UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

JEREMY AARON ALLEN, 

 Petitioner, 

 Case Number 15-11797 

v. Honorable David M. Lawson 

MITCH PERRY, 

 Respondent. 

________________________________________/ 

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS 

 Petitioner Jeremy Aaron Allen was accused of abusing and assaulting his teenage 

stepdaughter from December 1, 2009, to May 31, 2011, and assaulting, robbing, and imprisoning 

his stepdaughter’s boyfriend in the family’s garage on March 6, 2010. The State charged the 

petitioner with multiple crimes, some of which carried a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. 

Allen, however, negotiated an agreement through his trial attorney to plead no contest to thirddegree criminal sexual conduct and second-degree child abuse in the case involving his 

stepdaughter, and felonious assault and unlawful imprisonment in the case involving his 

stepdaughter’s boyfriend. The plea bargain called for a minimum sentence of eight years for the 

counts charging the petitioner with third-degree criminal sexual conduct and unlawful 

imprisonment, but before and after he was sentenced, Allen attempted to withdraw his guilty plea. 

The state courts denied relief, and Allen then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 

U.S.C. ' 2254, alleging that he should have been permitted to withdraw his no-contest plea, his 

trial attorney was ineffective, and other errors occurred before he pleaded no contest. The warden 

filed a response to the petition, arguing that Allen did not exhaust state remedies for six of his eight 

claims and his two exhausted claims lacked merit. 
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 Allen waived review of several of his claims when he pleaded no contest. The claims that 

properly are presented for review do not warrant relief because the state courts’ decisions did not 

contravene or unreasonably apply federal law as determined by the United States Supreme Court. 

Therefore, the Court will deny the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 

 I. 

 After Allen was arrested, his two cases found their way to the Monroe County, Michigan 

circuit court. In case number 11-39283, Allen was charged with one count of armed robbery, one 

count of unlawful imprisonment, two counts of assault with a dangerous weapon (felonious 

assault), and one count of domestic violence. The victim was the boyfriend of Allen’s 

stepdaughter. He was called to Allen’s residence on March 6, 2010 and then ambushed by Allen 

in the family’s garage. Allen confronted the victim about having sex with his stepdaughter. Allen 

pointed a gun at the victim and, at one point, placed a chainsaw within a foot of the victim’s face 

as the victim was lying on the garage floor. The petitioner started the engine of the chainsaw, but 

eventually set aside the saw. However, he apparently took money and documents from the victim 

and kept him confined in the garage for about four hours. 

 In case number 11-39285, Allen was charged with two counts of first-degree criminal 

sexual conduct, two counts of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, one count of felonious assault, 

one count of domestic violence, and one count of second-degree child abuse. The victim was 

Allen’s stepdaughter who was approximately fifteen years old when the crimes occurred. The 

police reports indicate that, on more than one occasion between December 1, 2009 and May 31, 

2011, Allen confronted his stepdaughter with her bad grades and then required her to go in their 

basement, take off her clothing, perform fellatio on him, and have sexual intercourse with him. 
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On occasion, Allen also beat his stepdaughter with a two-by-four board when she did not perform 

well in school. 

 On May 18, 2012, Allen pleaded no contest to one count of unlawful imprisonment and 

one count of felonious assault in the case involving the male victim. In the other case, he pleaded 

no contest to two counts of third-degree criminal sexual conduct and one count of second-degree 

child abuse. The plea and sentencing agreement called for the dismissal of all the other charges 

and a minimum sentence of eight years in prison on the counts that had a maximum penalty of 

fifteen years. 

 Allen subsequently filed a pro se motion to withdraw his plea. The trial court considered 

the motion at the sentence hearing and denied it on grounds that the court had complied with the 

court rules, the plea was knowingly and voluntarily made, and there was no just reason to allow 

withdrawal of the plea. The court then sentenced the petitioner to eight to fifteen years in prison 

for unlawful imprisonment and third-degree criminal sexual conduct and 23 months to four years 

for assault and child abuse. The trial court dismissed the other charges and ordered all the 

sentences to run concurrently. 

 Allen filed a second motion to withdraw his no-contest plea after his sentencing, but the 

trial court denied the motion because the petitioner had not cited any additional basis warranting 

withdrawal of his plea. In a delayed application for leave to appeal, Allen argued through counsel 

that the trial court erred by denying his motions to withdraw his plea and that he was denied the 

effective assistance of counsel. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal for lack of 

merit in the grounds presented. See People v. Allen, No. 318476 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 8, 2014). 
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 The petitioner raised the same two claims and a few new issues in an application for leave 

to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court. On May 27, 2014, the supreme court denied leave to 

appeal because it was not persuaded to review the issues. See People v. Allen, 495 Mich. 1008; 

846 N.W.2d 576 (2014). 

 Allen filed a timely habeas corpus petition. In his supporting brief, he raises the following 

arguments: 

I. He was denied his right to bail and thereafter subjected to excessive bail. 

II. He was wrongfully convicted on the basis of the victims’ hearsay statements. 

III. The prosecution made libelous allegations about him and deprived him of a 

speedy trial. 

IV. His trial attorney disparaged him and deprived him of effective assistance by 

failing to assert a good defense. 

V. His stepdaughter falsely accused him at the preliminary examination and in 

her statements to the police. 

VI The male victim in the assault case lied at the preliminary examination and 

in his statements to the police. 

 Allen also incorporates by reference the arguments that he made in his state-court briefs on 

direct appeal, where he maintained that the trial court erred by denying his motions to withdraw 

his no-contest plea and that his trial attorney was ineffective. 

 The warden argues in an answer to the petition that Allen did not exhaust state remedies 

for his first six claims by presenting those claims to the Michigan Court of Appeals on direct 

appeal. The warden contends that the state court’s disposition of the remaining claims was 

reasonable. Allen replies that his first six claims are exhausted, that his plea was forced on him, 
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and that the Michigan Court of Appeals unreasonably rejected his ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claim. 

II. 

 A prisoner filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. §2254 must first 

exhaust all state court remedies. See O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999) (“state 

prisoners must give the state courts one full fair opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by 

invoking one complete round of the State’s established appellate review process”); Rust v. Zent, 

17 F.3d 155, 160 (6th Cir. 1994). The doctrine of exhaustion of state remedies requires state 

prisoners to “fairly present” their claims as federal constitutional issues in the state courts before 

raising those claims in a federal habeas corpus petition. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A), (C); 

O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 844 (1999); McMeans v. Brigano, 228 F.3d 674, 680-81 

(6th Cir. 2000); Rust v. Zent, 17 F.3d 155, 160 (6th Cir. 1994). 

 Allen has not presented his first six claims to the state courts. Therefore, he has not 

exhausted his state court remedies for those claims. Generally, a federal district court should 

dismiss a “mixed” petition for a writ of habeas corpus, that is, one containing both exhausted and 

unexhausted claims, “leaving the prisoner with the choice of returning to state court to exhaust his 

claims or amending and resubmitting the habeas petition to present only exhausted claims to the 

district court.” Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 510 (1982); see also Rust, 17 F.3d at 160. Although 

the exhaustion requirement is strictly enforced, it is not a jurisdictional prerequisite for bringing a 

habeas petition. Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 134-35 (1987); Pillette v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 

496 (6th Cir. 1987). For example, an unexhausted claim may be addressed if pursuit of a state 

court remedy would be futile, Witzke v. Withrow, 702 F. Supp. 1338, 1348 (W.D. Mich. 1988), or 
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if the unexhausted claim is meritless such that addressing it would be efficient and not offend 

federal-state comity, Prather v. Rees, 822 F.2d 1418, 1421 (6th Cir. 1987). A habeas petition may 

also be denied on the merits, despite the petitioner’s failure to exhaust state court remedies. 28 

U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2). The Court believes that it is more efficient to address the merits of the claims 

at this stage of the proceedings. See Hudson v. Jones, 351 F.3d 212, 215 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing 

Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997)). 

III. 

 Certain provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 

Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (Apr. 24, 1996), which govern this case, “circumscribe[d]” 

the standard of review federal courts must apply when considering an application for a writ of 

habeas corpus raising constitutional claims, including claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520 (2003). A federal court may grant relief only if the state 

court’s adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United 

States,” or if the adjudication “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2). 

 “Clearly established Federal law for purposes of § 2254(d)(1) includes only the holdings, 

as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions.” White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419 

(2014) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “As a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from 

a federal court, a state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented 

in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and 
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comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington 

v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103, (2011). The distinction between mere error and an objectively 

unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent creates a substantially higher threshold for 

obtaining relief than de novo review. Mere error by the state court will not justify issuance of the 

writ; rather, the state court’s application of federal law “must have been objectively unreasonable.” 

Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 520-21 (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 409 (2000) (quotation 

marks omitted)). The AEDPA imposes a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court 

rulings, and demands that state-court decisions be “given the benefit of the doubt.” Renico v. Lett, 

559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010). 

A. 

 Five of Allen’s first six claims address issues that arose before he entered his no-contest 

plea. Those arguments are that: (1) Allen was denied his right to bail and thereafter subjected to 

excessive bail; (2) he was wrongfully convicted on the basis of the victims= hearsay statements; 

(3) the prosecutor made libelous allegations about him and deprived him of a speedy trial; (5) his 

stepdaughter falsely accused him; and (6) the assault victim lied at the petitioner=s preliminary 

examination and in his statements to the police. 

 Allen cannot be heard to complain about those issues here. It is well established that a 

valid guilty or nolo contendere plea in a criminal proceeding generally forecloses claims arising 

from the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights occurring before the entry of the plea. See 

United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 569 (1989); Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973). 

The Supreme Court has explained: 

[A] guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events which has preceded it in 

the criminal process. When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open 
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court that he is in fact guilty of the offense with which he is charged, he may not 

thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional 

rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. He may only attack the 

voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea by showing that the advice he 

received from counsel was not within [constitutional standards]. 

Tollett, 411 U.S. at 267. Arguments I, II, III, V, and VI all are non-jurisdictional claims that arose 

before Allen’s no-contest plea. He was represented by counsel at the plea proceeding, and the 

record indicates that his plea was voluntary, and his trial attorney’s advice was reasonable. 

Therefore, Allen waived his right to bring these arguments here. See United States v. Ormsby, 252 

F.3d 844, 848 (6th Cir. 2001); McBroom v. Warren, 542 F. Supp. 2d 730, 736 (E.D. Mich. 2008). 

 B. 

 Allen also contends that the trial court erred by denying his pro se motions to withdraw his 

no-contest plea. In his state court brief, Allen maintained that he should have been permitted to 

withdraw his no-contest plea because he was not guilty, he entered his plea under duress, and he 

was not informed that the sentencing agreement exceeded the sentencing guidelines. The 

Michigan Court of Appeals rejected this claim on direct appeal in a one-sentence order, stating 

that leave to appeal was denied for lack of merit in the grounds presented to the court. 

 Even though the state appellate courts did not give full consideration to Allen’s federal 

claims on appeal, AEDPA’s highly deferential standard for reviewing a habeas petitioner’s 

constitutional claims applies here. Allen must show that “the state court decision was ‘contrary 

to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law’ or involved an 

‘unreasonable determination of the facts.’” Kelly v. Lazaroff, 846 F.3d 819, 831 (6th Cir. 2017) 

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). That standard applies “even when a state court does not explain 

the reasoning behind its denial of relief.” Carter v. Mitchell, 829 F.3d 455, 468 (6th Cir. 2016). 
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“Under [Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86 (2011)], ‘[w]hen a federal claim has been presented 

to a state court and the state court has denied relief, it may be presumed that the state court 

adjudicated the claim on its merits in the absence of any indication or state-law procedural 

principles to the contrary.’” Barton v. Warden, S. Ohio Corr. Facility, 786 F.3d 450, 460 (6th Cir. 

2015) (quoting Harrington, 562 U.S. at 99). There is nothing in this record that suggests a basis 

for rebutting that presumption. See Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 133 S. Ct. 1088, 1097 

(2013). 

 The Supreme Court has said that, if a guilty plea is not voluntary and knowing, it violates 

due process and is void. McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 466 (1969). But there is no 

absolute right to withdraw a guilty or no-contest plea. United States v. Martin, 668 F.3d 787, 794 

(6th Cir. 2012); Shanks v. Wolfenbarger, 387 F. Supp. 2d 740, 748 (E.D. Mich. 2005). Unless the 

plea violated a clearly-established constitutional right, the decision whether to allow a defendant 

to withdraw a plea is discretionary with the state trial court. Shanks, 387 F. Supp. 2d at 748. 

 In this case, Allen’s trial attorney stated that he did not think there was a good basis under 

the court rule for withdrawing the plea and it was not in the petitioner’s best interest to do so. See

Mot. Hr’g and Sentencing Tr. at 3, ECF 12-10, Page.ID.700. The trial court subsequently pointed 

out that Allen had at least two months in which to discuss his options with his attorneys, his trial 

was adjourned one time because he requested new counsel, the facts and issues were known to 

everyone for months and perhaps as much as a year, and Allen’s current attorney was his fourth 

attorney. The court concluded that Allen’s pro se motion to withdraw the plea was a delaying 

tactic. Id. at 4-7, Page.ID.701-04. These were valid reasons for denying Allen’s motion. 
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 Nevertheless, a guilty or no-contest plea involves a waiver of several constitutional rights. 

Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243 (1969). Therefore, it must be a voluntary, knowing, and 

intelligent act “done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely 

consequences.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970). Courts must consider all the 

relevant circumstances, id. at 749, including whether the defendant appreciated the consequences 

of his waiver of constitutional rights, whether he waived his rights without being coerced to do so, 

and whether he understood the rights that he was surrendering by pleading guilty. Ruelas v. 

Wolfenbarger, 580 F.3d 403, 408 (6th Cir. 2009). A court must also consider whether the 

defendant was aware of the maximum sentence for his crimes and whether he understood the 

essential elements of the offenses to which he was pleading. Id. at 408-09. 

 Allen was advised of the charges against him, the maximum sentences for his crimes, and 

the terms of the plea and sentencing agreement. He signed a written plea agreement, and he orally 

assured the trial court on the record that he understood the plea bargain, the charges, and the 

possible penalties. He also stated that he understood the rights that he was waiving by pleading 

no contest and that no one had promised him anything (other than what was set forth in the plea 

bargain) or threatened him to make him plead no contest. He stated that the final choice was his 

and that he had been given enough time to talk with his attorney. See Plea Tr. at 4-18 (May 18, 

2012), ECF 12-9, Page.ID.675-89. 

 Allen nevertheless argues that his plea was coerced by his attorneys’ advice that he would 

receive life imprisonment if he went to trial on all the charges. He also contends that he is not 

guilty and that he was not informed that the minimum eight-year sentence he agreed to exceeded 

the sentencing guidelines by one month. At the plea proceeding, however, the petitioner stated 
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that he wanted to plead no contest, that he was satisfied with his attorney, and that he understood 

the penalties for his crimes. His “[s]olemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption 

of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). Furthermore, the evidence against him 

was substantial, and he has not made “a truly persuasive demonstration of actual innocence.” 

Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 417 (1993). 

 Allen’s plea was a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent act done with sufficient awareness 

of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences. Furthermore, because this case came 

before the Court on habeas review, the Court must defer to the state court’s decision about the 

validity of the plea. Fitzpatrick v. Robinson, 723 F.3d 624, 639 (6th Cir. 2013). Habeas relief is 

not warranted on the petitioner’s claim that he should have been permitted to withdraw his nocontest plea. 

 C.

 In his fourth and eighth claims, Allen alleges that his trial attorney was ineffective. He 

says that in state court, he pleaded no contest under duress because his attorney told him that he 

would get life imprisonment if he went to trial on all the charges. He also contended that he could 

have discredited the complainants’ testimony if he had gone to trial. 

 A violation of the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel is established 

when an attorney’s performance was deficient, and the deficient performance prejudiced the 

defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 

115, 120 (2011) (quoting Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 122 (2009)). An attorney’s 

performance is deficient if “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. The petitioner must show “that counsel made errors 
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so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth 

Amendment.” Id. at 687. “Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.” 

Id. at 689. The Supreme Court has “declined to articulate specific guidelines for appropriate 

attorney conduct and instead [has] emphasized that the proper measure of attorney performance 

remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521 

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688) (quotation marks omitted). 

 An attorney’s deficient performance is prejudicial if “counsel’s errors were so serious as 

to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. 

The petitioner must show “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, 

the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. Unless the petitioner demonstrates 

both deficient performance and prejudice, “it cannot be said that the conviction resulted from a 

breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Id. at 687. 

 The Strickland framework applies to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel arising 

from a guilty or nolo contendere plea. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985); Carter v. Collins,

918 F.2d 1198, 1200 (5th Cir. 1990). The first prong of the test remains the same. Hill, 474 U.S. 

at 58. However, the prejudice requirement focuses on whether counsel’s constitutionally 

ineffective performance affected the outcome of the plea process. Id. at 59. In other words, the 

defendant must show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would 

not have pleaded [nolo contendere] and would have insisted on going to trial.” Ibid.; Carter, 918 

F.2d at 1200; see also Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d 545, 551-52 (6th Cir.2003). 
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 Success on ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims is relatively rare, because the standard 

for obtaining habeas corpus relief “is ‘difficult to meet.’” Woodall, 134 S.Ct. at 1702 (quoting 

Metrish v. Lancaster, 569 U.S. 351, 358 (2013) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 102)). The standard 

is “all the more difficult” on habeas corpus review because “[t]he standards created by Strickland

and § 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly 

so.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105 (citations and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he question is not 

whether counsel’s actions were reasonable,” but “whether there is any reasonable argument that 

counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Ibid.

 The most serious charges lodged against Allen were first-degree criminal sexual conduct 

and armed robbery, both of which carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or any term of 

years. See Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 750.520b(2)(a) and 750.529. Had he gone to trial, he would 

have had to defend against substantial evidence supporting these charges in addition to the less 

serious charges. The record indicates that there were witnesses to the assault on the male victim 

and that the female victim’s mother witnessed one incident of Allen’s first-degree criminal sexual 

conduct with her daughter. See Pet. for Writ of Habeas Corpus, ECF 1, Page.ID.46. 

 Additionally, Allen admitted to law enforcement officials that he engaged in sex acts with 

his stepdaughter and that he once hit her with a two-by-four board. See Page.ID.45-46. Although 

he claimed that the sexual contact was the result of giving in to his stepdaughter’s persistent sexual 

advances, the victim’s mother informed the police that, on one occasion, she observed Allen put 

his penis in her daughter’s mouth. Her daughter appeared to be disgusted by Allen’s conduct, and 

she looked like she was going to vomit. Id., Page.ID.46. The mother claimed that she did not 

report the incident to the police because she was afraid of Allen and his bad temper. Ibid.
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 Defense counsel could have concluded from the facts stated in the police reports that Allen 

did not have a viable defense to the charges and that a jury would be sympathetic to the victims. 

A competent attorney also could have concluded that it was in Allen’s best interest to plead no 

contest to some of the less serious charges, with a minimum sentence of eight years, because eight 

years was considerably less than the sentencing guidelines of approximately 135 months for firstdegree criminal sexual conduct. See Mot. Hr’g and Sentence Tr. at 13, 33, ECF 12-10, 

Page.ID.710, 730. 

 The maximum sentences for the lesser charges (four years for felonious assault and seconddegree child abuse, and fifteen years for unlawful imprisonment and third-degree criminal sexual 

conduct) also were considerably lower than the maximum penalty of life imprisonment for the 

more serious charges of armed robbery and first-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court, 

in fact, stated that “[t]he plea bargain greatly reduce[d] incarceration exposure” and that Allen 

“really deserve[d] a much larger sentence.” Id. at 37, Page.ID.734. 

 Defense counsel’s advice to plead no contest was eminently reasonable. His performance 

did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. Nor did the allegedly deficient 

performance prejudice Allen because his defense — that he was innocent and that the victims were 

not credible — in all likelihood would not have succeeded at trial. The state appellate courts’ 

rejection of Allen’s claim for lack of merit was objectively reasonable, and he has no right to relief 

on the basis of his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. 

III. 

 Allen’s no-contest pleas in state court waived most of the alleged defects in the proceedings 

he attempts to advance here. Of the non-waived claims, the state courts’ decisions in this case 
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were not contrary to federal law, an unreasonable application of federal law, or an unreasonable 

determination of the facts. The petitioner has not established that he is presently in custody in 

violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States. 

 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED.

 s/David M. Lawson 

 DAVID M. LAWSON 

 United States District Judge 

Date: January 31, 2019 

PROOF OF SERVICE 

The undersigned certifies that a copy of the foregoing order was 

served upon each attorney or party of record herein by 

electronic means or first-class U.S. mail on January 31, 2019. 

 s/Susan K. Pinkowski 

 SUSAN K. PINKOWSKI