*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

OCT 28 1998

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

PATRICK J. KUHSE,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 98-6076

(W. District of Oklahoma)

(D.C. No. CR-94-144-L)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BALDOCK, EBEL, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. 

Appellant, Patrick J. Kuhse, pleaded guilty to charges which included

conspiracy and money laundering. In addition to being sentenced to serve a

prison term of seventy-one months, Kuhse was ordered to pay restitution in an

amount not to exceed $3,894,391.28. Kuhse appeals the district court’s order

requiring him to pay restitution. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1291, we AFFIRM.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW

This court reviews the amount of the district court’s restitution order for an

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Copus , 110 F.3d 1529, 1537 (10th Cir.

1997). The district court’s factual findings underlying the restitution order are

reviewed for clear error. See id. 

BACKGROUND

Kuhse was named in a thirty-two count indictment returned on September

21, 1994. The charges against Kuhse, which included conspiracy, bribery, money

laundering and criminal forfeiture, arose out of a bribery/kickback scheme

perpetrated against the State of Oklahoma by Kuhse and two co-conspirators. At

the time the indictment was returned, however, Kuhse had left the United States

and was residing in Costa Rica.

Almost three years after being indicted, Kuhse surrendered to the United

States Embassy in Costa Rica. He was returned to the United States on the

outstanding warrant and pleaded guilty to all counts against him contained in the

indictment. Kuhse was sentenced to seventy-one months in prison and ordered to

pay restitution to the Oklahoma State Treasurer’s Office in the amount of

$3,894,391.28 less any amounts recovered by the United States Government in its
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forfeiture case against him and in a separate civil case filed in the United States

District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.

At his arraignment, Kuhse was determined to be indigent and the court

arranged for him to be represented by court-appointed counsel. Following

Kuhse’s plea of guilty, a Presentence Investigative Report (“PSR”) was prepared

by a probation officer. The district court adopted the factual findings in the PSR. 

Information contained in the PSR indicates that at the time of sentencing, Kuhse

had a negative net worth of $316,700.00. The PSR further discloses that at the

time of sentencing Kuhse was 43 years of age and in good physical health. He

was separated from his wife and had two dependent children, ages thirteen and

eleven. Kuhse’s formal education consisted of between eighty and ninety hours

of college credit. He had also completed a two-year correspondence course which

had enabled him to obtain a license as a certified financial planner. The PSR

further discloses that between the years 1980 and 1994, Kuhse was employed

selling insurance or working as a financial planner. As a result of his felony

conviction, Kuhse will be unable to retain his license as a financial planner and

will be prohibited from selling insurance. 
1The provisions governing the payment of restitution contained in the

VWPA were significantly amended by the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of

1996 (the “MVRA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). The MVRA

became effective on April 24, 1996. Neither party to this appeal has raised the

issue of whether the MVRA governs the order of restitution in this case and we,

therefore, do not address that issue. Accordingly, statutory citations herein refer

to the VWPA provisions in effect before the effective date of the MVRA.

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DISCUSSION

In this appeal, Kuhse concedes that the district court properly calculated the

amount of the loss sustained by the State of Oklahoma as a result of his illegal

conduct. Kuhse contends, however, that the district court erred when it

determined he was able to pay restitution.

The restitution order at issue is governed by the Victim and Witness

Protection Act (VWPA). 1 See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663-3664. Pursuant to the

provisions of the VWPA, when determining whether to order restitution and the

amount of such restitution, a court must consider “the amount of the loss

sustained by any victim as a result of the offense, the financial resources of the

defendant, the financial needs and earning ability of the defendant and the

defendant's dependents, and such other factors as the court deems appropriate." 

18 U.S.C. § 3664(a). Under the provisions of the VWPA, the defendant bears the

burden of proving that he is unable to pay restitution. See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d). 

A restitution order must be consistent with a defendant’s ability to pay. See

United States v. Gilbreath , 9 F.3d 85, 86 (10th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). The
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order will be upheld if it is supported by at least some evidence that the defendant

has either available assets or sufficient earning potential. See United States v.

Williams , 996 F.2d 231, 233 (10th Cir. 1993). While payment cannot be based

solely on chance, it must only be an “objectively reasonable possibility.” See id.

When a defendant receives assets as a result of his illegal conduct, he bears

the burden of proving what happened to those assets. See United States v. Olson ,

104 F.3d 1234, 1238 (10th Cir. 1997). Unless the defendant is able to meet that

burden, the sentencing court can consider those assets as being available to satisfy

the restitution order. See id .

Restitution can be ordered even if the defendant is indigent at the time of

sentencing. See, e.g., Williams, 996 F.2d at 232, 235. (affirming order requiring

indigent defendant to pay restitution) . A sentencing court can order an indigent

defendant to pay restitution if it finds that the defendant has the earning potential

to pay the amount ordered. See, e.g., United States v. Rogat , 924 F.2d 983, 986

(10th Cir. 1991) (upholding district court finding that defendants who had a

negative net worth but who were educated, talented and skilled in business had

the ability to pay restitution of approximately $2.5 million). 

Kuhse concedes in his brief that the district court properly calculated the

amount of the loss sustained by the State of Oklahoma as a result of his conduct

at $3,894,391.28. Kuhse contends that he does not have the ability to pay the
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restitution because he has no current assets and his future employment

opportunities are limited to minimum wage jobs. 

In support of his contention that he has no current assets, Kuhse states he

no longer has any of the money he received from the illegal activities of which he

was convicted. Kuhse asserts that he converted the majority of his assets,

including the illegally obtained assets, into cash and then used that cash to pay his

living expenses during the years he resided in Costa Rica. Kuhse has offered no

financial statements, receipts or similar documentation to support his claim that

the assets he received as a result of his illegal conduct have been fully dissipated. 

The district court found Kuhse’s explanation of what happened to the illegally

obtained funds to be self-serving and to lack credibility.

Kuhse also argues that his future earning potential is insufficient to enable

him to pay the restitution order. He asserts that his future employment

opportunities are limited to minimum wage jobs. In addition to information

concerning Kuhse’s financial circumstances at the time of sentencing, the PSR

also contains details of Kuhse’s employment history and other facts permitting an

evaluation of his future earning ability. Based on information contained in the

PSR, the district court found that Kuhse is an intelligent, educated individual who

is in excellent health and young enough to be employed for many years after the

term of his incarceration is completed. Although Kuhse cannot continue to work
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as a financial planner, he has offered no explanation as to why, notwithstanding

his education and intellect, he will be employable only in jobs paying the

minimum wage. 

 The district court based its restitution order on its findings relative to both

Kuhse’s earning potential and his current financial situation. The facts in the

record amply support the district court’s findings that Kuhse’s education,

experience and intellect will enable him to find gainful employment after his

incarceration and earn a wage sufficient to both support himself and his family

and pay restitution. Kuhse has the burden of showing he is unable to pay the

restitution. The record is void of any cogent explanation substantiating Kuhse’s

assertions that all of the illegally obtained assets have been dissipated and that he

will be employable only in minimum wage jobs. 

We hold that the district court’s finding as to Kuhse’s ability to pay was not

clearly erroneous and the district court did not abuse its discretion when it

ordered Kuhse to pay restitution in the amount of $3,894,391.28 and, therefore,

AFFIRM .

ENTERED FOR THE COURT:

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge