UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

NORTHERN DIVISION 

PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY, 

 Plaintiff, Case No. 15-cv-12164 

v Honorable Thomas L. Ludington 

 

THE JOHN A. KARBOWSKI TRUST, et al., 

 Defendant. 

__________________________________________/ 

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR 

LEAVE TO FILE AMENDED COMPLAINT, DIRECTING PLAINTIFF TO FILE 

AMENDED COMPLAINT, DENYING DEFENDANT FOSTER BLUE’S MOTION FOR 

SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS MOOT, GRANTING DEFENDANT FOSTER BLUE 

LEAVE TO FILE AN ADDITIONAL MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, AND 

DENYING PLAINTIFF’S RULE 56(D) MOTION AS MOOT 

 On June 15, 2015, Plaintiff Phillips 66 Company filed this action against Defendant 

Karbowski Oil Company, a Michigan corporation, Defendant Foster Blue Water Oil, LLC, 

Defendant Jeffrey Karbowski, and Defendant The John A. Karbowski Trust. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff 

raises five claims against Defendants: (1) Breach of Contract against Karbowski Oil; (2) Breach 

of Account Stated; (3) Unjust Enrichment/Quantum Meruit; (4) Conversion; and (5) Fraudulent 

Transfer in violation of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, M.C.L.A. §§ 5561.31 et seq. 

(“UFTA”). Id. 

Plaintiff now moves to amend its complaint, seeking to remove its claims of conversion 

against all Defendants and its claim of personal guarantor liability against Defendant John 

Karbowski. ECF No. 26. Plaintiff also seeks to add a claim of successor liability against 

Defendant Foster Blue Oil. Id. In its response, Defendant Foster Blue argues that Plaintiff’s 

proposed successor liability claim would be futile. ECF No. 34. Based on the following, 

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Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint will be granted in part and denied in 

part. 

I.

 In its proposed amended complaint, Plaintiff Phillips 66 alleges the following factual 

allegations. On or about May17, 2012, Defendant Karbowski Oil entered into a contract with 

ConocoPhillips Corporation, under which Karbowski Oil agreed to purchase and pay for related 

products from ConocoPhillips (the “Contract”). Pl.’s Mot. to Amend Ex. 1 ¶ 8 [hereinafter 

Proposed Am. Compl.]. Subsequently, in May, 2012, ConocoPhillips spun off its downstream 

assets to form Phillips 66. Id. ¶ 9. ConocoPhillips assigned all of its rights, title and interest in 

the Contract to Phillips 66. Id. 

 In September of 2012, a representative of Phillips 66 sent an email to Defendant 

Karbowski Oil’s controller, Bill Ankoviak, expressing concerns about outstanding invoices 

totaling $165,440.07 owed to Phillips 66. Id. ¶ 11. Ankoviak did not respond to the email. 

However, Phillips 66 later learned that Karbowski Oil had ceased to operate its petroleum 

business and had sold all its assets. Id. ¶ 28. 

On or around October 10, 2012, Ankoviak informed Phillips 66 that Karbowski Oil’s 

assets has been sold to Defendant Foster Blue and that Karbowski oil consequently did not have 

funds to pay its debt to Phillips 66. Id. at ¶ 12. Ankovich also informed Phillips 66 that both he 

and Defendant Jeffrey Karbowski had become employees of Defendant Foster Blue. Id. Phillips 

66 then discovered that Karbowski Oil’s website had begun redirecting to Defendant Foster 

Blue’s website. Id. at ¶ 26. The complaint alleges nothing more about the circumstances of 

Karbowski Oil, including whether it has sought to dissolve or windup its affairs under Michigan 

law. 

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 After receiving this information, Phillips 66 attempted to draft Karbowski Oil’s bank 

accounts for the outstanding invoices. Id. ¶ 13. On October 15, 2012 those drafts were returned 

due to insufficient funds in Karbowski Oil’s bank account. Id. ¶ 14. Phillips 66 then sent a 

written demand to Karbowski Oil, demanding the full and immediate payment of all Karbowski 

Oil’s outstanding invoices. Id. ¶ 29. Phillips 66 sent an additional written demand demanding 

the full and immediate payment of all outstanding invoices on December 16, 2013. Id. Phillips 

66 then initiated the present suit on June 15, 2015, alleging that all of Karbowski Oil’s assets 

were sold to Defendant Foster Blue after Karbowski Oil’s debt to Phillips 66 arose. Id. ¶ 15. 

Phillips 66 also alleges that Defendant Foster Blue did not pay adequate consideration for the 

assets, and that the sale was completed with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud Phillips 66. Id. ¶ 

16-20. Phillips 66 therefore claims that it is still owed the full value of the outstanding invoices, 

or $165,440.07. 

II.

Phillips 66 now seeks to add a claim of successor liability against Defendant Foster Blue. 

ECF No. 26. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, a court should “freely give leave” to 

amend “when justice so requires.” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2). “[T]he thrust of Rule 15 is to 

reinforce the principle that cases should be tried on their merits rather than the technicalities of 

pleadings.” Moore v. City of Paducah, 790 F.2d 557, 559 (6th Cir. 1986) (internal citations and 

quotations omitted). Factors that courts should consider when determining whether to grant leave 

to amend include “[u]ndue delay in filing, lack of notice to the opposing party, bad faith by the 

moving party, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments, undue prejudice to 

the opposing party, and futility of amendment....” Hageman v. Signal L.P. Gas, Inc., 486 F.2d 

479, 484 (6th Cir. 1973). “Decisions as to when justice requires amendment are left to the sound 

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discretion of the trial judge[.]” Robinson v. Michigan Consol. Gas Co. Inc., 918 F.2d 579, 591 

(6th Cir. 1990). 

A.

 As an initial matter, in its reply to its motion to amend, Plaintiff argues that the Court 

should not consider Defendant Foster Blue’s response, and should strike Defendant Foster Blue’s 

response from the record because it was not filed within 14 days, as required by Local Rule 7.1. 

This request is itself a violation of the local rules, however. Local Rule 5.1.1(a) provides that all 

papers filed electronically are governed by the Court’s ECF Policies and Procedures. The 

Court’s Policies and Procedures in turn provides that a “reply to a motion must not be combined 

with a counter-motion. Papers filed in violation of this rule will be stricken.” R5(e). Here, by 

requesting that the Court refuse to consider Defendant Foster Blue’s untimely response and 

strike the response from the record, Plaintiff impermissibly requests affirmative relief in a 

responsive pleading. 

All filings must comply with the Local Rules, which are available both in print and 

online. The parties may order print copies from the Clerk’s Office, E.D. MICH. L.R. 1.3, or they 

may access the rules at http://www.mied.uscourts.gov/Rules/LocalRules/civilRules.cfm. For the 

purposes of this motion, because it is early in motion practice for the case, both Foster Blue’s 

response and Phillips 66’s reply will be considered. 

B.

Defendant Foster Blue argues that Plaintiff’s proposed addition of a successor liability 

claim against it would be futile. Defendant Foster Blue is incorrect in its assertion that, pursuant 

to Riverview Health Institution LLC v. Medical Mutual of Ohio, a proposed amendment must 

meet a “heightened pleading standard.” 601 F.3d 505 (6th Cir. 2010). In fact, the Riverview 

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Health Court specifically explained, on two separate occasions, that “[a] proposed amendment is 

futile if the amendment could not withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss." Riverview 

Health, 601 F.3d at 512, 519 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The Court will 

apply the deferential, notice pleading standard required by Rule 12(b)(6) to Plaintiff’s proposed 

successor liability claim. 

i. 

A pleading fails to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) if it does not contain allegations that 

support recovery under any recognizable legal theory. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 

(2009). In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court construes the pleading in the nonmovant’s favor and accepts the allegations of facts therein as true. See Lambert, 517 F.3d at 439. 

The pleader need not have provided “detailed factual allegations” to survive dismissal, but the 

“obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and 

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell 

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In essence, the pleading “must contain 

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 

ii. 

Michigan has adopted the traditional rule of successor liability, under which the 

successor in a merger ordinarily assumes all of its predecessor’s liabilities, but a purchaser of 

assets for cash does not. Foster v. Cone–Blanchard Mach. Co., 597 N.W.2d 506, 509 (Mich. 

1999). A purchaser of assets for cash does however assume its predecessor’s liabilities in five 

narrow circumstances: (1) express or implied assumption of liability; (2) de facto consolidation 

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or merger; (3) fraud; (4) transfer lacking good faith or consideration; and (5) mere continuation 

or reincarnation of the old corporation. Id. at 509-10. 

In its proposed amended complaint, Plaintiff alleges that a de facto merger has occurred 

between Foster Blue and Karbowski Oil, and that Foster Blue is a mere continuation of 

Karbowski Oil. See Pl.’s Mot. to Amend Compl. Ex. A. ¶¶ 80-81. In support of this conclusion, 

Plaintiff alleges that Foster Blue has taken over the business, employees and operations of 

Karbowski Oil, acquired all of Karbowski Oil’s assets, continued Karbowski Oil’s operations 

and business in the same facilities, redirected Karbowski Oil’s website to its own, employed 

Karbowski Oil’s senior management and/or owners, and paid Karbowski Oil’s debt to the John 

A. Karbowski Trust. Id. ¶¶ 74-79. In this way, Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Foster Blue 

implicitly assumed liability for Karbowski Oil’s debts by paying off a preferred creditor. 

a. 

Plaintiff first seeks to add a claim of successor liability against Defendant Foster Blue 

under the de facto merger exception. The de facto merger exception is an equitable remedy that 

looks beyond the asset purchase at issue. The relevant inquiry “investigates whether a 

transaction labeled ‘Asset Purchase Agreement’ in fact constituted a merger—a determination 

that does not arise purely from the agreement itself.” Berg Chilling Sys., Inc. v. Hull Corp., 435 

F.3d 455, 464 (3d Cir. 2006). “The overriding goal of successor liability, and of the de facto 

merger inquiry, is to balance ‘the interest in preventing tortfeasors from externalizing the costs of 

their misconduct’ with ‘the interest in a fluid market in corporate assets.”‘ United States v. Gen. 

Battery Corp., 423 F.3d 294, 306 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing E.E.O.C. v. Vucitech, 842 F.2d 936, 944 

(7th Cir.1988)). 

 For the de facto merger exception to apply, a plaintiff must allege the following: 

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(1) There is a continuation of the enterprise of the seller corporation, so that there 

is a continuity of management, personnel, physical location, assets, and general 

business operations; (2) There is a continuity of shareholders which results from 

the Purchasing corporation paying for the acquired assets with shares of its own 

stock, this stock ultimately coming to be held by the shareholders of the seller 

corporation so that they become a constituent part of the purchasing corporation; 

(3) The seller corporation ceases its ordinary business operations, liquidates, and 

dissolves as soon as legally and practically possible; and (4) The purchasing 

corporation assumes those liabilities and obligations of the seller ordinarily 

necessary for the uninterrupted continuation of normal business operations of the 

seller corporation. 

Turner v. Bituminous Cas. Co., 244 N.W.2d 873, 879 (Mich. 1976).

Defendant Foster Blue argues that Plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to satisfy the 

second prong – continuity of ownership. “The standard applied in most states recognizes 

continuity of ownership where the shareholders of the seller corporation ... become a constituent 

part of the purchasing corporation.” Gen. Battery, 423 F.3d at 306 (internal quotations and 

citation omitted). The standard requires only continuity, not identity, of ownership, and is 

satisfied where owners of a predecessor enterprise become a constituent part of a successor 

corporation “by retaining some ongoing interest in their assets.” Id. 

Plaintiff Phillip 66 has made no allegation that the owners of Karbowski Oil retained any 

ongoing interest or ownership in the assets purchased by Foster Blue. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s 

allegation of de facto merger could not survive a motion to dismiss, and would be futile. Plaintiff 

therefore may not include a claim of successor liability under the de facto merger exception in its 

amended complaint. 

b.

 Plaintiff also seeks to add a claim of successor liability under the mere continuation 

exception. “Mere continuation” is a cousin of piercing the corporate veil, and thus targeted at 

limiting abuse of the corporate form....” C.T. Charlton & Associates, Inc. v. Thule, Inc., 541 F. 

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App’x 549, 554 (6th Cir. 2013). In determining whether the mere continuation exception 

applies, courts applying Michigan law must “examine the totality of the circumstances and 

engage in a multi-factor analysis.” Stramaglia v. United States, 377 F. App’x 472, 475 (6th Cir. 

2010). Crucial to this inquiry is whether there is (1) common ownership between the 

predecessor and successor; and (2) transfer of substantially all of the assets of the predecessor to 

the successor. Id. Because Plaintiff has made no allegation that there was common ownership 

between Foster Blue and Karbowski Oil, its proposed allegation of mere continuation is futile, 

and such a claim may not be included in Plaintiff’s amended complaint. 

c.

 Plaintiff may add its allegation that Foster Blue implicitly agreed to assume liability for 

Karbowski Oil’s debts. The Michigan Court of Appeals has held that “such a finding may be 

made where the conduct or representations relied upon by the party asserting liability indicate an 

intention on the part of the buyer to pay the debts of the seller.” Antiphon, Inc. v. LEP Transp., 

Inc., 454 N.W.2d 222, 225 (Mich. Ct. App. 1990). In its proposed amended complaint, Plaintiff 

alleges that Foster Blue has paid off one of Karbowski Oil’s creditors. This allegation is 

sufficient to raise a claim that Foster Blue impliedly accepted liability to Karbowski Oil’s other 

creditors under the deferential 12(b)(6) standard. While Plaintiff may need to show more to 

survive a motion for summary judgment, its allegation is sufficient to surmount the low bar to 

amend its complaint. 

III. 

 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion to amend its complaint, ECF No. 

26, is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 

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 It is further ORDERED that Plaintiff is GRANTED LEAVE to file its proposed 

amended complaint with a claim of successor liability under the “express or implied assumption 

of liability” exception on or before November 20, 2015. Plaintiff’s amended complaint may not 

include claims of successor liability under the de facto merger or mere continuation exceptions. 

 It is further ORDERED that Defendant Foster Blue’s Motion for Summary Judgment, 

ECF No. 22, is DENIED as moot. 

 It is further ORDERED that Defendant Foster Blue is GRANTED LEAVE to file one 

additional motion for summary judgment. 

 It is further ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Rule 56(d) motion for an extension of time to 

respond to Defendant Foster Blue’s motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 27, is DENIED as

moot. 

s/Thomas L. Ludington 

 THOMAS L. LUDINGTON 

 United States District Judge 

Dated: November 13, 2015 

 

PROOF OF SERVICE 

The undersigned certifies that a copy of the foregoing order was served 

upon each attorney or party of record herein by electronic means or first 

class U.S. mail on November 13, 2015. 

 s/Michael A. Sian 

 MICHAEL A. SIAN, Case Manager 

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