*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th

Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

October 30, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

__________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

FRANCISCO SANTIO,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 08-4216

(D.Ct. No. 2:07-CR-00378-TC-1)

(Utah)

______________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before KELLY, BRORBY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

Appellant Francisco Santio pled guilty to one count of being a felon in

possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). In pleading guilty,

Mr. Santio reserved his right to challenge the district court’s ruling on his motion

to suppress evidence. On appeal, he contends the district court erred in denying

his motion to suppress because law enforcement officers lacked a reasonable and

articulable suspicion he engaged in a criminal activity for the purpose of stopping

him. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
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I. Factual and Procedural Background

The following facts, provided as evidence at the suppression hearing and

otherwise supported by the record, surround Mr. Santio’s detention and arrest. At

about 3:30 a.m. on May 16, 2007, a South Jordan City, Utah detective, Bret

Miller, requested assistance from Jared Nichols, another South Jordan City

detective, and Richard Simonelli, a United States deputy marshal, concerning an

unoccupied stolen vehicle. Specifically, Detective Miller asked them to stake out

the stolen vehicle in case anyone came for it. According to Detective Nichols, he

knew the area where the stolen vehicle was parked because it involved a crime

area, he had “been there on some stolen vehicles in the past,” and he had been

there on different gang unit calls. Detective Nichols and Deputy Simonelli, who

are both members of the Salt Lake City Metro Gang Unit, drove separate

unmarked police cars and parked on the same street as the stolen vehicle,

“blend[ing] in with the rest of the cars on the street.” Detective Nichols parked

on the north side of the street, facing west, two houses east of and on the same

side of the street as the stolen car; while Deputy Simonelli parked facing east,

across the street from the stolen vehicle. 

After twenty minutes without any foot traffic, Mr. Santio and a woman

walked past Deputy Simonelli’s unmarked car, heading eastbound on the south

side of the street, across from the stolen vehicle. Detective Nichols explained
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that as Mr. Santio walked down the street in the direction of the stolen vehicle, he

“kept looking really fidgety, kept looking around, just very suspicious” and

“nervous.” Similarly, Deputy Simonelli described Mr. Santio as “looking back

over his shoulder,” “looking around,” and “looking behind him, like he was

looking for someone to come up behind him” or to “see if anybody was watching

them.” Mr. Santio continued to walk in the direction of the stolen car, and when

he was directly across from it, he stopped and looked toward the area of the

vehicle. Mr. Santio then sat down on the curb directly across from the vehicle for

a minute or two, and, according to Detective Nichols, was then “really looking the

area over,” “looking everywhere,” and “looking around like he was looking for

someone or looking out over the area.” Detective Nichols found it “very

suspicious that [Mr. Santio] was sitting directly across the street from the car”

and “felt he had some connection towards the car.” It is not clear whether Mr.

Santio noticed the officers’ presence. 

Mr. Santio then walked away, at which time Detective Nichols noticed he

was wearing a long white belt which hung down to his knees. Based on his

training and experience, which included eight years in law enforcement and two

and one-half years in the metro gang unit, he believed the white belt “possibly

could be a part of a gang-type of a flag, a signal they send out.” Similarly, when

Mr. Santio earlier walked past him, Deputy Simonelli noticed the white belt and,
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based on his three years of experience with the metro gang unit, also believed it

indicated gang affiliation. He also noticed Mr. Santio was wearing blue jeans and

a blue shirt and knew Sureno gang members typically wear all blue. Detective

Nichols also noticed Mr. Santio wore baggy pants, which he stated “could conceal

anything ... as far as guns, weapons, [or] knives.” 

At that time, Detective Nichols attempted to stop Mr. Santio by pulling up

behind him in his unmarked car and turning on his emergency lights. At first, Mr.

Santio “just kept walking” without turning around, which “raised a flag” for

Detective Nichols, but eventually Mr. Santio stopped. While explaining a stolen

vehicle was the reason for the stop, Detective Nichols “noticed that [Mr. Santio]

had a tattoo of a spiderweb right on his chin,” which he believed could mean Mr.

Santio served prison time. Similarly, Deputy Simonelli noticed the spiderweb

tattoo, which he believed could indicate gang affiliation. Detective Nichols then

asked Mr. Santio if he “kicked it with anybody” to ascertain whether he was a

gang member; Mr. Santio responded his gang name was “Trouble” and “he kicked

it with the Southside,” which verified to Detective Nichols that Mr. Santio was a

gang member with either the Southside Surenos or Southside Nortenos. 

Based on his experience, Deputy Simonelli was on “alert” for his and

Detective Nichols’s safety. Similarly, based on Mr. Santio’s physical
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characteristics and behavior, Detective Nichols asked Mr. Santio if he had any

weapons, to which he replied “he had a couple of pair of scissors,” removed them

from his pockets, and threw them on the grass. Detective Nichols then told Mr.

Santio to stop reaching into his pockets and patted him down. 

While patting Mr. Santio down, Detective Nichols found a gun magazine

holding nine .40 caliber bullets in it. He then asked Mr. Santio if he was a

convicted felon, to which he responded “yes.” At that time, Detective Nichols

handcuffed Mr. Santio. Meanwhile, the woman accompanying Mr. Santio told

Deputy Simonelli that Mr. Santio had a gun, which, with her help, the officers

found hidden by a fence just a few feet away from where Mr. Santio stopped. 

Later, authorities determined Mr. Santio had nothing to do with the stolen vehicle.

On June 13, 2007, an indictment issued, charging Mr. Santio with one

count of being a felon in possession of a firearm and one count of being a felon in

possession of ammunition, both in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Mr. Santio

filed a motion to suppress the firearm and ammunition obtained as a result of his

stop and seizure. After a hearing on the motion, where Detective Nichols and

Deputy Simonelli proffered the foregoing testimony, the district court issued a

written decision denying Mr. Santio’s motion. It determined that “[b]ased on the

totality of circumstances, Detective Nichols and Deputy Simonelli had a
-6-

reasonable suspicion that Mr. Santio was involved in criminal activity [sufficient]

to justify the initial stop.” In making this determination, the district court found: 

(1) the police observed Mr. Santio and his female companion walking in a high

crime neighborhood where stolen vehicles had been of concern in the past; (2)

they were walking in this high crime neighborhood very late at night, at 3:30

a.m.; (3) Mr. Santio’s long white belt was a possible indicium of gang

involvement; (4) both officers “credibly testified” Mr. Santio was acting in a

suspicious manner, leading both of them to believe he was involved with the

stolen vehicle; and (5) Mr. Santio’s behavior, including his walking toward and

then sitting directly across from the stolen vehicle, indicated an interest in or

connection with the vehicle. 

With respect to the search of Mr. Santio’s person, the district court found

the officers “had ample reason to believe [he] might be armed and dangerous.” It

based its determination on Mr. Santio’s: (1) gang affiliation and moniker

“Trouble”; (2) baggy pants, which could conceal guns, knives, or other weapons;

(3) spiderweb tattoo on his face; and, “most importantly,” (4) admission he was

carrying weapons when asked and voluntary removal of two pair of scissors from

his pockets. The district court explained that once the officers “knew Mr. Santio

was carrying weapons, they had an undeniable concern for safety to justify the

minimal intrusion of the search.” 
-7-

Following the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress, Mr. Santio

entered a conditional guilty plea to Count One for being a felon in possession of a

firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). After Mr. Santio pled guilty, a

federal probation officer prepared a presentence report in conjunction with the

2007 United States Sentencing Guidelines, which resulted in a recommended

advisory guideline range of thirty to thirty-seven months imprisonment. Mr.

Santio’s only objection concerned an error in the presentence report, which was

corrected by the probation officer. The district court then sentenced Mr. Santio to

thirty-four months imprisonment and thirty-six months supervised release. Mr.

Santio is not appealing either his sentence or the search of his person.

II. Discussion

In appealing his conviction, Mr. Santio argues the district court erred in

denying his motion to suppress evidence because the police lacked a reasonable

and articulable suspicion he was engaged in criminal activity for the purpose of

stopping or detaining him. In support of his argument, Mr. Santio claims that

while “[t]he district court relied on five factors to support its finding,” “[n]one of

these factors standing alone, provides a lawful basis for the investigative

detention.” Instead, he claims “all of the factors relied on by the district court are

consistent with lawful behavior.” In making this argument, Mr. Santio relies

primarily on our decision in United States v. Davis, 94 F.3d 1465 (10th Cir.
-8-

1996), contending that, like that case, no specific factual basis existed for

suspecting him of committing a particular crime at the time the officers detained

him. In response, the government argues the district court properly denied Mr.

Santio’s motion to suppress based on the five factors it articulated.

In reviewing the district court’s denial of Mr. Santio’s motion to suppress,

we examine a district court’s “factual findings for clear error and view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. DeJear,

552 F.3d 1196, 1200 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2418 (2009). However,

“[w]e review de novo the reasonableness of a search or seizure under the Fourth

Amendment.” Id. Additionally, “[t]he credibility of witnesses, the weight

accorded to evidence, and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom fall within

the province of the district court.” Id.

The Supreme Court, in Terry v. Ohio, established a law enforcement officer

“may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a

person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there

is no probable cause to make an arrest.” United States v. Treto-Haro, 287 F.3d

1000, 1004 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. 1, 22 (1968)). “Under the

Fourth Amendment, an investigative detention ... is reasonable if it is ... justified

at its inception and ... reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which
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justified the interference in the first place.” DeJear, 552 F.3d at 1200 (quotation

marks and citation omitted). “A detention is justified at its inception if the

specific and articulable facts and rational inferences drawn from those facts give

rise to a reasonable suspicion a person has or is committing a crime.” Id.

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Reasonable suspicion may exist where an

officer has “a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” 

United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). However, “[i]nchoate suspicions and unparticularized hunches are not

sufficient.” DeJear, 552 F.3d at 1200 (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

“Nevertheless, the level of suspicion required for reasonable suspicion is

considerably less than proof by a preponderance of the evidence or that required

for probable cause.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted).

We determine whether reasonable suspicion exists from the totality of the

circumstances. See Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273. A “determination that reasonable

suspicions exists ... need not rule out the possibility of innocent conduct.” Id. at

277. Thus, behavior susceptible to innocent interpretation may create reasonable

suspicion depending on the totality of the circumstances confronting an officer. 

See Oliver v. Woods, 209 F.3d 1179, 1187-88 (10th Cir. 2000). When

determining if a detention is supported by reasonable suspicion, we “defer to the

ability of a trained law enforcement officer to distinguish between innocent and
-10-

suspicious actions.” United States v. Zubia-Melendez, 263 F.3d 1155, 1162 (10th

Cir. 2001) (quotation marks and citations omitted). 

In this case, the district court articulated five factors it considered in

determining that “[b]ased on the totality of the circumstances, Detective Nichols

and Deputy Simonelli had a reasonable suspicion that Mr. Santio was involved in

criminal activity [sufficient] to justify the initial stop.” First, it noted the police

observed Mr. Santio and his female companion walking in a high crime

neighborhood where stolen vehicles, like the one at issue, had been of concern in

the past. Presence in a high crime area is “among the relevant contextual

considerations in a Terry analysis,” even though such presence “standing alone is

not enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that the person is

committing a crime.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000); see also

DeJear, 552 F.3d at 1201.

Not only were Mr. Santio and his companion walking in a high crime

neighborhood, but the district court found they did so very late at night – at 3:30

in the morning. The time of the detention, including the late hour of the night or

early hour of the morning, is a factor we consider in determining whether

reasonable suspicion exists. See United States v. Clarkson, 551 F.3d 1196, 1202

(10th Cir. 2009); Gallegos v. City of Colorado Springs, 114 F.3d 1024, 1029 (10th
-11-

Cir. 1997). 

In addition, the district court found Mr. Santio wore a long white belt,

which the officers believed, based on their experience in the metro gang unit, was

a possible indicium of gang involvement. Mr. Santio also sported blue clothing,

which one of the officers believed also indicated gang affiliation. Although gang

affiliation or prior criminal conduct cannot, standing alone, create a reasonable

suspicion to support a search or seizure, under certain circumstances it may be an

appropriate factor in determining if reasonable suspicion exists for a detention or

search. See DeJear, 552 F.3d at 1201 (indicating the fact officer had previously

seen people standing outside home wearing colors affiliated with local gangs was

an appropriate factor, when considered as part of the totality of the circumstances,

to support reasonable suspicion for detention); United States v. Garcia, 459 F.3d

1059, 1067 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding that “[a]lthough not necessarily

determinative by itself, ... gang connection further supports the reasonableness of

a weapons frisk”); see also United States v. Feliciano, 45 F.3d 1070, 1074 (7th

Cir. 1995) (holding that “[k]nowledge of gang association and recent relevant

criminal conduct, while of doubtful evidentiary value in view of the strictures

against proving guilt by association or by a predisposition based on past criminal

acts, is a permissible component of the articulable suspicion required for a Terry

stop”).
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Next, the district court found both officers credibly testified Mr. Santio was

acting in a suspicious manner, leading both of them to believe he was involved

with the stolen vehicle. The conduct leading to this belief included the fact that

as Mr. Santio walked down the street in the direction of the stolen vehicle, he

“kept looking really fidgety, kept looking around, just very suspicious,” and was

“looking back over his shoulder,” “looking around,” and “looking behind him,

like he was looking for someone to come up behind him” or to “see if anybody

was watching them.” This suspicious behavior intensified as Mr. Santio sat

across from the stolen vehicle, when he was “really looking the area over” and

“looking everywhere.” 

We have held “nervousness is a sufficiently common-indeed naturalreaction to confrontation with the police” and has “limited significance in

determining whether reasonable suspicion exists” unless the nervousness “is

unusually severe or persistent, or accompanied by other, more probative, grounds

for reasonable suspicion.” United States v. Santos, 403 F.3d 1120, 1127 (10th

Cir. 2005) (quotation marks and citations omitted). In this case, no police

interaction precipitated Mr. Santio’s nervous behavior, so no natural reaction to a

confrontation with the metro gang unit officers is at issue. Even if Mr. Santio

knew of their presence, his nervous behavior involved an inordinately persistent

and unusually prolonged amount of looking around the area while walking in the
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direction of the stolen vehicle, approaching it, and then sitting across the street

from it. Not only did he display this type of nervous behavior, but, as discussed

by the district court, his nervousness was accompanied by other probative grounds

for reasonable suspicion. Thus, in this instance, Mr. Santio’s nervousness clearly

constituted a pertinent factor for consideration by an experienced law

enforcement officer staking out the stolen vehicle. 

Mr. Santio contends his nervous behavior can be explained by the fact he

was with a woman in a high crime area late at night, and “may have been looking

around the area for rival gang members.” However, as previously discussed,

behavior susceptible to innocent interpretation may create reasonable suspicion

depending on the totality of the circumstances confronting the officer, see Oliver,

209 F.3d at 1188, and we defer to the ability of trained officers to distinguish

between innocent and suspicious actions, see Zubia-Melendez, 263 F.3d at 1162. 

Thus, while simply “looking around” may not alone garner much weight, it may

be considered under a totality of circumstances analysis, as it was here. 

Finally, the district court considered the fact Mr. Santio walked toward, and

then sat directly across from, the stolen vehicle for two minutes, which it

determined indicated an interest in or connection with the vehicle. Again,

behavior susceptible to innocent interpretation may create reasonable suspicion
-14-

depending on the totality of the circumstances. See Oliver, 209 F.3d at 1188. In

this case, the officers were on a stake out to watch for anyone who may have had

an interest in a stolen vehicle for the purpose of finding out who stole it. The fact

Mr. Santio walked toward, sat across from, and looked toward the stolen vehicle

before moving on, was sufficient for the district court to find an indication of his

interest in or connection with the stolen vehicle, especially when coupled with his

behavior in continuously looking around in a suspicious or evasive manner. Thus,

based on the totality of the circumstances and in viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government, we conclude the district court did not err in

finding a reasonable suspicion existed that Mr. Santio was involved in criminal

activity sufficient to justify the initial stop.

In arguing the circumstances involved in this case do not support a

reasonable suspicion for his stop, Mr. Santio relies heavily on our decision in

United States v. Davis. While we recognize some similarities in the

circumstances presented here with those in that case, our decision in Davis does

not change our conclusion the district court did not err in denying Mr. Santio’s

motion to suppress.

In Davis, officers on patrol arrived in an area where gunshots reportedly

had been fired. See 94 F.3d at 1467. One of those officers had previously
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investigated two shootings in the area, had been involved in eight arrests

involving drugs and/or firearms in the same area, and knew of active gang

presence there. Id. In addition, the officers were aware that one building in the

area housed a business known as a “juice joint” because it illegally sold liquor

without a license while also operating legal activities involving dominoes and

pool play. Id. While investigating the report of gunshots in the area, the officers

observed four occupants in a vehicle parked just north of the juice joint and saw

the defendant exit the vehicle. Id. As he exited the vehicle, he made eye contact

with one of the officers, broke that eye contact, and began walking toward the

juice joint with his hands in his pockets. Id. The officer recognized him, knew

he was an ex-convict acquitted of a gang-related homicide, and had information

he had been selling narcotics. Id. At that time, the officers told the defendant to

stop and take his hands out of his pockets, but he continued walking in the same

direction and manner until he was physically forced to stop. Id. Ultimately,

officers found a firearm in the back seat of his vehicle. Id.

In Davis, we determined the district court erred in denying the defendant’s

motion to suppress evidence of the firearm because the officers did not have a

reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. Id. at 1468. In making that

determination, we found neither the defendant’s presence in a high crime area nor

his approaching a business offering both illegal and legitimate activities was
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enough, standing alone, to conclude he engaged in criminal conduct. Id. We also

concluded his conduct in breaking eye contact and walking away from the officers

did not provide “a particularized and objective basis” for stopping him. Id.

Finally, we found that neither having his hands in his pockets on a December

night nor knowledge of his prior criminal record, standing alone, justified an

investigative stop. After considering each of these factors separately, we

considered the totality of the circumstances presented and determined the

government failed to show any specific factual basis for suspecting the defendant

committed the crime of unlawfully carrying a firearm, including, for example, a

lack of evidence he had a suspicious bulge in his coat pockets, they received a tip

from an informer, or the defendant made any threatening movement toward the

officers. Id. at 1469-70.

Like Davis, certain circumstances involved here, standing alone, are

insufficient to suggest a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity. 

As previously discussed, these circumstances include Mr. Santio’s presence in a

high crime area, the time of night, and his gang affiliation. As we also pointed

out, some nervous behavior when in the presence of a police officer generally is

not enough to indicate involvement in criminal activity. However, simply

because these circumstances, standing alone, are not sufficient to implicate

criminal activity does not mean they may not be considered under the totality of
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the circumstances, as the district court did here and we did in Davis. 

In addition, unlike the defendant in Davis, Mr. Santio’s behavior implicated

a reasonable and articulable suspicion he was involved in the very criminal

activity the officers were investigating; i.e., the stolen vehicle and Mr. Santio’s

seemingly discernable interest in that vehicle. Mr. Santio’s behavior included not

only his walking toward the stolen vehicle, but his stopping and sitting across

from it, looking toward the area where it was parked, and his display of extreme

and prolonged signs of nervousness, regardless of whether he could see the

officers in the dark, seated in their unmarked vehicles. This conduct is different

from Davis, where the defendant: (1) merely approached a building housing, in

part, a legitimate pool and dominoes business which was not specifically the

subject of the gunshots being investigated; (2) only showed negligible nervous

behavior by breaking eye contact and walking away from the visible presence of

police officers, and (3) otherwise displayed no sign he was carrying a gun or

involved in the gunshots at issue. Thus, when considering the totality of the

circumstances here, including Mr. Santio’s extreme, prolonged nervous behavior,

his seemingly conspicuous interest in the stolen vehicle, the lateness of night, his

presence in a high crime area, and his apparent gang affiliation, we conclude,

unlike we did in Davis, that a specific and articulable factual basis existed for

suspecting he committed the crime in question. 
-18-

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mr.

Santio’s motion to suppress evidence and his conviction.

Entered by the Court:

WADE BRORBY

United States Circuit Judge