4 pp. Contesse, E. O. H. 2012. Chile Cranberry Market Access Request. Personal communication to A. K. Dowdy on December 12, 2012, from E. Octavio Herrera Contesse (Agronomic Engineer, Chief of Agriculture and Forestry Protection Division, Servicio Agricola y Ganadero). Archived at PERALlibrary , Raleigh, NC. Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. 2013. Fungal Databases, S ys tematic M yco logy and Microbiology

L aboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://nt.ars

grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ . (Archived at PERAL). Fitzpatrick, S. M. 2009. Cranberry Insects: Ecology

and Management. Encyclopedia of Pes t Management:1

- 6.Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 6 Guerrero, J. 1989. Patógenos asociados con el arándano en Chile. Simiente 59(3

- 4):116. Guerrero, J. 1999. Enfermedades del Arándano alto ( Vaccinium corymbosum L. ) de mayor incidencia en el sur de Chile. 69(1

- 2):52

- 53. Guerrero, J. 2001. S ituación fitopatológica del arándano alto ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) en la IXy X Región. Simiente 71(1

- 2):33. IPPC. 2012. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 5: Glossary of Phy tosanitary Terms. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Rome, Ital y. 38 pp. IPPC. 2013. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 11: Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Rome, Ital y. 36 pp. Koch, C. K., and D. F. Waterhouse. 2000. The distribution and importance of arthropods associated with agriculture and forestry in Chile. ACIAR, Canberra. 234 pp. Latorre, B. 1992. Enfermedades de las plantas cultivadas. 3° Edición. U. Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 628 p. Latorre, B. A., C. Alvarez, and O. K. Ribeiro. 1991. Phy tophthora root rot of kiwifruit in Chile. Plant Dis. 75(9):949

- 952. Latorre, B. A., M. E. Rioja, and W. F. Wilcox. 1997. Root and crown rot of apple. Revista Fruti^acute~cola. Revista Fruti^acute~cola 18(3):97

- 103. NI S. 2008. Change in action status for armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on material for consumption (NI S action policy , March 25, 2008). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, National Identification Services (NI S). PestID. 2014. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). PPQ. 2012. Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Asses sment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (First Edition). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Raleigh, NC. Prado, E. C. 1991. Artropodos y sus enemigos natural es asociados a plantas cultivadas en Chile (No. 169). Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

- IN IA. 144 pp. Roper, T. R. 2008. Cranberry Production in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Cranberry Board, Inc. 8 pp. SAG. 2010. Registros de plagas. Subdepto. Vigilanci a y Control Oficial Agrícola. División Protección Agrícola y Forestal. Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) . Chile. Stang, E. J. 1997. The emerging cranberry industry in Chile. Acta Hort 446:159

- 163. Vildosola, G. M. 2012. Importation of fresh fruit of cranb erry, Vaccinium macrocarpon , from Chile into the continental United States of America. Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Chile. 23 pp. Wilcox, W. F., and B. A. L atorre. 1995. Identity and distribution of Phytophthora spp. causing root rot of raspberrry

in Chil e. Phy

topathology

85:150.Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 7 

### 6 **. Appendi x**  **: Pests with non**
**- actionable regulatory status**  We found some evidence of the below listed organisms being associated with cranberry and being present in Chile ; however, because these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the continental United States , we did not list them in Table 1 of this risk assessment. Below we list these organisms along with the references supporting their potential association with cranberry

fruit , their potential presence in Chile , their presence in the continental United States (if applicable), and their regulatory status for the continental United States

. For organisms not present in the continental United States , we also provide justification for their non

- actionable status. **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  **ARTHROPODS Acari: Tetranychidae**  Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 **Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus (Goeze) CABI, 2014 ; Prado, 1991 Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) Antonelli et al., 1991 ; CABI, 2014 **Hemiptera: Aphididae** Smynthurodes betae Westwood Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; PestID, 2014 **Hemiptera: Coccidae** Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; PestID, 2014 ; Prado, 1991 Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (= Lecanium corni Bouché) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; PestID, 2014 **Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Non

- actionable status for Diaspididae on commodities for consumption (NI S, 2008 ). Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché) Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) Ben

- Dov et al., 2014 ; Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae** Orgyia antiqua (L .) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; PestID, 2014 ; Prado, 1991 **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 20 00 ; PestID, 2014 Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Fitzpatrick, 2009 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; PestID, 2014 **FUNGI** Alternaria alternata (Fx.) Keissl Andrade and Lo yola, 1993 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Guerrero, 1989 ; Latorre, 1992 ; SAG, 2010Pest Risk Assessment for cranberry from Chile

Ver. 1 March 2 6 , 2014 8 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Alternaria tenuissima 

### (Nees) Fr. Acuña, 2008 ; Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr

. (Sclerotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Fuckel) Andrade and Loyola, 1993 ; Guerrero, 1989 ; Latorre, 1992 ; SAG, 2010 Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Petr. ( Fusicoccum aesculi) Acuña, 2008 ; Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link Andrade and Lo yola, 1993 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Guerrero, 1989 ; SAG, 2010 Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds Farr and Rossman, 2013 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc ( Glomerella cingulata Stoneman) CABI, 2013 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; SAG, 2010

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Guerrero, 1989 ; SAG, 2010 Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Guerrero, 1989 ; SAG, 2010 Penicilium expansum Lk. ex Thom CABI, 2013 ; SAG, 2010 Pestalotia guepini Desm ( P

. Vaccinii Desm) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Guerrero, 2001 ; SAG, 2010 Phomopsis vaccinii Shear ( Diaporthe vaccinii Shear) CABI, 2013 ; Guerrero, 1989 , 1999 , 2001 ; SAG, 2010 Phytophthora cinnamomi Ronds Acuña, 2008 ; Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 Phytophthora cryptogea Pethy br. & Laff CABI, 2013 ; Latorre et al., 1991 ; Latorre et al., 1997 ; Wilcox and L atorre, 1995 Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn SAG, 2010 Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Lind. Andrade and Lo yola, 1993 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Guerrero, 1989 **NEMATODES** Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher CABI, 2013 ; SAG, 2010 Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi CABI, 2013 ; Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995 ; SAG, 2010 Pratylenchus crenatus Sher & Allen Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995 Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) CABI, 2013 ; SAG, 2010