SECRETARY

December 22, 2014

Mr. Shawn M. Garvin Regional Administrator

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III

1650 Arch Street, (Mail Code: 3RAOO) Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029

Dear Mr. Garvin:

I am pleased to submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a request to redesignate the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area for the 1997 annual and 2006

24-hour fine particulate matter (PM 2

. 5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to

"attainment" of the standards, based on 2011-2013 ambient air monitoring data, which shows

substantial improvements in air quality. I have also enclosed a maintenance plan for approval as

a revision to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) to assure compliance with the 1997 and 2006

PM 2 .5 NAAQS in the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley Area for at least ten years after redesignation, as required under Section 175A of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The SIP submittal also includes the comprehensive emissions inventory required under Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA.

The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) opened a 30-day public comment period on November 15,2014, on the proposed redesignation request, maintenance plan and comprehensive emissions inventory for the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley PM 2

. 5 Nonattainment Area (44 Pa.B. 7243). During the public participation process, which closed on December 16,2014,

DEP did not receive any written comments or oral testimony. The following documents are enclosed for your approval:

1. Request for Redesignation to attainment of the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley PM 2

. 5 N onattainment Area;

2. A SIP revision including the maintenance plan, comprehensive emissions inventory

and a Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget for the purposes of transportation conformity;

and

3. Certification of public participation activities.

A paper copy of each document and a disc containing electronic copies of the documents are enclosed. I certify that the electronic files are exact duplicates of the hard copies. The

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania followed all of the applicable procedural requirements of its
Constitution, laws and regulations in conducting the public participation process and completing

the SIP submittal.

Rachel Carson State Office Building I P.O. Box 2063 I Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063

717.787.2814 

### ro

Pr inted on Recyc led Paper <:fJCJ www.depweb.state.pa.usMr. Shawn M. Garvin

- 2- December 22, 2014

Thank you in advance for the expeditious processing of the redesignation request and SIP

revision. Should you have any questions or need additional information, please contact Joyce E. Epps, Director, Bureau of Air Quality, bye-mail at jeepps@pa.gov or by telephone at

717.787.9702.

Sincerely,

Dana K. Aunkst Acting Secretary

Enclosures

# C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania



# State Implementation Plan Revision:

Maintenance Plan and Comprehensive Inventory Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area

1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards

December 201 4

Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105

- 8468

717

- 787

- 9495

www.dep. state.pa.usThis page intentionally left blank

.- i

- Table of Contents

I. Introduction and Overview

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1

A. Health and Environmental Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 )

.................... 1

B. Sources of PM 2.5 and Precursor Pollutants of Concern

................................ ............ 3

C. Purpose and Structure of this SIP Revision

................................ ............................. 5

D. Public Participation

................................ ................................ ................................ 10

II. Emission Inventories

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 10

A. Baseline Year (2005) Emissions

................................ ................................ ............ 11

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

........................... 12

C. Attainment Year (2011) Emissions for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

........................... 15

D. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 2025

................................ .......... 16

E. Interim Year (2017) Emissions

................................ ................................ .............. 21

F. Maintenance Year (2025) Emissions

................................ ................................ ..... 21

G. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test

................................ ................................ ......... 22

III. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

................................ ................................ .. 23

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

................................ ...................... 23

1. Stationary Point Sources

................................ ................................ ............ 26

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

................................ ................................ .......... 32

3. Nonroad Sources

................................ ................................ ........................ 36

4. Stationary Area Sources

................................ ................................ ............. 37

B. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity

........................ 39

IV. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

................................ ................................ ........ 43

V. Verification of Continued Attainment

................................ ................................ ............... 43

VI. Contingency Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 43- ii

- Table of Tables

Table II

- 1: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 12

Table II

- 2: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 15

Table II

- 3: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 2011 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 16

Table II

- 4: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons

per Year)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 20

Table II

- 5: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year)

............. 21

Table II

- 6: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year)

............. 22

Table II

- 7: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Maintenance Emissions Test

................................ ... 23

Table III

- 1: Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025 from Control

Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 25

Table III

- 2: Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2011 to 2025 from Control

Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 25

Table III

- 3: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year)

................................ .................. 40

Table III

- 4: Comparison of Safety Margin to Total Anticipated Emission Reductions in

2017 and 2025

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 40

Table III

- 5: Comparison o f 2025 On

- Road Mobile VOC, NH 3 , and SO 2 Emissions to the

Total Projected 2025 Inventory

................................ ................................ ................ 41

Table of Figures

Figure 1. Pie Charts of 2012 Speciation Data

................................ ................................ .............. 42- iii

- APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: STATIONARY POINT SOURCES

A

- 1 Methodology

– Preparation of Pennsylvania Point Source Inventories and

Instructions for Completing the Annual Emissions Reporting Forms

A

- 2 200 5 Emissions Inventory

A

- 3 Facility Annual Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

A

- 4 Emissions Inventory

– 2011

A

- 5 Emission Reduction C redits

APPENDIX B: STATIONARY AREA SOURCES

B

- 1 Pennsylvania 2007 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimation

Methods (Dec. 2009)

B

- 2 Area Source Annual Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

B

- 3 Marcellus Shale Emissions Methodology

APPENDIX C: REGIONAL EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND PROJECTION

METHODOLOGY

C

- 1 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2007Emission

Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modeling in the Northeast/Mid

- Atlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 2 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2017/2020 Emission

Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modeling in the Northeast/Mid

- Atlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & Infrastru cture and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 3 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2025 Emission

Inventory for PM Nonattainment Countie s in the MANE

- VU Region

Version 3.3 Rev. 1 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 4 Technical Memo Emission Factors for Condensable PM

APPENDIX D: HIGHWAY VEHICLE SOURCES INVENTORY INFORMATION

D

- 1 Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory

– An Explanation of

Methodology

D

- 2 Highway Emissions Estimates

– 2007, 2011, 2017, 2025

D

- 3 MOVES Input Parameter Summary

D

- 4 MOVES Input and Output Files

APPENDIX E: NONROAD SOURCES

E

- 1 Nonroad Source Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

APPENDIX F: INVENTORY COMPARISON 2007/2011 /2025

F

- 1 Summary of Comparison

F

- 2 Emissions Inventory Data- 1

-

I. I NTRODUCTION AND O VERVIEW

A. Health and Environmental Effect s of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 )

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and allergens (such as fragments of pollen or mold spores). Fine particulates o r PM 2.5 describes particulate matter th at is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, approximately 1/30th the

diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size, fine particles can penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have s hown a significant association between exposure to fine particles and premature death from heart or lung disease. Fine particles can aggravate heart and lung diseases and have been linked to effects such as cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, he art attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and restricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitiv e to fine particle exposure include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and

children. The article “Fine

- Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the

United States

, ” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. published January 22, 2009

, in the

New England Journal of Medicine

, evaluate d the role PM 2.5 reductions occurring in the 1980s and 1990s had on the increased life expectancy observed over that period. The study found that a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) of PM 2.5 was associ ated with an average increase in life expectancy of

7.3 months.

PM 2.5 has significant environmental impacts, including acid rain and stream eutrophication. PM 2.5 also affects visibility (regional haze) through the scattering and absorption of light. Fine particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, are most efficient, per unit of mass, at reducing visibility. Soiling and materials damage can also be ca used by PM 2.5 in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated PM 2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evaluating hundreds of health studies and conducting an extensive peer review process. The

EP A established an annual primary (health

- based) and secondary (welfare

- based)

standard of 1 5.0 μg/m 3 , based on the 3

- year average of annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and secondary 24

- hour

standard of 65 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile of

24

- hour concentrations. In 2006, the EPA promulgated a revised 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 35 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile of

24

- hour concentrations. The annual PM 2.5 standard was not revised ( 71 F R 61 144 (October 17, 2006)).- 2

- On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the 1997

PM 2.5 standard based on 2001

- 2003 air qu ality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designa tions became effective on April 5, 2005. The EPA designated eight areas c omprised of all or portions of 21 counties in Pennsylvania

as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. On April 5, 2005, the EPA published a supplemental notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available PM 2.5 quality

- assured and certified air quality data from 2002

- 2004. The EPA ’s supplemental notice was published in

the Federal Register on April 14, 2005 (70 FR 19844 ). Mercer County was the only county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania) for which the EPA changed the designation for the area from

nonattainment to attainment based on the 2002

- 2004 air quality data

.

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area , consisting of Beaver, Butler, Washington,

Westmoreland c ounties and portions of Allegheny, Armstrong, Green and

Lawrence c ount ies 1

, was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania designated by t he

EPA as nonatt ainment for the 1997 PM 2.5 N AAQS. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the area violated the 1997

annual PM 2.5 standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 based on 2001

- 20 03 monitoring data

. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area did not violate the 1997 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS of

65 μg/m 3

.

On October 8 , 200 9 , the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 2006

PM 2.5 standard based on 200 6

- 200 8 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (7 4 FR 58688 )

. The EPA designated seven areas c omprised of all or portions of

2 2 counties in Pennsylvania as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. The designations

became effective on December 14, 2009

.

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was one of seven areas in Pennsylvania designated by t he EPA as nonattainment for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2 .5 N AAQS.

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the

area violated the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 3 5 μg/m 3 based on 200 6

- 20 0 8 monitoring data

.

On April 25, 2014, the EPA finalized a rule to classify areas currently designated

nonattainment for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS as “moderate.” The final

rule was published in the Federal Register on June 2, 2014 (79 FR 31566 ). The

EPA classification of the nonattainment areas as “moderate” was as a result of a

decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

1 All of Allegheny County, except Lincoln Borough, Clairton City, Glassport Borough, Liberty Borough, Port Vue Borough which comprise the Liberty

- Clairton PM 2.5 Nonattainment Area; Elderton Borough and Plumcreek and Washington Townships in Armstrong County; Monongahela Township in Greene County ; and Township of Taylor south of New Castle City in Lawrence County.- 3

- regarding Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act (CAA) , which is discussed in

more detail later in this document.

B. Sources of PM 2.5 and Precursor Pollutants of Concern

Fine particulate matter can be emitted directly or formed secondarily in the atmosphere. PM 2.5 emitted directly into the air in a stable solid or liquid chemical form (inclu ding PM 2.5 that is formed near its source by condensation) is referred to as “primary” PM 2.5

. PM 2.5 is formed by chemical reactions of gases in the atmosphere is considered to be “secondary” PM 2.5 . The chemical composition of

PM 2.5 in an area depends on the mix of emissions, location, time of year, and

weather. The chemical composition of PM 2.5 can include sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, particle

- bound water, black (elemental) carbon, a great variety of organic compounds, and miscellane ous inorganic material

, such as dust and

metals.

Primary PM 2.5 includes soot from diesel engines, condensed organic material from incomplete combustion and compounds from condensation during combustion or smelting.

The atmospheric chemistry of PM 2.5 formation is complex. Formation of secondary PM 2.5 depends on numerous factors

, including the relative concentration of precursors, atmospheric conditions and the interactions of precursors with each other and with other particles, clouds or fog. The

con tribution of different pre cursors will vary by location.

The principal forms of secondary PM 2.5 include:

 Sulfates, formed from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from power plants and industrial facilities ;

 Nitrates, formed from emissions of nitrogen oxid es (NO X ) from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources ;

 Ammonium, formed primarily from emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) from animal operations ; and

 Secondary organic aerosol

, formed from emissions of v olatile organic

c ompounds ( VOCs ) from incomplete combustion and evaporation fr om a wide diversity of sources.

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that the chemical and physical properties of particulate matter vary greatly with ti me, region, meteorology and source

category. 2 Therefore, effective control measures for PM 2.5 will vary among nonattainment areas

.

2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM 2.5

, 71 FR 61144, October 17, 2006- 4

- By way of background, the EPA’s “ Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006

24

- Hour Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard, ” Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA

, was issued on March 2, 2012 (later withdrawn) . In the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, the EPA adopted the framework and policy approach the agency espoused in its implementati on rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, known as the “ Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule ” (7 2 FR 20586 ; April 25, 2007) ( “I mplementation

R ule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS” )

.

In its I mplementation R ule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, the EPA had established

gen eral presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. 3 In that earlier rule, t he EP A require d states to
evaluate control measures for SO 2 and primary PM 2.5 i n all locations. The EPA require d states to evaluate control measures for NO X unless a technical

demonstration is made to show that NO X emissions from sources in the state do not significantly contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations in the nonattainment area

. The EPA require d states to evalua te measures for VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show VOC or NH 3 emissions significantly

contribute to PM 2.5 in the nonattainment area.

The EPA reaffirmed the appropriateness of these presumptions in the Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. Meanwhile, the

U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense

Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250 . On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case

. The D

. C

. Circuit granted the petitions for review and

remanded the case to the EPA to re

- promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of

Part D of the CAA , rather than implementing it under Subpart 1, as the EPA had

done ( 706 F.3d 428 at 437(D

. C

. Cir. 2013) )

.

Shortly thereafter, the EPA withdrew its Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006

24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS

. According to the EPA’s June 6 , 2013

, withdrawal

memorandum 4

, the EPA withdrew the guidance in response to the Court’s

decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250

.

This Maintenance Plan demonstrates maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling. In general, the C ourt’s decision (for

the 1997 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- Hour

PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline

3 The EPA’s definition of “PM 2.5 attainment pla n precursor” can be found in 40 CFR § 51.1000, which reads: “ PM 2.5 attainment plan precursor means S0 2 and those other PM 2.5 precursors emitted by sources in the State which the

State must evaluate for emission reduction measures to be included in its PM 2.5 nonattainment area or maintenance area plan.”

4 “Withdrawal of Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle ( PM 2.5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),” Stephen D. Page, EPA, June 6, 2013.- 5

- for implementation of reasona bly available and best available control measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6 )

. Since the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is already attaining the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, however, those

considerations are not relevant for this M aintenance P lan . The C o urt noted that

PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptively regulated in

PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to

S ection 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the

court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] ( 706 F.3d at 436,

n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. A ccording to CAA Section 189(e), control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary

sources of PM 10 precurs ors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of Section 189 ( e).

Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC

, and NH 3 for the

maintenance demonstration

.

T his revision to the State Implementation Plan ( SIP) provides emissions information for all pollutants ( PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC

, and NH 3 ), as required by the EPA’s guidance entitled, “Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations.” 5

C. Purpose a nd Structure o f t his SIP Revision

In December 2004

, after consultation with states and receipt of public input, the EPA designated eight areas in Pennsylvania

, compris ing all or part s of

21 Pennsylvania counties

, as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2001

- 2003 air qu a lity monitoring data

. Under Section 110 of

the CAA

, Pennsylvania is required to develop a revision to the SIP to demonstrate

how the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area will attain the 1997 standard by April 2010, meet emission reduction requirements in the CAA and ensure that in the event of a future violation or failure to meet emission reduction milestones, the area is brought back to atta inment as quickly as possible.

However, o n October 12, 2012

, the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area had attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area ha d

monitored attainment based on 2008

- 2010 and 2009

- 2011 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 77 FR 62147 )

. This final action suspended the requirements for Pennsylvania to submit an attainment demonstration for this area and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revision s rela ted to the attainment

5 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.- 6

- of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997

PM 2.5 NAAQS 6

.

On November 13, 2009, the EPA designated seven areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 22 Pennsylvania counties, as 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

nonattainment areas based on 2006

- 2008 air quality monitoring data (74 FR 58688). Section 110 of the CAA requires Pennsylvania to develop a

revision to the SIP to demonstrate how the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area will attain the standard by December 2014 , meet emission reduction requirements in

the CAA and ensure that in the event of a future violation or failure to meet emission reduction milestones, the area is brought back to attainment as quickly as possible.

On May 2, 2014 , the EPA determined that t he Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area had

attained the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment

based on 20 10

- 20 12 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 7 9 FR 25014 ). The final

Clean Data Determ i nation suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning S IP

revisions related to the attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the

area continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. 7

The EPA’s determination of attainment for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and the Clean

Data Determination for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 N AAQS d id not “ redesignate ”

the area as “attainment.” The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area remain s a designated nonattainment area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS until the Commonwealth submits, and the EPA approves, a Request for R edesignation and

a Maintenance P lan showing the area can mainta in the standard s for at least

10 years after redesignation

. N onattainment new source review continue s to apply until the EPA redesignates the area to attainment ( 72 FR 20603 )

. Transportation conformity and gene ra l conformity also apply ; they will continue to apply to the area even after redesignation by the EPA as attainment

. The C lean

D ata D etermination s do not suspend the CAA Sec tion 172(c)(3) requirement to
establish a comprehensive inventory for all pollutants considered potential

precursor s to PM 2.5 and for direct emissions of PM 2.5.

This SIP revision includes the Maintenance P lan for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

Area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS and the 200 7 comprehensive

in ventory required under Sec tion 172(c)(3) of the CAA for the 2006 NAAQS.

6 In the same notice, the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS by the appl icable attainment date of April 5, 2010, based on quality

- assured, quality

- co ntrolled and certifi ed monitoring data for the 2007

- 2009 monitoring period. This determination of attainment fulfills the EPA's obligation pursuant to section 179(c)(1) of the CAA.

. 7 Because the attainment date has not passed, the EPA’s action was limit ed to a clean data determination and was not a determination of attainment pursuant to section 179(c)(1) of the CAA.- 7

- The 2007 comprehensive i nventory includes point, area, highway and nonroad

sources of direct PM 2.5 , PM 10 (particles less than 10 microns in diameter), SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3

. T he 2007 comprehensive inventory also serves as the attainment year inventory representing a level of emissions sufficient for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area to attain the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS. For the 2006

PM 2.5 NAAQS, t he 2011 emissions inventory is used as the attainment year inventory. The EPA previously approved a 2002 emissions inventory for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area as meeting the requirements of Section 172(c)(3)

for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS on December 13 , 2012 (77 FR 74115 ).

To demonstrate maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for this area, Pennsylvania is

show ing that the future emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors w ill remain at levels that will provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years after redesignation

, taking economic, population and travel growth into account ( See “Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,” John Calcagni , EPA, (September 4, 1992) (1992 Calcagni Memo) )

. This Maintenance

P lan contains attainment year invento ries for 2007 and 2011 and demonstrates

that emissions i n 2017 and 2025 will remain at levels that will provide for

maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. The plan describes emission

reduction measures that have been previously adopted; it neither changes existing measures nor adopts additional measures

. The P lan indicates how M aintenance

P lan progress will be tracked and identifies measures that would be available to promptly correct any NAAQS violation.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA requires t hat a Maintenance Plan be fully approved by the EPA before an area can be redesignated as attainment. The

Maintenance Plan is considered a SIP revision under Section 110 of the CAA

. A state may submit the R equest for Redesignation and the Maintenance Plan at the same time and federal rulemaking on both may proceed on a parallel track.

Pursuant to Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, t he R equest for Redesignation submitted concurrently with this Maintenance Plan indicates that the Pitt sburgh

Beaver Valley Area has attained the NAAQS and that attainment wa s due to permanent and enforceable control measures. The R equest for Redesignation also

demonstrates that the Commonwealth has met all of the regulatory and planning requirements under the CAA for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area that we re due

before the date of the R equest for R edesignation

.

In Section 5 of the 1992 Calcagni Memo, the EPA re commends the following to ensure maintenance of the NAAQS:

 The state should continue to operate an appropriate air quality monitoring network in order to verify the area’s attainment status (addressed in

Section IV of th is Plan);- 8

-  The state should develop an emissions inventory to identify the level of emissions sufficient to attain the NAAQS. This “attainment year

i nventory” was developed for 2007 for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and for

2011 for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS ;

 The state may demonstrate maintenan ce by show ing that the future emissions of a pollutant or its precursors will not exceed the level of the attainment inventory over at least 10 years following redesignation, taking economic growth into account. The Pennsylvania Department of

Environmenta l Protectio n ( DEP o r Department) has develop ed emission

inventories for 2025 and for 2017 , an interim year between the attainment year and the maintenance year (addressed in Section II of this Plan) ;

 The Commonwealth should ensure that it has th e legal au thority to imp lement and enforce all measures necessary to attain and maintain the NAAQS, and indicate how M aintenance P lan progress will be tracked (addressed in Sections III and V of this Plan and the R equest for Redesignation ); and

 The Commonwealth should identify measures that would be available to promptly correct any NAAQS violation (addressed in Section VI of this Plan).

Th e Maintenance Plan describes how the Commonwealth will meet those criteria.

Th is Maintenance Plan demonstrates that the 199 7 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS will

be maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area to attainment of the standard s , as required under Section 175A of the

CAA. T he Maintenance Plan shows that emission leve ls of PM 2.5 and its

precursors over the 1 0 years following redesignation remain at levels that will provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

, even considering growth in populatio n and vehicle miles traveled.

Th is Maintenance Plan also shows that t he following state and federal programs will ensure the continuing dec rease of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , and VOC emissions :

 The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and the Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) ;

 Emission limits for large industrial boilers;

 State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion engines , and smaller sources o f NO X ;

 State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of Significant De terioration (PSD) regulations;

 State requirements for Best Available Technology ( BA T ) ;

 State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil ;- 9

-  State regulation of new natural gas compression and/or processing

facilities ;

 The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control programs for p assenger and light

- duty trucks;

 The Pennsylv ania and federal heavy

- duty di esel emission control

programs;

 Vehicle emission inspection and maintenance programs;

 Federal fuel programs for highway vehicles and nonroad mobile equipment; an d

 Federal regulation of offroad diesel and gasoline

- powered vehic les and equipment.

Th e emission reductions from the programs listed below were not included in the 2017 and 2025 emission inventories and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration of maintenance. However, emission reductions from these measures may nonetheless assist the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area in maintaining the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

 The Diesel

- Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act , Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act) was approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705).

 NO X and VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood

Fired Boile rs regulation

. The Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boiler regulation was published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on October 2, 2010 (40 Pa. B. 5571)

, and approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 (76 FR 58114).

 VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Adhesives, Sealants, Primers and Solvents regulation adopted on December 25, 2010

, and approved by the EPA as a SIP rev ision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).

 The federal Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program (79 FR 23414).

In th is Maintenance Plan, the Department provide s assurances that it will continue to operate the ambient air quality monitoring network in order to track

maintenance of the standard s and to evaluate emissions inventories periodically compared t o the projections provided in the P lan. The Department also provide s a list of potential contingency measures that it would consider to correct any violation of the NAAQS that occurs af ter redesignation of the area.

Eight years following redesignation, t he Commonwealth will submit a revised plan that ensures attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS through 2035

.- 10

-

D. Public P articipation

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA, 40 CFR § 51.102(d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution

Control Act ( 35 P.S. § 4007.5 (b) )

. On November 15 , 2014

, t he Department provided not ice of a public comment period and a hearing on the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area Maintenance Plan for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

, the 2007 comprehensive inventory required by Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and the Request to Redesignate the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area to attainment for the

1997 and 2006 PM 2. 5 standard s

. The Department conduct ed a public hearing on

December 16, 2014. However , n o one attended the public hearing or provided written comments prior to the close of the public comment period on

December 16, 2014.

II

. E MISSION I NVENTORIES

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for th e Pitt sburgh

Beaver Valley Area , Pennsylvania is show ing that the future emissions of PM 2.5 and its

precursors w ill remain at levels that will provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

for at least 10 years, taking economic, population and travel growth into account. This

Maintenance P lan contains a 2007 attainment year inventory for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and a 2011 attainment year inventory for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Maintenance P lan

demonstrates that emissions in 2017 and 2025 will remain at levels lower than both 2007 and 2011, thus providing for maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. 8 This

Mainte nance Plan also contains a 2005 baseline inventory that represents the emissions present when the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area did not meet the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. In addition, this SIP revision fulfills the requirement for a comprehensive inventory u nder 40 CFR § 51.1008 to meet the requirements of S ection 172(c)(3) of the

CAA for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

. As specified by the EPA, the pollutants inventoried by Pennsylvania include direct PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3

. Information on the manmade sources of these pollutants was compiled for:

 “Stationary point sour ces” (or “point” sources)

, which are sources for which the Department collects individual emissions

- related information. Generally

, they represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

 “ Stationary a rea sources
, ” which are industrial

, commercial , and residential

sources too small or too numerous to be handled individually . These include

, but

are not limited to

, commercial and residential open burning, architectural and industrial maintenance coatings application and clean

- up, consumer product use, and vehicle refueling at service sta tions. Where there is overlap between

8 Throughout this document, emissions inventory data was rounded to the nearest ton prior to summarizing the emissions inventory data.- 11

- stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the area source values are adjusted to remove any double counting.

 “Highway vehicles

, ” which include passenger cars and light

- duty trucks, other trucks, buses and motorcycles.

 “Nonroad sources

, ” which encompass a diverse collection of engines

, including

, but not limited to

, outdoor power equipment, recreational vehicles, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment,

recreational marine vessels , commercial marine vessels, locomotives, ships, and

aircraft.

Pennsylvania and other Northeastern and Mid

- Atlantic states participated in a regional

effort to refine the emissions inventory and to compile a regional emissions inventory

. T he Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) coordinated that regional effort, which allowed states to pool their resources to compile a regional

emissions inventory for the purpose of conducting the regional modeling analysis used in Pennsylvania’s air quality management p lanning efforts to attain the 8

- hour ozone NAAQS and the PM 2.5 NAAQS, and to prepare the regional haze plan

.

A. Baseline Year (2005) Emissions

An emission s inventory is an est imate of the emissions from sources in a

p articular area. The 2005 baseline year emissions inventory represents the emissions present during a time period when the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

did not meet the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Department c onsidered using 2002 as the baseline year; however, condensable PM 2.5 emissions were not
accounted for in the 2002 emissions inventory, which makes the comparison of the 2002 inventory to the 2007, 2011, 2017, and 2025 inventories problematic.

The 2005 Na tional Emissions Inventory (NEI) was the next available periodic emission inventory developed by the EPA and includes adjustments made by the

EPA to account for condensable PM 2.5 emissions

.

The 2005 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local agencies and industry, as well as estimates generated by the EPA. The 2005 NEI was based in part on information submitted by the Department under the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule ( CERR), which was published in the Federal Register on Monday, June 10, 2002 (67 FR 39602) . The CERR required States to prepare and submit a comprehensive statewide inventory every three

years.

The 2005 baseline year inventory includes the pollutants PM 1 0 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3 . The inventory consists of sources in four sectors: point source, nonpoint or stationary area sources, highway vehicl e sources and nonroad

sources

.- 12

- Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were generated using the MOBILE6

model. It is problematic to compare results generated by MOBILE6 to results generated by MOVES2010 (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator)

. For the same

number of vehicle miles traveled ( VMT ) and other parameters, the MOBILE6 model predicts higher VOC and significantly lower NO X and PM 2.5 emissions

than MOVES2010 , which was used to generate the 2007, 2017

, and 2025

inventories

. In addition, the Department’ s MOVES2010 runs use more detailed road segment data necessary to properly apportion th e emissions to the partial

county portion s of the nonattainment area. Therefore, the Department did not use the 2005 NEI emission estimates for highway vehicle emissions. Instead, the Departm ent linearly interpolated MOVES 2010 emission estimates for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area that were available for 2002 and 2007.

The NEI data can be accessed at: http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory.html . Appendix A

- 2 contains summary data for 2005

. Table II

- 1 summarizes the emissions for 2005.

Table II

- 1: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2005 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 27,817 33,370 470,511 92,808 5,553 738

Area Sources 7,916 41,206 9,905 8,622 36,683 2,948 Highway Vehicle Sources 1,898 2,304 875 58,268 22,306 934

Non

- Road Sources 1,539 1,598 2,364 31,519 11,499 14

Totals 39,170 78,478 483,655 191,217 76,041 4,634

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

Stationary Point Sources. The 2007 stationary point source in ventor y was based on emissions reported to the Department by the owners and operators of facilities. The Department requires owners and operators of larger facilities to submit annual production figures and emission calculations each year. Throughput data are multiplied by emission factors from the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System and the EPA’s publication series AP

- 42 and are based on Source Classification Code (SCC). Each process has at least one SCC assigned to it. If the owners and operators of facilities provide more accurate emission data based upon other factors, these emission est imates supersede those calculated using SCC codes. Appendix A

- 1 includes information on stationary point source emission methodology, and Appendix A

- 3 includes the data se t for facility 2007

annual emissions

, as well as projected facility emissions for 20 17 and 2025.

Condensable PM is a vapor or gas at stack temperature that condenses to a l iquid

or solid at stack exit. Condensable emissions from electric generating units ( EGU s ) were not reported uniformly by all facilities

. Because of the need to consider the effect of condensable emissions from EGUs on regional haze and- 13

- fine particles, the 2007 inventory data was augmented, utilizing the condensable emission factors for EGUs developed for MARAMA i n 2008 to calculate

condens able PM emissions where that data was mi ssing

. Appendix C

- 4 contains the technical memorandum describing how the emission factors were developed. The general process is to use the emission factors and heat input to calculate the

condensable PM ( PM

- CON ) e missions, and then to perform the gap filling for compounds missing from the facility

- reported emissions

.

Stationary Area Sources

. Stationary a rea source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known indicator or collective activity for each area source category at the county level. Pennsylvania

estimates emissions from stationary area sources using emission f actors and SCC

codes in a m ethod similar to that used for stationary point s ources. Emission factors may also be derived from research and guidance documents if those

documents are more accurate than FIRE and AP

- 42 factors. Throughput

estimates are deriv ed from county

- level activity data, by apportioning national or statewide activity data to counties, from census numbers, and from county employee numbers. County employee numbers are based upon North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes to establish that those numbers are

spe cific to the industry covered.

The EPA emissions inventories and emission estimation tools were used to create the 2007 area source inventory. For many area source categories, the most recent

EPA data was used. These categories included ammonia emissions from

livestock and fertilizers whi ch came from a recent application of the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) ammonia model to produce 2007 emissions ; output from a version of the Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) model developed by

the EPA and run with updated 2007 data to produce emission estimates for that

source category ; and the EPA data on wildfire emissions developed as part of the EPA’s SMARTFIRE system. The EPA develops area source emission estimation methodologies and estimates for the NEI on a three

- year cycle. Where 2008 NEI

dat a were used to fill in missing categories in the 2007 inventory, no growth adjustment was made to the emissions with the assumption that activity in 2008

and 2007 was similar.

For fugitive dust area sources, the 2007 inventory was adjusted to apply the EP A

PM “ transport factors” to fugitive dust sources.

Appendix B

- 1 co ntains the methodology for the 2007 Pennsylvania area source

inve ntory. Additional methodology information is availa ble in the technical support document for the 2007 regional inventory wh ich is contained in Appendix C

- 1 . Appendix B

- 2 contains the stationary area source emissions data

for 2007 , 2017

, and 2025 for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

.

Highway Vehicle Sources. The E PA’s MOVES 2010 has been the official model for estimating air pollution emissions from onroad m obile sources including- 14

- buses, cars, trucks

, and motorcycles. 9 MOVES2010 replace d MOBILE6.2

, the previous mobile source emissions model

. Therefore, t he Department employed

MOVES2010 t o estimate the onroad emissions inventory for 2007, 2017

, and

2025

.

Additional information on highway emission method ology is available in Appendix D. Appendix D

- 1 summarizes the methodology and data inputs used to produce the mobile source emissions inventory. Appendix D

- 2 provides the 2007 attainment year and 2017 and 2025 projections of mobile (highway ) VMT and

annual PM 2.5 direct and prec ursor emissions. Appendix D

- 3 describes the model inputs used to generate emission factors for a spe cific area. Some examples of th e inputs described in Appendix D

- 3 are the type and frequency of vehicle emission testing, the fuel types required in the area, temperatures by month, and fleet a ge. The summary in Appendix D

- 3 indicates when default inform ation contained in the model is used rather than specific area i nformation.

Nonroad Sources

. The 2007 inventory for the majority of nonroad cat egories was generated using NMIM 2008 (National Mobile Inventory Model) of which the

NONROAD m odel is a part. The NONROAD model estimates emissions for diesel, gas oline, liquefied petroleum gas , and compressed natural gas

- fueled nonroad equipment types and includes growth factors. For nonroad vehicle s the

NMIM does not estimate emissions from aircraft , locomotives

, or commercial marine vessels. Emissions from aircraft, locomotives, and commercial marine

vessels were estimate d using EPA guidance and best available information. If specific local operational data was available, that data was used to est imate

emissions. State and national data was used if local data was unavailable. NM IM includes emissions from airport ground support equipment. However, emissions for airport ground support equipment calculated by NMIM were removed because

the EPA consi ders the emissions calculated by the EDMS ( Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System) to be better estimates of the emissions from airport ground support equipment. Growth estimates for source categories modeled by

NMI M are included in the model. The EPA default values were used for most categories

.

Aircraft. For airport emissions, the Department used the database developed by

the EPA to support the 2008 NEI, as described in the technical support document for the development of the 2 007 inventory in Appendix C

- 1.

Railroad Emissions

. The Department used the emissions inventory developed by the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee (ERTAC). Emissions from

2007 and 2008 were considered to be identical. ERTAC completed a nationwide inventory w ith the assistance of the railroad associations and submitted the

9 On October 7, 2014, the EPA officially released MOVES2014 (79 FR 60343). Although states are required to use the most recent motor vehicle emissions estimation model available, the EPA recognized in its release that states that have completed significant work on a SIP can continue to use MOVES2010. This situation applies to the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Maintenance Plan.- 15

- inventory to the EPA. The ERTAC inventory was the accepted inventory for the 2008 NEI and was loaded into the EPA’s Emission Inventory System (EIS). The Department made slight modification s in cooperation with ERTAC that resulted in changes in emissi ons of smaller Class III railroads operating in Pennsylvania

, which included locomotive yard operations. The Department had developed its own inventory using information received from a statewi de survey of railroad operational data. The Department determined that ERTAC’s methodology and inventory were similar to the D epartment’s method except in the cases of some

smal ler railroads mentioned above.

E RTAC developed an emissions inventory for Class I, II, and III line haul activity based on fuel use, tonnage carried by the railroad using each individual rail link,

current in

- use locomotive emission standards, and rail link use. Track grade and locomotive p ower settings were not considered. ERTAC based their yard

locomotive emissions on (1) name and location of rail yards, (2) number of switchers operating per yard, (3) the tier/year of switchers, (4) annual fuel use (gal lons /y ear ) for switchers per yard, ( 5) approximate duty cycle or just percent of time in idle for operating switchers, and (6) temporal characteristics of the

switcher’s use.

Summary of 2007 Emissions Inventory. A n emissions inventory of 2007

emissions of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3 for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area identifies PM and PM precursor emissions during the period when Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was attaining the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. Table I I

- 2

s ummarizes the emissions for 200 7

. E missions of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2, NOx, V OC,

and NH 3 decreased by 54 percent, 57 percent, 6 percent, 11 percent, 17 percent

, and 15 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2007.

Table II

- 2: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 8,913 14,518 438,716 92,750 3,186 584

Area Sources 6,392 15,761 12,817 7,946 28,991 2,474 Highway Vehicle Sources 1,692 2,087 378 49,052 20,194 858

Non

- Road Sources 1,151 1,232 694 21,175 10,834 16

Totals 18,148 33,598 452,605 170,923 63,205 3,932

C

. Attainment Year (2011 ) Emissions for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

The 2011 attainment year emissions inventory represents the emissions present during a time period when the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area attained the 2006

PM 2.5 NAAQS. The 20 11 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local agencies and industry, as well as estim ates generated by the EPA.- 16

- The 20 11 attainment year inventory includes the pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3 . The inventory consists of sources in four sectors: point

source, nonpoint or stationary area sources, highway vehicl e sources and nonroad

sources.

The Department used NEI version 2 data for the point source, stationary area

source and nonroad source sectors. The Department did not use the 2011 NEI emission estimates for highway vehicle emissions. The Department completed MOVES2010 runs for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley that use more detailed road segment data necessary to properly appo rtion the emissions to the partial county

areas in the nonattainment area . See, Appendix D for more information.

The NEI data was obtained from the EPA’s Emission Inventory System. Appendix A

- 4 contains summary data for 2011

. PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2, NOx, V OC,

and NH 3 emissions decreased by 5 8 percent, 58 percent, 74 percent, 29 percent,
32 percent and 12 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2011

. Table II

- 3

s ummarizes the emissions for 2011

.

Table II

- 3 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 20 11 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2011 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 7,287 10,381 122,541 80,746 3,333 322

Area Sources 7,455 20,867 3,841 19,667 26,012 3,109 Highway Vehicle Sources 967 1,304 149 29,184 14,813 624

Non

- Road Sources 667 700 20 7,110 7,832 10

Totals 16,376 33,252 126,551 136,707 51,990 4,065

D

. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 202 5

This section describes the data, methods, and assumptions utilized in developing

estimates o f emissions changes between 2007 and interim year 2017 and maintenance year 2025

. Appendix C

- 2 contains the technical support document

for the d evelopment of the 2017 e mission s inventory . Appendix C

- 3 contains the technical support document for the development of the 2025 emissions inventory.

The document s prov ide details on the specific factors, control assumptions, and implementation schedules used in the emission projection calcula tions for each source category. MARAMA coordinated development of the projection inventories for the regional inventory, consisting of the states in the

Mid

- Atlantic/Northeast Visibility U nion and Virginia (MANE

- VU+VA).

The 2007 and 2011 emission inventories were compared to demonstrate that it is appropriate to compar e the 2011 emission inventory to the future year inventories for 2017 and 2025 that were projected from the 2007 inventory. Because the 2011 emissions inventory is lower than the 2007 emissions inventory, lower

emissions in 2017 and 2025 would be estimate d if projected from the 2011- 17

- emissions inventory. It is therefore a conservative approach to compare the 2011 attainment year emissions to the future year inventories for 2017 and 2025 projected from the 2007 emissions inventory. The inventory analysis s hows that a decreasing trend in emissions is anticipated through 2025 from both the 2007 and 2011 inventory base years . See Appendix F for more detailed information related to the comparison of the 2007 and 2011 emission inventories.

EGUs

. A nnual 2007 EGU point emissions were “ grown ” to 2017 and 2025 using growth factors based on AEO2011 Table 96

- Electricity Generation by Electricity Market Module Region and Fuel Source

. The appropriate AEO2011 growth factor was applied to the 2007 emissio ns to calculate a “growth only”

emission value for 2025. P ost

- 2007 controls or shut downs were applied on a

unit

- by

- unit basis

. The control factors were applied to the grown emissions to calculate a “growth and control” emission value for 2025. The proj ected 2017

and 2025 PM 2.5 emissions for EGUs also include condensable PM emissions

bec ause they were projected from the 2007 inventory which was adjusted to account for condensable PM, as discussed in Sectio n II

- B above

. A more detailed description of the methodology used to project emissions from EGUs is located in the technical support document for the development of the 2025 emi ssions inventory in Appendix C

- 3

.

Non

- EGU Point Sources and Stationary Area Sources. For non

- EGU point

sources and stationary area sources

, the emission projections for the 2017 a nd

2025 were based on Version 3 .3 of the 2007 MANE

- VU+VA inventory, which

was adjusted to apply the EPA PM “transport factors” to fugitive dust area

sources.

The methodology for projecti ng emissions to 2017 and 2025 is documented in the technical support documents for the development of the 2017 and 2025 emissions inventories contained in Appendix C

- 2 and Appendix C

- 3, respectively. These documents were prepared for MARAMA as part of an effort to assist states in developing maintenance plans for fine particles. The documents describe the data sources, methods, and r esults for emission forecasts.

Non

- EGU point source and stationary area source grow th factors were developed using :

 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) fuel c onsumption forecasts;

 State

- level employment projections by NAICS code; and

 Other state

- specific emission projection data.

Generally

, AEO projection factors were used for fuel consumption sources and employment data for other source categories. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) publishes the AEO annually. The AEO contains long

- term projections of energy supply, demand and prices. AEO2010 fuel

- use forecasts were available during inventory development. After AE O2011 was published,- 18

- MARAMA compared the AEO2010 and AEO2011 projections. Minor differences were found for most categories. Based on this analysis, t he AEO 2010

fuel

- use forecasts were used for all residential, commercial and industrial sector fuel use, e xcept for industri al natural gas usage, where AEO 2011 projections were

used.

Predicted declines in fuel use and employment resulted in negative growth factors

for some non

- EGU point source and stationary area source categories. Consequently, for some cat egories, emissions are lower for the projected future years than for the base year, eve n before the application of control assumptions. Because of the possibility that facilit y owners and operators could register and sell Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs) approved and certified by the Department

, Pennsylvania opted for the conservative approach of assuming no growth (growth factor=1) for non

- EGU point source categories with negative AEO or employment growth factors.

Unconventional Natural Gas Development (Marcellus Shale). The emissions growth due to a new emissions source, development of natural gas resources from

Marcellus Shale (and other deep formations), is included in the area source inventory. Unconventional natural ga s development is defined in A ct 13 of 2012 as “the development of a “geological shale formation existing below the base of the Elk Sandstone or its geologic equivalent stratigraphic interval where natural gas generally cannot be produced at economic flow rates or in economic volumes

e xcept by vertical or horizontal well bores stimulated by hydraulic fracture treatments or by using multilateral well bores or other techniques to expose more of the formation to the well bore.” This unconventional natural gas development

includes well dri lling, onsite processing (dehydrating) and transport of the gas with the use of compressor stations to the larger pipelines. Note that highway vehicle emissions relating to gas development are accounted for in the highway vehicle inventory.

Significant Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction activity has taken place in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area since 2007, when this activity did not exist. By

mid

- 201 3

, more than 2000 wells had been drilled in the area. 10 The Department

used the number of wells drilled in 2012 to project drilling

- related emissions. The Department assumed that drilling activity will remain fairly constant in the

foreseeable future

.

A ctivity of compressor stations will increase because t he volume of natural gas being pumped will likely increase from the present to the maintenance year. While some compressor engines were approv ed to operate at a limit of 2.0 grams of NO X per brake horsepower

- hour (g/bhp

- hr), c ompressor engines coming onli ne in the future are expected to be significantly cleaner, due to implementation of

DEP ’s General Permit BAQ

- GPA/GP

- 5, N atural Gas Compression and/or

10 http: //www.depretortingservices.state.pa.us/Report/Server/Pages/Report Viewer.aspx?/Oil_Gas/Wells_Drilled- 19

- Processing Facilities (GP

- 5) in February 2013

. 11 GP

- 5 limits NO X emissions of compressor station lean

- burn engines over 500 bhp, which is the engine type used predomi nately for compressors, at 0.50 g/bhp

- hr. Emission standards are also established for carbon monoxide, non

- methane non

- ethane hyd rocarbons and formaldehy de. GP

- 5 establishes standards for certain natural

- gas fired turbines, for storage vessels and for glycol dehydrators. Furthermore, federal regulations

codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart OOOO will require

, starting in January 2015,

that wells must captu re gas at the wellhead instead of releasing it to the atmosphere or flaring it off. The EPA has estimated that VOC emissions fr om hydraulically fractured well completions would decrease by 95 percent as a result of this regulation.

The Department now req uires annual emission reporting under 25 Pa. Code Chapter 135 (relating to reporting of sources) of unconventional natural gas development companies

. The initial annual source reporting for unconventional natural gas operations under 25 Pa. Code Chapter 1 35 began in 2012 for emissions during the 2011 calendar year. Annual source reports are now due for this sector by March 1 each year for emissions during the previous calendar year. Emissions were projected to 2017 and 2025 based on the most recent emiss ion inventory reports available (2013 for compressor engines and 2012 for all other sources).

Emissions in the partial counties of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area were assumed to be a percentage of the emissions projected for the entire county, based

o n proportion of county land mass (not including water) in the nonattainment

area.

See Appendix B

- 3 for more details on the methodology used for estimating

Marcellus Shale development activity and for the emission totals by pollutant.

Emission Reduction Credits. In accordance with 25 Pa. Code § 127.207 (relating to ERC generation and creation ), ERCs can be created by an owner or operator of an existing facility if the emission reductions are surplus, permanent, quantifiable and federall y enforceable. Following approval and registration of the credits, the ERCs can be either bought or sold to comply with the emission offset requirements for the construction of major new or modified stationary sources subject to nonattainment New Source R eview. ERCs generated from the over control of emissions at an existing facility do not expire for use as emission

offsets. The credits generated from the permanent curtailment of operations or the shutdown of a facility will expire for use as offsets te n years from the date of the shutdown or curtailment if they are not in use in a Plan Approval. Appendix A

- 5 contains a list of ERCs in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area.

Highway Vehicle Sources. The EPA’s a pproved highway vehicle emission model, MOVES 2010 , projects highway vehicle average fleet emission factors.

11 Available at http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/aq/perm its/gp.htm- 20

- State specific information was used where available and appropriate. Traffic forecasts were compiled using information from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s ( PennDOT ) Traffic I nformation System and

socioeconomic data. The Pennsylvania methodology for estimating highway

vehicle emissions is consistent with the April 2010 guidance published by the

EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality ( OTAQ ) entitled “ Technical

Guidance on the Use of MO VES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity

. ” Appendi ces D

- 1 throug h D

- 3 of this Maintenance Plan i nclude s pecific

information on the highway emission s inventory methodology , data files of

emissions estimates and MOVES input paramete rs

.

As shown in Table II

- 4

, VMT for the future analysis year increas es 3.5 percent
from 18.46 billion VMT in 2007 to 19.10 billion VMT in 2025 w ithin the

nonattainment area

. Despite the growth in VMT, emissions of the most significant vehicle

- related precursor, NO X , are significantly lower in the future

a nalysis year

. The emissions shown in Table II

- 4 do not include a transportation

confor mity safety margin, which will be discussed later in this docum ent. See

S ection III

- B relating to motor vehicle emission budgets for transportation conformity.

Table II

- 4 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area VMT (Miles) and

Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year)

Year VMT PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 2002 18,147,291,973 2,206 2,629 1,619 72,092 25,472 1,049

2005 18,333,727,275 1,898 2,304 875 58,268 22,306 934

2007 18,458,017,476 1,692 2,087 378 49,052 20,194 858

2011 16,173,513,026 967 1,304 149 29,184 14,813 624

2017 16,832,789,054 609 939 118 15,985 8,549 463

2025 19,097,507,627 467 826 118 9,735 5,125 453

Nonroad Sources

. Nonroad Sources in NMIM

. Projected emissions for the majority of nonroad emission source categories and pollutants were estimated using the NMIM , which contains default assumptions for projected years. The NMIM estimates emissions for diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas

- fueled nonroad equipment types and includes growth

factors. Control measures due to finalized emission standards for nonroad vehicles and engines are also accounted for in NMIM. Baseline emissions are multiplied by growth and control factors to obtain projected emissions.

Aircraft Emissions Growth

. Aircraft operations were projected to future y ears by applying activity growth using data on itinerant (ITN) operations at airports as reported in the FAA ’s Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) System for 2009

- 2030 (FAA 2010). The ITN operations are defined as aircraft take

- offs or landings.

This informatio n is a vailable for approximately 3,300 individual airports. Actual- 21

- take

- offs and landings are reported for 2007 and projected take

- offs and landings are provided for all years up to 2030. New aircraft emission controls that will be

used in the future wer e also taken into account.

Railroad Emissions Growth

. MANE

- VU+VA inventory development relied on AEO2010 growth projections published in May 2010. There are separate projections for passenger rail and freight rail energy use. Passenger rail data from

AEO2010 Table A

- 7 was used to calculate the growth factor f or 2007

- 2017 and

2007

- 2025. These growth factors were applied to inter

- city passenger train locomotives and independent commuter rail systems. For freight ra il, the data

from AEO2010 Table A

- 7 wa s used to calculate the growth factor for 2007

- 2017

and 2007

- 2025. F reight rail annual growth factors for Class I line haul

, Class II/I II line haul , and yard switch locomotives were used

.

Additional information about nonroad emission projection methodologies can also be found in Appendi ces C

- 2 and C

- 3, the technical support documents for the development of the 2017 and 2025 inventories, respectively. The t able of nonroad emissions data sorted by source category is available as Appendix E

- 1

.

E

. Interim Year (2017 ) Emissions

Tab le II

- 5 sum marize s the emissions expected in 2017 . These emissions take activity and emissions growth and/or controls fro m 2007 in to accoun t. Appendix C , re lating to the regional emissions inventory and projection methodology , contains the technical support documents that describe the methodologies used to projec t the 2007 emissions to 201 7

.

Table II

- 5 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2017 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 8,014 12,901 84,759 83,253 3,113 591

Area Sources 6,082 15,670 11,500 7,774 27,033 2,553 Highway Vehicle Sources* 700 939 118 17,584 8,549 463

Non

- Road Sources 722 778 100 13,284 6,614 18

Natural Gas Activities 226 226 22 5,250 4,220 0

Emission Reduction Credits 188 560 4,368 5,091 331 0

Totals 15,932 31,074 100,867 132,236 49,860 3,625
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The hig hway vehicle emissions in Table II

- 5 reflect inclusion of that safety margin

.

F

. Maintenance Year (202 5 ) Emissions

T able II

- 6 su mmarize s the emissio ns expected in 2025 . These emissions take activity and emissions growth and/or controls from 2007 into account. Appendix C, relating to the regional emissions inventory and projection- 22

- methodology , contains the technical support doc uments that describe the methodologies used to project the 2007 emissions to 2025

.

Table II

- 6 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2025 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 8,671 13,874 93,679 90,754 3,148 596

Area Sources 5,720 15,581 10,302 7,969 26,030 2,610 Highway Vehicle Sources* 537 826 118 10,709 5,125 453

Non

- Road Sources 540 588 106 9,805 6,137 19

Natural Gas Activities 397 397 37 8,716 8,502 0

Emission Reduction Credits 188 560 4,368 5,091 331 0

Totals 16,053 31,826 108,610 133,044 49,273 3,678
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table II

- 6 reflect inclusion of that safety margin

.

G. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area, Pennsylvania must show that the future emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels that provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 y ears after redesignation , taking economic, population a nd travel growth into account.

The EPA’s Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS adopted the same presumptions related to PM 2.5 precursors as the EPA’s Implementation Rule for the 199 7 PM 2.5 NAAQS. However, Pennsylvania recognizes the Court decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA

, No. 08

- 1250, 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013) and the EPA’s subsequent

withdrawal of the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS

. The C ourt noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptively regulate d in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4 , pointing specifically to S ection 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources

of PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. According to Section 189(e) of the

CAA , control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM 10 precursors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area

. S ection 189(e) also requires the EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of

S ection 189 (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC

, and

NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration.

This Maintenance Plan contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 for the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and for 2011 for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS and d emonstrates- 23

- that emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , and VOC, including emissions in the transportation conformity safety margin for PM 2.5 and NO X , will not be greater in

2017 and 2025 than in the 2007 or 2011 attainment year s , as shown in Table II

- 7.

Emissions of SO 2 are projected to decrease from 2007 to 2025 by approximately

34 4,9 95 tons ( 76 percent ). Emissions of PM 2.5, NO X , VOC and NH 3 also decrease

from 2007 to 2025

. While dramatic emission reductions occurred between 2007 and 2011, sig nificant additional emission reductions are also anticipated between

2011 and 2025, with anticipated decreases in e missions for all pollutants.

Table II

- 7 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Maintenance Emissions Test

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC N H 3

2007 18,148 33,598 452,605 170,923 63,205 3,932

2011 16,376 33,252 126,551 136,707 51,990 4,065

2017* 15,932 31,074 100,867 132,236 49,860 3,625

2025* 16,053 31,826 108,610 133,044 49,273 3,678
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway

vehic les. The emissions in Table II

- 7 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

I II

. P ERMANENT AND E NFORCEABLE C ONTROL M EASURES

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that the chemical and physical properties of particulate matter vary greatly with time, region, meteorology

, and source

category. 12 Therefore, effective control measures for PM 2.5 will vary among

nonattainment areas

.

By way of background, the EPA’s “ Implementat ion Guidance f or the 2006

24

- Hour Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard, ” Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA

, was issued on March 2, 2012 (later withdrawn). In its I mplementation R ule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, the EPA established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. In that earlier rule, t he EP A require d

states to evaluate control measures for SO 2 and primary PM 2.5 i n all locations. The EPA requir e d states to evaluate control measures for NO X unless a technical

demonstration is made to show that NO X emissions from sources in the state do not significantly contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations in the nonattainment area

. The EPA require d states to evaluate measures for VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show VOC or NH 3 emissions significantly

contribute to PM 2.5 in the nonattainment area.

12 See footnote 2, above.- 24

- The EPA reaffirmed the appropriateness of these presumptions in the Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. 13 Meanwhile, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense

Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250 . On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case

. T he C ourt granted the petitions for review and remanded the

case to the EPA to re

- promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the

CAA , rather than implementing it under Subpart 1, as the E PA had done ( 706 F.3d 428 at 437(DC Cir. 2013) )

.

Shortly thereafter, the EPA withdrew its Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006

24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS

. According to the EPA’s June 6 , 2013

, withdrawal

memorandum 14

, the EPA withdrew the guidance in response to the Court’s

decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250

.

This Maintenance Plan demonstrates maintenance of the standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling. In general, the C ourt’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

and to the exte nt it would be extrap olated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and bes t available control measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6 )

. Because the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is already attaining the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, those considerations

are not relevant for this M aintenance P lan . The C o urt noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including NH 3 and VOCs, are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to S ection 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the court stated that

PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437,

n. 10 )

. A ccording to Section 189(e) of the CAA , control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of

PM 10 precursors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed th e standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires the EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of S ection 189 (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC

, and NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration

.

This section describes the federal and state measures that will provide direct

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , and VOC emission reductions ensuring maintenance of t he

standard.

A summary of the quantity of emission reductions expected from 2007 to 2025 is

included in Table III

- 1 ( n egative valu e s indicate emission reductions)

. Table III

- 2 summarizes the expected emission reductions between 2011 and 2025. The

emission change estimates account for any anticipated growth in the activity of

13 See footnote 3, above.

14 See footnote 4, above.- 25

- sources regulated by the strategy and include emissions in the transportation conformity safety margin

. The change in stationary point source emissions

includes ERCs. Dir ect PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC

, and NH 3 emissions in 2025 in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area are anticipated to be lower than they were in 2007

and 2011

. This means that the projected growth in emissions is smaller than anticipated emission reductions from control measures for all pollutant s in the

nonattainment area

. Each control measure is explained in greater detail in the following sections

.

Table III

- 1: Sum mary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025

from Control Measures

2007 to 2025 Difference PM 2.5 PM10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources

- 54

- 84

- 340,669 3,095 293 12

Area Sources

- 672

- 180

- 2,515 23

- 2,961 136 Highway Vehicle Sources*

- 1,155

- 1,261

- 260

- 38,343

- 15,069

- 405

Nonroad Sources

- 611

- 644

- 588

- 11,370

- 4,697 3

Natural Gas Activities 397 397 37 8,716 8,502 0

TOTAL

- 2,095

- 1,772

- 343,995

- 37,879

- 13,932

- 254
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The highway v ehicle emissions in Table II I

- 1 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

Table III

- 2 : Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2011 to 2025

from Control Measures

2011 to 2025 Difference PM 2.5 PM10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 1,572 4,053

- 24,494 15,099 146 274

Area Sources

- 1,735

- 5,286 6,461

- 11,698 18

- 499 Highway Vehicle Sources*

- 430

- 478

- 31

- 18,475

- 9,688

- 171

Nonroad Sources

- 127

- 112 86 2,695

- 1,695 9

Natural Gas Activities 397 397 37 8,716 8,502 0

TOTAL

- 323

- 1,426

- 17,941

- 3,663

- 2,717

- 387
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table III

- 2 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

Pursuant to 40 CFR Part 51, Subpart K (relating to source surveillance), the SIP revision is required to provide for monitoring of the status of compliance with any rules and regulations that set forth any portion of the control strategy. These include provisions, as applicable, for:

 emissions reports and recordkeeping for stationary sources;

 periodic testing and inspection of stationary sources;

 enforcement and complaint investigation of visible emission limitations;

 enforceable test methods for emission limits; and

 continuous emissio n monitoring for stationary sources.- 26

- Subpart K also requires monitoring of the implementation of transportation control measures (TCMs). There are no TCMs in this SIP revision

.

The rules and regulations for stationary sources, which are part of the cont rol strategy for attaining and maintaining the PM 2.5 standard, as well as the Department’s comprehensive permit ting program requirements in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 and the Commonwealth’s SIP in 40 CFR § 52.2020, meet the requirements of Subpart K. The EPA has approved the Department’s plan approval and operating permitting program s as part of the SIP ; the Title V Operating Permit s Program was approved under 40 CFR Part 70 on July 30, 1996 (61 FR 39597)

.

There are a number of provisions in Title 25 of the Pa. Code

, which requires monitoring the status of compliance with the Department’s rules and regulations. For example, 25 Pa. Code §127.12(a) (relating to the content of applications)

contain s requirements for reporting and recordkeeping for plan approval applications. Similar requirements are found in §127.411(a) (relating to content of applications) for permit applications. Sections 145.145 and 145.146 contain the compliance demonstration, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for

cement kilns that enable the Department to monitor the status of compliance with the regulations in Chapter 145

, Subpart C (relating to emissions of NO

x from cement manufacturing)

. The Department als o monitors the status of compli ance by conducting complaint investigations . The Department does visible emission inspections at regulated facilities and reports the results to the EPA AFS system as required under the Department’s grant. The Department conducts inspections

of air contamination sources in accordance with the Com pliance Monitoring Schedule which is approved by the EPA.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting Programs. An owner or operator of a proposed new air contamination

sources in the Commonwealth is required to receive a p lan a pproval (pre

construction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, assembly, installation of new sources, modification of any existing stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution

con trol equipment or devices

. Following the construction of the new facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an operating permit from the Department. The type of operating permit will depend on the quantity of regulated pollut ants emitted from the air

contamination sources. The Department will issue a “State

- only Operating Permit” for minor air contamination stationary sources that are below the applicability thresholds for Title V facilities. A “ Title V

O perating P ermit ” is required for major facilities that have the potential to emit air contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V- 27

- Permit , which is issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit.

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources), and

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1 ( relating to definitions)

include a suit e of programs regulating air contamination sources to

im prove and maintain air quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review and approval of pre

- construction and operating permits for both major and non

- m ajor air contamin ation sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) at various times since May 31, 1972

, and most recently on

October 5, 2012, and are ther efore all federally enforceable requirements. Several key Chapter 127 programs are highlighted below as being particularly important for the maintenance of the PM 2.5 standard.

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Operating Permit s Program, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is applicable to ma

jor stationary sources as defined in 25 Pa

. Code § 121.1. The purpose of the Title V program is to consolidate

all of a facility’s applicable air quality requirements in a single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the public know exactly what regulations and requirements apply and

how the facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with all applicable requirements. The Title V permit includes all sources at a site including all air poll ution control

devices a s well as activities that were determined to be insignificant sources of emissions. Each source is described in

detail within a section of the Title V permit. The requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities,

emis sion restrictions, detailed monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal and state requirements. The Title V Operating Permits Program requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 12 7, Subchapters F and G (relating to operating permit requirements; and Title V operating permits)

. The program was fully approved by the EPA on July 30, 1996 (6 1 FR 39597 ).

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention o f Significant Deterioration

. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania will also be subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonattainment areas and Prevention of Significant

Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of the Commonwealth designated attainment for NAAQS includ ing carbon monoxide, PM, lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone

, and SO 2 . Generally,- 28

- NSR permit requirements are applicable to the owner and operator

of a facility located in a nonattainment area for a particular pollutant with a potential to emit 50 or more tons per year (tpy) of volatile organic compounds or 100 tpy or more of NO X , SO 2 , PM

, or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the entire Commonwealth, included in the Ozone Transport Region by operation of law, is treated as a “moderate” ozone nonatt ainment area, irrespective of the area’s attainment status. Because NO X and VOC are precursors of PM 2.5 , NO X and VOC emission reductions required statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also allow Pennsylvania to make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS. Any new major stationary source or major modification subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive approval from the Department, a person must show that the proposed source will, a mong other things, offset its potential to emit air

cont aminants including NO X , PM

, and VOCs by securing emission reductions credits at the specified offset ratio, will employ the

“ l owest achievable emission rate” (LAER) for each regulated pollutant and co nduct an alternative analysis. The nonattainment NSR requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter E (relating to new source review) and approved as a

SIP revision on December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre

- construction review and permitting program applicable in attainment areas to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, Parts C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD regulations codified

in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by reference in their entirety in

25 Pa. Code §127.83 (relating to adoption by reference ). The Department’s PSD regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter D (relati ng to prevention of significant deterioration of air quality) , were approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984

, and codified at 40 CFR §52.2058 (49 FR 33128).). PSD permit requirements may apply to the owner and operator of a facility located in an attainment area for a

standard with the potential to emit 100 tpy or 250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including carbon monoxide , lead, NO 2 , ozone
, PM

, and SO 2 , depending on the source category. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology (BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility must conduct an ambient air quality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact mandatory federal- 29

- Class I areas including national parks greater than 6

, 000 acres and national wilderness areas and national memorial parks greater than

5

, 000 acres.

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available Technology (BAT) Program, authorized under

Section 6.6(c) of the Air P ollution Control Act, 35 P.S. § 4006.6(c),

ensures that new stationary sources will prevent, reduce

, or control

emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree possible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a case

- by

- case basis for both major and minor stationary sources tak ing into account energy, environmental benefits

, and costs. Pursuant to

25 Pa . Code §127.1 (relating to purpose)

, the emission of air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania must be controlled to the maximum extent, consistent with BAT as determined by the Department as of the date of issuance of the plan approva l for the

new s ource. Under 25 Pa. Code §127.12(a)(5) (relating to content of applications) , an application for a plan approval must show that

the emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the use of BAT . Pennsylvania regulations define “best available technology” in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1 as, “Equipment, devices, methods or techniques as determined by the Department which will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree possible and which are available or may be made available.” The Department’s BAT regulations, codified in

25 Pa. Code §§ 127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by the EPA on July 30, 1996

, and codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

NO X and SO 2 Control Programs

. In 1998, the EPA promulgated the

NO X SIP Call as the EPA’s principal effort to reduce interstate transport of air pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal

NO X SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NO X Budget Trading Program regulations for EGUs and larg e industrial boilers , with emission reductions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by

the EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 (66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NO X SIP Call, Pennsylvania adopted additional NO X control regulations covering cement plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on September 29, 2006 ( 71 FR 574 28).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005, the EPA adopted

CAIR (70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport of NO X and SO 2 . CAIR was implemented through 2014 in Pennsylvania through the Department’s CAIR- 30

- regulation, codi fied in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter D (relating to CAIR NO

x and SO 2 trading programs) , with related amendments in Chapters 121, 129 and 145 (relating to general; standards for sources; and interstate pollution transport reduction)

. The EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision on

December 10, 2009, codified at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania

terminated the NO X Budget Trading Program and transitioned to

the federal CAIR for large EGU s

.

The market

- based CAIR was designed to reduce EGU emissions of

NO X and SO 2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States. Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adopt a regulation implementing the requirements of the CAIR or an equiv alent program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulated under CAIR FIPs promulgated by the EPA, but

were regulated under the SIP after the EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP revision, Pennsylvania participate d in the EPA

- administered cap

- and

- trade programs for NO X annual, NO X ozone season, and SO 2 annual

emissions.

The EPA’s CAIR was remanded to the EPA for revisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on

December 23, 2008 (See, North Carolina v. EPA , 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Following remand, the EPA replaced CAIR with the Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), but in a separate legal challenge the C ourt vacated CSAPR. In that ruling, the C ourt ordered the EPA to continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid replacement (See, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA

, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). On April 29, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals’ decision tha t had

vacated CSAPR. EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P.,

134 S. Ct. 1584 (U.S. 2014) . The Supreme Court remanded the

case to the D .C. Circuit Court of Appeals for further proceedings.

On October 23, 2014, the D.C . Circuit granted the EPA’s motion requesting that the Court lift the stay of the CSAPR imposed by the

Court in December 2011.

According to the EPA, emission reductions originally required under CAIR will be made permanent and enforceable through the implementation of CSAPR. See the EPA’s final rule, “Redesignation of the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle

- York

Nonattainment Areas to Attainment for the 1997 Annual and the

2006 24

- Hour Fine P articulate Matter Standard,” 79 FR 72552- 31

- ( December 8 , 2014), in which the EPA wrote: “ Relative to CAIR, CSAPR provides similar or greater emission reductions from relevant upwind areas starting in 2015 and beyond. T he emission reductions associated with CAIR that helped the Areas achieve

attainment of the 1997 annual and 200 6 24

- hour PM2.5 NAAQS can therefore be considered permanent and enforceable for purposes of redesignation under se ction 107(d)(3)(E)(iii) of the

CAA

. ” See 79 FR 72552.

Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). In 2011, the EPA promulgated the CSAPR to replace CAIR following the judicial

rema nd of CAIR, as explained above. In CSAPR, EPA established emissions budgets for 28 s tates , including Penn sylvania, and promulgated FIPs applicable to covered EGUs to achieve the

reductions (76 FR 48208

, August 8, 2011) . Although CSAPR

allows emissi ons trading, it also maintains s tate

- specific limits by means of assurance provisions designed to ensure that the necessary emission reductions occur within each covered state. The CSAPR FIPs for Pennsylvania are codified in 40 CFR §§52.2040 and 52.2041.

As explained above, CSAPR was challenged in court in 2011, in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v EPA, D. C. Circuit Court of Appeals, Case No. 11

- 1302 . In December 2011, the D.C. Circuit imposed a stay on CSAPR. On October 23, 2014, however, the

C ourt lifted the stay. On Novembe r 21, 2014, EPA promulgated a

final interim rule to align the dates in CSAPR with the revised

CS A PR implementation schedule as approved by the D.C. Circuit Court when it lifted the stay on the rule. The EPA final interim

rule amends the dates in the CSAPR regulatory text to make clear that compliance with CSAPR Phase I will be required beginning

J an uary 1, 2015

, and compliance with CSAPR Phase 2 will be required in 2017 and beyond.

NO X Budget Trading Program limits on non

- EGUs. The CAIR

SIP revision also established emission limits for the non

- EGUs and other units that were subject to the Commonwealth’s NO X Budget Trading Program but not subject to the CAIR NO X Ozone Season Trading Program. T hese units must continue monitoring NO X emiss ions and must meet an emissions cap. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season heat input.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code § 145.8(d) (relating to transition to CAIR NO

x trading programs) , was- 32

- approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009, and

codified at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1).

Cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The CAIR SIP revision also included regulations in

25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapters B and C (relating to

emissions of NO X from stationary internal combustion engines;

and emissions of NO X from cement manufacturing), updating the large stationary internal combustion engine and cement manufacturing regulations , respectively, that were adopted pursuant to the NO X SIP Call.

The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal combustion engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by

the EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009, and codified at

40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1). An amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce NO X emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter C, was subseq uently approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on July 19, 2011, and codified at 40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1).

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to control hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable

Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs.

The EPA has promulgated a series of MACT regulations that are applicable to sources in Pennsylvania. These MACT standards are adopted and incorporated by reference in their entirety in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s Air Pollution Control Act and implementing regulations in

25 Pa. Code § 127.35 (relating to maximum achievable control technology standards for hazardous air pollutants) . The standards are also included in federally enforceable plan a pprovals and operating permits issued by the

De partment for affected sources.

2

. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in VMT t hat occur from 2007 through 2025

, highway

vehicle emissions will continue to decrease . As more vehicles subject to cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject to less stringent new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer emissions, compensating for the incr ease in VMT

. These decreases can be attributed to the programs des cribed below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Programs (FMVCP) and Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and light

duty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established- 33

- by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NO X and VOC limits for light

duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light

- duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs).

The phase

– in of the se standards began in 1994. Evaporative VOC emissions were reduced in gasoline

- powered cars starting with M odel

Y ear (MY) 1998.

In 1998, pursuant to S ection 177 of the CAA, the Department adopted the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program (28 Pa. B. 5973 ; Dec ember 5, 1998)

. The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program incorporates by

reference certain California Low Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission standards for pas senger cars and light

- duty trucks. As required under

Section 177 of the CAA, these provisions are identical to the low emission standards adopted by California

. T he regulation does not incorporate by reference the California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions control warranty systems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the Department adopted the National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became

ef fective in the Ozone Transport Region (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s

New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program regulations in 25 Pa.

Code §§ 126.401

- 126.441 (relating to Pennsylvania clean vehicles program) , in addition to including the Clean Vehicles Program, allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less and were the regulations in effect for new motor

vehicl es in the baseline year, 2002.

I n 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV ( Tier 2), starting with MY 2004 (65 FR 6698 ; Feb ruary 10, 2000)

. T he

N LEV program was replaced for MY 2004 and later by the more stringent

Tier 2 regulations, and vehicle manufacturers operating under the NLEV program became subje ct to the Tier 2 requirements.

Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program in 2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate

the CA LEV p rogram by reference. As amended, the program affects

MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and light

- duty trucks vehicles ( 36 Pa

. B

. 7424 ; Dec ember 9, 2006 ) , corrected 37 Pa. B. 209 (Jan uary 12, 2007, eff. Dec ember 9, 2006)

. The EPA approved Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revis ion to the Commonwealth’s SIP o n January 24,

2012 (77 FR 3386).

Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more stringent national regulations for heavy

- duty engines and vehicles (over 14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition,- 34

- federal consent decrees with seven of the largest heavy

- duty engine manufacturers required, among other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies comply with these 2004 standards two model years early,

in MY 2002. The emission reductions from these programs are reflected in the future year emission inventories, as provided in the MOVES model.

In 2002, the Department adopted the Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Program for model years starting after May 2004. The program incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and subsequent new heavy

- duty diesel highway engines t o be those certified by California. California standards we re more stringent than federal standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006 ) and the implementation of more stringent federal stan dards affecting MY 2007 and beyond.
However, the EPA ’s MOVES model already assumed that the engines would comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement mechanism. The Department has used MOVES defaults to

calculate emissions from MY 2 005 and 2006 heavy

- duty highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy

- duty engines and

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards

were phased in from MY 2007 to 2010 for NO X and VOCs. For gasoline engines, the standards were phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal

and California standards were virtually identical for MY 2007. For

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction engine programming and an option al “clean NO X idle” standard. However, there

is no EPA

- approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from this requirement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 2010

.

Because the new engine standards are ad versely affected by sulfur in fuel,

the EPA also require d most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than

15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur , beginning in the fall of 2006. There

wa s a temporary compliance option allowing refiners to continue to produc e up to 20 percent of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until

2010. The Department u sed MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of the phase

- in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program. I n early 2004, Pennsylvania revised its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program

. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley program applies to gasoline

powered vehicles 9,000 pounds and under, MY 1975 and newer in the counties of Allegheny, Beaver, Washington

, and Westmoreland

. For

vehicles MY 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on

- board diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles MY 1995 and older, the program consists of an annual tailpipe test, visual inspection- 35

- of pollution control devices to ensure the y are present, connected

, and the proper type for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test. For vehicles older

than 25 years, the program is a visual inspection and gas cap test.

For counties in the area not included in the vehicle emission inspections program, subject vehicles must pass an annual visual inspection of pollution control devices to ensure they are present, connected

, and the proper type for the vehicle as part of the safety inspection.

These regulations can be found in 67 Pa. Code Chapter s 175 and 177 (relating to vehicle equipment and inspection; and emission inspection program) . The Department submitted the expanded safety and emission inspection program s to the EPA as a SIP revision on December 1, 2003.

The EPA approved the SI P revision on October 6, 2005 (70 FR 58313 ).

Low Sulfur Gasoline

. Sulfur is a natural component in crude oil that ends up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs the effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air pollution. By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced emission controls will work longer and more efficiently, and air pollution

will be reduced.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698; Feb ruary 10, 2000)

reduce d the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent, enabling the use of new emission control technologies in cars and trucks that reduce harmful air pollution. The emission inventory analysis in this

Maintenance Plan uses the default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the implementation of the federal standards for low sulfur gasoline. Requirements for use of low

- sulfur gasoline enabled use of

advanced emission control systems in light

- duty vehicles beginning in

MY 2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to
95 percent cleaner than earlier models.

On March 3, 2014, the EPA signed a regulation adopting more stringent vehicle standards and reducing sulfur limits in gasoline further with the

Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program. The regulation

, published in the Federal Register on April 28, 2014 (79 FR 23414)

, was effective on June 27, 2014. Compliance is required with the stringent emission standards and fuel standards for motor vehicles, starting in 2017. The Tier 3 program requires the annual average content of sulfur in gasoline to be reduced to 10 ppm , starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, the EPA estimates that SO 2 emissions from gasoline vehicles will be reduced by 56 percent. When fully implemented, this program, by 2030, will increase the effectiveness of vehicle emission

controls even further a nd reduce onroad emissions of NO X by 25 percent, direct particulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by 16 percent. The rule- 36

- will also significantly reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde

, a nd acetaldehyde. Em ission reductions from the Tier 3 program have not been included in future year inventories and, therefore

, are not relied upon in

the maintenance demonstration. Emission reductions from the federal

Tier 3 program may nonetheless assist the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area in maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS.

3

. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel

- powered (“compression ignition”) and gasoline

- powered (“spark ignition” ) nonroad engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on these federal rules, including their implementation dates, can be found at www.epa.gov/nonroad

. The Department used the assumptions built into the nonroad model (NONROAD2005) and NMIM to estimate emissions for all milestone years.

On June 29, 2004, the EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines (69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur content of diesel used in nonroad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel

sulfur content prevent s damage to the more advanced emission control systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels were limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications other than ocean

- going marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the sam e sulfur concentration as in highway fue l, 15 ppm; this requirement began applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine diesel fuel. The EPA ado pted

technical a mendments to the program in rules published in the Federal Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498)

, and May 1, 2006 (71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), the EPA adopted changes to the nonroad diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of diesel fuel with up to 1

, 000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3

marine vessels.

On June 30, 2008, the EPA promulgated stan dards to reduce emissions of

diesel PM and NO X from locomotives and marine diesel engines ( 73 FR 37096 )

. The regulation tightens emissions standards for existing locomotives and large marine diesel engines when they are remanufactured, sets near

- term engine

- out emissions standards, referred to

as Tier 3 standards, for newly

- built locomo tives and marine diesel engines, and set s longer

- term standards, referred to as Tier 4 standards, for newly

- built locomotives and mari ne diesel engines that reflect the application of high

- efficiency aftertreatment technology.- 37

- 4

. Stationary Area Sources

Low Sulfur Fuel Oil. The Environmental Quality Board has adopted a

rule making to reduce the sulfur content of fuel oil in Pennsylvania

. This

final rule making , published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin February 9, 2013 (43 Pa. B. 806), and corrected April 20 , 2013 (43 Pa. B. 2140 ), will limit

the sulfur content of No. 2 fuel oil to 500 ppm, No. 4 fuel oil to 2,500 ppm
, and Nos. 5 and 6 fuel oils to 5,000 ppm. Compliance with the lower sulfur content limits will be req uired beginning July 1, 2016. The Department estimates statewide SO 2 emission reductions of approximately 25,000 tpy from this rule. The final

- form regu lation was submitted to the EPA for approval as a SIP revision on February 26, 2013

. The EPA issued a final rule approving the SIP revision on July 10, 2014 (79 FR 39330).

Consumer Products. Th e Consumer Products regulation applies statewide to any per son who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or

manufactures certain consum er products on or after January 1, 2005, for

use in the Commonwealth. The Consumer Products regulation is codified

in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B (relating to consumer products) . It was submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 26,

2003

, and approved on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895). Amendments

to the Consumer Products regulation were adopted on October 11, 2008

, submitted to the EPA for a pproval as a SIP revision on March 11 , 2009

, and approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on October 18, 2010 (75 FR 63717)

.

General Permit for Air Pollution Control in Natural Gas Compression and/or Processing Facilities (GP

- 5)

. In accordance with

Section 6.1(f) of the Air Pollution Control Act and 25 Pa. Code §§ 127.514

and 127.611 (relating to general operating permits at Title V facilities; and general plan approvals and general operating permits) , the Department has issued General Plan Approvals and General Operating Permits (hereinafter

referred to as G eneral P ermits or GP) to specific categories of sources that are similar in design and operation, and can be adequately regulated with standardized specifications and conditions. An owner or operator proposing to use a General Plan Approval or G eneral P ermit must obtain the Department’s prior written approval. A general permit is issued by the Department for sources that can be adequately regulated under standardized specifications and conditions. Th e Department first issued a

General Permit for Natural Gas, Coal Bed Methane or Gob Gas Production or Recovery Facilities (GP

- 5) on March 10, 1997, and has revised it periodically.

The Department revised GP

- 5 on February 2, 2013, to cover various

aspects of the natural gas compression and processing operations. The use- 38

- of this General Permit may be authorized by the Department solely for

minor sources.

GP

- 5 establishes BAT requirements for the construction or modification of a natural gas compression an d/or processing facility and any air cleaning devices that meet the BAT requirements e stablished under 25 Pa.

Code §§127.1 and 127.12(a)(5). GP

- 5 also requires the owners and operators of existing engines to comply with applicable National

Standards of Pe rformance (NSPS) in 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart JJJJJ

, and the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines specified in

40 CFR Part 63, Subpart ZZZZ. New engines must also comply with

40 CFR Part 60, Subpart OOOO. GP

- 5 also requires compli ance with

other NSPS or NESHAPs as appropriate

.

When an owner or operator of affected sources seeks an authorization to

use the GP

- 5, the applicant must demonstrate to the Department that the

af fected sources comply with the requirements specified by the General

Permit. If authorization is granted, the Department provides a written

authorization to use the GP

- 5 and issues a notice to that effect in the Pennsylvania Bulletin

. An applicant can re view the general permit qualifying criteria, terms and conditions, and then apply to the Department for coverage under the general permit. The Department reviews the applicant’s information to confirm the applicant meet s the qualifications

, and the Depart ment issues the authorization to use the general permit. T he terms and conditions of the general permit are as stringent as the terms and

conditions for an individual plan approval and/or operating permit.

The Department has used the terms and condition s in GP

- 5 to project emissions from this source category to 2017 and 2025.

Re quirements for BAT contained 25 Pa. Code §§ 127.1 and 127.12(a) were approved as part of the SIP in July 1996 (6 1 FR 39597). Authority to issue general plan approvals and operating permits is codified in 25 Pa.

Code §§ 127.611, 127.612 , 127.621, 127.622, 127.631

, and 127.632. These provisions were also approved by the EPA as part of the SIP in July

19 96 (61 FR 39594). The Depar tment has incorporated the EPA’s NSPS

and NESHAPs (which are used in GP

- 5) by reference (25 Pa

. Code Chapters 122 and 124, respectively).

If a source located at the facili ty cannot be regulated under GP

- 5, a plan approval and/or an operating perm it issued in accordance with 25 Pa.

Code Chapter 127, Subchapter s B and F (relating to plan approval requirements; and operating permit requirements) will be required. Major sources would also be subject to the Title V Operating Permit requirements in Subchapter G (relating to Title V operating permits)

.- 39

- More information on GP

- 5 is available on the DEP website at: http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/aq/per mits/gp.htm

.

B

. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity

Section 176 of the CAA provides a mechanism by which federally funded or approved highway and transit plans, programs, and projects are determined not to produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS. The EPA regulations issued to implement transportation conformity provide that motor vehicle emission “budgets” establish caps of these emissions that cannot be exceeded by the predicted transportation system emissions in the future. Transportation agencies in Pennsylvania are responsible for making timely transportation conformity determinations. The responsible agenc y in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is the Southweste rn Pennsylvania Commission

. This is the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) under federal transportation planning requirements.

In this Maintenance Plan, Pennsylvania establish es budgets for highway

emissions for direct PM 2.5 and NO X in order to ensure that transportation emissions do not impede clean air goals in the next decade and beyond. The highway emission budgets include a safety margin, which was created by setting

aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year

emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway

vehicles.

Amendments to the 40 CFR P art 93 transportation conformity regulations to

address the 1997 PM 2.5 standard were published in the Federal Register on May 6

, 2005 (70 FR 24280)

, to account for PM 2.5 and its precursors. 15 The

I mplementation R ule did not amend these regulations. In the transportation conformity regulations, 40 CFR § 93.102 requires conformity determinations to be applicable to direct emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X (unless a determination is made that transportation

- related emissions are not significant contributors to PM 2.5 ), but

to emissions of SO 2 , VOC, and NH 3 only if a finding is made that transportation

related emissions of these pollutants are significant contributors to PM 2.5

. The EPA approved Pennsylvania’s SIP revision establishing transportation conformity requiremen ts in the Commonwealth on April 29, 2009 (74 F R 19451).

T his Maintenance Plan SIP revision establishes motor vehicle emission budget s for PM 2.5 and NO X

. The informatio n in Table III

- 3 , once t he EPA approves it for purposes of conformity, will establish transportation conformity budgets for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area.

15 The Federal transportation conformity regulations were again amended on March 14, 2012 (77 FR 14979) to restructure several sections so that they apply to any new or revised NAAQS and make several c larifications to improve implementation.- 40

- Table III

- 3 : Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley PM 2.5 NOx

2007 1,692 49,052

2011 967 29,184

2017 Predicted 609 15,985 Safety Margin 91 1,599 2017 Budget 700 17,584

2025 Predicted 467 9,735 Safety Margin 70 974 2025 Budget 537 10,709

The highway emission budgets include a safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles . The safety margins were created by setting aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X

. Table III

- 4 shows that the amount of emission reductions anticipated between 2007 and 2017 and between 2007 and 2025 accommodates the safety margins grante d.

Table III

- 4 : Comparison of Saf ety Margin to Total Anticipated

Emission Reductions in 2017 and 2025

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley PM 2.5 NOx

2007 18,148 170,923

2011 16,376 136,707

2017 15,841 130,637

2025 15,983 132,070

2007

- 2017 2,307 40,286 2017 Margin Granted 91 1,599

2007

- 2025 2,165 38,853 2025 Margin Granted 70 974

2011

- 2017 535 6,070 2017 Margin Granted 91 1,599

2011

- 2025 393 4,637 2025 Margin Granted 70 974

For informational purposes, DEP analyzed the projected 2025 inventory and found that highway emissions of VOC, NH 3 , and SO 2 account for 10

. 40 percent

,- 41

- 12 .32 percent , and 0. 1 1 percent of the total projected 2025 inventory, respectively, as shown in Table III

- 5

.

Table III

- 5 : Comparison of 2025 On

- Road Mobile VOC, NH 3 , and SO 2 Emissions

to the Total Projected 2025 Inventory

2025 SO 2 VOC NH 3 On

- Road Mobile Source Projected Inventory (Tons) 118 5,125 453

Total Projected 2025 Inventory (Tons) 108,610 49,273 3,678

Percent of Total Projected 2025 Inventory (%) 0.11 10.40 12.32

The motor vehicle emission budgets include PM from vehicle exh aust, brake wear, and tire wear, which are estimated by the MOVES model. The Department

has included direct PM 2.5 re

- entrained road dust emissions from paved and unpaved roads in the area source inventory , not in the motor vehicle emission budgets. Appendi x B

- 2 , rela ting to area source annual emissions, contain

estimates of the PM 2.5 emissions attributable to paved and unpaved roads.

The Florence and Greensburg monitoring site s i n the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

A rea are equipped with monitor s that measure PM 2.5 mass and speciation

monitor s that collect data on the chemical constituents of PM 2.5 in the Pittsburgh

Beave r Valley Area

. The Flore nce monitoring site is in a rural location, while the Greensburg monitoring site is in a more urban area. T ransportation construction

related fugitive dust emissions are not a significant contributor to the PM 2.5 concentrations observed at either monitor . At the Florence and Greensburg

monitor s , the crustal component was found to be small compared to other components of PM 2.5 ( See Figure 1 ). Given that construction

- related fugitive dust is one of many source cat egories contributing to the crustal material observed at

the monitor s , and transportation construction is a small subset of all construction,

it is reasonable to conclude that transportation construction

- related fugitive

emissi ons are insignificant.- 42

- Figure 1. Pie Chart s of 201 2 Speciation Data

Nitrate

8%

Sulfate

25%

Ammonium

7% Organic carbon

18% Elemental carbon

4% Crustal component

4% Other

34% 

## Florence AIRS Code 421255001 POC 5 (ROUTINE) Date(s): 1/4/2012

- 12/29/2012 Average Concentration (μg/m3)

Nitrate

7%

Sulfate

21%

Ammonium

6% Organic

carbon

20%

Elemental

carbon

7% Crustal

component
4% Other

35% 

### Greensburg AIRS Code 421290008 POC 5 (ROUTINE) Date(s): 1/4/2012

- 12/29/2012 Average Concentration (μg/m3)- 43

-

I V

. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

The Department and the Allegheny County Health Department will continue to operate

the air monitorin g network in accordance with 40 CFR Part 58 to verify the attainment

status of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS , with no reductions in the number of sites from those in the existing network unless pre

approved by the EPA. The Department has concurrently submitted a request for redesignation of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area that contains analysis of ambient air quality data and related factors.

V

. V ERIFICATION OF C ONTINUED A TTAINMENT

The Department will track the attainment status of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in

the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area by reviewing air quality and emissions data during the maintenance period. The Department will perform an annual evaluation of three key

factors : VMT data

, emissions reported from stationary sources, and unconventional gas

pr oduction

, and compare them to the assumptions about these factors used in this P lan.

The Department will also evaluate the periodic (every three years) emission inventories prepared under the E PA’s Air Emiss ion Reporting Requirements (40 CFR 51

, Subpart A )

to see if they exceed the attainment year inventory (2007 ) by more than 10 percent. Based on these evaluations, the Department will consider whether any further emission control measures should be implemented.

VI

. C ONTINGENCY M EASURES

The Department will adopt and expeditiously implement corrective actions , as necessary and appropriate, in the following circumstances:

A first level response will be prompted if the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration exceeds

15.5 μ g/m 3 in a single calendar year within the maintenance area , if the 98 th percentile

24

- hour PM 2.5 concentration exceeds 35.0 μg/m 3 in a single calendar year within the

maintenance area

, or if the periodic emissions inventory for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

Are a exceeds the attainment year inventory (2007) by more than 10 percent . The first level response will consist of a study to determine whether the PM 2.5 value indicates a trend toward higher PM 2.5 values and whether emissions appear to be increasing. If t here appears to be an increasing trend, the study will evalu ate whether the trend is likely to continue and, if so, the necessary and appropriate control measures to reverse the trend. Implementation of necessary and appropriate controls would take place as expeditiously as possible.

A second level res ponse will be prompted if the 2

- year average of the annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations exceeds 1 5.0 μ g/m 3 or if the 2

- year average of 98 th percentile 24

- hour

PM 2.5 concentrations exceeds 35.0 μg/m 3 within the maintenance area. If this trigger point occurs, the Department will evaluate whether additional emission control measures should be implemented in order to prevent a violation of the air quality standard s

. The Department will analyze the condi tions leading to the PM 2.5 levels and evaluate what- 44

-

measures might be most effective in correcting the PM 2.5 levels. The Department will also analyze the potential emissions effect of federal, state

, and local measures that have been adopted but not yet implemented at the time the second level response is triggered

. The Department will then begin the process of adop ting any selected measures that are necessary and appropriate so that in the event of a violation, the measures can be implemented as expeditiously as practicable.

If a violation of the PM 2.5 NAAQS occurs, the Department will propose and adopt

additional emission reduction measures , as necessary and appropriate, as expeditiously as practic able in accordance with the implementation schedule in this section , the CAA, the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act , other Pennsylvania statutory requirements, and the Department’s Policy for Development, Approval and Availability of Regulations in

or der to return the area to attainment with the standard s

.

Additional emission reduction measures to be considered for adoption if a violation of the NAAQS occurs in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area would be based on criteria including the following :

 air quality analysis indicating nature of violation [cause, location, source];

 emission reduction potential, including extent to which emission generating sources occur in the nonattainment area;

 timeliness of implementation in terms of the potential to return the area to attainment as expeditiously as practicable; and

 costs, equity and cost

- effectiveness.

Additional emission reduction measures the Department would consider pursuing for promulgation if a violation of the NAAQS occurs in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area include the following :

Regulatory measures :

 A regulation based on the OTC Model Rule to update requirements for consumer products ;

 A regulation based on the Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) for industrial cleaning solvents ; and

 Other regul atory measures identified base d on the above

- listed criteria.

Non

- regulatory measures:

 Voluntary diesel projects:

o Diesel retrofit (including replacement, repowering or alternative fuel use) for public or private local onroad or offroad fleets;

o Idling red uction technolo gy for Class 2 yard locomotives; and

o Idling reduction technologies or strategies for truck stops, warehouses and

ot her freight

- handling facilities.- 45

-

 Promotion of a ccelerated turnover of lawn and garden equipment, e specially

commercial equipment.

 Additional promotion of alternative fuel s for fleets, home heating and agricultural

use. O nce the Department’s Bureau of Air Quality has obtained an approved request to initiate a rulemaking, the rulemaking may proceed as follows:

Within 2 mont hs: Review by Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee (AQTAC), Citizens Advisory Council

, and other advisory committees

, 16
as appropriate.

Within 5 months: Environmental Qual ity Board (EQB) meeting/action.

Within 7 months: Publi cation in the Pennsylvania Bulletin for c omment as proposed rulemaking.

Within 9 months: Public hearing takes place and comment period on proposed

rule making closes.

Within 10 months : Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IR RC) comment on proposed rule making

. With in 12 months: AQTAC, Citizens Advisory Council

, and other advisory

committee s, as appropriate, review responses to comme nts and draft final rulemaking.

Within 15 months: EQB meeting/action on final rulemaking

. Within 16 months: IRRC action on final rule making.

Within 17 months: Attorney General review/acti on on final rulemaking

. Within 18 months: Publi cation in the Pennsylvania Bulletin as final rulemaking

and submi ssion to the EPA as a SIP revision. The final

– form regulation would become effective upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin

.

16 Other committees could include the Small Business Compliance Advisory Committee and Agriculture Advisory

Committee.- 46

- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook AQTAC Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BAT Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CF Control Factor

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMU Carnegie Mellon University

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

CSAPR Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule

DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System

EGAS Economic Growth Analysis System

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA The U nited S tates E nvironmental Protection Agency EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

ERTAC Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FIRE Factor Information Retrieval

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

ITN Itinerant

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline V ehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline T rucks

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MANE

- VU Mid

- Atlanti c/ Northeast Visibility Union

MARAMA Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH 3 Ammonia- 47

-

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model

NO X Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review OTAQ Office of Transportation and Air Quality

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood

- fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM 2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or Fine P articulates

PM 10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Impleme ntation Plan

SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TSD Technical Support Document

μ g/m 3 M icrogram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WOE Weight of Evidence

ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle

# C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania

Redesignation Request Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area

1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standard s

December 2014

Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17 105

- 8468

717

- 787

- 9495

www.dep.state.pa.usThis page intentionally left blank

.- i

- TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1

I. Demonstration of Attainment and Air Quality Trends Analysis

................................ ......... 4

A. Design Value Determination

................................ ................................ .................... 7

B. Air Quality Trends Analysis

................................ ................................ .................... 7

C. Climate Trends Analysis

................................ ................................ ........................ 12

1. Temperature Trends

................................ ................................ ................... 15

2. Precipitation Trends

................................ ................................ ................... 16

D. A dditional Trends

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 18

1. Population Trends

................................ ................................ ...................... 18

2. Economic Trends

................................ ................................ ....................... 18

II. SIP Ap provals and Applicable Requirements

................................ ................................ .... 20

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ................ 21

B. Part D

- Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

................................ ........... 22

1. Section 172(c) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ........ 22

2. Section 173 of the CAA

................................ ................................ ............. 23

3. Section 176 of the CAA

................................ ................................ ............. 23

4. Section 189(e) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ........ 24

C. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 24

III. Demonstration of Permanent and Enforceable Improvement

................................ ............ 24

A. Baseline (2005) Emissions Inventory

................................ ................................ .... 26

B. Attainment Year Emissions Inventories

- 2007 for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

and 2011 for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

................................ ................................ .... 28

C. Control Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 29

1. Stationary Point Sources

................................ ................................ ............ 31

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

................................ ................................ .......... 37

3. Nonroad Sources

................................ ................................ ........................ 40

4. Stationary Area Sources

................................ ................................ ............. 41

IV

. Maintenance Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 41

Acronyms and Abbreviations

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 44- ii

- TABLES

Table I

- 1: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual PM 2.5 Concentrations

................................ ...... 8

Table I

- 2: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Concentrations

................................ .... 9

Table I

- 3: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual PM 2.5 Design Values

................................ ..... 10

Table I

- 4: Pitt sburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Design Values

................................ ... 11

Table I

- 5: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

.............................. 15

Table I

- 6: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Precipitation (inches)

................................ ................. 17

Table III

- 1: 2005 Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 28

Table III

- 2: 2007 Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 28

Table III

- 3: 2011 P ittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................ 29

Table III

- 4: Change in Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per

Year) from 2005 to 2007

................................ ................................ .......................... 30

Table III

- 5: Change in Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per

Y ear) from 2005 to 2011

................................ ................................ .......................... 30

Table III

- 6: Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007, 2011, 2017 and 2025

........................ 31

FIGURES

Figure I

- 1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

................................ ........................ 5

Figure I

- 2: Pennsylvania’s 2006 PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

................................ ........................ 5

Figure I

- 3: PM 2.5 Annual Concentration Trend

................................ ................................ ............. 12

Figure I

- 4: PM 2.5 24

- Hour Concentration Trend

................................ ................................ .......... 12

Figure I

- 5: Pie Charts of 2012 Speciation Data in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

............... 14

Figure I

- 6: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

............................. 16

Figure I

- 7: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Precipitation (inches)

................................ ... 17

Figure I

- 8: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Population Trend

................................ ...................... 18

Figure I

- 9: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Population and Labor Force Trends

......................... 19

Figure I

- 10: Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes from the Philadelphia

Federal Reserve Bank

................................ ................................ ............................... 20- 1

-

INTRODUCTION

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air

that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and allergens (suc h as fragments of pollen or mold spores). Fine particulate matter or PM 2.5 describes particulate matter that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, approximately 1/30th the diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size, fine p articles can penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have shown a significant association between exposure to fine particles and premature death from heart or lung disease. Fine particles can aggravate heart and lung diseases

and have been linked to effects such as cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and

rest ricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitive to fine particle exposure include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children. The article “Fine

Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. published January 22, 2009 in the New England Journal of Medicine evaluate d the role PM 2.5 reductions occurring in the 1980s and 1990s had on the increased life expectancy observed over that period. The study found that a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) of PM 2.5 was associated with an average increase in life expectancy of 7.3 months.

PM 2.5 has significant environmental impacts, including acid rain and stream eutrophication.

PM 2.5 also affects visibility (regional haze) through the scattering and absorption of light. Fine particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, are most efficien t, per unit of mass, at reducing visibility

. Soiling and materials damage can also be caused by PM 2.5 in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgat ed PM 2.5 N ational

A mbient A ir Q uality S tandards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evalu ating hundreds of health studies and conducting an extensive peer review process. The EPA established an annual primary (health

- based) and secondary (welfare

- based) standard of 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ), based on the 3

- year average of annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and secondary 24

- hour standard of 65 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile of 24

- hour concentrations. In 2006, the EPA promulgated a

revised 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 35 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the

98th percent ile of 24

- hour concentrations. The annual PM 2.5 standard was not revised. ( 71 FR 61 144 (October 17, 2006))

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the PM 2.5 standard based on air quality monitoring data from 2001

- 2003. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a supplemen tal notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available air quality data (70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The April 5, 2005

, supplemental notice only affected Mercer County in th e Commonwealth of Pennsy lvania.- 2

-

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area, consisting of Beaver, Butler, Washington, Westmoreland Counties and portions of Allegheny, Armstrong, Green and Lawrence Counties 1 , was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania designated by t he EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 PM 2.5 N AAQS. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the area violated the

1997 annual PM 2.5 standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 based on 2001

- 20 03 monitoring data . The Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area did not violate the 1997 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS of 65 μg/m 3

.

On October 8 , 200 9 , the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard based on 200 6

- 200 8 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published

in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (7 4 FR 58688 )

. The EPA designated seven areas comprised of all or portions of 2 2 counties in Pennsylvania as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. The designations became effective on December 14, 2009

.

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Ar ea was one of seven areas in Pennsylvania designated by t he

EPA as nonattainment for the 2006 PM 2.5 N AAQS. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the area violated the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 3 5 μg/ m 3

based on 200 6

- 20 0 8 monitoring data

.

On April 25, 2014, the EPA finalized a rule to classify areas currently designated nonattainment

for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS as “moderate.” The final rule was published in the Federal Register on June 2, 2014 (79 FR 31566 ). The EPA classification of the nonattainment

areas as “moderate” was as a result of a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of

Columbia Circuit regarding Subpart 4 of Part D of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) , which is

discussed in more detail later in this document.

The analyses described in this Request for Redesignation clearly demonstrate that the ambient air quality in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area now meets the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. T he

emission reductions responsible for the improvements in PM 2.5 air quality are both permanent
and enforceable. These analyse s and the Maintenance Plan submitted concurrently demonstrate

that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area has completed all criteria set forth in

Section 10 7(d)(3)(E) of the CAA and should be officially redesignated as attainment for both the

1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA states that an area may be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:

● The NAAQS has b een attained ( discussed in Section I ) ;

● The applicable implementation plan has been fully approved under Section 110(k) of the

CAA and the state has met all applicable requirements for the area under Section 110 and

Part D ( discussed in Section II ) ;

1 All of Allegheny County, except Lincoln Borough, Clairton City, Glassport Borough, Liberty Borough, and Port Vue Borough

, which compr ise the Liberty

- Clairton PM 2.5 Nonattainment Area; Elderton Borough and Plumcreek and Washington Townships in Armstrong County; Monongahela Township in Greene County ; and Township of Taylor south of New Castle City in Lawrence County.- 3

-

● The improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions ( discussed in Section I and Section III ) ; and

● A Maintenance P lan with contingency measures has been fully approved under

Section 175A ( discussed in Section IV )

.

This Request for Redesignation describes how the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area satisfies each

of the C AA ’s Section 107(d)(3)(E) criteria for redesignation to attainment of the 1997 and 2006

PM 2.5 NAAQS

.

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA,

40 CFR § 51.102(d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylva nia Air Pollution Control Act. 35 P.S. § 4007.5 (b)

. O n November 15 , 2014, t he Department provided notice of a public comment period and a hearing on the Maintenance Plan, 2007 comprehensive inventory required by

Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and this Requ est for Redesignation (44 Pa. B. 7243)

. The Department conducted a public hearing on December 16, 2014. However , no one attended the public hearing or provided written comments prior to the close of the public comment period on

December 16, 2014.- 4

-

I. DEMONSTRATION OF ATT AINMENT AND AIR QUAL ITY TRENDS

ANALYSIS

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designatio ns for the 1997 PM 2.5 annual standard based on 2001

- 2003 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a supplemental notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available air quality data (70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The April 5, 2005 supplemental notice only affected Mercer County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania ).

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area, consisting of Beaver, Butler, Washington, Westmoreland Counties and portions of Allegheny, Armstrong, Green and Lawrence

Counties 2 , was one of eight areas in P ennsylvania designated by t he EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 PM 2.5 N AAQS. The 1997 PM 2.5 nonattainment areas in

P ennsylvania are shown in Figure I

- 1. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the area violated the 1997 annual PM 2.5 standard of

15.0 μg/m 3 based on 2001

- 20 03 monitoring data . The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area did

not violate the 1997 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS of 65 μg/m 3

.

On October 8 , 200 9 , the EPA promulgated air quality designations for th e 2006 24

- hour

PM 2.5 standard based on 200 6

- 200 8 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (7 4 FR 58688 )

. The EPA designated seven areas comprised of all or portions of 2 2 counties in Pennsylvania as

PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. The designations became effective on December 14, 2009

. The 2006 PM 2.5 nonattainment areas in P ennsylvania are shown in Figure I

- 2.

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was one of seven areas in Pennsylvania desig nated by

t he EPA as nonattainment for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2 .5 N AAQS. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area w as designated nonattainment because the area violated the 2006 24

- hour

PM 2.5 standard of 3 5 μg/m 3 based on 200 6

- 20 0 8 monitoring data

.

2 Please see footn ote 1.- 5

- Figure I

- 1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

Figure I

- 2: Pennsylvania’s 2006 PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas- 6

-

Air quality in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area has improved substantially since the EPA’s original designations for the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour NAAQS

. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area’s annual PM 2.5 design value has decreased over the 2001

to 201 3 time frame. Based on 2001

- 2003 air quality monitoring data, t he Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area’s annual and 24

- h our design value s for 2003 were 16.9 μ g/m 3 and

54 μg/m 3

, respectively

. Based on 2011

- 2013 air quality monitoring data, t he Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area’s 2013 annual and 24

- hour design value s w ere 11.7 μ g/m 3 and

29 μg/m 3

. Following EPA criteria, annual PM 2.5 design value s below 15.0 μ g/m 3 and

24

- hour design values below 35 μg/m 3 are considered to be attainment for the 1997

annual and 2006 24

- hour NAAQS

. Annual and 24

- hour c oncentrati ons are expected to

remain lower than 15 μ g/m 3 and 35 μg/m 3 at least over the next decade.

On October 12, 2012 , the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area had

attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured , quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment based

on 2008

- 2010 and 2009

- 2011 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 77 FR 62147 ). EPA’s

final action promulgati ng the Clean Data Determination suspend ed the requirements for

this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasona bly available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning S tate I mplementation P lan (SIP) revisions related to the attainment of the 1997

PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 PM 2. 5 NAAQS 3

.

On May 2, 2014 , the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area had

attained the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment based

on 2010

- 2012 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 79 FR 25014 ). This Clean Data

Determination suspended the requirements for th e submission of an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions related to the

attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Ar ea for so long

as the area continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. 4

The Clean Data Determinations did not “ redesignate ” the area as “attainment.” The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area remains nonattainment for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS until the Common wealth submits, and the EPA approves, a Request for

R edesignation and a Maintenance Plan showing the area can maintain the se standard s for

at least 10 years following redesignation of the area

.

3 In the same notice, the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS by the appl icable attainment date of April 5, 2010, based on quality

- assured, quality

- controlled and certified monitoring data for the 2007

- 2009 monitoring period. This determination of attainment fulfills the EPA's obligation

pursuant to S ection 179(c)(1) of the CAA.

4 Because the attainment dat e has not passed, the EPA’s action was limited to a clean data determination and was not a determination of attainment pursuant to Section 179(c)(1) of the CAA.- 7

-

A. Design Value Determination

The ambient air quality analysis is based on PM 2.5 data measured at the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area monitoring site s

. The ambient air quality data analysis for PM 2.5 was completed using the appropriate regulations and guidance documents. Monitoring procedures were det ermined in accordance with 40 CFR

Part 58

. The PM 2.5 design values were calculated in accordance with 40 CFR

Part 50, Appendix N, “ Interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards for Particulate Matter. ”

B

. Air Quality Trends Analysis

T his section provides a brief summary of PM 2.5 monitoring concentrations in t he Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

.

Trends in PM 2.5 design values were analyzed from 2001 through 201 3

. Table I

- 1 displays annual PM 2.5 concentrations monitored in the Pittsburgh

- Bea ver Valley

Area . Table I

- 2 contains the 98 th percent ile of 24

- hour concentrations for each

year

.- 8

- Table I

- 1: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual PM 2.5 Concentrations

*This data is shown in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to

ensure the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.- 9

-

Table I

- 2: Pittsburgh

- Beaver V alley Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Concentrations

*This data is shown in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to

ensure the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Dete rmination.

Tables I

- 3 and I

- 4 contain the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area’s annual and

24

- hour PM 2.5 design values calculated using the 2001 through 201 3 monitoring

data. Design values for the annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS show a declining

trend. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was designated as nonattainment for

the 1997 annual standard based on the 2001 through 2003 annual design value of

16.9 μg/m 3

. The 24

- hour design value for that time period was 54 μg/m 3

. Compared with the 2001 through 2003 design values, the annual design value for- 10

- 2011 through 2013 has decreased by 31 percent and the 24

- hour design value by

46 pe rcent

. The annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 design values for the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area are shown below in Tables I

- 3 and I

- 4, respectively.

Table I

- 3: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual PM 2.5 Design Values

*This data is shown in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to

ensure the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.- 11

- Table I

- 4 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Design Values

*This data is shown in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) as incomplete. Additional st atistical analysis was done to

ensure the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.

The 2001 through 201 3 trend lines for annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 concentrations are shown in Figures I

- 3 and I

- 4

. As shown in Figures I

- 3 and I

- 4 , the slope of

the trend lines for the annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 concentrations are both negative, indicating decreasing concentrations.- 12

- Figure I

- 3 : PM 2.5 Annual Concentration Trend

Figure I

- 4 : PM 2.5 24

- Hour Concentration Trend

C

. Climate Trends Analysis

PM 2.5 formation in the eastern United States is a complex process involving local and regional meteorology, topography, chemistry and transport. Sulfates and nitrates are formed primarily through atmospheric reactions of precursor

emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 )

, oxides of nitrogen ( NO X ) and ammonia ( NH 3 )

. Organic carbon is a combination of secondary organic particles formed from

emissions of vo latile organic compounds ( VOC ) and the organic portion of primary PM 2.5 that is directly emitted or condenses near its source. Currently, our y =

- 0.3544x + 18.042

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 PM2.5 Design Value (ug/m3) 

## PM 2.5 

## Annual Design Value Trend

Pittsburgh-Beaver
Valley Area Annual DV

Level of Standard

y =

- 1.8571x + 55.308

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 PM2.5 Design Value (ug/m3) 

## PM 2.5 

## 24

- Hour Design Value Trend

Level of Standard

Pittsburgh-Beaver
Valley Area 24-Hour DV- 13

- understanding of sulfate and nitrate chemistry and its impacts on PM 2.5 concentrations far exceeds our understand ing of contributions from anthropogenic

VOCs.

The Florence and Greensburg monitoring sites i n the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

A rea are equipped with monitors that measure PM 2.5 mass and speciation

monitors that collect data on the chemical constituents of PM 2.5 in the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area. The Florence monitoring site is in a rural location, while the Greensburg monitoring site is in a more urban area. Figure I

- 5 displays speciated

PM 2.5 data collected at the Florence and Greensburg monitors in 2 012.- 14

-

Figure I

- 5 : Pie Chart s of 2012 Speciation Data in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

Nitrate

8%

Sulfate

25%

Ammonium

7% Organic carbon

18% Elemental carbon

4% Crustal

component

4% Other

34% 

## Florence AIRS Code 421255001 POC 5 (ROUTINE) Date(s): 1/4/2012

- 12/29/2012 Average Concentration (μg/m3)

Nitrate

7%

Sulfate

21%

Ammonium

6% Organic carbon

20%

Elemental carbon

7% Crustal

component

4% Other

35% 

## Greensburg AIRS Code 421290008 POC 5 (ROUTINE) Date(s): 1/4/2012

- 12/29/2012 Average Concentration (μg/m3)- 15

- Attainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS involves the range of meteorological conditions throughout the year. PM 2.5 chemistry favors sulfate formation during the warm summer months and nitrate formation during the colder winter months. In addition, local temperature inversions more common in the winter can concentrate emissions near the surface, leading to periods of elevated PM 2.5 concentrations.

To assess whether it is likely that unusual meteorological patterns have

contributed to the lower PM 2.5 concentrations observed in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area , temperature and precipitation trends over the last 10 years were examined.

The data used in the trends analysis is from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) database for the Pittsburgh International Airport. The monthly summary data was obtained from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center at: www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo

- web/search#t=secondTabLink

.

1. Temperature Trends

Table I

- 5 presents monthly mean temperature data for the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley A rea for 2001 through 2 013 . Figure I

- 6 graphically displays the data.

Table I

- 5: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Monthly Mean Temperature ( ° F)- 16

-

Figure I

- 6 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Monthly Mean Temperature ( ° F)

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was designated nonattainment for the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2001 through 2003 monitoring data and

nonattainment for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2006 through 2008 monitoring data

. These timeframe s show typical year

- to

- year variation in temperature with no unusual conditions that would be expected to cause higher PM 2.5 concentrations as experienced . The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area’s C lean D ata D etermination for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS was based on 2 00 8 through 20 10, and 2009 through 2011 monitoring data and

for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS on 2010 through 2012 monitoring data . T he Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area continues to monitor attainment. Examination of the temperature data from 200 6 through 201 3 shows normal variation in seasonal temperatures but no evidence of unusual patterns that would be expected to repress PM 2.5 formation.

2. Precipitation Trends

Table I

- 6 presents monthly and annual precipitation data for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area for 2001 through 2013 . Figure I

- 7 graphically displays the annual precipitation data. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1/1/2001 9/1/2001 5/1/2002 1/1/2003 9/1/2003 5/1/2004 1/1/2005 9/1/2005 5/1/2006 1/1/2007 9/1/2007 5/1/2008 1/1/2009 9/1/2009 5/1/2010 1/1/2011 9/1/2011 5/1/2012 1/1/2013 9/1/2013 degrees Fahrenheit 

## Monthly Mean Temperature (degrees F)- 17

- Table I

- 6: Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Precipitation (inches)

Figure I

- 7 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Precipitation (inches)

Examination of the 2001 through 2003 and 2006 through 2008 precipitation data indicates typical precipitation amounts within th ose timeframe s

. Examination of the precipitation data from 200 6 through

201 3 also shows typical variation in precipitation amoun ts. There is no indication from the data that unusual precipitation patterns contribute d to
the lower PM 2.5 concentrations in recent years in which the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area monitored attainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

. 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Precipitation (inches) 

## Annual Precipitation- 18

-

D

. Additional Trends

1. Population Trends

The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area has had negative populatio n growth

over the last decade , as shown in Figure I

- 8 below

. The population of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area decreased 2.6 percent between the 2000

and 2010 Censuses. Based on data from the Bureau of the Census, t he population of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was 2,194,217 in 2000

and 2,137,369 in 2010

.

Population decreases correspond with decreased emissions from some types of emission sources and

, therefore

, can result in decreased pollution

levels. While the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area’s population has

decreased 2.6 percent over the last decade, there is no evidence that the moderate decrease in population is driving the substantial improvement in air qua lity experienced in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea.

Figure I

- 8 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Population Trend

2. E conomic Trends

Economic trends could have impacts on emissions and consequently affect

PM 2.5 concentrations in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area . The two factors considered here include estimated labor force changes in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area and overall economic activity in Pennsylvania as measured by the Coincident Index. The labor force data

was obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid

- Atlantic Information Office. The Coincident Index data was obtained from the Philadelphia Reserve Bank

. 2,080,000 2,100,000 2,120,000 2,140,000 2,160,000 2,180,000 2,200,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010



## Population of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

Population- 19

- Figure I

- 9 shows the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area’s population change

and estimat ed labor force change since 19 9 0 . A larger labor force could lead to more driving and increased infrastructure demands. This in turn could lead to higher emissions. Increases in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

Area’s labor force also contribute to overall increases in economic activity (greater family income/spending). The Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank has tracked economic activity in Pennsylvania over the last 25 years. Pennsylvania’s Economic Activity Index is graphically depicted in Figure I

- 10 . I n spite of these upward trends, air quality continues to improve in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

.

Figure I

- 9 : Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Population and Labor Force Trends

Data Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid

- Atlantic Information Office The database containing “ State and local industry employment and earnings

– monthly ” data was accessed from the following site: www.bls.gov/ro3/data.htm 1,000,000.00 1,200,000.00 1,400,000.00 1,600,000.00 1,800,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,200,000.00 2,400,000.00

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

## Population and Labor Force Trends

Nonfarm Employment

Population- 20

- Figure I

- 10 : Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes from the

Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank

Data downloaded on 5/24/2012 from: The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia at: www.philadelphiafed.org/research

- and

- data/regional

- economy/indexes/coincident/

The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia produces a monthly coincident

index for each of the 50 states. The coincident indexes combine

four state

- level ind icators to summarize current economic conditions in a single statistic. The four state

- level variables in each coincident index are nonfarm payroll employment, average hours worked in manufacturing, the unemployment rate, and wage and salary disbursements deflated by the consumer price index (U.S. city average). The trend for each state’s index is set to the trend of its gross domestic product (GDP), so long

- term growth in the state’s index matches long

- term growth in its GDP.

I I

. SIP APPROVALS A ND APPLICABLE REQUIREME NTS

In order for EPA to redesignat e a nonattainment area to attainment, the applicable SIP revision must be fully approved by the EPA under Section 110(k) of the CAA. In addition, the state must have met all requirements applicable to the area under

Section 110 and Part D

- Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas. The specific requirements applicable to the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area can be found in

S ections 110(a)(2), and Part D S ections 172(c) (relating to nonattainment plan

prov isions)

, 173 (relating to permit requirements) and 176 (relating to limitations on certain federal assistance) of the CAA

. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of

Columbia C ircuit has also recently held that EPA must implement the PM 2.5 NAAQS

pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D

– see Section III below for more information.

These requirements have been fulfilled for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

.

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00

Jan-79 Feb-81 Mar-83 Apr-85 May-87 Jun-89 Jul-91 Aug-93 Sep-95 Oct-97 Nov-99 Dec-01 Jan-04 Feb-06 Mar-08 Apr-10 Coincident Index 

## Pennsylvania and National Coincident

Indexes

PA

US- 21

-

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA

Section 110(a) of the CAA contains the general requirements for a SIP. Pennsylvania concludes that, as EPA has stated in previous rulemaking in another

state

, 5 only the Section 110 and Part D requirements that are linked with a particular area’s designation are t he relevant measures to consider in evaluating a redesignation request. Further, Pennsylvania believes that the other Section 110 elements that are not connected with nonattainment plan submissions and not

linked with an area’s attainment status are also not applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. A state remains subject to these requirements after an area is redesignated to attainment.

The requirements of Section 110(a)(2 ) of the CAA that are statewide requirements and that are not linked to the PM 2.5 nonattainment status of the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area are not applicable requirements for purposes of

review of the Commonwealth’s PM 2.5 redesignation request. However, EPA requires that the Commonwealth’s Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements be approved prior to redesignation, because PSD requirements will apply after redesignation. Sections 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) of the CAA require state plans to meet the r equirements of CAA, Subchapter I, Part C, which contains PSD requirements. In addition

, Section 110(a)(2)(I) requires that a plan

revision for an area de signated as a nonattainment area meet the applicable requirements of CAA, Subchapter I, Part D (relati ng to nonattainment areas). Therefore, Pennsylvania has concluded that only the parts of

Sections 110(a)(2)(C), 110(a)(2)(I) and 110(a)(2)(J) that relate to Part D applicable requirements or PSD are applicable for purposes of redesignation.

EPA has previ ously approved provisions of Pennsylvania ’s SIP addressing

Section 110 requirements, including provisions addressing PM 2.5

. Pennsylvania’s SIP measures meeting Section 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) requirements are fully approved under Section 110(k) of t he CAA. The Maintenance Plan associated with this Request for Redesignation for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

Area is a SIP revision for an area designated as a nonattainment area and meets the applicable requirements of Part D of Subchapter I of the CAA

. T herefore, the Maintenance Plan associated with this Request for Redesignation meets the requirements of Section 110(a)(2)(I ) of the CAA

. Please see the discussion below concerning Part D (plan requirements for nonattainment areas)

.

5 See EPA’s proposed approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Hunti ngton

- Ashland

nonattainment area for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (76 FR 79593). On December 31, 2012, EPA published final approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Huntington

- Ashland nonattainment area for the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (77 FR 7 6883).- 22

-

B. Part D

- Plan Req uirements for Nonattainment Areas

1. Sect ion 172(c) of the CAA

Section 172 of the CAA contains the general provisions required to be

included in SIP revisions for nonattainment areas. These requirements include attainment demonstrations, reasonably avai lable control measures, reasonable further progress, inventory data, and permitting requirements.

As stated previously, on October 12, 2012

, the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area had attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 7 7 FR 62147 )

. The EPA’s Clean Data Determination was based on quality

- assured, quality

- controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area ha d monitored

attainment based on 200 8 through 20 10, and 2009 thr ough 2011 monitoring data. The Clean Data Determination suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other p lanning SIP revisions

related to attainment of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area

continues to meet the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

O n May 2, 2014

, the EPA determined that the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

Area had attained the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the

area had monitored attainment based on 2010 through 2012 monitoring

data (“Clean Data Determination”) (7 9 FR 25014 ). This final action suspended the requ irements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions related to the attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS fo r so long as the area continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

Submittal of a comprehensive emissions inventory to the EPA is required by 40 CFR § 51.1008 to meet the requirements of Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA. This requirement was not suspended by the Clean Data

Determination

. In fulfillment of this requirement for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS , t he 2007 emissions inventory , which also serves as the attainment year inventory for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

, is being submitted as part of the Maintenance P lan

. Th e comprehensive emissions inventory is being su bmitted concurrently to the EPA with this Request for Redesignation

.- 23

- 2

. Section 173 of the CAA

Section 173 of the CAA outlines requirements related to permitting of air pollution sources in nonattainment areas.

Stationary air pollution sources are subject to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ’s regulations

, codified in Title 25 (relating to Environmental Protection) of the Pennsylvania Code ( 25 Pa. Code , Subpart C, Article III, Chapters 121

- 145). These reg ulations include the following :

● Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources promulgated by the EPA under the Clean Air Act (25 Pa. Code Chapter 122) ;

● Standards for Contaminants ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 123) ;

● National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (25 Pa.

Code Chapter 124);

● Construction, Modification, Reactivation and Operation of Sources, including plan approval, prevention of significant deterioration, new source review, operating permit program (25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 );

● Standards for Sources ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 129) ; and

● Annual Emission Statements and required reporting to the Department ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 135).

These permitting, stationary source monitoring and reporting, preconstruction review, offset ratios and enforceable emission limitations requirements were adopted to implement the fed erally mandated requirements in S ections 110, 172, 173 and 182(a) of the CAA. The EPA has approved all of these regulations as SIP revisions for Pennsylvania

, as indicated in Section III of this document

.

3

. Section 176 of the CAA

Section 176 (c) of the CAA contains the provision prohibiting federal financing of projects or activities that do not conform to an approved implementation plan.

The Commonwealth ad opted and incorporated the EPA’s G eneral

C onformity rule (40 CFR Part 93, Subpart B) by reference in its entirety in

25 Pa. Code Section 127.802 . The G eneral C onformity regulation- 24

- describes procedures to determine if federally

- financed, non

- transportation projects are in con formity with air quality plans

.

The EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) have issued regulations regarding criteria and procedures for demonstrating and assuring conformity of transportation improvement programs (TIP or program), long range plans (LRP or plan), and individual transportation projects with the requirements of the CAA and the SIP for the specific nonattainment area. Affected transportation planning organizations are complying with all federal laws, regulati ons and guidance for transportation conformity.

4

. Section 189(e) of the CAA

In light of a recent court decision

, Natural Resources Defense Council v.

EPA , No. 08

- 1250, 706 F.3d 428 ( D.C. Cir. 2013) (see discussion in

Section II I ), the Department considered Section 189(e) of the CAA

. According to Section 189(e) and the court decision

, control requirements

in nonattainment areas applicable for major stationary sources of PM also apply to major stationary sources of PM precursors. Pennsylvania

assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for the

maintenance demonstration

. The stationary source control measures that are applicable requirements in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area are discussed in detail in Section III

- C

- 1 (re lating to control measures for stationary sources) of this document

.

C. Conclusion

The requirements of Section 110(a) and Subpart D of the CAA have been fulfilled

in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

I II

. DEMONSTRATION OF PER MANENT AND ENFORCEAB LE IMPROVEMENT

This section provides an assessment of the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions at a time

the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was monitoring nonattainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

and when this area attained the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. 6 A 2005 ( baseline ) inventory of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions is used t o represent emissions when the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area was not attaining the 1997 or 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. A

2007 in ventory is used to identify PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions during a period

the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area began attaining the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS. A 2011 inventory is used to identify PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions during a period the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area began attaining the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. Detailed information is presented by sector in the Maintenance Plan submitted concurrently with

this Redesignation Request

.

6 Throughout this document, emissions inventory data was rounded to the nearest ton prior to summarizing the emissions inventory data.- 25

-

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of p articulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that the chemical and physical properties of particulate matter vary greatly with time, region, meteorology and source category. 7 Therefore, effective control

measures for PM 2.5 will vary among nonattainment areas.

By way of background, EPA issued it s “Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard,” on March 2, 2012 (later withdrawn) . In the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA adopted the framework and policy approach the agency espoused in its implementation rule for

the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, known as the “ Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule (72 FR 20586 ; April 25, 2007) (the “ Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2 .5 NAAQS” )

.

In its Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. In that earlier rule, t he EP A require d states to evaluate control

measures for SO 2 and primary PM 2.5 in all locations. The EPA require d states to evaluate

control measures for NO X unless a technical demonstration is made to show NO X does not significantly contribute to PM 2.5 . The EPA require d states to evaluate measures for

VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show they significantly

contribute to PM 2.5 in that area.

The EPA reaffirmed the appropriateness of these presumptions in its Implementation

Guidance for the 2006 2 4

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. Meanwhile, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997

PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08

- 1250. On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case.

The C ourt granted the petitions for review and remanded the case to the EPA to

re

- promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the CAA , rather than implementing it under Subpart 1, as the EPA had done ( 706 F.3d 428, 437 ( D.C. Cir. 2013))

.

Shortly thereafter, the EPA withdrew its Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour

PM 2.5 NAAQS. According to the EPA’s June 6 , 2013 withdrawal memorandum (see

second page of memorandum) 8

, the EPA w ithdrew the guidance in response to the

Court’s decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08

- 1250.

The Maintenance Plan accompanying this Redesignation Request for the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area demonstrates maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling.

7 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM 2.5

, 71 FR 61144, October 17, 2006

8 “Withdrawal of Implementatio n Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle ( PM 2.5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),” Stephen D. Page, EPA, June 6, 2013.- 26

-

In general, the C ourt’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- h our PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best available control

measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6 )

. Becaus e the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is already attaining the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, those considerations are not relevant for this Request for Redesignation and the M aintenance P lan. The C ourt noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including NH 3 and VOCs, are presumptively regulate d in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to Section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes

PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. According to

Section 189(e) of the CAA, control requirements applicable for major stationary sources

of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM 10 precursors, except where the

Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to

PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of S ection (e).

Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , N O X , VOC and NH 3 for the maintenance

demonstration.

T his Redesignation Request for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area provides emissions information for all pollutants ( PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 )

, as required by the EPA’s guidance entitled “Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional

Haze Regulations

. ” 9 Section III first describes the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emission

estimates for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea. These inventories have been developed

in accordance with the EPA emission inventory preparation guidance. The section then presents information about the permanent and enforceable control measures that have been implemented in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea to produce the emission reductions that have occurred between these years and that will provide emission reductions ensuring maintenance of the PM 2.5 standard s

.

A. Baseline (200 5 ) Emissions Inventory

An emissions inventory is an estimate of the emissions from sources in a particular area. The 2005 baseline year inventory represents the emissions present

when the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area did not meet the PM 2. 5 standards. The Department considered using 2002 a s the baseline year; however, condensable

PM 2.5 emissions were not accounted for in the 2002 emissions inventory, which

would have made the comparison of the 2002 inventory to the 2007, 2011, 2017, and 2025 inventories problematic. The 2005 National Emiss ions Inventory (NEI) was the next available periodic emission inventory developed by the EPA and includes adjustments made by the EPA to account for condensable PM 2.5 emissions.

9 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.- 27

- The 2005 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local agencies and industry, as well as estimates generated by the EPA. The 2005 NEI was based in part on information submitted by the Department under the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR), which was published in the Federal Register on Monday, Jun e 10, 2002 (67 FR 39602) . The CERR required States to prepare and submit a comprehensive statewide inventory every three

years.

T he inventory contains information for the pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3 for these sectors:

● “Stationary sources” (or “point” sources), which are sources for which the Department collects individual emissions

- related information. Generally, they represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

● “Area sources,” which are industrial, commercial, and re sidential sources too small or too numerous to be handled individually. These sources include but are not limited to commercial and residential open burning, architectural and industrial maintenance coatings application and clean

- up, consumer product use, and vehicle refueling at service stations. Where there is overlap between stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the area source values are adjusted to remove any double counting.

● “Highway vehicles,” which include passenger cars and light

- duty trucks, other trucks, buses and motorcycles.

● “Nonroad sources,” which encompass a diverse collection of engines, including

, but not limited to

, outdoor power equipment, recreational

vehicl es, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment, recreational marine vessels, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, ships, and aircraft.

Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were generated using the MOBILE6

model. It is problematic to compare results generated by MOBILE6 to results generated by the newer Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator ( MOVES ) 2010

model

. For the same V ehicle M iles T raveled (VMT) and other parameters, the MOBILE6 model predicts higher VOC and significantly lower NO X and PM 2.5 emissions than MOVES2010 , which was used to generate the 2007, 2017

, and 2025 inventories. In addition, the Department’s MOVES2010 runs use mo re detailed road segment data necessary to properly apportion the emissions to the partial county portion s of the nonattainment area. Therefore, the Department did not use the 2005 NEI emission estimates for highway vehicle emissions. Instead, the Depart ment linearly interpolated MOVES2010 emission estimates for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area that were available for 2002 and 2007.- 28

- A summary of the 2005 inventory is shown below in Table III

- 1.

Table III

- 1: 2005 Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2005 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 27,817 33,370 470,511 92,808 5,553 738

Area Sources 7,916 41,206 9,905 8,622 36,683 2,948 Highway Vehicle Sources 1,898 2,304 875 58,268 22,306 934

Non

- Road Sources 1,539 1,598 2,364 31,519 11,499 14

Totals 39,170 78,478 483,655 191,217 76,041 4,634

B. Attainment Year Emissions Inventories

- 2007 for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

and 2011 for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

A 2007 inventory of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 emissions for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea is used to identify emissions during the period

when attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley A rea. A summary of the 2007 inventory is prov ided in

Table III

- 2. Emissions of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2, NOx, V OC, and NH 3 decreased by

54 percent, 57 percent, 6 percent, 11 percent, 17 percent and 15 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2007

. The Maintenance Plan describes how the 2007 inventory was compiled. The Technical Appendices to the Maintenance Plan

contain more detailed information for each sector.

Table III

- 2: 2007 Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 8,913 14,518 438,716 92,750 3,186 584

Area Sources 6,392 15,761 12,817 7,946 28,991 2,474 Highway Vehicle Sources 1,692 2,087 378 49,052 20,194 858

Non

- Road Sources 1,151 1,232 694 21,175 10,834 16

Totals 18,148 33,598 452,605 170,923 63,205 3,932

A 2011 inventory of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 emissions for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is used to identify emissions during the period

when attainment of the 2006 24 hour PM 2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area.

The 20 11 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local agencies and industry, as well as estim ates generated by the EPA. The Department used NEI version 2 data for the point source, area source and nonroad

source sectors. The Department did not use the 2011 NEI emission estimates for highway vehicle emissions. The Department completed MOVES2010 runs for- 29

- the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley that use more detailed road segment data necessary to properly apportion the emissions to the partial county areas in the nonattainment area. See Appendix D of the Maintenance Plan for more detailed highway vehicle emissions information. The NEI data was obtained from the

EPA ’s Emission Inventory System. Appendix A

- 4 contains summary data for

2011

.

PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2, NOx, V OC, and NH 3 emissions decreased by 58 percent,
58 percent, 74 percent, 29 percent, 32 percent and 12 percent, respectively, from

2005 to 2011

. Table III

- 3 s ummarizes the 2011 emissions for the area

.

Table III

- 3 : 2011 Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley

2011 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3
Stationary Point Sources 7,287 10,381 122,541 80,746 3,333 322

Area Sources 7,455 20,867 3,841 19,667 26,012 3,109 Highway Vehicle Sources 967 1,304 149 29,184 14,813 624

Non

- Road Sources 667 700 20 7,110 7,832 10

Totals 16,376 33,252 126,551 136,707 51,990 4,065

The permanent and enforceable reductions of PM and precursor emissions

between 2005 and 2007 and between 2005 and 2011 , as described in more detail throughout this Section III, led to the improvement in air quality observed in that time period.

C. Control Measures

Along with the analysis of ambient air quality and c ontributing factors in

Section I of th is Redesignation Request , this section describes the permanent and

enforceable federal and state measures that provided PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC

emission reductions from 2005 to 2007 (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS) and 2005 to

2011 (for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS) to bring the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area

into attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS and measures that will assure

maintenance of the standard s

.

The EPA’s Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS adopted the same presumptions related to PM 2.5 precursors as the EPA’s Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS. However, Pennsylvania recognizes the Court decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA

, No. 08

- 1250, 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013) and the EPA’s subsequent

withdrawal of the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS

.

In general, the C ourt’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain- 30

- timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available

and best available control measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6 )

. Since the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area is already attaining the 1997 and 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, however, those considerations are not relevant for this Redesignation Request or the accompanying M aintenance P lan.

The C ourt noted t hat PM 2.5 precursors are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4 , pointing spec ifically to S ection 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the C ourt stated that

PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4]

. ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. According to Section 189(e) of the CAA , control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary

sources of PM 10 precursors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires the EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of Subsection (e) . Pennsylvania assessed emis sions of

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration.

The permanent and enforceable reductions of emissions between 2005 and 2007

and between 2005 and 2011 , as described in more detail throughout this

Section III, led to the improvement in air quality observed in those time period s

. A summary of the change in emissions from 200 5 to 2007 is included in

Table III

- 4, and a summary of the change in emissions from 2005 to 2011 is

included in Table III

- 5.

Table III

- 4 : Change in Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

from 200 5 to 2007

Change from 2005 to 2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources

- 18,904

- 18,852

- 31,795

- 58

- 2,367

- 154

Area Sources

- 1,524

- 25,445 2,912

- 676

- 7,692

- 474 Highway Vehicle Sources

- 206

- 217

- 497

- 9,216

- 2,112

- 76

Non

- Road Sources

- 388

- 366

- 1,670

- 10,344

- 665 2

Totals

- 21,022

- 44,880

- 31,050

- 20,294

- 12,836

- 702

Table III

- 5 : Change in Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

from 200 5 to 2011

Change from 2005 to 2011 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources

- 20,530

- 22,989

- 347,970

- 12,062

- 2,220

- 416

Area Sources

- 461

- 20,339

- 6,064 11,045

- 10,671 161 Highway Vehicle Sources

- 931

- 1,000

- 726

- 29,084

- 7,493

- 310

Non

- Road Sources

- 872

- 898

- 2,344

- 24,409

- 3,667

- 4

Totals

- 22,794

- 45,226

- 357,104

- 54,510

- 24,051

- 569- 31

- This section also describes the federal and state measures that will provide direct

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC emission reductions

, ensuring maintenance of the

standard s

.

A summary of the total emission s in 2007 and 2011 and projected estimates for

2017 (the interim year) and 2025 (the maintenance year) is included in

Table III

- 6

. The emission estimates account for any anticipated g rowth in the activity of sources and include a transportation conformity safety margin for

PM 2.5 and NO X . For all pollutants

, emissions in 2017 and 2025 in the Pittsburgh

Beaver Valley Area are anticipated to be lower than they were in 2007 and 2011

. This means that the projected growth in emissions is smaller than anticipated

emission reductions from control measures for all pollutant s
, in the nonattainment

area

. In addition, the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area currently has an annual

PM 2.5 design valu e based on 201 1

- 201 3 monitoring data of 11.7 μg/m 3

, which is significantly lower than the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS of 15 μg/m 3

. Based on

201 1

- 201 3 monitoring data, t he Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area has a 24

- hour

PM 2.5 design value of 29 μg/m 3 which is significantly lower than the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS of 35 μg/m 3

. Each measure is explained in greater detail in the following sections.

Table III

- 6 : Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007

, 2011, 2017 and 2025

Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3

2007 18,148 33,598 452,605 170,923 63,205 3,932

2011 16,376 33,252 126,551 136,707 51,990 4,065

2017* 15,932 31,074 100,867 132,236 49,860 3,625

2025* 16,053 31,826 108,610 133,044 49,273 3,678

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles.

The emissions in Table III

- 6 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting Programs. An owner or operator of a proposed new air contamination

sources in the Commonwealth is required to receive a plan approval (pre

construction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, assembly, installation of new sources, modification of any existing stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution

con trol equipment or devices. Following the construction of the new facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an operating permit from the Department. The type of operating permit will depend on the quantity of regulated pollut ants emitted from the air

contamination sources. DEP will issue a “State

- only Operating Permit” for minor air contamination stationary sources that are below the applicability thresholds for Title V facilities. A “ Title V O perating- 32

- P ermit ” is required fo r major facilities that have the potential to emit air contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V Permit, which

is issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit.

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources), and

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code Section 121.1, are a suite of programs regulating air contamination sources to improve and maintain air quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review and approval of pre

- construction and operating permits for both major and

non

- major a ir contamination sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have

been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) at various times since May 31, 1972 and most recently on October 5, 2012, and are therefore all federally enforceable requirements . Several asp ects of Chapter 127 are highlighted as follows:

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Operating Permit s Program, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is applicable to major stationary sources as defined in 25 Pa

. Code Section 121 .1. The purpose of the Title V Operating Permits

P rogram is to consolidate a facility’s air quality requirements in a single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the public know exactly what regulations and requirements apply

and h ow the facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with all applicable requirements. The

Title V permit includes all sources at a site including all air pollution control devices as well as activities that were determined

to be in significant sources of emissions. Each source is described

in detail within a section of the Title V permit. The requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities, emission restrictions, detailed monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal and state requirements. The Title V Operating Permits Program requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapters F and G. The program was fully approved by the EPA on July 30, 1996 (61 FR 39597).

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention of Significant

Deterioration Programs

. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania are also subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonattainment areas and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of the Commonwealth designated attainment for National Ambient Air Quality Standards including carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). Generally, NSR permit requirements are applicable to the owner and- 33

- operator of a facility located in a nonattainment area for a particular pollutant with a potential to emit 50 or more tons per year (tpy) of volatile organi c compounds or 100 tpy or more of NO X , SO 2 , PM or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the entire Commonwealth, which is included in the Ozone Transport Region by operation of law, is treated as

a “moderate” ozone nonattainment area, irrespective of the area’s

attainment status for the ozone precursors, nitrogen oxides (NO X ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Because NO X and VOC are also precursors of PM 2.5 , NO X and VOC emission reductions req uired statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also allow Pennsylvania to make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the

PM 2.5 NAAQS. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive approval from the Department, a person must show that the proposed source will, among other things, offset its potential to emit air contaminants including NO X , PM and VOCs by securing emission reductions credits at the specif ied offset ratio, will employ the “lowest achievable emission rate” (LAER) for each regulated pollutant and conduct an alternative analysis. The nonattainment NSR requirements are

codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter E and approved as a SIP

rev ision on December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre

- construction review and permitting program applicable in attainment areas to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, Parts C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD regulations codified in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by refe rence in their entirety in 25 Pa. Code §127.83 (relating to adoption by reference). The Department’s PSD regulations,

codified in 25 Pa

. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter D, were approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984 and codified at 40 CFR §52.2058 (49 FR 331 28).). PSD permit requirements may apply to a facility located in an attainment area for a standard with the potential to emi t 100 tpy or
250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including carbon monoxide , lead,

NO 2 , ozone, PM and SO 2 depending on the source categ ory. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology (BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility needs to conduct an ambient air qu ality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact mandatory federal Class I areas including national parks greater than
6, 000 acres and national wilderness areas and national me morial parks greater than 5,000 acres.

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available Technology (BAT) Program ensures that new stationary sources will- 34

- prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree p ossible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a

case

- by

- case basis for both major and minor stationary sources taking into account energy, environmental benefits and costs. Pursuant to 25 Pa.

Code §127.1, the emission of air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania must be controlled to the maximum extent, consistent with

BAT as determined by the Department as of the date of issuance of the plan approval for the new source. Under 25 Pa. Code §127.12(a)(5), an application for a plan approval must show that the emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the use BAT

. Pennsylvania regulations define “best available technology” in 25 Pa.

Code §121.1 as, “Equipment, devices , methods or techniques as determined by the Department which will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree possible and which are available or may be made available.” The Department’s BAT regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code §§127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by the EPA on July 30, 1996, and codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

NO X and SO 2 Control Programs. In 1998, the EPA promulgated the

NO X SIP Call as the EPA’s principal effort to reduce interstate transport of air pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal

NO X SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NO X Budget Trading Program regulations for electric generating units ( EGU) and large

industrial boilers , with emission redu ctions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by the EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 (66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NO X SIP Call, Pennsylvania adopted additional NO X control regulations cove ring cement plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on September 29,

2006 ( 71 FR 57428).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005, the EPA adopted CAIR (70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport

of NO X and SO 2 . CAIR was implemented in Pennsylvania through 2014 in Pennsylvania through the Department’s CAIR regulation, codified in

25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subch apter D, with related amendments in Chapters 121, 129 and 145. The EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP

revision on December 10, 2009, codified at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania terminated the

NO X Budget Tradi ng Program and transitioned to the federal CAIR for large EGUs

.

The market

- based CAIR was designed to reduce EGU emissions of NO X and SO 2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States.- 35

- Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adop t a regulation implementing the requirements of the CAIR or an equivalent program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulated under CAIR FIPs promulgated by the EPA, but were regulated under the SIP

after the EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP revision, Pennsylvania participate d in the EPA

- administered cap

- and

- trade programs for NO X annual, NO X ozone season, and SO 2 annual emissions.

EPA’s CAIR was remanded to the EPA for revisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on December 23, 2008 (See,

North Carolina v. EPA , 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Following remand, the EPA replaced CAIR with the Cross

- State

A ir Pollution Rule (CSAPR), but in a separate legal challenge the C ourt vacated CSAPR. In that ruling, the C ourt ordered the EPA to continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid replacement (see, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA , 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012)).

On April 29, 2014, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the Court of Appeals’ decision that had vacated the CSAPR. EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P., 134 S. Ct. 1584 (U.S. 2014)

. The Supreme

Court remanded the case to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals for further proceedings. On October 23, 2014, the D.C Circuit granted the EPA’s motion reques ting that the Court lift the stay of the CSAPR imposed by

the Court in December 2011.

According to the EPA, emission reductions originally required under CAIR will be made permanent and enforceable through the implementation of CSAPR. See the EPA’s final rule, “Redesignation of the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle

- York Nonattainment Areas to

Attainment for the 1997 Annual and the 2006 24

- Hour Fine P articulate Matter Standard,” 79 FR 72552 ( December 8 , 2014), in which the EPA

wrote: “ Relative to CAIR, CSAP R provides similar or greater emission reductions from relevant upwind areas starting in 2015 and beyond. The emission reductions associated with CAIR that helped the Areas achieve

attainment of the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM2.5 NAAQS can

therefore b e considered permanent and enforceable for purposes of redesignation under se ction 107(d)(3)(E)(iii) of the CAA .” See

79 FR 72552.

Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). In 2011, the EPA promulgated

the CSAPR to replace CAIR following the judicial remand of CAIR, as explained above. In CSAPR, EPA established emissions budgets for

28 s tates , including Pennsylvania, and promulgated FIPs applicable to

covered EGUs to achieve the reductions (76 FR 48208

, August 8, 2011)

. Although CSAPR allows emissi ons trading, it also maintains s tate

- specific limits by means of assurance provisions designed to ensure that the necessary emission reductions oc cur within each covered state. The- 36

- CSAPR FIPs for Pennsylvania are codified in 40 CFR §§52.2040

and 52.2041

.

As explained above, CSAPR was challenged in court in 2011, in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v EPA, D. C. Circuit Court of Appeals, Case

No. 11

- 1302

. In December 2011, the D.C. Ci rcuit imposed a stay on

CSAPR. On October 23, 2014, however, the C ourt lif ted the stay. On

November 21, 2014, EPA promulgated a final interim rule to align the

dates in CSAPR with the revised CSPAR implementation schedule as approved by the D.C. Circuit Court when it lifted the stay on the rule. The

EPA final interim rule amen ds the dates in the CSAPR regulatory text to make clear that compliance with CSAPR Phase I will be required beginning January 1, 2015, and compliance with CSAPR Phase 2 will be required in 2017 and beyond.

NO X Budget Trading Program limits on non

- EGUs. The CAIR SIP

revision also established emission limits for the non

- EGUs and other units that were subject to the Commonwealth’s NO X Budget Trading Program but not subject to the CAIR NO X Ozone Season Trading Program. T hese units must continue monitoring NO X emissions and must meet an emissions cap

. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season heat input.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code §145.8(d) (relating

to t ransition to CAIR NOx trading programs) , was approved by the EPA

on December 10, 2009, and codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

Cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The CAIR SIP revision also included regulations updati ng the cement manufacturing and large stationary internal combustion engine regulations that were adopted pursuant to the NO X SIP Call. The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal combustion engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by the EPA on December 10, 2009, and

codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1). An amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce NO X emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter C (relating to emissions of NOx from cement manufacturing) , was approved by the EPA on July 19, 2011 and codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1).

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to control hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs. The EPA has promulgated a series of MACT regulations that are applicable to sources in Pennsylva nia. These MACT standards are adopted and incorporated by reference in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s- 37

- Air Pollution Control Act and implementing regulations in 25 Pa. Code §127.35 (relating to maximum achievable control technology standards for

hazardous a ir pollutants). The standards also included in federally enforceable plan approvals and operating permits issued by the Department for affected sources.

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in VMT that occurred between 2002 and 2007, and

are a nticipated to occur from 2007 through 2025, highway vehicle

emissions will continue to decrease . As more vehicles subject to cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject to less stringent new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer emissions, compensating for the increase in VMT . These decreases can be attributed

t o the programs described below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Programs (FMVCP) and Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and light

duty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NO X and VOC limits for light

duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light

- duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs)

. The phase

- in of the se standards began in 1994. Evaporative VOC emissions were reduced in gasoline

- powered cars starting with Model Year (MY) 1998.

In 1998, pursuant to Section 177 of the CAA, the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board (EQB) adopted the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program (28 Pa. B. 5873 ; December 5, 1998). The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program incorporates by reference certain California Low Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission standards for passenger cars and light

- duty trucks. As required under Section 177 of the CAA, these provisions are identical to the low emission standards adopted by California. The regulation does not incorporate by reference the California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions control warranty systems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the EQB a dopted the National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became effective in the Ozone Transport Region (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s New Motor

Vehicle Emissions Cont rol Program regulations in 25 Pa. Code §§ 126.401

- 126.441 (relating to Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program) allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less and were the regulations in effect for new motor

vehicl es in the baseline year, 2002.- 38

- In 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV (Tier 2), starting with MY 2004. T he NLEV program was replaced for

MY 2004 and later by the more stringent Federal “Tier 2” vehicle emissions regulations ( 65 FR 6698 ; Feb ruary 10, 2000), and vehicle manufacturers operating under the NLEV program became subje ct to the

Tier 2 requirements.

Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Control Program in 2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate the California Low Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEV II) by reference. As amended, the program affects MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and light

- duty trucks vehicles ( 36 Pa.B

. 7424 ; Dec ember 9, 2006, corrected

37 Pa. B. 209 ; Jan uary 12, 2007, eff. Dec ember 9, 2006). The EPA approved Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revis ion to the

Commonwealth’s SIP o n January 24, 2012 ( 77 FR 3386).

Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more stringent national regulations for heavy

- duty engines and vehicles (over 14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition, consent decrees with seven of the largest heavy

- duty engine manufacturers required, amo ng other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies comply with these 2004 standards two model years early, in MY 2002.

The emission reductions from these programs are reflected in the future year emission inventories, as provided in the MOVES mod el.

In 2002, the EQB adopted the Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Program for model years starting after May 2004. The program incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and subsequent new heavy

- duty diesel highway engines to be those certified by California. California standards were more stringent than federal standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006) and the implementation of more stringent federal standards affecting MY 2007 and beyond.
However, the EPA’s MOVES model already assumed that the engines would comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement mechanism. The Departme nt has used MOVES defaults to

calculate emissions from MY 2005 and 2006 heavy

- duty highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy

- duty engines and

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards

were phased in fr om MY 2007 to 2010 for NO X and VOCs. For gasoline engines, the standards w ere phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal and California standards are virtually identical for MY 2007. For

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction en gine programming and an optional “clean NO X idle” standard. However, there- 39

- is no EPA

- approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from this requirement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 201 0.

Because the new engine standards are adversely affected by sulfu r in fuel, the EPA also required most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than

15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur, beginni ng in the fall of 2006. There

wa s a temporary compliance opt ion allowing refiners to continue to produce up to 20 percent of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until 2010. The Department u sed MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of the phase

- in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program. I n early 2004, Pennsylvania revised its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program. The Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley program applies to gasoline

powered vehicles 9,000 pounds and under, MY 1975 and newer in the counties of Allegheny, Beaver, Washington and Westmoreland. For

vehicles MY 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on

- board diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles MY 1995 and older, the progra m consists of an annual tailpipe test, visual inspection of pollution control devices to ensure they are present, connected and the proper type for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test. For vehicles older

than 25 years, the program is a visual inspecti on and gas cap test.

For counties in the area not included in the vehicle emission inspections program, subject vehicles must pass an annual visual inspection of pollution control devices to ensure they are present, connected and the proper type for the vehicle as part of the safety inspection.

These regulations can be found in 67 Pa. Code Chapter s 17 5 and 175 (relating to vehicle equipment and inspection; and emission inspection

program ). The Department submitted the expanded inspection program s

to t he EPA as a SIP revision on December 1, 2003. The EPA approved

the SIP revision on October 6, 2005 (70 FR 58313).

Low sulfur gasoline. Sulfur is a natural ly occurring component of crude oil that ends up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs the effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air pollution. By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced emission controls will work longer and more efficiently, and air pollution

will be reduc ed.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698 ; Feb ruary 1 0, 2000)

reduce d the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent , enabling the use of new emission control technologies in cars and trucks that reduce harmful air pollution. The emission inventory analysis in the Maintenance- 40

- Plan submitted concurrently with this Request for Redesignation uses the default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the implementation of the federal standards for low sulfur gasoline. Requirements for use of low

- sulfur gasoline enabled use of advanced emission control systems in light

- duty vehicles beginning in MY 2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to 95 percent cleaner

than earlier models.

The EPA signed a regulation adopting more stringent vehicle standards and reducing sulfur limits in gasoline further with the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program on March 3, 2014

. The

EPA published the regulation the Federal Register on April 28, 2014

. (79 FR 23414). The rule was effective on June 27, 2014

. The Tier 3 program requires the annual average content of sulfur in gasoline to be

reduced to 10 ppm , starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, the EPA estimates

that SO 2 emissions from gasoline vehicles will be reduced by 56 percent. When fully implemented, this program, by 2030, will increase the

effectiveness of vehicle emission controls even further and reduce onroad

emissions of NO X by 25 percent, direct partic ulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by 16 percent. The rule will also significantly reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Emission reductions

from the federal Tier 3 program have not been included in future year

inventories and, therefore

, are not relied upon in the maintenance

demonstration. Emission reductions from the Tier 3 program may

nonetheless assist the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area in maintaining the

PM 2.5 NAAQS.

3. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel

- powered (“compression ignition”) and gasoline

- powered (“spark ignition”) nonroad engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on these federal rules, including their i mplementation dates, can be found at www.epa.gov/nonroad

. The Department used the assumptions built into the nonroad model (NONROAD2005) and the National Mobile Inventory

Model ( NMIM ) to estimate emissions for al l milestone years.

While the EPA has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for more stringent standards for locomotives and large commercial marine diesel engines, the agency has not finalized any new standards.

On June 29, 2004, the EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines (69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur content of diesel used in nonroad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel- 41

- sulfur content prevent s damage to the more advanced emission control systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels were

limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications oth er than ocean

- going marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the same sulfur concentration as in highway fue l, 15 ppm ; this requirement began applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine diesel fuel. The EPA adopted

technical amendments t o the program in rules published in the Federal Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498)

, and May 1, 2006 (71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), the EPA adopted changes to the nonroad diesel fuel program to allow for the production and

sale of diesel fuel with up to 1

, 000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3

marine vessels.

4. Stationary Area Sources

Consumer Products. Th e Consumer Products regulation applies statewide to any person who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures certain consumer products on or after January 1, 2005, for use in the Commonwealth. The program is co difie d in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B. It was submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision

on March 26, 2003

, and approved on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895).

Amendments to the Consumer Products regulations were adopted on

October 11, 2008, submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 11,

2009

, and appr oved on October 18, 2010 (75 FR 63717).

I V

. MAINTENANCE PLAN

The 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS Maintenance Plan for the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area is being submitted concurrently to the EPA for approval as a SIP revision with this

R equest for R edesignation. The Maintenance Plan shows that the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS will be maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation. Eight years following redesignation, the Commonwealth will submit a revised plan that e nsures attainment through 203 5.

T he Maintenance Plan demonstrates that emission levels of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and

NH 3 over the 10 years following redesignation will remain below the emissions level in 2007, while allowing for growth in population and vehicle miles traveled. B ased on 201 1

- 201 3 monitoring data, the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area currently has an annual design value of 11.7 μg/m 3 , which is significantly lower than the 1997 NAAQS of

15 μg/m 3

. In addition, based on 201 1

- 201 3 monitoring data, t he Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area has a 24

- hour design value of 29 μg /m 3 which is significantly lower than the 2006 NAAQS of 35 μg/m 3

. The following state and federal programs will ensure the continuing decline of SO 2 , NO X , direct PM 2.5 and VOC emissions:- 42

-

● C lean A ir I nterstate R ule (CAIR) and the Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) ;

● Emission limits for large industrial boilers;

● State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion engines , and

smaller sources of NO X ;

● State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) regulations;

● State requirements for Best Available Technology ( BAT ) ;

● State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil;

● The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control programs for

p assenger and light

- duty trucks;

● The Pennsylvania and federal heavy

- duty di esel emission control programs;

 Vehicle Emission Inspection Maintenance program;

● Federal fuel programs for highway veh icles an d nonroad mobile equipment; and

● Federal regulation of off

- road diesel and gasoline

- powered vehicles and equipment.

The emission reductions from the programs identified below were not included in the 2017 and 2025 emission inventories and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration

of maintenance. However, emission reductions achieved from these measures may assist

the maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 NAAQS in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area for at least ten years.

 The Diesel

- Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act, Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act). The Idling Act was approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705).

 NO X and VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boilers regulation. The Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boiler regulation was published in

the Pennsylvania Bulletin on October 2, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 5571) and approved by

the EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 (76 FR 58114).

 VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Adhesives, Sealants, Primers and Solvents regulation adopted on December 25, 2010 and approved by the EPA as a SIP revision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).- 43

-

 The federal Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fue l Standards program. (79 FR 23414).

DEP has provided in the Pittsburgh

- Beaver Valley Area Maintenance Plan for the 1997

and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS assurances that the Department will continue to operate the ambient air quality monitoring network in order to tr ack maintenance of the standard and to evaluate emissions inventories periodically compared to the projections provided in the plan. DEP has also provided in the Maintenance Plan a list of contingency measures that it would consider to correct any violati on of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS that might occur af ter redesignation of the area.- 44

-

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVI ATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook AQS EPA’s Air Quality System AQTAC DEP’s Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BAT Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CAMx Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

CSAPR Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule

DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

DOT U.S. Department of Transportation

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA U

. S

. Environmental Protection Agency EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHCN Global Historical Climatology Network

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline V ehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline T rucks

LRP Long Range Plan

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MARAMA Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MM5 Mesoscale Model

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH 3 Ammonia

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)- 45

-

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NONROAD Nonroad Model

NO X Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood

- fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM 2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or Fine P articulates

PM 10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

ppm parts per million

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Implementation Plan

SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TIP Transportation Improvement Program

TSD Technical Support Document

μ g/m 3 M icrogram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle

# NOTICES

Proposed State Implementation Plan Revision; Redesignation Request and

Maintenance Plan for the Pi ttsburgh-Beaver Valley No nattainment Area for the

1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour Fine Part iculate Matter Nati onal Ambient Air Quality Standards; Public Hearing

[44 Pa.B. 7243] [Saturday, November 15, 2014]

Particulate matter (PM) includes bot h solid and liquid particles suspe nded in the air. Fine particle pollution describes particulate matter that is le ss than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5 ). PM 2.5 concentrations above the Federal heal th-based standard pose a serious human

health threat. With significant improvements in air quality in th e Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley Area, this nonattainment area is monitoring attain ment of the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality St andards (NAAQS). The Pittsburgh- Beaver Valley nonattainment

area for the PM 2.5 NAAQS includes Beaver, Butler, Was hington and Westmoreland Counties and

portions of Allegheny, Armstrong, Greene and Lawrence Counties.

In accordance with applicable Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) (42 U.S.C.A. §§ 7401—7671q) requirements, the Department of Environmental Protection (Department) intends to submit a request to the United States Environmental Prot ection Agency (EPA) for re designation of the area
to attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Department is seeking public comments

on the Redesignation Request and a proposed revisi on to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) containing the 2007 comprehensive inventory as required under section 172(c)(3) of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. § 7502(c)(3)) and a Main tenance Plan demonstrating that the area can maintain the 1997

annual and 2006 24-hour PM 2.5 health-based NAAQS for at leas t 10 years following redesignation

as required under section 175A(a) of the CAA ( 42 U.S.C.A. § 7505a(a)). Upon the EPA approval of the SIP revision, the Maintenance Plan will also establish new moto r vehicle emission budgets for transportation conformity purposes.

The Commonwealth's proposed request to the EPA for the redesignation of the PittsburghBeaver Valley Area to attainment for the PM 2.5 NAAQS and the proposed SIP revision are

available on the Department's web site at www.de p.state.pa.us (select ''Air,' ' then ''Bureau of Air Quality'' and click on ''PA SIPs page'' under ''Comment Periods Now Open'') or through the following contact persons.

The Department will hold a public hearing to receive comments on the proposal on Tuesday, December 16, 2014, at 1 p.m. at the Department's Southwest Regional Office, 400 Waterfront Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Persons wishing to present testimony at the hearing should contact Alex Haas, Bureau of Air Quality, P. O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105, (717) 787-9495, alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time. Witnesses s hould keep testimony to 10 minutes and should provide two written copies of their statement at the hearing.

Persons with a disabilit y who wish to attend the hearin g and re q uire an auxiliar y aid, service o r Page 1 of 2 PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 1 4 -2371

12 / 17 / 201 4 htt p ://www. p abulletin.com/secure/data/vol44/4 4 -46/2371.htm lother accommodation to participat e in the proceeding should cont act Alex Haas. TDD users may contact the Pennsylvania AT&T Relay Service at (800) 654-5984 to discuss how the Department

can best accommoda te their needs.

The Department must receive comments no la ter than December 16, 2014. Written comments should be sent to the attention of Nancy Her b, Bureau of Air Quality, P. O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468, nherb@pa.gov. Use ''PBV PM2.5 Redesigna tion'' as the subject line in written

communication.

DANA K. AUNKST, Acting Secretary

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-2371. Filed for publi c inspection November 14, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]

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12 / 17 / 201 4 htt p ://www. p abulletin.com/secure/data/vol44/4 4 -46/2371.htm lCOMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

STD-521 REV. 06-2010 PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION AND INVOICE

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION (To be completed by agency): INVOICE NO.

TO: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF NEWSPAPER) 

### I FEDERAL I.D. NO.lSOC. SEC. NO. FROM: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENCy) AGENCY j TELEPHONE NO. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 94-0692700 Alex Haas 717.787.9495

........................................................................................... Attn: Legal Ads PA DEP

- Bureau of Air Quality

34 Boulevard of the Allies 400 Market Street

- 12th FI Pittsburqh, PA 15222 D H;:\rric;hllrn PA**17101-?~01** D

HEREWITH IS ENCLOSED COPY FOR PUBLICATION OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROPOSALS TO 

### I TYPE OF AD 

## o EMPLOY 

### D PURCHASE 

### D CONTRACT 

### D SELL 

### 0 CLASSIFIED [g) LEGAL NOTICE

PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT (NO. OF TIMES) 

### I MAXIMUM NO. OF LINES DATE 

### I ORDER NO.

1x Only November 7, 2014

DATES OF INSERTION SIGNl"YRE FOR AGENfYJ**~** /I

Friday, November 14,2014 

### #8449655**fld~.LI.** 

## 'G 1/lL.-**~**

You, as vendor, are authorized to publish this advertisement in your newspaper, subject to the terms of this order, as follows:

Advertisement to be published in regularadvertising columns, no position specified; caption of two lines and signature to be in capitals and subject matter and title of officer to be set solid in type regularly used by your newspaper for public (legal) notice advertising; charge to be made at the rate charged to and paid by commercial advertisers for matter similarly set and occupying

similar space; advertisement to be run in the editions**specifiedabove.~** Vendor agrees that, in the performance of any contract

awarded to it hereunder, said vendor will not discriminate against any employee or other persons on account of race, color, sex, religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such discrimination, shall have the right to cancel said contract. Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement under

the terms set forth.

Return original and two copies (signed by the editor or publisher) to the agency listed above. Proof of advertising

in the form of a tear sheet must be stapled to original and copies. Original must be notarized.

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published.

SAP FUND COST CENTER GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT CODE %

7027300000 3522710000 6343200

1/0 V16414000000 BP 2014

INVOICE (To be completed by publisher):

DATE OF INSERTION ACTUAL NO. OF PRINTED LINES COST PER LINE TOTAL AMOUNT

1stAd November 

### 14, 2014 142 7.50 1,06$. 00

2nd Ad i

,

3rd Ad I

, 1-. ,:'

,) f- GRAND TOTAL-+ 

### 1,065. 00

, e

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

County of Allegheny

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally came

___ K_o**_F_l_a_h_e_r_t~y'--** ______ _ who**b~ng du~**  sworn, dofu depose and say fuat he**~*** ___**a=g~e=n~t~~~_~_~** ____________**~** the Pgh. Post-Gazette a general newspaper published at

___ p;;;...;'

l=.·**t.;:;..t=s::;.;;b::;..;:u=r::...c;;g~h.:...J,'---=P..::..;A=--** _________ _ that the advertisement, of which tearsheet is attached hereto, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspapl

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not chargl

therefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space and set ir

similar matter, in said newspaper. 

# :?**~i:FFIANT**

J

*This affidavit must be made by the Owner, Publisher, or the designated agent of the owner or publisher.

MEMBER, PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION OF NonRTr-Proposed State Implementation Plan Revision Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan for the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area for

I the 1997 Annual and 2006

24-Hour Fine Particulate

I Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Public Hearing

Particulate matter (PM) includes·both solid and liq- uid particles suspended in the air. Fine particle pollu- tion describes particulate
matter that is less than or. equal to 2.5 micrometers In diameter (PM2.5). PM2.5 concentrations above thefe,deral healthbased standard pose a seI rlo"us h" uman health threat. 'I rWith significant improvements In air quality'in the Pittsburgh-Beaver valley;**Are~,'** this nonattainment

area is monitoring attainment of the 1997 annual and, the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The pittsburgh- Beaver .Valley nonattainment area for thePM2.5 NAAQS includes Beaver, Butler, Washington and Westmoreland counties and portions of Allegheny, Armstrong, Greene and Lawrence counties.

III aC.cordance with ap- plicaJ:>le federal Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements, the [;)epartment of Environmental Protection (DEP) intends to submit a re- quest to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for redesignation of the area to attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS. DEP is seeking; public comments on the; Redesignation Request and

a proposed revision to the State Implementation'Plan (SIP) containing the 2007 comprehensive inventory.

as required under Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA and a Maintenance Plan demon-

, strating that the area can I maintain the 1997 annual 

### I

; and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 health-basedNAAQS for at least 10 years following

I redesignation as required under Section 175A(a) of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. § 7505a). Upon EPA approv- al of the SIP revision, the, Maintenance Plan will also establish new motor vehicle emiSsion budg$ts' for transportation ·conformity purposes. ' pennsylvania'S**pro~** posed request to EPA for the redesignation o. the

I Pittsburgh-Beaver V-alley i Area to attainment for the PM2.5 NAAQS and the proposed SIP revision are available on DEP's website at www.dep.state.pa.us

I (select "Air," then "Bureau of Air Quality," and click on "PA SIPs page" under "Comment Periods Now Open") or through the**con~** tact persons listed below.

DEP will hold a public hearing to receive com-' ments on the proposal on Tuesday, December 16, 2014, at 1 :00 p.m., at the DEP Southwest Regional Office, 400 Waterfront Drive" Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Persons wishing to present testimony at the hearing should contact Al-

ex Haas at P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105, by phone at (717) 787-9495 or via email at alehaas@
pa.gov to r.eser,ve a time. Witnesses should keep testimony to ten minutes and Should provide two written copies of their statement at the hearing.

Persons with a disability who wish to atteng the {1eari;ng and**requir~;an** au?<iHfjry aid, serviee\;or otlleraccommodation to**paHi~ipate** in the pro-); ceeding should contact AI- '

ex Haas at (717) 787-9495

: or alehaas@pa:gov. TOO

users may contact the AT&T Relay Service at (800) 654-5984 to discuss how DEP can best**accommo~** date their needs.

DEP must receive com- ments no later than December 16, 2014. Written comments should be sent

, to the attention of Nancy Herb, Bureau of Air Quality, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, P A 1 71 05

- 8 468, 0 r nherb@pa.gov. Use "PBV' PM2.5 Redeslgnation" as the subject line in written communication. Dana K. Aunkst, Acting Secretary IF.ed ID: 94-0692700

# 'ittsburg~ 

# ,ost-6alttlt

NOTICE OF PAYMENT OR REFUND



### Date: 

### 12/15/2014

ATTENTION:

Account Name: Pa Dept 

### 1 Air Quality

Phone Number: 717 -787

- 9495

Email: kirowles@pa.gov

CHARGE OR REFUND FOR ADVERTISING:

1 VTHEG9F5695D 12/15/1410:42AMi Sale

2 VTYEG9F593AE 12/15/1410:51AM i 

### l Sale

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A formal invoice can be mailed or faxed, per your request. I $1,230.001 N/A $1,065.00:1 N/A

: 

### Acct #: 8449655

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Any questions regarding the above subject matter, please give us a call at 412-263-5050.

Thank you for your continued support of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

Very truly yours,

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Previous Ba1ance 08/31/14 0.00

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AGING TOTAL NET

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