[Cite as In re A.L., 2023-Ohio-2868.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

LUCAS COUNTY

In re A.L., K.L. Court of Appeals No. L-23-1076

 L-23-1077

Trial Court No. JC 22291209

 JC 22291483

DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Decided: August 16, 2023

* * * * *

Jeremy G. Young, for appellee.

Laurel A. Kendall, for appellant.

* * * * *

DUHART, J.

{¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal from the March 9, 2023 judgment of the Lucas 

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated the parental rights 

of appellant, R.L., the mother (“mother”) of A.L. (“child 1”) and K.L. (“child 2”), and 

granted permanent custody of the children to appellee, Lucas County Children Services

(“LCCS” or “the agency”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment.
2.

{¶ 2} Mother sets forth two assignments of error: 

I. The trial court’s finding that mother did not remedy the issue 

which caused the removal such that the children could not be placed with

her within a reasonable time or should not be placed with her pursuant to 

R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.

II. The trial court’s finding that mother demonstrated a lack of

commitment to the children by failing to regularly support, visit, or

communicate with the children when able to do so pursuant to R.C. 

2151.414(E)(4) was not supported by clear and convincing evidence. 

Background

{¶ 3} Mother and D.D. (“father” or D.D.”) have two children together, child 1, 

born in June 2020, and child 2, born in October 2022. The couple was in a relationship, 

but not married. Father signed child 1’s birth certificate, and father’s paternity of child 2 

was confirmed by DNA testing. 

{¶ 4} The record shows LCCS became involved with the family on August 17, 

2020, upon receiving a referral alleging that the parents drink alcohol every day, father 

held child 1 in one hand and liquor in the other, father uses and sells illegal substances, 

he is in a gang, and he held a gun to a person’s head. A LCCS caseworker went with 

officers to the parents’ home and met with the parents. Mother admitted there was a fight 

between her, her brother and father, where property was damaged and she had to clean 

blood off of a door. Father said his gun was registered and locked in a safe. Both parents 
3.

denied drug use. LCCS also obtained a Toledo Police Department (“TPD”) crime report 

which listed mother’s brother as the victim of aggravated menacing, and father as the 

suspect, with respect to a fight that happened on August 11, 2020, at the parents’ house. 

Mother started arguing with her brother, and father pulled out a 9mm handgun and 

pointed it twice at the brother’s face saying “I[’]m gangster. I’ll blow your head off.” 

{¶ 5} On November 5, 2020, LCCS received a referral alleging that a shooting

incident occurred on August 23 or 24, 2020 (“the shooting incident”), in which father 

called mother to pick him up from a “trap house,” where father and his family members 

sold drugs, and mother arrived with child 1 in the car. Father came to the car and told 

mother that he had just stolen money, a belt and other items. Gunfire was exchanged 

between another person and father; the car was hit by bullets including a bullet which 

went above child 1, who was sitting in his car seat behind the driver’s seat.

{¶ 6} LCCS obtained a TPD crime report which set forth that officers responded 

to an improperly discharging a firearm call, and mother said a short man with a rifle 

started shooting at her, so father exited the car and began walking backwards. The LCCS 

caseworker attempted to implement a safety plan by having father or child 1 leave the 

home; mother said the child had to be placed because father had nowhere else to go. 

Child 1 was placed with a relative, and the relative agreed to supervise the parents’ 

contact with the child. 

{¶ 7} Thereafter, the caseworker went to the relative’s home for a weekly visit and 

met with the relative, child 1, mother and father. Mother became argumentative with the 
4.

caseworker, mother and father argued, and mother said father did not shoot his gun, but 

father then admitted he shot back because it was his right since someone was shooting at 

him. Mother declared that she wanted child 1 to come home with her on a safety plan, 

and father would leave the home.

1

{¶ 8} On November 20, 2020, at a family conference, mother and father said the 

child was not in the car during the shooting incident, and the relative stated that she had 

the child when the shooting occurred. Subsequently, an ex parte custody order was 

issued by the juvenile court, and mother agreed to bring the child to the agency; mother 

failed to show. A LCCS caseworker and TPD officers went to the relative’s home and 

were informed that the parents took the child and were going to the agency. The officers 

saw half of a pistol taken apart on the floor of the relative’s home. On November 21, 

2020, another LCCS caseworker went to the parents’ home but no one was home. In 

December 2020, child 1 was placed in a foster home.

{¶ 9} Mother was provided with a case plan and participated in services. Father 

did not participate in any case plan services. On July 23, 2021, child 1 was adjudicated 

dependent. Mother completed all of her case plan services and, in May 2022, child 1 left 

foster care and was placed with mother, under protective supervision by LCCS. On 

October 7, 2022, protective supervision of the child was terminated, and the juvenile 

court ordered no contact between father and child 1. 

1 Although the record is not completely clear, it appears that mother and/or father took 

child 1 from the relative’s home, without LCCS’s permission.
5.

{¶ 10} On October 8, 2022, mother and child 1 went to the wedding of father’s 

relative (“the wedding”). A video of the wedding was provided to LCCS, which showed 

mother and the child sitting with father. At a staffing held by LCCS several days later, 

mother admitted she attended the wedding but said she did not know that father would be 

there. The agency also learned that mother was pregnant. 

{¶ 11} On October 11, 2022, the juvenile court granted LCCS’s ex parte order for 

shelter care custody of child 1, and on October 12, 2022, LCCS was awarded interim 

temporary custody. Child 1 was placed in his original foster home. Also on October 12, 

2022, LCCS filed a Complaint in Dependency and Neglect: Permanent Custody and 

Motion for Shelter Care Hearing concerning child 1. 

{¶ 12} On October 31, 2022, LCCS received a referral that child 2 was born, and 

on November 2, 2022, the juvenile court granted LCCS’s ex parte order for shelter care

custody of child 2. That same day, LCCS filed a Complaint in Dependency: Permanent 

Custody and Motion for Shelter Care Hearing concerning child 2, a shelter care hearing 

was held and LCCS was awarded interim temporary custody. Child 2 was placed in a 

foster home, but not in the same home as child 1. LCCS could not place the siblings 

together because mother had hidden her pregnancy from the agency, and another infant 

was placed in child 1’s foster home between May and October 2022, so that home did not 

have room for child 2.
6.

{¶ 13} On January 22, 2023, father was arrested and charged with aggravated 

robbery and assault, both felonies, with firearm specifications, for robbing a food 

delivery man and firing shots at the fleeing man’s vehicle, striking the vehicle.

{¶ 14} On January 27, 2023, LCCS filed an Amended Complaint in Dependency 

and Neglect, Permanent Custody and Notice of Hearing, with respect to both children.

{¶ 15} On February 13, 2023, the guardian ad litem (“GAL”) filed her report and 

recommendations.

{¶ 16} On February 14, 2023, the dependency hearing and adjudication/disposition

hearing (“permanency hearing”) for both children was held. On March 9, 2023, the 

juvenile court issued its judgment entry finding the children dependent, and awarding 

permanent custody of the children to LCCS. Mother appealed. Father did not appeal and 

is not a party to this appeal.

The Permanency Hearing 

Caseworker Shawn Bates

Direct Examination

{¶ 17} Ms. Bates testified to the following. She is an ongoing caseworker for 

LCCS, assigned to child 1 and child 2 for the entirety of the cases, save for about three 

months. She recounted the family’s history with LCCS, including the original referral 

alleging that mother, child 1 and father were in a car when gunfire was exchanged and a 

bullet went above the seat where the child was sitting. There were also concerns that 
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drugs were sold out of the house where mother and child 1 lived, and father was seen in 

pictures holding guns and child 1. In July 2021, child 1 was found to be dependent. 

{¶ 18} The agency created a case plan for mother, which services consisted of a 

mental health referral so mother could learn about heathy relationships and trauma, and 

parenting classes. Mother completed her services. 

{¶ 19} Bates understood, from mother, that mother and father were not together 

from October 2020 through May 2022, so in May 2022, custody of child 1 was returned 

to mother, with LCCS’s protective supervision. That supervision ended on October 7, 

2022.

{¶ 20} On October 9, 2022, LCCS received a referral alleging child 1 and mother

were with father at the wedding, which violated the no-contact order between child 1 and 

father. Bates was concerned as father never made himself available to LCCS for case 

plan services, so she was not able to access if it was safe for child 1 to be around father. 

{¶ 21} When Bates spoke with mother, mother said she did not know father would 

be at the wedding and she sat with father because there were no other seats available. 

Mother also said father came over to talk with her about the no-contact order, and she 

was trying to get away from him but she could not leave as she did not drive to the 

wedding. Bates observed that the 18-minute video showed empty seats at the wedding 

and did not show mother trying to get away from father. 

{¶ 22} As a result of the violation of the court order and mother’s failure to protect 

child 1 due to the continued association with father, LCCS was granted interim temporary 
8.

custody of the child. At the shelter care hearing, LCCS was informed by a relative that 

mother was pregnant with child 2. Mother confirmed her pregnancy and shared she was 

due in two to three weeks. Eventually, mother admitted D.D. was child 2’s father. 

{¶ 23} On October 30, 2022, child 2 was born. LCCS filed a complaint to remove 

child 2, a shelter care hearing was held and LCCS was granted interim temporary 

custody. Bates remarked that father has never met child 2, despite Bates’ great efforts to 

put father on the visiting list and arrange visits. Bates noted voluntary services were 

offered to father, but he did not participate in them.

{¶ 24} Caseworker Bates learned that in January 2023, while father was under the 

influence of substances, he allegedly robbed a food delivery driver and discharged a 

firearm into the rear of the driver’s vehicle. Father was charged with felony offenses.

{¶ 25} At the time of the permanency hearing, mother had been offered voluntary 

supportive services and trauma services, not case plan services, because the goal was not 

reunification; mother did not show for the services.

{¶ 26} Child 1 is bonded with mother and there were no concerns about mother at 

visits. When child 1 was at mother’s home, he was a little quiet and reserved, and 

watched tv a lot when Bates was visiting or he would go in his room to play with his toys.

{¶ 27} Child 1 is doing very well in his foster home, he is developmentally on 

track with no concerns, he is very talkative, energetic and self-sufficient, and he plays 

with the other children in the home. Child 1 is very bonded with his foster mom. Bates 

opined child 1 did a lot more in his foster home than at mother’s house.
9.

{¶ 28} During mother’s visits with child 2, she holds him, feeds him, cuddles with 

him and bonds with him. There were no concerns about mother at the visits. 

{¶ 29} Child 2 appears to bonded with his caregiver, he follows her voice with his 

eyes, and he has just started reaching for her. Child 2 is only a few months old. He 

seemed happy and well cared for.

{¶ 30} The children’s foster parents are willing, if they are able to adopt the 

children, to exchange phone numbers and make sure the siblings visit with each other 

regularly.

{¶ 31} Bates believes it is in child 1 and child 2’s best interests for permanent 

custody to be awarded to LCCS, as mother was offered case plan services to protect the 

children from being exposed to abuse and neglect, but mother has not applied what she 

learned, and she continues to put the children at risk. 

Cross-Examination

{¶ 32} Caseworker Bates testified that mother did well and cooperated in her case 

plan services. Thereafter, lengthy visits between mother and child 1 began two to three 

months before reunification. Bates had no concerns, as mother’s house was neat and 

clean, mother and child 1 were well bonded, mother was able to take care of child 1’s 

needs and mother was cooperative with child 1’s foster caregivers. Bates’ concerns were 

with mother’s failure to show behavioral change, as after case plan services were offered 

and completed, mother continued to have contact with father and was not truthful. 
10.

{¶ 33} With respect to the wedding video, Bates did not observe any inappropriate 

behavior; her problem was with the violation of the no-contact order. 

{¶ 34} There were no substance abuse concerns with mother, and neither child 

was born positive for substances. Bates conceded the issue was with father, and he was

in jail.

{¶ 35} When cross-examined by the GAL, Bates noted that she worked with 

mother from November 2020 until October 7, 2022, and during the 2020 case, mother 

claimed she was not with father, she was not seeing him, and she did not know anything 

about him. Bates agreed that, at the time of reunification with protective supervision, a 

no-contact order was issued between father and child 1. 

{¶ 36} At the hearing to terminate LCCS’s protective supervision of child 1, Bates 

conceded that mother alluded to the fact that she had no contact with father and she was 

not going to see him; mother never revealed that she was pregnant. Bates acknowledged 

that the magistrate made it very clear to mother from the bench that child 1 was to have 

no contact with father, and the court again ordered no contact between father and child 1. 

Days later, after the wedding video was provided to LCCS, a staffing was held where a 

relative disclosed that mother was pregnant and due in a couple of weeks. Mother did not 

say who the father was, and it was learned when parentage of child 2 was established, 

that D.D. was the father. 
11.

{¶ 37} Bates agreed that mother had a bizarre explanation for why she was at the 

wedding, and mother had been less than honest with LCCS. Bates opined that father 

appears to be a priority in mother’s life, not the children. 

{¶ 38} Bates noted that child 1’s foster family is willing to adopt him, and child 

2’s foster family is willing to adopt him, and both children need stability and a permanent 

home.

{¶ 39} Bates believed if mother were given additional time and services,

reunification with the children would not be possible because mother would be repeating 

the same case plan services she was offered in the past. 

Redirect Examination

{¶ 40} Caseworker Bates observed that mother successfully completed the 

parenting and healthy relationship classes, but did not apply the skills she learned to 

protect the children from people who have a negative effect on them. Bates noted that 

the wedding, attended by child 1, mother and father, was held in Toledo, Ohio, during the 

COVID pandemic.

{¶ 41} Bates opined that neither child 1 nor mother was safe with father, in light of 

the pictures of father holding guns on numerous occasions, and father’s past and recent

criminal charges.
12.

Mother

Cross-Examination

{¶ 42} Mother testified to the following. She started working, full-time, at a 

moving company the day before the permanency hearing, and prior to that, she last 

worked in May 2022, for a few months. She admitted father calls her collect from jail, 

and she talked to him the week prior to the permanency hearing. She believed she talked 

to father once a week, and when asked if she talked to him once a day, she guessed so. 

Recently she started seeing a private counselor, but did not disclose this to the 

caseworker or GAL. 

{¶ 43} When mother lived at her apartment in 2020, father did not live with her, 

but he stayed there. She acknowledged that she made mistakes in choosing the wrong 

men, and she is taking steps to remove father from her life. She admitted, when she was 

cross-examined by the GAL, that she never ended her relationship with father, but she did 

not tell the caseworker or GAL that the relationship continued throughout the case. 

Later, mother said it was not necessarily a relationship with father, it was a form of 

relationship where she saw father every week and had a physical relationship with him. 

Mother knew she was pregnant with child 2 when she was reunified with child 1, in May 

2022, and that D.D. was the father, but she lied about her relationship with father and 

being pregnant because she did not want LCCS to take her kids, and she was scared.

{¶ 44} When questioned if father is an unsafe person, mother replied, “I mean I 

think his record speaks for itself.” She said, with respect to the shooting incident, she did 
13.

not know if father had a gun or fired a gun, and she claimed child 1 was not in the car 

when the bullet went over where his car seat would have been.

{¶ 45} She acknowledged that father never participated in any services with the 

agency. As to the wedding, she was told and promised that father would not be there. 

{¶ 46} Mother is continuing to have contact with father because she feels like 

everything has been taken away from her, but she decided “this last night that I don’t 

want to have further contact with [father] and he’s in jail, so you guys would know if I 

did.”

{¶ 47} Mother acknowledged that child 1 has been in foster care for about two 

years, but not consecutively, and child 2 has been in foster care his whole life.

Redirect Examination

{¶ 48} Mother was raised in Toledo, but went to Maumee schools until she was 

home schooled; she received a GED. She met father in mid-2019, through social media, 

a relationship developed, and she became pregnant with child 1. After LCCS became 

involved, she was aware she was not to have contact with father, but she wanted her kid 

to be raised in a two-parent household, and she wanted her kid to have a father, as family 

is very important to her. She acknowledged she violated the court’s order.

{¶ 49} Mother stayed in contact with father, during his incarceration, because she 

cares about him and she was told by his family that he has been suicidal. She assured the 

court she will not speak with father again, and she admitted she was dishonest in the past. 
14.

She wants another chance with the children, as she knows she screwed up, but she 

learned her lesson and going forward she will always put the children first. 

{¶ 50} Mother’s counselor indicated mother may have oppositional defiant 

disorder.

Recross Examination

{¶ 51} Mother conceded she was not exposed to guns while growing up. 

Regarding the August 2020 confrontation between mother’s brother and father while the 

brother was moving out of mother’s apartment, mother insisted father never pulled a gun 

on her brother, despite what the police report said. She recognized the police report said 

father got in brother’s face, pulled out a 9-millimeter handgun (twice), said he was a 

gangster and he would blow brother’s head off. She also acknowledged the police report 

said father threw brother’s tv out of the apartment, causing it to break. She saw pictures 

of father with guns on Facebook.

Further Redirect Examination

{¶ 52} Mother said the police report was not accurate. She agreed father is no 

longer viable in her life and he did things which were not beneficial to the children. 

GAL Ann Baronas

Direct Examination

{¶ 53} Ms. Baronas testified to the following. She is an attorney and was the GAL 

appointed to represent child 1, then child 2. She had contact with mother and met the 

children. The GAL undertook an independent investigation to determine the children’s 
15.

best interests. She reviewed the court file, Toledo Municipal Court records, police 

reports and daycare records, and she noted she was familiar with the shooting incident.

{¶ 54} The GAL visited the children’s foster homes and noted they were doing 

very well in their placements. The children were too young to express their wishes.

Child 1’s relationship with his foster parent is very good, as they are bonded like a 

mother and son.

{¶ 55} The GAL was aware that mother completed all of her case plan services 

and father did not participate.

{¶ 56} Concerning the wedding, mother’s story was she was invited to the 

wedding, and did not expect to see father there, although it was his family. More 

recently, mother said father wanted to talk about the no-contact order, but this did not 

make sense because the GAL was not sure father even knew about the order, since father 

was not in court the previous day, unless mother told him. The GAL also was unsure if 

father ever knew about the May 2022 no-contact order. The GAL recalled mother was 

very iffy about who drove to the wedding, what that person’s last name was, and who the 

bride was. The GAL noted buses were free at that time, mother could walk, call an Uber 

or call a friend to pick her. The GAL remarked that none of it made sense, in view of the 

pictures, the video and the statements made to mother in court the day before.

{¶ 57} Mother managed to hide her pregnancy from the caseworker and GAL 

since reunification. The GAL and caseworker suspected mother was still having contact 
16.

with father, but could not prove it. It was a complete shock to learn mother was pregnant, 

and two weeks away from delivery.

{¶ 58} The GAL heard mother’s testimony, which included the ongoing contact 

with father in jail, and thought it was very tragic for the children. She also thought the 

biggest tragedy is that mother did not tell the truth, and does not really show any remorse 

for it. 

{¶ 59} The GAL wrote a report, and she recommended that permanent custody of 

the children be awarded to LCCS for adoption planning and placement, as it is in the best 

interest of the children because they need a legally secure permanent placement. The 

GAL recognized mother is happy to do all of the services in the world, but in reality, 

mother is going to do what she wants until it cannot be hidden anymore, or she gets 

busted. The GAL was very skeptical about mother’s epiphany the night before the 

permanency hearing, because mother had been busted. The GAL noted the children are 

little and need to be someone’s priority, but mother’s priority is father.

{¶ 60} The GAL shared that the children’s foster parents are willing and excited to 

connect with one another and make sure the children have a relationship in the future.

Cross-Examination

{¶ 61} The GAL believed mother loved the children yet chose father over them. 

The GAL observed that mother admitted she does not select the healthiest men to have in 

her life. The GAL noted that with father, mother’s inability to get away from him and 

surrender her relationship with him in favor of the children is a problem for mother. The 
17.

GAL accepted that the concern was never with mother’s day-to-day parenting, the

concerns were with the big things: the firearms, weapons and shootings. 

Permanent Custody Law

{¶ 62} In a permanent custody case, the juvenile court’s decision will not be 

reversed on appeal unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re A.H., 

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1057, 2011-Ohio-4857, ¶ 11, citing In re Andy-Jones, 10th 

Dist. Franklin Nos. 03AP-1167 and 03AP-1231, 2004-Ohio-3312, ¶ 28. “Every 

reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the findings of facts 

[of the juvenile court].” Karches v. Cincinnati, 38 Ohio St.3d 12, 19, 526 N.E.2d 1350 

(1988). “The underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court 

rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and 

observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in 

weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 

Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Thus, a judgment which is supported by 

some competent, credible evidence going to all essential elements of the case is not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Karches at 19; C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley 

Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus.

{¶ 63} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B), a juvenile court may grant permanent 

custody of a child to a children services agency if the court determines, by clear and 

convincing evidence: (1) the existence of at least one of the four factors set forth in R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (d), and (2) the child’s best interest is served by granting 
18.

permanent custody to the agency, if any one of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E) is present, 

which would indicate that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a 

reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent. In re M.B., 10th Dist. 

Franklin No. 04AP755, 2005-Ohio-986, ¶ 6; R.C. 2151.353(A)(4); In re B.K., 6th Dist. 

Lucas No. L-10-1053, 2010-Ohio-3329, ¶ 42-43.

{¶ 64} Relevant here, R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) provides that “the child cannot be 

placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed with 

either parent.” And, R.C. 2151.414(E) requires a trial court to find that a child cannot be 

placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either 

parent if any one of sixteen factors are met. R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) - (16). 

{¶ 65} R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (4) state, in relevant part:

(E) In determining at a hearing * * * whether a child cannot be 

placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not 

be placed with the parents, the court shall consider all relevant evidence. If 

the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, * * * that one or 

more of the following exist as to each of the child’s parents, the court shall 

enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a 

reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent:

(1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home 

and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the 

agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the 
19.

child to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and 

repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be 

placed outside the child’s home. In determining whether the parents have 

substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental 

utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and 

rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to 

the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to 

resume and maintain parental duties. 

* * *

(4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the 

child by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the child 

when able to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide 

an adequate permanent home for the child[.]

{¶ 66} Clear and convincing evidence requires proof which “produce[s] in the 

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be 

established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph 

three of the syllabus.

Juvenile Court’s Decision

{¶ 67} In its March 9, 2023 judgment entry, the court detailed the relevant

testimony from the permanency hearing and the evidence upon which it relied in reaching 

its findings of fact and conclusions. The court found, by clear and convincing evidence, 
20.

that the children were dependent, under R.C. 2151.04, as the children lack adequate 

parental care and the children’s environment is such as to warrant the state, in the 

interests of the children, to assume guardianship. 

{¶ 68} The court further found, by clear and convincing evidence, that the children 

cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with 

either parent, under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), (E)(1) and (4), and it is in the best interests 

of the children to grant permanent custody to LCCS, pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1), 

and it would be contrary to the children’s best interests to be reunified with the parents.

{¶ 69} As to mother, the court found, under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), that 

notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by LCCS to assist mother 

to remedy the problems that initially caused the children to be placed outside of the 

home, mother has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the 

conditions causing the children to be placed outside of the home. The court noted mother 

failed to prove that she can utilize the services and resources made available to her to 

change her conduct in order to allow her to resume and maintain parental duties, and 

mother did not internalize the concepts taught in her counseling and parenting classes in 

order to keep herself and the children safe. The court observed that while LCCS, the

GAL and the court worked with the family for over a year, mother was not honest about 

her ongoing relationship with father, as she concealed the relationship and her pregnancy. 

The court also found mother’s testimony was not credible, including when she claimed 
21.

that she had an epiphany and now understands she must stay away from father. The court 

concluded mother’s poor judgment put the children at grave risk. 

{¶ 70} The court further found, under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), that mother has 

demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the children by choosing a dysfunctional and

an unsafe relationship with father, and failing to change her behaviors. The court 

concluded the children deserve to live in a safe home, where parents prioritize the 

children’s needs over their own wishes and desires, and where the children are not 

exposed to weapons, gunfire or violent behavior.

{¶ 71} As to the children’s best interests, the court found, under R.C. 

2151.414(D)(1), a grant of permanent custody to LCCS was necessary. The court 

observed the caseworker and GAL testified that the children are doing well in their foster 

homes, all of their needs are being met, and the foster parents are interested in adopting 

the children should they become available. The GAL opined that an award of permanent 

custody to LCCS to be in the children’s best interests.

{¶ 72} The court further found mother cannot provide a legally secure permanent 

placement for the children due to her lack of insight and her continued contact with 

father. The court concluded a legally secure permanent placement for the children cannot 

be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to LCCS.

First Assignment of Error

{¶ 73} Mother sets forth that the juvenile court’s finding that she “did not remedy 

the issue which caused the removal such that the children could not be placed with her 
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within a reasonable time or should not be placed with her pursuant to R.C. 

2151.414(E)(1) was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.” 

{¶ 74} Mother presents three issues: (1) “whether mother actually failed to remedy 

the concerns which caused the second removal when LCCS did not enter a certified copy 

of a court order prohibiting father from having contact with the child onto the record of 

the case at either adjudication or disposition (same day),” (2) “[w]as the court’s decision 

supported by clear and convincing evidence as to Case #1 [the August 2020 shooting 

incident],” and (3) “[w]as father realistically a continuing presence in the lives of the 

children after his arrest for multiple felonies?” (Emphasis sic.)

First Issue: No-contact Order

Mother’s Arguments

{¶ 75} Mother contends that neither of the factors cited by the juvenile court, R.C. 

2151.414(E)(1) and (4), were proven by clear and convincing evidence by LCCS, “when 

no evidence of a ‘no contact’ order was entered onto the record of the case.” She submits 

that she lost custody of child 1 “the first time, according to testimony at [the permanency 

hearing], by choosing father over the children, essentially, due to father’s propensity to 

possess and handle firearms.” Mother submits it is undisputed that child 1 was removed 

from her home for the second time immediately after she and child 1 attended the

wedding in which “father unexpectedly attended as well.” Mother notes “[t]he wedding 

occurred the day after [she] had been reunified with the child” and the next day, LCCS 

received a video of the family sitting together at the wedding, and “LCCS reacted 
23.

immediately to remove the child from mother’s custody (three days after reunification) 

based on allegations that mother violated a court order of no contact between [child 1] 

and his father by allowing father to sit together with she and the child.” 

LCCS’s Arguments

{¶ 76} LCCS counters the no-contact order was properly admitted into evidence 

by the GAL during the February 14, 2023 permanent custody hearing. LCCS submits the 

GAL “had the no contact order admitted into evidence without any objection from 

Mother’s counsel.” Then, “[d]uring Mother’s testimony, [the GAL] approached Mother, 

had her identify the October 7th no contact order, and identify the section prohibiting 

Father from having contact with the child. * * * There was no objection made to the form 

of the exhibit, authenticity, or its admissibility. The trial court admitted the October 7, 

2022, no contact order into evidence, without objection, as Guardian’s Exhibit A.”

{¶ 77} LCCS further contends that the juvenile court’s “own judgment entry with 

the no-contact order was entered into evidence, without objection. * * * [I]f trial counsel 

would have objected that the document was not ‘certified[,]’ certification is only a 

requirement for self-authentication.” LCCS notes the no-contact order was authenticated 

by mother, “who, as a party to the underlying case that produced the journal entry, could 

authenticate the document as one that she received.” LCCS cites to numerous legal 

authorities in support of its contentions.

{¶ 78} LCCS also asserts mother “places too much worth on the no-contact order 

itself. The existence of a no-contact order was not the basis for permanent custody [as] * 
24.

* * the no contact order captured the underlying concerns that LCCS, the GAL, and the 

trial court had regarding the father of the children; those concerns were known to 

[mother]; and [she] chose to disregard the concerns.”

Analysis - First Issue

{¶ 79} Upon review of mother’s brief, we note that she cited to no legal authority 

in support of her argument that R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (4) were not proven by clear and 

convincing evidence by LCCS, when “no evidence of a ‘no contact’ order was entered 

onto the record of the case,” as LCCS did not offer a certified copy of the order to be 

admitted into evidence.2

Admission of Evidence at a Dispositional Hearing

{¶ 80} R.C. 2151.35(B)(2) provides, in relevant part:

The dispositional hearing shall be conducted in accordance with all 

of the following:

* * *

(b) The court may admit any evidence that is material and relevant, 

including, but not limited to, hearsay, opinion, and documentary evidence * 

* *.

2 While mother referred to “In re J.H. 2022 Ohio 4213 (Ohio App. Nov. 23, 2022),” that

case makes no mention of a no-contact order, a certified order or the failure to introduce 

an order into evidence, and it is not relevant to mother’s first issue. 
25.

{¶ 81} We observe this statute makes no mention that documents must be certified 

in order to be admitted into evidence. 

{¶ 82} In the case of In re E.A., 9th Dist. Medina No. 12CA0059-M, 2012-Ohio5925, the court did not rely on R.C. 2151.35 when it determined uncertified documents 

were admissible. Rather, the court found the uncertified documents had been admitted 

via other evidence. Id. at ¶13. The mother had assigned as error that the juvenile court 

incorrectly admitted hospital records and uncertified children service agency documents, 

from dependency cases involving the mother’s older children. Id. at ¶11. The mother 

argued the records were inadmissible hearsay and could not be admitted as business 

records, under Evid.R. Rule 803(6), because Job and Family Services (“JFS”) failed to 

properly authenticate them. Id.

{¶ 83} The appellate court noted that “[a]lthough the mother did raise objections 

to the admission of the uncertified hospital records and case plan documents,3[JFS] had 

already questioned its witnesses extensively about the content of those documents, 

without any objection from the mother.” Id. at ¶13. The court also observed that “during 

her cross-examination of some of the agency’s witnesses, the mother elicited additional 

testimony about the hearsay content of those case plans and hospital records.” Id. The 

court held that “[t]he admission of the documents themselves, even if erroneous, does not 

3 Unlike the mother in In re E.A., mother in the case before us did not object to the 

admission of the uncertified no-contact order.
26.

constitute grounds for reversal because the substance of the documents had already been 

admitted through other evidence.” Id.

{¶ 84} Here, we find, based on the legal authority above, that LCCS was not 

required to enter a certified copy of the non-contact order in the record of the case. 

Mother’s Further Arguments as to Evidence Supporting the Juvenile Court’s 

Findings

{¶ 85} Mother disputes that clear and convincing evidence supports the juvenile 

court’s findings, as she claims that the termination of her parental rights was premised on 

“an alleged violation of a no contact order which was not presented in court.” The record 

belies this argument. 

{¶ 86} During mother’s testimony, the GAL questioned her regarding her contact 

with father, and mother admitted to her continued contact. Mother also acknowledged 

she learned how to keep her child safe in parenting classes, and that father is an unsafe 

person. Furthermore, mother conceded, at the permanent custody hearing, that the 

juvenile court entered a no-contact order in May 2022, when she was reunified with child 

1 under protective supervision, and again on October 7, 2022, when the court terminated 

protective supervision. Mother also testified regarding her understanding of the nocontact order, and her knowledge that father was to have no contact with child 1. The 

juvenile court admitted the order as part of the GAL’s exhibit A, without objection. 

{¶ 87} We find the juvenile court properly considered the no-contact order that 

was introduced through mother’s testimony and admitted as evidence without objection.
27.

Conclusion - First Issue

{¶ 88} We conclude that mother’s argument that R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (4) 

were not proven by clear and convincing evidence by LCCS, as no evidence of an 

“alleged” no-contact order was entered in the record of the case, is without merit.

Second Issue: Court’s Decision Concerning the Shooting Incident

{¶ 89} We note that the arguments in the second and third issues of the first 

assignment of error, and the second assignment of error are interrelated. Therefore, we 

will examine the arguments together, and reach a conclusion as to all of these arguments. 

{¶ 90} Mother asserts that although the motion for permanent custody was filed 

after the wedding, the questions posed to her and the caseworker at the permanency 

hearing included the August 2020 shooting incident, which precipitated the original 

removal of child 1. Mother queries whether “the facts of that incident were actually 

proven by clear and convincing evidence, notwithstanding the court’s finding of fact that 

the child had been present, when the police report does not mirror the allegations in the 

referral, and when mother admitted the incident, but denied the child was present.” 

Mother submits LCCS received a referral from someone who claimed that the child was 

in the car during the shooting incident, and asked that child 1 be removed from the home, 

but the police report does not list the child as being present in the car during the incident. 

{¶ 91} Mother maintains “[t]his court should find that the presence of the child in 

the car during that incident was not proven by the manifest weight of the evidence. In 

that case, this court should also find that the agency did not prove that mother didn’t 
28.

remedy the situation which caused the first removal either, such that the court’s finding 

that the children could not nor should not be placed with mother within a reasonable time 

was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.”

{¶ 92} LCCS’s arguments, as to the second issue of the first assignment of error, 

are set forth under the second assignment of error.

Third Issue: Was Father a Presence in the Children’s Lives After His Arrest?

{¶ 93} Mother notes that father did not participate in case plan services, and was 

indicted on two felonies, with firearm specifications, shortly before the permanency 

hearing. If father is convicted, he would be facing a long time in prison. Mother 

contends for all practical purposes, father had removed himself from the children’s lives, 

and from contact with mother due the offenses for which he was indicted, and father is no 

longer a threat to the children’s safety. Mother argues that “[t]aken together, this court 

should find that [LCCS] did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that mother did 

not remedy the issue that caused the children herein to be removed.”

{¶ 94} LCCS’s arguments, as to the third issue of the first assignment of error, are 

set forth under the second assignment of error.

Second Assignment of Error

Mother’s Arguments

{¶ 95} Mother contends the juvenile court’s finding, that she demonstrated a lack 

of commitment to the children, pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), was not supported by 

clear and convincing evidence. 
29.

{¶ 96} Mother queries: did she demonstrate a lack of commitment to the child by 

taking him to the wedding, which she did not expect father to attend, when she had been 

reunified with the child the day before? Mother maintains “[t]his court should find that 

she did not fail in that respect.” She cites to In re J.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111669, 

2022-Ohio-4213, and claims the facts in that case are distinguishable from the facts in her 

case.

{¶ 97} Mother asserts since she had been reunified with child 1 the day before the 

wedding, there was no time between the reunification and the second complaint/shelter 

care for her to demonstrate a lack of commitment by failing to regularly support, visit or 

communicate with the child when able to do so, or by other action showing an 

unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for the child. 

{¶ 98} Mother mentions she was described by the caseworker as bonded to child 

1, even though he only lived in mother’s custody for a few months of his life. Mother 

also submits while child 2 was removed at birth and never lived with her, there were still 

no issues with her handling of him at visits.

{¶ 99} Mother insists the juvenile court’s finding that she failed to demonstrate 

commitment toward the children by failing to regularly support, visit or communicate 

with the them, pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), was simply not supported by clear and 

convincing evidence.
30.

LCCS’s Arguments

{¶ 100} LCCS notes that mother does not challenge the court’s dependency 

finding or the best interest findings under R.C. 2151.414(E), but she does take issue with 

the finding under the first prong of the permanent custody test, that the children cannot be 

or should not be placed with her within a reasonable time, pursuant to R.C 2151.414(E). 

LCCS’s Arguments - Second Issue (Shooting Incident)

and Third Issue (Father’s Contact with Children After His Arrest)

{¶ 101} LCCS notes that mother argued that the first referral, which alleged child 

1 was in the car during the shooting incident, was false as the child was not present. 

LCCS claims the shooting incident is not the central focus now, and whether the child 

was in the car is immaterial, as the fact remains that father was in a gunfight with mother 

present. LCCS surmises mother is oblivious to that fact, as she failed to take steps to 

prevent herself from being in similarly dangerous situations after the shooting incident. 

LCCS remarks if mother had been injured or killed in the shooting incident, child 1 

would be in a devastating position, and mother’s failure to comprehend the consequences 

exhibits a failure to remedy the issues which caused child 1’s removal and shows a lack 

of commitment to the safety and wellbeing of the children. LCCS maintains it presented 

more than sufficient clear and convincing evidence to the juvenile court to satisfy the 

findings under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1). 

{¶ 102} LCCS observes that that mother argues if father is convicted, he faces a 

long time in prison, so he has effectively removed himself from the children’s lives and 
31.

from contact with her, so he is no longer a threat to the children’s safety. LCCS disputes 

this, and counters that if father is not convicted of the felonies, mother has not shown any 

indication of her ability to keep him out of her life or the lives of the children. LCCS 

asserts that fault in this case rests not only with father’s criminal behavior and the risk he 

poses to the children, but also with mother’s decision-making and her unwillingness or 

inability to make appropriate decisions to protect the safety, stability, and permanency of 

the children.

LCCS’s Arguments - Second Assignment of Error

{¶ 103} LCCS asserts it presented more than sufficient clear and convincing 

evidence to the juvenile court to satisfy the findings under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), as the 

evidence showed, despite mother’s charade at complying with case plan services, she 

derived no substantive benefit from the services. LCCS submits the purpose of the case 

planning was to educate mother on the grave danger father posed to her and child 1, and 

LCCS was clear with mother that severing ties with father was critical to reunification.

{¶ 104} LCCS contends mother was warned that because father failed to

participate in case planning, it was even more crucial that she protect child 1 from 

father’s dangerous and violent behavior, yet she flaunted the court order hours after she 

was reunified with child 1. This shows a complete disregard for court order compliance 

and disinterest in learning from services, so additional time working services would be 

valueless. LCCS insists mother’s continued lies to her caseworkers and counselors 

throughout the time she worked services, negated any benefit the services might have 
32.

offered. LCCS notes mother continued her sexual relationship with father, conceived 

child 2 by him, and hid the pregnancy and the child’s parentage from LCCS, the GAL, 

and the court. 

{¶ 105} LCCS maintains that there is no doubt that the parties violated the nocontact order. LCCS argues that mother was made fully aware of the order, she recalled

that the magistrate instructed her specifically about father’s contact with child 1, and 

whether mother knew that father would attend the wedding is immaterial. LCCS also 

contends it is not only mother’s violation of the court order which runs contrary to the

best interests of the children, it is also the dangerous behavior and situations. LCCS 

insists the no-contact order was intended to protect the children, and mother’s 

indifference to the no-contact order shows her failure to change her behavior for the 

betterment of the children.

Analysis as to Second and Third Issues and 

Second Assignment of Error

{¶ 106} Upon review of the juvenile court’s judgment, the court found, by clear 

and convincing evidence, the children cannot be placed with mother within a reasonable 

period or should not be placed with her, under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), (E)(1) and (4).

{¶ 107} The court determined mother continuously and repeatedly did not remedy 

the conditions which caused the children to be removed, as she failed to internalize or use 

the services, resources and concepts she was taught in counseling and parenting classes to 

change her conduct so she and the children were safe. 
33.

{¶ 108} The court noted mother was not honest with LCCS, the GAL or the court 

about her relationship with father or her pregnancy. The court found mother’s testimony 

was not credible, and her poor judgment put the children at grave risk. 

{¶ 109} The court further found mother demonstrated a lack of commitment 

toward the children by choosing an unsafe relationship with father, and not changing her 

behaviors. In addition, the court found the children deserved to live in a safe home where 

their needs are prioritized.

Conclusions as to Second and Third Issues and 

Second Assignment of Error

{¶ 110} We have thoroughly reviewed the entire record, and we conclude, as to 

the second and third issues of mother’s first assignment of error, that there is clear and 

convincing evidence to support the juvenile court’s finding that child 1 and child 2 could 

not and should not be placed with mother, and that mother continuously and repeatedly 

failed to remedy the conditions which caused the children’s removal from the home.

{¶ 111} We further conclude, as to mother’s second assignment of error, that clear 

and convincing evidence in the record supports the juvenile court’s findings that mother 

exhibited a lack of commitment to the children due to her unwillingness to provide an 

adequate permanent home for the children.

{¶ 112} The record shows that mother completed all of her services, but she failed 

to change her behaviors, as she continued her relationship with father, who sells and takes 
34.

drugs, has firearms and is violent. The foregoing demonstrates that mother prioritized 

father over the children and their safety. 

{¶ 113} In addition, the record reveals that mother defied court orders and 

constantly lied to everyone involved in the case; she was only forthright after the truth 

was disclosed by others. In fact, at the permanency hearing, mother gave two different 

responses to the same question: why did she talk with father while he was in jail? First, 

she testified that she was continuing to have contact with father because she felt like 

everything had been taken away from her. Later, mother testified that she stayed in 

contact with father because she cares about him and she was told he had been suicidal. 

Best Interest Factors

{¶ 114} Although mother presented no arguments as to the best interest factors, 

the record shows that the juvenile court considered the following factors: the interaction 

and relationships of the children with, inter alia, mother, father and caregivers; the 

children’s wishes, as expressed by the GAL; the children’s custodial history; and the 

children’s need for a legally secure permanent placement. The juvenile court then

reviewed the evidence in the record as to each factor, including: child 1 has spent most of 

his life in foster care, due to the actions and inactions of the parents, and is bonded with 

his caregiver, who ensures all of child 1’s needs are met; child 2 has been in foster care 

his whole life and is happy and bonded with his caregivers; the children’s caregivers, if 

permitted to adopt the children, would facilitate contact between the siblings; the GAL 

noted the children were of tender years and recommended that it was in the children’s 
35.

best interests for permanent custody to be awarded to LCCS; reunification of the children 

with mother cannot occur in a timely manner; and a legally secure permanent placement 

cannot be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to LCCS. 

Overall Conclusions

{¶ 115} We conclude the juvenile court had before it clear and convincing 

evidence that granting permanent custody of the children to LCCS was in the children’s 

best interests.

{¶ 116} We further conclude the juvenile court’s judgment, granting permanent 

custody of the children to LCCS, is supported by competent, credible evidence and is not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we find mother’s first and 

second assignments of error are not well-taken.

{¶ 117} On consideration whereof, the judgment of the Lucas County Court of 

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed. Mother is ordered to pay the court costs 

of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

Judgment affirmed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
36.

In re A.L., K.L.

L-23-1076

Thomas J. Osowik, J. ____________________________

JUDGE

Gene A. Zmuda, J. 

____________________________

Myron C. Duhart, P.J. JUDGE

CONCUR. 

____________________________

JUDGE

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.