J-A02030-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

TYLER BRENT KERN 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 508 WDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County Criminal Division

at CP-10-CR-0000054-2019, CP-10-CR-0000082-2019, 

CP-10-CR-0002252-2018

BEFORE: OLSON, J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED: FEBRUARY 9, 2022

Tyler Brent Kern (Appellant) appeals from the order denying his petition 

purportedly filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 

Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.

The trial court summarized the relevant procedural history as follows: 

[Appellant] was charged by three informations, one filed 

February 4, 2019 [at docket 2252-2018 (case 2252 or 2252-

2018),] and two filed on February 22, 2019[, at dockets 0054-

2019 (case 0054) and 0082-2019 (case 0082)]. The charges 

included aggravated assault, retail theft, receiving stolen

property, conspiracy, fleeing, and several vehicle code violations, 

among various other charges. On the three cases, [Appellant] 

pled guilty on July 10, 2019[, pursuant to written, negotiated 

plea agreements explained infra,] to aggravated assault and 

retail theft at case 2252 ...; retail theft and fleeing/attempting to 

elude police officers at case 0054 ...; and disorderly conduct at 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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case [] 0082.... [During the plea proceedings, Appellant was 

represented by Attorney Bobette Magnusen (plea counsel).]

[Appellant] was sentenced on August 8, 2019 to undergo 

imprisonment for not less than 16 months nor more than 32 

months[, followed by] 36 months of probation, at case 

2252.... At case 0054 ... [Appellant] was sentenced to 3 to 6 

months of [concurrent] incarceration, for which he was 

immediately paroled, followed by 36 months of probation, to 

run “concurrent with the probation at 2252/18.” At [case 0082, 

Appellant] was found guilty of disorderly conduct without further 

punishment.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/9/21, at 1-2 (emphasis added; footnotes and some 

capitalization omitted).

Pertinently, there is a handwritten notation on the plea agreement at 

case 0054 stating: “*Concurrent with 2252-2018.” Appellant’s Brief, 

Appendix D (plea agreement, 7/10/19). Further, the written plea agreements 

at cases 0054 and 2252 indicate that probation would be determined by the 

trial court at sentencing. See id. Appellant did not file a direct appeal.

In February 2020, Appellant sent correspondence to plea counsel, which 

was eventually filed with the trial court and treated as a timely first petition 

under the PCRA. See Amended PCRA Petition, 6/1/20, Exhibit H 

(correspondence filed 2/18/20); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1) (PCRA 

one-year time bar). Appellant claimed his aggregate sentence breached the 

terms of the above plea agreements, which purportedly called for probation 

“to run concurrent with [Appellant’s] state sentence” of incarceration. 

Correspondence, 2/18/20 (emphasis added). In other words, Appellant 
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asserted his entire probationary term was to run concurrent with his

incarceration, at all case numbers, and all counts. 

The trial court appointed counsel, who filed an amended PCRA petition 

on June 1, 2020. Counsel argued the terms of the plea agreements were 

ambiguous, and the court should thus consider parol evidence to clarify the 

ambiguity. Counsel asserted: “[T]he phrase “[c]oncurrent with ... 2252-2018” 

(‘the phrase’) appears on the bottom of the plea agreement for the matter [in 

case] 0054.... The phrase is vague, unclear, and fails to clearly indicate what 

terms are concurrent.” Amended PCRA Petition, 6/1/20, ¶ 15 (citation to 

exhibit omitted); see also id. ¶ 17 (arguing the court improperly “omitted a 

term of [Appellant’s] plea agreements.”).

The Commonwealth filed an answer in opposition on July 2, 2020. The 

court convened a hearing on February 2, 2021, at which Appellant and plea 

counsel testified. The court denied the petition by order entered March 22, 

2021. Appellant timely appealed.

1

 Both Appellant and the trial court have 

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

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1 Though Appellant filed a single notice of appeal that contained multiple 

docket numbers, he did not violate Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d 

969, 971 (Pa. 2018) (“where a single order resolves issues arising on more 

than one docket, separate notices of appeal must be filed for each case.”); 

see also Pa.R.A.P. 341(a). The order denying relief does not state that 

Appellant would need to file separate notices of appeal at each docket. See

Commonwealth v. Larkin, 235 A.3d 350, 354 (Pa. Super. 2020) (en banc) 

(declining to apply Walker where order informed appellant he had 30 days to 

file “an appeal,” and misled appellant by suggesting one notice of appeal was 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellant presents four issues for our review:

I. Whether the global plea agreement drafted by the 

Commonwealth was ambiguous, as a matter of law[?]

II. Whether [Appellant] adduced sufficient evidence at the

February 2, 2021 hearing to show that the plea agreement

was ambiguous[?]

III. Whether the trial court’s denial of parol evidence deprived 

[Appellant] from presenting material evidence of the

surrounding circumstances involved in his plea 

negotiations[?]

IV. Whether the cumulative weight of these errors in finding that

there was no ambiguity in the global plea agreement and

denying [Appellant’s] parole [sic] evidence deprived 

[Appellant] of receiving a sentence in accord with the terms 

of the agreement he entered into with the Commonwealth[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

Preliminarily, we recognize that “a collateral petition to enforce a plea 

agreement is regularly treated as outside the ambit of the PCRA and under 

the contractual enforcement theory of specific performance.” 

Commonwealth v. Kerns, 220 A.3d 607, 611-12 (Pa. Super. 2019) 

(emphasis added). However, we may address the merits of a challenge to the

denial of a collateral petition to enforce a plea agreement. See id. at 612;

Commonwealth v. Walston, 256 A.3d 29, at *5 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2021)

(unpublished memorandum) (citing Kerns); see also Commonwealth v.

____________________________________________

sufficient) (emphasis added); see also Commonwealth v. Stansbury, 219 

A.3d 157, 160-61 (Pa. Super. 2019).
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Katona, 191 A.3d 8, 16 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc) (this Court may affirm

on any basis, and we are not limited by a trial court’s rationale). 

Next, we address Appellant’s first two issues together because they are 

related. Appellant argues the aggregate sentence imposed by the trial court 

does not comport with the negotiated plea agreement, where the 

Commonwealth agreed that Appellant’s probation should run concurrent with 

his incarceration. See Appellant’s Brief at 13-19. Appellant contends the

wording, “*concurrent with 2252-2018,” contained in the plea agreement at 

case 0054, is vague, ambiguous, and subject to more than one reasonable 

interpretation. See id.

“[E]ven though a plea agreement arises in a criminal context, it remains 

contractual in nature and is to be analyzed under contract law standards.” 

Commonwealth v. Hainesworth, 82 A.3d 444, 449 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en 

banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “Contract interpretation is a 

question of law, so [o]ur standard of review over questions of law is de novo

and to the extent necessary, the scope of our review is plenary.” Kerns, 220 

A.3d at 612 (citation and quotations omitted)). 

We have explained:

The fundamental rule in contract interpretation is to ascertain the 

intent of the contracting parties. In cases of a written contract, 

the intent of the parties is the writing itself. When the terms of a 

contract are clear and unambiguous, the intent of the parties is to 

be ascertained from the document itself. When, however, an 

ambiguity exists, parol evidence is admissible to explain or clarify 

or resolve the ambiguity, irrespective of whether the ambiguity is 

patent, created by the language of the instrument, or latent, 
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created by extrinsic or collateral circumstances. A contract is

ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible of different

constructions and capable of being understood in more than one

sense.

Harley v. Healthspark Found., 2021 WL 4768157, at *18 (Pa. Super. 2021) 

(citation omitted).

With regard to plea agreements, “it is critical that [they] are enforced, 

to avoid any possible perversion of the plea bargaining system.” 

Hainesworth, 82 A.3d at 449 (citation and quotation marks omitted). 

Plea bargains which are entered knowingly and voluntarily are

viewed with favor in this Commonwealth. If a trial court accepts

a plea bargain, the defendant who has given up his constitutional

right to trial by jury must be afforded the benefit of all promises

made by the district attorney. Specific enforcement of valid plea

bargains is a matter of fundamental fairness.

Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). Further, “disputes over any 

particular term of a plea agreement must be resolved by objective standards. 

A determination of exactly what promises constitute the plea bargain must be 

based upon the totality of the surrounding circumstances and involves a caseby-case adjudication.” Kerns, 220 A.3d at 612 (citation omitted). “Any 

ambiguities in the terms of the plea agreement will be construed against the 

Government. Nevertheless, the agreement itself controls where its language 

sets out the terms of the bargain with specificity.” Id. (citation omitted); see 

also Pass v. Palmiero Auto. of Butler, Inc., 229 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa. Super. 

2020) (an ambiguity does not exist “if it appears that only a lawyer’s ingenuity 

has made the language uncertain.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).
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Here, the court found the plea agreements were not ambiguous, stating:

[T]he plea agreement at [case 00]54 ..., dated July 10, 

2019, includes the handwritten phrase “*concurrent with 2252-

2018” located at the bottom of the page. The agreed 

recommended sentence in the plea agreement at [case] 2252 ... 

stated that [Appellant] would serve 16 to 32 months incarceration 

on count two, and probation as set by the court on count 4.[2] In 

these set of circumstances, the phrase “concurrent with 2252-

2018” logically only makes sense if [Appellant’s] probation time is 

to run concurrent on both cases. [Appellant] was sentenced to 

both a term of imprisonment and a term of probation on both 

cases [0054 and 2252]. If probation on a case is to run 

concurrently with a prison sentence on another sentence, 

there would be no purpose to have the probation on the 

first case. [Appellant] would serve his probation while 

undergoing more serious supervision while imprisoned.

The phrase “concurrent with 2252-2018” is thus clear. The 

two terms of imprisonment are to run concurrently[, i.e., at 

cases 0054 and 2252], and the two terms of probation are 

to run concurrently on their own. Otherwise, there would be 

no functional use for the probation assigned by the court at [case 

00]54 .... As a result, there was no ambiguity in the plea 

agreements at either case, and the plea agreement is valid as 

written.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/22/21, at 3-4 (footnote and emphasis added; some 

capitalization omitted).

The record supports the trial court’s rationale, and we agree with its 

conclusion. Under the totality of the circumstances, the terms of the plea 

agreements are subject to only one objectively reasonable interpretation, such 

____________________________________________

2 As stated above, Appellant was sentenced at case 2252 to 36 months of 

probation, consecutive to the sentence of incarceration at that case.
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that there are no ambiguities in the writings. See Kerns, supra. Accordingly, 

Appellant’s first two issues lack merit.

Appellant next contends the court erred in denying his request to 

introduce parol evidence to clarify the purported ambiguity in the plea 

agreements. See Appellant’s Brief at 19-21; see also Harley, supra (parol 

evidence is admissible to explain or clarify an ambiguous contract). Appellant 

argues, “[w]ithout considering [parol] evidence, the trial court failed to 

consider relevant conflicting evidence capable of clarifying the [p]hrase,” i.e., 

the notation in the plea agreement at case 0054, “*concurrent with 2252-

2018.” Appellant’s Brief at 21.

As we have determined there is no ambiguity in the plea agreements,

the court properly declined Appellant’s request to admit parol evidence. See

Pass, 229 A.3d at 6 (“Because there was no ambiguity, the trial court properly 

declined to admit parol evidence.”). Nevertheless, the court competently

addressed and rejected this claim, stating:

Pennsylvania’s Superior Court has stated that “the purpose 

of the parol evidence rule is `... to preserve the integrity of written 

agreements by refusing to permit the contracting parties to

attempt to alter the import of their contract through the use of 

contemporaneous (or prior) oral declarations.’” LeDonne v. 

Kessler, 389 A.2d 1123, 1126 (Pa. Super. 1978), citing Rose v.

Food Fair Stores, Inc., 262 A.2d 851, 853 (Pa. 1970). The Court 

went on to state that

[w]here the alleged prior or contemporaneous oral 

representations or agreements concern a subject which 

is specifically dealt with in the written contract, and the 

written contract covers or purports to cover the entire 

agreement of the parties, the law is now clearly and well 
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settled that in the absence of fraud, accident or mistake 

the alleged oral representations or agreements are 

merged in or superseded by the subsequent written 

contract, and parol evidence to vary, modify or

supersede the written contract is inadmissible in 

evidence.

Id. at 1126-27.

The Superior Court has stated that “[t]he law of 

Pennsylvania is that if a mistake is not mutual, but unilateral, and 

is not due to the fault of the party not mistaken, but to the 

negligence of the one who acted under the mistake, it affords no 

basis for relief, unless the party not mistaken has good reason to 

know of the unilateral mistake.” Com., Dep’t of Educ. v. Miller, 

466 A.2d 791, 792 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1983), citing McFadden v.

Am. Oil Co., 257 A.2d 283, 288 (Pa. Super. 1969).

Additionally, the Superior Court “further note[s] that `to 

justify reformation of a contract on the basis of mutual mistake, 

evidence of the mistake must be clear and convincing.’” Jones v. 

Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 856 A.2d 838, 844 (Pa. Super. 

2004). Also, “extrinsic evidence is generally admissible for the 

purpose of showing that by reason of a mutual mistake, a written 

instrument does not truly express the intention of the parties.”

McFadden, 257 A.2d at 287.

Here, it is unclear what parol evidence [Appellant] alleges 

was denied. At the hearing regarding [Appellant’s petition to 

enforce plea agreement], the [c]ourt permitted almost all the

testimony to be entered. Several documents were entered into 

the record, including the plea agreement itself, the sentence 

orders at the three cases, a transcript of the sentencing, and an 

affidavit by [plea] counsel. N.T. [], 02/02/2021 at 4-5. 

[Appellant] testified to his beliefs and understanding regarding the 

plea agreement.

The only testimony excluded at that hearing was [plea]

counsel’s response to a question posed [by Appellant’s counsel] 

as follows: “is it your belief at the time [Appellant] entered into 

his plea agreement at issue here that he believed his probation 

would run — .” [Id.] at 26-27. An answer was not permitted for 

this question because it called for the witness to state her beliefs 

of the beliefs of some other person. Id. After this issue was 
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resolved, [c]ounsel for [Appellant] had no further questions for 

that witness.

The plea agreement was the final contract for the purposes 

of the parol evidence rule. No evidence of prior or 

contemporaneous agreements may be entered unless fraud,

accident, or mistake are proven. No fraud or accident was alleged. 

While [Appellant] seems to be alleging mistake, it appears to be 

unilateral, with no allegations of fraud. Under Miller, supra, 

there is no relief available in this case under those circumstances.

No evidence was introduced to show that any alleged 

mistake was mutual. The Commonwealth appears to have 

understood the terms of the plea agreement, and [Appellant] does 

not contend that the Commonwealth was mistaken. Therefore, 

any alleged denial of parol evidence, if it existed, was proper.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/9/21, at 4-6 (some citations modified). Accordingly, 

Appellant’s third issue does not merit relief.

Finally, Appellant argues “the cumulative weight of [the court’s] errors 

in finding that there was no ambiguity in the global plea agreement and 

denying [Appellant’s] parole [sic] evidence deprived [Appellant] of receiving 

a sentence in accord with the terms of the agreement he entered into with the 

Commonwealth.” Appellant’s Brief at 21 (bold omitted). We disagree. There 

is no merit to Appellant’s underlying claims, and “[n]o number of failed claims 

may collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so individually.” 

Commonwealth v. Flor, 259 A.3d 891, 936 (Pa. 2021) (citation and brackets 

omitted); Commonwealth v. Bomar, 104 A.3d 1179, 1216 (Pa. 2014) 

(same). Our review reveals no error or abuse of discretion by the court in 

denying Appellant’s collateral petition to enforce plea agreement.

Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 02/09/2022