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The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed a Final Recovery Plan for the

Humpback Whale (Recovery Plan) in December of 1991 (NMFS 1991). Less than a year later, Public

Law 102-587 (the Oceans Act of 1992 (the Act)), was signed into law which designated the Hawaiian

Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary (the Sanctuary). The primary objectives of the

Sanctuary are to: protect the humpback whales and their habitat in the waters around the Main Hawaiian

Islands; educate and interpret for the public the relationship of the humpback whale and the Hawaiian

marine environment; manage human uses of the Sanctuary consistent with the Act; and, identify other

marine resources and ecosystems of national significance for possible inclusion in the Sanctuary. The

objectives of the Recovery Plan are compatible with those of a Sanctuary Plan and include maintaining

and enhancing humpback whale habitat (s); reducing human-related mortality, injury and disturbance;

measuring and monitoring key population parameters; and promoting a State/Federal partnership for

administration and implementation of the Recovery Plan.

NOAA's Sanctuaries and Reserves Division (SRD) and NMFS convened a workshop on April

26-28 in Kaanapali, Maui to bring together resource managers from county, state 2nd Federal agencies

and researchers to help develop research and management objectives for ite Sanctuary's management

plan and to help implement provisions of the NMFS humpback whale recovery plan. Recommendations

from the workshop will help the NMFS and the SRD develop more closely coordinated and

complementary long-term monitoring strategies and programs. In addition, the workshop also provided

an opportunity for the research community to interact with the county, state and Federal resource

managers having management jurisdiction over and interest in humpback whales.

The workshop consisted of a day of presentations by researchers and resource managers

followed by two days of focused working group discussions. Presentations included such topics as

humpback whale life history, humpback whale habitat, human and natural impacts, and individual

agency management responsibilities. Selected presentations are contained in this part 1 of this report. 

Workshop participants were divided into one of four working groups. The population assessment and

methodology group (Working Group 1) discussed the overall objective of population assessment and

monitoring of humpback whales relative to management needs. Working Group II, the habitat

characterization group, focused on identifying parameters influencing the habitat use patterns of

humpback whales. The behavior and life history group (Working Group 111) discussed research to

better assess and monitor humpback whale vital population parameters and behavior, and human

activities and their potential affects on humpback whales. Finally, the management needs and covery

plan implementation group (Working Group IV) involved discussion among those county, state and

Federal agencies that would participate in the implementation of Recovery Plan and the Final

Management Plan for the Sanctuary. The individual working groups met over the course of two days,

with periodic breaks to share the results with the entire workshop. Part 2 of this report documents the

collective recommendations from each of the four working groups. Each of the four reports were

generated at the workshop and were subsequently sent out to workshop participants for review and

comment. This workshop report provides a summary of the information that was contributed to the

workshop by these participants.
0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mahalo Nui Loa to the many individuals who contributed their time, expertise and patience

to help make sure this workshop was held and that it would be beneficial to the research and

management communities in and outside of Hawaii. Special thanks goes to Naomi McIntosh,

Susan Bemrose, Allen Tom and Carol Carey who handled the logistics, travel, organization and

made sure the workshop went smoothly. In addition, various staff from NOAA's Sanctuaries and

Reserves Division, the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Marine Mamrnal Commission

were involved in planning various portions of the workshop.

Funding was provided by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program and the Sanctuaries and

Reserves Division. Special kudos go out to the Whale Center of the Pacific for sponsoring a

museum open-house and a National Marine Sanctuary Manager forum and the volunteers of the

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary for organizing a post-workshop

BBQ at the Kihei Sanctuary Facility.
5


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Status of Abundance Estimation: The 1993 abundance results were analyzed using the

DISTANCE (ver. 2.03) program (Mobley, Forestell and Grotefendt, 1994). Results from all four

1993 flights were combined and stratified into three depth categories: 0-100, 101-1000, and

greater than 1000 fathoms. An overall abundance estimate of 669 whales was derived using a

depth stratified line transect approach based on a hazard rate model with encounter rate and

density by stratum, detection probability for all data combined, and a pooled estimate of density

from area-weighted stratum. The log-based confidence interval was 536-835 whales, with a C.V.

of 11.3 percent. The results of the 1995 season will be analyzed separately, and combined with the
:

1993 results if appropriate.

The distance sampling theory upon which DISTANCE (developed at the National Marine

Mammal Laboratory) and similar programs are based, assumes the probability of detection (g(O)) on the

trackline to be unity. This is obviously not true for cetaceans since they are only detectable at the surface

for relatively brief periods of time (e.g., Buckland et al., 1993). In order to transform the abundance

estimate to a population estimate, one must know the probability that the animals in question will be at

the surface at any given time. We propose to use surface/dive time data derived from shore station data

(gathered between 1983 and 1993) to derive such a correction factor (Barlow et al., 1988; Calambokidis

et al., 1993). A corrected population estimate for humpback whales wintering in Hawaii will hopefully

be available in the near future.

Acknowledgements: This work was sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects

Agency (ARPA) as part of the Acoustic Thermography of Ocean Climate Marine Mammal

Research Program (ATOC MMRP, Principal Investigator: Christopher Clark of Cornell

University). We extend our thanks to our observers and data recorders, including Eric

Brown, Tim Clark, Alison Craig, Adam Frankel, Christine Llewellyn, Michael Newcomer,

Tom Norris, Rob Schick, Mari Smultea, and Dave Weller. Also, mahalo to our pilots, John

"Keoni" McFadden, Mike Anderson and Paul Beckham for their great work.
8

Table 2. Species observed on Hawaii statewide aerial surveys

Species or Species Group 1995 1993

N Groups N Groups

Humpback Whale 1,388 837 698 39'/

Spinner Dolphin 573 27 518 13

Spotted Dolphin 367 8

False Killer Whale 80 12 229 8

Shortfin Pilot Whale 162 18 67 12

Bottlenose Dolphin 125 32 77 5

Rough-toothed Dolphin 77 4

Striped Dolphin 76 2

Stenella spp. 36 3 2 1

Sperm Whale 22 9 4 1

Melon Headed Whale 21 1

Mesoplodon spp. 13 3

Grampus 13 2

Cuvier's Beaked Whale 6 3 2 1

Blainville's Beaked Whale 8 3

Pygmy Sperm Whale 1 1 4 1

Beaked Whale, unid. spp. 8 2 3 2

Dolphin, unid. spp. 209 36 56 13

Whale, unid. spp. 14 10

Turtles (spp.) 24 20

1 Total Effort in 1993 = 8,115 nautical miles, 1995 11,253; Number of Humpback

whale calves in 1993 = 36, in 1995 = 63 ;


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Based on “305(B) Water Quality Report for the State of Hawaii,” Hawaii Department of Health (1994).

76

OVERVIEW OF OCEAN WATER QUALITY IN HAWAII1

Wiltse, W.

Abstract

Coastal waters of Hawaii, while generally of good water quality, have numerous localized areas

where problems of turbidity, nutrient enrichment, and toxic contamination exist. These problem areas

are all coastal embayments or semi-protected nearshore waters. Signs of degradation in these areas

include nuisance algal blooms, loss of corals, decline of fisheries, and spread of introduced species. 

Most ocean pollution in the state is due to polluted runoff from urban and agricultural lands. The main

pollutant sources that whales are likely to encounter are turbidity plumes (common) , ocean discharge

outfalls for treated wastewater, vessel discharges, and oil or chemical spills (rare). Note: This analysis is

based on Hawaii Department of Health, “305(B) Water Quality Report for the State of Hawaii” (1994). 

Water Quality

Overall, the quality of ocean waters in the State is very good with the exception of numerous

localized areas where water quality problems including turbidity, high bacterial counts, and toxic

contamination exist. These problem areas are all coastal embayments or semi-protected nearshore

waters. signs of degradation in these areas include nuisance algal blooms, loss of corals, decline of

fisheries, and spread of introduced species. Some suggest that high incidence of turtle tumors and deaths

at specific localities may be related to declining water quality.

The water quality data for Hawaii lack comprehensive coverage in space and time. The

Department of Health regularly samples a network of fixed shoreline stations for water quality

parameters. No comprehensive assessment exists for offshore waters.

One of the best data sets available is f or enterococcus bacteria in shallow beach waters. These

data are used by Department of Health staff to assess the water quality at beaches. Based on these data,

water quality at 7 beaches on Oahu, 10 on Hawaii, 8 on Kauai, and one each on Maui, Molokai, and

Lanai is rated poor or very poor. Since whales generally stay in deeper water outside reefs, they rarely

encounter these nearshore waters with elevated bacterial counts.

In the absence of comprehensive data, we can look to common indicators of coastal water quality

problems observed throughout the world to see that Hawaii's water quality is very good. Reported

anoxia events, fish consumption advisories, and major oil spills are absent in Hawaii. Compared with

national coastal waters, Hawaii also reports few fish kills and beach closures.

Causes of water quality and environmental degradation in Hawaiian waters are complex and

poorly studied. Polluted runoff, point source discharges, habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced

species, and diseases probably interact to cause degradation.
:A

Runoff from urban and agricultural land, groundwater seepage, and boat wastes are the major

sources of pollution in areas with poor water quality. Most of these sources are not currently regulated,

although a new state program mandated by the Coastal Zone Management Act will begin to control

runoff quality through a combination of voluntary and regulatory approaches.

Point source discharges to Hawaiian waters include wastewater and thermal discharges. There

are five wastewater outfalls in deep water off Oahu (2 primary treatment, 3 secondary treatment) , a

secondary treatment outfall at Hilo, and a secondary treatment outfall at Wailua, Kauai. Thermal

discharges exist on all islands where powerplants, sugar mills, and refineries discharge cooling water,

generally close to shore. All point source discharges are regulated under the Clean Water Act through

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits.

Sediment is the most broadly distributed pollutant in Hawaiian waters. Sediment runoff

smothers reefs, causes high turbidity in the water column, and transports nutrients. Agricultural lands

are the major sources of sediments transported to nearshore waters. Runoff from forests disturbed by

ungulates and from urban areas, especially construction sites, also contribute to coastal turbidity.

Nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, enter the ocean via runoff and groundwater

seeps. Whether or not land-based nutrients from fertilizers and wastewater injection wells encourage

growth of the nuisance algae Hypnea and Ulva along Maui’s coastline is still being debated.

Problems with high levels of toxic contaminants occur in a f ew protected harbors and streams

including Hilo (arsenic), Manoa Stream (lead), Pearl Harbor and Ala Wai Canal (metals and

hydrocarbons). Some drinking water wells also show elevated levels of agricultural chemicals.

The following is the list of sites identified by the Department of Health as "Water Quality

Limited Segments", i.e., sites not meeting state water quality standards:

OAHU: Ala Wai Canal, Honolulu Harbor, Kahana Bay, Kaneohe Bay, Keehi Lagoon, Kewalo

Basin, Pearl Harbor, Waialua-Kaiaka Bays;

 KAUAI: Hanapepe Bay, Nawiliwili Bay, Waimea Bay;

MAUI: Kahului Bay, West Maui, Kihei;

HAWAII: Hilo Bay;

MOLOKAI: South Molokai.

There are other bays and protected coastal waters (e. g. Maalaea Harbor, Maui) that would likely qualify

for this list if adequate data were available to characterize water quality.

Water Quality Concerns for Whales

Whales experience very good water quality in their Hawaiian habitat. They are generally

reported in water depths ranging from 60-600 feet, seaward of the reefs. Their range is outside of the

localized polluted waters and degraded nearshore habitats described above. The few pollutant sources

they may encounter include turbidity plumes, vessel discharges, wastewater discharges and oilspills. Of

these, turbidity plumes are probably the most frequently encountered because of runoff that occurs
:5

during the winter rainy season in Hawaii.

A first step in assessing water quality within the whale's habitat could be compiling GIS plots of

"water quality indicators" such as turbidity plumes, oil and chemical spills, vessel traffic, wastewater

outfalls, thermal discharges, and degraded nearshore habitats. Information for this data base could be

collected inexpensively through volunteer monitoring efforts.
:9


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National Marine Sanctuary. The Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary

(the Sanctuary) was designated by an Act of Congress (Title 11, Subtitle C, Public Law 102-587,

Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary Act or Act) to recognize the importance of Hawaii's

nearshore waters which serve as the winter breeding, calving and nursing habitat essential to the long-
;9

term survival and recovery of the North Pacific stock of the endangered humpback whale (Megaptera

novaeangeliae). As designated the Sanctuary encompass the waters, from the shoreline to the 100-

fathom isobath, around the islands of Maui, Molokai, and Lanai; Penguin Banks; the Pailolo Channel;

and a small area off the Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge on Kauai. The Act allows NOAA to

modify the boundary as necessary to fulfill the purposes of the Act. At this time NOAA has proposed in

the Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (DEIS/MP), to expand the Sanctuary

boundary to include additional areas on Kauai, Oahu and the Big Island. Final boundaries will be

identified in the final EIS/MP.

The Act established the Sanctuary to: (1) protect the North Pacific population of Humpback

Whales and their habitat within the Sanctuary; (2) educate and interpret for the public the relationship of

Humpback Whales to the Hawaiian Islands marine environment; (3) manage human uses of the

Sanctuary consistent with the Act and the NMSA, as amended; and (4) provide for the identification of

marine resources and ecosystems of national . significance for possible inclusion in the Sanctuary. The

Act also called upon the NOAA to develop a comprehensive management plan for the Sanctuary that

shall:

(1) facilitate all public and private uses of the Sanctuary (including uses of Hawaiian natives

customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural, and religious purposes) consistent

with the primary objective of the protection of humpback whales and their habitat;

(2) set forth the allocation of Federal and State enforcement responsibilities, as jointly agreed by the

Secretary and the State of Hawaii;

(3) identify research needs and establish a long-term ecological monitoring program with respect to

humpback whales and their habitat;

(4) identify alternative sources of funding needed to fully implement the plan's provisions and

supplement appropriations under section 2307 of this subtitle and section 313 of the NMSA (16

U.S.C. §1444);

 (5) ensure coordination and cooperation between Sanctuary managers and other Federal, State, and

local authorities with jurisdiction within or adjacent to the Sanctuary; and

6) promote education among users of the Sanctuary and the general public about conservation of

humpback whales, their habitat, and other marine resources.

NMFS and the SRD have worked together to develop portions of the DEIS/MP. NMFS will continue to

play a integral role in the Sanctuary as both NOAA offices continue to work closely together to ensure

that their efforts are coordinated and complementary.

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Wenz, G.M. 1962. Acoustic Ambient noise in the ocean: spectra and sources. J.

Acoust. Soc. America 34: 1936-1961.

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61-83-006.

Whitehead, H. 1983. Structure and stability of humpback whale groups off

Newfoundland. Can. J. Zoology 61: 1391-1397.

Whitehead, H. and M.J. Moore, 1982. Distribution and movements of West Indian

humpback whales in winter. Can. J. Zoology 60: 2203-221 1.

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Working Group 1

Jeff Laake

National Marine Mammal Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way, N.E.

Seattle, WA 98115-0070

Doug DeMaster

National Marine Mammal Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way, N.E.

Seattle, WA 98115-0070

Eugene T. Nitta

Marine Mammal Program

NMFS - Pacific Area Office

2570 Dole St.

Honolulu, HI 96822

Joseph R. Mobley, Jr.

University of Hawaii-West Oahu

96-043 Ala Ike

Pearl City, HI 96782

Sally Mizroch

NMFS/National Marine Mammal

Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way, Building 4

Seattle, WA 98115-6349

Janice Straley

P.O. Box 273

Sitka, AK 99835

John Calambokidis

Cascadia Research Collective

Waterstreet Building

218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue

Olympia, WA 98501

Salvatore Cerchio

125 Adams Street

Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Paul H. Forestell

Pacific Whale Foundation

Kealia Beach Plaza, Suite 25

101 North Kihei Road

Kihei, HI 96753-883 .3

Phillip Clapham

80 Davon Place

Alexandria, VA 22314

Jan Roletto

Gulf of the Farallones & Cordell Bank

NMFS

Fort Mason Bldg. #201

San Francisco, CA 94123

CDR Terry Jackson

Monterey Bay NMFS

299 Foam Street, Ste. D

Monterey, CA 93940

Richard A. Grotefendt

13504-432nd Ave. SE.

North Bend, WA 98045

Working Group 2

John J. Naughton

NMFS Pacific Area Office

2570 Dole Street, #105

Honolulu , HI 96822-2396

Mari Smultea

Foster Wheeler

10900 NE 8th Street

Bellvue, WA 98004-4405

Wendy Wiltse

Maui Algal Bloom Project

c/o Lahaina Comp. Health Cen.

1830 Honoapiilani Hwy

Lahaina, HI 96761
Brian Burnett

Office of State Planning

P.O. Box 3540

Honolulu, HI 96811-3540

Brad Weigle

Florida Marine Research Intsitute

100 Eighth St. S. E.

St. Petersberg, Fl 33701

Dave Matilla

Center for Coastal Studies

P.O. Box 1036

Provincetown, MA 02657

Stephanie Sexton

NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center

P.O. Box 271

La Jolla, CA 92038-0271

Cyndi Tynan

NMFS/National Marine Mammal

Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way, Building 4

Seattle, WA 98115-6349

Skippy Hau

DLNR/Division of Aquatic Resources

130 Mahalani Street

Wailuku, HI 96793

Ron Salz

Pacific Islands Office, USF&W

P,O. Box 50167

300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 6307

Honolulu, HI 96850

Ivy Kawakami

Office of State Planning

P.O. Box 3540

Honolulu, HI 96811-3540

LTCDR John Miller

Channel Islands NMS

113 Harbor Way

Santa Barbara, CA 93109
Todd Jacobs

Olympic Coast NMS

138 W. lst Street

Port Angeles, WA 98362-2600

Working Group 3

Louis M. Herman

University of Hawaii

Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory 1129 Ala Moana Blvd.

Honolulu, HI 96814

Dan R. Salden

Hawaii Whale Research Foundation

P. 0. Box 1296

Lahaina, HI 96767

Adam Frankel

c/o Bioacoustics Research Program

159 Sapsucker Woods Road

Ithaca, NY 14850

Jim Darling

Clayoquot Biosphere Project

P.O. Box 67

Tofino, VOR 2ZO CANADA

Chris Gabriele

P. 0. Box 140

Guatavus, AK 99826

Gregory K. Silber

Marine Mammal Commission

1825 Connecticut Ave, NW, Rm. 512

Washington, DC 20009

Mark and Debbie Ferrari

Center for Whale Studies

P.O. Box 1539

Lahaina, HI 96767

Stan Butler

Whales Alive Maui

P.O. Box 2058

Kihei, HI 96753
Gordon Bauer

863 Indian Beach Dr.

Sarasota, FL 34234

Nancy Daschbach

Fagatele Bay NMS

P.O. Box 4318

Pago Pago, AS 96799

Naomi McIntosh

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale NMS

300 Ala Moana Blvd.

Box 50186

Honolulu, HI 96850

Working Group 4

Roger Dainard

Department of Public Safety,

Marine Patrol

405 N. Nimitz Hwy, Pier 18

Honolulu, HI 96817

Doug Tom

Coastal Zone Management Program

Office of State Planning

P.O. Box 3540

Honolulu, HI 96811-3540

Craig MacDonald

Dept. of Business, Economic Development

and Tourism

737 Bishop St., Suite 1900

Honolulu, HI 96813

Richard Poirier

Office of State Planning

P.O. Box 3540

Honolulu, HI 96811-3540

Alice Kawaha

Hawaii County Planning Dept.

25 Aupuni Street

Hilo, HI 96720
George Kalisik

4280 Rice Street

Lihue, HI 97866

Keoni Fairbanks

Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission

33 South King Street, Ste. 403

Honolulu, HI 96813

Mike Payne

NMFS/Office of Protected Resources

1315 East West Hwy

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Brady Phillips

 NOAA-Sanctuaries and Reserves Division

SSMC-4, 12th Floor

1305 East West Highway

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Hannah Bernard

Ocean Marine Mammal Institute

P.O. Box 5361

Lahaina, HI 96761

Mike Neninger

U.S. Coast Guard/Law Enforcement

300 Ala Moana Blvd, Room 9147

Honolulu, HI 96850

Robbie Guard

County of Maui

200 South High Street

Wailuku, Hawaii 96793

Art Challacombe

Department of Land Utilization

City and County of Honolulu

650 South King Street

Honolulu, HI 96813
Glenn Soma

Department of Transportation

Harbors Division

79 S. Nimitz Hwy

Honolulu, HI 96813

Francis Oishi

Division of Aquatic Resources

Dept. of Land and Natural Resources

1151 Punchbowl St., #330

Honolulu, HI 96813

Brad Barr

Stellwagen Bay NMS

14 Union Street

Plymouth, MA 02360

Greg Kaufman

Pacific Whale Foundation

101 N. Kihei Rd.

Kihei, HI 96753

Carol She'

WESTPAC

1164 Bishop Street, #1405

Honolulu, HI 96813

William B. Lennan II

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Pacific Ocean Division

Building T-1, Attn: CEPOD-ED-PV

Fort Shafter, HI 96858-5440

Kelvin Char

WESTPAC

1164 Bishop Street, #1405

Honolulu, HI 96813

Tim Sutherfield

CDR Naval Base, Pearl Harbor

PACNAVFACENGCOM, Code 23

P.O. Box 110

Pearl Harbor, HI 96860
Jean Nishida Souza

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale NMS

P.O. Box 3390

Lihue, HI 96766

Scott Yamashita

NMFS-Enforcement

300 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm. 7110

Honolulu, HI 96850