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**TheStatus of Equal Opportunity for Minorities in Moorhead, Minnesota**

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**Chapter2**

**EqualOpportunity in Moorhead**

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Inthis chapter, equal opportunity for minorities in Moorhead is examined in fourareas: (1) income and employment, (2) education, (3) public safety, and (4)housing and public accommodation. In each area, background data on disparitiesbetween the racial and ethnic groups are presented in part one. In part two,survey responses by residents regarding equal opportunity in that particulararea are discussed, with the responses divided into two racial/ethnic groups:nonminorities (whites) and minorities (Latinos and American Indians).

Thethird part is commentary from public officials and community leaders regardingthe provision of equal opportunity. The fourth part has two types of commentaryfrom the minority community regarding the provision of equal opportunity in thatarea. There is commentary from individuals testifying at the public fact-findingmeeting and commentary of individuals surveyed.

MorrisL. Lanning, mayor, city of Moorhead, addressed the Committee at the opening ofthe fact-finding meeting. He spoke about the community�s appreciation of andopenness to diversity and the city�s efforts in that respect. In addition, hestated that the city was committed to dealing with discrimination and raceproblems in a forthright manner. 

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Ithink that this community is a community that by and large appreciates andcelebrates its diversity. I think this diversity is welcomed by the vastmajority of the people in the community. We have had a relatively low incidenceof hate crimes and overt racism. But, to the extent that we have had bad thingshappen, we have as a community been concerned about that and have undertaken anumber of things to try and deal with bad things that can happen, do happen. Andwhat I�d like to do is to sort of highlight a number of actions that we havetaken in the community to not only better appreciate and understand each otherand our cultural differences, but also to deal with any instances of overtracism or discrimination that may exist in the community. 

Thefirst thing I want to mention is that back in 1990 the city council establisheda Human Rights Commission, and that commission over the last 10 years has workedin assisting people who have had problems or complaints or concerns relative todiscrimination . . . But if you want more good things to happen, you need tocelebrate and recognize people for the good things that they do, and this hasbeen very well received by the community, these awards. I might note that one ofour city council members who I appointed to our Human Rights Commission is alsocurrently president of the state association of human rights commissions, and soMoorhead has been very active on that level as well.

Thesecond thing that we have done in the community goes back to 1994, and actuallythe work on this started before that. The leadership of our metropolitan arearecognized the increasing diversity that was occurring here in our community,and we wanted to have a positive and constructive approach in addressing thatdiversity. And so we put together a grant to the Pew Partnership for CivicChange, and we received a major grant from Pew to set up a Cultural DiversityProject in the community. And that project continues to this day. They have donea number of programs over the years and training people related to diversity,doing workshops and educational programs throughout the years. The Pew DiversityProject has also provided employment and housing services for people.

Anotherthing that we have done in Moorhead is to establish throughout the communityneighborhood block clubs, and this has been one of the most significantdevelopments I think in our community over all the years that I�ve lived here.Like in so many urban areas, people have had a tendency to lose touch with theirneighbors and become disconnected with their neighbors. As a result, theseneighborhood block clubs have reconnected people to this neighborhood. We have42 active neighborhood block organizations throughout the community, and anumber of the neighborhoods where we�ve had active block clubs have beenneighborhoods that have had significant populations of people of color andpeople from other ethnic backgrounds. 

Wealso have been active as a community in making good use of our CommunityDevelopment Block Grant funds, and undoubtedly you will hear some complaintsabout that during the course of your time here. But I want you to know from myperspective that in all the years that the city has received CommunityDevelopment Block Grant money, I believe that we have followed the intent of thelaw in making sure that those funds are directed towards helping low- tomoderate-income people. We have spent most of the years, the majority of ourfunds, on improving housing�helping people to make sure that they have qualityhousing with their program. We have also through this program supported theCultural Diversity Project and supported another very important project that Iwant to mention, and that�s called the Moorhead Healthy Community Initiative. 

Wehave also, as a community, worked hard in trying to make sure that we haveaffordable and quality housing available through�we�ve followed ascattered-site public housing approach rather than concentrating. We do havesome concentrated housing units, but we�ve also tried to follow a strategy ofscattered-site public housing, and we have 18 units around the community. Wehave a down payment assistance program and first-time homebuyer�s mortgageprogram that assists people. And we are currently in the process of working witha developer to redevelop some rental property.

Lastfall we embarked on a visioning project involving the whole metropolitan area,both Cass and Clay Counties and trying to get the community�a cross section ofthe community�to take a good hard look at what do we want our community tolook like in the future�what are the issues that we need to address.Obviously, one of the central issues that came out of that or coming out of thatis the dealing with the issues of diversity with race relations. It�s been acentral theme or focus of this work, and the people involved in this visioningproject have made a very deliberate effort in bringing in representation fromall the different ethnic groups represented in our community on a cross section.And we look forward to getting the final recommendations on what we can do as ametropolitan community to better celebrate and appreciate our diversity and toimprove race relationships in our community. . . . 

Letme make it very clear that we want as a community to appreciate and celebrateour diversity, and we want to deal with discrimination and bad things thathappen in race relationships and deal with them effectively as a community. Weare committed to that.[1]

# Incomeand Employment

***BackgroundData***

Interms of per capita income, unemployment, and labor force participation, thereis significant disparity between white and minority households in Moorhead. Theper capita income for whites in Clay County is $14,197, while the per capitaincome for Latinos is $5,001, and for American Indians it is $5,124. See table2.1.

Inthe private sector, minorities are disproportionately clustered in the lowertier occupations. Whites in the Fargo-Moorhead area are fairly uniformlydistributed among the nine major occupational classifications: officials &managers, professionals, technicians, sales workers, office & clerical,skilled craft workers, operatives, laborers, and service workers.

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| **TABLE 2.1****Per        Capita Income, Clay County, by        Race/Ethnicity**                                 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                                                  |  |
|                                                                                                                  | **Income** |
| White                                                                                                            | $14,197 |
| Latino                                                                                                           | $5,001 |
| American        Indian                                                                                           | $5,124 |
| *Source:        U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, from 1990        U.S. census data.* |

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Amongwhite workers, 8.8 percent and 15.5 percent are in the two highest occupationaltiers in terms of wages and administrative responsibility, officials &managers and professionals. In the two lowest tiers in terms of wages andadministrative responsibility, 6.9 percent of white workers are laborers and10.1 percent hold service jobs.

Incontrast, minority workers are clustered in the lower tier occupations. Just 2.6percent of minorities work as officials & managers and only 7.4 percent arein professional occupations. However, 44.9 percent of all minority workers arein service jobs and laborer positions. The data are set out in table 2.2.

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| **TABLE      2.2****Occupational      Distribution in Private Industry Fargo-Moorhead Standard Metropolitan      Statistical      Area (SMSA), by Race/Ethnicity**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | 6.9% | 22.8% | 21.8% | 27.5% |
| Service      workers                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | 10.1% | 20.2% | 17.5% | 17.4% |
| *Source:      U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, from EEO-1      reports in �Occupational Employment in Private Industry,� 1997.       *
Notonly are minorities clustered in the lower tier occupations in private industry,for the most part they are also shut out of public employment in Moorhead. Ofthe 167 nonschool employees, 98.2 percent are white. The city employs just threeminorities: two Latinos in administrative support positions and one AmericanIndian in a professional position. See table 2.3. 

Laborforce participation rates for the three largest racial/ethnic groups aresimilar.[2]Whites in Clay County participate in the labor force at a rate of 66.6 percent,while the labor force participation rate for Latinos is 62.4 percent, and forAmerican Indians it is 58.2 percent. But minorities suffer much higher rates ofunemployment. For whites, the unemployment rate is 4.6 percent, while forLatinos it is 20.9 percent, and for American Indians it is 31.2 percent.[3]
**TABLE 2.3      Public      Employment, City of Moorhead, by Race/Ethnicity ****White****Latino****American Indian**Officials      & managers      11 (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Professionals33 (97%)0 (0%)1 (3%)Technicians 19 (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Administrative      support      35      (98%)2      (2%)0 (0%)Skilled      craft      24      (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Service       42      (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)
*Source:            City of Moorhead, EEO-4 report, December 1997. *

***SurveyResults***

TheAdvisory Committee surveyed households in Moorhead to discern opinion as to thenature and cause of these disparities. Moorhead residents were asked whetherthey: (1) strongly agreed, (2) agreed, (3) were undecided, (4) disagreed, (5)strongly disagreed, or (6) did not know to the question: �Employers inMoorhead provide equal opportunity to minorities.� There were significantdifferences between whites and minorities.

Amongwhite respondents having an opinion, 79 percent strongly agreed or agreed thatemployers in Moorhead provided equal employment opportunity to minorities. Only29 percent of minority residents, however, agreed that minorities received equalemployment opportunity. The results are shown in table 2.4.

Ina second set of questions, white Moorhead residents were asked if the cause ofcertain unfavorable situations encountered by minorities was: (1) due only to alack of individual motivation, (2) due partly to a lack of individualmotivation, (3) due partly to a lack of equal opportunity, (4) due to a denialof equal opportunity, or (5) did not know.
**TABLE 2.4      Survey of Resident Attitudes on Equal Employment and Income**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]***Strongly agree****Agree****Disagree****Strongly      disagree**Employers      in Moorhead provide equal opportunity to minorities       9%      (6%)70%      (23%)21%      (32%)0%      (39%)
*Source: U.S.      Commission on Civil Rights,  Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*

Therewere also striking differences between minorities and whites as to the cause ofthe disparities in income and employment. When asked why: �Minority householdshave, on average, lower incomes than white households,� 66 percent of thewhites responding stated that it was due partly or fully to a lack of individualmotivation, while 75 percent of minorities thought it was due to a lack of equalopportunity. 

Whenasked why: �The unemployment rate for minorities in Moorhead is higher thanthat of whites and a lower percentage of minority adults are in the laborforce,� 54 percent of white adults stated that it was due partly or fully to alack of individual motivation, while 80 percent of minorities thought it was dueto a lack of equal opportunity by employers. The results are set out in table2.5.
**TABLE 2.5****Survey      of Resident Attitudes on Income and Unemployment**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis] ***Due      only to lack of individual motivation****Due      partly to lack of individual motivation****Due      partly to lack of equal opportunity ****Due      only to a denial of equal opportunity **1.      Minority households in Moorhead have lower incomes than white households       18%      (18%)48%      (7%)34%      (32%)0%      (43%)
2.      Minorities in Moorhead have a higher      level of unemployment        
18%      (7%)36%      (13%)42%      (37%)4%      (43%)
*Source:  U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*
*Commentaryfrom Public and Organization Officials*
AmericanCrystal Sugar is the largest private employer in the Moorhead area, and DavidBerg, vice president of administration, told the Committee about the company�scommitment to equal employment opportunity.

AmericanCrystal Sugar beet processing firm is owned by 2,800 grower shareholders. Thecompany employs about 2,300 people who operate five factories here in the RedRiver Valley from Moorhead, Minnesota, running north to Dramon, North Dakota. Weare the nation�s largest sugarbeet producer. 

AmericanCrystal has worked for many years to promote equal employment opportunity andhas in place affirmative action policy. Our objectives are first to make thebest possible use of all of our human rights sources while at the same timeimproving employment opportunities for our employees and also for applicants foremployment. American Crystal recognizes that by providing equal employmentopportunity we can continuously broaden and deepen our skill base.

Itis the policy of American Crystal to provide equal employment opportunity to allqualified persons regardless of their race, color, gender, or national origin.We recruit, hire, train, promote, and compensate all persons in all jobsconsistent with this philosophy and without regard to membership in any legallyprotected class. Individuals are upgraded and promoted on the basis of ability,skill, experience. Women and minority employees who are qualified are activelyconsidered for promotion and advancement.

Specialattention is paid to recruitment sources to ensure the commitment to equalemployment opportunity is clearly communicated to potential applicants. AmericanCrystal has begun an aggressive attempt to eliminate harassment of all kindsagainst company employees on the basis of gender or race, and we have recentlycompleted training on prevention of harassment of all employees in AmericanCrystal.[4]

RonBaker, manager of the Job Service Program at Moorhead and Detroit LakesWorkforce Center, spoke to the Committee about the center�s outreach efforts. 

Inrural Minnesota, the Workforce Center is a partnership between job service,rehabilitation and blind services. The Job Service Program, as far as outreachis concerned, participates in several job fairs around the area. Most recentlythere was a job fair on a Whitter Indian Reservation.

Thecenter is looking at schools and public libraries throughout the county thatpeople will be able to access on a 24-hour-a-day basis to look for work andregister for work. We also participate in what is called the Clay CountyCollaborative along with our partners in the Workforce Center. The goal of theClay County Collaborative is to identify problems that are affecting servicedelivery to customers and also to expand the knowledge base of the variousparticipants of job services rendered. . . . 

TheWorkforce Center also runs a migrant program. There is a summer school programfor school-age children of migrant workers which is funded by a myriad ofagencies . . . one is an agency out of Texas [I can�t think of the name]. Theyoffer Head Start programs and some day care through affiliate agenciesspecifically designed and funded to help migrants.[5]
*Commentaryfrom the Minority Community*
Pete Padilla told theCommittee about distinctions between migrant farm workers, seasonal workers, andsettled workers and the nonrecognition of and the prevailing disrespect towardthe migrant farm worker by many in the white community. 

[Itis assumed] automatically that all migrant farm workers are Hispanic, and allHispanics are migrant farm workers. There is a distinction between migrant farmworkers and seasonal farm workers and then there is a third category, which arepeople that have settled out. There are people in this community who have beenmigrant farm workers, but now are going into other career choices and othercareer fields.

Onething that happens around here is when I take off my coat and tie I amautomatically a migrant farm worker and so are my kids. One of my kids was askedat K-Mart one time: �Why aren�t you out in the field where you belong?�

Theother issue I would like to address is the nonrecognition of the work that themigrant farm worker has done and is still doing in spite of what they say andwill continue to do for this state and in particular this area. I have visitedseveral museums in the towns I�ve been in, and I have yet to see one exhibitthat credits the migrant farm worker for any of the contribution to that area.Until that kind of nonrecognition is corrected and until people of any color arereally given credit for what we have contributed to this area, this chasmbetween the groups is going to be there because there cannot be acceptancewithout a respect for the work that they do.[6]

HectorMartinez, director of Centro Cultural de Fargo/Moorhead, an organizationestablished in 1994 with a focus on human and civil rights, particularly withrespect to the Latino community, questioned the efficacy of affirmative actionprograms for people of color.

Iheard throughout the two days about affirmative action and about how some ofthese individual organizations and businesses use affirmative action and howthat has become an issue. Well, I�m here to tell you that affirmative actionhas never worked for people of color here in Moorhead or in any other place thatI�m aware of. 

Affirmativeaction has benefited white households by opening the doors for white women tomeet the needs that were created by affirmative action. We are starting to seeaffirmative action then apply itself to people of color. But, it�s time to doaway with affirmative action. It�s time to have that rhetoric then put outthat affirmative action is not needed.[7]

Commentsfrom minorities surveyed regarding equal employment opportunity included:
-  �I�ve quit a few jobs because Ialways got stuck with the difficult jobs.� �An employer responded right away tomy job application.� �My family wants to work but they aredenied the opportunity because they do not speak English.��Welfare takes away the motivation towork.� �If employers see a Spanish lastname, they are less likely to hire you than if they see a white last name.� �In the area of wages there has beenan improvement.� �Because I am Hispanic, they don�tgive me a chance to demonstrate my abilities. For promotions, they are notenthused about giving me the job.��I graduated from Northwest Tech andapplied for jobs, and they would give it to a white person first.� �We Hispanics do work a lot of farmlabor and other laborer jobs.� �Mexicans get the dirt jobs asjanitors cleaning the toilets. That is how it is with my husband who has acomputer degree. His degree is of no use.�[8]Education*BackgroundData*
In terms of educationalattainment, minorities in the Moorhead area have a significantly lower level ofachievement than whites. Among white adults in Clay County, 21.6 percent arecollege graduates and 81.9 percent are high school graduates. Among Latinoadults in the Moorhead area, only 2.6 percent have a college degree and morethan half�57.6 percent�do not have a high school diploma. Among AmericanIndian adults in Clay County, just 11.7 percent have a college degree and nearlyone-fourth, 24.7 percent, do not have a high school diploma.[9]

Disparities between whitesand nonminorities are evident in Moorhead public schools. Minorities are 14.9percent of all students; Latinos and American Indians are the two largestminority populations, comprising 9 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively, of thestudent population. 

Though minority students areless than 15 percent of the total student body, they make up 54 percent of thestudents in the school system�s alternative education program, MoorheadCommunity Alternative Program (MCAP). MCAP serves students in grades 5�12 whodo not perform well in regular classrooms. Reasons can include: emotional andbehavioral disorders, discipline problems, academic performance two or moreyears behind grade level, limited English proficiency, and/or student socialproblems such as homelessness or pregnancy. Statistics for the 1997�98academic year show whites are 45.7 percent of all MCAP students; Latinos, 34.3percent; and American Indians, 19.2 percent. See table 2.6. 
**TABLE 2.6      Student Population        and MCAP Enrollment in        the Moorhead        Public Schools, by Race/Ethnicity****Total      percent****MCAP      percent**White85.1%45.7%Latino 9.0%34.3%American Indian2.8%19.2%Black0.7%0%Asian2.3%0.8%
*Source: Moorhead School District, 1998.*

 
**TABLE      2.7Students        and Teachers in the Moorhead Public        Schools, by Race/Ethnicity ****Student      percent****Professional      percent**White85.1%98.8%Latino9.0%0.8%American Indian2.8%0%Black0.7%0.2%Asian2.3%0.2%
*Source: Moorhead School District, 1998.*

The racial and ethnic placement rates in the MCAP do not varysignificantly between junior high students and high school students. Amongjunior high students in the junior alternative program, 45 percent of thestudents are white, 36 percent are Latino, and 24 percent are American Indian.Among high school students in the MCAP, 46 percent are white, 33 percent areLatino, 19 percent are American Indian, and 1 percent are Asian. 

The professional staff inMoorhead schools is almost exclusively white. All 16 administrators are white;and all 27 professionals, e.g., guidance counselors, social workers, andlibrarians, are white. Whites are 380 of the 385 teachers (98.8 percent). Thereis one Asian secondary teacher, one Latino elementary teacher, and one AfricanAmerican elementary teacher. Two other Latino teachers are assigned to the MCAP.
*SurveyResults*
The Advisory Committeesurveyed households in Moorhead to discern majority opinion as to the nature andcause of these disparities. Moorhead residents were asked whether they: (1)strongly agreed, (2) agreed, (3) were undecided, (4) disagreed, (5) stronglydisagreed, or (6) did not know to the question: �Whites and minorities areprovided the same opportunities for a quality education for grades K through12.� Ninety-six percent of whites responded that they strongly agreed oragreed that the schools provided equal educational opportunity in grades K�12.Only 4 percent disagreed that minorities received equal educational opportunity.However, 50 percent of minority respondents did not feel that minority studentswere provided equal educational opportunity. The results are shown in table 2.8.
**TABLE      2.8Survey of      Resident Attitudes on Equal Education**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]*
**Strongly      agree****Agree****Disagree****Strongly      disagree **Whites      and minorities in Moorhead are provided the same opportunity for education      in grades K�12       30%      (10%)66%      (40%)4%      (27%)0%      (23%)
*Source: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*

In a second set of questions, Moorhead residents were asked if the causeof certain unfavorable situations encountered by minorities was: (1) due only toa lack of individual motivation, (2) due partly to a lack of individualmotivation, (3) due partly to a lack of equal opportunity, or (4) due to adenial of equal opportunity.

When asked why:�Educational achievement levels for minorities in Moorhead are lower thanthose of whites,� 80 percent of white respondents said it was partly or fullydue to a lack of individual motivation, while only 20 percent thought it was dueto a lack of equal opportunity. But, 50 percent of minorities thought a denialof equal opportunity was the reason for lower educational achievement byminority students. See table 2.9.
**TABLE      2.9Survey      of Resident Attitudes on Educational Achievement**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]*
**Due      only to lack of individual motivation****Due      partly to lack of individual motivation****Due      partly to lack of equal opportunity****Due      only to a denial of equal opportunity**Educational      achievement levels for minorities are lower than those of whites       26%      (27%)54%      (23%)15%      (40%)5%      (10%)
*Source: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*

***Commentaryfrom Public and Organization Officials***

Bruce R. Anderson,superintendent of the Moorhead Public Schools, addressed the Committee aboutproviding equal educational opportunities to minority students. Four othercommunity leaders discussed educational concerns with the Committee: RichardHenderson, chairman of the Moorhead Human Rights Commission; Richard DuBord,professor of social work at Moorhead State University; Yoke-Sim Gunartane,executive director of the Cultural Diversity Project; and Dianna Hatfield,director of the Moorhead Healthy Community Initiative.

Superintendent BruceAnderson told the Committee about the public school system�s goal of ensuringthat every child and parent feels valued and that a quality education isprovided to all. 

Theprimary issue is to ensure that every student and every parent does feel valuedand treated with respect and dignity. Do all feel that way in Moorhead schools?No, but are we making tremendous strides? And do we think that it is true forthe majority of youngsters regardless of ethnicity? I think the answer to thatis yes. 

Still,when we look at some of the data in our school district, the data indicateproblem areas. The dropout rates for the ethnic minority groups in Moorhead arenot as favorable as the general population . . . Another issue is the percentageof youngsters of ethnic minority in Moorhead have a higher percentage than dothe regular population in alternative school programs; and 18 percent of ourpopulation is in special education, which is quite higher than the state averageof 12 percent. Student mobility is a factor in that. You will note as we look atmobility, that has been a concern for us in our alternative school this year. Aswe look at the basic standard results, we had 33 percent mobility in alternativeprogramming and so that does make it difficult.

Also,the level of participation in our after-school programs by the minoritypopulation does not represent the general population. Our greatest ethnicminority is the Hispanic population, and one of the things we found verysuccessful was having an ESL teacher picked to coordinate the after-schoolprograms, and we think it is making a difference [in minority participationrates].[10]

Richard Henderson, chairman of the Moorhead Human Rights Commission, saidequal educational opportunity is a community�s most important concern becauseit is the one real chance to make a lasting difference in the community. He alsosaid the schools in Moorhead were generally performing well for students.

Myown personal feeling is that education is the biggest human rights problem inMoorhead because we are talking about our next generation. The Human RightsCommission does not have the ability to collect a lot of statistics on this, butmy perception is that there really is quite a divide in achievement. I would notsay divide in opportunity, but there is a real difference of achievement betweenwhite students and students of Hispanic and Native American background inMoorhead. And this is something people have brought concerns to the Human RightsCommission.

Issuesof concern that have been specifically raised are children of Hispanicbackground being kind of diverted into alternative programs and children ofHispanic background being automatically diverted into the English as a secondlanguage program, even though some of these children have been born and raisedin the United States by parents who have lived all or most of their lives in theUnited States. So, English really is not their second language. It�s theirfirst language.

There�salso a perception that Hispanic students are less likely to graduate, lesslikely to be involved in extra�fully involved in extracurricular activities,and less likely to achieve higher grades and things of that nature. And I guessyour question was what do I see is my biggest concern, and that�s my biggestconcern because I really think that, you know, when children are young, it�sour best opportunity to try to address differences along racial or gender ordisability lines. And if we fail to do that when they�re young, if we fail todo that by the time they graduate high school, I think we may have lost our bestand maybe our only opportunity to really effect lasting change in the community.[11]

Richard DuBord, professor of social work at Moorhead State University,testified that public schools need to specifically address the needs of studentsof color. 

Publicschool education is Moorhead�s biggest business . . . The Moorhead publicschools are wonderful schools, if you are bright, a good student, or a very goodathlete. If you are not one of those, it is a lot more difficult and a lot lesswelcoming and probably overwhelming because of its size. What I think the publicschools need to do is this: they need to help people of color. 

Indianfamilies from a small reservation in rural Minnesota or North Dakota are goingto have trouble with the size of Moorhead High. Hispanic students often havegone to many different schools, and others left school early in the spring to bemigrants and got home to Texas late in the fall because the crops weren�tdone. How will such a student thrive at Moorhead High without extra help?[12]

Yoke-SimGunartane, executive director of the Cultural Diversity Project,also addressed educational opportunities for minorities. The Cultural DiversityProject was established in 1994 because of the growing ethnic diversity in theFargo-Moorhead area. Its goal is to address both the challenges andopportunities for diversity in the Fargo-Moorhead area.

Ifeel the Moorhead School District provides quality education, and this can beseen from its graduation record. However, in terms of minority pass ratesthey�re extremely low passes. I understand only 30 percent graduate among someof the minority students who happen to be placed in the MCAP program, theMoorhead alternative education program. That needs to be improved. I am alsoaware that the dropout rate among some minority students, particularly NativeAmericans, is high, almost 50 percent.[13]

Dianna Hatfield, director of Moorhead Healthy Community Initiative,addressed issues affecting children. Moorhead citizens created the MoorheadHealthy Community Initiative in 1994 to promote the positive development ofyouth. The mission of the organization is to mobilize the community to providedevelopmental assets to every child and teenager in Moorhead. 

Twoof our major projects are an after-school activity program and promoting theneed for mentors. You�ve heard about the after-school program today from theschool officials. What they were referring to was the Moorhead Healthy CommunityInitiative programs which are provided in the school system. We have this year19 sites throughout the community where activities are provided free to everyyouth between the ages of 9 and 13. 

Ithink there are many members of the dominant culture who actively work to reduceracism and empower communities of color, and I think that�s a good thing. Ithink there are many good people out there who want to do the right thing, butthey don�t know what it is and then they become uncomfortable and then maybewhite guilt sets in and then there�s an inertia. There are also some peoplewho are blatantly racist and spout their ugliness in newspapers and in fliersand at meetings. 

Iwant to share this with the Commission: Two young girls went into a store on thenorth side. It is a convenience store and Laundromat. The north side tends to bewhere more of our low-income families live, and one youth was white and one wasAfrican American. The owner of that store said to the white girl when theywalked in, �Get her out of here. I don�t want no n-i-g-g-e-r-s in mystore.�

Ido not know how we combat this intolerance. I think that systems are governed bymembers of the dominant culture, and I see that to the extent that there are nopersons of color in any elected office. And I think there are very strongnegative stereotypical beliefs for Mexican Americans, stereotypical beliefsabout Mexican Americans, American Indians, and new immigrants in particular. 

Ialso would hope that this school district does indeed attract and hire teachersand other professionals so that the number of staff members of color isproportionate to the number of students of color. My calculation is thatminorities are 15 percent of the student population, but there are only threefaculty members of color. I think that means that it is incumbent upon thedistrict to hire many more persons of color in teaching and administrativepositions.[14]

***Commentaryfrom the Minority Community***

Membersfrom the minority community speaking to the Committee were displeased with theperformance of the school system. Sonia Hohnadel is a parent of childrenattending the public schools and has served on the Moorhead Human RightsCommission. She told the Committee: 

TheHuman Rights Commission . . . most of the time looked at things the schools haddone. The schools are now having all this money for multicultural books in thelibrary and when [the commission] studied the curriculum, textbooks [werechanged] to make them more inclusive in the curriculum. But, when it comes downto the issues of kids, their feelings of feeling welcomed in the school, theirfeelings of being considered, looked at, and treated different, those issuesnever are addressed or allowed to come up.

Asfar as the school personnel, the [minority] kids really, really need the rolemodels. They frequently state that they would like to have teachers of colorwithin the school district. Yes, there are paraprofessionals who work in titleprograms or in ESL programs. The majority of other students who are in themainstream classes don�t have the exposure.[15] 

Aformer student, 18-year-old Juanita Yzaguirre, shared a letter written by herand signed by 150 minority students at the senior high school about theirfeelings and experiences attending Moorhead public schools.

Towhom it may concern: Words, remarks that can cut like a knife and visible staresthat can stay with a person. The rest of this, every person is to be createdequal. Well, if only that were true. Then maybe our world or our school would bea better place today. Hopefully, one day soon that dream will come out. Hello,we�re writing you in regard to the many problems the school has been havingdue in part to racial tension that has been rising in the past weeks. First andforemost we believe for you to have ideas on where we�re coming from, weshould tell you who we are. We are a group of people that feel something needsto be done about the problems and situations that are occurring in our school.We are a group of Mexican American teenagers who feel our voices need to beheard. Though we do not make up a huge population of the school, we feel that itshould not make a difference to the value of our words. We feel that the schoolenvironment should be a good, comfortable, enriching experience. Lately it hasbeen the exact opposite. So, we are afraid to come to school due to harassment,unnecessary remarks, and tense situations. Sometimes we feel we have the shortend of the stick or so to say. It�s hard enough to go into society and facesome of the stereotypical thinking or ignorance, but to come to school andencounter the same thinking by not only some students, but teachers andadministrators, it�s just not right. We should not be afraid to come to schoolor walk down the halls by ourselves. School is supposed to be an equalopportunity place of learning. So, should we not have the same opportunity tolearn as any other student does? We would like you to know that we do notpicture ourselves as totally innocent of any wrongdoing, but we do take fullresponsibility for our actions that have contributed to the problems, though wefeel we are not the only ones to blame. We will say that we are guilty of onething. If wanting to feel safe at school is a crime, I guess you could say thatwe�re all guilty. As for now, we are telling you that we want these problemsto stop probably more than the school does, and we will help in any way possibleto make that happen.[16]

JosieGonzalez has lived in Moorhead for the past 18 years, moving to the area in 1980as a migrant farm worker. She testified on behalf of the Minnesota ChurchAnti-Racist Initiative. Part of her commentary dealt with her fears aboutsending her children to the Moorhead public schools.

Ihave four children and I have a 4-year-old son who will soon be starting schooland I dread him going into the Moorhead school district. My daughter has beenout of school for two years. She graduated last year, but I did not realize thatwhen I moved to this community, when she came home from school I would have toteach her a lot of things, but one of them was to teach her what a �spic�was. That is something white people don�t have to do. . . . How many kids aregraduating? This system hasn�t gotten the worse of me as an individual and asa parent.[17]

Comments from minorities surveyed regarding equal educational opportunityincluded:
-  �My father was illiterate and hetried to get an education through adult basic education. And when he was tryingto pronounce some words, a teacher said to him, �Are you stupid or what?��     �My nephew is not treated well inschool because he is Hispanic and he does not speak English well.� �Schools may provide equalopportunity, but they do not treat you the same. Schools look at you as less. Assoon as they see you are Hispanic they think you need ESL [English as a secondlanguage]. I have heard bad comments about Hispanics from teachers.��They don�t care about minoritiesin education.� �I feel there is discriminationagainst the Hispanics in the schools.� �Education programs like the MCAPmake the students feel stupid.��My son was in a fight with a whitekid who was bigger and older [and] does not want to continue in school becauseof the bullies.� �One summer after working in the beetfields, my son bought new clothes with the money he had saved. The first dayback at school a teacher said, �Where did you steal those clothes? Mexicanscan�t afford them on welfare.� �[18]Public Safety*BackgroundData*
In Clay County and the cityof Moorhead, minorities are arrested in numbers significantly disproportionateto their representation in the community. This is true for both juvenilearrestees and adult arrestees. In Clay County, in 1998 there were 233 juvenileintakes at the West Central Regional Detention Center.

Though whites are more than97 percent of the Clay County population, white youths were less than half ofthose arrested and processed, 111 (47.6 percent); while 55 Latino youths (23.6percent) and 58 American Indian juveniles (24.9 percent) were arrested andprocessed.

Similarly in the city ofMoorhead, though whites are 95 percent of the city�s population, only 46percent of the adult arrestees in the city of Moorhead were white, while 38percent were Latino, and 16 percent were American Indian. See table 2.10.
**TABLE      2.10****Arrests        by Race/Ethnicity, 1998, Adults,****City        of Moorhead & Juveniles, Clay County****City      of Moorhead adult arrests****Clay      county juvenile arrests**Whites46%47.6%Latinos38%23.6%American Indians16%24.9%
*Source:              U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, from City        of Moorhead Police Department.*

The Moorhead Police Department, through Minnesota�s Weed and Seedprogram, operates a Crime Free Multi-Housing Program. As part of the program,all prospective tenants applying for rental property are screened concerningtheir rental and criminal history. The police department keeps statistics on allcalls for service. Applicants for rental property are checked for priorincidents involving the police, including: arrests, gang affiliation, gunpurchase/owner, juvenile runaways, sex offenders, dangerous offenders, anddomestic disturbances. If an applicant has three police incidents, he or she canbe denied the rental property.[19]
*SurveyResults*
Moorhead residents wereasked whether they: (1) strongly agreed, (2) agreed, (3) were undecided, (4)disagreed, (5) strongly disagreed, or (6) did not know to the question:�Police in Moorhead treat complaints by minorities in a manner equal to thetreatment given complaints by whites.�            

Of white respondents, 80percent strongly agreed or agreed that the police provided equal serviceregarding complaints to whites and minorities. Only 20 percent disagreed thatminorities received equal police service regarding complaints. In sharpcontrast, 73 percent of minorities with an opinion did not think that the policeprovided equal service to minorities.
**TABLE      2.11Survey      of Resident Attitudes on Policing**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]*
**Strongly      agree****Agree****Disagree****Strongly      disagree**1.      Police treat complaints by minorities in manner equal to whites        13%      (12%)67%      (15%)17%      (27%)3%      (46%)2.      Police give equal respect to whites and minorities       11%      (0%)67%      (13%)17%      (35%)1%      (52%)3.      Minorities are more likely to engage in criminal activity        10%      (27%)38%      (21%)40%      (24%)12%      (28%)
*Source:       U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999. *

Differencesbetween the races were exhibited in a second question. Moorhead residents wereasked whether they agreed or disagreed to the question: �Police in Moorheadgive equal respect to minorities.� The results were similar to those regardingcomplaints. Among white respondents, 78 percent strongly agreed or agreed thatthe police provided equal respect to whites and minorities. But amongminorities, 87 percent felt that the police did not provide the same level ofrespect to minorities as they did to nonminorities.

In a question whereresidents were asked whether they agreed or disagreed that: �Minorities inMoorhead are more likely to engage in criminal behavior,� 48 percent of bothwhite and minority respondents agreed that minorities in Moorhead are morelikely to engage in criminal behavior. The results are set out in table 2.11. 

When residents of Moorheadwere asked why: �A disproportionate number of those arrested by the MoorheadPolice Department are minorities,� 93 percent of whites said it was due to anindividual�s criminal behavior, while 57 percent of minorities attributed thedisproportionate arrest rates to unequal policing. See table 2.12.
**TABLE      2.12Survey      of Resident Attitudes on Disproportionate Arrests**
*[White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]*
**Due      only to individual criminal behavior****Due      partly to individual criminal behavior****Due      partly to unequal policing**** ****Due      only to unequal      policing**The      disproportionate number      of minorities  arrested      is:        35%      (15%)58%      (28%)5%      (15%)2%      (42%)
*Source:       U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*

***Commentaryfrom Public and Organization Officials***

Three officials from theMoorhead Police Department spoke to the Committee: Grant H. Weyland, chief ofpolice; Wayne Arnold, deputy chief; and Nancy Taralson, community policingcoordinator. In addition to the presentation by the police department, theCommittee heard testimony from Joel Parise, an attorney with the publicdefender�s office in Moorhead.

Grant H. Weyland, chief ofpolice, addressed the department�s commitment to equal service. 

TheMoorhead Police Department is committed to the fair and equitable treatment anddelivery of police service to all citizens in our community. Our missionstatement is to maintain peace and order through the provision of policeservices that are of the highest quality and responsive to the needs of themembers of our community. We will contribute to the safety and security of thecommunity by apprehending those who commit criminal acts; by developingpartnerships to prevent, reduce, and eliminate neighborhood problems; and byproviding police services that are fair, unbiased, judicious, and respectful ofthe dignity of all individuals. We strive to resolve conflict through impartialenforcement of law.

TheMoorhead Police Department has been involved in and made significant strides inour move to community-oriented policing over the past several years. Communitypolicing is about building partnerships, partnerships with all members of ourcommunity.[20] 

Wayne Arnold, deputy chief, talked about complaint procedures and policemisconduct investigations. 

Ourresolution of misconduct complaint allegations policy: Complaints of employeemisconduct will be documented and reviewed by the Moorhead Police Department.And all our employees and supervisors understand that any correspondents orphone calls or any kind of complaints we receive from anybody is to bedocumented and we look at it. This would even include an issue that might be aprocedural or legal issue that is explained to the person and it�s resolved onthat level.

Aspart of this whole issue, we also in our policies�throughout all ourpolicies�we deal with treating people fairly and equitably, but in particularwe have one policy on conduct unbecoming an officer in principal. The policystates, �Peace officers shall perform their duties and apply the law primarilyand without prejudice or discrimination.� We take all that very seriously andwe convey that through our value statement and through our policy to ourofficers.[21] 

Nancy Taralson, community policing coordinator, addressed thedepartment�s Weed and Seed and Crime Free Multi-Housing programs. 

TheWeed and Seed program is a federal and state program which occurs in one of ourlow-income neighborhoods, the Greenwood mobile home park neighborhood. Thatneighborhood was chosen because it had a higher than average crime rate. It hadneighborhood deterioration, and it had other significant problems. It has been aone-year intense focus in that neighborhood where we are focusing on fourdifferent things to make a community: policing, law enforcement, neighborhoodrestoration, and intervention/prevention. As part of that program we have beenworking with the residents in that community to try and make a betterneighborhood for them to live. And we have done such things as create aneighborhood club with about 12 very active members in it. 

Wehave lowered the crime rate in that community 65 percent since we startedworking there. That would be all calls for service, not just crime calls forservice. We are creating a park in the neighborhood where there was no park, andwe have a very successful after-school program going on there which has anaverage of 15 to 20 kids that participate in it and that happens three times aweek. We also have mentoring going on in that neighborhood once a week. 

Theother thing to mention is the Crime Free Multi-Housing Program. It is avolunteer program where we�re trying to establish a partnership with landlordsin our community. That program consists of three different parts. The first partis an eight-hour training session where they come to the police department andlearn about preventing crime in their building. The second part is that somebodyfrom the police department will actually go out to their buildings and look forseven different safety features on the building to make sure they�re safeplaces for the tenants to live. And the third part of that program is offering acrime watch meeting to the people that live in their building. And once they doall three of those things, they�re fully certified in the program.  

Thepart that you may hear about sometime today is the part of the Crime FreeMulti-Housing Program in which we ask landlords to do criminal background checkson all the prospective tenants. I provide those criminal background checks tothe landlord free of charge after they�ve taken the program. They learn in theCrime Free Multi-Housing Program how to read those background checks. And inaddition to that, if I have a new landlord that comes on board and wants to docriminal background checks before he�s given his first background check, wesit down and I describe to him how to read those background checks. Last year Iperformed over 3,400 background checks for landlords in our community. We reallyfeel that that has helped a lot of different buildings in our community remaincrime free.[22]

Joe Parise, an attorney with the public defender�s office in Moorhead,gave the Committee examples of community bias in the legal system. 

Thereare some very genuine efforts going on in this community to try to deal withthese issues, and I�m not going to repeat all the things that are being doneby groups like the Cultural Diversity [Project] resources and the MoorheadCommunity Healthy Initiative. Unfortunately, I�m afraid that there are somefolks in this community who have a very intolerant attitude towards persons ofcolor. I represented a young man who is from Mexico City and was up hereattending North Dakota State University in years past. 

Hehad come up as a foreign exchange student in high school and stayed with afamily in Fargo and wanted to continue his education up here. He had no priorcriminal record except for a previous DWI. He wasn�t a recipient of publicassistance. Nevertheless, I felt that it was important to try to find out howour jury panel felt about issues relating to race, and in questioning people Iran into lot of people who just don�t want to talk about it and if theydon�t, it�s hard to read their mind. 

Butin this case, I talked to one individual who volunteered in what I�d have tocharacterize as a stunningly matter of fact manner that she could not be fair inher opinion of my client because in her previous occupation as a social workerin a different county in eastern, northeastern Minnesota she had worked withNative American clients and didn�t have positive experiences. Now, how thattranslated to difficulty being fair to a Mexican citizen who is attending schoolin our country, I was just flabbergasted. And then to turn and look at my clientand to see what kind of reaction, you know, he gets from something like that. 

Inthe same trial, another panel member indicated that he could not be fair to myclient. This was a Moorhead resident who, in explaining why he would havedifficulty, said that a lot of the calls that he goes on involve domestics andassault-type instances that frequently involve Hispanic people. . . .

Ithink statistics will tell you who is going into the prisons in Minnesota, adisproportionate number of people of color. Some of this is socioeconomic . . .If you get charged with an offense and you do not have sufficient monies to makebail, you oftentimes end up in custody while your trial is going on, which makesit more difficult to defend your case.[23] 
*Commentaryfrom the Minority Community*
Individuals from theminority community who spoke to the Committee took exception to publicofficials� assertions that minorities received equal treatment and protectionfrom the police. Hector Martinez addressed his perception of the block club andWeed and Seed programs in Moorhead, expressing the sentiment that such programsare not improving the lives of people of color as claimed by city officials.

[TheCommittee has] heard of neighborhood block clubs, but these block clubs are notnecessarily inside the community of color, but outside surroundings. Moreover, Ithink this is a dichotomy in that you would have a neighborhood block club in acommunity of color for individuals to basically turn in their neighbors whenwe�re already oppressed by the legal system and by law enforcement. So I wouldjust substantiate that there are no neighborhood block clubs in communities ofcolor for that reason. 

TheWeed and Seed program was intended for beautification of neighborhoods and forthe building of self-esteem of individuals that reside in those neighborhoods.What actually has occurred is that it has turned into a utilizing of monies toweed out individuals with criminal records or individuals who have a propensityto commit crimes�whether those crimes can be found to be proven to havehappened or not. So that the Weed and Seed program basically turns out to be atool for ethnic cleansing in these neighborhoods.

Wehave seen a drop in the crime rates in the Romkey Park area and in the Greenwoodmobile home park, but we have also seen a dramatic decline in the people ofcolor who reside in these communities. And where are they going? Are they beingdisbursed around the rest of Fargo-Moorhead? I don�t think so. But, it becomesa tool that is connected with other enforcement agencies like the codeenforcement and like the low-income housing, public housing where they have thisinterconnection and systemically provide information to each other. This initself is a weeding process of people of color from these neighborhoods andthese communities.[24]

Josie Gonzalez said the general atmosphere in the Moorhead community isan unwelcoming one for people of color and that the actions of the police add tothis perception that people of color are not wanted in Moorhead.

Thereis definitely an unwelcoming atmosphere when [people of color] come to Moorhead.I am a community leader so I get phone calls from others in the communitytelling me: �I was just raided.� �The police just stopped me.� �Thepolice called me a �spic.� � I had a case last summer where a child was ina day care situation and the caretaker was white, but what ended up happening was by the time the mother came home from working, thepolice were there waiting for her. The child had a birthspot which is red, whichis something that happens with a lot of children of color. She had a redbirthmark on her back, and they took the child away from the parent. The parentended up getting hysterical trying to hold the child, and the woman ended upbeing pushed. The police got involved and it ended up almost in an altercationand we had to get the state department to come and intervene. It is those kindof things.[25]

Vicente Amoles told the Committee that drug enforcement agents came tohis home recently and displayed an excessive use of force with no cause. 

I�ma full-time welder, and I�m an ex-felon. But I paid my time and I paid my duesand now I am done paying. Now, I dedicate my time to my wife, my daughter, andto the community and to my church. Seven days ago or a week ago Tuesday orWednesday, as I came home from work, my wife, my brother, and sister-in-law andthe kids were outside doing the lawn, and when I turned around the other way, Isaw a whole bunch of DEA, sheriff department with their guns out and ready toknock the door down.

Theysaid they had evidence against me that we were dealing cocaine and I was dealingcocaine out of my house. I say, �No more. I don�t do drugs. I don�t smokeand I even hardly drink because that�s not my style of life because I don�twant to teach my daughter that. I work 10 hours and then come home. I serve mycommunity and fix cars and check my own vehicles. I get off work just to go lookfor a lawyer. I�m done.� You know, and this happened, I would say a week agonow. And now my wife every night she goes, �Did you lock the truck? Well, youbetter go lock it. I don�t want nobody to plant something in our vehicles.�

NowI have to live with that every night. She never used to tell me that. Now mydaughter comes, meanwhile my wife plays with my daughter, she goes, �Daddy,I�m going to call the police in awhile.� She never used to say that. Now shesays that. I don�t think it�s fair to her or to my wife. I did the crime;I�ve paid for it. They haven�t. Now they have to pay for it as everybody wasoutside, kids, they saw guns. I didn�t think it was necessary because nobodywas doing nothing.[26]

JamesCarpenter, an African American who came to the city of Moorhead to go to schooland play football, related his experience with the criminal justice system. 

Ihave lived in the community now for approximately 12 years. I am here to sayafter being here for 12 years that racism and prejudice does exist at very highlevels of government and within the city of Moorhead. 

Iwould like to tell about [when] I . . . came to this city. [I am] AfricanAmerican and came to the city of Moorhead to go to school and to play footballat the age of 18. And when I first came here I did not want to believe thatthere was racism that existed in the city of Moorhead because it was not obviousto me. 

Inthe summer of 1989, after being here for a couple of years, I was arrested andcharged with two counts of burglary. Having a clean record up until that pointin time, I went to trial in front of a jury of my peers, twelve 65-year-oldNorwegian farmers and was found guilty of these two counts of burglary. AlthoughI was offered this plea bargain and all sorts of pleas to this, I went to trialbecause I believed in my innocence. Four years later I was trying to get my lifetogether and trying to get back into school and trying to play football.

Inthe summer of 1993, I was arrested and charged for sitting in class and chargedwith trespassing at Moorhead State University, this while waiting for myfinancial aid to be processed. And I guess it�s very easy to say that if everystudent was arrested for the same circumstances for which he was arrested for, athird of the student body would be sitting inside of the Clay County jail.It�s unheard of, so I sued the city. 

Inthe end, I was sent to prison for 11 months and charged with the very issue forwhich I had filed those civil suits against the city of Moorhead. And this typeof racism and retaliation is appalling.[27]

PamelaRenville is a member of the Sioux Tribe and lived in Moorhead for three years.While living in the city in the late 1990s, her children attended fifth, sixth,and seventh grades in the public schools. 

Whenshe was attending Moorhead Junior High here, her seventh year she got into afight and my daughter was suspended and [what the police] filed on her was twocounts of simple assault and two disorderly conduct charges. She got to go tocourt in August and was put on six months good behavior. And we had at the timemoved back to South Dakota because what they did, the police, the school, whatthey did to my daughter. At the time I felt it was unfair, unfair to me as aparent without telling me that they were going to throw my daughter in jail andunfair to my daughter being placed, 12 years old, in jail, handcuffed out ofschool, humiliated, and thrown in jail overnight and without even letting metake her out. And that�s the reason why I am here.[28]

Commentsfrom minorities surveyed regarding equal policing and public safety included:
-   �A neighbor complained about us andthe police came right away. When we complained to the police about a neighbor,they never came.��I was pulled over by the police andasked for my license. When I said I did not have one, he asked if I had comefrom Mexico or Texas.� �My oldest brother has a real goodjob and a clean record. A policeman pulled my brother over for having tintedwindows on his car. The cop was rude and gave him a ticket instead of a warning.When I was stopped for missing a stop sign the cop was rude to me and searchedmy car.� �Sometimes the police arrest you fornothing.��There was one time the police cameout of the blue to my house and accused my son of stealing something and itwasn�t my son.� �Police do nottreat minorities equally due to racial tracking and harassment of minorities.� �Police suspect people of color.�  �Hispanics are targeted by thepolice. Indians are only safe on reservations.��In reality there are no gangs here,but the police see Mexican kids as criminals and hunt them down.�[29]Housing andPublic Accommodation*BackgroundData*
Equal public accommodationand access to all neighborhoods derive from the openness of the majoritycommunity to accept members of the minority community without qualifications.John Hulden, pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church and representing the MoorheadMinisterial of Clergy and Lay Professionals, talked about a climate of silenceand fear that permeates the white community and stifles integration and equalaccommodation.

Thereis a silence in this community [about issues of race]. And if we peel back thatsilence, we often hit a nerve. There is no doubt about that. I just had movedhere and was talking with some of the parents, not as a pastor, but as anotherparent about upcoming summer activities for our children. One place to go in thesummer, a great place to go, is the Romkey Park community pool. One mother saidvery clearly to me, �I would never take my children there, it is just toodangerous.� This mother was not talking about unprepared lifeguards; it was afear of the neighborhood and a fear of Latinos and Native Americans.

TwoSundays ago this spring at our church we had an adult forum that we entitled�What comes to mind when you hear Romkey Park?� The number one answer amongthe white folks was fear. There are a number of congregations in Moorhead, andwithin each congregation there are wonderful people who are deeply concernedabout race relations. But, we have to admit that there is not a lot happeningcommunitywide in the religious community.[30]

Homeownership rates in the Moorhead community are in sharp contrast alongracial and ethnic lines. Many factors contribute to homeownership, includinghousehold income, access to lending (equal opportunity in lending), housingavailability, and housing preference (rent or buy). Still, in Clay County, thehomeownership rate among white households is 72.8 percent while thehomeownership for minority households (African Americans, Latinos, AsianAmericans, and American Indians) is just 40.1 percent.[31]See table 2.13.
**TABLE      2.13      Homeownership Rates for White and Minority Households, Clay County**
**Homeownership      rate**Whites72.8%Minorities*40.1%
**        Minorities include African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and        American Indians.       Source:        U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office.*
*SurveyResults*
Residents were asked whetherthey: (1) strongly agreed, (2) agreed, (3) disagreed, or (4) strongly disagreedto the question: �Minorities should not push themselves where they are notwanted.� Both whites and minorities were in agreement, with 69 percent ofwhite residents and 67 percent of minority residents disagreeing with thisstatement.

Therewas disagreement between the two groups, however, on whether whites supportedequal opportunity. To the statement: �Whites in Moorhead support fullintegration and equal opportunity for minorities,� 62 percent of the whiterespondents strongly agreed or agreed that the white community did support fullintegration and equal opportunity for minorities. Among minorities, 68 percentdisagreed that the white community in Moorhead supported equal opportunity forminorities.

Therewas also sharp disagreement between the two groups regarding businessaccommodation and equal housing. Regarding businesses accommodating minoritiesequally, white Moorhead residents overwhelmingly agreed, by a 88 to 12 percentmargin, with the statement that: �Businesses in Moorhead provide equal serviceto minority customers.� In contrast, only 12 percent of minorities thoughtlocal businesses provided equal accommodation to minorities.

Divisionsin perception in equal housing are also observed as 73 percent of whiterespondents strongly agreed or agreed that minorities have equal access tohousing and mortgage loans. Only 22 percent of minorities, however, believedthat minorities in Moorhead have the same access to housing and mortgage loansas whites. The results are set out in table 2.14.
 **TABLE      2.14Survey      of Resident Attitudes on Public Accommodation**
* [White      percents are set out first; minority percents are beneath in parenthesis]*
**Strongly      agree****Agree****Disagree****Strongly      disagree**1.      Minorities should not push themselves where they are not wanted  7%      (16%)24%      (16%)37%      (42%)32%      (25%)2.      Whites in Moorhead support full integration and      equal opportunity for minorities  4%      (5%)58%      (27%)36%      (33%)2%      (35%)3.      Businesses in Moorhead provide equal service to minority customers14%      (0%)74%      (12%)12%      (60%)0%      (28%)4.      Minorities have the same access to housing and      mortgage loans as whites  18%      (9%)55%      (13%)24%      (34%)3%      (44%)
*Source:      U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional      Office, �Survey of Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead,      Minnesota,� 1999.*
*Commentaryfrom Public and Organization Officials*
Officials from Norwest BankMinnesota West and the State Bank of Fargo discussed equal opportunity lendingwith the Committee. Jeff Kemink, president of Norwest Bank Minnesota West,testified about the bank�s equal opportunity lending practices and its effortsto promote access to banking services for minority communities.

TheMoorhead bank has holdings of $235 million of which loans or lending is $105.6million, deposits of $201.6 million. We have been in the Moorhead community 106years, established in 1881. The bank is a participant in the region�sdiversity council, which is an employee-driven organization dealing withexternal and internal diversity issues. And we have been offering tuitionreimbursement in the last five years to our employees, particularly in Spanishcourses, in order to allow them the opportunity to converse with what we feel isone of the larger minority groups within our market.

Withregard to product delivery, we were the leader and the first to the market inthe Midwest with free checking, which addresses a low- and moderate-income needon the deposit side of delivery of our products and services . . . We have foundthrough our participation with various groups and through our study on theCommunity Reinvestment Act a need at times to market our services and productsthrough nontraditional channels. 

Regardinglending, we are participating currently with the Legal Services NorthwestMinnesota and in a Realtor forum on fair housing and have also been aparticipant with the Village Family Service Center in a credit where credit isdue program whereby we wave origination fees for individuals who have beenthrough this credit skills course encouraging them to enhance their creditskills prior to applying for credit. 

HomeMortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data is the only credit data that we have thatdeals with race and gender statistics. HMDA loan data includes home purchaseloans, and home improvement and refinance loans secured by residents, unsecuredloans. About 1.7 percent of our HMDA applications have been to minorities, whichis under what the minority population of the Moorhead community is, and wecontinue to direct and focus our marketing initiatives at that. Along the linesof the approval rates on minorities, HMDA originated loans compared to thegeneral total. Over the past three years, the percentage of minority HMDAapplications originated have been averaging 77 percent as opposed to the totalHMDA applications originated approval rate at 80 percent. So, there is only a 3percent disparity there.[32] 

Ron Jordan, senior vice president, State Bank of Fargo, testified aboutthe bank�s mortgage lending to minorities and its outreach programs to theminority community.

TheState Bank of Fargo is a local bank that originated out of Fargo. We have fouroffices in Fargo and recently chartered State Bank of Moorhead. We are very muchinterested in furnishing banking and lending services overall to the Moorheadcommunity. 

Weare one of the major lenders in the metropolitan area, with approximately 16 to17 percent of the market share in the market of Fargo-Moorhead. In the market ofMoorhead we are 9 percent market share of Clay County. 

Thereare approximately 1,525 financed homes in Moorhead. So, there�s a large marketin Moorhead, and the main thing we want to do is try to find ways for people toget into housing and establish them in as a permanent resident of the Moorheadmarket. We believe in trying to find ways to allow individual homeownership. Onesuch program is the Echo Program, which is a down payment assistance wherebyindividuals can obtain up to $3,000 of down payment assistance money to get intoa home. Along with that we have also signed up for Moorhead Casa Program whichis a program founded to fund housing in Moorhead, again through the city. Wealso have signed up with Minnesota First Time Buyer�s Program which is verycrucial to get the first-time buyer into the house and get that step upprogression for moving up housing in the Moorhead market.

Asfar as HMDA data, we are always concerned about looking at that information andmaking sure that falls within the guidelines. And, as a whole, most of ourprograms we�re looking at the application versus the decline/cancel ratio,make sure that�s always within line and we found that looking through the HMDAreport that that�s in line. And that�s within the 15 to 20 percent of thenorm of all type of applicants. So, those are the things, factors, that we lookat.[33]

MichelleHansen from Legal Services argued that the city�s multi-housing landlordscreening service discriminates against minorities.

Iam part of the [established Moorhead] community. I am a white, female, youngprofessional who was raised here. My experience practicing law in the housingarena here is that the most insidious housing discrimination is a systemicproblem with programs that are facially neutral and have commendable goals. 

Housingdiscrimination is a systemic problem, and there is no way to understand itwithout looking at all of the complaints and starting with the belief byminority people that criminal laws are more selectively enforced against them,such as the issue of pretext stops discussed here today.

Thiscommittee has heard about criminal background checks and convictions forfelonies in [housing leasing]. But that is not what we are dealing with in thecity of Moorhead when we are dealing with criminal background checks. Therecords that are released are about every time your name has been mentioned tothe police department whether or not you ever knew about it. Whether or notit�s ever been investigated, charged, or arrested. It does not matter. Everytime your name has been mentioned, your potential landlord finds out about it.And it really isn�t any due process for you to come in and clear your goodname.

Soif we have minority people being subjected to more selective enforcement of thelaws or pretext stops, then presumably their records are going to be longer andit is going to be harder for them to find housing in the community. It issignificant to note that these programs apply only to renters. Rentersdisproportionately are very low-income and low-income families and minoritymembers are disproportionately represented in very low-income groups. So, ifrenters are very low income, and very low income are disproportionatelyminorities, it does not take too great a leap to see that there might be adisparate impact on minority members of our community.[34]

Duke Schempp, director of People Escaping Poverty Project(PEPP), anonprofit organization providing leadership development and community organizingfor people with low incomes, discussed the group�s monitoring of Moorhead�sCommunity Development Block Grant (CDBG) activities since 1995. Schempptestified that the CDBG funds are almost exclusively given to white families. 

PEPPhas been very concerned over the years because of the lack of publicaccountability for these funds. These funds are supposed to serve the entirecommunity. What [PEPP] has found is that . . . although the CDBG funds go to avariety of activities, the majority of it actually goes to single-familyowner-occupied rehab projects, which means that those who own their home can get0 percent loans for fixing up their homes.

In1996, there were 22 loans made. They were all made to white non-Hispanichouseholds, and there was $370,000 allocated for that program that year. In1997, there was $328,000 allocated for the program; 23 loans made, with 22 towhite non-Hispanic families and only one loan to a Hispanic family during thatyear. In 1998, $396,000, under 21 loans, were allocated in community blockfunds, and all funds and loans were issued to white non-Hispanic families. Thatmeans community block development funds go for the most part to benefit whitehouseholds.[35]       

A Committee member asked Moorhead�s mayor, Morris Lanning, during thefact-finding meeting if people of color are represented on the various cityadvisory committees. Mayor Lanning responded that �no [minority person] hasindicated in any way that [he or she] has a background that would qualify [himor her] . . .[36]

Richard DuBord, a professorat Moorhead State University, told the Committee Moorhead was not a generouscommunity to people of color or the poor. 

Regardingcommunity services, . . . my fellow citizens are not a generous people withpeople who are browner or poorer than they are. There�s almost a phobia forbrowner and poorer. Over the years, I�ve been to virtually every publicmeeting that was about a group home for the developmentally disabled, womenalcoholics, mentally ill, the homeless. Andthe citizens of our community frequently loudly stand up and fight and opposethe location of group homes in their neighborhood for the developmentallydisabled, for women alcoholics, for the mentally ill, for homeless, timeand time again. And the scattered-site program that the mayor mentioned,every scattered-site location was opposed by neighborhood people loudlyand consistently.[37] 
*Commentaryfrom the Minority Community*
Hector Martinez said Latinoshave felt like outsiders in Moorhead for more than 75 to 80 years. So accordingto Martinez these issues of public acceptance, diversity, and publicaccommodation are not new issues for Moorhead residents.

Latinoshave felt as outsiders here in Moorhead for over 75 to 80 years. So the issue ofdiversity is not a new issue for Moorhead. It�s a relatively old one.

Yesterdaythe mayor talked about all the good things that are occurring here in Moorhead.He talked about the establishment of a Human Rights Commission�a Human RightsCommission that has no authority and no vision and certainly no accountabilityas far as where do they go with the information.

Thecity of Moorhead has also established the Cultural Diversity Project and theMoorhead Healthy Community Initiative. Those two organizations in their ownright are good and well intentioned, but they are also part and the brainchildof the city of Moorhead and the upper level administration, with no input frompeople of color as to what direction we need to take to find solutions for whatI�m calling this inhumanity, the stripping away of humaneness of who we are aspeople.[38]

Josie Gonzalez expressed her anger at the white community for beingexclusionary, particularly asserting that many whites presume to speak on behalfof people of color and that people of color are not allowed to have a role incommunity decisions.

Iam very angry. I am angry about a lot of things. I am angry about white peoplespeaking for me when I don�t ask them to. I�m angry about they going to cityhall for representing me. I�m angry at white people applying for grants andgetting them grants off of my backs or my people�s backs and not letting ustake part in decisions of where or how that money is going to be spent. We arenotorious in this city for getting a lot of people of color in our effortcoming�yes, they define what our needs are and then we never get to see themoney. We never define what is going to happen to that money, but we see a lotof white people in power. 

Wehave migrant programs where the whole administration from the top to theclassroom teacher is predominantly white. But the people that you see in theclassroom is to serve Latino children, migrant children, which are predominatelyMexican American children from Texas in the summer. But the whole administrationis white. It�s not reflective of the community that they are supposed toserve. And it�s the same thing in the school district and the medicalprofessions, in the police department, when sometimes white people go on andthey speak for us. While I believe they are well meaning, they are beinggatekeepers. They are gatekeeping information from us. They are not allowing usto access information, and they are not allowing us to speak for ourselves. AndI personally do not need a white person to speak for me at city hall or anyother place. So, any white leaders that are here that speak for me, when youspeak for Latino leaders, I�m Latino, you cannot exclude me [and] you cannotspeak for me. That is clear racism. 

Theother thing that I have come to realize that when we Latinos are on committees,we are not validated. We are the token �spic� on those committees. That�show I�m perceived and that�s how I�m treated and that�s how my ideas aretreated. So, if my rage and my anger is coming through, that�s because that ishow I feel. And that�s my reality; that�s what I live with. When we go tothe grocery store, we get followed. I know when I�m tailed. 

TheMexican American culture that�s resettled here, this is our community too.However, we do not appear to be looked at as citizens of this community. Severalweeks ago we held an event with the police department because we have startedopening dialogues with them, and it has been a positive experience. It has beencoming for a long time and we were very happy to see it finally come to not fullbloom, but the bud is there. And one of the questions that was asked was howeverybody was investing in Moorhead, and I realized for the past two years I hadbeen feeling like it was my turn to speak. I said, �I�m here and I�m readyto leave Moorhead because I am tired of having to mold myself to fit thisenvironment. Now, if I go to Texas at least I know that when I go in a grocerystore and I�m followed, it�s not going to be because of my skin color. I�mtired of having to mold myself to fit this environment. And it�s a whiteperson�s environment; I am never going to fit. I�m tired. I need to go.�[39]

Lisa Diagos, who was a youthcoordinator in the Romkey Park area for the city of Moorhead, discussed thehopes of Latino people to be accepted and have the same opportunities andprivileges as those living in other parts of the city.

In1994, I was hired to work as a youth coordinator in the Romkey Park areacoordinating summer recreational programs for youth. And from working with thoseprograms, everyone in the neighborhood just wanted the same privileges as anyother city park that exists here in Moorhead. They want the same activities andthe same attention. They don�t want to always be stereotyped as the badneighborhood. I mean they�re kids just like any other kids in any other areapark. 

Youknow, there was a lot of money to help with trying to get these kids into thesame activities as every other kid. But as the years went on, money was heldback and there was not much money to do any activities; from having free andopen public activities, it became starting to charge the same families. Well,most of the families who exist in that neighborhood are made up of five or sixchildren, and there�s not one family there that can probably give out moneyand these children are left out because money is an issue.[40]

Anita Flores Sunigi told the Committee about housing problems in thecommunity.

Iam the third generation of migrant workers here. My grandpa has been here since1940 and my father and my children are the fourth generation. And I�m speakingconcerning what I�ve gone through here in Moorhead. I was born here though,you know, every summer I had been here with my mother. She�s Native American,my father is Mexican. They met when workingin the field because they Native Americans too long time ago work in the fieldand my parents too they suffer a lot of discrimination in housing, butfor now I have got through many problems.

Ihave been homeless with my family, six children. And I couldn�t find a homebecause six children and two adults, they will not allow us in the threebedroom, and it was hard to find four bedrooms or five. The landlord said it isrented or whatever and sometimes a lot of people have to lie in order to live,to have a home. But, I didn�t want to lie because I know I would get introuble. By telling the truth you wouldn�t find a house. 

Alsoabout two years ago I heard a sheriff said if he was elected, he promised hewould get rid of all the Mexicans in Moorhead, Minnesota, which is happening.They used techniques or whatever and also utilities. A lot of people had theirutility shut down. I know in the winter they don�t do it, but when people needhelp for emergency, like recently now there�s an incident where this elderlywoman and elderly man they�re not eligible for emergency assistance any moreand their gas is shut off. Their furnace is broke, there�s no help for them,and it�s during the winter . . .

Kidscall my kids and tell them that they should go back to Mexico where they belong.In food pantries, the lady at the food pantry said, �Why don�t you go backto Texas and Mexico and get food? Why do you come here and use our food?� Wehave that problem running around going all over the place, dances, employmentfor our kids. It�s hard for our kids to get employment, but lately I�ve beenseeing that they�re hiring kids of color. There�s so much, but this is all Iwant to say about what�s going through my life here.[41]

Harold Ironshield, a member of the Dakota Nation and director of theNorthern Plaines Media Consortium, addressed the contrasting difference inperception between institutional leaders and individuals from minoritycommunities. 

Thepeople of the Dakota Nation were residents here in Minnesota before 1862. I amthe director of the Northern Plaines Media Consortium, which is a mediaorganization primarily for Native tribal newspapers and radio stations thatexist in the Northern Plaines region. 

Startingwith the mayor of Moorhead all the way to the officials that spoke on behalf ofthe organizations and businesses, it sounds as if we were living here in heaven.But, shortly after that, you have heard testimony by those individuals who haveencountered conflicts, issues of racism, issues of misunderstanding. 

Iquestioned the value of culture diversity in this area. If the culture diversitywas working for many of us, you would not be here today listening to theconcerns of those that are considered oppressed. Or the name that is beinglabeled that are considered the people of color. We are human beings as anyone.The color of our skin may be different, but we are human beings just like all ofyou.

Todaythe Native population in Minnesota is 49,000 plus, according to the 1990 census.You heard testimony of one of our children being involved with a conflict in theMoorhead public schools. Our children as Native people are very sacred to us.Our traditions that we carry out as tribal members of the tribes that we belongto insist that we care for these children because that�s our way of life astribal people.

Manyof our children that attend the Moorhead public school system in some ways havebeen victimized because of who they are. You have heard testimony that many ofthe conflicts that they face are conflicts that are unnecessary. The situationthat our children are put into is also unnecessary. I speak greatly on behalf ofour children, and I come as a representative of migrant fathers and hisgrandfather who have spoke out so diligently for the rest of our people to existas members of the tribal nations that live in this nation. I come here in thatcapacity. I come here as a human rights advocate as well for indigenous peoplewhose voices are not heard.

Herein Moorhead there are over 1,000 members of tribes that reside in this area,Fargo-Moorhead area, and many of those members of tribes come here foremployment reasons and many have come here to seek what we call the Americandream that does not exist for many of them. Unfortunately, we have a few in ourcommunity that are not as fortunate as others, and those are the ones that arevictimized by society.[42]

Carey Lyon testified that there was a lack of interest by the communityin providing public housing and public transportation for people withdisabilities.

Iam bringing a new light in a minority issue here and that�s the disabilityissue. Our organization is a nonprofit organization that works with people withdiffering abilities and also low income. 

Oneof our major accomplishments was suing the city of Moorhead for curb cuts. Thiswas a very long drawn out process. It took five years, the city rebuffed usevery time, and it cost the city $90,000 of lawyer fees where that could havegone to curb cuts or other accessible issues in this community.

Anotherissue. This is when I was working with Moorhead State students with the socialworkers and one of the employees did a housing survey and one thing that theyfound out in the housing survey was that there�s no accessible family units inMoorhead�none, not one. 

Weare working on the public transportation system now too. I believe during thesummer the bus route in Moorhead does not run late at night. Moreover, wherethey have regular routes, they are canceled on Sunday so basically no one willget to ride the bus on Sundays. You don�t get to go to church. You don�t getto go anywhere. There�s no night bus June, July, or August in Moorhead afterthe last bus at 6:15 because once the colleges are out, they stop running thenight bus because the only night bus is the college bus. So, if you work inMoorhead or you live in South Moorhead over here, you�d better be home by 6o�clock or you�re hiking all the way from downtown Fargo or wherever home.[43]

Comments from minorities surveyed regarding public accommodation andequal housing opportunity included:
-  �I was in line at a store waiting forfive minutes. A white person came to the counter and the employee went to helphim first.� �In stores they watch you and followyou to make sure you do not take things. When I go for a walk I can hear peoplelocking their doors.��It is not a matter of race relationsgetting better or worse because it is a disease that just won�t go away. Ifanybody should be asked for a green card it should be the whites, because Ididn�t immigrate here.��Because some Mexicans drink, whitesthink all Mexicans have alcohol problems.�  �When I go to a store, as soon asthey hear my accent they treat me different. They want to know where I am from,even after I tell them that I am from Moorhead.��Because of our minority level, we donot get the same service as the majority group.��We were at a local restaurant andthey seated whites before us.��The second year we came to Moorhead,in 1995, there were stickers on the phone booths that said, �Mexicans GoHome.� I don�t know why whites think they own the U.S. if the Indians werehere first. When we get together with other Hispanics it doesn�t mean we areall a gang.� �I am watched in stores and followed.Once a security person didn�t see white girls stealing and leaving because hewas too busy watching me.��Minorities do not have access tohousing and mortgage loans. I had to threaten a lawsuit to get a home mortgageeven though I had an A-plus rating.� �I have worked for 11 years inMoorhead and still am unable to buy a house. I see race as the reason for thedenial of mortgage loans.��We asked for a loan at a bank, butthey said we had bad credit even though we have always paid our bills ontime.��We tried to geta loan at a local bank, and I feel we were denied becausewe are Hispanic.�[44]

[1]    Morris L. Lanning, statement before the Minnesota Advisory Committee to the    U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, fact-finding meeting, Moorhead, MN, May 24    and 25, 1999, transcript, pp. 9�18 (hereafter cited as Transcript).

[2]    The labor force is the total number of persons over the age of 16 who are    employed or actively seeking employment. 

[3]    1990 census update.

[4]    David Berg, Transcript, pp. 80�92.

[5]    Ron Baker, Transcript, pp. 93�97.

[6]    Pete Padilla, Transcript, pp. 147�52.

[7]    Hector Martinez, Transcript, p. 330.

[8]    U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, �Survey of    Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead, Minnesota,� 1999. 

[9]    1990 census.

[10]    Bruce Anderson, Transcript, pp. 45�47.

[11]    Richard Henderson, Transcript, pp. 215�25.

[12]    Richard DuBord, Transcript, pp. 43�60.

[13]    Yoke-Sim Gunartane, Transcript, pp. 105�10.

[14]    Dianna Hatfield, Transcript, pp. 111�15.

[15]    Sonia Hohnadel, Transcript, pp. 153�64.

[16]    Juanita Yzaguirre, Transcript, pp. 161�62. 

[17]    Josie Gonzalez, Transcript, pp. 335�44.

[18]    U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, �Survey of    Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead, Minnesota,� 1999. 

[19]    Moorhead Police Department, Minnesota�s Weed and Seed Initiative, *Quarterly    Narrative Report for State and Federal Funds*, April 1999.

[20]    Grant H. Weyland, Transcript, pp. 194�95.

[21]    Wayne Arnold, Transcript, pp. 196�98.

[22]    Nancy Taralson, Transcript, pp. 198�214.

[23]    Joe Parise, Transcript, pp. 229�40.

[24]    Hector Martinez, Transcript, pp. 315�24.

[25]    Josie Gonzalez, Transcript, p. 341. 

[26]    Vicente Amoles, Transcript, pp. 184�88.

[27]    James Carpenter, Transcript, pp. 364�68.

[28]    Pamela Renville, Transcript, pp. 173�77.

[29]    U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, �Survey of    Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead, Minnesota,� 1999. 

[30]    John Hulden, Transcript, pp. 242�44.

[31]    1990 census.

[32]    Jeff Kemink, Transcript, pp. 63�69.

[33]    Ron Jordan, Transcript, pp. 70�79.

[34]    Michelle Hansen, Transcript, pp. 263�80.

[35]    Duke Schempp, Transcript, pp. 257�59.

[36]    Morris Lanning, Transcript, p. 21.

[37]    Richard DuBord, Transcript, pp. 43�60.

[38]    Hector Martinez, Transcript, pp. 327�29. 

[39]    Josie Gonzalez, Transcript, pp. 366�68. 

[40]    Lisa Diagos, Transcript, pp. 260�62.

[41]    Anita Sunigi, Transcript, pp. 165�69.

[42]    Harold Ironshield, Transcript, pp. 309�14.

[43]    Carey Lyon, Transcript, pp. 358�62.

[44]    U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Midwestern Regional Office, �Survey of    Racial and Ethnic Attitudes in Moorhead, Minnesota,� 1999.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |