IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL

STATE V. LAWLESS

NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION

AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).

STATGE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,

V.

GAVIN P. LAWLESS, APPELLANT.

Filed February 25, 2014. No. A-13-564.

Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: DUANE C. DOUGHERTY, Judge. 

Reversed and remanded with directions.

Desirae M. Solomon, of Schaefer Shapiro, L.L.P., for appellant.

Jon Bruning, Attorney General, and George R. Love for appellee.

INBODY, Chief Judge, and PIRTLE and MOORE, Judges.

MOORE, Judge.

Gavin P. Lawless appeals his conviction in the district court for Douglas County of theft 

by shoplifting. He argues that the value of the items he stole was not established by sufficient 

evidence and that the district court applied the wrong burden of proof in its judgment. We find 

that the State did not adduce sufficient evidence of value for the gradation of offense for which 

Lawless was convicted and remand the cause to the district court for resentencing.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On July 13, 2012, Lawless was observed taking a number of items from the Von Maur 

department store in the Westroads Mall. After Lawless left the store without paying for the 

items, two Von Maur loss prevention employees apprehended him in the mall area just outside 

the store. After a brief struggle, Lawless admitted to having taken items from the store and 

repeatedly stated that he “[could not] go to jail.”

The State filed an information on July 23, 2012, charging Lawless with theft by 

shoplifting, $500 to $1,500, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-511.01(1) (Cum. Supp. 2012), a 

Class IV felony under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-518(2) (Cum. Supp. 2012). The case proceeded to 

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trial on March 13, 2013. At trial, the only witness to testify was Tyler Halvorsen, a loss 

prevention associate with Von Maur, who assisted in apprehending Lawless after he attempted to 

shoplift.

Halvorsen testified that Lawless took a total of 10 items from Von Maur on July 13, 

2012. These items included three fragrance testers, a pair of jeans, three button-down shirts, and 

three T-shirts. Halvorsen explained that a fragrance tester is a fragrance bottle that is placed on a 

store counter for customers to sample. He later stated that Von Maur does not sell fragrance 

testers and interjected that he did not know why anybody would want “a half-used” bottle. 

However, he claimed that store policy was to charge the full price of a new fragrance to anyone 

caught stealing a tester.

As part of his job duties, Halvorsen is required to do “brand walks” in order to remain 

familiar with the store’s merchandise and the prices and locations of that merchandise. Halvorsen 

also described how he utilizes Von Maur’s point-of-sale system to determine merchandise 

pricing. Through this system, Halvorsen is able to enter any item’s “UPC number” into a register 

and retrieve the item’s price. This system is updated as the prices for merchandise change.

To prove the value of the items Lawless had taken, the State attempted to introduce two 

exhibits. The first, exhibit 2, was an incident report that Halvorsen prepared after Lawless was 

apprehended. Halvorsen testified that the preparation of this report is standard procedure. The 

particular report contained a case number, Lawless’ personal information, witness information, 

and a “property information” section describing the items taken from the store. The property 

information section contained three columns in which the article number, description, and retail 

price of each item taken were handwritten. The State’s second exhibit pertaining to value, exhibit 

3, contained a color photograph of the items Lawless had taken and what amounted to a typed 

reproduction of the property information section from exhibit 2.

Lawless objected to the State’s introduction of both exhibits on best evidence, 

foundation, and hearsay grounds. After discussion with the court, Lawless specified that he did 

not object to the photograph on the top portion of exhibit 3, but renewed his objection to the 

remainder of exhibit 3. The district court sustained Lawless’ objection to exhibit 2 and the 

bottom portion of exhibit 3, but allowed the photograph from exhibit 3 into evidence.

Having been unable to introduce exhibits 2 and 3, the State resorted to questioning 

Halvorsen regarding the value of the items Lawless had taken. Lawless objected, but the trial 

court overruled the objection. The court found that the State had laid sufficient foundation to 

demonstrate Halvorsen’s familiarity with the items’ value. Over Lawless’ continuing objection, 

Halvorsen testified that the three fragrance testers were selling for $73, $73, and $75. He later 

noted that these prices reflected the price charged for a new fragrance bottle. Halvorsen also 

testified that the jeans were selling for $98, the three button-down shirts were selling for $115 

each, and the three T-shirts were selling for $49.50, $49.50, and $60. The total price of the 10 

items was $823. For the entirety of this portion of his testimony, Halvorsen was permitted to 

utilize exhibit 2 to refresh his memory.

On cross-examination, Halvorsen conceded that he determined the clothing items’ value 

by looking at the price tags and making sure the tags corresponded with the particular item. To 

determine the fragrance values, Halvorsen looked up the retail prices in the computer system. He 

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also testified that none of the items Lawless had taken had Von Maur tags attached to them. 

However, he recognized all of these items as being sold at the store.

At the close of Halvorsen’s testimony, the State rested. Thereafter, Lawless moved for a 

directed verdict. Because neither party was going to call additional witnesses, the district court 

took the motion and the rest of the matter under advisement. On April 10, 2013, the district court 

filed a written order finding Lawless guilty of the charge of theft by shoplifting, $500 to $1,500. 

In its order, the court specifically noted that the State had “satisfied its burden of proof in the 

matter and had presented a prima facie case of the charges.”

On June 26, 2013, the district court sentenced Lawless to 18 months’ probation. He 

timely appeals.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Lawless assigns three errors to the district court. He argues, restated, that (1) there was 

insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction, (2) there was improper testimony about retail 

prices in violation of the best evidence rule, and (3) an incorrect burden of proof was used in the 

district court’s judgment.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the 

conviction, the relevant question for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could find the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Gartner, 263 Neb. 153, 638 N.W.2d 

849 (2002).

ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of Evidence to Convict Lawless 

of Felony Theft by Shoplifting.

Lawless argues that the State did not prove the value element of the crime of theft by 

shoplifting beyond a reasonable doubt. He claims there was insufficient evidence for the court to 

find that the items he stole from the store were worth $500 to $1,500. We agree.

Pursuant to § 28-518(8), intrinsic value must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt as an 

element of the offense of theft by shoplifting. Proof of a specific value at the time of the theft is 

necessary only for gradation of the offense. Gartner, supra. Value to be proved concerning a 

theft is market value at the time and place where the property was criminally appropriated. Id.; 

State v. Garza, 241 Neb. 256, 487 N.W.2d 551 (1992). As to proof of value, there is no better 

way of showing the market value of any article than the price at which it and others of its class 

are being offered and sold on the market. Id. In reference to the crime of theft, value is 

established by evidence concerning the price at which property identical or reasonably similar to 

the property stolen is offered for sale and sold in proximity to the site of the theft. Id.

Garza, supra, makes it clear that there is an important distinction between an item’s price 

and its market value. Price is the amount that a willing seller indicates as acceptable payment for 

an article offered for sale, whereas value, in relation to a theft charge, is the price obtainable for 

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property offered for sale in a market. Id. Price tags do not necessarily indicate the amount 

obtainable in the market through payment for the article offered for sale. Id.

In State v. Connor, 16 Neb. App. 871, 754 N.W.2d 774 (2008), this court confronted a 

situation in which the State’s only evidence of value in a theft by shoplifting trial was derived 

from an employee’s testimony of the retail value of the items taken. Even though the store 

employee testified to the items’ retail value, we concluded that the ultimate figure was simply the 

sum of the price tags. Id. We noted that particular method of valuation had been disapproved in 

Garza and set aside the conviction. We reach the same conclusion in this case.

At trial, the State’s evidence of value consisted solely of Halvorsen’s testimony. He 

testified as to what price the items Lawless had taken were “selling for.” He also testified that he 

verified the prices of the clothing items by matching an item’s “UPC number” to the attached 

price tag. In the case of the fragrance testers, Halvorsen utilized the retail price in the computer 

system for new, unused bottles. We conclude that the use of the words “selling for” in this case is 

akin to the phrase “retail value” in Connor. Such testimony alone does not establish the value of 

the items under Nebraska law. See, Garza, supra; Connor, supra. To establish value, some 

evidence regarding sales is required in addition to the evidence of price. Id. Here, the State failed 

to ask whether the items had been recently sold at the prices which Halvorsen had noted.

The State’s evidence regarding the value of the three fragrance testers is particularly 

problematic. During his testimony, Halvorsen acknowledged that Von Maur did not sell the 

fragrance testers that Lawless took that day. In fact, he questioned why a person would want to 

purchase a “half-used” bottle. Halvorsen testified to the full retail price of each particular 

fragrance, and noted that it was store policy to charge “the value that a brand new one would 

cost” to anyone who stole a tester. In addition to failing to adduce evidence as to actual sales of 

new, unused bottles of fragrances similar to those stolen by Lawless, there was also no evidence 

of actual sales of used fragrance testers.

Following the precedent established in Garza, supra, and Connor, supra, we find that the 

evidence was insufficient to support the district court’s finding that the value of the stolen goods 

was $823. However, we find that the evidence did establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the 

property stolen had some intrinsic value that translates into nominal market value, 

notwithstanding the absence of evidence establishing a specific value for the stolen property. 

Therefore, we set aside Lawless’ felony conviction and remand the matter to the district court 

with directions to impose an appropriate sentence on Lawless for misdemeanor theft of property 

with a value less than $200, a Class II misdemeanor. See, § 28-518(4); State v. Garza, 241 Neb. 

256, 487 N.W.2d 551 (1992); State v. Connor, 16 Neb. App. 871, 754 N.W.2d 774 (2008).

Propriety of Halvorsen’s Testimony on Prices.

Lawless also argues that the district court erred by allowing Halvorsen to testify to the 

prices listed on the price tags and in the Van Maur computer system. He claims that the best 

evidence rule requires that those price tags or a computer printout of the prices be produced at 

trial. He contends that the State could not have proved that the value of the goods was between 

$500 and $1,500 without this evidence.

Because of our conclusion above regarding Lawless’ first assignment of error, we need 

not address this argument. We have already concluded there was insufficient evidence to 

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establish that the value of the goods was between $500 and $1,500. This being the case, a 

discussion of the application of the best evidence rule is not necessary to the disposition of this 

matter. See State v. Pangborn, 286 Neb. 363, 836 N.W.2d 790 (2013) (appellate court is not 

obligated to engage in analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate case and controversy before it).

District Court Judgment.

Finally, Lawless argues that the district court erred by entering a judgment of guilty 

without finding that the State had proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Lawless focuses on 

the following language from the court’s order: “[T]he State has satisfied its burden of proof in 

this matter and has presented a prima facie case of the charges against [Lawless], thus, this Court 

finds that [Lawless] is found guilty as charged.” Lawless argues that the district court failed to 

find him guilty by the constitutionally required burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. He 

argues that this error is a structural error which requires reversal.

The Nebraska Supreme Court has defined a structural error as an error that so affects the 

framework within which the trial proceeds that it requires automatic reversal. See, State v. 

Abram, 284 Neb. 55, 815 N.W.2d 897 (2012); State v. Barranco, 278 Neb. 165, 769 N.W.2d 343 

(2009). Structural errors have been limited to a few very specific categories--total deprivation of 

counsel, trial before a judge who is not impartial, unlawful exclusion of members of the 

defendant’s race from a grand jury, denial of the right to self-representation at trial, and denial of 

the right to a public trial. Abram, supra.

Having closely reviewed the trial court’s judgment in this case, we do not believe there is 

structural error, or any other error. As noted above, the trial court took Lawless’ motion for a 

directed verdict under advisement along with the rest of the case. When it issued its order, the 

court found that the State had met its burden of proof and made a prima facie case that met the 

standard to overcome a motion for directed verdict. Lawless’ reading of the judgment order 

places improper emphasis on the words “prima facie case.” We find that this assigned error is 

without merit.

We further note that Lawless does not argue that the evidence was insufficient to find 

him guilty of theft by shoplifting beyond a reasonable doubt; rather, he only challenges the 

evidence of value as being insufficient to convict him of a felony offense as opposed to a 

misdemeanor offense. In our review, the evidence is clearly sufficient to find that Lawless is 

guilty of theft by shoplifting beyond a reasonable doubt. However, as we concluded above, the 

evidence of value was insufficient to establish a Class IV felony but was sufficient to establish a 

Class II misdemeanor.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the 

cause with directions.

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.

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