AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PETROLEUM POLLUTION 

by 

Peter H. Albers

USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 

Beltsville Lab, c/o BARC-East, Building 308 

10300 Baltimore Avenue 

Beltsville, MD 20705 

palbers@usgs.gov 

Please cite this material as: 

Albers, P. H. 1998. An Annotated Bibliography on Petroleum Pollution. Version 2007. USGS Patuxent 

Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. 

INTRODUCTION 

Petroleum has been recognized as a potential environmental contaminant since shortly after the 

beginning of the Twentieth Century. Reports of the biological consequences of ship wrecks involving 

cargos of crude and fuel oil began to appear in the popular and scientific press. Scientific literature on the 

subject was sparse until after World War II when reports of the effects of oil pollution began to appear 

with greater frequency. The wreck of the Torrey Canyon off the coast of England in 1967 stimulated 

worldwide interest in the effects of petroleum and cleanup methods on environmental resources. 

Research on the environmental effects of petroleum peaked during the 1970s and early 1980s. A recent 

surge of interest in North America was induced by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. The accumulated literature on this well-studied contaminant is vast, covering topics as 

diverse as analytical chemistry, chemical fate, oil spill prevention and response, mitigation and 

restoration, economic and social analysis, and biological effects on all forms of plant and animal life in 

saltwater, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. A small amount of literature on shale oil, synthetic 

(coal) oil, oil sands crude oil, and non-petroleum oils (animal and plant) are also included in this 

bibliography. 

The bibliography is based on a personal reference collection exceeding 2,000 citations and growing at an 

approximate rate of 50 citations per year. It is primarily a collection of published and readily accessible 

scientific reports appearing in journals, conference proceedings, serial publications, and books. 

Unpublished or poorly distributed reports are few. The collection is divided into13 categories and all 

categories receive new references on an annual basis. Presently, there are 2,107 references in the 

database. The collection does not contain everything published on the subjects represented by the 13 

categories, but it is representative of the published English-language literature. Books, international 

meetings, workshops, handbooks, government reports, published bibliographies, or non-technical books 

dealing with various aspects of oil pollution are not well represented in this bibliography; the emphasis is 

on original reports and a selection of review articles and book chapters. As such, it is most useful for 

persons seeking detailed technical references or specialized reviews. 

Each record consists of the full citation, a list of keywords, and one or more lines of text describing the 

contents of the reference. The keywords will assist with retrieval of references specified by the search 
option. The "Notes" text describes the content of the reference. The 13 categories and their primary 

category identifier (a keyword) are Bird (Oone), Mammal (Otwo), Fish (Othree), Amphibian (OthreeA), 

Reptile (OthreeR), Marine Invertebrate (Ofour), Freshwater Invertebrate (Ofive), Marine Plant (Osix), 

Freshwater Plant (Oseven), General Effect (Oeight), Technical (Onine), Microbes (Oten), and 

Miscellaneous (Oeleven). If a reference contains information on chemical oil dispersants, it will have a "D" 

next to the "O"; for example, ODone is a petroleum and chemical dispersant reference with primary 

emphasis on birds. References on biodegradation of oil or bioremediation of oil spills have become 

abundant in recent years; these are classified as Microbes (Oten). 

Category Primary ID Secondary ID 

Bird Oone bird 

Mammal Otwo mammal 

Fish Othree fish 

Amphibian OthreeA amphibian 

Reptile OthreeR reptile 

Marine Invertebrate Ofour marine invertebrate 

Freshwater Invertebrate Ofive freshwater invertebrate 

Marine Plant Osix marine plant 

Freshwater Plant Oseven freshwater plant 

General Effect Oeight general effect 

Technical Onine technical 

Microbes Oten microbes 

Miscellaneous Oeleven miscellaneous 

References only have one primary category identifier; references containing relevant information but 

present in other primary categories can be retrieved by using the category name (also a keyword) which 

is used as a secondary category identifier for all references. Examples: (1) Retrieval of all references that 

have any information about petroleum, dispersants, and mammals will be accomplished with the search 

combination of "Otwo or ODtwo or mammal" or just the word "mammal". (2) Retrieval of all primary 

references that have information about petroleum and reptiles will be accomplished with the word 

"OthreeR "; if just the word "reptile" is used, all references presenting information on reptiles will be 

included. Retrievals based solely on keywords that are not primary or secondary identifiers are likely to 

miss relevant references. Consequently, it is recommended that the primary category identifiers and 

secondary category identifiers (category names) be used to help with your search. 

In addition to the references in this topical bibliography, the user should consider the following collections 

of papers and publication series. Except for Item 1, very few of the individual papers are listed in the 

bibliography. 

1. The biennial “Oil spill conference” series has been published since 1973 by the American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. Each conference publication contains many articles on a wide range of topics 

relevant to worldwide petroleum contamination. 

2. Proceedings of the international conferences on “Effects of oil on wildlife” are published by Tri-State 

Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., Newark, DE, and other wildlife rehabilitation organizations. The first 

2 
conference proceedings was published in 1982; the 9th conference will be held in 2007. This series 

contains articles oriented toward the effects of petroleum on air-breathing vertebrates. 

3. 1990. Sea otter symposium: proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of 

sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska, 17-19 April 

1990. K. Bayha and J. Kormendy (Eds.). Biological. Report. 90(12), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Washington, DC. A collection of 43 reports describing the capture, rehabilitation, and release of sea otters 

affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William sound, Alaska. 

4. 1994. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez. T.R. Loughlin (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, 

NY. Contains 21 chapters. 

5. 1995. Exxon Valdez oil spill: fate and effects in Alaskan waters. P.G. Wells, J.N. Butler, and J.S. 

Hughes (Eds.). STP 1219, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA. Contains an 

introduction and 25 papers from a symposium dealing with the fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Most of the papers are by scientists employed by 

Exxon Corporation. 

6. 1996. Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium. S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolfe, and 

B.A. Wright (Eds.). American Fisheries Society Symposium 18, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 

MD. Contains 62 papers from a symposium sponsored by the American Fisheries Society. Most of the 

papers are by scientists representing Trustees of the natural resources affected by the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. 

7. 1997. Exxon Valdez oil spill seabird restoration workshop. K.I. Warheit, C.S. Harrison, and G.J. Divoky 

(Eds.). Pacific Seabird Group, Seattle, WA, 1995. Thirteen chapters describing the results of a workshop 

on restoration of seabirds affected by the 1989 Alaskan oil spill. The workshop was held in Girdwood, AK; 

participants wrote all or portions of the chapters. The workshop resulted in policy, research, and specific 

restoration recommendations. 

8. 2000. Bioremediation of contaminated soils. D.L. Wise (Ed.). Environmental science and pollution 

control series, Vol. 22. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Contains 12 papers on remediation of soils 

contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. 

9. 2002. Environmental Forensics 3(3-4). A special issue containing 14 technical papers on the chemical 

analysis of petroleum, and three introductory articles. 

10. 2003. Oil and California's Seabirds Symposium Issue. Marine Ornithology 31(1):1-70. Contains nine 

papers on the status of oil pollution and seabirds along coastal California. 

http://www.marineornithology.org/ 

11. 2006. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53(5-7). The entire issue (13 articles, one editorial) is devoted to the 

2003 Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Aarab, N., C. Minier, S. Lemaire, E. Unruh, P.-D. Hansen, B. K. Larsen, O.-K. Andersen, J.-F. 

Narbonne, 2004. Biochemical and histological responses in mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to North 

Sea oil and to a mixture of North Sea oil and alkylphenols. Marine Environmental Research 58:437-441. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ biochemical/ bivalve/ crude oil/ flow-through/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ 

North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Norway/ Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ protein/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: Blue mussels from coastal Norway were exposed to 0.5 ppm North Sea crude oil, with or without 

a mixture of 0.1 ppm alkylphenols and 0.1 ppm extra PAH (undefined) for 3 weeks in a continuous flowthrough system. Removed gonadal tissue at the end of the study; examined for tissue abnormalities and 

the presence of vitellin and vitellin-like proteins. 

3 
Abdullah, A. R., N. M. Tahir, L. K. Wei, 1994. Hydrocarbons in seawater and sediment from the west 

coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:618-626. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ 

sediment 

Notes: Samples of seawater (29) from a depth of 1 m and sediments (21) were collected along the west 

coast of Malayasia. Samples were analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons and compared to sites 

throughout the world. 

Abdullah, A. R., W. C. Woon, R. A. Bakar, 1996. Distribution of oil and grease and petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the Straits of Johor Penninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 57:155-162. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Singapore 

Notes: Samples of seawater (31) from a depth of 1 m and sediment (19) were collected from the Straits 

of Johor between Malaysia and Singapore. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and 

expressed as chrysene, crude oil, and oil and gas equivalents. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were analyzed for 

presence but not quantified. 

Abraham, K. F. 1975. Waterbirds and oil-contaminated ponds at Point Storkersen, Alaska. Iowa State 

University. M.S. thesis. i-ii-39 leaves. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ discharges/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ general 

effect/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ oiled/ petroleum/ physical characteristics/ 

population/ Prudhoe Bay/ sampling/ sediment/ time/ tundra/ water column 

Notes: A Master's thesis dealing with an assessment of potential adverse effects of petroleum 

contamination in the Prudhoe Bay oil field of Alaska. Two years of field work consisting of oiling six 

tundra ponds, censusing birds, sampling macroinvertebrates in the water column and in the sediment, 

measuring the physical characteristics and some water chemistry characteristics of all ponds, and 

comparing the results to those from three reference ponds. Also sampled a pond contaminated by oil 

well discharges. 

Abu-Ashour, J., A. B. Shahalam, 2002. Water infiltration through diesel-contaminated soil. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health A37:1041-1049. 

Keywords: clay/ concentration/ diesel fuel/ distribution/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ sand/ soil/ 

time 

Notes: Two soil types (clay loam and sand) were used in a laboratory assessment of the movement rates 

of water through soil columns containing varying proportions of diesel fuel. The diesel fuel proportions 

were 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 % of the soil mass. Infiltration time was 3 hr. The diesel concentration 

distribution in the soil columns also was determined after the 3 hr period. 

Abu-Hilal, A. H., H. K. Khordagui, 1994. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the nearshore marine sediments of 

the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Pollution 85:315-319. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ coast/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic carbon/ PAH/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

salt water/ sediment/ United Arab Emirates 

Notes: Sediment samples (46 ) from the coast of the United Arab Emirates were analyzed for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total organic carbon. Results were compared to sites throughout 

the world. 

Adam, G, H. Duncan, 2003. The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants. 

Environmental Geochemistry and Health 25:123-130. 

Keywords: biomass/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ freshwater plant/ germination/ nitrogen/ Oseven/ plant/ rate/ 

roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ soil/ species/ time 

Notes: Seeds of the common vetch and a ryegrass species were planted in soil mixed with diesel fuel at 

a rate of 0, 5, 10, or 15 g /kg for 4 months. The number of root nodules was determined for the common 

vetch at 2 months. At 4 months, percent germination, shoot biomas, root biomass, plant height, and 

percent of diesel fuel remaining in the soil were determined. 

4 
Adam, G., K. Gamoh, D. G. Morris, H. Duncan, 2002. Effect of alcohol addition on the movement of 

petroleum hydrocarbon fuels in soil. Science of the Total Environment 286:15-25. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ ground water/ hydrocarbons/ 

leachate/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ soil/ technical 

Notes: A soil column was treated with diesel fuel and leached by the continuous addition of distilled water 

for a period of 5 da. The process was repeated with the addition of 5% ethanol additive. The leached 

water was analyzed for the concentration of several aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Adams, G. G., P. L. Klerks, S. E. Belanger, D. Dantin, 1999. The effect of the oil dispersant OmniCleanR

 on the toxicity of fuel oil No. 2 in two bioassays with the sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon 

variegatus. Chemosphere 39:2141-2157. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ dispersant/ fish/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODthree/ oil/ ratio/ salt 

water/ sheepshead minnow/ static/ toxicity 

Notes: A series of toxicity tests employing the sheepshead minnow to determine toxicity of the chemical 

dispersant Omni-Clean. Experimental mixtures were No. 2 fuel oil alone, dispersant alone, and 

dispersant:oil ratios of 1:10, 1:5, 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1. Concentrations of mixtures were 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 

and 600 ppm. Performed a 7-da early life stage bioassay (static renewal) and a 96-hr acute bioassay 

(static without renewal). 

Adams, N. J., 1994. Patterns and impacts of oiling of African penguins Spheniscus demersus: 1981-

1991. Biological Conservation 68:35-41. 

Keywords: bird/ distribution/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ 

seasonal/ size 

Notes: Evaluation of the oiling of African penguins during the period 1981-91. Information on distribution 

of penguins, distribution of oiled penguins, annual and seasonal patterns of oiling, frequency and size of 

oiling events, and an assessment of the consequences of the oiling. 

Addy, J. M., J. P. Hartley, P. J. C. Tibbetts, 1984. Ecological effects of low toxicity oil-based mud drilling 

in the Beatrice oilfield. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:429-436. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ coast/ concentration/ drilling mud/ effects/ evaluation/ 

general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Oeight/ oil-based/ physical characteristics/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ Scotland/ sediment/ toxicity/ transect/ water-based 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of water-based and low-toxicity oil-based drilling muds off the 

northeast coast of Scotland. Four sampling transects were established radiating outward from the core 

drilling area; 20 sampling stations were established. Seabed sediments were sampled and analyzed for 

saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, physical characteristics, the number of benthic taxa, and the 

number of benthic individuals. 

Adeniyi, A. A., J. A. Afolabi, 2002. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in 

soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refined petroleum products in Lagos metropolis. Environment 

International 28:79-82. 

Keywords: concentration/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ petroleum products/ pollution/ soil 

Notes: Soil samples were collected from two petroleum fueling stations, two auto mechanics shops, an 

electric power station, and two non-industrial locations in Nigeria. The soil was analyzed for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons (gravimetrically) and metals (AAS). 

Agard, J. B. R., M. Boodoosingh, J. Gobin, 1988. Petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the 

Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:231-233. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Trinidad 

Notes: Surface sediments were collected from 80 sites along the west coast of Trinidad and analyzed for 

concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons). Results were plotted as a 

concentration map along the coast and compared to several international sites. 

5 
Ahsanullah, M., R. R. C. Edwards, D. G. Kay, D. S. Negilski, 1982. Acute toxicity to the crab 

Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), of Kuwait light crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, and an oildispersant mixture. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33:459-464. 

Keywords: acute/ Australia/ combination/ crab/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ light/ 

marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: One species of crab exposed to Kuwait crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, or a combination for 96 hr; 

calculation of 96 hr LC50s. 

Ainley, D., C. R. Grau, S. Morrell, T. Roudybush, and J. Dobbs 1978. Reproductive responses of 

Cassin's auklets to orally administered Bunker C oil and eliminative responses in seabirds. Pages 36-37 

in Fourth Annual Meeting, Pacific Seabird Group. Pacific Seabird Group. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ dosed/ elimination/ female/ fuel oil/ hatching/ 

numbers/ oil/ Oone/ Pacific/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ structure/ western gull 

Notes: Female Cassin's auklets fed capsules containing 0, 300, or 600 mg Bunker C fuel oil. 

Comparisons made with undosed controls for laying, hatching, yolk structure, and fledging success. 

Subsequently dosed small numbers of six species of birds with Bunker C in capsules to determine rates 

of regurgitation or fecal elimination. 

Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau 1978. Influence of petroleum on egg formation and embryonic development in 

seabirds. Pages 188-198 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Marine Biological Effects of OCS Petroleum 

Development: a program review of research supported under the NOAA Outer Continental Shelf 

Environmental Assessment Program, November 29 - December 1, 1977. NOAA technical memorandum 

ERL OCSEAP. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado. 

Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ development/ effects/ eggs/ 

ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum development/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ western gull/ 

review/ technical 

Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C oil on reproduction in several species of birds. 

Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau, T. E. Roudybush, S. H. Morrell, J. M. Utts, 1981. Petroleum ingestion 

reduces reproduction in Cassin's auklet. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:314-317. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ crude oil/ eggs/ ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water 

Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C and Prudhoe Bay crude oil on reproduction in Cassin's auklet. 

Aisien, F. A., F. K. Hymore, R. O. Ebewele, 2003. Potential application of recycled rubber in oil pollution 

control. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85:175-190. 

Keywords: cleaning/ crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ particle size/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

temperature 

Notes: Used tires, minus the steel threads, were ground up into particles, sorted by particle size, and 

used in a test of their ability to absorb spilled crude oil. The trials were performed at temperatures varying 

from 5 to 40 C and lasted 60 min. 

Aislabie, J., M. Balks, N. Astori, G. Stevenson, R. Symons, 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

fuel-oil contaminated soils, Antarctica. Chemosphere 39:2201-2207. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ soil 

Notes: Determination of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil from three locations in Antarctica 

contaminated with fuel oil; the spilled fuel oil was up to 30 yrs old. Measured 18 aromatic hydrocarbons 

from two or three soil depths. 

Aislabie, J. M., M. R. Balks, J. M. Foght, E. J. Waterhouse, 2004. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: 

effects and management. Environmental Science and Technology 38:1265-1274. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ remediation/ review/ soil/ spill 

Notes: A review of hydrocarbon contamination in Antarctica. Sections on soils, hydrocarbons in soils, 

6 
effects of hydrocarbons on soil properties and biota, management of polluted sites, and gaps in current 

knowledge. 

Akaishi, F. M., H. C. Silva de Assis, S. C. G. Jakobi, D. R. Eiras-Stofella, S. D. St-Jean, S. C. 

Courtenay, E. F. Lima, A. L. R. Wagener, A. L. Scofield, C. A. Oliveira Ribeiro, 2004. Morphological 

and neurotoxicological findings in tropical freshwater fish (Astyanax sp.) after waterborne and acute 

exposure to water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 46:244-253. 

Keywords: activity/ acute/ assay/ crude oil/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ static/ tissue/ 

total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Water-soluble fractions (WSF; 15, 33, 50 %) of crude oil were used in a static laboratory assay 

lasting for 96 hrs. Fish were collected at 12, 24, and 96 hrs of exposure. Removed liver and gill tissue for 

histopathological assessment and muscle tissue for acetylcholinesterase activity. The WSF was 

measured for total hydrocarbons. 

Akintonwa, A., A. G. Ebere, 1990. Toxicity of Nigerian crude oil and chemical dispersants to Barbus Sp. 

and Clarias Sp. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45:729-733. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fingerling/ fish/ fresh water/ Nigeria/ Nigerian crude oil/ 

ODthree/ oil/ species/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on fingerlings and eggs of two species of fish from experimental exposure to local Nigerian 

crude oil and two chemical dispersants. 

Al-Abdali, F., M. S. Massoud, A. N. Al-Ghadban, 1996. Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf -- III. 

Trace metal contents as indicators of pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil 

slick. Environmental Pollution 93:285-301. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ crude oil/ fate/ Gulf oil spill/ indicator/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ oil slick/ pollution/ sediment 

Notes: Trace metals in sediments of the Arabian Gulf as an indicator of oil pollution. 

Al-Ghadban, A. N., P. G. Jacob, F. Abdali, 1994. Total organic carbon in the sediments of the Arabian 

Gulf and need for biological productivity investigations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:356-362. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ 

organic carbon/ productivity/ salt water/ sediment/ size/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Surface sediment samples from 78 sites in the Arabian Gulf were sampled and analyzed for grain 

size, total hydrocarbons, and inorganic and organic hydrocarbons. 

Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1996. Effects of the addition of organic carbon 

sources on bacterial respiration and n-alkane biodegradation of Omani crude oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

32:351-357. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ carbon/ composition/ Corexit 9130/ 

Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ molasses/ ODten/ oil/ 

organic/ organic carbon/ respiration/ salt water/ sources/ species 

Notes: Biodegradation of Omani crude oil by one bacterium or a mixture of eight species of bacteria after 

addition of fertilizer, cane sugar molasses, Corexit 9527, or Corexit 9130. Measured respiration during 

degradation and hydrocarbon composition after 16 to 30 hr. 

Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1997. Studies on the biodegradation of three 

groups of pure n-alkanes in the presence of molasses and mineral fertilizer by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:969-974. 

Keywords: alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ degradation/ evaluation/ fertilizer/ microbes/ molasses/ 

Oten/ species 

Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the influence of molasses and mineral fertilizer on the degradation of 

pure alkanes by a species of bacteria. 

Al-Hasan, R. H., D. A. Al-Bader, N. A. Sorkhoh, S. S. Radwan, 1998. Evidence for n-alkane 

consumption and oxidation by filamentous cyanobacteria from oil-contaminated coasts of the Arabian 

7 
Gulf. Marine Biology 130:521-527. 

Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ consumption/ evaluation/ incubation/ microbes/ Oten/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ reduction/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the ability of two species of cyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf to 

consume and oxidize n-alkanes. The contribution of associated organotrophic bacteria to the overall 

reduction of n-alkanes was assessed and compared to that of the cyanobacteria. Incubation periods of 

up to 7 da were utilized. 

Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Time-related increase of hydrocarbons in 

barnacles in the north-western waters of the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 65:646-653. 

Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ barnacle/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ species/ time 

Notes: Two species of barnacles were collected during 1996-99 from five locations in the northwestern 

part of the Gulf. Samples were analyzed for alkanes and PAHs. Authors compare results between years 

and infer temporal changes over the 3-yr collection period (two locations only); and provide causal 

explanations for some sites based on recent events in the Gulf. 

Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in 

the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65:391-398. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ shark/ tissue 

Notes: Twelve sharks, including three newly born and one unborn, were collected at various locations in 

the Arabian Gulf and the gills, liver, and muscle tissue were removed for petroleum analysis. All sharks 

were analyzed for 15 PAHs and seven sharks were analyzed for 18 alkanes. 

Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, V. N. R. Chava, S. Fayad, 2001. Hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf 

catfish (Arius bilineatus Val.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66:646-652. 

Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ catfish/ concentration/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ pollution/ 

salt water/ tissue 

Notes: Arabian Gulf catfish were collected from seven sites in the northwestern part of the Gulf during 

1997 and 1999. Liver, gills, and muscle were analyzed for alkane and PAH concentrations. [Tables 1 & 

2 have a summed total for the concentrations of the three tissue types (makes no sense) as well as totals 

for all analytes within each tissue]. 

Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2003. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 

aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in edible fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 70:205-212. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ 

Kuwait/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ offshore/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Eleven species of fish and a species of shrimp were collected from three areas in offshore Kuwait 

and a Kuwaiti fish market. Tissues (liver, muscle, gills) were analyzed for 14 PAHs and 20 alkanes. 

Al-Hubail, J., K. El-Dash, 2006. Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait. Journal 

of Environmental Management 79:43-50. 

Keywords: cost/ effluent/ injection/ Kuwait/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil field/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ pressure/ produced water/ rate/ water 

Notes: A questionnaire was sent to petroleum field managers requesting them to rate four methods of 

produced water disposal (seepage pits, sealed pits, underground effluent injection, underground injection 

to recover reservoir pressure). Ratings were based on a sliding scale of 1-5 for categories of cost, 

pollution, and efficiency. 

Al-Lihaibi, S. S., L. Al-Omran, 1996. Petroleum hydrocarbons in offshore sediments from the Gulf. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:65-69. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ 

organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ size/ 

8 
transect 

Notes: Surface sediments were collected from five transects containing 21 sampling sites in the Arabian 

Gulf and analyzed for grain size, organic carbon, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Results were 

compared with similar studies in the Gulf region. 

Al-Lihaibi, S. S., S. J. Ghazi, 1997. Hydrocarbon distributions in sediments of the open area of the 

Arabian Gulf following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:941-948. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ total 

hydrocarbons/ war 

Notes: Survey of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the off shore portions of the central 

Arabian Gulf. Measured total hydrocarbons and performed detailed analysis of the saturated 

hydrocarbons. 

Al-Saad, H., 1987. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surficial sediments from 

Shatt Al-Arab River and the north-west region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:248-251. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ region/ river/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediments from 29 sites in the northwest Arabian Gulf and the Shatt Al Arab River were 

collected and analyzed for nine PAHs and total organic carbon. 

Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Seasonal variations of dissolved normal alkanes in the water 

marshes of Iraq. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:207-212. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ fresh water/ 

hydrocarbons/ Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ seasonal/ sources 

Notes: An assessment of the distribution and seasonal variation of n-alkanes (C13-C34 plus squalene, 

pristane and phytane) in the marshes of southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from seven 

locations during the winter, spring, and summer of 1987. Results were interpreted in terms of the likely 

sources of these hydrocarbons. 

Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Sources of hydrocarbons and fatty acids in sediment from Hor AlHammar marsh, Shatt Al-Arab, and north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:559-564. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ concentration/ fatty acids/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ 

Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ salt water/ sediment/ sources 

Notes: An assessment of n-alkanes in sediments of the lower Hor Al-Hammar marsh, the Shat Al-Arab 

River, and two locations in the northern end of the Arabian Gulf. The four locations were sampled during 

1988-89 and analyzed for n-alkanes (C11-C36 plus squalene, phytane, and pristane) and a range of fatty 

acids (C6-C36). Results were interpreted in terms of the likely origin of the hydrocarbons and fatty acids. 

Al-Saad, H. T., S. M. Shamshoom, J. K. Abaychi, 1998. Seasonal distribution of dissolved and 

particulate hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 36:850-855. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ estuary/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

sampling/ seasonal/ time 

Notes: Water was sampled at seven locations in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west portion of 

the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics via UVF analysis) in the 

dissolved and particulate phases. Sampling conducted five times between June 1993 and July 1994. 

Al-Saleh, E. S, C. Obuekwe, 2005. Inhibition of hydrocarbon bioremediation by lead in a crude oilcontaminated soil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 56:1-7. 

Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ 

Kuwait/ lead/ metals/ microbes/ mineralization/ naphthalene/ nitrate/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pollution/ soil/ war 

Notes: Soil from petroleum-contaminated and uncontaminated areas in Kuwait were used in an 

assessment of the effect of lead on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Determined the amount 

9 
of lead and lead-tolerant bacteria capable of degrading naphthalene, hexadecane, and overall crude oil in 

the soils. Added lead nitrate (0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/g) to clean soil and cultured each concentration for 14 

da in the presence of either naphthalene, hexadecane, or crude oil. Measured total residual 

hydrocarbons at study termination. Determined effect of lead on hydrocarbon mineralization and 

dehydrogenase activity in the naphthalene and hexadecane soils. 

Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, S. A. Wahba, 1998. Physical properties as indicators of oil penetration in 

soils contaminated with oil lakes in the greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 

102:1-15. 

Keywords: crude oil/ indicator/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil lakes/ soil/ soil profile 

Notes: Eight soil profiles were dug in oil contaminated and oil-free portions of the Burgan oil fields of 

Kuwait. Sixty soil samples were taken from the profiles and analyzed for soil characteristics. 

Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, F. Al-Abdali, 1998. Preliminary assessment of oil contamination levels in 

soils contaminated with oil lakes in the Greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 

106:493-504. 

Keywords: carbon/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil 

lakes/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ soil/ soil profile 

Notes: Assessment of the extent of petroleum contamination in the soils of the Southen Oil Lakes region 

of Kuwait. Two sites sampled and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons, total organic carbon, and 

trace metals. Oil penetration through soil profiles measured also. 

Al-Senafy, M. N., M. N. Viswanathan, Y. Senay, A. Sumait , 1997. Soil contamination from oil lakes in 

northern Kuwait. Journal of Soil Contamination 6:481-494. 

Keywords: depth/ fresh water/ ground water/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil lakes/ petroleum/ 

soil/ war 

Notes: An assessment of the petroleum contamination of soil in northern Kuwait that resulted from the 

1991 Gulf War. Soil was sampled in 1992 and 1995 at surface, 4 m, and 10 m depths. Much concern 

about oil penetration to the important subsurface freshwater lenses. 

Al-Thukair, A. A., K. Al-Hinai, 1993. Preliminary damage assessment of algal mats sites located in the 

western Gulf following the 1991 oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:229-238. 

Keywords: algae/ Arabian Gulf/ damage assessment/ estimate/ Gulf oil spill/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Osix/ salt water/ spill/ war 

Notes: Algal mats in the western portion of the Arabian Gulf were surveyed prior to (1990) and after 

(1991) the Gulf War. Satellite images were used to locate the mats and estimate damage. Six major 

sites were visited for sample collection in 1992. 

Al-Thukair, A. A., 2002. Effect of oil pollution on euendolithic cyanobacteria of the Arabian Gulf. 

Environmental Microbiology 4:125-129. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ depth/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ 

pollution/ population/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ species/ spill/ survey/ war 

Notes: A survey of the presence of euendolithic (boring) cyanobacteria in the Arabian Gulf. Sample of 

ooids (spherical calcium carbonate nodules) were collected in 1989 and 1992 at three depths from four 

locations along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia and examined for the presence of bore holes and live 

bacteria. Identified the species of bacteria and focused on six common species. Results were compared 

between years and the changes attributed to the Gulf War oil spill of 1991. 

Al-Wadae, A. E. J., E. Raveendran, 1993. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, fish 

and air following the Gulf crisis in 1991. Environmental Technology 14:673-679. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bahrain/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ war 

Notes: Concentration of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in fish caught in the waters around Bahrain 

in 1991, shortly after the Gulf War ended. 

10 
Al-yakoob, S., T. Saeed, H. Al-hashash, 1993. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible tissue of fish 

from the Gulf after the 1991 oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:297-301. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ muscle/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Concentrations of selected aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle of six species of fish collected from 

the Arabian Gulf in 1992. 

Al-Yakoob, S. N., T. Saeed, 1994. Potential hazards associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

weathered crude oil from Kuwait's oil lakes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A29:1777-

1787. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ hazard/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil lakes/ PAH/ rate/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Four oil lakes in Kuwait were sampled for crude oil between 9/92 and 6/93 at 3 mo intervals. The 

samples were analyzed for PAHs and the rates of change in PAH concentration were calculated for the 8 

mo period. Confusing data presentation. 

Al-Yakoob, S. N., D. Gundersen, L. Curtis, 1996. Effects of the water-soluble fraction of partially 

combusted crude oil from Kuwait's oil fires (from Desert Storm) on survival and growth of the marine fish 

Menidia beryllina. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35:142-149. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fish/ growth/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ survival/ war 

Notes: Effects on a marine fish of the water-soluble fraction of Kuwaiti crude oil or partially combusted 

crude oil from the oil well fires of the Gulf War. 

Al-Yamani, F. Y., K. Al-Rifaie, W. Ismail, 1993. Post-spill zooplankton distribution in the NW Gulf. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:239-243. 

Keywords: abundance/ Arabian Gulf/ composition/ distribution/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

salt water/ sampling/ spill/ war/ zooplankton 

Notes: Sampling of zooplankton in the Arabian Gulf during April-May, 1992. Objective was to determine 

if oil spills from the Gulf War had affected zooplankton distribution, abundance, and composition. 

Al Bakri, D., W. Kittaneh, 1998. Physicochemical characteristics and pollution indicators in the intertidal 

zone of Kuwait: implications for benthic ecology. Environmental Management 22:415-424. 

Keywords: benthic/ carbon/ dissolved/ indicator/ intertidal/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ 

organic carbon/ pH/ pollution/ salinity/ salt water/ sediment/ structure/ sulfide/ temperature/ transect/ war 

Notes: Assessment of the intertidal zone of coastal Kuwait during 1984; serves as a pre-Gulf War 

benchmark. Used 35 transects perpendicular to the coastline. Measured sediment structure, 

temperature, salinity, pH, interstitial water, total organic carbon, and total dissolved sulfide. 

Albaiges, J., M. R. Cuberes, 1980. On the degradation of petroleum residues in the marine environment. 

Chemosphere 9:539-545. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ asphaltene/ crude oil/ degradation/ environment/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ resin/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ tar 

ball/ technical/ weathered/ Mediterranean 

Notes: Weathered Arabian crude oil was used in a laboratory assessment of the degradation of crude oil 

residues. The subsurface water was sampled after 15, 30, 60, and 120 da and analyzed for saturated 

hydrocarbons, aromatics, resins, and asphaltines. Tar balls were collected from the Mediterranean Sea 

and similarly analyzed. 

Albers, P. H. 1977. Effects of oil on aquatic birds. Pages 61-67 in P. L. Fore, editor. 1977 Oil Spill 

Response Workshop, FWS/OBS/77-24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ overview/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ spill 

response 

Notes: Overview of effects of oil on birds and recent research at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 

Albers, P. H. 1977. Effects of external applications of fuel oil on hatchability of mallard eggs. Pages 158-

163 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms and 

11 
Ecosystems. Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N.Y. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ development/ duckling/ ecosystem/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fate/ fresh 

water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ paraffin/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ reproduction/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of eggshell applications of No. 2 fuel oil (first publ. of this method). 

Exposed artificially-incubated mallard eggs to 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50 ul of No. 2 fuel oil, 50 ul of paraffin 

mixture, or 50 ul of propylene glycol on the day 8 of incubation. Measured hatching success, age at 

death, and weight of ducklings. 

Albers, P. H., 1978. Effects of petroleum on different stages of incubation in bird eggs. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:624-630. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ development/ duck/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ 

hatching/ incubation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Effects of No. 2 fuel oil and South Louisiana crude oil on stages of embryo development in the 

mallard duck. Artificially-incubated eggs exposed to oil on days 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, or 22. Measured 

survival, days to death of embryo, and hatching weight. 

Albers, P. H., R. C. Szaro, 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil on common eider eggs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

9:138-139. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ eiders/ embryo/ fuel oil/ Maine/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ 

Oone/ reproduction/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of field applications of No. 2 fuel oil to naturally-incubated common eider eggs in 

Maine. Eggs were exposed by eggshell applications to either 5 ul No. 2 fuel oil or 20 ul No. 2 fuel oil and 

opened 7 da later. Measured survival of embryos. 

Albers, P. H., 1979. Effects of Corexit 9527 on the hatchability of mallard eggs. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 23:661-668. 

Keywords: bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ duckling/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ 

embryo/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

weight 

Notes: Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and Corexit 9527 on mallard eggs. Artificially-incubated eggs 

were exposed by eggshell application to varying amounts of either Prudhoe Bay crude oil, Corexit 9527, a 

30:1 oil-dispersant mixture, or a 5:1 oil-dispersant mixture. Measured hatching success, stage of 

development at death, and hatching weight of ducklings. 

Albers, P. H. 1979. Oil dispersants and wildlife. Pages 67-72 in C. H. Brown, editor. 1979 U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service Pollution Response Workshop. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ ODone/ oil/ pollution/ salt water 

Notes: Presentation of the pros and cons of chemical dispersant use with particular reference to effects 

on birds. 

Albers, P. H., 1980. Transfer of crude oil from contaminated water to bird eggs. Environmental Research 

22:307-314. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ crude oil/ duckling/ eggs/ embryo/ female/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ 

incubation/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ sources/ survival/ temperature/ 

transfer 

Notes: Demonstration of the feasibility of parental transfer of surface oil by female mallards to their eggs. 

Incubating females exposed to water sources covered with either 5 or 100 ml of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Thermocouple probes were used to monitor egg temperature. Measured hatching success, incubation 

temperature, and survival of ducklings to 1 wk of age. 

Albers, P. H., M. L. Gay, 1982. Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine: chemical characterization 

and effects on hatching success of duck eggs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

28:430-434. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ aviation kerosine/ bird/ duck/ effects/ egg 

12 
shell/ eggs/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mallard/ Oone/ pipeline/ reproduction/ spill/ 

weathered 

Notes: Effects of weathered aviation kerosine from a pipeline rupture in northern Virginia on mallard egg 

hatchability. Artificially-incubated mallard eggs were exposed by eggshell application to several amounts 

of weathered and unweathered aviation kerosine on day 6 of incubation. Measured hatching success of 

eggs and characterized the kerosine according to 14 aliphatic and 9 aromatic compounds. 

Albers, P. H., M. L. Gay, 1982. Effects of a chemical dispersant and crude oil on breeding ducks. Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:404-411. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ combination/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ duck/ duckling/ 

effects/ embryo/ female/ fresh water/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ survival/ temperature 

Notes: Effects of chemically dispersed crude oil on mallard reproduction. Incubating female mallards 

were exposed to a water source treated with either Prudhoe Bay crude oil, Corexit 9527, or a combination 

of oil and dispersant during the first 10 da of development. Used thermocouple probes to monitor 

incubation temperature. Measured hatching success, incubation temperature, and survival of ducklings 

to 1 wk of age. 

Albers, P. H., G. H. Heinz, 1983. FLIT-MLO and No. 2 fuel oil: effects of aerosol applications to mallard 

eggs on hatchability and behavior of ducklings. Environmental Research 30:381-388. 

Keywords: age/ avoidance/ behavior/ bird/ development/ duckling/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ FLIT-MLO/ fuel 

oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ larvicide/ mallard/ mosquito/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ salt water 

Notes: Effects of mosquito larvicide on mallard embryo development and behavior of ducklings. Exposed 

artificially-incubated mallard eggs on days 3, 6, 12, or 18 to sprayed applications of either No. 2 fuel oil or 

FLIT-MLO. Ducklings were tested for behavior avoidance at 2 da of age. Measured hatching success, 

stage of development at death, and avoidance response. 

Albers, P. H. 1983. Effects of oil on avian reproduction: a review and discussion. Pages 78-96 in The 

Effects of Oil on Birds. A Multi-discipline Symposium. Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., Newark, 

DE. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ review/ salt water 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on avian reproduction. 

Albers, P. H. 1984. Effects of oil and dispersants on birds. Pages 101-110 in 1984 Region 9 Oil 

Dispersants Workshop. U.S. Coast Guard, Santa Barbara, CA. 

Keywords: bird/ dispersant/ effects/ fresh water/ ODone/ oil/ region/ salt water/ vulnerability 

Notes: General discussion of the effects of oil and dispersants on birds. 

Albers, P. H., A. A. Belisle, D. M. Swineford, R. J. Hall, 1985. Environmental contamination in the oil 

fields of western Pennsylvania. Oil & Petrochemical Pollution 2:265-280. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ conductivity/ discharges/ effluent/ fish/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ metals/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ 

Pennsylvania/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salamander/ stream/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the contamination of wildlife in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania. Collected 

effluent discharges, stream water conductivity, aquatic invertebrates, fish, salamanders, and small 

mammals during May 1980, August 1980, and June-July 1981. Analyzed all samples for a suite of 14 

aliphatic and nine aromatic hydrocarbons and analyzed fish tissue for metals. Aquatic invertebrates were 

classified to family. 

Albers, P. H. 1991. Oil spills and the environment: a review of chemical fate and biological effects of 

petroleum. Pages 1-11 in J. White, L. Frink, T. M. Williams, and R. W. Davis, editors. The Effects of Oil 

on Wildlife. Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. 

Keywords: amphibian/ biological effects/ bird/ composition/ effects/ environment/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ habitat/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ plant/ reptile/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A general discussion of the environmental fate and biological effects of petroleum. Author 

13 
presents material on composition and characteristics of petroleum, environmental fate, biological effects 

(plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds, mammals), and habitat considerations. 

Albers, P. H. 1995. Oil, biological communities and contingency planning. Pages 1-9 in L. Frink, K. BallWeir, and C. Smith, editors. Wildlife and Oil Spills. Response, Research, and Contingency Planning. 

Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. 

Keywords: amphibian/ biological effects/ bird/ community/ contingency/ diversity/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

plant/ miscellaneous/ natural resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ pollution/ population/ 

rehabilitation/ reptile/ restoration/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A discussion of contingency planning for oil spills with regard to the requirements of the Oil 

Pollution Act of 1990. Author presents information on characteristics and fate of petroleum, biological 

effects of petroleum, and several special issues for contingency planners (natural resource restoration, 

biological diversity, oiled wildlife rehabilitation). 

Albers, P. H. 1995. Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 330-355 in D. J. 

Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Lewis 

Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Keywords: amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ composition/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

plant/ reptile/ salt water/ sources/ treatment 

Notes: A general treatment of petroleum and PAHs including presentations on composition and 

characteristics, sources, environmental fate, and effects on plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and 

amphibians, birds, and mammals. 

Albers, P. H. 2003. Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 341-371 in D. J. 

Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Lewis 

Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Keywords: amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ composition/ effects/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ plant/ reptile/ salt water/ 

sources/ treatment 

Notes: A general treatment of petroleum and PAHs including presentations on composition and 

characteristics, sources, environmental fate, and effects on plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and 

amphibians, birds, and mammals. A revision of the 1995 book chapter of the same title. 

Albers, P. H., D. J. Hoffman, D. M. Buscemi, M. J. Melancon, 2003. Effects of the mosquito larvicide 

GB-1111 on red-winged blackbird embryos. Environmental Pollution 125:447-451. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ hatching/ larvicide/ liver/ microsome/ 

monooxygenase/ mosquito/ Oone/ salt water/ survival/ time/ weight 

Notes: Eggs of the red-winged blackbird were collected, treated with external applications of GB-1111 

equivalent to 0, 0.33, 1, 3, or 10 times the expected exposure from the maximum recommended field 

application, and artificially incubated. Measured hatching success; weights of embryo, yolk, and liver; 

and five skeletal dimensions. Also, measured the induction of microsomal P450-associated 

monooxygenase activity (EROD) in the liver. 

Alexander, M. M., P. Longabucco, and D. M. Phillips 1981. The impact of oil on marsh communities in 

the St. Lawrence River. Pages 333-340 in 1981 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ community/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ general effect/ 

growth/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ population/ spill/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: A 2-year assessment of the effects of a spill of No. 6 fuel oil on a freshwater wetland community in 

the St. Lawrence River. Four wetlands (heavy, moderate, slight, and no oiling) were sampled for fish, 

birds, and vegetation. Fish were collected, identified, and marked. Birds were observed, captured and 

marked, and examined for evidence of oiling. Cattail growth after cutting was measured. 

14 
Alexander, S. K. and J. W. Webb, Jr. 1985. Oil in the salt marsh: what have we learned? Pages 49-62 in

C. F. Bryan, P. J. Zwank, and R. H. Chabreck, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth Coastal Marsh and 

Estuary Management Symposium. Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Baton Rouge, 

LA. 

Keywords: activity/ cleaning/ effects/ estuary/ fate/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ review/ salt 

marsh/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of the literature on fate and effects of petroleum in salt marshes and the consequences 

of oil spill cleanup activities. 

Alexander, S. K. and J. W. Webb, Jr. 1987. Relationship of Spartina alterniflora growth to sediment oil 

content following an oil spill. Pages 445-449 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 

4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ density/ growth/ light/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ 

pipeline/ salt water/ sediment/ Spartina/ spill/ Texas/ transfer/ vegetation 

Notes: An underwater transfer pipeline ruptured and discharged light crude oil into a coastal bayou in 

Texas, USA. Vegetation was measured and sediment sampled 4-5, 7-8, and 16 mos post-spill. 

Measured live stem density of Spartina alterniflora and total petroleum content of the sediment. Sediment 

samples from bare and vegetated areas were collected and analyzed for petroleum 17-18 mos post-spill. 

A final visual assessment was made 32 mos post-spill. 

Allard, A.-S., M. Malmberg, A. H. Neilson, M. Remberger, 2005. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from creosote-contaminated soil in selected plants and the oligochaete worm Enchytraeus 

crypticus. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 40:2057-2072. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clover/ concentration/ 

creosote/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ germination/ hydrocarbons/ oligochaete/ 

Oseven/ PAH/ plant/ radish/ root/ roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ soil/ species 

Notes: Soil samples were collected from two locations (high and low contamination) at a site 

contaminated with creosote. Individual soil samples were used to determine their effect on germination of 

ryegrass, clover, and radish seeds. Soils mixed together were used to grow the three plant species and 

to expose earthworms for 42 da. Analyzed soils and the soil mixture, with and without azide added, for 

13 PAHs. Analyzed plant roots, a stem-leaf mixture, and the earthworms for the same PAHs. 

Alton, L. S., 1995. Survival of Penicillium species in marine and river water contaminated with diesel oil, 

nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:39-

44. 

Keywords: diesel/ fresh water/ fungi/ microbes/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ phosphate/ phosphorus/ salt 

water/ species/ survival/ temperature/ tolerance 

Notes: Exposure of four species of Penicillium fungi for 1-2 years, at different temperatures, to salt or 

fresh water containing diesel oil, nitrates, nitrites, or phosphates; an attempt to establish tolerance limits. 

Alvarez-Legorreta, T., G. Gold-Bouchot, O. Zapata-Perez, 1994. Hydrocarbon concentrations in 

sediments and clams (Rangia cuneata) in Laguna de Pom, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 52:39-45. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clam/ coast/ concentration/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Analysis of hydrocarbons (aliphatics, aromatics, unresolved complex mixture) in the sediment and 

clams of a lagoon on the east coast of Mexico; an oil well and several oil-processing facilities located in 

and around the lagoon. 

Amadi, A., A. A. Dickson, G. O. Maate, 1993. Remediation of oil polluted soils: 1. Effect of organic and 

inorganic nutrient supplements on the performance of maize (Zea may L.). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 

66:59-76. 

Keywords: corn/ crude oil/ freshwater plant/ growth/ inorganic/ Nigeria/ nutrients/ oil/ organic/ Oseven/ 

remediation/ soil 

Notes: Growth of corn in oil-contaminated (crude oil) soil supplemented with organic and inorganic 

nutrients. 

15 
Amadi, A., S. D. Abbey, A. Nma, 1996. Chronic effects of oil spill on soil properties and microflora of a 

rainforest ecosystem in Nigeria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 86:1-11. 

Keywords: chronic/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ microbes/ Nigeria/ 

Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ pipeline/ soil/ spill/ transect 

Notes: Measurement of soil and microbial characteristics along a transect line extending 2.5 km from a 

1971 oil pipeline rupture in Nigeria. 

Ameijeiras, A. H., J. S. Gandara, J. L. Hernandez, J. S. Lozano, 1994. Classification of the coastal 

waters of Galicia (NW Spain) on the basis of total aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations in mussels 

(Mytilus galloprovincialis). Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:396-398. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ 

Ofour/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sampling/ Spain/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Background classification of the coastal waters of Galicia province in Spain according to the 

concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soft tissue of a species of mussel. Sampled wild mussels from 

11 sampling areas along the coast and four mussel raft farms located within the 11 natural sampling 

areas. Analyzed for selected aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Amodio-Cocchieri, R., T. Cirillo, 2003. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in biota from the Gulf of Naples (Italy). 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:362-377. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ bivalve/ chemical analysis/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ muscle/ mussel/ Oten/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: Mussels and fish were collected from three portions of coastline in the greater Gulf of Naples. 

Samples were collected monthly from May through November but the samples were combined for 

chemical analysis. Analyzed mussel tissue and fish muscle for nine aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Anderlini, V. C., L. Al-Harmi, B. W. DeLappe, R. W. Risebrough, W. Walker, II, B. R. T. Simoneit, A. 

S. Newton, 1981. Distribution of hydrocarbons in the oyster, Pinctada margaratifera, along the coast of 

Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:57-62. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ distribution/ 

hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil terminal/ oyster/ petroleum/ refinery/ salt water/ 

survey/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Survey of aliphatic (most data), aromatic, and unresolved hydrocarbons in oysters from the Gulf 

coast of Kuwait. Effort made to related concentrations to petroleum production, refining, and shipping 

areas. 

Anderson, C. M., R. P. LaBelle, 1994. Comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil spills. Spill Science 

Technology Bulletin 1:131-141. 

Keywords: crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ North Slope crude oil/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ pipeline/ 

rate/ salt water/ spill/ tanker/ technical/ transport 

Notes: An evaluation of rates of spill incidence and characteristics of oil spills from U.S. OCS drilling 

platforms and pipelines (1964-1992) and worldwide tanker spills (1974-1992). Special estimates for 

tanker and barge spill rates in U.S. waters and spill rates for tankers carrying North Slope crude oil. 

Anderson, D. W., F. Gress, D. M. Fry, 1996. Survival and dispersal of oiled brown pelicans after 

rehabilitation and release. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:711-718. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ brown pelican/ coast/ dispersal/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ pelican/ rehabilitation/ 

release/ reproduction/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Evaluation of the survival, dispersal, and reproductive activities of rehabilitated oiled brown 

pelicans on the west coast of the US. 

Anderson, D. W., S. H. Newman, P. R. Kelly, S. K. Herzog, K. P. Lewis, 2000. An experimental softrelease of oil-spill rehabilitated American coots (Fulica americana): I. Lingering effects on survival, 

condition and behavior. Environmental Pollution 107:285-294. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ blood/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ index/ injury/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

rehabilitation/ release/ spill/ survival/ weight/ wetland 

Notes: Rehabilitated (crude oil spill) and reference coots were placed in two experimental wetlands and 

16 
monitored for 3 mos. Used 37 rehabilitated and 38 reference birds. All birds were marked with neck 

collars and radio transmitters and wing clipped. Measured survival, a variety of behaviors, weight, foot 

injuries, blood chemistries, and a body condition index. 

Anderson, J. W., S. L. Kiesser, J. W. Blaylock, 1980. The cumulative effect of petroleum hydrocarbons 

on marine crustaceans during constant exposure. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil 

International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 179:62-70. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ 

index/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ toxicity index 

Notes: Exposure of three species of marine crustaceans for 4-11 da to an extract of Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil in laboratory experiments. The extract was 98% aromatics, mostly monoaromatics; the remainder 

were di- and triaromatics. Calculation of a toxicity index based on LC50 and time of exposure; survival 

and water and crustacean concentrations of aromatics. 

Anderson, J. W., S. L. Kiesser, D. L. McQuerry, and G. W. Fellingham 1985. Effects of oil and 

chemically dispersed oil in sediments on clams. Pages 349-353 in 1985 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, 

Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: amino acids/ behavior/ biochemical/ clam/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ 

effects/ growth/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ 

sediment/ species/ spill/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of two species of clams to sediment containing Prudhoe Bay crude oil with or without 

Corexit 9527 dispersant for 1 to 6 mo. Measured oil concentrations in sediments and clam tissue, and 

survival, growth, and amino acid concentrations in clam tissue. 

Anderson, J. W., D. L. McQuerry, S. L. Klesser, 1985. Laboratory evaluation of chemical dispersants 

for use on oil spills at sea. Environmental Science and Technology 19:454-457. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ mixing/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ procedure/ spill/ technical/ 

temperature/ toxicity 

Notes: Authors test the effectiveness and toxicity of 14 chemical dispersants and make 

recommendations for a procedure to help decide what to use and when to use it. A decision tree is 

presented as well as discussing the issues of effectiveness during mixing and after mixing, and the 

influence of water temperature. 

Anderson, J. W., R. Riley, S. Kiesser, and J. Gurtisen 1987. Toxicity of dispersed and undispersed 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil fractions to shrimp and fish. Pages 235-240 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference 

(Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, API Publication 4452, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ dispersant/ distillation fraction/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ ODthree/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ shrimp/ solubility/ species/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the toxicity to a shrimp and a fish species of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and two 

distillation fractions of the crude oil. Chemically dispersed and water soluble fractions of each were used 

in the exposure trials. 

Anderson, R. D. 1975. Petroleum hydrocarbons and oyster resources of Galveston Bay, Texas. Pages 

541-548 in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ depuration/ experiment/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ Texas 

Notes: Field collections and experiments to assess the ability of oysters from the Galveston Bay area to 

accumulate and eliminate petroleum hydrocarbons. Field collected oysters were analyzed for 

hydrocarbons at collection and after a summer in clean water. Experiments exposed oysters to 1 or 5% 

oil-water mixtures of Kuwait or South Louisiana crude oils, No. 2 fuel oil, or Bunker C fuel oil for up to 7 

17 
da; oysters analyzed periodically for saturated and non-saturated hydrocarbons up to 52 da after 

exposure ended. 

Anderson, R. D., J. W. Anderson, 1975. Effects of salinity and selected petroleum hydrocarbons on the 

osmotic and chloride regulation of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Physiological Zoology 

48:420-430. 

Keywords: bivalve/ chloride/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ osmoregulation/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

regulation/ salinity/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of petroleum exposure on osmoregulation and chloride regulation in 

the oyster. Oysters exposed to 1% oil-water mixture of either No. 2 fuel oil or South Louisiana crude oil 

for 96 hr, then moved to seawater with different salinities for up to 17 days; osmo- and chloride regulation 

measured periodically during the 17 da period. 

Andrade, M. L., E. F. Covelo, F. A. Vega, P. Marcet, 2004. Effect of the Prestige oil spill on salt marsh 

soils on the coast of Galicia (northwest Spain). Journal of Environmental Quality 33:2103-2110. 

Keywords: chemical characteristics/ coast/ degradation/ fuel oil/ intertidal/ metals/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt marsh/ salt water/ shoreline/ soil/ Spain/ spill/ time/ weathered/ wetland 

Notes: Samples of freshly spilled oil from the November 2002 spill of heavy fuel oil by the Prestige and 

shoreline samples of weathered oil residue (3 mos post- spill) were analyzed for physical and chemical 

characteristics. Simultaneous with the collection of weathered oil, samples of surface and subsurface soil 

were collected from the intertidal (polluted) and supratidal (unpolluted) area of four coastal wetlands. 

Measured physical and chemical characteristics of soil and their metal (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb V) content. 

Andreasen, J. K., R. W. Spears, 1983. Toxicity of Texan petroleum well brine to the sheepshead 

minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), a common estuarine fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 30:277-283. 

Keywords: brine water/ estuarine/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ oil field/ Othree/ petroleum/ salt water/ 

sheepshead minnow/ shrimp/ species/ Texas/ toxicity 

Notes: Toxicity to several species of fish and shrimp of brine water from a Texas oilfield; experimental 

exposure with primary emphasis on the sheepshead minnow. 

Andres, B. A., 1997. The Exxon Valdez oil spill disrupted the breeding of black oystercatchers. Journal of 

Wildlife Management 61:1322-1328. 

Keywords: activity/ adult/ bird/ black oystercatcher/ effects/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ feeding/ mussel/ 

oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ seasonal/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on black oystercatchers on an oiled island 

(Green Is.) and an unoiled island (Montague Is.). Data for 1989 and 1991 breeding seasons and partial 

information for 1990, 1992, and 1993. Measured nesting activity, reproductive success, deaths of bay 

mussels, and feeding rates of adults at the nesting sites. 

Andres, B. A., 1999. Effects of persistent shoreline oil on breeding success and chick growth in black 

oystercatchers. Auk 116:640-650. 

Keywords: bird/ black oystercatcher/ chicks/ composition/ consumption/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ feces/ 

food/ foraging/ growth/ mussel/ nestling/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ population/ Prince William Sound/ 

productivity/ reproduction/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ weight 

Notes: A post-spill (Exxon Valdez, 1989) assessment of the effects of persistent shoreline oil on the black 

oystercatcher. Heavily oiled and nonoiled areas of Prince William Sound were compared by collecting 

foraging information in 1991-93, breeding success and chick growth in 1992-93, oiled sediments in 1993, 

and fecal samples from nestlings in 1993. Quantified food consumption and delivery to chicks, 

reproductive productivity, weight gain of chicks, and composition of petroleum in sediments and feces. 

Anker-Nilssen, T., P. H. Jones, O. W. Rostad, 1988. Age, sex and origins of auks (Alcidae) killed in the 

Skagerrak oiling incident of January 1981. Seabird 11:28-46. 

Keywords: age/ auks/ bird/ Denmark/ evaluation/ morphometry/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ origin/ salt 

water/ sex/ spill/ wing 

18 
Notes: Evaluation of the body characteristics of auks killed in an oil spill north of Denmark. The author 

attempts to determine origins of corpses based on measurements. 

Anoliefo, G. O., D. E. Vwioko, 1995. Effects of spent lubricating oil on the growth of Capsicum annum L. 

and Lycopersicon esculentum. Environmental Pollution 88:361-364. 

Keywords: effects/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ leaves/ lubricating oil/ motor oil/ oil/ Oseven/ 

plant/ seed/ soil/ used motor oil 

Notes: Seeds of tomato and hot pepper were planted in soil mixed with 1-5% used motor oil. Seed 

germination was measured after 15 da. Height of plant and leaf area were measured at 14, 28, 42, 56, 

70, and 84 da after planting. 

Anonymous, 1972. A unique petroleum hydrocarbon for control of mosquito larvae. Agrichemical Age 

15:4-5. 

Keywords: bird/ FLIT-MLO/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ larvicide/ marine 

invertebrate/ mosquito/ Oone/ petroleum/ salt water 

Notes: Discussion of FLIT-MLO for use as a mosquito larvicide. 

Ansari, Z. A., B. Ingole, 2002. Effect of an oil spill from M V Sea Transporter on intertidal meiofauna at 

Goa, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:396-402. 

Keywords: beach/ coast/ community/ concentration/ distance/ fuel oil/ India/ intertidal/ marine 

invertebrate/ meiofauna/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ population/ recovery/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ 

time 

Notes: "Fuel oil" from a grounded cargo ship washed ashore on the central west coast of India. Intertidal 

sediments to a depth of 5 cm were collected at low-, mid-, and high- tide locations from three beach areas 

at varying distances from the spill site. Collections were made weekly for 5 weeks. Collections were also 

made at the beach nearest the spill at mid-tide on a monthly basis for 1 yr. Identified and quantified the 

meiofauna and determined the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations of the sediment samples. 

Antrim, L. D., R. M. Thom, W. W. Gardiner, V. I. Cullinan, D. K. Shreffler, R. W. Bienert, 1995. Effects 

of petroleum products on bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana). Marine Biology 122:23-31. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ kelp/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ plant/ polar compounds/ 

respiration/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: Bull kelp plants were exposed in indoor experimental tanks to either weathered or unweathered 

diesel fuel, intermediated fuel oil (80% crude, 20 % fuel oil), or crude oil for 4 or 24 hrs. Measured visible 

damage to the stipe, bulb, or blade of the plant for 7 da after removal to clean water. Determined 

photosynthetic activity and respiration of experimental plants in a separate experiment. Analyzed 

petroleum products and crude oil for saturated hydrocarbons, polar PAHs, phenolics, and very polar 

compounds. 

Ara, K., K. Nojima, J. Hiromi, 2002. Acute toxicity of Bunker A and C refined oils to the marine 

harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

69:104-110. 

Keywords: acute/ Bunker A/ Bunker C/ copepod/ experiment/ fuel oil/ grass/ grass shrimp/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ refined oil/ salt water/ sex/ shrimp/ spill/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the toxicity of the chemically-dispersed (D-1128) water-soluble fraction (WSF) of 

Bunker A and C fuel oils to a marine copepod (both sexes). Exposures were for 96 hr with or without 

medium renewal at 24 hr intervals. Results were compared to results of other experiments utilizing 

dispersed Bunker C WSF from an oil spill and undispersed Bunker C WSF to assess toxicity to mysids, 

grass shrimp, and brown shrimp. 

Ara, K., D. Aoike, J. Hiromi, N. Uchida, 2004. Acute toxicity of Bunker C refined oil to the Japanese 

littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia:Veneridae). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 72:632-638. 

Keywords: acute/ Bunker C/ clam/ concentration/ dispersant/ invertebrate/ Japan/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ refined oil/ salt water/ survival/ time/ toxicity 

19 
Notes: Littleneck clams were collected from a petroleum-contaminated intertidal area of coastal Japan 

and used in an acute toxicity test. Clams were exposed for 96 hrs to varying concentrations of the watersoluble fraction (WSF) of either Bunker C oil or Bunker C plus a chemical dispersant. Determined the 

relation between exposure time and water concentration. Compared results to results of studies with 

other species of marine invertebrates . 

Armstrong, H. W., K. Fucik, J. W. Anderson, J. M. Neff, 1979. Effects of oilfield brine effluent on 

sediments and benthic organisms in Trinity Bay, Texas. Marine Environmental Research 2:55-69. 

Keywords: benthic/ brine water/ concentration/ effects/ effluent/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ 

numbers/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ oil platform/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ species/ Texas/ 

transect 

Notes: Effects of oilfield brine effluent from an offshore oil platform in Trinity Bay, Texas were determined 

with the use of three sampling transects from April, 1974 through December, 1975. Monthly samples of 

sediment were analyzed for total naphthalene concentration and numbers and species of benthic 

organisms. 

Armstrong, J. E., J. A. Calder, 1978. Inhibition of light-induced pH increase and O2 evolution of marine 

microalgae by water-soluble components of crude and refined oils. Applied Environmental Microbiology 

35:858-862. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fuel oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ microalgae/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ 

Osix/ oxygen/ pH/ photosynthesis/ refined oil/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ species 

Notes: Several species (4) of marine microalgae were exposed to 10% water-soluble fractions of either 

No. 2 fuel oil, South Louisiana crude oil, or Jay crude oil. Measured light-induced pH increase over a 38-

min period and photosynthetic oxygen production. 

Artz, R. R. E., K. T. Semple, K. Killham, J. I. Prosser, G. I. Paton, 2002. The potential for anaerobic 

mineralisation of hydrocarbon constituents of oily drill cutings from the North Sea seabed. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring 4:553-557. 

Keywords: anaerobic/ concentration/ cuttings/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ microcosm/ 

naphthalene/ nitrate/ North Sea/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phosphate/ reduction/ salt 

water/ sulfate/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the potential for anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in drill cuttings 

from the floor of the North Sea. Cuttings were brought into the laboratory and mixed with one of three 

radio-labelled compounds (hexadecane, octacosane, naphthalene) and incubated for 11 mos. Sets of 

microcosms were either supplemented with N and P, sulfate reduction inhibited, methanogenesis 

inhibited, and made abiotic with formaldehyde. Measured CO2 production, nitrate and phosphate 

concentration, and methane production. 

Atagana, H. I., R. J. Haynes, F. M. Wallis, 2003. Optimization of soil physical and chemical conditions 

for the bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil. Biodegradation 14:297-307. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ combination/ concentration/ condition/ creosote/ degradation/ experiment/ 

microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ Oten/ pH/ ratio/ soil 

Notes: Soil contaminated with a high concentration of creosote was collected and the C:N:P ratio 

adjusted in several combinations to determine the best nutrient situation for microbial degradation of the 

creosote. Duration of the jar microcosm experiment was 6 wks. Authors made weekly measurements of 

microbial concentrations, pH, soil moisture, and selected components of creosote. 

Atema, J., 1977. The effects of oil on lobsters. Oceanus 20:67-73. 

Keywords: adult/ behavior/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ kerosene/ La Rosa crude oil/ lobster/ 

marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of adult lobsters to kerosene, crude oil, and several concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil; 

measured behavioral responses. 

Atkinson, J., 1989. Bio-economics of oil-spill rescue - the dollars and sense. American Association of 

Zoological Parks and Aquariums annual conference proceedings 1989:205-208. 

20 
Keywords: cost/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil spill/ oiled/ otter/ rehabilitation/ rescue/ seal/ whale 

Notes: An examination of the cost of rehabilitation for oiled otters, seal pups, and killer whales. 

Atlas, R. M., R. Bartha, 1973. Fate and effects of polluting petroleum in the marine environment. 

Residue Reviews 49:49-85. 

Keywords: biological effects/ composition/ effects/ environment/ fate/ marine environment/ Onine/ 

overview/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: A thorough and very readable treatment of the nature, fate, and effects of petroleum in the marine 

environment. Although the biological effects sections are no longer 'state of knowledge', it remains a 

good source of basic information. One of the earliest (if not the earliest) works of its kind. 

Atlas, R. M., E. A. Schofield, F. A. Morell, R. E. Cameron, 1976. Effects of petroleum pollutants on 

Arctic microbial populations. Environmental Pollution 10:35-43. 

Keywords: algae/ Arctic/ bacteria/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ estuarine/ fresh water/ freshwater 

plant/ fungi/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ oil/ oil seep/ Oten/ petroleum/ population/ protozoa/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on freshwater and estuarine bacteria, 

protozoa, algae, and fungi. Collected samples from Prudhoe Bay, two coastal ponds, and two oil seeps. 

Two concentrations of crude oil were added to water samples from the ponds and Prudhoe Bay. Species 

were identified and enumerated in controls and oil-exposed water samples. 

Atlas, R. M. 1976. Fate and effects of oil pollutants in extremely cold marine environments. Dept. of 

Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. Annual Report No. 4. Office of Naval Research, 

Contract No. N00014-76-C-0400, Task No. NR 205-013, AD-A033 477 . 36 pp. 

Keywords: amphipod/ bioassay/ biodegradation/ community/ effects/ environment/ evaluation/ fate/ flowthrough/ ice/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A report on four types of research performed under contract by the author. (1) Flow through 

chambers were used to assess changes in microbial populations exposed to petroleum. (2) Assessed 

the fate of oil trapped under sea ice. (3) Developed a bioassay system employing amphipods to assess 

the ecological consequences of enhanced oil biodegradation. (4) Evaluation of actual cold water 

petroleum spills to determine their effects on the microbial community. 

Atlas, R. M., 1978. Microorganisms and petroleum pollutants. BioScience 28:387-391. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ commentary/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ remediation/ spill 

Notes: General commentary and discussion of the ability of microorganisms to degrade petroleum 

hydrocarbons and the implications for industry and oil spill remediation. 

Atlas, R. M., 1991. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation -- bioremediation of oil spills. Journal of Chemical 

Technology and Biotechnology 52:149-156. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ degradation/ environment/ fresh water/ marine environment/ microbes/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ rate/ review/ salt water/ soil/ spill 

Notes: A summarized review of the bioremediation of petroleum from oil spills. Sections on general 

microbial degradation, rates of petroleum degradation, bioremediation of contaminated soil and 

groundwater, and bioremediation of oil in the marine environment. 

Atlas, R. M., 1995. Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

31:178-182. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ bioremediation/ degradation/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt 

water/ spill 

Notes: A lucid and uncomplicated assessment and description of natural and enhanced biodegradation 

of spilled petroleum. Sections on basic petroleum degradation, biodegradation after oil spills, and efforts 

to enhance biodegradation at spill sites. 

21 
Atlas, R. M., C. E. Cerniglia, 1995. Bioremediation of petroelum pollutants. BioScience 45:332-338. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ degradation/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ remediation/ spill/ 

treatment 

Notes: A detailed treatment of the process of microbial degradation of petroleum. The author compares 

bacterial and fungal actions and discusses examples of the role of microbial degradation at oil spill sites. 

Specifics of site remediation and regulatory oversight are also discussed. 

Atwood, D. K., R. L. Ferguson, 1982. An example study of the weathering of spilled petroleum in a 

tropical marine environment: IXTOC-1. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:1-13. 

Keywords: crude oil/ environment/ Ixtoc/ marine environment/ microbes/ movement/ oil/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ sampling/ technical/ water column/ weathered 

Notes: A water sampling cruise in September 1979 followed the movement of crude oil from the IXTOC-1 

well blowout in June 1979. Petroleum appearance in the water column was described, multiple water 

samples were collected and analyzed, and the state of weathering (microbial and physical-chemical) was 

determined. 

Atwood, D. K., F. J. Burton, J. E. Corredor, G. R. Harvey, A. J. Mata-Jimenez, A. Vasquez-Botello, 

B. A. Wade, 1987. Results of the CARIPOL petroleum pollution monitoring project in the wider 

Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:540-548. 

Keywords: beach/ Caribbean/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ region/ salt water/ tar ball 

Notes: A petroleum pollution monitoring project focused on the Caribbean region was initiated in 1979. 

Three types of measurement include tar on beaches, floating tar, and total dissolved and dispersed 

petroleum hydrocarbons in surface water. 

Augenfeld, J. M., J. W. Anderson, D. L. Woodruff, J. L. Webster, 1980. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil-contaminated sediments on Protothaca staminea (Mollusca: Pelecypoda): hydrocarbon content, 

condition index, free amino acid level. Marine Environmental Research 4:135-143. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ amino acids/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ clam/ concentration/ 

condition/ crude oil/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ index/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Two species of clams exposed to sediment containing 1237 ppm of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in a 

field situation for 38 or 54 da. Measured aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon content of tissue, free amino 

acid concentration, and a 'condition index'. 

Augenfeld, J. M., 1980. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil contamination on sediment working rates of 

Abarenicola pacifica. Marine Environmental Research 3:307-313. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ lugworms/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ rate/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Exposure of lugworms to sediment containing 0, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm of Prudhoe Bay crude oil 

for 11 da; measured amount of sediment processed by worms. 

Austin, B., R. R. Colwell, J. D. Walker, J. Calomiris, 1977. The application of numerical taxonomy to 

the study of petroleum-degrading bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment. Developments in 

Industrial Microbiology 60:685-695. 

Keywords: bacteria/ Chesapeake/ degradation/ development/ environment/ microbes/ motor oil/ oil/ 

Oten/ sediment/ taxonomy 

Notes: Water and sediment from a polluted and two unpolluted sites in the Chesapeake Bay were the 

source of petroleum-degrading bacteria grown on a medium containing motor oil. Bacterial isolates were 

identified with a computerized numerical taxonomy program. 

Avci, A., M. Kacmaz, I Durak, 2005. Peroxidation in muscle and liver tissues from fish in a contaminated 

river due to a petroleum refinery industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60 :101-105. 

Keywords: antioxidant/ biochemical/ effluent/ fish/ fresh water/ liver/ metabolism/ muscle/ Othree/ 

oxidation/ petroleum/ physiology/ refinery/ river/ species/ tissue 

Notes: One species of fish was collected above (n=21) and below (n=20) an outfall of petroleum refinery 

22 
effluent in Turkey. Muscle and liver tissue were analyzed for oxidant and antioxidant measures. 

Specifically, malondialdehyde, susceptibility to oxidation, antioxidant potential, superoxide dismutase, 

glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. 

Awad, H., 1988. Oil in Saudian Red Sea territorial waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:287-290. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

petroleum/ Red Sea/ salt water 

Notes: Surface water (1 m depth) was collected from four areas of the Red Sea and analyzed for total 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Axiak, V., J. J. George, 1987. Bioenergetic responses of the marine bivalve Venus verrucosa on longterm exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research 23:33-47. 

Keywords: bivalve/ condition/ crude oil/ feeding/ food/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ long-term/ 

marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ rate/ salt 

water 

Notes: Exposure of bivalve Venus verrucosa to the water-accomodated fractions of Kuwait crude oil for 

145 da. Measured feeding rates, food absorption efficiency, several physiological functions, and body 

condition indicies. 

Axiax, V., L. J. Saliba, 1981. Effects of surface and sunken crude oil on the behaviour of a sea urchin. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:14-19. 

Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sea urchin/ urchin/ 

weathered 

Notes: Exposure of a sea urchin to fresh or weathered surface or sunken crude oil, or water-soluble 

fractions of surface fresh crude oil (8, 16, 32 ppm) or sunken fresh crude oil (6, 11, 22 ppm); measured 

righting response. 

Baars, B.-J., 2002. The wreckage of the oil tanker 'Erika' -- human health risk assessment of beach 

cleaning, sunbathing and swimming. Toxicology Letters 128:55-68. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ Bunker C/ cleaning/ coast/ composition/ effects/ France/ fuel oil/ hazard/ health/ 

ingestion/ inhalation/ mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ risk/ risk assessment/ salt water/ skin/ tanker 

Notes: The 1999 wreck of the tanker Erika (Bunker C) off the coast of France resulted in 500 km of oiled 

beach. A human health risk assessment was conducted to determine the hazard to persons engaged in 

beach cleaning or bird cleaning, and tourists. The fuel oil was analyzed and the composition related to 

known toxic effects of individual compounds. Evaluated dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion as 

potential routes of exposure. 

Baca, B. J., C. D. Getter, and J. Lindstedt-Siva 1985. Freshwater oil spill considerations: protection and 

cleanup. Pages 385-390 in Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: cleaning/ effects/ environment/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Oseven/ 

protection/ review/ spill/ vegetation 

Notes: A review and evaluation of the effects of oil spills in freshwater environments. Separates spills into 

river spills and standing water spills. Provides examples from eight selected freshwater spills and 

provides recommendations for protection and cleanup. 

Baca, B. J., T. E. Lankford, and E. R. Gundlach 1987. Recovery of Brittany coastal marshes in the eight 

years following the Amoco Cadiz incident. Pages 459-464 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ coast/ community/ evaluation/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ recovery/ review/ 

salt water/ species/ spill/ transect/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: Begins with a review of studies performed on the Brittany coastal marshes in the years 1978-83 

after the 1978 Amoco Cadiz spill. The assessment continues with this report of a 1986 evaluation at five 

sites along the Brittany coast. Established transects, indentified vegetation, measured the occurrence of 

common species, measured vegetative cover, and described geomorphic features. 

23 
Badaway, M. I., I. S. Al-Mujainy, M. D. Hernandez, 1993. Petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in water, 

sediment and biota from the Mina al Fahal coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:457-460. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ 

invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: On five occasions between March and November of 1990, water (1 m depth), sediments, and 

benthic invertebrates were collected for petroleum analysis. All samples were analyzed for total aromatic 

hydrocarbons, whereas sediments were also analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and a suite of 13 PAHs. 

Badawy, M. I., R. A. Wahaab, H. F. Abou Waly, 1995. Petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons in water 

from Lake Manzala and associated canals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

55:258-263. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ Egypt/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ salt water/ survey/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: A survey of petroleum hydrocarbon and organochlorine concentrations in a shallow coastal lake 

and feeder canals near Port Said, Egypt. Twelve locations were sampled for subsurface water; analysis 

was for aliphatic hydrocarbons, selected aromatic hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbons, and selected 

organochlorine compounds. 

Baden, S. P., 1982. Impaired osmoregulation in the shrimp Palaemon adspersus exposed to crude oil 

extract. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:208-210. 

 Keywords: crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ osmoregulation/ 

salt water/ shrimp 

Notes: Exposure of the shrimp Palaemon adspersus to 20, 70, 100, or 200 ppb of water-soluble fraction 

of North Sea crude oil for up to 34 da; measured osmoregulation. 

Baek, K.-H., H.-S. Kim, H.-M. Oh, B.-D. Yoon, J. Kim, I.-S. Lee, 2004. Effects of crude oil, oil 

components, and bioremediation on plant growth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A39:1-8. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ assay/ biomass/ bioremediation/ 

concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ effects/ freshwater plant/ growth/ light/ microbes/ naphthalene/ oil/ Oseven/ 

PAH/ petroleum/ phenanthrene/ plant/ roots/ seed/ soil/ toxicity 

Notes: Soils treated with either Arabian light crude oil, hexadecane, eicosane, naphthalene, 

phenanthrene, or pyrene; or biodegraded for 50 da, were used in plant toxicity assays. Bean and corn 

seeds were germinated in the treated soil for 14 da, after which shoots and roots were measured, 

weighed, and biomass estimated. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of bioremediated soil was 

determined by normalizing results to the squalene peak and comparing to the control. 

Bagg, J., J. D. Smith, W. A. Maher, 1981. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments 

from estuaries of south-eastern Australia. Austraian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32:65-

73. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ benzo[a]pyrene/ coast/ distribution/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ perlene/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment was collected from a polluted river estuary, part of an urbanized bay, and an estuary 

inlet in a rural area in southeast Australia. The samples were analyzed for benzo[a]pyrene and perylene. 

Results were compared to other sites along the coast of southeast Australia and in other parts of the 

world. 

Baillie, S. R., T. J. Stowe, 1984. A comparison between the percentage of seabirds reported as oiled 

from ringing recoveries and from the beached bird survey. Seabird 7:47-54. 

Keywords: beached bird survey/ bird/ England/ oiled/ Oone/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ survey 

Notes: Comparison of oiling rates among birds from banding recovery and the beached bird survey in 

England. 

Bajt, O., 2001. The impact of a highway on hydrocarbon content in coastal sediments - a case study. 

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 10:59-62. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ evaluation/ highway/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

offshore/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ Slovenia/ transect 

24 
Notes: An evaluation of the hydrocarbon pollution associated with a coastal highway in Slovenia. 

Sediment samples were collected along the highway at 10 m offshore, two locations on a transect 

extending to 200 m offshore, three sites along an unpolluted shoreline 10 m offshore, and two samples 

well out into the ocean. In addition, a sample of highway runoff water was collected during a spring storm 

(runoff water and water at the end of the drain in the ocean). Water and sediments were analyzed for 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Bak, R. P. M., J. H. B. W. Elgershuizen, 1976. Patterns of oil-sediment rejection in corals. Marine 

Biology 37 :105-113. 

Keywords: behavior/ Caribbean/ coral/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ sediment/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the sediment rejection behavior of 19 species of Caribbean corals. Compared 

rejection of clean sediment particles with sediment-oil particles. 

Bak, R. P. M., 1987. Effects of chronic oil pollution on a Caribbean coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

18:534-539. 

Keywords: Aruba/ Caribbean/ chronic/ coast/ coral/ coral reef/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ 

pollution/ refinery/ salt water/ species/ survey 

Notes: Documentation of the effects of 60 yr of chronic oil pollution near a refinery in Aruba; conducted a 

survey of coral species along the coast near the refinery. 

Baker, J. H., R. Y. Morita, 1983. A note on the effects of crude oil on microbial activities in a stream 

sediment. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 31:149-157. 

Keywords: activity/ carbon/ carbon dioxide/ concentration/ creek/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ glucose/ microbes/ mineralization/ nitrogen/ Ofive/ oil/ rate/ sediment/ 

stream 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of crude oil on microbial activity in freshwater stream sediment. Sediment 

from a creek was treated with either of two concentrations of Alaskan crude oil, placed in pots, and 

replaced in the creek sediment. Pots were removed after 4, 8, and 16 wks. Measured ethylene (nitrogen 

fixation), methane, and carbon dioxide production rates, phosphatase concentrations, and glucose 

mineralization. 

Baker, J. M., 1978. Marine ecology and oil pollution. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 

50:442-449. 

Keywords: behavior/ community/ effects/ general effect/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ plant/ pollution/ population/ salt water 

Notes: A description of the types of field and laboratory studies used by the Oil Pollution Research Unit of 

the Field Studies Council (Great Britain) to determine the effects of oil pollution on marine plants and 

invertebrates. Major discussion headings are: (1) Factors affecting extent of biological damage; (2) 

Monitoring oil pollution effects; and (3) Biological monitoring. 

Baker, J. M., L. M. Guzman, P. D. Bartlett, D. I. Little, and C. M. Wilson 1993. Long-term fate and 

effects of untreated thick oil deposits on salt marshes. Pages 395-399 in Proceedings 1993 International 

Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4580. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ Arabian Light crude oil/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ England/ 

fate/ fuel oil/ light/ long-term/ marine plant/ Metula/ miscellaneous/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ recovery/ spill/ 

vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: Long-term assessment of the recovery of vegetation in two salt marshes. A 1969 spill of heavy 

fuel oil in Milford Haven, England was evaluated 23 yrs later; several previous assessments were also 

made. The grounding of the Metula in the Strait of Magellan, Chile in 1974 discharged Light Arabian 

crude oil and Bunker C fuel oil. An assessment was made 17 yrs later; previous assessments were also 

made. 

Baker, J. R., A. M. Jones, T. P. Jones, H. C. Watson, 1981. Otter Lutra lutra L. mortality and marine oil 

pollution. Biological Conservation 20:311-321. 

Keywords: analysis/ Bunker C/ chemical analysis/ fuel oil/ mammal/ necropsy/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ 

pollution/ salt water/ sea otter/ Shetland/ spill/ stomach 

25 
Notes: Report of deaths of sea otters following a spill of Bunker C fuel oil at Sullom Voe Terminal in 

Shetland; necropsy and pathology results and chemical analysis of stomach contents. 

Bakker, M. I., B. Casado, J. W. Koerselman, J. Tolls, C. Kolloffel, 2000. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in soil and plant samples from the vicinity of an oil refinery. Science of the Total 

Environment 263:91-100. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ freshwater plant/ grass/ hydrocarbons/ leaves/ oil/ Oseven/ PAH/ 

plant/ refinery/ soil/ spatial scale/ species 

Notes: Soil, leaves of great plantain, and mixed grass species were sampled from three sites downwind 

(50 m, 1.3 km, 3.5 km distant) and one site upwind (4.2 km distant) of an oil refinery in Belgium. Samples 

were analyzed for seven PAHs and compared to the results from other studies throughout the world. 

Balba, M. T., R. Al-Daher, N. Al-Awadhi, H. Chino, H. Tsuji, 1998. Bioremediation of oil-contaminated 

desert soil: the Kuwaiti experience. Environment International 24:163-173. 

Keywords: abundance/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ degradation/ evaluation/ Kuwait/ methods/ microbes/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ remediation/ salinity/ soil/ static 

Notes: Evaluation of three remediation methods for treating oil-contaminated soil in Kuwait. Tested 

landfarming, windrow composting, and static bioventing piles. Measured petroleum degredation, 

microbial abundance, and soil salinity. 

Balci, A., 1993. Dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the eastern Aegean Sea. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 26:222-223. 

Keywords: Aegean Sea/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sampling 

Notes: A small water sampling (1 m depth) project in the Aegean Sea. Samples were analyzed for total 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Ballard, W. B., M. A. Cronin, R. Rodrigues, R. O. Skoog, R. H. Pollard, 2000. Arctic fox, Alopex 

lagopus, den densities in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 114:453-456. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ Arctic/ Arctic fox/ Canada/ density/ development/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil/ oil 

field/ Otwo/ population/ Prudhoe Bay/ reproduction/ survey 

Notes: An assessment of Arctic fox densities in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field complex. Aerial and ground 

surveys were performed 1991-93 at the Prudhoe Bay site and in adjacent areas. Dens were classified as 

either natal, secondary, active non-natal, inactive, status unknown, or active artificial. Comparisons were 

made with earlier studies of Arctic fox denning activity at Prudhoe Bay and other areas within Alaska and 

Canada. No information exists on denning activity at Prudhoe Bay prior to oil field development. [Some 

of the totals in Table 1 cannot be explained by data in the table]. 

Ballou, T. G., R. Dodge, S. Hess, and A. Knap 1989. Tropical oil pollution investigations in coastal 

systems (tropics): the effects of untreated and chemically dispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil on 

mangroves, seagrasses, and corals in Panama. Pages 229-256 in L. M. Flaherty, editor. Oil 

Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches. STP 1018. American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Philadelphia, PA. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ dispersant/ 

effects/ experiment/ general effect/ grass/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ ODeight/ oil/ Panama/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ release/ salt water/ seagrass/ sediment/ subtidal/ tissue 

Notes: Results of a large-scale field experiment utilizing the release of crude oil onto coastal areas of 

Panama. Three study sites (reference, untreated crude oil, dispersed crude oil) were employed; intertidal 

areas of all sites contained mangroves, and subtidal areas contained sea grasses and coral reefs. Water, 

sediment, and biological tissue was collected before and after exposure ( 8 mos and 3 da prespill; 5 da, 4 

mos, 7 mos, 12 mos, and 20 mos postspill) and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Biological 

characterists were also measured before and after oil release. 

Banks, P. D, K. M. Brown, 2002. Hydrocarbon effects on fouling assemblages: the importance of 

taxonomic differences, seasonal, and tidal variation. Marine Environmental Research 53:311-326. 

26 
Keywords: barnacle/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ intertidal/ larvae/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ oyster/ salt water/ seasonal/ size/ solubility/ South Louisiana crude 

oil/ species/ subtidal/ time/ water column 

Notes: Laboratory and field assessment of the effect of whole South Louisiana crude oil and the water 

soluble fraction of crude oil on fouling species (oyster, barnacle, bryozoan). Oyster larval settlement (72 

hr), larvae in water column (72 hr), and spat number and size (21 da) were measured in a laboratory 

experiment with oiled tiles. Similarly oiled tiles were used in field experiments at two tidal locations 

(intertidal and subtidal) over two time periods (3 wks and 6 wks) to determine settlement of all three 

species. 

Banks, S., 2003. SeaWiFS satellite monitoring of oil spill impact on primary production in the Galapagos 

Marine Reserve. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:325-330. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ chlorophyll/ diesel fuel/ distribution/ marine plant/ monitoring/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ salt 

water/ spill 

Notes: The NASA SeaWiFS spectrophotometric sensor mounted on an orbiting satellite was used to 

monitor the effect of the Jessica oil spill on chlorophyll a distribution in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. 

Coverage from January 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and coverage for the period 1 wk before the spill (Jan. 

16) through 6 wks post spill was compared to determine the likely effect. 

Banu, J. R., S. Esakkiraj, R. Nagendran, S. Logakanthi, 2005. Biomanagement of petrochemical 

sludge using an exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugineae. Journal of Environmental Biology 26:43-47. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ carbon/ density/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ nitrogen/ 

Oeleven/ remediation/ reproduction/ survival 

Notes: Petrochemical sludge was used in an assessment of the biodegradation potential of vermiculture. 

Earthworms were added to mixtures of bedding material and 0, 25, 50, 75% sludge. Duration was 60 da. 

Measured earthworm survival and reproduction, bacterial density every 15 da, and carbon and nitrogen 

utilization every week. 

Barakat, A. O., A. R. Mostafa, J. Rullkotter, A. R. Hegaz, 1999. Application of a multimolecular marker 

approach to fingerprint petroleum pollution in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:535-

544. 

Keywords: alkane/ coast/ Egypt/ environment/ hopane/ marine environment/ Onine/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

salt water/ sources/ sterane/ tar ball/ technical/ terpane 

Notes: Tar balls were collected from the Mediterrean coast of northern Egypt and analyzed for a variety 

of conserved steranes, terpanes, hopanes, and other cyclic alkanes in an effort to identify the source of 

the material. 

Barata, C. Calbet A. Saiz E. Ortiz L. Bayona J. M., 2005. Predicting single and mixture toxicity of 

petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the copepod Oithona davisae. Environmental Toxicology 

Chemistry 24:2992-2999. 

 Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ combination/ concentration/ 

copepod/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ PAH/ salt water/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ 

transfer/ water 

Notes: A marine copepod was used in a laboratory experiment to determine toxicity of 10 single 

petrogenic PAHs and a mixture of those PAHs. The PAHs were used in quantities approximating their 

EC50s; the mixture of 10 PAHs was employed in three concentrations. Duration was 48 hrs followed by 

transfer to clean sea water for 1.5-3 hrs. Measured narcotic effect and survival. Measured the PAH 

concentrations in water at time 0 and 48 hrs. 

Barber, W. E., L. L. McDonald, W. P. Erickson, M. Vallarino, 1995. Effect of the Exxon Valdez oil spill 

on intertidal fish: a field study. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:461-476. 

Keywords: biomass/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fishery/ intertidal/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ Prince William 

Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sampling/ society/ species diversity/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on intertidal fish of Prince William Sound; 

sampling performed in 1990 and 1991. 

27 
Barnett, J., D. Toews, 1978. The effects of crude oil and the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, on respiration and 

coughing rates in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:307-310. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ coughing/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ emulsion/ fish/ fresh water/ 

ODthree/ oil/ rate/ respiration/ salmon/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: Effects on post-smolt Atlantic salmon coughing rates and respiration of exposure to emulsions of 

unweathered and weathered Venezuelan crude oil and the dispersant Oilsperse 43. 

Barr-Nea, L., M. Wolman, 1977. Tumors and amyloidosis in mice painted with crude oil found on bathing 

beaches. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:385-391. 

Keywords: beach/ crude oil/ effects/ mammal/ mouse/ oil/ Otwo/ skin/ solvent/ solvent extract/ weathered 

Notes: Effects on mice of skin application of solvent extracts of weathered crude oil; applied twice weekly 

for 12 months. 

Barrett, R. T., 1979. Small oil spill kills 10-20000 seabirds in north Norway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

10:253-255. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ fuel oil/ guillemot/ Norway/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Description of the seabirds killed in a small oil spill off the north coast of Norway. 

Barron, M. G., T. Podrabsky, S. Ogle, R. W. Ricker, 1999. Are aromatic hydrocarbons the primary 

determinant of petroleum toxicity to aquatic organisms? Aquatic Toxicology 46:253-268. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ California/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

growth/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ shrimp/ 

survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: A determination of the relation between aromatic content of crude oil and toxicity to aquatic 

invertebrates. Used naturally-weathered crude oil from three locations off the coast of Southern 

California and a mysid shrimp. Water accomodated fractions of the weathered oil were added in varying 

concentrations to determine LC50s and LC20s for survival and growth. Tests lasted 6-7 da. Exposure 

media were analyzed for alkane and aromatic constituents. 

Barron, M. G., T. Podrabsky, R. S. Ogle, J. E. Dugan, R. W. Ricker, 1999. Sensitivity of the mysid 

Mysidopsis bahia to a weathered oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 62:266-

271. 

Keywords: California/ dissolved/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pH/ salinity/ salt water/ shrimp/ survival/ temperature/ weathered 

Notes: Exposure of mysid shrimp to the water-accomodated fraction (WAF) of environmentally weathered 

oil from coastal California. Exposure levels were 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 % WAF for 6 da. Measured 

temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, death, survival to 6 da, and growth. Exposure solutions 

analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Barron, M. G., L. Ka'Aihue, 2001. Potential for photoenhanced toxicity of spilled oil in Prince William 

Sound and Gulf of Alaska waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 43:86-92. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Exxon Valdez/ Gulf of Alaska/ injury/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ photoenhanced/ phototoxicity/ Prince William Sound/ risk/ risk assessment/ 

salt water/ spill/ spill response/ technical/ toxicity 

Notes: A technical discussion of the phenomenon of photoenhanced toxicity of PAHs with special 

reference to the potential for such enhanced toxicity during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Also discusses the 

role of such enhanced toxicity in injury and risk assessment and in oil spill response. 

Barron, M. G., M. G. Carls, J. W. Short, S. D. Rice, 2003. Photoenhanced toxicity of aqueous phase 

and chemically dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to Pacific herring eggs and larvae. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:650-660. 

Keywords: Alaska/ chemical analysis/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ eggs/ 

experiment/ fish/ herring/ larvae/ light/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ ODthree/ oil/ Pacific/ Pacific 

herring/ PAH/ photoenhanced/ salt water/ sunlight/ survival/ toxicity/ ultraviolet/ weathered 

Notes: Pacific herring eggs or larvae were exposed to water-accomodated fractions (WAF) of Alaska 

North Slope crude oil with or without the presence of Corexit 9527 dispersant. A total of six 

28 
concentrations of oil and three ultraviolet A (UVA) exposures were used. Several experiments with 

natural sunlight (control light, UVA only, sunlight only, UVA + sunlight) were performed. Crude oil, WAF, 

eggs, and larvae were analyzed for selected PAHs. Measured survival of eggs and larvae and incidence 

of yolk sac edema. 

Barron, M. G., M. G. Carls, J. W. Short, S. D. Rice, R. A. Heintz, M. Rau, R. Di Giulio, 2005. 

Assessment of the phototoxicity of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to juvenile pink salmon. 

Chemosphere 60:105-110. 

Keywords: Alaska/ concentration/ crude oil/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ juvenile/ light/ lipid/ North 

Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ photoenhanced/ phototoxicity/ pink salmon/ salmon/ 

survival/ time/ toxicity/ ultraviolet/ water/ weathered 

Notes: Evaluated phototoxicity of the water accomodated fraction (WAF) of North Slope crude oil to 

juvenile pink salmon. The experiment used juveniles from previously-exposed parents and non-exposed 

parents, five concentrations of the WAF, two time durations (22, 48 hrs), two levels of UV light intensity, 

and two durations of light exposure. Determined PAHs in exposure water and salmon (at 24 hrs). 

Measured survival, photoenhanced toxicity, and gill lipid peroxidation. 

Barsdate, R. J., M. C. Miller, V. Alexander, J. R. Vestal, and J. E. Hobbie 1980. Oil spill effects. Pages 

388-408 in John E. Hobbie, editor. Limnology of Tundra Ponds, Barrow, Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis 

Series Vol. 13. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alaska/ algae/ benthic/ biomass/ composition/ crude oil/ density/ depth/ effects/ 

experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ macroinvertebrate/ 

nutrients/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ oxygen/ photosynthesis/ phytoplankton/ plant/ productivity/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ respiration/ sediment/ spill/ temperature/ tundra/ zooplankton 

Notes: Description of a large-scale experiment conducted at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. One tundra pond was 

treated with crude oil in 1970 and a second pond in 1975; several control ponds were used for 

comparison. Physical, chemical, and biological measures were taken prespill and postspill in 1970, and 

again in 1971, 1972, and 1975. Prespill and postspill samples were taken from the second oiled pond in 

1975. Measured temperature, depth of thaw and water level, oxygen, water chemistry, several nutrients, 

bacterial abundance, sediment respiration, acetate turnover, biomass and photosynthesis of benthic 

algae, and algal productivity; determined taxonomic composition of phytoplankton, measured biomass of 

rooted plants, measured zooplankton presence, biomass, and production, and measured densities and 

determined taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrates. 

Barszcz, C., P. P. Yevich, L. R. Brown, J. D. Yarbrough, C. D. Minchew, 1978. Chronic effects of three 

crude oils on oysters suspended in estuarine ponds. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology 

1:879-896. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ chronic/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ estuarine/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ Nigerian crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oyster/ pathology/ salt water/ sediment/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of oysters in estuarine experimental ponds to 4 ppm of either Empire Mix, Saudi 

Arabian, or Nigerian crude oils. Oyster, sediment, and water samples taken for up to 9 mo. Measured 

aromatic hydrocarbon content of water, sediment, and oyster tissue, oyster survival, gross appearance of 

oysters, and a variety of histopathological comparisons. 

Barton, D. R., R. R. Wallace, 1979. The effects of an experimental spillage of oil sands tailings sludge on 

benthic invertebrates. Environmental Pollution 18:305-312. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alberta/ benthic/ Canada/ community/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oil sands/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ release/ sampling/ sand/ 

substrate/ synthetic oil 

Notes: A small amount of oil sands tailing sludge was dumped into a river in northern Alberta, Canada to 

simulate an accidental discharge of the tailings material. The sampling area was a 30 m stretch divided 

into upper, middle, and lower sampling sites. Samples of benthic substrate were taken before and 2 hrs, 

1 da, 3 da, 7 da, 14 da, and 28 da after the tailings release. Benthic organisms were identified and 

enumerated. The tailings sludge was characterized according to physical and chemical measures. 

29 
Basseres, A., B. Verschuere, G. Holtzinger, J.-P. Jacques, and B. Tramier 1995. A new cleaning 

product for oiled birds and an integrated automated process. Pages 171-175 in 1995 International Oil 

Spill Conference, API 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ duck/ evaluation/ feathers/ insulation/ mallard/ metabolism/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

Oone/ rat/ rate/ spill/ thermoregulation 

Notes: Overall evaluation of a new chemical product for cleaning oiled birds. Duck feathers were used to 

demonstrate the superiority of the new product. Toxicological tests (dosing) were performed on 

laboratory rats. Metabolic rate and thermal insulation were measured on six mallard ducks. Also, a 

description and photos of an automated cleaning device for birds. 

Bate, G. C., S. D. Crafford, 1985. Inhibition of phytoplankton photosynthesis by the WSF of used 

lubricating oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:401-404. 

Keywords: activity/ algae/ composition/ crude oil/ fuel oil/ light/ lubricating oil/ marine plant/ motor oil/ oil/ 

Osix/ PAH/ photosynthesis/ phytoplankton/ Qatar/ salt water/ used motor oil 

Notes: One diatom, two green flagellates, and two blue-green algae were exposed to the water-soluble 

fractions (WSF) of either light Qatar crude oil, used motor oil, or an outboard fuel-oil mixture. The 

incubated cultures were measured for photosynthetic activity (O2 and CO2). The WSF mixtures were 

analyzed for PAH composition. 

Batten, S. D., R. J. S. Allen, C. O. M. Wotton, 1998. The effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on the 

plankton of the southern Irish Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:764-774. 

Keywords: abundance/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

phytoplankton/ plankton/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ spill/ zooplankton 

Notes: Effect of Sea Empress crude oil spill on the zooplankton and phytoplankton of the southern Irish 

Sea. Plankton sampling conducted since 1970 in the Irish Sea provided a background for comparison to 

the plankton species, abundance, and diversity during the year of the oil spill. 

Battershill, C. N., P. R. Bergquist, 1982. Responses of an intertidal gastropod to field exposure of an oil 

and a dispersant. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:159-162. 

Keywords: condition/ dispersant/ experiment/ gastropod/ gonads/ index/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

Maui condensate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ shell/ survival/ tissue/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Exposure of a marine gastropod to fresh and weathered Maui condensate alone or combined with 

Shell SD LTX dispersant or to Shell SD LTX alone in a 3-wk field experiment. Measured survival, weight, 

gonad weight, gonad index, and general tissue condition. 

Batterton, J. C., K. Winters, C. Van Baalen, 1978. Sensitivity of three microalgae to crude oils and fuel 

oils. Marine Environmental Research 1:31-41. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ marine plant/ 

microalgae/ oil/ Osix/ photosynthesis/ rate/ refinery/ salt water/ sources/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Determined the effects on three species of marine microalgae of four crude oils and No. 2 fuel oil 

from five refinery sources. Employed four concentrations of crude or fuel oil in the culture medium and 

measured culture growth rate per day, photosynthetic inhibition (O2 production), and culture survival after 

24 hrs. Determined the effect of heating on the toxicity of three fuel oils. Analyzed the aromatic fraction 

of three of the fuel oils and one crude oil, and the volatile aromatics removed from the fuel oils by heating. 

Baussant, T., S. Sanni, A. Skadsheim, G. Jonsson, J. F. Borseth, B. Gaudebert, 2001. 

Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds: 2. Modeling bioaccumulation in marine organisms 

chronically exposed to dispersed oil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1185-1195. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ elimination/ fish/ juvenile/ kinetic/ 

light/ model/ mussel/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ turbot/ uptake 

Notes: Juvenile turbot and blue mussels were exposed to artifically-weathered Arabian light crude oil 

dispersed in a flow-thru experimental system. Turbot were exposed for 21 da to 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 

or 2 ppm crude oil, followed by a 9-da elimination period. Mussels were exposed for 8 da to 1 ppm crude 

oil, followed by a 10-da elimination period. Fish, mussels, crude oil, and water were analyzed for 27 

PAHs. Data were used to develop a kinetic model of uptake and elimination of PAHs. 

30 
Baussant, T., S. Sanni, G. Jonsson, A. Skadsheim, J. F. Borseth, 2001. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic 

aromatic compounds: 1. Bioconcentration in two marine species and in semipermeable membrane 

devices during chronic exposure to dispersed crude oil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

20:1175-1184. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chronic/ crude oil/ 

depuration/ dispersal/ elimination/ fish/ juvenile/ light/ mussel/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ species/ 

SPMD/ turbot 

Notes: Juvenile turbot and blue mussels were exposed to artificially-weathered Arabian light crude oil 

dispersed in a flow-thru experimental system. Turbot were exposed for 21 da to 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 

or 2 ppm crude oil, followed by a 9-da elimination period. Mussels were exposed for 8 da to 1 ppm crude 

oil, followed by a 10-da elimination period. Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMD) were subjected 

to the same exposure and elimination cycles. Fish, mussels, SPMDs, crude oil, and water were analyzed 

for 27 PAHs. Data were compared at the end of the exposure period and at the end of the elimination 

period, subjected to a principal components analysis, and used to calculate lipid-based bioconcentration 

factors. 

Bayer, R. D., 1988. Changes in waterbird numbers before and after the 1983 oil spill at Yaquina Estuary, 

Oregon. Oregon Birds 14:157-161. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ estuary/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ 

wintering 

Notes: Changes in waterbird numbers as a result of a Bunker C and diesel fuel spill in Yaquina Estuary, 

Oregon. 

Beaver, D. L., 1982. Avian populations and hydrocarbon development at Baker Sanctuary. Jack-Pine 

Warbler 60. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ effects/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ oil field/ Oone/ population 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of well drilling adjacent to a bird sanctuary. 

Beck, R, R. Shore, T. A. Scriven, and M. Lindquist. 1981. Project Summary: Potential Environmental 

problems of enhanced oil and gas recovery techniques. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA-600/S2-81-149. 7 pp. 

Keywords: miscellaneous/ natural gas/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ recovery/ review 

Notes: A critical review of published and unpublished information on nine precesses for enhanced oil and 

gas recovery. 

Beckett, K. J., R. J. Aulerich, L. K. Duffy, J. S. Patterson, S. J. Bursian, 2002. Effects of dietary 

exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil in ranch-raised 

mink (Mustela vison). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69:593-600. 

Keywords: blood/ concentration/ consumption/ crude oil/ diet/ dietary exposure/ effects/ food/ male/ 

mammal/ mink/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ serum/ time/ tissue/ toxicity/ weathered/ 

weight 

Notes: Male ranch mink were fed diets containing either 0, 100, or 1,000 ppm of weathered Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil for 4 mos. Food consumption was measured, body weights were checked bi-weekly, and 

animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity. At study termination, blood was collected from all 

animals and selected tissues were collected from three mink per group. Measured blood characteristics 

(5) and serum characteristics (10) and performed a histopathological assessment of collected tissues. 

Beckmann, M., J. D. Hardege, E. Zeeck, 1995. Effects of the volatile fraction of crude oil on spawning 

behaviour of nereids (annelida, polychaeta). Marine Environmental Research 40:267-276. 

Keywords: crude oil/ distillation fraction/ effects/ female/ male/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ North Sea 

crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ polychaete/ reproduction/ salt water/ spawning/ species 

Notes: Exposure of males and females from two polychaete species to EKO-FISK, North Sea crude oil or 

a distillation fraction of the crude oil; measured the reproductive behaviour. 

31 
Beer, J. V., 1968. The attempted rehabilitation of oiled sea birds. Wildfowl 19:120-124. 

Keywords: bird/ methods/ oiled/ Oone/ rehabilitation/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of rehabilitation methods for birds in the late 60s. 

Beg, M. U., M. Al-Bahloul, P. G. Jacob, K. R. Beg, K. Al-Matrouk, K. Abdel-Elah, 2001. Biomarker 

response in sheim (Acanthopagrus latus) exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67:210-216. 

Keywords: adult/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemical/ biomarker/ concentration/ dosed/ 

fish/ food/ hydrocarbons/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water 

Notes: Adult fish were dosed with food containing varying concentrations of BaP as a surrogate for 

PAHs. All fish were sacrificed 4 da after dosing and the amount of EROD induction was determined. 

Beg, M. U., T. Saeed, S. Al-Muzaini, K. R. Beg, M. Al-Bahloul, 2003. Distribution of petroleum 

hydrocarbon in sediment from coastal area receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety 54:47-55. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ industrial effluent/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ offshore/ PAH/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Twenty-one sites offshore from the Shuaiba industrial area of Kuwait were sampled for sediments. 

Petroleum hydrocarbons were extracted from the sediment and analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons, total 

petroleum hydrocarbons, and selected (16) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAH results were 

compared to interim marine sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and probable effect levels (PEL). 

Begg, G. S., J. B. Reid, M. L. Tasker, A. Webb, 1997. Assessing the vulnerability of seabirds to oil 

pollution: sensitivity to spatial scale. Colonial Waterbirds 20:339-352. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ Ireland/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spatial scale/ spill/ United 

Kingdom/ vulnerability 

Notes: Addressess the vulnerability of seabirds to oil pollution from the aspect of spatial scale. Uses the 

technique of area vulnerability scores (AVS), as used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, to demonstrate 

the effects of changing the scale of the areas of concern. 

Bejarano, A. C., T. Chandler, L. He, T. L. Cary, J. L. Ferry, 2006. Risk assessment of the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology petroleum crude oil standard water accommodated fraction: further 

application of a copepod-based, full life-cycle bioassay. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

25:1953-1960. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ copepod/ crude oil/ growth/ life cycle/ marine invertebrate/ model/ 

Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ population/ reproduction/ risk/ risk assessment/ salt water/ water 

Notes: A NIST crude oil standard material was used in a full life-cycle bioassay (ASTM standard test) of a 

copepod. Copepods were exposed to several concentrations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) 

of the standard. Also, the effect of UV irradiation was determined and a stage-structured population 

growth model was created. The WAF was analyzed for 16 PAHs. 

Belisle, A. A., M. L. Gay, N. C. Coon, 1981. Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of 

petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mallard duck eggs by GC and GC-MS. Chemosphere 10:1197-1203. 

Keywords: analysis/ concentration/ crude oil/ duck/ eggs/ female/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

methods/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ South Louisiana crude oil/ technical 

Notes: A comparison of extraction methods for petroleum hydrocarbon analysis in mallard duck eggs. 

Eggs from female mallards fed a dietary concentration of 25,000 ppm South Louisiana crude oil were 

subjected to cleanup with or without saponification. 

Bello, O. O., J. A. Sonibare, S. R. A. Macaulay, A. O. Okelana, A. O. Durojaiye, 2004. Incineration of 

hazardous wastes from the petroleum industry in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Pollution 

22:710-720. 

Keywords: effluent/ hazardous waste/ incineration/ methods/ Nigeria/ Onine/ petroleum/ technical/ waste 

oil/ waste water 

Notes: A discussion of the design considerations for a facility to incinerate a range of petroleum industry 

wastes. Other disposal methods and their limitations are briefly discussed. 

32 
Ben-David, M., T. M. Williams, O. A. Ormseth, 2000. Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving 

behavior of river otters: a captive study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1380-1390. 

Keywords: behavior/ blood/ consumption/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ evaluation/ feeding/ hemoglobin/ male/ 

mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ oxygen/ physiology/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ river otter/ salt water 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of ingested Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the exercise physiology and 

behavior of river otters. Fifteen male river otters were captured from northwestern Prince William Sound 

and transferred to a holding facility for 2.5 mos of acclimation. Otters were divided into control (no oil), 

low-dose (50 ppm in diet), and high-dose (500 ppm in diet) groups; oil feeding lasted 100 da. Otters were 

then rehabilitated for 100 da, fitted with transmitters, and released. Blood samples were drawn before oil 

exposure, every 3 wks during exposure, and once after exposure. Measured hemoglobin, oxygen 

consumption, and diving behavior. 

Ben-David, M., L. K. Duffy, R. T. Bowyer, 2001. Biomarker responses in river otters experimentally 

exposed to oil contamination. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:489-508. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biomarker/ blood/ crude oil/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil/ Otwo/ PAH/ physiology/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ river otter/ salt water/ serum/ time/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Wild-caught river otters (15) were administered artificially-weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil in 

amounts of 0, 5, or 50 ppm/day/kg body mass for a period of 100 da followed by a 100-da rehabilitation 

period. Two different batches of crude oil were used during the study. Blood was collected from the otters 

before oil exposure, at 3-wk intervals during exposure, and three times during the rehabilitation period. 

Each batch of crude oil was analyzed for 43 PAHs. Blood cellular characteristics were determined and 

blood serum was analyzed for a suite of biochemical characteristics. 

Ben-David, M., G. M. Blundell, J. E. Blake, 2002. Post-release survival of river otters: effects of 

exposure to crude oil and captivity. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:1208-1223. 

Keywords: Alaska/ blood/ capture/ carcass/ concentration/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ experiment/ 

hemoglobin/ male/ mammal/ monitoring/ necropsy/ oil/ Otwo/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ rate/ recovery/ rehabilitation/ release/ river otter/ salt water/ skin/ survival/ time/ weathered 

Notes: River otters were captured in Prince William Sound 1996-98. Of 111 otters captured, 55 were 

implanted with radio-transmitters and released at the site. Morphometric data, a premolar tooth, skin 

sample, and blood were collected from all animals. In 1998, 15 males were selected for an oil exposure 

experiment. After 2.5 mos in captivity, five otters were given either 0, 50, or 500 ppm weathered Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil in the diet. Oil exposure lasted 100 da followed by a recovery period of 4.5 mos. Blood and 

skin were collected every 3 wks. Prior to release near their capture site, radio-transmitters were 

implanted. Radio-marked otters were monitored for > 422 da. Carcasses of dead animals were 

retrieved and necropsied. Paper presents survival rates for all otters, percent body fat and hemoglobin 

concentrations of the experimental otters, and results of the necropsies of deceased otters. Other results 

are presented in different publications. 

Bence, A. E., K. A. Kvenvolden, M. C. Kennicutt, II, 1996. Organic geochemistry applied to 

environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill -- a review. 

Organic Geochemistry 24:7-42. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ degradation/ Exxon Valdez/ fingerprinting/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil 

spill/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ rate/ review/ salt water/ sediment/ sources/ spill/ time 

Notes: A large review paper detailing various aspects of the organic geochemistry of Prince William 

Sound, Alaska and relating it to the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. Sections on the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil 

spill, chemical fingerprinting of petroleum after the spill, rates of oil removal and degradation, and 

quantification of hydrocarbon sources in the sediments. 

Bender, M. E., E. A. Shearls, L. Murray, R. J. Huggett, 1980. Ecological effects of experimental oil spills 

in eastern coastal plain estuaries. Environment International 3:121-133. 

Keywords: benthic/ bivalve/ Chesapeake/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ estuarine/ estuary/ feeding/ 

fish/ gastropod/ general effect/ habitat/ invertebrate/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ plant/ productivity/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

spill/ time/ water column/ weathered/ wetland 

33 
Notes: Five structurally identical enclosures in a natural estuarine marsh-creek habitat feeding into the 

York River, Chesapeake Bay were used in a study of the effects of an experimental oil spill. Fresh South 

Louisiana crude oil was applied to two enclosures, weathered crude oil to two others, and no oil to the 

fifth enclosure. Environmental effects were monitored for 36 mos. Measured water quality 

characteristics, primary productivity, phytoplankton concentration, wetland plants, benthic, epibenthic, and 

water column invertebrates, and fish. 

Benka-coker, M. O., J. A. Ekundayo, 1995. Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a 

spill site in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 36:93-104. 

Keywords: carbon/ chemical characteristics/ crude oil/ depth/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ 

miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ nutrients/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ pollution/ soil/ spill/ time 

 Notes: A pipeline rupture contaminated farmland and aquatic areas. In a post-spill (no time given) 

assessment, soil samples were collected up to 17 m depth from areas with heavy, moderate, and no 

pollution. Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were determined, as well as organic carbon, 

total petroleum hydrocarbons, selected metals, and P and N nutrients. 

Benka-coker, M. O., J. A. Ekundayo, 1997. Applicability of evaluating the ability of microbes isolated 

from an oil spill site to degrade oil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 45:259-272. 

Keywords: crude oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Nigeria/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ salt water/ soil/ 

spill 

Notes: Assessment of the hydrocarbon degredation potential of several taxa of microbes isolated from 

soil and water at an oil spill site in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. 

Bennett, A., T. S. Bianchi, J. C. Means, K. R. Carman, 1999. The effects of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon contamination and grazing on the abundance and composition of microphytobenthos in salt 

marsh sediments (Pass Fourchon, LA) I. A microcosm experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine 

Biology and Ecology 242:1-20. 

Keywords: abundance/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ chlorophyll/ composition/ concentration/ effects/ 

experiment/ grazing/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ microcosm/ nitrogen/ 

organic/ organic carbon/ Osix/ PAH/ periwinkle/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ snail/ time/ 

weight 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of sediment PAHs on the composition and abundance of 

microphytobenthos and related epibenthic grazing by the periwinkle in a south Louisiana salt marsh. A 

laboratory microcosm experiment employing high and low PAH contamination; no snails, low-exposure 

snails, high-exposure snails; and nine sampling times (days 0, 4, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60) was 

conducted. Sediments were sampled on days 0, 28, and 60. Sediments were analyzed for selected 

aromatic hydrocarbons, organic carbon, and nitrogen. Snails were analyzed for selected aromatic 

hydrocarbons and monitored for weight change. Surface sediment and snail digestive tracts were 

analyzed for chlorophyll-a, phaeophytin-a, phaeophorbide, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin concentrations. 

[Authors use the undefined terms "unexposed" and "exposed" snails in six of nine figures; they probably 

mean low-exposure and high-exposure]. 

Benville, P. E., Jr., S. Korn, 1977. The acute toxicity of six monocyclic aromatic crude oil components to 

striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and bay shrimp (Crago franciscorum). California Fish and Game 63:204-

209. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ oil/ Othree/ 

salt water/ shrimp/ striped bass/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of acute toxicities of six monocyclic aromatics to striped bass and bay shrimp. 

Berdugo, V., R. P. Harris, S. C. O'Hara, 1977. The effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on reproduction of 

an estuarine planktonic copepod in laboratory cultures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:138-143. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chronic/ copepod/ estuarine/ feeding/ heating oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of an estuarine copepod to the water-soluble fraction (1 ppm) of an 'aromatic heating oil' 

34 
for 0.25 to 72 hrs in acute exposures and then to 10 or 50 ppb for 10 da in a longer-term exposure. 

Measured survival, feeding rate, reproduction, and life span. 

Berge, J. A., 1990. Macrofauna recolonization of subtidal sediments. Experimental studies on 

defaunated sediment contaminated with crude oil in two Norwegian fjords with unequal eutrophication 

status. I. Community responses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66:103-115. 

Keywords: benthic/ biomass/ colonization/ community/ crude oil/ diversity/ eutrophication/ macrofauna/ 

marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ 

subtidal 

Notes: Placed boxes of defaunated, oiled or unoiled, sediment on the seafloor of a eutrophicated and a 

non-eutrophicated fjord. North Sea crude oil was used to contaminate the sediment. Measure 

colonization response by benthic macrofauna (no. of species, individuals, eveness, diversity, biomass). 

Bergman, R. D., R. L. Howard, K. F. Abraham, M. W. Weller, 1977. Water birds and their wetland 

resources in relation to oil development at Storkersen Point, Alaska. Volume 129. U.S. Fish & Wildlife 

Service, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Alaska/bird/development/fresh water/habitat/North Slope/oil/oil field/Oone/wetland 

Notes: Assessment of breeding birds and their habitat needs prior to oil development on the North Slope 

of Alaska. 

Berman, M. S., D. R. Heinle, 1980. Modification of the feeding behavior of marine copepods by sublethal concentrations of water-accomodated fuel oil. Marine Biology 56:59-64. 

Keywords: behavior/ concentration/ copepod/ feeding/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ 

oil/ salt water/ species/ sublethal 

Notes: Exposed two species of marine copepods to low concentrations (70-250 ppb) of wateraccomodated No. 2 fuel oil for 18 h. Measured feeding behavior. 

Bernabeu, A. M., M. Nuez de la Fuente, D. Rey, B. Rubio, F. Vilas, R. Medina, M. E. Gonzalez, 2006. 

Beach morphodynamics forcements in oiled shorelines: Coupled physical and chemical processes during 

and after fuel burial. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1156-1168. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ Bunker C/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

intertidal/ miscellaneous/ model/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ 

time/ weathered 

Notes: Two sections of beach affected by the Prestige oil spill were core sampled 14 mos after the spill 

(Bunker C fuel oil). A total of 20 cores were collected at low, mid, and high intertidal locations. Each core 

was sampled at 10-cm increments. Sediments were characterized, fuel oil presence was physically 

characterized, and sediments were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAH. Results were used to 

develop a conceptual model of the oil burial and weathering process at these sites. 

Bernard, D., J.-J. Jeremie, H. Pascaline, 1995. First assessment of hydrocarbon pollution in a 

mangrove estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:146-150. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ chemical characteristics/ estuary/ Guadeloupe/ hydrocarbons/ 

mangrove/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ pollution/ river/ salt water 

Notes: Water samples were collected from a river and estuary area of Guadeloupe in two consecutive 

months. Samples were analyzed for aquatic chemical characteristics and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Bernard, D., H. Pascaline, J.-J. Jeremie, 1996. Distribution and origin of hydrocarbons in sediments 

from lagoons with fringing mangrove communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:734-739. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Caribbean/ community/ concentration/ discharges/ distribution/ 

hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ 

urban 

Notes: Assessment of aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of two lagoons on the 

Caribbean island of Guadeloupe; one lagoon receives river drainage from an agricultural area and the 

other receives discharges and runoff from industry, urban areas, and shipping. 

35 
Berne, S., M. Marchand, L. D'Ozouville, 1980. Pollution of sea water and marine sediments in coastal 

areas. Ambio 9:287-293. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ evaluation/ France/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ movement/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ 

sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: An early evaluation of the movement of crude oil from the Amoco Cadiz wreck to the coastline of 

Brittany. A total of 278 water samples and numerous sediment samples were collected during the first 

year after the spill. Samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Berner, N. H., D. G. Ahearn, 1977. Observations on the growth and survival of Cladosporium resinae in 

jet fuel. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 62:705-710. 

Keywords: aviation kerosine/ biocide/ degradation/ development/ fungi/ growth/ jet fuel/ microbes/ Oten/ 

survival 

Notes: A study of the presence and suppression of a common fungi found in aviation fuel tanks. 

Samples of fuel were taken from jet aircraft and cultured in jet fuel with or without water added, and in the 

presence or absence of a boron-based biocide or a deicing compound. 

Berry, W. O., J. D. Brammer, 1977. Toxicity of water-soluble gasoline fractions to fourth-instar larvae of 

the mosquito Aedes aegypti L. Environmental Pollution 13:229-234. 

Keywords: benzene/ bioassay/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gasoline/ larvae/ lethal/ 

mosquito/ Ofive/ static/ survival/ toluene/ toxicity/ xylene 

Notes: Evaluation of the toxicity of gasoline and its major water-soluble constituents (benzene, toluene, 

xylene) to fourth-instar mosquito larvae. Exposures were in a static 24-hr bioassay. Calculated the LD50

and maximum non lethal dose (NLD). 

Berry, W. O., J. D. Brammer, D. E. Bee, 1978. Uptake of water-soluble gasoline fractions and their effect 

on oxygen consumption in aquatic stages of the mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.)). Environmental Pollution 

15:1-22. 

Keywords: benzene/ bioassay/ concentration/ consumption/ experiment/ food/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ gasoline/ larvae/ mosquito/ Ofive/ oxygen/ pupae/ respiration/ static/ toluene/ uptake/ xylene 

Notes: Multiple experiments evaluating the effect of water-soluble fractions of gasoline or of specific 

concentrations of benzene, xylene, or toluene on oxygen consumption in aquatic stages of the mosquito. 

Third and fourth instar and pupae stages of mosquito were exposed to varying concentrations of toxicant 

for 24 hr in a static bioassay, followed by measurement of oxygen consumption. Mosquito larvae were 

either provided with food or not fed and either exposed to toxicant or not exposed. Toluene uptake in 

food was also measured. 

Bhattacharyya, S., P. L. Klerks, J. A. Nyman, 2003. Toxicity to freshwater organisms from oils and oil 

spill chemical treatments in laboratory microcosms. Environmental Pollution 122:205-215. 

Keywords: amphipod/ benthic/ bioassay/ Corexit 9500/ Corexit 9580/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

microcosm/ ODfive/ oil/ oil spill/ oligochaete/ petroleum/ soil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ toxicity/ 

water column/ weathered/ wetland 

Notes: Soils from two freshwater wetlands in Louisiana were use to established microcosms used to test 

the effects of petroleum on invertebrates and fish. Soil microcosms were treated with either of several 

test substances: control, Corexit 9580, Corexit 9500, South Louisiana crude oil, crude oil plus Corexit 

9580, crude oil plus Corexit 9500, diesel fuel, diesel plus Corexit 9580, and diesel plus Corexit 9500. The 

crude oil and diesel was 'weathered' before use. After 1, 7, 31, or 186 days, the soils were used in 

bioassays with fish (4 da), a water column invertebrate (2 da), and a benthic invertebrate (4 da). A 

second study compared the toxic response (4 da) of the primary benthic invertebrate (chironomid) to an 

amphipod and an oligochaete after day 7 of soil treatment. 

Bhosle, N. B., A. Row, 1983. Effect of dispersants on the growth of indigenous bacterial population & 

biodegradation of crude oil. Indian Journal of Marine Science 12:194-196. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ combination/ crude oil/ dispersant/ growth/ 

marine invertebrate/ numbers/ ODfour/ oil/ population/ salt water/ Saudi Arabian crude oil 

36 
Notes: Seven oil dispersants, alone or in combination with Saudi Arabian crude oil, were evaluated for 

their effect on the growth of indigenous bacteria. Measured bacteria numbers and the loss of dispersant 

and oil from experimental flasks [interpretation of results with regard to biodegradation of crude oil are 

unclear]. 

Bhupathiraju, V. K., P. Krauter, H.-Y. N. Holman, M. E. Conrad, P. F. Daley, A. S. Templeton, J. R. 

Hunt, M. Hernandez, L. Alvarez-Cohen , 2002. Assessment of in-situ bioremediation at a refinery wastecontaminated site and an aviation gasoline contaminated site. Biodegradation 13:79-90. 

Keywords: aviation gasoline/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ degradation/ density/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ 

microcosm/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ soil 

Notes: Two sites on Almeda Island in San Francisco Bay were sampled with soil cores. One site was an 

old petroleum refinery (1879-1903), the other was an abandoned fuel storage area that leaked aviation 

gasoline during the 1960s and 1970s. Authors determined groundwater geochemical and soil gas 

characteristics, and density of total and active bacteria. Laboratory microcosms were employed to 

measure the ability of indiginous microbes to metabolize radio-labeled hydrocarbons. 

Bibby, C. J., 1981. An experiment on the recovery of dead birds from the North Sea. Ornis Scandinavica 

12:261-265. 

Keywords: bird/ drift/ experiment/ North Sea/ Oone/ recovery/ salt water 

Notes: Results of a dead bird recovery experiment in the North Sea. 

Bicego, M. C., R. R. Weber, R. G. Ito, 1996. Aromatic hydrocarbons on surface waters of Admiralty Bay, 

King George Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:549-553. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ salt 

water/ time 

Notes: Water samples at 1 m depth were collected from 24 sites in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, 

Antarctica during the summers of 1989, 1990, 1992, and 1993. Measured total aromatic hydrocarbons in 

all samples and quantified 11 individual PAHs in one water sample. 

Bicego, M. C., E. Zanardi-Lamardo, S. Taniguchi, R. R. Weber, 2002. Natural levels of 

dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the South West Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

44:1152-1169. 

Keywords: Argentina/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ Brazil/ coast/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water 

Notes: Water samples at 1 m depth were collected off the coast of Argentina in 1995-96 and 1996-97, 

and off the coast of Brazil in 1997. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons. Purpose was to 

establish baselines for southwest Atlantic waters. 

Bickham, J. W., J. A. Mazet, J. Blake, M. J. Smolen, Y. Lou, E. Ballachey, 1998. Flow cytometric 

determination of genotoxic effects of exposure to petroleum in mink and sea otters. Ecotoxicology 7:191-

199. 

Keywords: blood/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ diet/ DNA/ effects/ experiment/ female/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ 

genotoxic/ kidney/ liver/ mammal/ mink/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sea otter/ size/ spill/ spleen/ tissue/ weathered 

Notes: Flow cytometric assessment of the effects of petroleum exposure in mink and sea otters. In one 

experiment, female mink were fed weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil in the diet for 3 wks prior to mating, 

during pregnancy, and through weaning. Kits were exposed through lactation and by diet until 4 mo old. 

Kidney and liver tissue examined. In the second experiment, female mink were exposed either by diet or 

externally to crude oil or bunker C fuel oil. Spleen and kidney tissue examined. Also, blood was collected 

from sea otters from the eastern and western portions of Prince William Sound 1.5 yrs after the oil spill. 

Measured genome size (DNA) and coefficient of variation of the G1 peak. 

Bidleman, T. F., A. A. Castleberry, W. T. Foreman, M. T. Zaranski, D. W. Wall, 1990. Petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the surface water of two estuaries in the southeastern United States. Estuarine, Coastal 

and Shelf Science 30:91-109. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

37 
petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ total hydrocarbons 

 Notes: Water samples from 20-50 cm below the surface were collected from Winyah Bay, SC (94 

samples) and Charleston Harbor, SC (37 samples). Analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons and total 

hydrocarbons in all samples, and 12 individual PAHs in four samples from Winyah Bay. 

Bidwell, J. R., D. S. Cherry, A. T. Merski, 2003. Toxicity evaluation of a commercial bioremediation 

agent mixed with crude oil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:84-91. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

degradation/ evaluation/ fish/ growth/ microbes/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Othree/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of a commercial bioremediation agent to the inland silverside minnow. 

The water-soluble fraction of weathered North Slope crude oil was combined with multiple concentrations 

of the CBA or nutrients alone, and CBA alone in sea water in assays of 96 hr and 7 da. Also conducted a 

42 da petroleum degradation study. Measured survival and growth of the minnows, concentrations of 

bacteria, and concentrations of alkane and aromatic analytes. 

Bieger, T., J. Hellou, T. A. Abrajano, Jr., 1996. Petroleum biomarkers as tracers of lubricating oil 

contamination. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:270-274. 

Keywords: analysis/ biomarker/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ indicator/ lubricating oil/ Newfoundland/ oil/ 

Onine/ petroleum/ plankton/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ technical/ terpane/ urban 

Notes: Samples of fresh and used automotive and outboard engine lubricating oil, auto muffler soot, 

urban roadsweepings, St. John's (Newfoundland) harbor sediment, rural harbor sediment, urban pond 

sediment, and Conception Bay plankton and sediment were collected for analysis of saturated 

hydrocarbons. Emphasis was on the analysis and use of tricyclic and pentacyclic terpanes as tracer 

compounds for identifying the source of petroleum contamination and as indicators of the degree of 

weathering that has occurred. 

Bigford, T. E., 1977. Effects of oil on behavioral responses to light, pressure and gravity in larvae of the 

rock crab Cancer irroratus. Marine Biology 43:137-148. 

Keywords: behavior/ concentration/ condition/ crab/ development/ effects/ fuel oil/ larvae/ light/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ pressure/ salt water/ static/ water column 

 Notes: Larvae of the rock crab at six stages of development were exposed to three concentrations of the 

water-accomodated fraction of No. 2 fuel oil under static conditions. Also included various conditions of 

light, pressure, and gravity. Water column behaviors of the larvae were measured. 

Birkhead, T. R., C. Lloyd, P. Corkhill, 1973. Oiled seabirds successfully cleaning their plumage. British 

Birds 66:535-537. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ reproduction/ salt water 

Notes: Report of the successful cleaning of oiled plumage and subsequent successful breeding. 

Bitton, G., D. A. Chuckran, I. Chet, R. Mitchell, 1979. Resistance of bacterial chemotaxis to blockage in 

petroleum waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:48-49. 

Keywords: bacteria/ chemotaxis/ concentration/ fresh water/ kerosene/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt 

water 

Notes: Exposure of marine bacteria to various concentrations of kerosene in water. Comparison of 

chemotaxis of kerosene-degrading bacteria with that of bacteria not capable of decomposing kerosene. 

Used both sea water and fresh water. 

Blackman, R. A. A., F. L. Franklin, M. G. Norton, K. W. Wilson, 1978. New procedures for the toxicity 

testing of oil slick dispersants in the United Kingdom. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:234-238. 

Keywords: beach/ dispersant/ ODnine/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ procedure/ salt water/ spill response/ 

technical/ toxicity/ United Kingdom 

Notes: A description of two new (vintage 1978) toxicity tests (a sea test and a beach test) developed for 

toxicity testing of chemical dispersants. Tests were required before the product could be licensed for use 

in the United Kingdom. 

38 
Blackman, R. A. A., R. J. Law, 1980. The Eleni V oil spill: fate and effects of the oil over the first twelve 

months. Part I. Oil in waters and sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:199-204. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ cleaning/ dispersant/ effects/ evaluation/ fate/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of this spill of heavy fuel oil during the first year after the event. An area of 

aggressive beach cleaning and an area of no cleaning are contrasted. Sampled subsurface water 

(including during offshore dispersant application) and offshore sediments. Analyzed aliphatic 

hydrocarbons in samples and converted to fuel oil equivalents. 

Blackman, R. A. A., R. J. Law, 1980. The Eleni V oil spill: fate and effects of the oil over the first twelve 

months. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:217-220. 

Keywords: biological effects/ coast/ concentration/ depuration/ effects/ England/ fate/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

general effect/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ mussel/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ population/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ shrimp/ spill/ survey/ time/ tissue/ winkle 

Notes: A presentation of the results of several surveys and studies performed to assess the biological 

effects of the Eleni V oil spill (fuel oil?) off the coast of England. Commercial fish populations were 

monitored and flesh tainting was evaluated. Generalized description of the response to oiling of intertidal 

organisms; mussels, ragworms, and winkles were collected and analyzed for hydrocarbon concentrations 

("fuel oil equivalents"). Mussels were collected six times between 163 and 363 da after the spill. 

Depuration of hydrocarbons by mussels was determined in laboratory tanks during a 139 da period . GC 

tracings are presented of saturated hydrocarbons from surface oil, and winkle and ragworm tissue. 

Brown shrimp were exposed for 6 wks to water containing water extracts of the spilled fuel oil. 

Blackman, R. A. A., R. J. Law, 1981. The Eleni V oil spill: return to normal conditions. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 12:126-130. 

Keywords: biological effects/ coast/ concentration/ condition/ effects/ England/ fuel oil/ general effect/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ mussel/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sampling/ 

saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ time/ tissue/ weathered/ winkle 

Notes: A continuation of the post-spill assessment of biological effects of the Eleni V oil spill off the coast 

of England. A second year of sampling was performed similar to that described in Blackman and Law 

(1980). Hydrocarbon concentrations ("fuel oil equivalents") are shown for mussels, ragworms, winkles, 

and their ambient water during the 2-yr period. Hydrocarbon concentrations are also shown for 

subsurface sediments and subsurface water during the 2-yr period. Presents several GC tracings of 

saturated hydrocarbons in water, sediment, tissue, and weathered oil. 

Blackwell, B. F., T. W. Seamans, D. A. Helon, R. A. Dolbeer, 2000. Early loss of herring gull clutches 

after egg-oiling. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:70-75. 

Keywords: animal control/ bird/ colony/ corn/ corn oil/ eggs/ fresh water/ gull/ hatching/ herring/ herring 

gull/ incubation/ oil/ oiled/ Oone 

Notes: Herring gull eggs in a colony in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie were treated with corn oil either between 

days 7-15 or days 21-27 of incubation. Recorded clutches hatching, clutches incubated beyond hatching 

date, and clutches lost to abandonment or other causes prior to the hatching date. 

Blaise, C., F. Gagne, N. Chevre, M. Harwood, K. Lee, J. Lappalainen, B. Chial, G. Persoone, K. Doe, 

2004. Toxicity assessment of oil-contaminated freshwater sediments. Environmental Toxicology 19:267-

273. 

Keywords: algae/ ammonia/ ammonium/ assay/ Biotox Flash/ Canada/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ microbes/ Microtox/ nitrate/ nutrients/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

phosphate/ remediation/ river/ sediment/ species/ spill/ time/ toxicity/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: A freshwater wetland along the St. Lawrence (Canada) River was used in an oil spill remediation 

study. Crude oil was applied in June to wetland plots as oil only, oil plus ammonium nitrate and 

phosphate with vegetation cut back, oil plus ammonium nitrate and phosphate, oil plus sodium nitrate and 

phosphate, and no oil plus ammonium nitrate and phosphate. Nutrients were reapplied during JulyOctober. Sediment samples were collected 11 times during the 65 wk study. Measured microbe toxicity 

with the Microtox and Biotox Flash assays, microalgal (one species) toxicity, and microinvertebrate (two 

species) toxicity. 

39 
Blake, B. F., 1983. A comparative study of the diet of auks killed during an oil incident in the Skagerrak in 

January 1981. Journal of Zoology (London) 201:12. 

Keywords: auks/ bird/ Denmark/ diet/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Diets of seabirds killed in an oil spill in the Skagerrak, north of Denmark, and their relation to the 

amount of oiling. 

Blankenship, D. W., R. A. Larson, 1978. Plant growth inhibition by the water extract of a crude oil. Water 

Air and Soil Pollution 10:471-476. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ 

freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ harvest/ leaves/ Nigerian crude oil/ oil/ Oseven/ phenol/ 

photosynthesis/ plant/ respiration/ seed/ size/ toxicity/ weight 

Notes: The water-soluble fraction of Nigerian crude oil was used to germinate radish seeds and water the 

resultant radish plant in an assessment of the effects on seed germination and plant growth. Measured 

seed germination, leaf size, taproot weight, harvest weight, onset of flowering, respiration, and 

photosynthesis. Also, measured the approximate concentrations of aliphatic, aromatic, and phenolic 

compounds in the water-soluble fraction. 

Blaylock, W. M. and J. P. Houghton 1989. Infaunal recovery at Ediz Hook following the Arco Anchorage

oil spill. Pages 421-426 in 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: behavior/ benthic/ crude oil/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ salt 

water/ sampling/ seasonal/ spill/ transect/ Washington 

Notes: Assessment of the recovery of benthic infauna after a crude oil spill near Ediz Hook in Port 

Angeles, Washington. Five transects at four elevations, with respect to mean low tide, were sampled for 

benthic infauna during five sampling seasons over an 18 mo period. 

Blokpoel, H., R. M. G. Hamilton, 1989. Effects of applying white mineral oil to chicken and gull eggs. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:435-441. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ development/ effects/ eggs/ fresh water/ gull/ mineral oil/ oil/ Oone/ population/ 

population control 

Notes: Development of an egg-oiling technique using mineral oil for controlling gull populations. 

Blot, W. J., L. A. Brinton, J. F. Fraument, Jr., B. J. Stone, 1977. Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with 

petroleum industries. Science 198:51-53. 

Keywords: cancer/ humans/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ refinery/ survey 

Notes: A survey of cancer incidence, in 22 cancer categories, in 39 counties classified as petroleumindustry counties and 117 counties not so classified. The two types of counties were matched as closely 

as possible with regard to demographic and economic categories. 

Blundo, R., 1978. The toxic effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil and of three aromatic 

hydrocarbons on the behavior and survival of barnacle larvae. Contributions in Marine Science 21:25-37. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ barnacle/ behavior/ benzene/ concentration/ effects/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ solubility/ 

survival/ toluene/ water column/ weathered 

Notes: Exposure of barnacle larvae to varying concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel 

oil, naphthalene, toluene, or benzene. Compared fresh stock solutions with slightly weathered solutions. 

Measured survival and water column behavior. 

Bobra, A. M., W. Y. Shiu, D. Mackay, 1983. Acute toxicity of fresh and weathered crude oils to Daphnia

magna. Chemosphere 12:1137-1149. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ daphnia/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

natural gas/ Ofive/ oil/ solubility/ static/ survival/ synthetic oil/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Comparison of the toxicity of water-soluble solutions of four crude oils, a natural gas condensate, 

and a synthetic oil mixture. Three of the crude oils and the natural gas condensate were also weathered 

before preparation of the solutions. Daphnia magna exposed in a static bioassay to varying 

concentrations of all substances. Measured survival and calculated aqueous solubilities of all test 

40 
substances and LC50s. Authors also discuss the issue of substance 'toxicity' versus substance 'potency' 

and whether substance toxicity is equivalent to its solubility. 

Bobra, A. M., W. Y. Shiu, D. Mackay, R. H. Goodman, 1989. Acute toxicity of dispersed fresh and 

weathered crude oil and dispersants to Daphnia Magna. Chemosphere 19:1199-1222. 

Keywords: acute/ assay/ bioassay/ composition/ crude oil/ daphnia/ dispersant/ dissolved/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ Norman Wells crude oil/ ODfive/ oil/ phenol/ solubility/ static/ survival/ 

temperature/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of a crude oil at three stages of weathering (fresh, 20% and 42% 

evaporated), five chemical dispersants, and a phenol reference. Crude oil tested as the maximum water 

soluble fraction at two temperatures, WSF from 40 ppm oil at two temperatures, and mechanically 

dispersed oil from 40 ppm oil at two temperatures. Dispersants tested at two temperatures. Oildispersant mixtures tested at two temperatures. All test containers rotated during the 48 hr assay period. 

Phenol tested in a static bioassay. Measured survival, analyzed the composition of the weathered crude 

oil, and estimated the relative contributions to lethality of dispersed oil, dissolved oil, and dispersant. 

Bocard, C., B. Durif-Varambon, C. Gatellier, Ph. Renault, P. Laboureur, and L. Person 1977. New 

concept of oil dispersion in view of clean up by degradation. Pages 407-410 in 1977 Oil Spill Conference. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: degradation/ detergent/ dispersant/ microbes/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ spill/ technical 

Notes: An early description of the desirability (from a degradation perspective) of the use of the new 

(vintage 1977) types of chemical dispersant formulations on petroleum spills. The author had to deal with 

the negative legacy of the disastrous efforts to disperse oil from the 1967 Torrey Canyon oil spill with 

commercial detergent formulations. 

Bocard, C., P. Renault, and J. Croquette 1979. Cleaning products used in operations after the Amoco 

Cadiz disaster. Pages 163-167 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, API 4308. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ Arabian Light crude oil/ cleaning/ coast/ crude oil/ evaluation/ methods/ 

miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ procedure/ spill 

Notes: A report and evaluation of a variety of cleaning methods and cleaning chemicals used during the 

Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Covers products used at sea and products and procedures employed on the coast. 

Bode, H., R. Ernst, J. Arditti, 1978. Biological effects of surfactants, III hydra as a highly sensitive assay 

animal. Environmental Pollution 17:175-185. 

Keywords: anionic/ assay/ biological effects/ concentration/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

hydra/ nonionic/ ODfive/ rate/ surfactant/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of hydra to varying concentrations of homologous series of surfactants within three 

classes of surfactants (nonionic, amphoteric, anionic); measured budding rate and survival. 

Bodkin, J. L., B. E. Ballachey, T. A. Dean, A. K. Fukuyama, S. C. Jewett, L. McDonald, D. H. 

Monson, C. E. O'Clair, G. R. VanBlaricom, 2002. Sea otter population status and the process of 

recovery from the 1989 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology Progress Series 241:253. 

Keywords: Alaska/ blood/ crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ metabolism/ numbers/ 

oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William Sound/ protein/ recovery/ region/ salt water/ sea otter/ 

shoreline/ spill/ survey/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of sea otter population status and recovery in western Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Aerial surveys (1993-2000) were used to estimate numbers of otters along shorelines that were 

oiled during the Exxon Valdez spill. A subarea within the oiled region was intensively studied 1995-2000 

and compared with an unoiled shoreline area at the edge of the oiled region. Reproductive success was 

determined by small boat survey. Otters were also captured and tagged for population estimation. Blood 

samples were collected from caputured otters and analyzed for selected blood proteins. 

Boehm, P. D., J. G. Quinn, 1977. The persistence of chronically accumulated hydrocarbons in the hard 

shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Marine Biology 44:227-233. 

Keywords: chronic/ clam/ concentration/ depuration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

41 
persistence/ rate/ salt water/ shell 

Notes: Assessment of the depuration rate for hard shell clams from the chronically polluted Providence 

River, RI; measured total hydrocarbon concentration at intervals during a 120 da depuration period. 

Boehm, P. D., J. E. Barak, D. L. Fiest, A. A. Elskus, 1982. A chemical investigation of the transport and 

fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in littoral and benthic environments: the Tsesis oil spill. Marine 

Environmental Research 6:157-188. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ bivalve/ environment/ fate/ fuel oil/ general effect/ 

hydrocarbons/ littoral/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ No.5 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ species/ spill/ time/ tissue/ 

transport/ Tsesis 

Notes: The fate and transport of a spill of No. 5 fuel oil in the Baltic Sea was determined in a 1 year 

monitoring study. Surface sediments, sediment traps, and two bivalve species were collected from 3-9 

locations. Saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in sediment and tissue. Numerous GC 

tracings are shown. 

Boehm, P. D., P. J. Mankiewicz, R. Hartung, J. M. Neff, D. S. Page, E. S. Gilfillan, E. O'Reilly, K. R. 

Parker, 1996. Characterization of mussel beds with residual oil and the risk to foraging wildlife 4 years 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:1289-1303. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ foraging/ 

hazard/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ PAH/ Prince William Sound/ 

residual oil/ risk/ risk assessment/ salt water/ sea otter/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Risk assessment of mussels in Prince William Sound 4 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Mussel beds in upper, middle, and lower tidal zones of 64 randomly selected sites in oiled and reference 

sites were sampled for PAH analysis. Mussel beds were also characterized to compare with similar 

information collected in 1990. Findings were compared with 1990 results to estimate the hazard to birds 

and sea otters from consuming oiled mussels. 

Boehm, P. D., G. S. Douglas, W. A. Burns, P. J. Mankiewicz, D. S. Page, A. E. Bence, 1997. 

Application of petroleum hydrocarbon chemical fingerprinting and allocation techniques after the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:599-613. 

Keywords: development/ Exxon Valdez/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ interpretation/ methods/ mixing/ 

model/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ review/ salt water/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Review and assessment of the status of petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting methods. Authors 

present a historical summary, fingerprinting during the Exxon Valdez oil spill, advances in analytical 

techniques and data interpretation, development of a mixing model algorithm, development of a 

fingerprinting strategy for oil spills, and current research in fingerprinting of petroleum. 

Boehm, P. D., D. S. Page, E. S. Gilfillan, A. E. Bence, W. A. Burns, P. J. Mankiewicz, 1998. Study of 

the fates and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on benthic sediments in two bays in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. 1. Study design, chemistry, and source fingerprinting. Environmental Science and 

Technology 32:567-576. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ crude oil/ depth/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ 

fingerprinting/ miscellaneous/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil seep/ oil spill/ PAH/ 

Prince William Sound/ pyrogenic/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal 

Notes: Comparison of the PAHs in subtidal sediments of two bays on Knight Island, Prince William 

Sound, Alaska; one bay affected by the Alaska oil spill and the other not affected. Sampled sediments at 

water depths ranging from 10 to 150 m and analyzed for Alaska North Slope PAHs, natural oil-seep 

PAHs, pyrogenic PAHs, and biogenic/diagenic PAHs. 

Boehm, P. D., D. S. Page, J. S. Brown, J. M. Neff, W. A. Burns, 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

levels in mussels from Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, document the return to baseline conditions. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:2916-2929. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ Exxon Valdez/ marine invertebrate/ 

mussel/ Ofour/ oil spill/ oiled/ Prince William Sound/ remediation/ risk/ salt water/ spill/ time 

Notes: Mussels from 73 unoiled and 218 oiled sites (Exxon Valdez spill, 1989) in western Prince William 

42 
Sound were collected 1998-02. Samples were analyzed for 2-6 ring aromatic hydrocarbons and the 

results used to estimate risk to wildlife. 

Boer, B., 1993. Anomalous pneumatophores and adventitious roots of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. 

mangroves two years after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill in Saudi Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:207-

211. 

Keywords: Gulf oil spill/ mangrove/ marina/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ roots/ salt water/ sampling/ 

Saudi Arabia/ soil/ soil profile/ spill/ transect/ war 

Notes: In Saudi Arabia, an area of mangroves affected by the Gulf War oil spill was compared with 

mangroves in an unaffected area 2 yrs after the war. The incidence of pneumatophores and adventitious 

roots was quantified and cross-section drawings of both were made. Soil profiles were taken at each 

sampling quadrat within the five transects established at the affected and unaffected locations. 

Boersma, P. D., 1986. Ingestion of petroleum by seabirds can serve as a monitor of water quality. 

Science 231:373-376. 

Keywords: alkane/ bird/ ingestion/ long-term/ monitoring/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ pollution/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ salt water/ storm-petrel 

Notes: Promotion of the use of storm-petrels as monitors of low-level long-term oil pollution on the open 

seas. 

Boersma, P. D., 1987. Penguins oiled in Argentina. Science 236:135. 

Keywords: Argentina/ bird/ coast/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ salt water 

Notes: Report of serious oiling of penguins on the coast of Argentina. 

Boersma, P. D., E. M. Davies, W. V. Reid, 1988. Weathered crude oil effects on chicks of fork-tailed 

storm-petrels (Oceanodroma furcata). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:527-

531. 

Keywords: bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ development/ dosed/ effects/ growth/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ salt water/ storm-petrel/ weathered 

Notes: Young fork-tailed storm-petrels dosed with weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil were evaluated for 

effects on growth and development. 

Bonin, P., E. R. Ranaivoson, N. Raymond, A. Chalamet, J. C. Bertrand, 1994. Evidence for 

denitrification in marine sediment highly contaminated by petroleum products. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

28:89-95. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ bacteria/ coast/ concentration/ France/ microbes/ nitrification/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ refinery/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment was collected near a refinery outlet on the Mediterrean coast of France and partitioned 

into layers (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-10 cm). Overlying water and sediment were chemically and physically 

characterized. Denitrification capability of several strains of bacteria were determined in laboratory 

assays. The saturated hydrocarbon concentration of two of the sediment layers was determined. 

Bonsdorff, E., 1981. The Antonio Gramsci oil spill. Impact on the littoral and benthic ecosystems. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 12:301-305. 

Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ bivalve/ community/ crude oil/ distribution/ ecosystem/ effects/ general 

effect/ intertidal/ littoral/ marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ size/ spill/ subtidal/ time 

Notes: A 1979 spill of crude oil in the Baltic Sea was assessed for 2 mos for its effects on the littoral 

community and for 3 yrs for its effects on benthic communities. An undeclared number of sites were 

sampled from the lower and upper intertidal area and from the subtidal area. Fauna were identified and 

enumerated, community indicies calculated, and size frequency distributions determined for one bivalve. 

Bonsdorff, E., T. Bakke, A. Pedersen, 1990. Colonization of amphipods and polychaetes to sediments 

experimentally exposed to oil hydrocarbons. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:355-358. 

Keywords: amphipod/ colonization/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ Ekofisk crude oil/ experiment/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ polychaete/ salt water/ sediment/ treatment 

43 
Notes: Effects of water-soluble fractions of Ekofisk crude oil in sediments on colonization by amphipods 

and polychaetes; two oil treatments during a 6-mo field experiment. Measured density of invertebrates. 

Born, A. F., E. Espinoza, J. C. Murillo, F. Nicolaides, G. J. Edgar, 2003. Effects of the Jessica oil spill 

on artisanal fisheries in the Galapagos. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:319-324. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ diesel fuel/ economy/ fish/ fishery/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: An assessment of the effect of the Jessica oil spill in the Galapagos Islands on the fishing industry 

of the islands. Authors evaluated catch and effort, distributrion of fishing sites, prices, and exports. 

Borowsky, B., P. Aitken-Ander, J. T. Tanacredi, 1993. The effects of low doses of waste crankcase oil 

on Melita nitida Smith (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 

166:39-46. 

Keywords: adult/ amphipod/ crankcase oil/ effects/ female/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ sediment/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of adult amphipods to 1, 10, or 100 ppm waste crankcase oil mixed in sediment. 

Measured survival of adults and juveniles and reproduction of adult females. 

Botello, A. V., J. A. Goni, S. A. Castro, 1983. Levels of organic pollution in coastal lagoons of Tabasco 

State, Mexico; I: Petroleum hydrocarbons. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

31:271-277. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ organic/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ sediment/ tissue/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Samples of sediment and oysters were collected at 27 sites along the coast of Tabasco State, 

Mexico during October 1979 and January, March, and May 1980. Sediments and oyster tissue were 

analyzed for saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, and total hydrocarbons. 

Botello, A. V., C. Gonzalez, G. Diaz, 1991. Pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from 

continental shelf of Tabasco State, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

47:565-571. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ Caribbean/ hydrocarbons/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pollution/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediment from 15 nearshore and offshore sites on the Caribbean side of Mexico was 

collected and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Measured total organic carbon, aliphatic 

hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Also measured 16 individual PAHs. 

Botello, A. V., S. F. Villanueva, G. G. Diaz, E. Escobar-Briones, 1998. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in sediments from Salina Cruz Harbor and coastal areas, Oaxaca, Mexico. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 36:554-558. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ coast/ concentration/ harbour/ hydrocarbons/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Determination of concentrations of total PAHs and organic carbon in sediments of Salina Cruz 

Harbour and nearby coast areas. 

Bott, T. L., K. Rogenmuser, P. Thorne, 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil, Nigerian crude oil, and used 

crankcase oil on benthic algal communities. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A13:751-779. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ chlorophyll/ community/ 

concentration/ crankcase oil/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ microcosm/ Nigerian crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ Oseven/ Pennsylvania/ 

productivity/ respiration/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Algal mats and underlying sediment from Oldmans Creek in Pennsylvania, USA were used to 

create laboratory microcosms placed in outdoor greenhouses. A series of experiments were preformed in 

summer, fall, and winter by using Nigerian crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and used crankcase oil in simulated oil 

spill scenarios. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored in the water and algal mats. Water 

44 
was also monitored for alkalinity and major nutrients. Measured net community primary productivity, 

community respiration, community gross productivity, and chlorophyll a concentrations. 

Bott, T. L., K. Rogenmuser, 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil, Nigerian crude oil, and used crankcase oil on 

attached algal communities: acute and chronic toxicity of water-soluble constituents. Applied 

Environmental Microbiology 36:673-682. 

Keywords: acute/ algae/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ chlorophyll/ chronic/ community/ composition/ 

concentration/ condition/ crankcase oil/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel 

oil/ hydrocarbons/ light/ microcosm/ Nigerian crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Oseven/ Pennsylvania/ 

toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: Water from Oldmans Creek, Pennsylvania, USA was used to establish cultures of attached algae 

in laboratory microcosms; community composition was determined prior to a series of 5-wk-long 

experiments performed in the summer and in the fall. Water-soluble extracts were prepared in light and 

darkness from No. 2 fuel oil, Nigerian crude oil, and used crankcase oil; concentrations of aliphatic 

hydrocarbons and several nutrients were measured in the microcosm water. Measured community 

composition; phycocyanin, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll c concentrations; and 14C uptake (light and dark 

conditions). 

Boucher, G., 1980. Impact of Amoco Cadiz oil spill on intertidal and sublittoral meiofauna. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 11:95-101. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ copepod/ crude oil/ density/ diversity/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

meiofauna/ nematode/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ salt water/ sand/ species/ spill/ sublittoral/ 

substrate 

Notes: Assessment of the intertidal and sublittoral nematodes and copepods in sand substrate heavily 

oiled by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Measured densities, number of species, and diversity indicies over a 

7-mo period following the spill. 

Boucher, G., 1985. Long term monitoring of meiofauna densities after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 16:328-333. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ copepod/ crude oil/ density/ estuarine/ invertebrate/ long-term/ marine 

invertebrate/ meiofauna/ monitoring/ nematode/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ pollution/ salt water/ spill/ sublittoral 

Notes: Assessement of the long-term effect of pollution from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill on copepods and 

nematodes in a sublittoral and an estuarine site. Measured densities of invertebrates monthly during a 1-

year prespill period and for 4 years after the spill. 

Boukir, A., E. Aries, M. Guiliano, L. Asia, P. Doumenq, G. Mille, 2001. Subfractionation, 

characterization and photooxidation of crude oil resins. Chemosphere 43:279-286. 

Keywords: chemical analysis/ chemical characteristics/ crude oil/ development/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

light/ oil/ Onine/ photooxidation/ resin/ technical 

Notes: Development of analytical techniques for the fractionation and characterization of resins 

(maltenes) in blended Arabian light, blended Arabian medium, Kuwait, Handil, and Zarzaitine crude oils. 

Measured the chemical changes induced by exposure to light for up to 2 mos. 

Bouloubassi, I., J. Fillaux, A. Saliot, 2001. Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Changjiang 

(Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1335-1346. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ China/ concentration/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Samples of surface sediment from the Changjiang River estuary and the adjacent South China 

Sea were collected from 11 sites. Sediments were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and a suite of 18 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were interpreted with regard to their origin and their concentration 

relative to other areas of the world. 

Bourne, W. R. P. 1968. Oil pollution and bird populations. Pages 99-121 in J. D. Carthy, D. R. Arthur, 

editors. The Biological effects of oil pollution on littoral communities: proceedings of a symposium held 

at the Orielton Field Centre, Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th February 1968. Field Studies. 

Field Studies Council, London. 

45 
Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ community/ effects/ history/ littoral/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ 

region/ salt water/ Wales 

Notes: A historical and contemporary assessment of the effects of oil pollution on bird populations. 

Bourne, W. R. P., L. Johnston, 1971. The threat of oil pollution to north Scottish seabird colonies. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 2:117-119. 

Keywords: bird/ colony/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ salt water/ Scotland/ spill 

Notes: Report and assessment of an oil spill in the north Scottish islands. 

Bourne, W. R. P., C. J. Bibby, 1975. Temperature and the seasonal and geographical occurrence of 

oiled birds on west European beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 6:77-80. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ Europe/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ seasonal/ temperature 

Notes: Comparison of occurrence of oiled birds with the season; west European beaches. 

Bourne, W. R. P., 1978. Amoco Cadiz seems likely to exterminate the French auks. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 9:145. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ auks/ bird/ France/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Comment on the likelyhood of extermination of French auks because of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. 

Bourne, W. R. P., 1979. The Christos Bitas affair. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:122-123. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ England/ mammal/ oil/ Oone/ salt water/ seal/ spill/ Wales 

Notes: Effects of the Christos Bitas spill of crude oil on birds and seals off the coast of Wales. 

Bowman, R. E. and R. W. Langton 1978. Fish predation on oil-contaminated prey from the region of the 

Argo Merchant oil spill. Pages 137-141 in In the Wake of the Argo Merchant. University of Rhode Island. 

Keywords: Argo Merchant/ Bunker C/ fish/ food chain/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ movement/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Othree/ predation/ region/ salt water/ species/ spill/ squid/ transfer 

Notes: An assessment of the movement of spilled Bunker C fuel oil (Argo Merchant) from prey species to 

predator species; field collections of fish and squid. 

Bowman, R. S., 1978. Dounreay oil spill: major implications of a minor incident. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

9:269-273. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ fuel oil/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt 

water/ Scotland/ shoreline/ spill/ time 

Notes: The author compares the preliminary assessment of the effects of a 1977 spill of fuel oil on the 

shoreline of northern Scotland with a subsequent reassessment of the effects. The pitfalls of superficial 

judgements and the lack of baseline information are highlighted. 

Bowman, T. D., P. F. Schempf, J. A. Bernatowicz, 1995. Bald eagle survival and population dynamics 

in Alaska after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:317-324. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bald eagle/ bird/ eagle/ Exxon Valdez/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prince William 

Sound/ recovery/ salt water/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Survival and population recovery for bald eagles in the Prince William Sound area following the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Bowman, T. D., P. F. Schempf, J. I. Hodges, 1997. Bald eagle population in Prince William Sound after 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Management 61 :962-967. 

Keywords: bald eagle/ bird/ crude oil/ eagle/ Exxon Valdez/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prince William 

Sound/ salt water/ spill/ survey 

Notes: Survey of the bald eagle population of Prince William Sound in an effort to determine the effect of 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill; census conducted in 1982 (partial), 1989-91, and 1995. 

Bowyer, R. T., J. W. Testa, J. B. Faro, C. C. Schwartz, J. B. Browning, 1994. Changes in diets of river 

otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska: effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Zoology 

72:970-976. 

46 
Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ feces/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ Prince 

William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ river otter/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on diet of river otters in Prince William Sound. 

Bowyer, R. T., J. W. Testa, J. B. Faro, 1995. Habitat selection and home ranges of river otters in a 

marine environment: effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1-11. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ effects/ environment/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ mammal/ marine environment/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ river otter/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Effects of Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat selection and use by sea otters in Prince William 

Sound. 

Bowyer, R. T., G. M. Blundell, M. Ben-David, S. C. Jewett, T. A. Dean, L. K. Duffy, 2004. Effects of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of a sentinel species. Wildlife Monographs No. 

153:1-53. 

Keywords: Alaska/ assay/ biomarker/ capture/ diet/ Exxon Valdez/ fresh water/ injury/ mammal/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ river otter/ salt water/ species/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: A detailed accounting of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 on river otterns in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. Authors research involved an early set of studies (1989-92) and a later set (1996-

99). The Methods contains sections on live capture of otters, surgical procedures, morphometrics, field 

biosampling, biomarker assays, diet analyses, prey availability, radiotelemetry, age structure, estimating 

population size, survival, and synthesis. 

Braddock, J. F., J. E. Lindstrom, E. J. Brown, 1995. Distribution of hydrocarbon-degrading 

microorganisms in sediments from Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:125-132. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ density/ depth/ distribution/ Exxon Valdez/ intertidal/ microbes/ 

miscellaneous/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal 

 Notes: Measurement of density of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in intertidal and subtidal 

(depths varying from 3 to 100 m) sediments of Prince William Sound. Six sampling cruises conducted 

from summer of 1989 to summer of 1991. Densities and temporal changes in densities compared to 

distribution of oil from the Exxon Valdez spill. 

Braddock, J. F., M. L. Ruth, P. H. Catterall, J. L. Walworth, K. A. McCarthy, 1997. Enhancement and 

inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon-contaminated Arctic soils: implications for nutrient-amended 

bioremediation. Environmental Science and Technology 31:2078-2084. 

Keywords: activity/ Arctic/ bioremediation/ evaluation/ jet fuel/ mesocosm/ microbes/ microcosm/ 

nutrients/ Oten/ soil 

Notes: Evaluation of nutrient supplementation (N, P) on the bioremediation of an Alaskan site 

contaminated with jet fuel; three levels of supplementation, laboratory microcosms, on-site mesocosms. 

Bradshaw, C. J. A., S. Boutin, D. M. Hebert, 1997. Effects of petroleum exploration on woodland 

caribou in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1127-1133. 

Keywords: activity/ Alberta/ behavior/ Canada/ caribou/ development/ effects/ evaluation/ habitat/ 

mammal/ movement/ oil/ oil field/ Otwo/ petroleum/ time 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of simulated petroleum exploration activities on the movement and 

behavior of caribou during the winter. Caribou in Alberta exposed to noises adjusted for volume and 

duration to simulated specific stages in the exploration for oil. Measured time devoted to movement and 

the use of habitat patches. 

Bradshaw, C. J. A., S. Boutin, D. M. Hebert, 1998. Energetic implications of disturbance caused by 

petroleum exploration to woodland caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1319-1324. 

Keywords: Alberta/ caribou/ cost/ development/ energetics/ estimate/ female/ mammal/ Otwo/ petroleum/ 

rate/ region/ weight 

Notes: Estimation of the energetic costs to female woodland caribou of disturbance caused by petroleum 

exploration during the winter in northeast Alberta. Derived estimates of encounter rates and subsequent 

47 
energy expenditure for nine separate regions. Energy expenditure estimates were then converted to loss 

of body mass. 

Bragg, J. R., R. C. Prince, E. J. Harner, R. M. Atlas, 1994. Effectiveness of bioremediation for the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. Nature 368:413-418. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ microbes/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ procedure/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Authors present an evaluation procedure for determining the effectiveness of petroleum 

bioremediation. The Exxon Valdez oil spill bioremediation efforts are discussed in detail. 

Brandt, C. A., J. M. Becker, A. Porta, 2002. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and 

terrestrial biota after a spill of crude oil in Trecate, Italy. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

21:1638-1643. 

Keywords: accumulation/ amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ distribution/ effects/ evaluation/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ frog/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Oeight/ oil/ 

plant/ soil/ species/ spill/ time 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of an oil well blowout in northern Italy in February 1994. Plants (six 

species), terrestrial insects, wood mice, and frogs were collected each July during 1994-97. Soil samples 

were collected quarterly from more than 50 locations throughout the affected area and outside the area. 

Analyzed samples for total aromatic hydrocarbons and a suite of individual aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Calculated biota-soil accumulation factors for the aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Brannon, E. L., K. C. M. Collins, L. L. Moulton, K. R. Parker, 2001. Resolving allegations of oil damage 

to incubating pink salmon eggs in Prince William Sound. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 58:1070-1076. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ pink salmon/ Prince William 

Sound/ salmon/ salt water/ sampling/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: Authors re-evaluate previously published information on the effects on pink salmon eggs of crude 

oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Adjustments are made for 'shock mortality' during the times that egg 

sampling occurred and data for the years 1989-97 are reanalyzed. 

Brannon, E. L., K. M. Collins, J. S. Brown, J. M. Neff, K. R. Parker, W. A. Stubblefield, 2006. Toxicity 

of weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil to pink salmon embryos. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 

25:962-972. 

Keywords: alevin/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ fertilization/ 

fish/ fresh water/ gravel/ monitoring/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ pink salmon/ reproduction/ salmon/ survival/ time/ 

tissue/ toxicity/ water/ weathered 

Notes: Evaluated the effects of naturally-weathered and artificially-weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil on 

pink salmon embryos. Eggs were exposed to gravel loadings of either 0, 200, 750, 1,500, or 2,250 ppm 

crude oil. After a 4-da stabilization period for the test apparatus, fertilized eggs were introduced for an 

exposure period of 79 da. Measured survival and PAH concentrations in gravel, water, and tissue (eggs 

or alevins) at days 0, 11, 23, 40, and 83. Eggs undergoing fertilization were exposed to either 0, 750, 

1,500, or 2,250 ppm crude oil in gravel in a separate experiment lasting for 8 hrs of exposure followed by 

monitoring through the alevin swim-up stage. 

Brannon, E. L., A. W. Maki, L. L. Moulton, K. R. Parker, 2006. Results from a sixteen year study on the 

effects of oiling from the Exxxon Valdez on adult pink salmon returns. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:892-

899. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ effects/ fish/ intertidal/ oiled/ oiling/ Othree/ pink salmon/ population/ Prince 

William Sound/ reproduction/ salmon/ salt water/ stream/ time 

Notes: Adult returning pink salmon were monitored during 1989-2004 (except 1993) in southwestern 

Prince William Sound. The study was initiated with 40 streams (oiled and non-oiled) in 1989 and 

continued with a subset of five oiled and five non-oiled for the rest of the study. Both intertidal and 

upstream portions of the streams were surveyed. 

48 
Bratbak, G., M. Heldal, G. Knutsen, T. Lien, S. Norland, 1982. Correlation of dispersant effectiveness 

and toxicity of oil dispersants towards the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

13:351-353. 

Keywords: algae/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ Ekofisk crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ 

growth/ miscellaneous/ ODseven/ oil/ petroleum/ toxicity 

Notes: A freshwater algae was used to test the toxicity of 16 concentrated and 10 solvent-based 

petroleum dispersants. Also tested the effectiveness of the dispersants in algal growth medium and 

artificial sea water. Compared effectiveness with algal toxicity. 

Brauner, C. J., C. L. Ballantyne, M. M. Vijayan, A. L. Val, 1999. Crude oil exposure affects air-breathing 

frequency, blood phosphate levels and ion regulation in an air-breathing teleost fish, Hoplosternum 

littorale. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 123C:127-134. 

Keywords: blood/ concentration/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ ion regulation/ 

oil/ Othree/ parameters/ phosphate/ plasma/ regulation/ Urucu crude oil 

Notes: Determination of the effects on an air-breathing fish of exposure to a crude oil. Fish were 

sequentially exposed to 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Urucu crude oil in one 

experiment. In a second experiment, fish were dosed with crude oil in amounts of 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 ml/kg 

body mass for one assessment and in the amount of 3.0 ml/kg in a second assessment. Measured air 

breathing frequency and blood parameters in fish exposed to WSF. Measured K+

 and NA+ fluxes in blood 

plasma at 24, 48, and 72 hrs post dosing, K+

 over a 24-hr period post dosing, and blood phosphate 

concentrations over a 24-hr period post dosing. 

Bregnard, T. P. A., P. Hohener, A. Haner, J. Zeyer, 1996. Degradation of weathered diesel fuel by 

microorganisms from a contaminated aquifer in aerobic and anaerobic microcosms. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 15:299-307. 

Keywords: aerobic/ anaerobic/ carbon/ combination/ condition/ consumption/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ experiment/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ microcosm/ nitrate/ nutrients/ Oten/ 

oxygen/ pH/ remediation/ saturated hydrocarbons/ soil/ temperature/ time/ weathered 

Notes: A subsurface leak of diesel fuel in Switzerland was bioremediated with oxygen and nutrient 

supplementation for 3.5 yrs. To check on the success of the effort, samples of aquifer soil from below the 

water table was sampled and used in 14 laboratory microcosm experiments. Experiments involved 

aerobic and anaerobic conditions and a variety of combinations of nutrients, temperature, and pH. 

Incubation periods lasted for up to 500+ da. Measured oxygen and nitrate consumption, inorganic carbon 

production; and saturated hydrocarbons in fresh and weathered diesel fuel. 

Bregnard, T. P. A., P. Hohener, J. Zeyer, 1998. Bioavailability and biodegradation of weathered diesel 

fuel in aquifer material under denitrifying conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:1222-

1229. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ condition/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fresh water/ microbes/ Oten/ surfactant/ 

weathered 

Notes: Experimental efforts to enhance biodegredation of weathered diesel fuel in an aquifer by 

indigenous microorganisms under denitrifying conditions. Tested agitation of aquifer, addition of a 

biosurfactant and a synthetic surfactant, and addition of solvent-extracted weathered diesel fuel. 

Briggs, K. T., S. H. Yoshida, M. E. Gershwin, 1996. The influence of petrochemicals and stress on the 

immune system of seabirds. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 23:145-155. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ immune response/ Oone/ pathology/ petroleum/ rehabilitation/ review/ salt water/ 

sources/ stress 

Notes: A general review of the immune system of vertebrates and implications for petroleum exposure by 

birds. Sections cover immune system function, sources of petroleum, and effects of petroleum on birds 

(general pathology, immunopathology, stress responses, and consequences of bird rehabilitation efforts). 

Recommends assessment of immune status before returning rehabilitated birds to the wild. 

Briggs, K. T., M. E. Gershwin, D. W. Anderson, 1997. Consequences of petrochemical ingestion and 

stress on the immune system of seabirds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54:718-725. 

Keywords: bird/ capture/ cleaning/ commentary/ effects/ immune response/ ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ 

49 
petroleum/ rehabilitation/ review/ salt water/ stress 

Notes: Review and commentary of the effects on the immune system of birds of petroleum ingestion and 

related stresses associated with oil exposure, environmental disturbance by people, capture, and 

cleaning. Recommendations for seabird rehabilitation proceedures and needed research. 

Brils, J. M., S. L. Huwer, B. J. Kater, P. G. Schout, J. Harmsen, G. A. L. Delvigne, M. C. Th. 

Scholten, 2002. Oil effect in freshly spiked marine sediment on Vibro fischeri, Corophium volutator, and 

Echinocardium cordatum. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2242-2251. 

Keywords: alkane/ bacteria/ concentration/ criteria/ development/ experiment/ heart/ Netherlands/ oil/ 

Onine/ salt water/ sediment/ shrimp/ survival/ technical/ urchin/ weathered 

Notes: Development of sediment quality criteria for oil-contaminated sediments in The Netherlands. 

Used a marine gasoil (low boiling alkanes) and a high viscosity hydraulic oil (high boiling alkanes). 

Established concentration series for each and exposed a luminescent bacteria, the mud shrimp, and the 

heart urchin for 10 min, 10 da, and 14 da, respectively. Measured survival and calculated ECx values. 

Also conducted an experiment with gasoil weathered for 15 and 28 wks. 

Brodersen, C. C., S. D. Rice, J. W. Short, T. A. Mecklenburg, and J. F. Karinen 1977. Sensitivity of 

larval and adult Alaskan shrimp and crabs to acute exposures of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet 

crude oil. Pages 575-578 in Proceedings, 1977 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ Alaska/ behavior/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crab/ crude oil/ juvenile/ 

larvae/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ spill/ static/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of larval and adult shrimp of several species and juvenile king crabs (Alaska) to varying 

concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil. Used a 96 hr static test to calculate 

LC50s. 

Brody, A. J., K. Ralls, D. B. Siniff, 1996. Potential impact of oil spills on California sea otters: 

implications of the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 12:38-53. 

Keywords: Alaska/ California/ distance/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ risk/ 

salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ time 

Notes: Estimate of the risk to California sea otters calculated with models of distance from spill site and 

time since spill; Exxon Valdez spill information on sea otters used as reference data for the models. 

Brody, S. D., S. Bernhardt, B. Whitaker, 2006. Identifying potential conflict associated with oil and gas 

exploration in Texas state coastal waters: a multicriteria spatial analysis. Environmental Management 

38:597-617. 

Keywords: analysis/ commercial fishing/ development/ evaluation/ GIS/ habitat/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

offshore/ oil/ oil field/ salt water/ Texas/ water 

Notes: A GIS-based evaluation of the potential conflicts associated with offshore oil and gas exploration 

for the state of Texas. Authors used 1385 leased drilling tracts and employed eight spatially-expressed 

values; (1) biodiversity/critical habitat, (2) recreation and tourism, (3) aesthetics, (4) commercial fishing 

and bioproductivity, (5) marine transportation, (6) coastal development, (7) historic/cultural, and (8) 

research and education. 

Brooks, J. M., D. A. Wiesenburg, R. A. Burke, Jr., M. C. Kennicutt, 1981. Gaseous and volatile 

hydrocarbon inputs from a subsurface oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Science and 

Technology 15:951-959. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ distance/ Gulf of Mexico/ 

hydrocarbons/ Ixtoc/ Mexico/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ salt water/ sampling/ spill/ technical/ water column/ 

weight 

Notes: A determination of the low molecular weight (C1-C4) and volatile liquid (C5-C14) hydrocarbons in 

the water column at varying distances from the IXTOC I well blowout. A total of 17 sampling stations 

were used to collect water from depths of 1-40 m. Water was analyzed for the low-molecular-weight 

alkanes and aromatics. 

50 
Brown, H. M., R. H. Goodman 1989. Dispersants in the freshwater environment. Pages 31-40 in L. M. 

Flaherty, editor. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches. Special Technical Publication. American 

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

Keywords: acute/ algae/ crude oil/ daphnia/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ effects/ environment/ fish/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ invertebrate/ microbes/ Norman Wells 

crude oil/ ODeight/ oil/ plant/ rainbow trout/ sublethal/ technical/ toxicity 

Notes: A description of the results of 4 years of research on the toxicity of nine oil dispersants in the 

freshwater environment. Studies used Norman Wells crude oil and attempted to simulate a coldwater 

environment. Determined dispersant effectiveness; acute toxicity to rainbow trout, algae, and daphnia; 

and sublethal effects for microbes, several plants, Daphnia and Gammarus, and larval rainbow trout. 

Brown, J. L., J. Syslo, L. Yi-Hua, S. Getty, R. Vemuri, R. Nadeau, 1998. On-site treatment of 

contaminated soils: an approach to bioremediation of weathered petroleum compounds. Journal of Soil 

Contamination 7:773-800. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ combination/ compost/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ nitrogen/ 

organic/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ soil/ treatment/ weathered 

Notes: A bench-scale investigation of the options for bioremediation of a large quantity of petroleumcontaminated soil from an old refinery site. Compared degradation over a 110 da period for soil mixed 

with combinations of high- or low-nitrogen compost and organic or nonorganic bulking agents. Measured 

petroleum hydrocarbons at beginning and at 2-wk intervals. 

Brown, R. A., H. L. Huffman, Jr., 1976. Hydrocarbons in open ocean waters. Science 191:847-849. 

Keywords: Africa/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Caribbean/ coast/ depth/ Europe/ 

evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ North America/ Oeleven/ salt water/ sulfur/ survey 

Notes: A survey and evaluation of water samples collected at 1m and 10 m depths in the open ocean off 

the coasts of Africa, western Europe, northeast South America, eastern North America, the Caribbean, 

and the east coast of Greenland. Results are presented as classes of aliphatic hydrocarbons, and 1-4 

ring groupings and sulfur heterocycles of aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Brown, R. C., R. H. Pierce, S. A. Rice, 1985. Hydrocarbon contamination in sediments from urban 

stormwater runoff. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:236-240. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Florida/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ motor oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ river/ sediment/ 

stormwater/ urban/ used motor oil 

Notes: An assessment of urban stormwater runoff in Tampa, Florida. Sediment (12 sites)and water (8 

sites; near surface and near bottom) were collected from the lower Hillsborough River, Hillsborough 

Reservoir, and Hillsborough Bay, and stormwater was collected from one outlet. Measured petroleum 

hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic) in sediments and suspended particulate matter (water) and 

compared to used motor oil. 

Brown, R. P., A. Cristini, K. R. Cooper, 1992. Histopathological alterations in Mya arenaria following a 

#2 Fuel Oil spill in the Arthur Kill, Elizabeth, New Jersey. Marine Environmental Research 34:65-68. 

Keywords: clam/ effects/ fuel oil/ lesions/ marine invertebrate/ New Jersey/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ pathology/ salt water/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Documentation of the effects of a large No. 2 fuel oil spill on the soft tissue of the clam Mya 

arenaria. Clams were sampled 1 wk after the spill and at monthly intervals for 1 yr; soft tissue examined 

for tissue lesions. 

Bucas, G., A. Saliot, 2002. Sea transport of animal and vegetable oils and its environmental 

consequences. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1388-1396. 

Keywords: animal oil/ effects/ English Channel/ fate/ fresh water/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ review/ 

salt water/ spill/ tanker/ transport/ vegetable oil 

Notes: A review of spills of animal and vegetable oils in salt and fresh water and their environmental 

effects. A case study is presented of the 1997 spill into the English Channel of 900 tons of palm nut oil 

from the tanker Allegra. 

51 
Buck, W. F. A., J. Harrison 1967. Some prolonged effects of oil pollution on the Medway Estuary. Pages 

32-33 in Yearbook. Wildfowler's Association of Great Britain and Ireland, 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ estuary/ habitat/ Ireland/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: An account of the immediate effect (death) and prolonged effects (decreased bird use) of the spill 

of crude oil into the Medway Estuary. 

Bue, B. G., S. Sharr, S. D. Moffitt, and A. K. Craig 1996. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on pink 

salmon embryos and preemergent fry. Pages 619-627 in S. D. Rice, R. B. Spies, D. A. Wolfe, B. A 

Wright, editors. Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium: held at Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 

2-5 February 1993. American Fisheries Society Symposium. Bethesda, Maryland. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ embryo/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fishery/ fresh water/ fry/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ 

pink salmon/ salmon/ society/ spill/ stream/ survival/ Alaska 

Notes: Evaluated the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on survival of pink salmon embryos and 

preemergent fry in streams during the fall of 1989-92. Most of the work performed on 10 oil-contaminated 

and 15 reference streams. Measured survival of embryos and survival of embryo to preemergent fry. 

Bue, B. G., S. Sharr, J. E. Seeb, 1998. Evidence of damage to pink salmon populations inhabiting Prince 

William Sound, Alaska, two generations after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Transactions of the American 

Fisheries Society 127:35-43. 

Keywords: Alaska/ condition/ eggs/ embryo/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fresh water/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ pink 

salmon/ population/ Prince William Sound/ salmon/ sperm/ spill/ stream/ survival 

Notes: Extension of the Bue et.al. (1996) study. Survival of embryos measured in 10 oil-contaminated 

and 15 reference streams in 1993-95. Collected eggs and sperm from mature salmon in oil-contaminated 

and reference streams and performed intrastream crosses under laboratory conditions. 

Bugbee, S. L., C. M. Walter 1973. The response of macroinvertebrates to gasoline pollution in a 

mountain stream. Pages 725-731 in Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil 

Spills, March 13-15, 1973, Washington, D.C. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aviation gasoline/ community/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gasoline/ 

invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ pollution/ spill/ stream/ Washington 

Notes: Report of a spill of aviation gasoline into a stream in South Dakota; losses of fish and aquatic 

vertebrates were documented. 

Burger, A. E. 1992. The effects of oil pollution on seabirds off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Pages 

120-128 in K. Vermeer, R. W. Butler, K. H. Morgan, editors. The ecology, status, and conservation of 

marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Occasional Paper. Canadian Wildlife 

Service, 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ effects/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill/ 

Vancouver Island/ conservation/ shoreline 

Notes: A general assessment of the historical and potential effects of oil spills on seabirds of the west 

coast of Vancouver Island. 

Burger, A. E., 1993. Mortality of seabirds assessed from beached-bird surveys in southern British 

Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107:164-176. 

Keywords: beached bird survey/ bird/ British Columbia/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ survey 

Notes: Report on 5 years of beached-bird surveys in British Columbia. 

Burger, A. E., D. M. Fry 1993. Effects of oil pollution on seabirds in the northeast Pacific. Pages 254-263 

in K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan, D. Siegel-Causey, editors. The Status, ecology and 

conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific. Special Publication. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, 

Canada. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ methods/ oil/ Oone/ Pacific/ pollution/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill/ 

conservation/ marine birds 

Notes: General assessment of the effects of oil pollution on seabirds in the northeast Pacific, especially 

during the period 1974-89. 

52 
Burger, A. E., 1993. Estimating the mortality of seabirds following oil spills: effects of spill volume. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 26:140-143. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ spill size 

Notes: Assessment of the relation between spill volume and mortality of seabirds. 

Burger, J., J. Brzorad, M. Gochfeld, 1991. Immediate effects of an oil spill on behavior of fiddler crabs 

(Uca pugnax). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20:404-409. 

Keywords: behavior/ crab/ effects/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a spill of No. 2 fuel oil on the behavior of fiddler crabs. Crabs 

collected from oiled areas on three dates within 35 da of the spill and compared to two groups of controls. 

Measured righting response, movement, and defensive behavior. 

Burger, J., J. Brzorad, M. Gochfeld, 1992. Effects of an oil spill on emergence and mortality in fiddler 

crabs Uca pugnax. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 22:107-115. 

Keywords: crab/ creek/ effects/ emergence/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

salt marsh/ salt water/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a No. 2 fuel oil spill on emergence and subsequent survival of fiddler 

crabs Uca pugnax. Thirty salt marsh creeks located adjacent, near, and distant from the spill were 

surveyed over a 2 mo period. 

Burger, J., M. Gochfeld, 1992. Effects of washing fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) following an oil spill. 

Environmental Pollution 77:15-22. 

Keywords: behavior/ crab/ effects/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ salt water/ spill/ washing 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a No. 2 fuel oil spill on the behavior of fiddler crabs Uca pugnax. 

Washed and unwashed fiddler crabs were compared with regard to righting behavior, movement, and 

aggressive behavior; evaluated temporal aspect by also measuring behavior 2 and 4 da after washing. 

Burger, J. 1994. From the past to the future: conclusions from the Arthur Kill. Pages 283-289 in J. 

Burger, editor. Before and After an Oil Spill: the Arthur Kill. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. 

Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ commentary/ crustacean/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ overview/ risk/ salt water/ spill/ turtle 

Notes: An overview and commentary on the consequences of the Arthur Kill, NJ oil spill of 1990; 

biological effects, risk and risk management, and lessons for the future. 

Burger, J., N. Tsipoura, 1998. Experimental oiling of sanderlings (Calidris alba): behavior and weight 

changes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:1154-1158. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ crude oil/ feathers/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water/ shorebird/ size/ 

weight 

Notes: Applied crude oil to the belly feathers of sanderlings to simulate 20% plumage oiling. Measured 

weight change, change in size of oil patch, and change in behavior during a 35 da post-oiling period. 

Burk, C. J., 1977. A four year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a freshwater marsh. Journal of 

Applied Ecology 14:515-522. 

Keywords: analysis/ diversity/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ index/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oseven/ plant/ species/ spill/ time/ transect/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: A wetland on the Mill River, Massachusetts, USA was affected by a No. 2 fuel oil spill. The 

wetland was studied the year before and 3 yrs after the spill. Plant quadrats were placed on line 

transects in three vegetation zones (high, mid-, and low marsh). Plants were identified and percentage 

cover estimated for each species. Calculated species richness, mean species per quadrat, a diversity 

index, and total plant cover. 

Burns, K. A. and J. M. Teal. 1971. Hydrocarbon incorporation into the salt marsh ecosystem from the 

West Falmouth oil spill. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA. Technical Report 71-

69. 24 pp. 

53 
Keywords: algae/ bird/ degradation/ ecosystem/ fish/ Florida/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Massachusetts/ mussel/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ 

spill/ technical 

Notes: Analyses of sediments and organisms collected one year later from the site of the barge "Florida" 

spill of No. 2 fuel oil near West Falmouth, MA. 

Burns, K. A., J. M. Teal, 1973. Hydrocarbons in the pelagic Sargassum community. Deep-Sea Research 

20:207-211. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ community/ crab/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons 

Notes: Samples of Sargassum weed and associated fauna were analyzed for saturated hydrocarbons to 

determine the loading of petroleum hydrocarbons in this area of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Burns, K. A., 1976. Hydrocarbon metabolism in the intertidal fiddler crab Uca pugnax. Marine Biology 

36:5-11. 

Keywords: concentration/ crab/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ Ofour/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water 

Notes: Comparison of hydrocarbon metabolism and hydrocarbon content between fiddler crabs from an 

uncontaminated and a previously contaminanted marsh; in vivo and in vitro measurements of 

metabolism. 

Burns, K. A., J. M. Teal, 1979. The West Falmouth oil spill: hydrocarbons in the salt marsh ecosystem. 

Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8:349-360. 

Keywords: algae/ bird/ crustacean/ degradation/ ecosystem/ fish/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ uptake 

Notes: Analyses of sediments and organisms from the West Falmouth No. 2 fuel oil spill collected from 1 

to 7 years after the spill. 

Burns, K. A., J. L. Smith, 1982. Hydrocarbons in Victorian coastal ecosystems (Australia): chronic 

petroleum inputs to Western Port and Port Phillip Bays. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 11:129-140. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ chronic/ ecosystem/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ survey/ tissue/ 

transplant 

Notes: A survey of the hydrocarbons in Western Port and Port Phillip Bays of Australia. Core samples 

(39) of sediment and mussel samples (69) were collected from Port Philip Bay. 'Clean' mussels were 

collected from a remote site and transplanted to 14 locations in Western Port. Hydrocarbons in sediment 

and mussel tissue were analyzed to determine their source and quantitated (saturated and aromatic 

fractions) to determine relative hydrocarbon inputs at both sites. 

Burns, K. A., A. H. Knap, 1989. The Bahia las Minas oil spill. Hydrocarbon uptake by reef building 

corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20:391-398. 

Keywords: Caribbean/ coral/ crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ Panama/ petroleum/ salt 

water/ sediment/ spill/ storage/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the presence of crude oil 5 mos after the rupture of a storage tank near the 

Caribbean entrance of the Panama Canal (Bahia las Minas spill). Measured petroleum in corals, 

sediments, and seawater. 

Burns, K. A., S. D. Garrity, S. C. Levings, 1993. How many years until mangrove ecosystems recover 

from catastrophic oil spills? Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:239-248. 

Keywords: bivalve/ Caribbean/ ecosystem/ epifauna/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Osix/ Panama/ region/ review/ roots/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: A review of the information generated by studies of the Bahias las Minas oil spill in coastal 

Panama in 1986. Presents 5 yrs of data from this spill (sediments, mangroves, epibiota on mangrove 

roots) and reviews information presented in other reports of spills in the Caribbean region. 

54 
Burns, K. A., M. G. Ehrhardt, B. L. Howes, C. D. Taylor, 1993. Subtidal benthic community respiration 

and production near the heavily oiled Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:199-205. 

Keywords: benthic/ coast/ community/ effects/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ light/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ respiration/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ subtidal/ war 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oil from the Gulf War on subtidal benthic respiration and production. 

Used benthic respirometers to measure DO flux in light and dark chambers. Also measured hydrocarbon 

content of sediments. 

Burns, K. A., 1993. Analytical methods used in oil spill studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:68-72. 

Keywords: biological effects/ chemical analysis/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ spill/ technical 

Notes: A discussion of the use of multiple analytical techniques for determining chemical fate and 

biological effects of petroleum in oil spill studies. Offered as a counter to the criticized EPA "legally 

defensible methods" that were used for the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Burns, K. A., S. D. Garrity, D. Jorissen, J. MacPherson, M. Stoelting, J. Tierney, L. Yelle-Simmons, 

1994. The Galeta oil spill. II. Unexpected persistence of oil trapped in mangrove sediments. Estuarine 

and Coastal and Shelf Science 38:349-364. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ 

marine plant/ miscellaneous/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ PAH/ Panama/ persistence/ roots/ salt water/ 

sediment/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the presence of crude oil from the Galeta, Panama oil spill in mangrove 

sediments. Sediment cores were collected 6 mos, 3.5 yrs, 4.5 yrs, and 5 yrs post-spill from oiled and 

unoiled sites. Sediments were analyzed at various depths for aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. The number of dead mangrove roots in sediment cores were also counted. 

Burns, K. A., L. Yelle-Simmons, 1994. The Galeta oil spill. IV. Relationship between sediment and 

organism hydrocarbon loads. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 38:397-412. 

Keywords: Caribbean/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ 

Panama/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ 

unsaturated hydrocarbons 

Notes: Assessment of the presence of saturated and unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons from the 1986 

Bahia las Minas oil spill near the Caribbean entrance of the Panama Canal. Measure petroleum in 

sediment, false mussels, and oysters over a 5-yr period. 

Burns, K. A., S. Codi, N. C. Duke, 2000. Gladstone, Australia field studies: weathering and degradation 

of hydrocarbons in oiled mangrove and salt marsh sediments with and without the application of an 

experimental bioremediation protocol. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:392-402. 

Keywords: alkane/ Australia/ bioremediation/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ degradation/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

mangrove/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ rate/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ 

treatment/ vegetation 

Notes: Assessment of the degradation rate for crude oil or Bunker C fuel oil in salt marsh or mangrove 

forest sediments. Treatments were salt marsh with Bunker C fuel oil or bioremediated Bunker C fuel oil, 

crude oil or bioremediated crude oil, and cut (vegetation removed) and uncut control; and mangroves with 

the same treatment array. Sediments were collected at day 2 and then at 1, 2, 5 or 6, and 12 or 13 mos 

post-spill for mangroves; and day 2, then 1, 3, and 9 mos post-spill for salt marshes. Sediments were 

analyzed for total hydrocarbons and individual alkanes. 

Burridge, T. R., M.-A. Shir, 1995. The comparative effects of oil dispersants and oil/dispersant 

conjugates on germination of the marine macroalga Phyllospora comosa (Fucales: Phaeophyta). Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 31:446-452. 

Keywords: Australia/ bioassay/ combination/ concentration/ Corexit 7664/ Corexit 8667/ Corexit 9500/ 

Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ effects/ evaluation/ germination/ macrophyte/ 

marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ salt water/ static/ zygote 

Notes: An evaluation of the effect of four chemical dispersants (Corexit 7664, 8667, 9500, and 9527), 

crude oil, diesel fuel, and combinations of dispersants and crude oil or diesel fuel on germination of 

55 
zygotes from an Australian marine macrophyte. Used a static bioassay and a range of concentrations to 

generate NOEC, LOEC, and 48-hr EC50 values. [The crude oil is given different names in the text and 

figure headings]. 

Busdosh, M., 1981. Long-term effects of the water soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on survival, 

movement and food search success of the Arctic amphipod Boeckosimus (= Onisimus) affinis. Marine 

Environmental Research 5:167-180. 

Keywords: amphipod/ Arctic/ behavior/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ food/ long-term/ marine 

invertebrate/ movement/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ solubility/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of an Arctic amphipod to varying concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil. Exposed for either 16 wks at constant concentration, one-time exposure for 3 da, or onetime exposure for 10 da. Measured survival and behavior. 

Bushdosh, M., R. M. Atlas, 1977. Toxicity of oil slicks to Arctic amphipods. Arctic 30:85-92. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ amphipod/ Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil slick/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ respiration/ salt 

water/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of two species of Arctic amphipods to diesel fuel or one of three components (aliphatic, 

aromatic, or asphaltic) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 25 da. Laboratory exposure and outdoor exposure in 

brackish water ponds. Half of the amphipod trays in laboratory exposure were shielded from the surface 

oil by a screen. Measured survival and respiration rates. 

Butler, J. N., P. G. Wells, S. Johnson, J. J. Manock, 1998. Beach tar on Bermuda: recent observations 

and implications for global monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:458-463. 

Keywords: beach/ distribution/ intertidal/ methods/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ salt water/ 

sampling/ survey/ tar ball/ transect 

Notes: Intertidal beach tar sampled on a Bermuda beach with a transect sampling method. Described 

distribution, appearance, and quantity of tar lumps and related the results to previous beach tar surveys 

performed on Bermuda beaches. 

Butler, R. G., P. Lukasiewicz, 1979. A field study of the effect of crude oil on herring gull (Larus 

argentatus) chick growth. Auk 96:809-812. 

Keywords: bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ development/ dosed/ growth/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ Maine/ oil/ Oone/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Growth of herring gull chicks dosed with South Louisiana crude oil. 

Butler, R. G., W. Trivelpiece, D. Miller, P. Bishop, C. D'Amico, M. D'Amico, G. Lambert, D. Peakall, 

1979. Further studies of the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine birds. Bulletin of the Mount 

Desert Island Biological Laboratory 19:33-35. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chicks/ dispersant/ dosed/ effects/ growth/ gull/ herring/ herring 

gull/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ marine birds/ ODone/ organ/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ salt water/ storm-petrel/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Herring gull and Leach's storm-petrel chicks dosed with Prudhoe Bay crude, weathered South 

Louisiana crude, an aromatic fraction of PBC, dispersant, or an oil/dispersant mixture. Chick growth and 

organ weights monitored. 

Butler, R. G., W. Trivelpiece, D. S. Miller, 1982. The effects of oil, dispersant, and emulsions on the 

survival and behavior of an estuarine teleost and an intertidal amphipod. Environmental Research 

27:266-276. 

Keywords: amphipod/ behavior/ dispersant/ effects/ emulsion/ estuarine/ fish/ fuel oil/ intertidal/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODthree/ oil/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Experimental assessment of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil, AP chemical dispersant, or an emulsion 

of the two on the survival and behavior of a killifish and an amphipod. 

Butler, R. G., D. B. Peakall, F. A. Leighton, J. Borthwick, R. S. Harmon, 1986. Effects of crude oil 

exposure on standard metabolic rate of Leach's storm-petrel. Condor 88:248-249. 

56 
Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ ingestion/ metabolism/ oil/ Oone/ plumage/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water/ storm-petrel 

Notes: Effects of ingested Prudhoe Bay crude oil and oil applied to plumage on the metabolic rate of 

Leach's storm-petrel; two experiments. 

Butler, R. G., A. Harfenist, F. A. Leighton, D. B. Peakall, 1988. Impact of sublethal oil and emulsion 

exposure on the reproductive success of Leach's storm-petrels: short and long-term effects. Journal of 

Applied Ecology 25:125-143. 

Keywords: bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ effects/ emulsion/ long-term/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ storm-petrel/ sublethal 

Notes: The short- and long-term reproductive effects on Leach's storm-petrels of exposure to Prudhoe 

Bay Crude oil or dispersed (Corexit 9527) crude oil during a 3-year field study. 

Byrne, C., 1989. Effects of the water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the cytokinesis of the quahog 

clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:81-86. 

Keywords: clam/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ 

oil/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of eggs of the quahog clam to water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil. Measured 

development at early stages of embryo formation. 

Cabioch, L., J.-C. Dauvin, F. Gentil, 1978. Preliminary observations on pollution of the sea bed and 

disturbance of sub-littoral communities in northern Brittany by oil from the AMOCO CADIZ. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 9:303-307. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ amphipod/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ France/ general effect/ 

marine invertebrate/ movement/ Oeight/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ sublittoral/ subtidal/ 

time 

Notes: An early assessment of the movement and effects of crude oil spilled by the Amoco Cadiz off the 

coast of Brittany, France. Authors provide a qualitative description of the movement of the oil into the 

subtidal coastal areas and present some data on the density and number of amphipod species at one 

sampling station. 

Cabioch, L., 1980. Pollution of subtidal sediments and disturbance of benthic animal communities. Ambio 

9:294-296. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ benthic/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ France/ invertebrate/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ pollution/ recovery/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal 

Notes: Description of the effects on and subsequent recovery of subtidal benthic invertebrates in heavily 

oiled portions of the coast of France near the site of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Covers the first year after 

the spill. 

Cadbury, C. J., 1978. The beach bird survey and other seabird surveillance. Ibis 120:119-120. 

Keywords: beach/ beached bird survey/ bird/ England/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ survey 

Notes: The British beach bird survey and it's relation to oil spill assessment. 

Cairns, D. K., R. D. Elliot, 1987. Oil spill impact assessment for seabirds: the role of refugia and growth 

centres. Biological Conservation 40:1-9. 

Keywords: bird/ colony/ growth/ marine birds/ Newfoundland/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ recovery/ 

salt water/ sources/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the role of refugia to serve as population sources in cases of oil spill impacts on 

marine bird colonies. 

Cajaraville, M. P., J. A. Marigomez, E. Angulo, 1991. Automated measurement of lysosomal structure 

alterations in oocytes of mussels exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 21:395-400. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ gonads/ hydrocarbons/ lubricating oil/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ 

oil/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ salt water/ species/ structure 

Notes: Exposure of one species of mussel to the water-accomodated fraction of two crude oils (Ural and 

57 
Maya) or a commercial lubricant oil for 21 da. Measured effects on the lysosomal system of mature 

oocytes; physiology and histopathology. 

Cajaraville, M. P., J. A. Marigomez, G. Diez, E. Angulo, 1992. Comparative effects of the water 

accommodated fraction of three oils on mussels -- 2. Quantitative alterations in the structure of the 

digestive tubules. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 102C:113-123. 

Keywords: crude oil/ digestive gland/ effects/ lubricating oil/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ salt 

water/ structure 

Notes: Exposure of mussels for 91 da to the water accommodated fraction of Ural and Maya crude oils 

and a lubricant oil. Measured several aspects of digestive gland structure. 

Cajaraville, M. P., J. A. Marigomez, E. Angulo, 1992. Comparative effects of the water accommodated 

fraction of three oils on mussels -- 1. Survival, growth and gonad development. Comparative Biochemistry 

and Physiology 102C:103-112. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ gonads/ growth/ lubricating oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ pathology/ salt water/ shell/ spawning/ species/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Exposed one species of mussel to the water-accomodated fraction of two crude oils (Maya and 

Ural) or a commerical lubricating oil for 91 da. Measured survival, flesh and shell growth, shell 

abnormalities, spawning, and histopathological changes in gonad tissue. 

Cajaraville, M. P., A. Orbea, I. Marigomez, I. Cancio, 1997. Peroxisome proliferation in the digestive 

epithelium of mussels exposed to the water accommodated fraction of three oils. Comparative 

Biochemistry and Physiology 117C:233-242. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biomarker/ bivalve/ concentration/ crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ 

oil/ petroleum/ physiology/ salt water/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the induction of peroxisomes in the digestive epithelium of mussels as a result of 

exposure to three concentrations of water accommmodated fraction of two crude oils for 21, 49, and 91 

da. Purpose was to determine if peroxisome proliferation could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for 

petroleum exposure. 

Cajaraville, M. P., L. Garmendia, A. Orbea, R. Werding, A. Gomez-Mendikute, U. Izagirre, M. Soto, I. 

Marigomez, 2006. Signs of recovery of mussels health two years after the Prestige oil spill. Marine 

Environmental Research 62:S337-S341. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ cell/ coast/ composition/ condition/ development/ digestive gland/ fuel oil/ health/ 

index/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ salt water/ Spain/ spill/ time 

Notes: Following the Prestige Bunker C fuel oil spill (2002), mussels were sampled at 22 locations along 

the coast of Galicia and the Bay of Biscay (Spain) during 2003 (three times) and 2004 (four times). The 

digestive gland was evaluated for peroxisome proliferation, changes in digestive alveoli, lysosomal 

membrane stability, and cell type composition. Also classified the mussels according to a flesh condition 

index and gamete development stage. 

Calder, J. A., J. H. Lader, 1976. Effect of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons on the growth of marine 

bacteria in batch culture. Applied Environmental Microbiology 32:95-101. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ cell/ density/ dissolved/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ 

Oten/ rate/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ species 

Notes: Exposure of two species of marine bacteria to saturated water solutions of seven aromatic 

hydrocarbons for up to 30 hrs. Measured growth rate and maximum cell density of bacteria in cell 

cultures. 

Caldwell, C. A., 1997. Aromatic hydrocarbon pathology in fish following a large spill into the Nemadji 

River, Wisconsin, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:574-581. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ fish/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ Othree/ pathology/ spill/ stream/ 

tissue 

 Notes: Tissue damage to fish following a spill of aromatic hydrocarbons into a Wisconsin river. 

58 
Caldwell, P. J., A. E. Snart, 1974. A photographic index for aging mallard embryos. Journal of Wildlife 

Management 38:298-301. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ embryo/ growth/ index/ mallard/ Oone/ photograph 

Notes: A series of photographs of mallard embryos showing the growth and development of the embryo 

in the egg. 

Calfee, R. D., E. E. Little, L. Cleveland, M. G. Barron, 1999. Photoenhanced toxicity of a weathered oil 

on Ceriodaphnia dubia reproduction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 6:207-212. 

Keywords: adult/ concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ light/ Ofive/ oil/ 

photoenhanced/ reproduction/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered/ zooplankton 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of a weathered crude oil, in the presence of simulated solar radiation, 

to reproduction in a zooplankton species. Six concentrations of the water-accomodated fraction of the 

crude oil were combined with three levels of UV and visible light in 7-da static renewal laboratory tests. 

Measured survival and offspring per adult on a daily basis. 

Callaham, M. A., Jr., A. J. Stewart, C. Alarcon, S. J. McMillen, 2002. Effects of earthworm (Eisenia 

fetida) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw additions on selected properties of petroleum-contaminated 

soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1658-1663. 

Keywords: combination/ degradation/ earthworm/ effects/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ 

growth/ hydrocarbons/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ remediation/ respiration/ soil/ 

survival/ time/ wheat 

Notes: An assessment of the role of earthworms in reclamation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Used 

landfarm and reference soils and a 1:1 combination of the two. Tested soils alone, earthworms added, 

straw added, or both added. Tests ran for 45 or 150 da. Measured plant (wheat) growth, soil respiration, 

earthworm survival, oil and grease, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Callen, D. F., R. A. Larson, 1978. Toxic and genetic effects of fuel oil photoproducts and three 

hydroperoxides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 4:913-

917. 

Keywords: cell/ effects/ fuel oil/ genetic/ irradiance/ microbes/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ photoenhanced/ 

stress/ survival/ toxicity/ yeast 

Notes: No. 2 fuel oil was irradiated for 0, 12, 24,48, or 96 hrs and used, in various dilutions, to stress a 

strain of yeast. Measured survival of yeast cells and the incidence of genetic modification. 

Cameotra, S. S., J.-M. Bollag, 2003. Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 30:111-126. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioremediation/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ ODten/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ review/ soil 

Notes: A review and evaluation of the use of biosurfactants for enhancing bioremediation of petroleum 

hydrocarbons. Presents a listing of major types of biosurfactants, discusses biosurfactants in soil 

bioremediation, and biosurfactants in PAH bioremediation. 

Cameron, J. A., R. L. Smith, 1980. Ultrastructural effects of crude oil on early life stages of Pacific 

herring. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109:224-228. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ fishery/ herring/ larvae/ oil/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific 

herring/ pathology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ society 

Notes: Effects on eggs of the Pacific herring experimentally exposed to Prudhoe Bay crude oil; gross 

abnormalities and electron microscopy of newly hatched larve. 

Campbell, D. A., 1981. Enhanced oil-recovery and its environmental and economic implications in the 

United States. Environmental Conservation 8:5-18. 

Keywords: effects/ enhanced recovery/ oil field/ Onine/ petroleum/ recovery/ review/ technical 

Notes: A review of enhanced petroleum recovery. Sections on enhanced oil-recovery processes (four 

categories), environmental implications, and economic implications. 

59 
Campbell, L. H., K. T. Standring, C. J. Cadbury, 1978. Firth of Forth oil pollution incident, February 

1978. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:335-339. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ England/ fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ salt water/ spill/ waterfowl/ wintering 

Notes: Description of effects on wintering waterfowl of a small spill of medium/heavy fuel oil. 

Camphuysen, C. J., 1998. Beached bird surveys indicate decline in chronic oil pollution in the North Sea. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:519-526. 

Keywords: analysis/ beached bird survey/ bird/ chronic/ coast/ decline/ index/ Netherlands/ North Sea/ 

oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ rate/ salt water/ survey/ vulnerability 

Notes: Analysis of 21 yrs of beached bird surveys along the coast of the Netherlands. Use of oil 

vulnerability indicies, oiling rates, and counts of corpses. 

Camphuysen, C. J., M. Heubeck, 2001. Marine oil pollution and beached bird surveys: the development 

of a sensitive monitoring instrument. Environmental Pollution 112:443-461. 

Keywords: analysis/ beached bird survey/ bird/ development/ history/ monitoring/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ review/ salt water/ survey/ treatment 

Notes: A scholarly and thorough treatment of the issue of beached bird surveys. The authors review the 

history of oil pollution and beached bird surveys (BBS), purposes and problems of BBS, and 

recommendations for the design and analysis of BBS. 

Camus, L., M. B. Jones, J. F. Borseth, F. Regoli, M. H. Depledge, 2002. Heart rate, respiration and 

total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to 

polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection. Aquatic Toxicology 61:1-13. 

Keywords: Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ biochemical/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ 

crustacean/ effects/ experiment/ heart/ heart rate/ injection/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ North Sea 

crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ PAH/ petroleum/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Arctic spider crabs were used in an experiment to determine the effects of exposure to 

petroleum-contaminated sediment or injected petroleum. Used North Sea crude oil. Oil injection was 5 ul 

on days 0, 1, 3, and 6; experiment duration was 15 da. Measured heart rate, respiration, and total 

oxyradical scavenging capacity. Also, measured the concentration of 26 PAHs in the oiled sediment after 

2 wks of exposure. 

Camus, L., S. R. Birkely, M. B. Jones, J. F. Borseth, B. E. Grosvik, B. Gulliksen, O. J. Lonne, F. 

Regoli, M. H. Depledge, 2003. Biomarker responses and PAH uptake in Mya truncata following exposure 

to oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard). Science of the Total Environment 308:221-234. 

 Keywords: Arctic/ biochemical/ biomarker/ bivalve/ clam/ crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ North 

Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ offshore/ Ofour/ PAH/ respiration/ salt water/ sediment/ Svalbard/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Mussels and sediment were collected from offshore Svalbard and used in a laboratory 

assessment of the effects of North Sea crude oil on selected biochemical responses. Sediment was 

mixed with crude oil (about 1 % oil) and two boxes of sediment, (one treatment and one control with 

mussels) were placed on the nearshore seabed for 14 days. Mussels were retrieved and returned to the 

lab. Measured total oxyradical scavenging capacity, stability of haemocyte membranes, and respiration. 

Also, measured total PAHs in sediment and clam tissue. 

Canaday, C., J. Rivadeneyra, 2001. Initial effects of a petroleum operation on Amazonian birds: 

terrestrial insectivores retreat. Biodiversity Conservation 10:567-595. 

Keywords: Amazon/ analysis/ bird/ distance/ distribution/ effects/ multivariate/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

petroleum development/ species/ survey 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of petroleum exploration on the species distribution of Amazonian 

forest birds. Employed 32 standardized surveys at 21 locations of varying distance from roads (0, 0.5, 

1.5, 4.5 km). Identified bird species, grouped them according to guild, and performed multivariate 

analysis. 

Canevari, G. P. 1975. A review of the utility of self-mixing dispersants in recent years. Pages 337-342 in

1975 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: dispersant/ mixing/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ review/ spill/ technical 

60 
Notes: An early review of the usefulness of 'self mixing' chemical dispersants in dispersing spilled 

petroleum. A good description of the physical chemistry aspects of these dispersants. 

Canevari, G. P., G. P. Lindblom, 1976. Some dissenting remarks on 'Deleterious effects of Corexit 9527 

on fertilization and development'. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:127-128. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ marine invertebrate/ 

ODfour/ salt water/ sea urchin/ urchin 

Notes: Some rebuttal statements concerning a report of the effects of Corexit 9527 on sea urchin eggs 

by Lonning and Hagstrom (1976). 

Canevari, G. P. 1977. Some recent observations regarding the unique characteristics and effectiveness 

of self-mix chemical dispersants. Pages 387-390 in 1977 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: commentary/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ mixing/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ spill/ technical 

Notes: An early commentary on the results of experimentation with 'self mixing' chemical dispersants; 

primarily a discussion of the physical chemistry aspects. 

Canevari, G. P. 1979. The restoration of oiled shorelines by the proper use of chemical dispersants. 

Pages 443-446 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, API 4308. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effects/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ restoration/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ technical 

Notes: An early discussion of the advantages of chemical dispersants to clean oiled shorelines. Author 

presents a case study and discusses the effects of several other oil spills on coastal fauna. 

Recommendations for research are made. 

Cantelmo, A., L. Mantel, R. Lazell, F. Hospod, E. Flynn, S. Goldberg, and M. Katz 1982. The effects 

of benzene and dimethylnaphthalene on physiological processes in juveniles of the blue crab, Callinectes 

sapidus. Pages 349-389 in W. B. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, F. J. Vernberg, editors. 

Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity. Academic Press, New York. 

Keywords: activity/ benzene/ biochemical/ blue crab/ consumption/ crab/ dimethylnapthalene/ dissolved/ 

effects/ growth/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ molt/ Ofour/ oxygen/ physiology/ salt water/ time/ tissue/ 

toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Exposure of juvenile blue crabs to either 1 ppm dissolved benzene or 0.01 ppm dissolved 

dimethylnaphthalene until they died or molted. Measured time to molt, limb regeneration, weight and 

width at molt, oxygen consumption of whole animals and tissues, constituents of hemolymph, and 

ATPase activity. 

Capuzzo, J. M., B. A. Lancaster 1982. Physiological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in larval lobsters 

(Homarus americanus): hydrocarbon accumulation and interference with lipid metabolism. Pages 477-

501 in W. B. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, F. J. Vernberg, editors. Physiological mechanisms 

of marine pollutant toxicity. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 

Keywords: accumulation/ ammonia/ ammonium/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ diet/ dispersant/ effects/ 

hydrocarbons/ lipid/ lobster/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ molt/ nauplii/ 

ODfour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ ratio/ respiration/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude 

oil/ survival/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Larval American lobsters were exposed for 96 hr to the water-soluble fractions of South Louisiana 

crude oil (250 ppb), crude oil-dispersant (Corexit 9527; 250 ppb:25 ppb), or a diet of Artemia sp. nauplii 

that were hatched in 250 ppb crude oil. Measured hydrocarbon content of water and tissues of larval 

lobsters, survival, moulting rates, ammonia excretion rates, and O:N ratios. 

Carls, E. G., D. B. Fenn, S. A. Chaffey, 1995. Soil contamination by oil and gas drilling and production 

operations in Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, U.S.A. Journal of Environmental Management 

45:273-286. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ drilling fluids/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil 

field/ pH/ salinity/ salt water/ soil/ Texas 

Notes: Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of 18 active or inactive oil wells on South Padre 

61 
Island National Seashore, Texas. In each case, a companion reference sample was collected from a 

nearby area. Measured selected metals (drilling fluids), Na, salinity, pH, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Carls, M. G., S. D. Rice, 1989. Abnormal development and growth reductions of pollock Theragra 

chalcogramma embryos exposed to water-soluble fractions of oil. Fishery Bulletin 88:29-37. 

Keywords: Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ growth/ oil/ Othree/ pollock/ 

reduction/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Effects of water-soluble fractions of Cook Inlet crude oil on embryos of pollock; survival, growth, 

and development. 

Carls, M. G., G. D. Marty, T. R. Meyers, R. E. Thomas, S. D. Rice, 1998. Expression of viral 

hemorrhagic septicemia virus in prespawning Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) exposed to weathered crude 

oil. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:2300-2309. 

Keywords: adult/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ flow-through/ gravel/ herring/ immune 

response/ monooxygenase/ oil/ oiled/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ PAH/ pathology/ salt water/ 

survival/ virus/ weathered 

Notes: Adult Pacific herring were exposed to gravel oiled with varying concentrations of "weathered' 

crude oil (control, trace, low, mid, high) (initial aqueous concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 58.3 ppb). 

Exposure lasted for 16-18 da in a laboratory flow-through bioassay. Measured total and specific PAH 

concentrations, herring survival, prevalence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, MFO response, and 

micro- and macroscopic pathological responses. 

Carls, M. G., S. D. Rice, J. E. Hose, 1999. Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: part I. 

Low-level exposure during incubation causes malformations, genetic damage, and mortality in larval 

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:481-493. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ eggs/ embryo/ fish/ genetic/ 

hatching/ herring/ incubation/ larvae/ malformation/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ 

Pacific/ Pacific herring/ PAH/ salt water/ swimming/ weathered 

Notes: Eggs of the Pacific herring were exposed for up to 16 d to four concentrations of weathered 

Alaskan North Slope crude oil. Two types of weathered oil used. Measured selective and total PAH 

concentrations in water, hatching success, hatching timing, swimming ability of larvae, and larval 

abnormalities. 

Carls, M. G., J. E. Hose, R. E. Thomas, S. D. Rice, 2000. Exposure of Pacific herring to weathered 

crude oil: assessing effects on ova. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:1649-1659. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ female/ fertility/ 

fertilization/ fin/ fish/ genetic/ herring/ incubation/ larvae/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ ova/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ 

PAH/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ survival/ swimming/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Pre-spawning Pacific herring were exposed to aqueous total PAH concentrations (initial; 0.03, 3.2, 

10, 27, and 58 ppb) of artificially-weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil for either 8 or 16 da. Eggs were 

artificially spawned and sampled at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 da after fertilization. Measured total 

PAHs and composition of PAHs in exposure water, ova, fertilized eggs, and muscle of female parent. 

Also measured egg fertility, incubation time, embryo survival, larval survival, swimming ability of larvae, 

morphological abnormalities, larval characteristics, and genetic aberrations in pectoral fins. 

Carls, M. G., M. M. Babcock, P. M. Harris, G. V. Irvine, J. A. Cusick, S. D. Rice, 2001. Persistence of 

oiling in mussel beds after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Environmental Research 51:167-190. 

Keywords: Alaska/ concentration/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ Gulf of Alaska/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ PAH/ persistence/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

phenanthrene/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: A total of 98 different sites in Prince William Sound, Alaska and the Gulf of Alaska were sampled 

for mussels and sediment during 1992-95; the number sampled varied from year to year as sites were 

added or deleted from the collection process. Mussels and sediment were analyzed for 39 PAHs and an 

estimate of total petroleum was based on the amount of phenanthrene present. Data were used to 

estimate time to reach background concentrations and to make regional comparisons. 

62 
Carls, M. G., G. D. Marty, J. E. Hose, 2002. Synthesis of the toxicological impacts of the Exxon Valdez

oil spill on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:153-172. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ herring/ methods/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ petroleum/ population/ Prince William Sound/ review/ salt water/ spill/ 

time 

Notes: A review and synthesis of the literature on the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on Pacific 

herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Much of the discussion is devoted to the different methods and 

conclusions put forth by NRDA scientists and petroleum industry scientists. A thorough assessment with 

much detail. 

Carls, M. G., P. M. Harris, S. D. Rice, 2004. Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Marine Environmental Research 57:359-376. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ chemical analysis/ concentration/ 

experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ PAH/ Prince William 

Sound/ restoration/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ tissue 

Notes: Description of an experiment in restoration of mussel beds oiled by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Nine oiled mussel beds were restored and compared to three oiled mussel beds that were not restored. 

In restored beds, mussels were removed and rinsed off, sediments were replaced with clean sediment 

from a nearby site, and the mussels were replaced. Sediment and mussel tissue were monitored before 

and during a 5-yr restoration period. Measured total hydrocarbon concentrations (aromatics) and total 

PAH concentrations in sediment and mussel tissue. 

Carls, M. G., 2006. Nonparametric identification of petrogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons in aquatic 

ecosystems. Environmental Science and Technology 40:4233-4239. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ model/ mussel/ oiled/ 

Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ pollution/ Prince William Sound/ pyrogenic/ ratio/ salt water/ 

sediment/ technical/ water/ weathered 

Notes: A discussion and presentation of alternative methods of employing analytical results to distinguish 

between oiled and nonoiled or pyrogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution. Tested three 

nonparametric models on the PAH content of water, sediment, fish, and mussels from Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Also tested water and sediment containing a variety of other petroleum products and 

tested multiple PAH-containing substances. 

Carlson, R. I., J. A. Wilson, R. L. Lochmiller, D. M. Janz, J. L. Schroder, N. T. Basta, 2003. 

Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes. II. Effect on hepatic phase 

I and phase II detoxification enzymes in cotton rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part 

A 66:327-343. 

Keywords: capture/ cotton rat/ enzyme/ liver/ mammal/ Otwo/ petroleum waste/ rat/ remediation/ risk/ 

seasonal/ sex 

Notes: Cotton rats were collected from four petrochemcal landfarms and matched reference sites during 

the summer, fall, and winter of 1999-20. Livers were removed and analyzed for five detoxification 

enzymes. Comparisons were made between sexes and between liver removal on day of capture versus 

48 hrs later. 

Carman, K. R., J. W. Fleeger, S. M. Pomarico, 2000. Does historical exposure to hydrocarbon 

contamination alter the response of benthic communities to diesel contamination? Marine Environmental 

Research 49:255-278. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ benthic/ community/ composition/ concentration/ diesel/ grazing/ history/ 

Louisiana/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ microalgae/ microcosm/ Mississippi/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment was collected from a coastal marsh in Louisiana with a history of petroleum extraction 

and transportation and a coastal marsh in Mississippi with no history of petroleum-related activities. The 

biotic and abiotic characteristics of the sediment were determined. A total of 64 cylindrical PVC 

microcosms of sediment were collected from both sites and treated with diesel contaminated sediment 

(high, medium, low, and control) for either 0 (within 2 hr of dosing), 3, 10, or 21 da. Measured total PAH 

63 
concentrations in sediment, microalgal abundance and activity, meiofaunal grazing on microalgae, and 

meiofaunal community composition. 

Carmen, E. P., T. L. Crossman, E. G. Gatliff, 1998. Phytoremediation of No. 2 fuel oil-contaminated soil. 

Journal of Soil Contamination 7:455-466. 

Keywords: fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oseven/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ remediation/ soil 

Notes: Description of a phytoremediation effort at an industrial site containing 'hot spots' of soil heavily 

contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil. Soil was biovented for 24 wks and tested for suitability for plant growth. 

Willow trees were planted to bioremediate the remaining fuel oil hydrocarbons in the subsurface water. 

Carr, R. S., O. Linden, 1984. Bioenergetic responses of Gammarus salinus and Mytilus edulis to oil and 

oil dispersants in a model ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 19:285-291. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ amphipod/ biochemical/ crude oil/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ Ekofisk 

crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ model/ mussel/ ODfour/ oil/ ratio/ reproduction/ respiration/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of a mussel and an amphipod to a mixture of oil (Ekofisk crude oil) and water or 

oil+dispersant (Corexit 9550) and water for 12 da. Measured oil in water; O:N ratio, respiration, and 

ammonia excretion for amphipods; and byassal thread production and percent spawned for mussels. 

Carr, R. S., M. E. Barrows, N. G. Reichenbach, G. M. DeGraeve, T. L. Pollock, J. A. Fava, A. H. 

Glickman, 1990. Investigation of preference-avoidance responses to an oil refinery effluent with striped 

bass and steelhead trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:1513-1521. 

Keywords: avoidance/ behavior/ effluent/ fish/ juvenile/ oil/ Othree/ refinery/ salt water/ steelhead trout/ 

striped bass 

Notes: Assessment of the behavioral response of juvenile striped bass and steelhead trout exposed to 

refinery effluent discharged into San Francisco Bay. 

Carro, N., J. Cobas, J. Maneiro, 2006. Distribution of aliphatic compounds in bivalve mollusks from 

Galicia after the Prestige oil spill: spatial and temporal trends. Environmental Research 100:339-348. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ crude oil/ distribution/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ Spain/ spill/ trend 

Notes: Raft-cultured mussels and wild cockles from numerous sites along the coast of Spain were 

collected 12/02-2/03 and analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons following the Prestige heavy fuel oil (the 

authors erroneously call it crude oil) spill of 11/02. Results were evaluated to determine the likely source 

of the hydrocarbons. 

Cavanaugh, K. P. 1982. The effects of South Louisiana and Kuwait crude oils on reproduction. Pages 

371-377 in C. G. Scanes, M. A. Ottinger, A. D. Kenny, J. Balthazart, J. Cronshaw, I. C. Jones, editors. 

Aspects of Avian Endocrinology: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Graduate Studies, Texas Tech 

University. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas. 

Keywords: bird/ concentration/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ fresh water/ hormone/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil/ Texas 

Notes: Discussion of the results of multiple studies of the reproductive effects of ingested South 

Louisiana and Kuwait crude oils on mallard ducks; egg production, eggshell thickness, hormone 

concentrations. 

Cavanaugh, K. P., W. N. Holmes, 1982. Effects of ingested petroleum on plasma levels of ovarian 

steroid hormones in photostimulated mallard ducks. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 11:503-508. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ hormone/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ plasma/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil/ steroid 

Notes: Effects of ingested South Louisiana crude oil on reproduction in mallards. 

Cavanaugh, K. P., A. R. Goldsmith, W. N. Holmes, B. K. Follett, 1983. Effects of ingested petroleum 

on the plasma prolactin levels during incubation and on the breeding success of paired mallard ducks. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12:335-341. 

64 
Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ incubation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ plasma/ prolactin/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects of ingested South Louisiana crude oil on mallard reproduction. 

Cavanaugh, K. P., W. N. Holmes, 1987. Effects of ingested petroleum on the development of ovarian 

endocrine function in photostimulated mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 16:247-253. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ development/ duck/ effects/ endocrine/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude 

oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects of ingested South Louisiana crude oil on mallard reproduction. 

Celander, M., C. Naf, D. Broman, L. Forlin, 1994. Temporal aspects of induction of hepatic cytochrome 

P450 1A and conjugating enzymes in the viviparous blenny (Zoarces viviparus) treated with petroleum 

hydrocarbons. Aquatic Toxicology 29:183-196. 

Keywords: blenny/ crude oil/ effects/ enzyme/ fish/ gas oil/ hydrocarbons/ injection/ metabolism/ North 

Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on hepatic cytochrome P450 1A and other enzymes of the viviparous blenny following 

injection with the heavy gas oil fraction distilled from North Sea crude oil. 

Celander, M., D. Broman, L. Forlin, C. Naf, 1995. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the hepatic 

cytochrome P450 1A1 system in rainbow trout. Marine Environmental Research 39:61-65. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ gas oil/ hydrocarbons/ injection/ juvenile/ kerosene/ light/ 

metabolism/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rainbow 

trout 

Notes: Effects on the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 system of juvenile rainbow trout injected with 

kerosene, light gas oil, or heavy gas oil distilled from North Sea crude oil. 

Chabreck, R. H., 1973. Bird usage of marsh ponds subjected to oil spills. Proceedings of the Louisiana 

Academy of Sciences 26:101-110. 

Keywords: bird/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater 

plant/ invertebrate/ Louisiana/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ petroleum/ plant/ recovery/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Effects of a crude oil spill in three freshwater ponds in Louisiana over a 2-year period. Data on 

bird usage, plants, invertebrates, fish, and oil in sediments and water. The petroleum concentrations are 

suspect because they are so high. 

Chaerun, S. K., K. Tazaki, R. Asada, K. Kogure, 2004. Bioremediation of coastal areas 5 years after the 

Nakhodka oil spill in the Sea of Japan: isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. 

Environment International 30:911-922. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ beach/ bioremediation/ composition/ 

experiment/ growth/ Japan/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ physical characteristics/ remediation/ salt water/ 

sand/ spill/ tanker/ time/ water 

Notes: Sampled 'heavy oil', seawater, and sand from the Nakhodka spill site in 1997, from a seashore 

site in 1999, and from two seashore sites in 2001. Authors describe a series of experiments and 

analyses that provide the elemental composition and physical characteristics of beach sands, tanker oil, 

and sea water during 5 yrs of post-spill remediation. Isolated and identified bacteria from samples and 

determined their ability to use selected alkanes, aromatics, and the heavy oil itself. Also determined the 

growth potential of bacterial strains in an enriched liquid growth medium. 

Chaillan, F., C. H. Chaineau, V. Point, A. Saliot, J. Oudot, 2006. Factors inhibiting bioremediation of 

soil contaminated with weathered oils and drill cuttings. Environmental Pollution 144:255-265. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ cuttings/ degradation/ 

experiment/ fertilizer/ incubation/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ soil/ time/ treatment/ weathered 

Notes: An outdoor (Indonesia) and a laboratory bioremediation study of bioremediation of oily drill 

cuttings and soil contaminated with weathered crude oils. Outdoor bioremediation consisted of soil 

containing weathered crude oils only, weathered crude oil soil plus drill cuttings, and control soil; fertilizer 

was added to the contaminated soils. Duration of treatment was 12 mos; hydrocarbon analysis was 

65 
performed before treatment and at 3 mo intervals. Microbial concentrations were determined at 0.5, 3, 6, 

9, and 12 mos. Laboratory incubation experiments were for 90 da and evaluated the effect of varying 

amounts of N and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts on the amount of petroleum degradation. 

Chaineau, C.-H., J. L. Morel, J. Oudot, 1995. Microbial degradation in soil microcosms of fuel oil 

hydrocarbons from drilling cuttings. Environmental Science and Technology 29:1615-1621. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ concentration/ 

cuttings/ degradation/ drilling mud/ fuel oil/ fungi/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ microcosm/ oil/ oil field/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ soil/ time 

Notes: Soil from an agricultural area populated by oil wells was used in a laboratory assessment of 

biodegradation rates of the petroleum hydrocarbons in drill cuttings from the local oil wells. Soils were 

untreated, sterilized, or treated with drill cuttings; all were fertilized. Experimental groups were analyzed 

for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons on days 0, 8, 16, 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, and 270. Similarly, 

concentrations of total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria were determined. Hydrocarbondegrading bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified. 

Chaineau, C. H., J. L. Morel, J. Oudot, 1997. Phytotoxicity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbons. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 26:1478-1483. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ effects/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ 

germination/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ lettuce/ oil/ Oseven/ plant/ seed/ soil/ uptake/ weight/ wheat 

Notes: The effects of a normal fuel oil and a fuel oil with lowered aromatic content were tested for 

phytotoxicity when incorporated into soil at 0.3 to 1.2 % by weight. Plants tested were sunflower, maize, 

wheat, barley, bean, lettuce, and clover. Measured effects on seed germination, plant growth, and plant 

uptake. 

Chaineau, C. H., C. Yepremian, J. F. Vidalie, J. Ducreux, D. Ballerini, 2003. Bioremediation of a crude 

oil-polluted soil: biodegradation, leaching and toxicity assessments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 

144:419-440. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ evaluation/ growth/ 

hydrocarbons/ leachate/ methods/ microbes/ Microtox/ nutrients/ oil/ organic carbon/ Oten/ 

photosynthesis/ plant/ sampling/ seed/ seedling/ soil/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ toxicity 

Notes: An evaluation of methods to enhance the bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil. Crude oil was 

added to soil without additives, nutrients only, nutrients + straw, nutrients + straw + fresh rye grass, 

nutrients + straw and covered with a greenhouse, and nutrients + straw between black plastic sheets. 

Samples were collected on days 0, 90, 180, 270, 330, and 480. Analyzed soil for concentrations of total 

hydrocarbons and several fractions. Also measured the solvent-extractable organic matter and dissolved 

organic carbon in drainage and leachate fluids. Microbe densities were determined at each sampling 

time. Soil toxicity was measured with seed inhibition for five plants and growth inhibition for four plants. 

Performed worm toxicity tests, Microtox (inhibition of luminescence), and Hill reaction (inhibition of 

photosynthesis). 

Chambers, J. E., J. R. Heitz, F. M. McCorkle, J. D. Yarbrough, 1978. The effects of crude oil on 

enzymes in the brown shrimp (Penaeus sp). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 61C:29-32. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ enzyme/ hepatopancreas/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ 

salt water/ Saudi Arabian crude oil/ shrimp 

Notes: Exposure of brown shrimp to 10 ppm emulsified Saudi Arabian crude oil for 24 hr. Measured 

changes in 12 enzymes from the stomach-hepatopancreas. 

Chambers, J. E., J. R. Heitz, F. M. McCorkle, J. D. Yarbrough, 1979. Enzyme activities following 

chronic exposure to crude oil in a simulated ecosystem. Environmental Research 20:133-139. 

Keywords: activity/ chronic/ concentration/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ Empire Mix crude oil/ enzyme/ 

hepatopancreas/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ petroleum/ salt water/ shrimp/ simulation/ 

spill 

Notes: Exposure of oysters and shrimp in a simulated ecosystem to chronic petroleum contamination. 

Empire Mix crude oil was added to produce an initial concentration of 0.2 ppm. Whole oyster 

66 
homogenates and hepatopancreas homogenates from shrimp were analyzed for enzyme activities at 6, 4, 

and 0.5 mos before oil exposure and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mos after the simulated oil spill. 

Chambers, J. E., 1979. Induction of microsomal mixed-function oxidase system components in striped 

mullet by short-term exposure to crude oil. Toxicology Letters 4:227-230. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ crude oil/ Empire Mix crude oil/ fish/ juvenile/ metabolism/ microsome/ 

mixed-function oxidase/ mullet/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ short-term/ striped mullet 

Notes: Effect on the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of juvenile striped mullet 

following water exposure to Empire Mix crude oil or Arabian crude oil. 

Chambers, J. E., J. R. Heitz, F. M. McCorkle, J. D. Yarbrough, 1979. Enzyme activities following 

chronic exposure to crude oil in a simulated ecosystem. II. Striped mullet. Environmental Research 

20:140-147. 

Keywords: activity/ brain/ chronic/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ Empire Mix crude oil/ enzyme/ estuarine/ 

fish/ gill/ liver/ mullet/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ striped mullet/ tissue 

Notes: Effects on a set of enzymes from brain, gill, liver, and muscle tissue of striped mullet following 

exposure for 10 months to Empire Mix crude oil in a simulated estuarine ecosystem. 

Chan, K., S. Y. Chiu, 1985. The effects of diesel oil and oil dispersants on growth, photosynthesis, and 

respiration of Chlorella salina. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:325-331. 

Keywords: algae/ chlorophyll/ combination/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ effects/ estuarine/ growth/ 

light/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ photosynthesis/ respiration/ salt water/ shell 

Notes: An estuarine algae was cultured in the presence of either light diesel fuel, chemical dispersants 

(BP1100X, BP1100WD, Shell Oil Herder), or combinations of diesel fuel and dispersants. Exposures 

were 0.05%, 0.5%, or 0.5% v/v. Measured culture growth, chlorophyl a content, photosynthesis (O2

production), and respiration (O2). 

Chandrasekar, S., G. A. Sorial, J. W. Weaver, 2006. Dispersant effectiveness on oil spills -- impact of 

salinity. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:1430. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ fuel oil/ Louisiana/ mixing/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODnine/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salinity/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ 

technical/ temperature 

Notes: A laboratory assessment of chemical dispersant effectiveness involving three oils (South 

Louisiana crude, Prudhoe Bay crude, No. 2 fuel oil), three salinities, and three levels of weathering. Also 

considered temperature and mixing energy in the analysis. 

Chang, Z. Z., R. W. Weaver, 1997. Nitrification and utilization of ammonium and nitrate during oil 

bioremediation at different soil water potentials. Journal of Soil Contamination 6:149-160. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ Arabian crude oil/ bioremediation/ clay/ concentration/ crude oil/ fresh 

water/ microbes/ nitrate/ nitrification/ oil/ Oten/ soil 

Notes: Nitrification and utilization of ammonium and nitrate during a 40-day bioremediation study with 

Arabian crude oil and a clay loam soil; varying crude oil concentrations and soil water potentials. 

Chasse, C., 1978. The ecological impact on and near shores by the AMOCO CADIZ oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 9:298-301. 

Keywords: algae/ Amoco Cadiz/ bivalve/ coast/ crude oil/ crustacean/ echinoderm/ effects/ fish/ France/ 

gastropod/ general effect/ invertebrate/ macroalgae/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ microalgae/ 

movement/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ polychaete/ salt water/ spill/ survey/ time 

Notes: An overall assessment of the effects of the AMOCO CADIZ crude oil spill on coastal fish, 

invertebrates, and algae during the first 3-4 mos after the spill. Movement of the oil was tracked and 

surveys performed at a large number of locations on the coast of Brittany, France. Included in the 

surveys were fish, crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, polychaetes, echinoderms, macroalgae, and 

microalgae. 

Chaudhury, S., M. Martin, J. F. Payne, A. Rahimtula, 1987. Alterations in platelet aggregation and 

microsomal benzo-a-pyrene hydroxylase activities after exposure of rats to a Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

67 
Journal of Biochemical Toxicology 2:93-104. 

Keywords: activity/ crude oil/ effects/ mammal/ microsome/ oil/ Otwo/ physiology/ platelet/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat 

Notes: Effects on rat platelet aggregation and microsomal benzo-a-pyrene hydroxylase activity after 

dosing rats with Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Chaudhury, S., S. Macko, A. D. Rahimtula, 1987. Inhibition of rat platelet aggregation by a Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil and its aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic fractions. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 

90:347-356. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ effects/ mammal/ nonhydrocarbon/ 

oil/ Otwo/ physiology/ platelet/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat 

Notes: Effects on rat platelet aggregation after dosing rats with Prudhoe Bay crude oil; also incubated 

platelets with DMSO, a DMSO extract of the crude oil, aliphatic fraction, aromatic fraction, or 

nonhydrocarbon fraction. 

Chaudhury, S., S. Khan, A. D. Rahimtula, 1988. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of some 

compounds present in crude oils on rat platelet aggregation: role of intra- and extra-cellular calcium. 

Toxicology 51:35-46. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ mammal/ nonhydrocarbon/ oil/ Otwo/ physiology/ platelet/ rat 

Notes: Effects on rat platelet aggregation of several hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds found 

in crude oil. 

Chet, I., R. Mitchell, 1976. Petroleum hydrocarbons inhibit decomposition of organic matter in seawater. 

Nature 261:308-309. 

Keywords: bacteria/ decomposition/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ microbes/ motility/ organic/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on motility and chemotactic response of motile bacteria of exposure to 3 mg/ml (parts per 

thousand) kerosene. Measured rate of decomposition of organic matter in seawater. 

Cheung, M. T., T. Y. Cheng, S. W. Leung, C. C. Lo, L. M. Mak, 1979. Oil pollution along coastal areas 

of Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:228-231. 

Keywords: depth/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ unsaturated hydrocarbons 

Notes: Nearshore water samples were collected at two depths (1 ft and 5-10 ft) at three sites along 

coastal Hong Kong over an 8 mo period. Samples were analyzed for saturated and unsaturated 

hydrocarbons. 

Chianelli, R. R., T. Aczel, R. E. Bare, G. N. George, M. W. Genowitz, M. J. Gossman, C. E. Haith, F. 

J. Kaiser, R. R. Lessard, R. Liotta, R. L. Mastracchio, V. Minak-Bernero, R. C. Prince, W. K. 

Robbins, E. I. Stiefel, J. B. Wilkinson, S. M. Hinton, J. R. Bragg, S. J. McMillen, and R. M. Atlas

1991. Bioremediation technology development and application to the Alaskan spill. Pages 549-558 in

1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, 

D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ degradation/ development/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oten/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Summary of a large block of work on nutrient enhancement of microbial degradation performed by 

Exxon scientists in coordination with EPA. Descriptions cover preliminary laboratory trials, field trials, and 

large-scale applications to more than 70 miles of beaches in Prince William Sound during 1989-90. 

Cho, B-H., H. Chino, H. Tsuji, T. Kunito, K. Nagaoka, S. Otsuka, K. Yamashita, S. Matsumoto, H. 

Oyaizu, 1998. Laboratory-scale bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil of Kuwait with soil amendment 

materials. Chemosphere 35:1599-1611. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ methods/ microbes/ nutrients/ oiled/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ spill/ surfactant/ toxicity 

Notes: Experimentation with degradation methods for the oil-contaminated soils of Kuwait. Four kinds of 

materials and eight kinds of surfactants were added to oiled soils, in addition to the nutrient materials, 

68 
hyponex and bark manure. Measured amount of petroleum degradation and toxicity of the degraded 

hydrocarbons in the soil (Ames test). 

Chouksey, M. K., A. N. Kadam, M. D. Zingde, 2004. Petroleum hydrocarbon residues in the marine 

environment of Bassein-Mumbai. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:637-647. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ environment/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ India/ marine environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ pollution/ salt water/ 

sediment/ species/ water 

Notes: Samples of surface sediment (28), surface water (30), near-bottom water (19), and fish (five 

species in three areas) were collected from a coastal industrial and shipping area on the west coast of 

India. These samples were compared with samples of surface sediment (8), surface water (6), and nearbottom water (1) from a reference area to the south. Samples were analyzed for total aromatic 

hydrocarbons and compared with results from studies in selected parts of the world. Used a residue of 

Saudi Arabian Mix as a petroleum standard. 

Choules, G. L., W. C. Russell, D. A. Gauthier, 1978. Duck mortality from detergent-polluted water. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 42:410-414. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ detergent/ duck/ experiment/ fresh water/ mallard/ oiled/ Oone/ waterfowl 

Notes: Investigation of the recurring deaths of waterfowl on an industrial waste basin at the Rocky 

Mountain Arsenal, Denver. Experiments were performed with mallards being exposed externally and 

internally to water containing detergents. Results related to the cleaning of oiled birds. 

Christens, E., H. Blokpoel, 1991. Operational spraying of white mineral oil to prevent hatching of gull 

eggs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:423-430. 

Keywords: bird/ Canada/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ gull/ hatching/ herring/ herring gull/ mineral oil/ oil/ 

Oone/ population control/ ring-billed gull/ spray 

Notes: Operational use of mineral oil spray to kill embryos of herring and ring-billed gulls. 

Christens, E., H. Blokpoel, G. Rason, S. W. D. Jarvie, 1995. Spraying white mineral oil on Canada 

goose eggs to prevent hatching. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:228-230. 

Keywords: bird/ Canada/ Canada geese/ eggs/ fresh water/ hatching/ mineral oil/ oil/ Oone/ population 

control 

Notes: Operational spraying of Canada goose eggs to prevent hatching. 

Christensen, J. H., A. B. Hansen, G. Tomasi, J. Mortensen, O. Andersen, 2004. Integrated 

methodology for forensic oil spill identification. Environmental Science and Technology 38:2912-2918. 

Keywords: analysis/ fingerprinting/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ spill/ statistics 

Notes: Description of an integrated methodology to be used in identifying the source of an oil sample. 

The first section describes the procedure which is heavily reliant on statistical tests and ratios. The 

second part is a case study demonstrating the utility of the methods. 

Christiansen, M. E., F. C. Stormer, 1978. Effects of the water-soluble fraction of Ekofisk crude oil on 

zoeal larvae of the crab Hyas araneus. Ambio 7:23-25. 

Keywords: crab/ crude oil/ effects/ Ekofisk crude oil/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ molt/ Ofour/ oil/ salt 

water/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of larvae of a brachyuran crab to 0.3, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm of the water-soluble fraction of 

Ekofisk crude oil for 75 da. Measured survival and molt response. 

Chukwu, L. O., S. C. U. Nwachukwu, 2005. Impact of refined petroleum spills on water quality, macroinvertebrate and microbial communities of a tropical aquatic environment. Journal of Environmental 

Biology 26:449-458. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ benthic/ community/ environment/ freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ 

macroinvertebrate/ microbes/ Nigeria/ Oten/ petroleum/ pipeline/ soil/ spill/ stream/ water/ yeast 

Notes: Four months after a pipeline rupture in Nigeria contaminated a large surrounding area, samples of 

water, soil, and benthic stream invertebrates were collected at five impacted sites on three first-order 

streams and three unaffected sites on streams above the spill. Invertebrates were counted and identified, 

69 
water was physically and chemically characterised; and bacteria, molds, and yeasts were identified and 

their abundance estimated. 

Chung, K.-H., J.-H. Lee, K. S. Ro, 2000. Composting of kerosene-contaminated soil: fate of kerosene. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health A35:1183-1194. 

Keywords: activity/ compost/ concentration/ degradation/ effectiveness/ fate/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ 

microbes/ movement/ Oten/ remediation/ soil/ temperature 

Notes: A bench-scale compost reactor system was used to determine the effect of kerosene 

concentration on composting effectiveness. Soil was contaminated with 0, 1, 5, or 20 % (w/w) kerosene. 

Samples were taken from the reactors at 0, 6, 14, and 22 da of composting and analyzed for kerosene. 

Microbial activity was determined by measuring CO2 generation and the soil temperature was monitored. 

Radio-labelled hexadecane was used to quantify the movement of hydrocarbons withing the 1 % 

concentration reactor (monitored for 64 da). 

Clark, R. B., 1978. Oiled seabird rescue and conservation. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of 

Canada 35:675-678. 

Keywords: bird/ conservation/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ rehabilitation/ rescue/ salt water 

Notes: Discussion of the usefulness of oiled bird rehabilitation as practiced in the late 70s. 

Clark, R. B., G. Dunnet, J. M. Addy, 1984. Seabirds and North Sea oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:272-

274. 

Keywords: bird/ North Sea/ oil/ Oone/ salt water 

Notes: Results of a seminar on seabirds and the North Sea oil industry; problems and research 

recommendations. 

Clark, R. B., 1984. Impact of oil pollution on seabirds. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 33:1-22. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ auks/ bird/ colony/ decline/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt 

water/ spill 

Notes: Discusses impact of oil pollution on seabirds of the Atlantic. Declines in southern auk colonies 

and increases in auk colonies of the northeast Atlantic are thought to be independent of oil spills. 

Concludes that oil spills are not generally damaging to seabird populations. 

Clark, R. B., 1987. Summary and conclusions: environmental effects of North Sea oil and gas 

developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 

316:669-677. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ community/ development/ effects/ environment/ fish/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ natural gas/ North Sea/ Oeight/ oil/ petroleum/ region 

Notes: A very good and clear summary of a scientific meeting held in 1986 to discuss the effects on the 

North Sea of oil and gas development. All aspects of the environment, including human activities, are 

incorporated. 

Clark, R. C., Jr., 1976. Impact of the transportation of petroleum on the waters of the northeastern Pacific 

Ocean. Marine Fisheries Review 38:20-26. 

Keywords: Alaska/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ fate/ fishery/ general effect/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

Pacific/ petroleum/ pipeline/ pollution/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ refinery/ salt water/ sources/ tanker 

Notes: An assessment of the potential impacts of the impending completion of the trans-Alaska pipeline 

and the subsequent shipment of crude oil by tanker to refineries on the west coast of the United States. 

Author has sections on transportation and production of petroleum related to the west coast, 

charactertistics of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, superports and supertankers, oil pollution sources, projected 

pollution impact from increased tanker traffic, chemical, physical, and biological fate of oil, effects on 

fisheries, and general effects on marine resources. 

Clark, W. S., E. Gorney, 1987. Oil contaminantion of raptors migrating along the Red Sea. 

Environmental Pollution 46:307-313. 

Keywords: bird/ oil/ Oone/ raptor/ Red Sea/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Report of oil on migrating raptors going through Israel. 

70 
Clarke, P. J., T. J. Ward, 1994. The response of southern hemisphere saltmarsh plants and gastropods 

to experimental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and 

Ecology 175:43-57. 

Keywords: Australia/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ gastropod/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODeight/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ salt marsh/ salt 

water/ species/ treatment/ vegetation/ weathered 

Notes: Saltmarsh enclosures on coastal Australia were exposed to either no oil, weathered Bass Strait 

crude oil, weathered diesel fuel, Corexit NSC 6850, or weathered crude oil plus dispersant. Saltmarsh 

vegetation was photographed before treatment and 1 and 8 mos after treatment; plant tillers were 

counted until 17 mos after treatment. Counts of four gastropod species were made before and 10 da 

after treatment, and at about 30 da intervals for 1 yr. 

Claxton, L. D., V. S. Houk, R. Williams, F. Kremer, 1991. Effect of bioremediation on the mutagenicity 

of oil spilled in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Chemosphere 23:643-650. 

Keywords: Alaska/ assay/ beach/ bioassay/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ fertilizer/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ 

organic/ Oten/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ sand/ time 

Notes: A mutagenicity bioassay of beach sand from a demonstration project of enhanced bioremediation 

on Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska. An oiled beach received either of two types of fertilizer 

and were compared to a reference site on the same beach. Samples (three) of beach sand were 

collected approximately 2 mos apart during the summer of 1989 and used in a laboratory assay with 

spiral Salmonella. Also measured total extractable organic mass. 

Clayton, J. R., Jr., G. H. Farmer, J. R. Payne, G. D. McNabb, Jr., P. C. Harkins, J. S. Evans, N. P. 

Rottunda, C. R. Phillips, and M. I. Evans 1989. Effects of chemical dispersant agents on the behavior 

and retention of spilled crude oil in a simulated streambed channel. Pages 4-24 in M. Flaherty, editor. 

Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1018. American 

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ sediment/ stream/ technical/ time 

Notes: An artificial streambed consisting of six parallel and interconnected runs was constructed for use 

in an assessment of chemically dispersed crude oil in a fresh water stream scenario. Three trials were 

performed; fresh Prudhoe Bay crude oil only, crude oil and OFC D-609 dispersant, and crude oil with 

Corexit 9550. Eleven sites in the runs were physically characterized and sampled at times 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 

24, 72, 120, 168, and 190-220 hrs. Samples were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Clement, L. E., M. S. Stekoll, D. G. Shaw, 1980. Accumulation, fractionation and release of oil by the 

intertidal clam Macoma balthica. Marine Biology 57:41-50. 

Keywords: accumulation/ clam/ crude oil/ depuration/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ release/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of the clam Macoma balthica to oil and seawater dispersions of 0.03, 0.3, or 3.0 ppm 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 180 da followed by a 60 da depuration period. Measured accumulation and 

depuration of various fractions of the crude oil in clam tissue. 

Clifton, H. E., K. A. Kvenvolden, J. B. Rapp, 1984. Spilled oil and infaunal activity -- modification of 

burrowing behavior and redistribution of oil. Marine Environmental Research 11:111-136. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ burrowing/ coast/ composition/ crude oil/ effects/ 

experiment/ hydrocarbons/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

persistence/ petroleum/ salt water/ sand/ tidal flat/ Washington 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of North Slope crude oil on the infaunal activity in a tidal flat on the 

coast of Washington. Crude oil spilled over the surface of the flat in one experiment; a layer of oilsaturated sand 1 cm thick buried 5 cm beneath the surface in another experiment. Measured burrowing 

activity and petroleum persistence for up to 2 yrs. Petroleum composition monitored by analyzing for 

aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Cobb, J. L. S., 1976. Seabird mortality. Bird Study 23:299-300. 

Keywords: bird/ commentary/ England/ fishery/ nets/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill 

71 
Notes: Commentary on the magnitude of seabird deaths due to fishermen of the nineteenth century. 

Comparisons made with the contemporary loss of birds due to oil spills. 

Coffey, J. C., C. H. Ward, J. M. King, 1977. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on growth of fresh-water 

algae. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 18:661-672. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ cell/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

plant/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oseven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

species 

Notes: Three species of green algae and two species of blue-green algae were used in flask and test 

tube cultures to assess the effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of Kuwait crude oil, South Louisiana 

crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil (fresh (24 hrs)and aged WSF ( 72 hrs)); and naphthalene in water solution. Four 

concentrations of each were used. Analyzed the culture water for aromatic hydrocarbons. Measured 

culture growth in terms of cell yield. 

Coffin, R. B., L. A. Cifuentes, P. H. Pritchard, 1997. Assimilation of oil-derived carbon and remedial 

nitrogen applications by intertidal food chains on a contaminated beach in Prince William Sound, Alaska. 

Marine Environmental Research 44:27-39. 

Keywords: Alaska/ algae/ assimilation/ bacteria/ beach/ bivalve/ carbon/ degradation/ experiment/ 

fertilizer/ food/ food chain/ intertidal/ isotope/ marine plant/ microbes/ microcosm/ nitrogen/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ 

Prince William Sound/ ratio/ salt water/ substrate 

Notes: Stable 13C and 15N ratios were used to evaluate oil degradation and the use of fertilizer 

supplements by bacteria on oiled beaches in the rocky intertidal zone of an island in Prince William 

Sound and in microcosm experiments. Isotope rations were measured in bacterial substrate, algae, and 

bivalve grazers of algae and bacteria. 

Cohen, A., M. M. Gagnon, D. Nugegoda, 2003. Biliary PAH metabolite elimination in Australian Bass, 

Macquaria novemaculeata following exposure to Bass Strait crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:394-400. 

Keywords: Australia/ bile/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ fish/ gall bladder/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ 

metabolite/ ODthree/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ time 

Notes: Juvenile Australian bass were exposed to the water-accomodate fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait 

crude oil or chemically dispersed WAF. Exposure time was 4 da followed by 12 da of depuration. Fish 

were sampled on days 0, 4, and 16 and the gall bladders were removed and analyzed for naphthalenetype and benzo(a)pyrene-type metabolites. The WAF was analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Cohen, A., M. M. Gagnon, D. Nugegoda, 2005. Alterations of metabolic enzymes in Australian bass, 

Macquaria novemaculeata, after exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 49:200-205. 

Keywords: activity/ Australia/ burning/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ 

enzyme/ fish/ food/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ metabolism/ muscle/ ODthree/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ time/ water 

Notes: Australian bass were used in a semi-static laboratory test of the effects of the water-accomodated 

fraction of Bass Strait crude oil, chemically-dispersed (Corexit 9527) crude oil, and burned crude oil. 

Employed two concentrations of WAF and exposure via water or food for a period of 16 da. Measured 

cytochrome C oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in gills, liver, and white muscle, and total 

petroleum hydrocarbons in exposure water. 

Cohen, A., M. M. Gagnon, D. Nugegoda, 2006. Oil spill remediation techniques can have different 

impacts on mixed function oxygenase enzyme activities in fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 76:855-862. 

Keywords: activity/ biochemical/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ enzyme/ fish/ juvenile/ liver/ 

microsomal/ ODthree/ oil/ oil spill/ remediation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Juvenile Australian sea bass were exposed to the water-accomodated fraction of Bass Strait 

crude oil for 4 da followed by a 12 da depuration period. Exposures groups were WAF, WAF of 

72 
chemically-dispersed crude oil, and WAF from burned surface oil. Fish were sampled at days 0, 4, and 

16 and the livers removed for measurement of hepatic microsomal EROD activity. 

Cohen, A. M., D. Nugegoda, 2000. Toxicity of three oil spill remediation techniques to the Australian 

bass Macquaria novemaculeata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47:178-185. 

Keywords: behavior/ burning/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ ODthree/ oil/ 

oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ remediation/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a reference toxicant (4-chlorophenol), crude oil water accomodated 

fraction (WAF), dispersed oil WAF, and burned oil WAF on the Australian bass. Experiment was 

performed in aerated tanks for determination of 96-hr LC50; water was changed every 24 hrs. Measured 

water characteristics, total petroleum hydrocarbons, survival, behavior, and morphology (fish color 

change). 

Cohen, A. M., D. Nugegoda, M. M. Gagnon, 2001. The effect of different oil spill remediation techniques 

on petroleum hydrocarbon elimination in Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata). Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40 :264-270. 

Keywords: amphipod/ bile/ concentration/ consumption/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ 

elimination/ evaluation/ experiment/ fish/ flow-through/ hydrocarbons/ metabolite/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ remediation/ salt water/ shrimp/ spill/ uptake 

Notes: Australian bass were used in an evaluation of the effects of spill remediation methods on 

bioavailability and elimination of petroleum hydrocarbons. Bass were exposed to water-accommodated 

fractions of Bass Strait crude oil, chemically-dispersed (Corexit 9527) crude oil, or burned crude oil in 

flow-through and semi-static experiments. Duration of exposure was 16 da and two types of stock 

solutions were used. Fish were exposed to either 0.5% or 2% stock solution in the water or by 

consumption of amphipods and brine shrimp exposed to the same dilutions of stock solution. Measured 

total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, PAH concentrations, two types of metabolites in fish bile, 

and characteristics of the exposure water. 

Cohen, M. J., 1995. Technological disasters and natural resource damage assessment: an evaluation of 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Land Economics 71:65-82. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ cost/ crab/ damage assessment/ economy/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ 

fishery/ miscellaneous/ natural resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ spill 

Notes: An economic analysis of the cost of the Exxon Valdez oil spill to the fisheries industry of 

southcentral Alaska; includes finfish and crabs. 

Cohen, Y., A. Nissenbaum, R. Eisler, 1977. Effects of Iranian crude oil on the Red Sea octocoral 

Heteroxenia fuscescens. Environmental Pollution 12:173-186. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ concentration/ coral/ crude oil/ effects/ flow-through/ 

hydrocarbons/ Iranian crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Red Sea/ salt water/ static/ survival/ 

toxicity 

Notes: Experimental exposure of a Red Sea coral to Iranian crude oil in static and flow-through toxicity 

tests. Static tests used concentrations of 1, 3, 10, or 30 ml/liter for 96 hr exposure. Flow-through tests 

used 10 ml/liter for 168 hr followed by a post-treatment period of 168 hr. Measured survival, behavior, 

and aliphatic hydrocarbon content of the coral. 

Colavecchia, M. V., S. M. Backus, P. V. Hodson, J. L. Parrott, 2004. Toxicity of oil sands to early life 

stages of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:1709-

1718. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ bioassay/ embryo/ fathead minnow/ fish/ fresh water/ larvae/ oil/ oil sands/ 

Othree/ PAH/ sand/ sediment/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Sediments from a wastewater pond at an oil sands production facility, three oil sands sites, and 

two reference sites were used in a bioassay involving fathead minnows. Fertilized embryos were placed 

in containers of sediment and water that were renewed daily; exposure time was 12 da. Measured 

survival of embryos and larvae, abnormalities, and weights of larvae. Analyzed sediments for alkylated 

and non-alkylated PAHs. 

73 
Coles, S. L., K. A. Al-Riyami, 1996. Beach tar concentrations on the Muscat coastline, Gulf of Oman, 

Indian Ocean, 1993-1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:609-614. 

Keywords: beach/ concentration/ Gulf of Oman/ Indian Ocean/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ 

survey/ tar ball/ time/ transect 

Notes: Tar balls were counted 20 times during the period 2/93 to 2/95 at nine sites along the beach near 

Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. At each site, three transects were established and all tar balls were 

collected. Results were compared to previous surveys in this area and surveys in other middle east 

countries. 

Collier, T. K., M. M. Krahn, D. C. Malins, 1980. The disposition of naphthalene and its metabolites in the 

brain of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Environmental Research 23:35-41. 

Keywords: blood/ brain/ fish/ fresh water/ injection/ liver/ metabolism/ metabolite/ naphthalene/ Othree/ 

rainbow trout 

Notes: Disposition of naphthalene and its metabolites in the brain, liver, and blood of rainbow trout 

following exposure by oral administration or injection. 

Collier, T. K., M. M. Krahn, C. A. Krone, L. L. Johnson, M. S. Myers, S.-L. Chan, and U. Varanasi

1993. Oil exposure and effects in subtidal fish following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Pages 301-305 in 1993 

International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4580. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemical/ condition/ effects/ enzyme/ 

Exxon Valdez/ fish/ hormone/ liver/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ ovary/ pathology/ salt water/ species/ spill/ 

subtidal/ survey/ time/ tissue 

Notes: A summarized description of a large fish impact survey conducted during 1989-91 after the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Six fish species were collected at 41 sites. Fish were analyzed for biliary fluorescent 

aromatic compounds and P4501A liver enzyme activity. Tissues were examined microscopically and 

reproductive characteristics (ovary condition, hormones) were determined. 

Collins, C. M., C. H. Racine, M. E. Walsh, 1994. The physical, chemical, and biological effects of crude 

oil spills after 15 years on a black spruce forest, interior Alaska. Arctic 47:164-175. 

Keywords: Alaska/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biological effects/ condition/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

depth/ effects/ freshwater plant/ movement/ oil/ oil spill/ Oseven/ soil/ spill/ spruce/ time/ vegetation/ 

weathered 

Notes: Two experimental crude oil spills (one summer, one winter) in permafrost black spruce forest of 

interior Alaska were evaluated 15 years after the oil was discharged. Measured physical movement of 

the oil, effects of the oil on thaw depth, and the condition of the vegetation. Soil samples were analyzed 

for alkane and aromatic fractions. 

Colombo, J. C., A. Barreda, C. Bilos, N. Cappelletti, S. Demichelis, P. Lombardi, M. C. Migoya, C. 

Skorupka, G. Suarez, 2005. Oil spill in the Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina: 1. Biogeochemical 

assessment of waters, sediments, soils and biota. Environmental Pollution 134:277-289. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Argentina/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ 

baseline/ bivalves/ estuary/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ macrophyte/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ shoreline/ soil/ spill/ time/ water 

Notes: A 1999 oil spill in the Rio de la Plata was evaluated 6 mos after the spill with a network of 14 

shoreline and 12 offshore sampling stations. Collected surface water, intertidal soils and sediments, 

macrophytes, and bivalves. Analyzed samples for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and compared 

results to baseline data. 

Colombo, J. C., A. Barreda, C. Bilos, N. Cappelletti, M. C. Migoya, C. Skorupka, 2005. Oil spill in the 

Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina: 2-hydrocarbon disappearance rates in sediments and soils. 

Environmental Pollution 134:267-276. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Argentina/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ 

condition/ degradation/ estuary/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ rate/ salt 

water/ sediment/ soil/ spill/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of hydrocarbon degradation after a 1999 oil spill in the Rio de la Plata. Intertidal 

74 
soils and surface sediments were sampled 6, 13, and 42 mos after the spill and analyzed for aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared results to prespill conditions. 

Colwell, R. R., J. D. Walker, 1977. Ecological aspects of microbial degradation of petroleum in the 

marine environment. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 5:423-445. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ degradation/ environment/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ microbes/ nonhydrocarbon/ Oten/ petroleum/ rate/ review/ salt water 

Notes: Review of the process of microbial degredation of petroleum in the marine environment. 

Discusses degradation of various classes of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons and environmental 

conditions that affect rates of degradation. 

Conklin, P. J., D. Drysdale, D. G. Doughtie, K. R. Rao, 1983. Comparative toxicity of drilling muds: role 

of chromium and petroleum hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research 10:105-125. 

Keywords: assay/ bioassay/ drilling mud/ fish/ fuel oil/ grass/ grass shrimp/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sheepshead 

minnow/ shrimp/ toxicity 

Notes: A toxicity assessment of used drilling mud (28 samples) from Mobile Bay, Alabama. The mud 

was analyzed for Cr and total No.2 fuel oil hydrocarbons. The mud was diluted for use with bioassays 

with grass shrimp and sheepshead minnows. Supplemental assays were performed with Cr and fuel oil 

in seawater to compare toxicity of each substance on grass shrimp. Calculated 96-hr LC50s for mud, Cr, 

and fuel oil. 

Conklin, P. J., K. R. Rao, 1984. Comparative toxicity of offshore and oil-added drilling muds to larvae of 

the grass shrimp Palaemonetes intermedius. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

13:685-690. 

Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ drilling mud/ grass/ grass shrimp/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ mineral oil/ 

offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ shrimp/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of larvae of the grass shrimp to 11 offshore drilling muds, diesel oil, mineral oil, and 

eight diesel- and mineral oil-spiked drilling muds. Exposed for 96 hr and calculated 96 hr LC50s. 

Connell, D. W., K. Cox, R. L. McLauchlan, 1975. Occurrence of kerosene-like hydrocarbons in the 

bream, Mylio australis Gunther. Australian Journal of Freshwater Research 26:419-422. 

Keywords: Australia/ bream/ fish/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ Othree/ taint 

Notes: Report of a kerosene-like taint in bream collected in Australia; discussion of possible causes of 

the taint. 

Connell, D. W., 1982. An approximate petroleum hydrocarbon budget for the Hudson Raritan Estuary -- 

New York. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:89-93. 

Keywords: estuary/ fate/ miscellaneous/ New Jersey/ New York/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sources/ water column 

Notes: The author develops a petroleum hydrocarbon budget for the Hudson Raritan Estuary. Sources 

are identified and losses from the water column are discussed. 

Connors, P. G., S. Gelman, 1980. Red phalarope responses to thin oil films in foraging experiments. 

Pacific Seabird Group Annual Meeting 1980:17. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ detection/ experiment/ foraging/ oil/ oil slick/ Oone/ phalarope/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Behavioural experiment with oil slick detection by red phalaropes. 

Cook, C. B., A. H. Knap, 1983. Effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on photosynthesis in the 

brain coral Diploria strigosa. Marine Biology 78:21-27. 

Keywords: activity/ algae/ Arabian Light crude oil/ brain/ combination/ coral/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ 

dispersant/ effects/ labelled/ light/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ photosynthesis/ salt 

water/ storage/ time/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Exposure of a brain coral to either Arabian Light crude oil mixed in water (19 ppm), Corexit 9527 

dispersant (1 ppm), or a combination of crude oil and dispersant. Exposure time was 8 hr followed by a 

75 
post-exposure period of 48 hr. Tracked photosynthetic activity by means of 14C uptake; measured total 

fixed C in coral tissue and in several specific fractions of the tissue. 

Cook, S. V., A. Chu, R. H. Goodman, 2002. Leachability and toxicity of hydrocarbons, metals and salt 

contamination from flare pit soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 133:297-314. 

Keywords: anion/ assay/ bioassay/ combination/ earthworm/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ leachate/ lettuce/ metals/ Microtox/ millet/ 

miscellaneous/ oil/ organic/ Oseven/ refinery/ roots/ seed/ soil/ toxicity 

Notes: Soil from a 30-yr old refinery flare pit was compared to that of a nearby uncontaminated site. 

Soils and leachates from the soils were analyzed for organic and inorganic components. Bioassays 

included Microtox, 96-hr algal growth inhibition, 14-da earthworm toxicity, and seed germination and root 

elongation (lettuce and millet). Whole soil and leachate assays were performed. Also, anions and metals 

in the leachate were tested separately and in combination, and the hydrocarbon fraction (oil and grease) 

was tested with and without soil. 

Coon, N. C., P. H. Albers, R. C. Szaro, 1979. No. 2 fuel oil decreases embryonic survival of great blackbacked gulls. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:152-156. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ coast/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ great black-backed gull/ gull/ Maine/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ survival/ time 

Notes: Field study of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil applications to the eggs of great black-backed gulls on 

an island off the coast of Maine. Fuel oil applied in amounts of either 5 or 20 ul. All eggs opened 8 da 

later. Measured survival and estimated age of embryo at time of egg oiling. 

Coon, N. C., M. P. Dieter, 1981. Responses of adult mallard ducks to ingested South Louisiana crude oil. 

Environmental Research 24:309-314. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ blood/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ Louisiana/ Louisiana 

crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ organ/ paraffin/ pathology/ physiology/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude 

oil/ survival/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on mallards of ingested crude oil. Adult mallard ducks were fed diets 

containing 0.25% or 2.5% South Louisiana crude oil, or 1% paraffin mixture for 26 wk. Measured 

survival, body and organ weights, reproduction, blood chemistry, and tissue pathology. 

Cooper, K. R., A. Cristini 1994. The effects of oil spills on bivalve mollusks and blue crabs. Pages 142-

159 in J. Burger, editor. Before and After an Oil Spill: The Arthur Kill. Rutgers Univ. Press, New 

Brunswick. 

Keywords: bivalve/ blue crab/ clam/ crab/ effects/ fuel oil/ lesions/ marine invertebrate/ New Jersey/ No.2 

fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ pathology/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the effects of the 1990 Exxon spill of No. 2 fuel oil in the Arthur Kill of northeast New 

Jersey. Only presents data for lesions in one species of clam; crab data presented in other chapters. 

Much discussion of the literature. 

Corbin, C. J., 1993. Petroleum contamination of the coastal environment of St. Lucia. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 26:579-580. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ petroleum/ 

salt water 

Notes: Water samples were collected from three bays and five offshore sites and analyzed for aromatic 

hydrocarbon content. 

Cormack, D. and J. A. Nichols 1977. The concentrations of oil in sea water resulting from natural and 

chemically induced dispersion of oil slicks. Pages 381-385 in 1977 Oil Spill Conference. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

ODnine/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Description of an early sea trial using Ekofisk and Kuwait crude oils and 'new generation' chemical 

dispersants. Presents data on the physical chemistry of oil spill slicks and the aromatic hydrocarbon 

concentrations at varying depths beneath the surface oil. 

76 
Cormack, D., 1984. Seabirds and oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:345-347. 

Keywords: bird/ critique/ England/ index/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Critique of the assumption that beached bird numbers provide a valid index of the loss of seabirds 

to oil spills. 

Corner, E. D. S., R. P. Harris, C. C. Kilvington, S. C. M. O'Hara, 1976. Petroleum compounds in the 

marine food web: short-term experiments on the fate of naphthalene in Calanus. Journal of the Marine 

Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56:121-133. 

Keywords: copepod/ depuration/ experiment/ fate/ food/ labelled/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ 

naphthalene/ Ofour/ petroleum/ rate/ salt water/ short-term/ uptake 

Notes: Exposure of the copepod Calanaus to 14C-labelled naphthalene in water for 24 hr followed by a 

depuration period of up to 10 da. Measured uptake from water or food containing 14C-labelled 

naphthalene, rate of dupuration, and amount of metabolism of the naphthalene by the copepod. 

Corredor, J. E., J. M. Morell, C. E. Del Castillo, 1990. Persistence of spilled crude oil in a tropical 

intertidal environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:385-388. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ degradation/ depth/ 

environment/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ persistence/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Sediment cores from an intertidal mud flat fringed by mangroves on the Puerto Rican coast were 

analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Measured resolved and unresolved aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, 

and total hydrocarbons at four depths within the cores. Two layers of high petroleum hydrocarbon 

content appeared to correspond to oil spills that occurred 17 and 28 yrs previously. 

Costa, D. P., G. L. Kooyman, 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect of fur oiling 

and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:2761-2767. 

Keywords: consumption/ crude oil/ detergent/ fur/ insulation/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ 

oxygen/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sea otter/ thermoregulation/ washing 

Notes: Effect on the insulating quality of sea otter fur after oiling with Prudhoe Bay crude oil or after oiling 

and washing with detergent. 

Cotou, E., I. Castritis-Catharios, M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, 2001. Surfactant-based oil dispersant 

toxicity to developing nauplii of Artemia: effects on ATPase enzymatic system. Chemosphere 42:959-964. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ concentration/ crustacean/ dispersant/ effects/ enzyme/ experiment/ lethal/ 

marine invertebrate/ nauplii/ ODfour/ oil/ protein/ salt water/ sublethal/ toxicity 

Notes: A laboratory assay was used to determine the effect of an oil dispersant (Finasol OSR-5) on the 

ATPase enzyme activities of a brine crustacean (Artemia). Exposure of newly-hatched nauplii to serial 

concentrations of the dipersant established the lethal threshold. Incidence of death was measured after 6 

and 24 hrs of exposure. Nauplii were then exposed to either of two sublethal concentrations in another 

experiment wherein six measures of ATPase activity were collected and total protein content was 

determined at 6 and 24 hrs of exposure. [The headings for Tables 1&2 imply that the results presented in 

the tables are from exposure to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations; only results for sub-lethal 

concentrations are presented]. 

Couillard, C. M., F. A. Leighton, 1989. Comparative pathology of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and inert shell 

sealants in chicken embryos. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 13:165-173. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ effects/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ 

pathology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ shell/ toxicity 

Notes: Pathological investigation of the effects of oiling (Prudhoe Bay crude oil) versus inert shell 

sealants. Observed abnormalities confirmed the unique toxicity of crude oil compared to the effects of 

restricted air flow. 

Couillard, C. M., F. A. Leighton, 1990. Sequential study of the pathology of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in 

chicken embryos. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 19:17-23. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ shell 

77 
Notes: Sequential pathology of chicken embryos exposed to external (shell) applications of Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil. 

Couillard, C. M., F. A. Leighton, 1990. The toxicopathology of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in chicken 

embryos. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 14:30-39. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ shell 

Notes: Description of the pathology of chicken embryos exposed to externally applied (shell) Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil. 

Couillard, C. M., F. A. Leighton, 1991. Bioassays for the toxicity of petroleum oils in chicken embryos. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:533-538. 

Keywords: bioassay/ bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ petroleum/ 

petroleum oil/ refined oil/ toxicity 

Notes: Toxic comparison of six crude and refined oils using chicken eggs. 

Couillard, C. M., F. A. Leighton, 1991. Critical period of sensitivity to petroleum toxicity in the chicken 

embryo. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:249-253. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ embryo/ fresh water/ incubation/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ petroleum/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ shell/ South Louisiana crude oil/ toxicity 

Notes: Identification of a large decrease in embryo sensitivity to shell crude oil application between days 

8 and 9 of incubation. 

Couillard, C. M., 2002. A microscale test to measure petroleum oil toxicity to mummichog embryos. 

Environmental Toxicology 17:195-202. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ Alaska/ bioassay/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fish/ incubation/ length/ 

light/ malformation/ mineral oil/ mummichog/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ 

rate/ salt water/ sand/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Description of a bioassay for incubating mummichog eggs directly on wet sand. Technique used 

to compare effects of sand contaminated with two different crude oils (Alaska North Slope, Mesa light) 

mixed with mineral oil, mineral oil alone, or water alone. The incubation period was 11 da. Crude oil was 

weathered 24-48 hrs and serial dilutions ranging from 0 to 100 % were used. Measured survival, 

malformation rates, cardiovascular abnormalities, and body length. 

Couillard, C. M., K. Lee, B. Legare, T. L. King, 2005. Effect of dispersant on the composition of the 

water-accommodated fraction of crude oil and its toxicity to larval marine fish. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry 24:1496-1504. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ composition/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ 

dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ length/ metabolism/ mummichog/ ODthree/ oil/ salt 

water/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: The water-accomodated fraction (WAF) of weathered Mesa crude oil and chemically-dispersed 

(Corexit 9527) weathered crude oil were used in a toxicity assay lasting 96 hr. Mummichog larvae were 

the test fish. In one experiment, three concentrations of WAF were compared to one concentration of 

dispersed WAF. In another experiment, four concentrations of dispersed WAF were used. Assay water 

was analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons at 24-hr intervals. Survival, body length, and EROD activity of 

mummichog larvae were measured at the end of 96 hr. 

Coulon, F., E. Pelletier, R. St.Louis, L. Gourhant, D. Delille, 2004. Degradation of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in two sub-Antarctic soils: influence of an oleophilic fertilizer. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 23:1893-1901. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ chemical analysis/ crude 

oil/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ experiment/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Microtox/ oil/ Oten/ 

PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: Two types of sub-Antarctic soils were placed in outdoor containers and contaminated, in 

duplicate, with either Arabian light crude oil or diesel fuel. An oleophilic fertilizer (Inipol EAP-22) was 

added to one of each set of two contaminated containers. Duration of the experiment was 660 da. 

78 
Primary sampling was done on days 7, 42, 90, 210, and 330; sampling on day 660 was for chemical 

analysis only. Measured hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, total petroleum hydrocarbons, total saturates, 

total PAHs, and individual saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons. The Microtox solid phase test was used 

to determine toxicity of the soil. 

Coulon, F., E. Pelletier, L. Gourhant, D. Delille, 2005. Effects of nutrient and temperature on 

degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated sub-Antarctic soil. Chemosphere 58:1439-1448. 

Keywords: abundance/ aerobic/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic 

hydrocarbons/ assay/ bacteria/ condition/ crude oil/ degradation/ diesel/ effects/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ 

light/ microbes/ Microtox/ oil/ Oten/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ temperature/ time 

Notes: Soil from a sub-Antarctic island were mixed with either Arabian light crude oil or diesel oil and with 

or without fertilizer (Inipol EAP 22) under three temperature regimes (4, 10, 20o

C). Soils were incubated 

in the dark under aerobic conditions for 6 mos. Abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria was 

determine eight times and hydrocarbons were analyzed and a Microtox assay was performed on days 0, 

42, 90, and 180. Measured alkanes and PAHs as totals and groups of compounds. 

Cowell, E. B., 1969. The effects of oil pollution on salt-marsh communities in Pembrokeshire and 

Cornwall. Journal of Applied Ecology 6:133-142. 

Keywords: coast/ combination/ community/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine 

plant/ oil/ Osix/ plant/ pollution/ salt marsh/ salt water/ shoreline/ Spartina/ species/ spill/ transect/ 

vegetation 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oil spillages in Milford Haven and off the coast of Cornwall (Torrey 

Canyon) in 1967. Both spills involved Kuwait crude oil. In Milford Haven, the spilled oil reached some 

shorelines in less than 30 min, whereas in Cornwall the oil remained at sea for 8 da before coming 

ashore. Before-spill information on vegetation was available for some, but not all, sites. A combination of 

permanent quadrats and transects with temporary quadrats were used to collect data. Counted tillers of 

Spartina and frequency of occurance of species, and made qualitative observations on plant condition. 

Cowles, T. J., 1983. Effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of crude oil on the copepod 

Centropages hamatus II. Activity patterns. Marine Biology 78:53-57. 

Keywords: activity/ bioassay/ concentration/ copepod/ crude oil/ effects/ flow-through/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ sublethal/ 

swimming 

Notes: Exposure of a marine copepod to 80 ppb South Louisiana crude oil in a flow-through bioassay 

system for 64 hr. Measured activity patterns after 48-64 hr of exposure. 

Cram, S., C. A. Ponce de Leon, P. Fernandez, I. Sommer, H. Rivas, L. M. Morales, 2006. Assesment 

of trace elements and organic pollutants from a marine oil complex into the coral reef system of Cayo 

Arcas, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 121:127-149. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

ecosystem/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ Mexico/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ organic/ PAH/ salt 

water/ sediment/ transect/ water 

Notes: Sediment (71) and water (25) samples were collected in the vicinity of the Cayo Arcas coral reef 

ecosystem (offshore Mexico) to determine if the crude oil pumping stations and marine terminal were 

causing environmental contamination. Samples were collected along transects extending away from the 

pumping stations and terminal. Sediments were physically characterized and analyzed for aliphatic 

hydrocarbons, PAH, and metals. Water samples, crude oil, and diesel fuel were chemically characterized 

and similarly analyzed for hydrocarbons and metals. 

Cranford, P. J., D. C. Gordon, 1991. Chronic sublethal impact of mineral oil-based drilling mud cuttings 

on adult sea scallops. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:339-344. 

Keywords: adult/ biochemical/ chronic/ composition/ cuttings/ digestive gland/ drilling mud/ gonads/ 

growth/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ Ofour/ oil-based/ salt water/ scallop/ shell/ size/ 

sublethal/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Exposed adult sea scallops to mineral oil-based drilling muds from two wells for 59 da. Analyzed 

hydrocarbon content of drilling mud, determined survival of scallops, measured shell and tissue growth, 

79 
and relative size and biochemical composition of the adductor muscle, digestive gland, gonad, and total 

soft tissue. 

Cranford, P. J., D. C. Gordon, Jr., K. Lee, S. L. Armsworthy, G.-H. Tremblay, 1999. Chronic toxicity 

and physical disturbance effects of water-and oil-based drilling fluids and some major constituents on 

adult sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Marine Environmental Research 48:225-256. 

Keywords: adult/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ chronic/ concentration/ 

drilling fluids/ drilling mud/ effects/ flow-through/ growth/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil-based/ particulate/ 

salt water/ scallop/ tissue/ toxicity/ water-based 

Notes: Adult sea scallops were exposed to used oil-based drilling mud, water-based drilling mud and 

barite in a flow-through bioassay. Results were compared to previous work on bentonite. Exposure 

concentrations were several for each test substance and the test duration varied from 10 to 72 da. 

Measured suspended particulate matter and particulate organic matter in the water, aliphatic and 

aromatic concentrations in water and scallop tissue, several growth measures for the scallops, and 

performed scope for growth calculations. 

Crapp, G. B. 1971. The ecological effects of stranded oil. Pages 181-186 in E. B. Cowell, editor. The 

ecological effects of oil pollution on littoral communities. Applied Science Publishers, London. 

Keywords: bivalve/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ littoral/ marine invertebrate/ 

mixing/ Ofour/ oil/ pollution/ ratio/ recovery/ salt water/ species/ survival/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Exposure of seven species of littoral bivalves to immersion for 6 hrs in Kuwait crude oil or 

weathered Kuwait crude oil. Exposure of one species to immersion for 6 hrs in Kuwait crude oil or five 

refined products. Exposure of two species to immersion for 6 hrs to Kuwait crude oil after mixing with 

water (1:4 ratio) for up to 24 hrs. Measured survival and "recovery" times. 

Cravedi, J. P., J. Tulliez, 1981. Distribution and elimination routes of a naphthenic hydrocarbon 

(dodecylcyclohexane) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 26:337-344. 

Keywords: cycloalkane/ distribution/ elimination/ fish/ fresh water/ ingestion/ metabolism/ Othree/ 

rainbow trout 

Notes: Metabolism, distribution, and elimination of a cycloalkane following ingestion by rainbow trout. 

Crawford, R. B., M. G. Muto, 1977. Effects of water soluble fractions from crude oils on development of 

sand dollar embryos. Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory 17:112-115. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ embryo/ fertilization/ fuel oil/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude 

oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ recovery/ salt water/ sand/ solubility/ 

South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Exposure of sand dollar embryos prior to fertilization or 9 min to 20 hrs after fertilization to 1, 10, 

50, or 100% water soluble fraction of either Kuwait crude oil, South Louisiana crude oil, or Bunker C fuel 

oil. Also tested recovery of post-fertilization embryos after 1 hr of exposure. 

Crider, J. Y., J. Wilhm, H. J. Harmon, 1982. Effects of naphthalene on the hemoglobin concentration 

and oxygen uptake of Daphnia magna. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:52-57. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ concentration/ daphnia/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

hemoglobin/ naphthalene/ Ofive/ oxygen/ static/ survival/ uptake 

Notes: Daphnia exposed to several concentrations of naphthalene in static bioassays. Tests ran for 48 

hrs with observations at 24 and 48 hrs. Measured survival, behavior, hemoglobin concentration, oxygen 

uptake, and calculated LC50s. 

Cripps, G. C., 1992. Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine environment. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:266-273. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Antarctic/ Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ bird/ 

environment/ evaluation/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ particulate/ pollution/ review/ salt water/ sediment/ sources/ zooplankton 

Notes: A review and evaluation of information on hydrocarbons in the ocean around Antarctica. Sections 

on hydrocarbons in seawater, sedimenting particulates, sediment, benthic invertebrates, microplankton 

80 
and sea-ice microbiota, zooplankton, fish, and birds. Discusses sources of hydrocarbons, including 

pollution incidents. 

Cripps, G. C., J. Shears, 1997. The fate in the marine environmental of a minor diesel fuel spill from an 

Antarctic research station. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 46:221-232. 

Keywords: alkane/ Antarctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ fate/ 

intertidal/ limpet/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ spill/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Report of the effects of a small spill of diesel fuel at an Antarctic research station; death of 

intertidal limpets, water and limpet tissue concentrations of aromatics and alkanes for up to 40 da postspill. 

Croce, B., R. M. Stagg, 1997. Exposure of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) to a combination of resin 

acids and a water soluble fraction of diesel fuel oil: a model to investigate the chemical causes of 

pigmented salmon syndrome. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:1921-1929. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ biochemistry/ blood/ combination/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

effects/ fish/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ model/ oil/ Othree/ pigment/ resin/ salmon/ solubility 

Notes: Effects on Atlantic salmon parr of exposure (9 da) to the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel and 

resin acids, separate and in combination; concentrations, blood characteristics, biochemistry. 

Crocker, A. D., J. Cronshaw, W. N. Holmes, 1974. The effect of a crude oil on intestinal absorption in 

ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Pollution 7:165-177. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ duck/ duckling/ fresh water/ intestinal absorption/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ 

physiology/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil 

Notes: Oral dosing of mallard ducklings with single doses of Santa Barbara crude oil inhibited the normal 

increase in intestinal absorption of water and Na+ when ducks move from fresh water to salt water. 

Crocker, A. D., J. Cronshaw, W. N. Holmes, 1975. The effect of several crude oils and some petroleum 

distillation fractions on intestinal absorption in ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Physiology 

and Biochemistry 5:92-106. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ distillation fraction/ duckling/ effects/ intestinal absorption/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ 

petroleum/ physiology/ salt water/ weathered 

Notes: Single oral doses of eight crude oils and several distillate fractions and weathered samples of two 

of the crude oils were compared for their effects on mallard duckling ability to adjust to salt water 

(inhibited water and Na+ absorption). 

Cronin, M. A., J. W. Bickham, 1998. A population genetic analysis of the potential for a crude oil spill to 

induce heritable mutations and impact natural populations. Ecotoxicology 7:259-278. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ eggs/ evaluation/ fish/ genetic/ lethal/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ 

mutation/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ pink salmon/ population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salmon/ salt water/ spill/ stream 

Notes: Evaluation of the potential for genetic damage from Prudhoe Bay crude oil to pink salmon 

populations in Prince William Sound. Constucts a theoretical analysis of the likelyhood of lethal 

mutations. The theoretical scenarios are compared to results of egg monitoring from 10 oiled and 15 

unoiled streams in southwestern Prince William Sound. 

Cronin, M. A., W. B. Ballard, J. D. Bryan, B. J. Pierson, J. D. McKendrick, 1998. Northern Alaska oil 

fields and caribou: a commentary. Biological Conservation 83:195-208. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ Canada/ caribou/ commentary/ fresh water/ humans/ mammal/ oil/ oil field/ 

Otwo/ population/ time 

Notes: A population assessment of the four caribou herds of northern Alaska with regard to their relation 

of oil drilling activity. The time period covered is 1970-96. Authors discuss impacts on individuals and 

and impacts on herds. Also reviewed are population changes in several herds from Canada and Alaska 

during 1920-95, and the possible role of humans in causing some of these changes. 

Cronin, M. A., J. K. Wickliffe, Y. Dunina, R. J. Baker, 2002. K-ras oncogene DNA sequences in pink 

salmon in streams impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill: no evidence of oil-induced heritable mutations. 

81 
Ecotoxicology 11:233-241. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ DNA/ embryo/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ genetic/ mutation/ oil/ oil seep/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ pink salmon/ Prince William Sound/ salmon/ salt water/ spill/ stream/ time 

Notes: Wild Alaskan salmon were collected to determine the presence of heritable mutations in the K-ras 

gene of pink salmon. Salmon were collected in 1997 and 1999 from five previously-oiled and five unoiled 

streams in Prince William Sound, and two streams with and one stream without natural oil seeps in the 

Alaskan Peninsula. Results were compared to results of previous laboratory exposures of pink salmon 

embryos to Alaskan crude oil. 

Cronin, M. A., A. W. Maki, 2004. Assessment of the genetic toxicological impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may be confounded by the influence of hatchery fish. 

Ecotoxicology 13:495-501. 

Keywords: critique/ effects/ embryo/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ genetic/ mutation/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ pink 

salmon/ salmon/ salt water/ spill/ stream/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: A critique of the proposal that the Exxon Valdez oil spill induced heritable mutations that increase 

embryo mortality in pink salmon. Authors use a statistical approach to emphasize the potential influence 

of straying hatchery fish on determinations of inter-generational effects in any given stream. The matter 

of reduced fitness of hatchery fish versus wild fish is also discussed. 

Cronshaw, J. 1982. Introduction: pollutants and endocrine systems. Pages 351-357 in C. G. Scanes, M. 

A. Ottinger, A. D. Kenny, J. Balthazart, J. Cronshaw, I. C. Jones, editors. Aspects of Avian 

Endocrinology: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Graduate Studies, Texas Tech University. Texas 

Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas. 

Keywords: adrenal/ bird/ effects/ endocrine/ fresh water/ gonads/ hormone/ mallard/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

salt water/ stress/ Texas 

Notes: General introductory discussion of the effects of ingested petroleum on hormone production by 

gonads and adrenal glands in birds. 

Cross, W. E., C. M. Martin, D. H. Thomson, 1987. Effects of experimental releases of oil and dispersed 

oil on Arctic nearshore macrobenthos. II. Epibenthos. Arctic 40:201-210. 

Keywords: abundance/ Arctic/ Canada/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ crustacean/ density/ depth/ dispersant/ 

echinoderm/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ population/ release/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ 

structure/ weathered 

Notes: Release of undispersed or chemically dispersed (Corexit 9527) Lagomedio crude oil (weathered) 

in two shallow bays on northern Baffin Island, Canada. Measured effects on epibenthos for two sampling 

periods before and four sampling periods after oil release during the years 1980-83. Sampled at 3 and 7 

m depths. Measured species presence, density, and population structure of crustaceans, and abundance 

of echinoderms. 

Cross, W. E., R. T. Wilce, M. F. Fabijan, 1987. Effects of experimental releases of oil and dispersed oil 

on Arctic nearshore macrobenthos. III. Macroalgae. Arctic 40:211-219. 

Keywords: algae/ Arctic/ biomass/ Canada/ condition/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersal/ 

dispersant/ effects/ macroalgae/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ release/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ time/ 

transect 

Notes: Artificially-weathered crude oil (undispersed) was released on the surface of one shallow bay and 

subsurface (chemically dispersed; Corexit 9527) in another shallow bay on Baffin Island, Canada. 

Macroalgae were sampled at both sites, an adjacent bay that received contamination from the subsurface 

release, and a reference bay. Oil releases occurred in August 1981 and macroalgae were sampled in 

September 1980 and August 1981 (prespill), and September 1981-82 and August 1982-83 (postspill). 

Sampling transects were parallel to the shore at 3 and 7 m depth. Algae were identified, number of 

species counted, and biomass determined for the most common groups and in total. Also, observations 

were made of the reproductive condition of the algae. 

Cross, W. E., D. H. Thomson, 1987. Effects of experimental releases of oil and dispersed oil on Arctic 

nearshore macrobenthos. I. Infauna. Arctic 40:184-200. 

Keywords: Arctic/ bivalve/ Canada/ community/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ distribution/ 

82 
effects/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ population/ release/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ 

structure/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Release of undispersed or chemically dispersed (Corexit 9527) Lagomedio crude oil (weathered) 

in two shallow bays on northern Baffin Island, Canada. Measured effects on infauna for two sampling 

periods before and four sampling periods after oil release during the years 1980-83. Sampled at 3 and 7 

m depths. Measured distribution of species, community structure, population structure, and weight-length 

relations of bivalves. 

Crothers, J. H., 1983. Field experiments on the effects of crude oil and dispersant on the common 

animals and plants of rocky sea shores. Marine Environmental Research 8:215-239. 

Keywords: coast/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ England/ experiment/ Forties Field crude oil/ general 

effect/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODeight/ oil/ photograph/ plant/ salt 

water/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Two nearly identical sets of field experiments (July and January) were performed at two sites on 

the coast of England. Experimental plots (0.1 m2

) were established near the upper end of the intertidal 

zone and designated as either control, crude oil (Forties) only, dispersant (BP 1100WD) only, or crude oil 

plus dispersant. Photographs were taken at monthly intervals for 15 mos in the July experiment and for 9 

mos in the January experiment. The first two photographs were taken before treatment. Intertidal plants 

and attached invertebrates were identified and counted. 

Crowe, A. U., B. Han, A. R. Kermode, L. I. Bendell-Young, A. L. Plant, 2001. Effects of oil sands 

effluent on cattail and clover: photosynthesis and the level of stress proteins. Environmental Pollution 

113:311-322. 

Keywords: Alberta/ Canada/ effects/ effluent/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil sands/ Oseven/ 

photosynthesis/ protein/ sand/ stress/ vegetation 

Notes: The effects of oil sands effluents on cattail and clover were evaluated at four sites (three 

contaminated and one reference) near Ft. McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Samples of clover and cattail 

were collected at all sites and used in a laboratory assessment of photosynthesis (CO2 production). 

Samples of vegetation were also collected and analyzed for the presence of stress proteins. 

Crowe, T. P., E. L. Smith, P. Donkin, D. L. Barnaby, S. J. Rowland, 2004. Measurements of sublethal 

effects on individual organisms indicate community-level impacts of pollution. Journal of Applied Ecology 

41:123. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ community/ England/ 

evaluation/ growth/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sublethal/ tissue 

Notes: A field evaluation of the concept of 'scope for growth' (SFG) with regard to mussels as a 

component of macrofaunal communities at six coastal sites on the west coast of England. Mussels were 

collected and analyzed for the UCM component of the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the tissue. Comparisons were made with the SFG ratings. 

Croxall, J. P. 1975. The effect of oil on nature conservation, especially birds. Pages 93-103 in H. A. 

Cole, editor. Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North-West Europe. Applied Science Publ.,Inc., 

Keywords: bird/ conservation/ Europe/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ petroleum/ population/ rehabilitation/ 

risk/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the significance of oil spills to seabirds. 

Crump-Wiesner, H. J. and A. L. Jennings 1975. Properties and effects of nonpetroleum oils. Pages 29-

32 in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: animal oil/ effects/ history/ miscellaneous/ nonpetroleum oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ vegetable oil 

Notes: An early presentation of the properties and effects of non-petroleum oils. Sections on physical 

and chemical properties, environmental effects, case histories, and distinctions between oil and other 

hazardous substances. 

83 
Crunkilton, R. L., R. M. Duchrow, 1990. Impact of a massive crude oil spill on the invertebrate fauna of 

a Missouri Ozark stream. Environmental Pollution 63:13-31. 

Keywords: benthic/ conductance/ creek/ crude oil/ dissolved/ diversity/ effects/ feeding/ feeding groups/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ index/ invertebrate/ Missouri/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ oxygen/ pH/ pipeline/ 

pollution/ species/ spill/ stream/ stream discharge/ temperature/ time 

Notes: Report of the effects on stream invertebrates of a pipeline rupture that spilled crude oil into Asher 

Creek, Missouri in August 1979. Benthic invertebrates were sampled 11 times between September 1979 

and February 1981at four sites, one above and three below the point of rupture. Benthic invertebrates 

were sampled from riffle areas and identified. Also measured dissolved oxygen, pH, conductance, 

temperature, and stream discharge. Calculated a diversity index and compared, among sites, the 

presence of species sensitive to oil pollution and the presence of functional feeding groups. 

Cubit, J. D., C. D. Getter, J. B. C. Jackson, S. D. Garrity, H. M. Caffey, R. C. Thompson, E. Weil, and 

M. J. Marshall 1987. An oil spill affecting coral reefs and mangroves on the Caribbean coast of Panama. 

Pages 401-406 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: abundance/ algae/ Caribbean/ coast/ community/ condition/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ 

density/ general effect/ habitat/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ movement/ Oeight/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Panama/ population/ refinery/ roots/ salt water/ sea urchin/ spill/ storage/ subtidal/ survey/ 

time/ urchin 

Notes: A report of surveys being conducted on coral reef and mangrove habitats on the Caribbean coast 

of Panama following a 1986 spill of crude oil from refinery storage tanks. Presents information on the 

movement of the oil, sessile organisms on mangrove prop roots before and 3 mos post spill, mangrove 

condition in oiled areas 2-3 and 5 mos post spill, presence and abundance of corals and associated algae 

on reef flats 2 and 5 mos post spill, condition of subtidal reefs before and after the spill, and densities of 

sea urchins on a monthly basis before and up to 5 mos after the spill. 

Culik, B. M., R. P. Wilson, A. T. Woakes, F. W. Sanudo, 1991. Oil pollution of Antarctic penguins: 

effects on energy metabolism and physiology. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:388-391. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ bird/ effects/ metabolism/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ physiology/ pollution/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: Physiological effects of oiling on penguins tested in indoor and outdoor facilities; special emphasis 

on metabolism. 

Curl, H., Jr., K. O'Donnell, 1977. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products. 

Volume ERL MESA-17. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO. 

Keywords: chemical characteristics/fuel oil/oil/Onine/petroleum/petroleum products/physical 

characteristics/refined oil/technical 

Notes: Basic description of the physical and chemical characteristics of major classes of refined oil 

products. 

Curtis, F., J. Lammey, 1998. Intrinsic remediation of a diesel fuel plume in Goose Bay, Labrador, 

Canada. Environmental Pollution 103:203-210. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ BTEX/ Canada/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ ground water/ 

hydrocarbons/ Labrador/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ plume/ remediation/ soil/ TPH 

Notes: A case study of the natural remediation of sub-surface fuel oil at Goose Bay, Labrador. A total of 

102 groundwater and three surface water samples were collected to determine the extent of natural 

biodegradation of the hydrocarbons. Measured BTEX, TPH, TEH, numerous soil chemistry 

characteristics, and general characteristics of the subsurface diesel fuel and water. 

Cushman, R. M., J. C. Goyert, 1984. Effects of a synthetic crude oil on pond benthic insects. 

Environmental Pollution (Series A) 33:163-186. 

Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ biomass/ coal/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ plant/ 

population/ time/ toxicity/ treatment/ water 

Notes: Eight outdoor experimental ponds were established in December and monitored for benthic 

invertebrates through the following October on a bimonthly basis. Synthetic (coal) crude oil, at three 

84 
different concentrations, was added to the treatment ponds in July. Measured macroinvertebrate 

abundance, number of taxa, biomass, and diversity; and emergent plant establishment. Pond water was 

analyzed for selected chemicals known to occur in the synthetic crude oil and compared to available 

information on toxicity. 

Custer, T. W., P. H. Albers, 1980. Response of captive, breeding mallards to oiled water. Journal of 

Wildlife Management 44:915-918. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ crude oil/ duck/ fresh water/ mallard/ oil/ oil slick/ oiled/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Behavioral response of mallard ducks to Prudhoe Bay crude oil slicks on water basins. Water 

basins were oiled with either 5 or 100 ul of oil and monitored with time-lapse cameras for 24 hr before and 

after water treatment. Measured time of first entry and amount of time spent on the water. 

Da Silva, E. M., M. C. Peso-Aguiar, M. de F. T. Navarro, C. de B. e A. Chastinet, 1997. Impact of 

petroleum pollution on aquatic coastal ecosystems in Brazil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

16:112-118. 

Keywords: bird/ bivalve/ Brazil/ coast/ community/ ecosystem/ effects/ effluent/ fish/ general effect/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ plant/ pollution/ population/ refinery/ review/ rocky shore/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: A review of the presence and environmental consequences of petroleum pollution along the coast 

of Brazil. Information is presented on petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, fish, and bivalves; effects of 

petroleum on mangroves; effects of petroleum on sessile organisms of rocky shores; effects of petroleum 

on birds; and effects of refinery effluents on aquatic plants and invertebrates. 

Daan, R., M. Mulder, A. Van Leeuwen, 1994. Differential sensitivity of macrozoobenthic species to 

discharges of oil-contaminated drill cuttings in the North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 

33:113-127. 

Keywords: abundance/ bivalve/ coast/ crustacean/ cuttings/ discharges/ drilling mud/ echinoderm/ 

effects/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ Netherlands/ North Sea/ Ofour/ oil-based/ polychaete/ salt water/ 

species/ survey/ transect/ water-based 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of discharged drill cuttings on macrobenthos in the North Sea off the 

coast of the Netherlands. Fifteen transect surveys extending from <40 m to 5000 m from the drilling 

platform were conducted between 1985 and 1992. Eleven of the surveys dealt with oil-based drilling 

muds and four dealt with water-based drilling muds. Measured abundance of polychaetes, molluscs, 

crustaceans, and echinoderms. 

Daan, R., M. Mulder, 1996. On the short-term and long-term impact of drilling activities in the Dutch 

sector of the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53:1036-1044. 

Keywords: activity/ benthic/ crude oil/ discharges/ drilling mud/ effects/ long-term/ macrofauna/ marine 

invertebrate/ North Sea/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil-based/ salt water/ short-term/ water-based 

Notes: Effects of oil-based and water-based drilling muds on benthic fauna at offshore drilling platforms 

in the North Sea. 

Dahlmann, G., D. Timm, Chr. Averbeck, C. Camphuysen, H. Skov, J. Durinck, 1994. Oiled seabirds -- 

comparative investigations on oiled seabirds and oiled beaches in the Netherlands, Denmark and 

Germany (1990-93). Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:305-310. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ coast/ Denmark/ feathers/ Germany/ Netherlands/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum 

products/ pollution/ salt water 

Notes: Results of a 3-year assessment of oil pollution chemicals found on the beaches and on bird 

feathers from the coasts of Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. 

Dalla Venezia, L., V. U. Fossato, 1977. Characteristics of suspensions of Kuwait oil and Corexit 7664 

and their short- and long-term effects on Tisbe bulbisetosa (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Marine Biology 

42:233-237. 

Keywords: concentration/ copepod/ Corexit 7664/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ female/ 

hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ reproduction/ salt 

85 
water/ static/ survival 

Notes: Description of a method of preparing seawater suspensions of Kuwait crude oil and Corexit 7664. 

The suspension was employed in static exposure experiments with a copepod. Female copepods were 

exposed for 20 da to a range of concentrations of the oil and Corexit suspension. Ovigerous female 

copepods were also exposed to a single concentration of the test suspension for 30 or 50 da. Measured 

survival, reproduction, and hydrocarbon concentrations in water. 

Daly, E. J., J. Hoddinott, M. R. T. Dale, 1988. The effects of oil spill chemicals on carbon translocation 

rates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Environmental Pollution 52 :151-163. 

Keywords: carbon/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ labelled/ leaves/ ODseven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

photosynthesis/ rate/ seedling/ spill 

Notes: Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris were raised in a steady-state 14CO2 labelling system. Primary 

leaves were sprayed with Corexit 9600 or 7664 24 or 48 hrs before isotopic equilibrium was reached, or 

after equilibrium was reached. Measured photosynthesis and rates of translocation of labelled carbon. 

Daniels, C. B., J. C. Means, 1989. Assessment of the genotoxicity of produced water discharges 

associated with oil and gas production using a fish embryo and larval test. Marine Environmental 

Research 28:303-307. 

Keywords: chromosome/ discharges/ embryo/ fish/ genotoxic/ Louisiana/ oil/ oil field/ Othree/ produced 

water/ salt water/ sheepshead minnow/ waste water 

Notes: Assessment of the genotoxicity of produced water from coastal oilfields in Louisiana; use of 

sheepshead minnow embryos to determine the incidence of chromosomal aberrations. 

Daniels, C. B., C. B. Henry, and J. C. Means 1990. Coastal oil drilling produced waters: chemical 

characterization and assessment of genotoxicity using chromosomal aberrations in Cyprinodon 

variegatus. Pages 356-371 in W. G. Landis, W. H. van der Schalie, editors. Aquatic Toxicology and 

Risk Assessment: Thirteenth Volume, ASTM STP 1096. American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Philadelphia. 

Keywords: chromosome/ fish/ genotoxic/ Louisiana/ oil/ oil field/ Othree/ petroleum/ produced water/ risk/ 

risk assessment/ salt water/ sediment/ sheepshead minnow/ waste water 

Notes: Characterization of petroleum compounds in produced waters of coastal oilfields in Louisiana and 

an assessment of the genotoxicity of the water using embryonic sheepshead minnows. 

Danovaro, R., M. Fabiano, M. Vincx, 1995. Meiofauna response to the Agip Abruzzo oil spill in subtidal 

sediments of the Ligurian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:133-145. 

Keywords: benthic/ chemical characteristics/ crude oil/ density/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

meiofauna/ monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physical characteristics/ salt water/ 

sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: A benthic monitoring study was interrupted by a large oil spill that drifted into the study area in the 

Ligurian Sea (Italy). Sediment samples were collected for one year (4 mo before and 8 mo after the spill). 

Measured physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, total hydrocarbons, and meiofauna 

densities. 

Dauvin, J-C., 1998. The fine sand Abra alba community of the Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the 

Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:669-676. 

Keywords: abundance/ Amoco Cadiz/ biomass/ community/ crude oil/ dominance/ effects/ environment/ 

fish/ France/ long-term/ macroinvertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sand/ 

species/ spill 

Notes: A long-term (1977-96) assessment of the effects of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill on the macrobenthic 

and fish communities of the fine sand bottom environment of the Bay of Morlaix, France. Measured 

species and trophic abundance and dominance, and biomass. 

Dauvin, J.-C., F. Gentil, 1990. Conditions of the peracarid populations of subtidal communities in 

northern Brittany ten years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:123-130. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ amphipod/ community/ condition/ density/ isopod/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

oil/ oil spill/ population/ recovery/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ survey 

86 
Notes: An assessment of the recovery of peracarid (ampipods, isopods, mysids, etc.) populations in the 

sediments of coastal Brittany 10 years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. A total of 19 sites in three locations 

were sampled and compared to the results of surveys at the same sites before the spill and during the 3 

yr after the spill. Identified and determined the density of all peracarids. 

Dauvin, J.-C., 2000. The muddy fine sand Abra alba -- Melinna palmata community of the Bay of Morlaix 

twenty years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:528-536. 

Keywords: abundance/ Amoco Cadiz/ benthic/ biomass/ community/ crude oil/ dominance/ effects/ 

France/ invertebrate/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ salt water/ sand/ 

sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: A long-term assessment of the effects of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill on the benthic invertebrate 

community of the Bay of Morlaix, France. Bottom samples were collected 4-6 times per year from 1977 to 

1982 and five times per year from 1983 to 1996 (20 yrs). Individuals were identified and categorized 

according to functional groups. Abundance, biomass, and dominance were compared over the 20 yr 

period. 

Dauvin, J. C., J. L. Gomez Gesteira, M. Salvande Fraga, 2003. Taxonomy sufficiency: an overview of 

its use in the monitoring of sublittoral benthic communities after oil spills. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:552-

555. 

Keywords: benthic/ commentary/ community/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ 

overview/ salt water/ spill/ sublittoral/ taxonomy/ technical 

Notes: A commentary on the use of and need for taxonomic identification of benthic communities in 

studies of the effects of oil spills. Addresses the question "How much taxonomic detail is enough?". 

Davenport, J., 1982. Oil and planktonic ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of 

London. Series B, Biological Sciences 297:369-384. 

Keywords: community/ ecosystem/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Ofour/ oil/ phytoplankton/ plankton/ pollution/ population/ review/ salt 

water/ spill/ survey/ zooplankton 

Notes: A review of the effect of oil pollution on plankton. Discusses evidence from laboratory 

experiments, enclosed ecosystem experiments, and field studies. 

Davies, J. M., I. E. Baird, L. C. Massie, S. J. Hay, A. P. Ward, 1980. Some effects of oil-derived 

hydrocarbons on a pelagic food web from observations in an enclosed ecosystem and a consideration of 

their implications for monitoring. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil International pour 

l'Exploration de la Mer 179:201-211. 

Keywords: chemical characteristics/ chlorophyll/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ depth/ 

ecosystem/ effects/ experiment/ food/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ 

monitoring/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ particulate/ phytoplankton/ population/ salt water/ 

time/ zooplankton 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the water-soluble fraction of North Sea crude oil on zooplankton and 

phytoplankton in an enclosed ecosystem. Oil concentration was 100 ppb, experiment duration was 3 

mo., and samples were taken from up to six depths at frequencies of one to six times per week. 

Measured physical and chemical characteristics of the water, chlorophyll a, 14C fixation, particulate C & N, 

phytoplankton and zooplankton density, and hydrocarbon concentrations. 

Davies, J. M., R. Hardy, A. D. McIntyre, 1981. Environmental effects of North Sea oil operations. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 12:412-416. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ North Sea/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ overview/ petroleum/ phytoplankton/ 

salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ short-term/ water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: An overview of the environmental consequences of oil operations in the North Sea based 

primarily on research generated during 1977-80. Studies included short-term laboratory assays, large 

water-column field enclosures maintained for 100 da, and collections of sediment samples. Information 

on fish egg sensitivity to petroleum, AHH of commercially-caught fish; and responses of microorganisms, 

87 
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and primary carnivores to water-soluble fractions of petroleum are 

presented. Analyzed sediments from sampling sites in established oil fields for aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Davies, J. M., J. M. Addy, R. A. Blackman, J. R. Blanchard, J. E. Ferbrache, D. C. Moore, H. J. 

Somerville, A. Whitehead, T. Wilkinson, 1984. Environmental effects of the use of oil-based drilling 

muds in the North Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:363-370. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ concentration/ distance/ diversity/ drilling mud/ effects/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil-based/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ 

review/ salt water/ sediment/ species 

Notes: A report from a joint industry-government working group convened to evaluate the environmenal 

effects of oil-based drilling muds. Presents literature review, comments on existing field studies, data on 

hydrocarbon and metal concentrations around drilling platforms, relations between number of species, 

abundance, and diversity and concentration of oil in sediment and distance from platform. 

Davis, H. K., C. F. Moffat, N. J. Shepherd, 2002. Experimental tainting of marine fish by three 

chemically dispersed petroleum products, with comparisons to the Braer oil spill. Spill Science 

Technology Bulletin 7:257-278. 

Keywords: bivalve/ concentration/ crude oil/ depuration/ diesel/ dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ 

fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ ODthree/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ salmon/ 

salt water/ shellfish/ spill/ taint/ time/ tissue 

Notes: A three part experiment to examine petroleum tainting in finfish and shellfish. Separate 

experiments were conducted with salmon, trout and mussels exposed to varying concentrations of Forties 

crude oil, diesel, and medium fuel oil in an effort to determine (1) tainting thresholds, (2) dose response in 

tainting intensity, and (3) depuration time. Trout were also exposed to a dispersant (NS25). Water and 

tissue were analyzed in detail for n-alkanes and PAHs. 

Davis, J. E., S. S. Anderson, 1976. Effects of oil pollution on breeding grey seals. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 7:115-118. 

Keywords: coast/ effects/ grey seal/ mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ pollution/ reproduction/ salt water/ seal/ 

spill/ survival/ United Kingdom/ Wales/ washing 

Notes: Observations on the oiling of breeding grey seals on the coast of Wales and the consequences for 

survival; also, attempts at washing oiled seals. 

Davis, P. H., R. B. Spies, 1980. Infaunal benthos of a natural petroleum seep: study of community 

structure. Marine Biology 59:31-41. 

Keywords: California/ community/ composition/ density/ distribution/ diversity/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

oil/ oil seep/ petroleum/ salt water/ species/ structure 

Notes: Comparison of the infaunal benthos at a natural oil seep location and a comparison site near 

Santa Barbara, California during the period 1975-78. Measured organism density, number of species, 

diversity indicies, and size-class distribution of two species. 

Davis, P. H., T. W. Schultz, R. B. Spies, 1981. Toxicity of Santa Barbara seep oil to starfish embryos: 

Part 2 -- the growth bioassay. Marine Environmental Research 5:287-294. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ bioassay/ crude oil/ development/ embryo/ experiment/ growth/ length/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ starfish/ static/ toxicity 

Notes: Starfish embryos exposed to 100% water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Santa Barbara crude oil in a 

48-hr static bioassay. Three experiments conducted; determine effect of length of exposure, determine 

most sensitive stage of development, and determine effect of ageing the WSF mixture. Measured length 

and incidence of abnormal development of embryos. 

Davis, R. W., T. M. Williams, J. A. Thomas, R. A. Kastelein, L. H. Cornell, 1988. The effects of oil 

contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). II. Metabolism, thermoregulation, and 

behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2782-2790. 

Keywords: behavior/ cleaning/ development/ effects/ fur/ mammal/ metabolism/ methods/ oil/ oiled/ 

Otwo/ salt water/ sea otter/ thermoregulation 

88 
Notes: Development of methods for cleaning oiled sea otters; also observations on thermoregulation, 

metabolism, and behavior. 

Davis, R. W., 1990. Advances in rehabilitating oiled sea otters: the Valdez experience. Wildlife Journal 

13:30-41. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ procedure/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Description of the procedures and facilities used to rehabilitate oiled sea otters from the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill in Alaska. 

Davison, W., C. E. Franklin, J. C. McKenzie, M. C. R. Dougan, 1992. The effects of acute exposure to 

the water soluble fraction of diesel fuel oil on survival and metabolic rate of an Antarctic fish (Pagothenia 

borchgrevinki). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 102C:185-188. 

Keywords: acute/ Antarctic/ blood/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ metabolism/ oil/ Othree/ 

physiology/ rate/ salt water/ solubility/ survival 

Notes: Effects on an Antarctic fish of acute exposure to the water soluble fraction of diesel fuel; 

physiology, metabolism, and blood chemistry. 

Davison, W., C. E. Franklin, J. C. McKenzie, P. W. Carey , 1993. The effects of chronic exposure to the 

water soluble fraction of fuel oil on an Antarctic fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Comparative Biochemistry 

and Physiology 104C:67-70. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ chronic/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ physiology/ salt water/ 

solubility 

Notes: Physiological effects in an Antarctic fish following experimental exposure to water soluble fractions 

of diesel fuel for 7 days. 

Day, R. H., S. M. Murphy, J. A. Wiens, G. D. Hayward, E. J. Harner, B. E. Lawhead, 1997. Effects of 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat use by birds along the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Condor 99:728-742. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alaska/ bird/ coast/ density/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ Kenai Peninsula/ oil/ 

oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat use by 34 species of birds along 

the coast of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Study began in late summer 1989 and ended in late summer 

1991. Measured bird density, degree of oiling, habitat measures, and degree of disturbance from 

cleanup. 

Day, R. H., S. M. Murphy, J. A. Wiens, G. D. Hayward, E. J. Harner, L. N. Smith, 1997. Effects of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat use by birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Ecological Applications 

7:593-613. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ marine birds/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ Prince 

William Sound/ recovery/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Effects of oil spill on habitat use by birds. 

de Jong, E., 1980. The effect of a crude oil spill on cereals. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 22:187-

196. 

Keywords: biomass/ Canada/ crude oil/ depth/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ grain/ growth/ harvest/ 

nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ Oseven/ pipeline/ plant/ recovery/ seasonal/ soil/ spill/ time 

 Notes: A ruptured sub-surface pipeline discharged crude oil beneath the frost line in farm land north of 

Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. After partial recovery of the oil, the land was planted with cereal 

crops (1 yr fallow) for 5 consecutive yrs. Measured total above ground plant mass, grain yield, major 

nutrients at three depths at harvest time, total oil content of soil; and the percent of oil, water and air at 

three depths within soil core samples taken after the fifth growing season. 

de la Cruz, A. A., 1982. Effects of oil on phytoplankton metabolism in natural and experimental estuarine 

ponds. Marine Environmental Research 7:257-263. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ Empire Mix crude oil/ estuarine/ evaluation/ light/ marine 

plant/ metabolism/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ oxygen/ photosynthesis/ phytoplankton/ productivity/ salt water 

89 
Notes: An assessment of the effect of crude oil on the primary productivity of estuarine phytoplankton in 

a natural tidal pond and in experimental estuarine ponds. The tidal pond received Empire Mix crude oil 

and was evaluated by a light and dark bottle method for oxygen concentration (converted to C 

production). Evaluations were made before oiling and 16 and 60 da after oiling. Experimental ponds 

received either Nigerian, Arabian, or Empire Mix crude oils and productivity was determined with a 14C 

method. Evaluations were made 5 da and 2 da before oiling and 5, 34, and 55 da after oiling. 

de Oteyza, T. G., J. O. Grimalt, 2006. GC and GC-MS characterization of crude oil transformation in 

sediments and microbial mat samples after the 1991 oil spill in the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast. 

Environmental Pollution 139:523-531. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic 

hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ coast/ composition/ crude oil/ GC-MS/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ war 

Notes: Surface sediments, subsurface sediments, and microbial mats were collected in 1995 and 1998 at 

four sites along the Saudi Arabian coast. Samples were analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons and compared to the composition of crude oil from the 1991 Gulf War spill. 

De Vogelaere, A. P., M. S. Foster, 1994. Damage and recovery in intertidal Fucus gardneri assemblages 

following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology Progress Series 106:263-271. 

Keywords: Alaska/ barnacle/ experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ herring/ intertidal/ limpet/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ periwinkle/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ recruitment/ salt 

water/ species/ spill/ survival/ time/ vegetation 

Notes: An assessment of the recovery of Fucus gardneri and associated fauna in Herring Bay, Prince 

William Sound, Alaska 18 mos thru 29 mos after the Exxon Valdez spill. Sites were classified at 18 mos 

as either unoiled or uncleaned, less intensely cleaned, or intensely cleaned. Status of vegetation was 

determined at 18, 25, 27, and 29 mos post-spill. Measured percent cover of Fucus, number of Fucus

recruits, percent cover of tar, percent cover of barnacles, number of species of periwinkles and limpets, 

and number of species of fauna. An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of tree canopy 

cover on Fucus survival and recruitment on all three types of sites. 

Dean, T. A., M. S. Stekoll, S. C. Jewett, R. O. Smith, J. E. Hose, 1998. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska: effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:201-210. 

Keywords: Alaska/ eelgrass/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ marina/ marine plant/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ reproduction/ salt water/ 

sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on eelgrass in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Measured six characteristics of eelgrass in 1990 and two characteristics in 1991, 1993, and 

1995. Compared oiled sites with reference sites. Also tracked petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments 

during the same time period. 

Dean, T. A., J. L. Bodkin, A. K. Fukuyama, S. C. Jewett, D. H. Monson, C. E. O'Clair, G. R. 

VanBlaricom, 2002. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. 

Marine Ecology Progress Series 241:255-270. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ clam/ consumption/ crab/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ feeding/ food/ 

length/ mammal/ mussel/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William Sound/ rate/ ratio/ recovery/ salt 

water/ sea otter/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ weight 

Notes: An assessment of food limitation as a possible cause of the retarded recovery of the sea otter 

population of northern Knight Island, Prince William Sound. Mussels, clams, and crabs were collected 

during 1996-98 at a large number of sites on the shoreline of northern Knight Island and western 

Montague Island (unoiled). Observations were made on feeding activity to estimate prey consumption 

rates. Captured animals were weighed and measured to determine age-adjusted body mass and mass to 

length ratios. 

Debrot, A. O., J. E. Bradshaw, A. B. Tiel, 1995. Tar contamination on beaches in Curacao, Netherlands 

Antilles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:689-693. 

Keywords: beach/ Curacao/ miscellaneous/ Netherlands/ Oeleven/ pollution/ refinery/ salt water/ tar ball/ 

90 
time 

Notes: Tar pollution was monitored at 10 sites along the beaches of Curacao during a 14 mo period 

spanning 1991-1993. 

Decker, C. J., J. W. Fleeger, 1984. The effect of crude oil on the colonization of meiofauna into salt 

marsh sediments. Hydrobiologia 118:49-58. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ colonization/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ diversity/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ meiofauna/ Ofour/ oil/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ species/ species diversity 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of South Louisiana crude oil on the colonization of meiofauna into 

sediments of a Louisiana salt marsh. Employed 45 experimental trays of sediment mixed with three 

concentrations of crude oil; trays were placed in the marsh to receive natural colonization over a 60 da 

period. Measured aromatic hydrocarbon concentration, meiofauna density, and species diversity. 

DeGange, A. R., A. M. Doroff, D. H. Monson, 1994. Experimental recovery of sea otter carcasses at 

Kodiak Island, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Mammal Science 10:492-496. 

Keywords: Alaska/ carcass/ crude oil/ experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ recovery/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Results of a sea otter carcass recovery experiment several months after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. 

DeGraeve, G. M., R. G. Elder, D. C. Woods, H. L. Bergman , 1982. Effects of naphthalene and benzene 

on fathead minnows and rainbow trout. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:487-

490. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ benzene/ effects/ eggs/ fathead minnow/ fish/ fresh water/ fry/ growth/ juvenile/ 

naphthalene/ Othree/ rainbow trout/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects of naphthalene and benzene on juvenile rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and fathead 

minnow eggs and fry; acute toxicity for the trout and adult fathead minnows and growth and survival for 

the fry and eggs. 

Dehrmann, A., 1994. Penguins affected by oil spill in South African waters. Penquin Conservation 7:8-

12. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ penguin/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ South Africa/ spill 

Notes: Report of the effects on penguins of a large spill of heavy fuel oil from the "Apollo Sea". 

Dehrmann, A., 1994. South African oil spill: clean-up continues, thousands of penguins released after 

treatment. Penquin Conservation 7:10-11. 

Keywords: bird/ fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ South 

Africa/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: Follow-up report on the consequences of the "Apollo Sea" oil spill. 

Deis, D. R., N. G. Tavel, P. Masciangioli, C. Villoria, M. A. Jones, G. F. Ortega, and G. R. Lee 1997. 

Orimulsion: research and testing and open water containment and recovery trials. Pages 459-467 in 

1997 International Oil Spill Conference. Improving Environmental Protection. Progress, Challenges, 

Responsibilities. API Publication. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: beach/ behavior/ community/ effects/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ 

Orimulsion/ protection/ recovery/ review/ salt water/ sand/ seagrass/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Chemical and physical properties of orimulsion and its behavior in water. A review of the effects 

of orimulsion on seagrass, mangroves, biofouling communities, and sand beach communities. Also, 

containment and recovery testing and response strategies for orimulsion spills. 

Deka, S., A. Devi, H. P. Barthakur, L. C. Kagti, 1997. Studies on the impact of crude oil pollution on the 

physico-chemical properties, nature of micro-organisms and growth of rice plants in soil. Journal of 

Environmental Biology 18:167-171. 

Keywords: crude oil/ experiment/ freshwater plant/ growth/ microbes/ oil/ Oseven/ plant/ pollution/ soil 

91 
Notes: Growth of rice plants in a pot culture experiment wherein the soil was amended with varying 

amounts of crude oil; soil properties and micro-organisms were also evaluated. 

Del'Arco, J. P., F. P. de Franca, 2001. Influence of oil contamination levels on hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in sandy sediment. Environmental Pollution 112:515-519. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian crude oil/ Arabian Light crude oil/ biodegradation/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ experiment/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ light/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ sediment 

Notes: An assessment of the effect of petroleum concentration on the amount of biodegradation in sandy 

sediment. An experiment was performed with sandy sediment treated with three concentrations of light 

Arabian crude oil and incubated for 28 da. Each degradation 'reactor' was innoculated with a microbial 

culture obtained from a landfarming operation. Measured the degradation in terms of aliphatic 

hydrocarbons and the 'oil and grease' component. 

Delaune, R. D., W. H. Patrick, Jr., R. J. Buresh, 1979. Effect of crude oil on a Louisiana Spartina 

alterniflora salt marsh. Environmental Pollution 20:21-31. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ experiment/ growth/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ oil/ Osix/ phosphorus/ plant/ population/ 

reduction/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ Spartina/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of Louisiana crude oil on a Spartina salt marsh in Louisiana. Three 

experiments were performed. In a field experiment, four quantities of crude oil were added to wetland 

sediment enclosures in May. Plant biomass was harvested in September, weighed, and analyzed for P 

and N. Regenerated shoots were measured in the following April and vegetation harvested again in 

September; stem density also was measured in September. Sediment cores were analyzed for alkanes, 

aromatics, and NSO compounds. In a greenhouse study, potted plants were exposed to one of seven 

quantities of oil. The plants were harvested after 75 da and weighed. Two wks later, the number of new 

tillers was counted; biomass of the second growth was determined 60 da after the first cutting. The effect 

of crude oil on sediment processes was determined in a 28-da experiment by exposed sediment in flasks 

to one of five amounts of crude oil and measuring production of manganous manganese, ferrous iron, 

and sulphide; nitrogen mineralisation; nitrate reduction; and methane production. 

Delaune, R. D., C. J. Smith, W. H. Patrick, Jr., J. W. Fleeger, M. D. Tolley, 1984. Effect of oil on salt 

marsh biota: methods for restoration. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 36:207-227. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ carbon/ carbon fixation/ crude oil/ dispersant/ general 

effect/ growth/ infauna/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

meiofauna/ methods/ Oeight/ oil/ photosynthesis/ restoration/ salt marsh/ salt water/ seasonal/ sediment/ 

snail/ South Louisiana crude oil/ time/ treatment/ vegetation 

Notes: Experimental application of South Louisiana crude oil (2 l/m2

) to 6 m2 plots of coastal salt marsh in 

Louisiana. Treatments were no oil, oil, oil plus mechanical water flush, oil plus dispersant plus water 

flush, dispersant, dispersant plus oil, and oil followed by vegetation removal. Aromatic hydrocarbon 

content of sediment was measured 2 da post treatment. Photosynthetic carbon fixation determined on 

days 7, 20, and 37 after treatment. Standing crop biomass determined after the end of the first and 

second growing season. Marsh infauna (macrofauna) were sampled on days 10, 30, 60, and 144 post 

treatment; meiofauna were sampled on days 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 95, and 144. Snails were sampled on 

days 2, 5, 20, 60, and 95 post treatment. 

Delaune, R. D., C. W. Lindau, B. C. Banker, I. Devai, 2000. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sediment receiving produced water discharge. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A35:1-14. 

Keywords: alkane/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ evaluation/ fertilizer/ 

hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ produced water/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: An evaluation of the petroleum degradation potential of sediments collected from a produced 

water discharge site in an oil and gas field in Louisiana. The initial concentrations of PAHs and alkanes 

were determined. Degradation rates were determined for residual hydrocarbons under oxidized and 

reduced conditions; this was repeated for alkanes (South Louisiana crude oil added to sediment). 

Determined effects of high and low fertilizer additions on oxidized and reduced degradation of alkanes. 

92 
Delille, D., A. Basseres, A. Dessommes, 1997. Seasonal variation of bacteria in sea ice contaminated 

by diesel fuel and dispersed crude oil. Microbial Ecology 33:97-105. 

Keywords: abundance/ Antarctic/ bacteria/ cell/ community/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ fertilizer/ 

ice/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ salt water/ seasonal 

Notes: Effects of petroleum contamination of Antarctic sea ice. Sea ice exposed to either crude oil, crude 

oil plus fertilizer, diesel fuel, or diesel fuel plus fertilizer. Measured seasonal (Apr.-Nov.) pattern of total 

bacterial abundance, mean cell volume, and abundance of three categories of bacteria in sea ice and 

underlying sea water. 

Delille, D., A. Basseres, A. Dessommes, C. Rosiers, 1998. Influence of daylight on potential 

biodegradation of diesel and crude oil in Antarctic seawater. Marine Environmental Research 45:249-258. 

Keywords: abundance/ Antarctic/ Arabian Light crude oil/ biodegradation/ cell/ community/ crude oil/ 

diesel/ effects/ light/ mesocosm/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ salt water/ treatment 

Notes: Assessed the effects of crude oil and diesel oil addition to Antarctic sea water on the bacterial 

community in covered and non-covered mesocosms during 1991-93. Bacterial changes were monitored 

for 2 or 5 wks. Treatments were open and covered controls, diesel oil, and Arabian Light crude oil. 

Measured bacterial abundance and mean cell volumes. 

Delille, D., B. Delille, 2000. Field observations on the variability of crude oil impact on indigenous 

hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from sub-Antarctic intertidal sediments. Marine Environmental Research 

49:403-417. 

Keywords: abundance/ Antarctica/ Arabian Light crude oil/ bacteria/ beach/ biodegradation/ crude oil/ 

experiment/ index/ intertidal/ light/ long-term/ methods/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ sand/ 

sediment/ short-term/ time 

Notes: Determination of the hydrocarbon-degrading capabilities of indigenous bacteria on nine beaches 

on the Kerguelen Archipelago, Antarctica. PVC enclosures were treated with Arabian light crude oil for a 

short-term (5 da) experiment and a long-term (90 da) experiment. Enclosures were sampled periodically 

during the study (the Methods fail to mention this). Figures show 100 da of elapsed time despite the fact 

that the long-term experiment only went 90 da. Sand outside the enclosure was a natural control for each 

site. Measured bacterial abundance, total remaining petroleum, and calculated three biodegradation 

indexes. 

Derenbach, J. B., M. V. Gereck, 1980. Interference of petroleum hydrocarbons with the sex pheromone 

reaction of Fuscus vesiculosus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 44:61-65. 

Keywords: algae/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chemotaxis/ concentration/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ hydrocarbons/ Iranian crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pheromone/ salt water/ sex 

Notes: Assessment of the chemotaxic response of brown algae spermatozoids to diesel fuel, Iranian 

crude oil, and several alkane and aromatic components. Measured the concentration required to elicite a 

chemotaxic response. 

Dewling, R. T. and C. C. D. A. E. Silva 1979. Impact of dispersant use during the Brazilian Marina

incident. Pages 269-276 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4308. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: beach/ Brazil/ coast/ crude oil/ crustacean/ dispersant/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ growth/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ marina/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ 

sand/ species/ spill/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Evaluation of the use of a chemical dispersant on a crude oil spill off the coast of Brazil. Kuwait 

crude oil was treated with a Brazilian dispersant (BRAS-X-Plus). After use on the spill, toxicity tests of 

dispersant alone and dispersant plus No. 2 fuel oil were performed with phytoplankton growth inhibition 

and survival of a species of crustacean. Chemically analyzed the dispersant, measured oil penetration 

into beach sand at six sites encompassing dispersant-treated and non-dispersant-treated beaches, and 

compared toxicity of BRAS-X to that of other chemical dispersants. 

Dewling, R. T., L. T. McCarthy, 1980. Chemical treatment of oil spills. Environment International 3:155-

162. 

93 
Keywords: burning/ chemical agent/ dispersant/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: An early evaluation of the range of chemical agents available for treating petroleum spills. 

Sections on dispersants, film-forming agents, surface active chemicals, surface collecting agents, gelling 

agents, sinking agents, and burning agents. 

Dey, A. C., J. W. Kiceniuk, U. P. Williams, R. A. Khan, J. F. Payne, 1983. Long term exposure of 

marine fish to crude petroleum -- I. Studies on liver lipids and fatty acids in cod (Gadus morhua) and 

winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 75C:93-

101. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ cod/ crude oil/ effects/ fatty acids/ fish/ flounder/ growth/ lipid/ liver/ long-term/ 

oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ physiology/ salt water/ tissue/ Venezuelan crude oil/ winter flounder 

Notes: Effects on cod and winter flounder of exposure to Venezuelan crude oil for 24 weeks; growth, 

physiology, tissue biochemistry. 

deZwart, D., W. Slooff, 1987. Toxicity of mixtures of heavy metals and petrochemicals to Xenopus 

laevis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:345-351. 

Keywords: amphibian/ clawed frog/ combination/ fresh water/ larvae/ metals/ OthreeA/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity to larvae of clawed toads of combinations of metals and petroleumderived compounds. 

Diamond, J. M., 1982. How eggs breathe while avoiding desiccation and drowning. Nature 295:10-11. 

Keywords: bird/ egg shell/ eggs/ Oone/ physiology 

Notes: Discourse on mechanisms and adaptations of eggs for control of gas diffusion and dessication. 

Dibner, P. C. 1978. Response of a salt marsh to oil spill and cleanup. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA-600/7-78-109. 10 pp. 

Keywords: fuel oil/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ restoration/ salt 

marsh/ spill/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: Description of a spill of No. 6 fuel oil on the Hackensack River, NJ and the subsequent cleanup of 

the oil from affected wetlands. After removal of all accessible oil, vegetation along the bank of the river 

was removed by cutting and hauling away. Author assesses the consequences of this method of 

response to oiled marsh vegetation. 

Dicks, B. 1977. Changes in the vegetation of an oiled Southampton Water salt marsh. Pages 208-240 in 

J. Cairns, Jr., K. L. Dickson, E. E. Herricks, editors. Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. 

University of Virginia, Charlottesville. 

Keywords: community/ discharges/ ecosystem/ effects/ effluent/ England/ experiment/ history/ long-term/ 

marine plant/ oiled/ Osix/ petroleum/ photograph/ pollution/ population/ recovery/ refinery/ restoration/ salt 

marsh/ salt water/ Spartina/ vegetation 

Notes: A long-term assessment of the effects of refinery discharges on the vegetation of a salt marsh on 

Southhampton Water, England. The study covers the period 1950-74; refinery effluents began in 1951 

and caused progressive damage to the vegetation until 1970 when effluent quality improved enough for 

recovery to begin. Vegetation is dominated by Spartina anglica. Author conducted several experiments, 

discusses the history of vegetation change as shown by maps and photographs of the area, and provides 

extensive descriptions of the petroleum pollution and related changes in vegetation. Also, a description of 

the efforts to re-establish viable stands of vegetation. 

Dierschke, V., 1994. The influence of oil-polluted plumage on survival and body mass of purple 

sandpipers Calidris maritima at Helgoland. (Text in German, English abstract). Vogelwelt 115:253-255. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ Germany/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water/ sandpiper/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Discussion of the effects of plumage oiling on the body weight and survival of purple sandpipers. 

Dieter, M. P. 1976. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on aquatic birds. Pages 438-446 in Sources, 

Effects, and Sinks of Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. American Institute of Biological Sci., 

94 
Arlington, VA. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ environment/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ Oone/ overview/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ sources/ spill 

Notes: Overview of the effects of oil on aquatic birds and a discussion of oil research at the Patuxent 

Wildlife Research Center. 

Diez, S., J. Sabate, M. Vinas, J. M. Bayona, A. M. Solanas, J. Albaiges, 2005. The Prestige oil spill. I. 

Biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under simulated conditions. Environmental Toxicology 24:2203-2217. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ 

biomarker/ chemical analysis/ coast/ combination/ condition/ degradation/ experiment/ fuel oil/ incubation/ 

inorganic/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ Spain/ spill/ time/ water 

Notes: A heavy Russian fuel oil spilled from the Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain was used in 

biodegradation experiments. The experiment employed either unweathered or artificially-weathered fuel 

oil, either of two microbe mixtures, a broth or artificial sea water medium, and either of three nutrient 

supplements (iron octoate, inorganic nutrients, S200 commercial product) or no nutrients. This resulted in 

14 combinations. Incubation batches were sampled at 30 and 40 da. A thorough chemical analysis was 

performed on aliphatic and aromatic compounds and specific molecular markers used to track 

degradation of petroleum. 

Dillon, T. M., J. M. Neff, J. S. Warner, 1978. Toxicity and sublethal effects of No. 2 fuel oil on the 

supralittoral isopod Lygia exotica. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20:320-327. 

Keywords: adult/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ concentration/ effects/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ isopod/ 

lethal/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ respiration/ 

salt water/ spill/ static/ sublethal/ toxicity/ whole body 

Notes: Assessed the effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of No. 2 

fuel oil on a marine isopod. Adult isopods were exposed to OWD of 1-1000 ppm or WSF of 5-100% of 

the stock solution for 96 hr in a static bioassay. Measured death, respiration rates, actual exposure 

concentrations, and whole body concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons for isopods collected from a 

spill site. 

Dimov, N., A. Pavlova, 2000. Traceability from weathered oil spills in the marine environment to the 

original contamination source. A case study. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2:266-270. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ development/ environment/ fingerprinting/ Iranian crude oil/ marine 

environment/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ Russian crude oil/ salt water/ spill/ technical/ weathered 

Notes: Development and use of a discrimination algorithm for tracing weathered petroleum to it's most 

likely source. The algorithm uses analytical steps that progressively increase in complexity. Authors use 

artificially-weathered Russian and Iranian crude oils to demonstrate the viablility of the proceedure. 

DiToro, D. M., J. A. McGrath, W. A. Stubblefield, 2007. Predicting the toxicity of neat and weathered 

crude oil: toxic potential and the toxicity of saturated mixtures. EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 

26:24-36. 

Keywords: aqueous/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ solubility/ technical/ 

toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: A discussion and elaboration of the issue of toxicity of fresh and weathered crude oil in an aquatic 

medium. Focus is on solubility as the key to toxicity and the use of toxic units to standardize the 

determination of toxic potential for a mixture of hydrocarbons. 

Dixon, T. J., T. R. Dixon, 1976. Olympic Alliance oil spillage. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:86-90. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ England/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Description of the Olympic Alliance oil spill and the effects on seabirds. 

Dobroski, C. J., Jr., C. E. Epifanio, 1980. Accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene in a larval bivalve via trophic 

transfer. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:2318-2322. 

Keywords: accumulation/ algae/ benzo[a]pyrene/ bivalve/ depuration/ feeding/ labelled/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ Ofour/ rate/ salt water/ transfer/ trophic transfer/ uptake 

Notes: Determination of the uptake and depuration of labelled benzo[a]pyrene by a diatom and the 

95 
subsequent uptake by feeding bivalve larvae. Measured accumulation rate and depuration rate for 

diatoms and accumulation rate for bivalve larvae; also calulated accumulation efficiencies. 

Donahue, W. H., R. T. Wang, M. Welch, J. A. Colin Nicol, 1977. Effects of water-soluble components of 

petroleum oils and aromatic hydrocarbons on barnacle larvae. Environmental Pollution 13:187-202. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ barnacle/ bioassay/ Bunker C/ crankcase oil/ crude oil/ 

development/ effects/ embryo/ fuel oil/ hatching/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ 

Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ phototaxis/ salt water/ static 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on larvae of two barnacles of four crude oils, Bunker C, No. 2 fuel oil, 

used and unused crankcase oil, and 18 aromatic hydrocarbons. Used a 1-hr static bioassay employing 

10-100% water-soluble fractions (WSF) of each test substance to test for acute effects. No. 2 fuel oil 

WSF evaluated for effects on embryo development and hatching. Unweathered and partially-weathered 

No. 2 fuel oil, and two aromatics evaluated for effects on larval phototaxis. 

Donkin, P., E. L. Smith, S. J. Rowland, 2003. Toxic effects of unresolved complex mixtures of aromatic 

hydrocarbons accumulated by mussels, Mytilus edulis, from contaminated field sites. Environmental 

Science and Technology 37:4825-4830. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ chemical analysis/ coast/ depuration/ England/ experiment/ 

feeding/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ rate/ salt water/ time/ transplant/ 

unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Mussels were collected from three clean and three polluted sites on the southwest coast of 

England. Mussels from one clean site were transplanted to two polluted sites in January for a transplant 

experiment. Mussels from three sites were collected in February and April, feeding rates measured, 

depurated for 24 hr in clean water, and feeding rates measured again. Samples of mussels collected 

from other sites were steam distillated and the distillate placed in water containing juvenile mussels. The 

feeding rate of the juveniles was then measured. Analyzed the depuration water and the distillate 

material for aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Dorn, P. B., T. E. Vipond, J. P. Salanitro, H. L. Wisniewski, 1998. Assessment of the acute toxicity of 

crude oils in soils using earthworms, microtox, and plants. Chemosphere 37:845-860. 

Keywords: acute/ bacteria/ concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ earthworm/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ lettuce/ light/ Microtox/ oat/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ plant/ 

seed/ soil/ spill/ survival/ toxicity/ weight/ wheat 

 Notes: Assessment of the effects of an oil spill on soil quality. Exposed earthworms (14 da toxicity test), 

Microtox bacteria, and plant seeds of lettuce, corn, wheat, rye, and wild oat (14 da germination and 

growth) to soil treated with varying concentrations of light, medium, and heavy crude oils. Used two types 

of soil. Measured survival, germination, and plant weight. Calculated LC50, EC50, NOEC, and IC25 

values. 

Dorn, P. B., J. P. Salanitro, 2000. Temporal ecological assessment of oil contaminated soils before and 

after bioremediation. Chemosphere 40:419-426. 

Keywords: assay/ bioremediation/ combination/ corn/ crude oil/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ incubation/ light/ microbes/ Microtox/ mixing/ nutrients/ oat/ oil/ 

Oten/ plant/ ratio/ seed/ seedling/ soil/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ weathered/ wheat 

Notes: Determination of toxicity of different soil and oil combinations before and after the bioremediation 

sequence begins. Three crude oils (light, medium, heavy) were mixed with two different artificial soils in a 

1:19 ratio and weathered for 2-3 da; N and P nutrients were then added as incubation began. 

Earthworms were used to test soil toxicity at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 months after soil mixing. Microtox 

tests were performed on the same time schedule as the earthworm assays. Corn, wheat, and wild oat 

seeds were planted in soils bioremediated for 8-10 mos. Measured survival of earthworms, luminescence 

decrease in Microtox, % germination of seeds, and growth of seedlings 21 da after germination. 

Douabul, A. A. Z., N. A. Al-Shiwafi, 1998. Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons in the Arabian region. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:844-850. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Gulf of Aden/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ Red Sea/ region/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons 

96 
Notes: Water samples collected from 110 stations in the Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Guld of Aden, and 

southern Red Sea during Nov.-Dec. 1996. Water analyzed for total saturated and aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Douabul, A. A. Z., H. T. Al-Saad, S. A. Darmoian, 1984. Distribution of petroleum residues in surficial 

sediments from Shatt al-Arab River and the north-west region of Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

15:198-200. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ Iraq/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ region/ river/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediments in the Shatt al-Arab River and extreme northwest portion of the Arabian Gulf 

were collected from 30 sites plus a reference location. Sediments were analyzed for aromatic 

hydrocarbons and the results standardized to Kuwait crude oil equivalents. Results were compared to 

sites in other parts of the world. 

Douglas, G. S., A. E. Bence, R. C. Prince, S. J. McMillen, E. L. Butler, 1996. Environmental stability of 

selected petroleum hydrocarbon source and weathering ratios. Environmental Science and Technology 

30:2332-2339. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ degradation/ Exxon Valdez/ hopane/ 

hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ ratio/ sediment/ soil/ spill/ 

technical/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Sediment and soil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill were analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons (2-6 

ring PAHs, C7-C36 aliphatics, pristane, phytane, hopane). Ratios of persisent aromatics and hopane are 

shown to have utility in characterizing the weathering process and identifying the source of the petroleum. 

These 'markers' were also applied to other oil spills. 

Doval, M. D., A. Morono, Y. Pazos, A. Lopez, M. Madrinan, J. M. Cabanas, J. Maneiro, 2006. 

Monitoring dissolved aromatic hydrocarbon in Rias Baixas embayments (NW Spain) after Prestige oil 

spills: relationship with hydrography. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 67:205-218. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ condition/ dissolved/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oxygen/ river/ salinity/ salt water/ 

Spain/ spill/ temperature/ time/ water/ water column 

Notes: Dissolved and dissolved + dispersed aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column were monitored 

during the year after the November Prestige spill of heavy fuel oil. Four rivers in northwest Spain were 

sampled on a weekly basis. Also monitored wind conditions, water temperature and salinity, and 

dissolved oxygen concentration. 

Dow, R. L., 1978. Size-selective mortalities of clams in an oil spill site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:45-48. 

Keywords: bivalve/ clam/ coast/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ jet fuel/ Maine/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Determination of the effects on a clam species of a 1971 spill of No. 2 fuel oil and JP5 jet fuel 

along the coast of Maine. In 1976, collected live and dead clams from pits dug into the sediment. 

Measured annual growth of clams. 

Downing, K., M. Reed, 1996. Object-oriented migration modelling for biological impact assessment. 

Ecological Modelling 93:203-219. 

Keywords: behavior/ biological effects/ effects/ mammal/ migration/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ polar bear/ 

ringed seal/ salt water/ seal/ spill 

Notes: Use of an animal migration model for assessing the potential biological effects of oil spills. 

Hypothetical spills in the Barents Sea were linked to migration behaviors of ringed seal and polar bear. 

Downing, N., C. Roberts, 1993. Has the Gulf War affected coral reefs of the northwestern Gulf? Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 27:149-156. 

Keywords: age/ community/ coral/ coral reef/ density/ diversity/ fish/ Kuwait/ marine invertebrate/ 

offshore/ Ofour/ population/ salt water/ sampling/ Saudi Arabia/ sea urchin/ structure/ survey/ survival/ 

urchin/ war 

Notes: Survey of nearshore and offshore coral reefs in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia performed in late 1992 

97 
as a followup to a survey performed in July 1991. Measured survival of coral reefs, diversity of 

associated fish communities, age structure of several fish populations, and density of sea urchins. 

Compared results with 1991 sampling and several years of prewar information. 

Downs, C. A., R. H. Richmond, W. J. Mendiola, L. Rougee, G. K. Ostrander, 2006. Cellular 

physiological effects of the MV Kyowa Violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral Porites lobata. 

EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 25:3171-3180. 

Keywords: assay/ biochemical/ coast/ condition/ coral/ effects/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ 

Ofour/ oil/ porphyrin/ protein/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Coral was collected from a spill (180 fuel oil) impacted site and two reference sites off the coast of 

the island of Yap in Micronesia. Samples were processed and analyzed by enzyme-linked 

immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Biochemical measures (22) were representative of protein metabolic 

conditions, oxidative damage and response, porphyrin metabolism, and xenobiotic response. The 

purpose of the assessment was to establish a diagnostic link between the spill and observed cellular 

responses. 

Driskell, W. B, J. L. Ruesink, D. C. Lees, J. P. Houghton, S. C. Lindstrom, 2001. Long-term signal of 

disturbance Fucus gardneri after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Ecological Applications 11:815-827. 

 Keywords: abundance/ algae/ Exxon Valdez/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ length/ limpet/ long-term/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ salt water/ snail/ spill/ time 

Notes: A long-term assessment (1989-1996) of the intertidal brown algae Fucus gardneri at two unoiled 

sites, three oiled and unwashed sites, and three sites that were oiled and washed with high-pressure hot 

water. Ten quadrats were established at each of the sites. Measured percent cover and length of the 

algae, and abundance of littorine snails and limpets. 

Duffy, D. C., 1977. Incidence of oil contamination on breeding common terns. Bird-Banding 48:370-371. 

Keywords: bird/ gull/ New York/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water/ tern 

Notes: Report of the incidence of oiled birds in common terns of Great Gull Island, NY during the years 

1973-76. 

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, J. B. Faro, 1993. Differences in blood haptoglobin and length--

mass relationships in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from oiled and nonoiled areas of Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:353-359. 

Keywords: Alaska/ blood/ crude oil/ mammal/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ river otter/ salt water/ weight 

Notes: Comparison of blood chemistry and body weight of river otters from oiled and nonoiled areas of 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. 

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, J. B. Faro, 1994. Chronic effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on 

blood and enzyme chemistry of river otters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13:643-647. 

Keywords: Alaska/ blood/ chronic/ crude oil/ effects/ enzyme/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

Otwo/ physiology/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ river otter/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Comparison of blood characteristics of river otters from oiled and nonoiled areas of Prince William 

Sound, Alaska in 1991. 

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, J. B. Faro, 1994. Evidence for recovery of body mass and 

haptoglobin values of river otters following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:421-

425. 

Keywords: Alaska/ blood/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ Prince 

William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ recovery/ river otter/ salt water/ spill/ weight 

Notes: Measurement of blood chemistry and body weight of river otters from oiled and nonoiled areas of 

Prince William Sound, Alaska during 1990-92. 

Duke, N. C., Z. S. Pinzon M., M. C. Prada T., 1997. Large-scale damage to mangrove forests following 

two large oil spills in Panama. Biotropica 29:2-14. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ Caribbean/ coast/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ estimate/ mangrove/ marine 

98 
plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ Panama/ salt water/ spill/ structure/ sublethal/ tanker 

Notes: Discussion of the damage to mangrove forests caused by two oil spills in or near Bahia Las Minas 

on the Caribbean coast of Panama. A 1968 tanker spill of diesel fuel and Bunker C and a 1986 land tank 

rupture involving crude oil. Estimates of deforestation in 1968 and deforestation plus sublethal effects on 

mangroves in 1986. 

Duke, N. C., K. A. Burns, R. P. J. Swannell, O. Dalhaus, R. J. Rupp, 2000. Dispersant use and a 

bioremediation strategy as alternate means of reducing impacts of large oil spills on mangroves: the 

Gladstone Field Trials. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:403-412. 

Keywords: Australia/ biomass/ bioremediation/ Bunker C/ consumption/ Corexit 9527/ crab/ crude oil/ 

crustacean/ dispersant/ effects/ feeding/ fuel oil/ growth/ leaves/ litter/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ time 

 Notes: Assessment of the effects of dispersed and undispersed crude oil, and bioremediation on 

mangroves in coastal Australia. The first trial consisted of crude oil only, crude oil plus Corexit 9527 

dispersant, exposed and unexposed enclosures, and ambient control. The second trial consisted of 

crude oil only, crude oil with bioremediation, Bunker C fuel oil only, Bunker C fuel oil with bioremediation, 

exposed and unexposed enclosures, and ambient control. Measured mangrove survival, litter fall, leafy 

shoot growth, feeding by catepillars, dead crustaceans on forest floor, leaf consumption and burial by 

crabs, and presence and biomass of Sipunculan worms living below ground. Responses were measured 

within 6 mos and 1-2 yrs post-exposure. 

Duke, N. C., A. J. Watkinson, 2002. Chlorophyll-deficient propagules of Avicennia marina and apparent 

longer term deterioration of mangrove fitness in oil-polluted sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1269-

1276. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ coast/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ marine 

plant/ mutation/ Osix/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment 

Notes: Three sites along the east coast of Australia were surveyed for the presence of chlorophylldeficient mangrove (A. marina) propagules and their parent trees. Sediment samples were analyzed for 

saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations were compared to the incidence of 

the albino mutation. 

DuMont, P. G., 1977. Oiled birds seen at Ocean City, Maryland. Maryland Birdlife 33:12-13. 

 Keywords: bird/ Maryland/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Report of sightings of oiled plumage on several species of seabirds near Ocean City, MD. 

Dunnet, G. M., 1982. Oil pollution and seabird populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal 

Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 297:413-427. 

Keywords: bird/ Europe/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Good discussion of the relation between oil spills and seabird populations of western Europe. 

Dunnet, G. M., 1987. Seabirds and North Sea oil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of 

London. Series B, Biological Sciences 316:513-524. 

Keywords: bird/ North Sea/ oil/ Oone/ population/ salt water 

Notes: Discussion of the relation between North Sea oil exploitation and seabird populations. 

Durako, M. J., W. J. Kenworthy, S. M. R. Fatemy, H. Valavi, G. W. Thayer, 1993. Assessment of the 

toxicity of Kuwait crude oil on the photosynthesis and respiration of seagrasses of the northern Gulf. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:223-227. 

Keywords: assay/ crude oil/ irradiance/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ leaves/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ oxygen/ 

photosynthesis/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Segments of three species of seagrasses were collected from the Gulf of Arabia and used in a 

laboratory assay of the relation between irradiance and photosynthetic rate (O2). Seagrass leaf tissue was 

exposed to the water-soluble-fraction of a 1% solution of Kuwait crude oil and water for 12 hrs, followed 

by the assessment of irradiance response. 

99 
Durell, G., T. Roe Utvik, S. Johnsen, T. Frost, J. Neff, 2006. Oil well produced water discharges to the 

North Sea. Part I: Comparison of deployed mussels (Mytilus edulis), semi-permeable membrane devices, 

and the DREAM model predictions to estimate the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marine 

Environmental Research 62:194-223. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ concentration/ discharges/ 

estimate/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ methods/ miscellaneous/ model/ mussel/ North Sea/ 

Norway/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ PAH/ prediction/ produced water/ salt water/ sampling/ SPMD/ 

tissue/ water 

Notes: A comparison of three methods (DREAM model, deployed mussels, semi-permeable membrane 

devices (SPMD)) of estimating the concentrations of PAH from oil and gas field produced-water 

discharges. Twenty-five sampling stations were located in two oil and gas fields offshore from Norway in 

the North Sea; samples were collected <1 km, 10 km, and >50 km from the discharge. Analyzed 

produced water, sea water, mussel tissue, and SPMD devices for >50 PAH. 

Dutrieux, E., F. Martin, A. Debry, 1990. Growth and mortality of Sonneratia caseolaris planted on an 

experimentally oil-polluted soil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:62-68. 

Keywords: beach/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fertilizer/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ marine 

plant/ nitrate/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ redox potential/ salt water/ 

sediment/ soil/ survival/ treatment/ washing 

Notes: Two field experiments performed to determine the effects of 'oil' on mangrove plants. The first 

experiment involved five beach parcels; oil only, oil plus water washing, oil plus nitrate fertilizer, oil plus 

chemical dispersant on same day, and oil plus chemical dispersant 15 da after oiling. Mangroves were 

planted 20 da after oiling and were counted and measured 9 mos, 13 mos, and 2 yrs later. In the second 

experiment, beach parcels were exposed to either of two oil treatments, some sub-parcels excavated 20 

cm 15 da after oiling, planted at 20 da after oiling, and the plants were counted periodically for a year. 

Sediment samples were periodically analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. Also determined redox 

profiles of some beach parcels. 

Dutta, T. K., S. Harayama, 2000. Fate of crude oil by the combination of photooxidation and 

biodegradation. Environmental Science and Technology 34:1500-1505. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ combination/ crude oil/ 

effects/ experiment/ fate/ light/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ photooxidation/ 

salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sunlight 

Notes: Artificially-weathered Arabian light crude oil was biodegraded in seawater with N & P nutrients 

added. Artificial sunlight was used to produce photooxidation effects. Experiments were performed to 

determine the consequences of biodegradation, photooxidation, and biodegradation plus photooxidation. 

Dyrynda, E. A., R. J. Law, P. E. J. Dyrynda, C. A. Kelly, R. K. Pipe, N. A. Ratcliffe, 2000. Changes in 

immune parameters of natural mussel Mytilus edulis populations following a major oil spill ('Sea Empress', 

Wales, UK). Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:155-170. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ England/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ parameters/ population/ salt water/ spill/ time/ tissue/ total hydrocarbons/ 

Wales 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the 1996 Sea Empress oil spill (crude oil) on mussels. Mussels were 

collected from three affected sites and one control site on the southwest coast of England. Mussels were 

collected 11 times over a 2-yr period. Measured total hydrocarbons and 18 PAHs in mussel tissue, and 

seven immune characteristics. 

Easley, J. R., J. M. Holland, L. C. Gipson, M. J. Whitaker, 1982. Renal toxicity of middle distillates of 

shale oil and petroleum in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 65:84-91. 

Keywords: crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ mammal/ mouse/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ shale oil/ 

survival/ time/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: The middle distillates (JP5, JP8, diesel fuel marine) of petroleum and shale crude oils were 

applied to the backs of young laboratory mice three times weekly for 60 wks. Measured survival and 

tissue pathology. Compared results between the two types of crude oils. 

100 
Eastin, W. C. and D. J. Hoffman 1979. Biological effects of petroleum on aquatic birds. Pages 562-582 

in Conference on Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills. American Institute of Biological 

Sciences, Arlington, VA. 

Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ ingestion/ metals/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

physiology/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the effects of oil on aquatic birds using results of studies performed at the Patuxent 

Wildlife Research Center. 

Eastin, W. C., Jr. 1979. Methods used at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center to study the effects of oil on 

birds. Pages 60-65 in C. H. Brown, editor. 1979 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pollution Response 

Workshop. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ fish/ methods/ oil/ Oone/ pollution 

Eastin, W. C., Jr., H. C. Murry, 1981. Effects of crude oil ingestion on avian intestinal function. Canadian 

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 59:1063-1068. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ duckling/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ intestinal absorption/ mallard/ oil/ 

Oone/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil 

Notes: Effects of dietary ingestion of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on intestinal function of mallard ducklings. 

Eastin, W. C., Jr., B. A. Rattner, 1982. Effects of dispersant and crude oil ingestion on mallard ducklings 

(Anas platyrhynchos). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:273-278. 

Keywords: bird/ blood/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ diet/ dispersant/ duckling/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ 

mallard/ ODone/ oil/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ weight 

Notes: Mallard ducklings were fed a diet containing Prudhoe Bay crude oil or Corexit 9527 for 9 weeks; 

weight and blood chemistries were measured. 

Eastin, W. C., Jr., D. J. Hoffman, C. T. O'Leary, 1983. Lead accumulation and depression of daminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in young birds fed automotive waste oil. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12:31-35. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bird/ chicks/ crankcase oil/ dietary exposure/ duckling/ effects/ fresh water/ 

mallard/ oil/ Oone/ pheasant/ physiology/ waste oil 

Notes: Dietary exposure of mallard ducklings and pheasant chicks to waste crankcase oil; physiological 

effects. 

Eberhardt, L. L., R. A. Garrott, 1997. Response to critique by Garshelis and Estes of Exxon Valdez sea 

otter mortality estimate. Marine Mammal Science 13:351-354. 

Keywords: critique/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William 

Sound/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Response of authors to a critique of their paper on estimation of sea otter mortality in Prince 

William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Edgar, G. J., L. Kerrison, S. A. Shepherd, V. M. Toral-Granda, 2003. Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on 

intertidal and shallow subtidal plants and animals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:276-283. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ community/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fish/ general effect/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ plant/ salt water/ species/ spill/ subtidal/ tanker/ 

transect 

Notes: Bunker C and diesel fuel from the tanker Jessica came ashore on several of the Galapagos 

Islands. Intertidal and subtidal plants and animals on two affected islands and one unaffected island were 

surveyed just before the spill and 30 da after the spill. Transect line samples included percentage cover 

of plants and sponges, identity and quantity of mobile invertebrates, and number of fish species seen 

along depth (0.5,1,2 m) contours at the end of each transect line. 

Edgar, G. J., P. A. Marshall, P. Mooney, 2003. The effect of the Jessica grounding on Galapagos reef 

fish communities adjacent to the wreck site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:296-302. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ community/ density/ depth/ diesel fuel/ fish/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ species/ 

survey/ transect 

101 
Notes: Fish survey transects were conducted around the wreck of the Jessica in the Galapagos Islands. 

Twelve transects of 100 m (30 degrees apart) were run outward from the wreck by divers who recorded 

all species observed. Numbers of species and their densities were compared, at three water depths, to 

surveys at other locations in the islands. 

Eganhouse, R. P., T. F. Dorsey, C. S. Phinney, A. M. Westcott, 1996. Processes affecting the fate of 

monoaromatic hydrocarbons in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil. Environmental Science and 

Technology 30:3304-3312. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fate/ ground water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ monoaromatic/ Oeleven/ oil 

Notes: Monoaromatic fate in an aquifer contaminanted by crude oil. 

Eghtesadi, P., G. Riazi, M. Taghikhani, S. O. Ranaei Siadat, 2002. Distribution and sources of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northern Persian Gulf as indicated by kinetic and thermodynamic 

criteria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69:704-711. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ distribution/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ Iran/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ salt water/ sediment/ sources 

Notes: Concentrations of selected PAHs (15) in surface sediments of the northern Persian Gulf were 

determined at four islands near the coast of Iran. Eleven sediment samples were collected in 1998 and 

analyzed for PAHs. Results were compared to sediment PAH concentrations in other parts of the Gulf 

and other places in the world. Figure 2 is missing a right side Y axis label and hard to understand. 

Ehrhardt, M. G., K. A. Burns, 1993. Hydrocarbons and related photo-oxidation products in Saudi 

Arabian Gulf coastal waters and hydrocarbons in underlying sediments and bioindicator bivalves. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 27:187-197. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ photooxidation/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ 

survey/ war 

Notes: A survey of the coastal waters of Saudi Arabia 1 yr after the Gulf War. Sampled water, sediment, 

and bivalves at 3-13 sites along the coast. Analyzed material for the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons 

and their photo-oxidation products. Limited data on saturated hydrocarbons. 

Eisler, R., 1973. Latent effects of Iranian crude oil and a chemical oil dispersant on Red Sea molluscs. 

Israel Journal of Zoology 22:97-105. 

Keywords: bioassay/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ gastropod/ Iranian crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ mollusc/ mussel/ ODfour/ oil/ predation/ rate/ Red Sea/ salt water/ static 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of Iranian crude oil or a chemical oil dispersant on the predation rate of a 

gastropod drill. Mussels and gastropod drills were exposed in a static bioassay to 10 ml/liter of crude oil 

or 0.003 ml/liter of dispersant for 168 h. Measured predation rates by drills and the number of egg cases 

deposited by drill during a 28 da period after the initial exposure period. 

Eisler, R., 1975. Acute toxicities of crude oils and oil-dispersant mixtures to Red Sea fishes and 

invertebrates. Israel Journal of Zoology 24:16-27. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ bioassay/ concentration/ coral/ crab/ crude oil/ dispersant/ fish/ gastropod/ 

invertebrate/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ mussel/ ODfour/ oil/ Red Sea/ salt water/ sea urchin/ 

shrimp/ Sinai crude oil/ static/ toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicities of a Persian Gulf crude oil, a Sinai crude oil, a chemical oil dispersant 

and crude oil-dispersant mixtures to adults or juveniles of 10 marine organisms (coral, two gastropods, 

mussel, chiton, sea urchin, hermit crab, shrimp, and two fish) with a static bioassay. Exposed organisms 

to varying concentrations over a 168 hr period. Calculated LC0,50,100 at 24, 96, and 168 hr for each type of 

exposure. 

Eisler, R., G. W. Kissil, 1975. Toxicities of crude oils and oil-dispersant mixtures to juvenile rabbitfish, 

Siganus rivulatus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:571-578. 

Keywords: blood/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ depth/ dispersant/ fish/ flow-through/ index/ 

Iranian crude oil/ juvenile/ ODthree/ oil/ rabbitfish/ salinity/ salt water/ Sinai crude oil/ sources/ static/ 

survival/ toxicity 

102 
Notes: Assessment of Iranian crude oil, Sinai crude oil, a chemical dispersant (ST-5), and mixtures of 

dispersant and crude oils to juvenile rabbitfish. Employed a static test (3-liter jar) and a flow-through tank 

test (1,500 liters). Static tests had six concentrations for 168 hrs, four levels of salinity, and application of 

test substances 0-168 hrs before organism exposure. Different boiling fractions of the crude oils were 

also tested for the source of toxicity. Measured survival, hematocrit, and somatoliver index. LC0, 50, 100

calculated at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hrs. In tank tests, measured survival at two depths and compared 

results to those of the static tests. 

Eisler, R. 1975. Toxic, sublethal, and latent effects of petroleum on Red Sea macrofauna. Pages 535-540 

in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington DC. 

Keywords: blood/ coelenterate/ crude oil/ crustacean/ depth/ dispersant/ echinoderm/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ 

flow-through/ index/ Iranian crude oil/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ mussel/ ODfour/ oil/ 

petroleum/ pollution/ predation/ rabbitfish/ rate/ Red Sea/ salt water/ Sinai crude oil/ species/ static/ 

sublethal/ substrate/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Sinai crude oil, Iranian crude oil, chemical oil dispersant, and 

mixtures of dispersant and crude oils to 15 species of coelenterates, molluscs, crustaceans, 

echinoderms, and teleosts. Employed static tests (3 liters) and large flow-through tanks (1,500 liters). In 

static tests, LC0, 50, 100 was calculated for 168 hrs exposure (details reported in another publ.). In tank 

tests, organisms were tested at two depths and subjected to dispersant at 0.001-0.100 ml/liter, crude oils 

at 3.00-10.00 ml/liter, and mixtures at 0.110 ml/liter. Measured survival, blood hematocrit and a 

somatoliver index of rabbitfish, substrate fastening ability of mussels, tentacular pulsation rate of 

octocorals, predation of drills on mussels, and egg case deposition of drills. 

Ekker, M., S.-H. Lorentsen, N. Rov, 1992. Chronic oil-fouling of grey seal pups at the Froan breeding 

ground, Norway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:92-93. 

Keywords: chronic/ grey seal/ mammal/ Norway/ oiled/ Otwo/ reproduction/ salt water/ seal 

Notes: Incidence of oiling among grey seal pups at the Froan breeding ground in Norway during 1985-89. 

Ekundayo, E. O., C. O. Obuekwe, 1997. Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a 

spill site in a typic paleudult of midwestern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 45:209-

221. 

Keywords: analysis/ chemical analysis/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ soil/ spill 

Notes: Chemical analysis of soil samples from an inland oil field in Nigeria. 

Ekundayo, E. O., O. Obuekwe, 2000. Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a spill 

site in a typic udipsamment of the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and 

Assessment 60:235-249. 

Keywords: cations/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ ions/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ soil/ soil profile/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the soil penetration and chemical effects of a pipeline rupture in Nigeria. A variety 

of soil samples (borings, core samples, soil profile pits) were collected in the heavy impact, medium 

impact, and reference zone around the rupture. Soil samples were physically and chemically 

characterized, including selected cations and ions, and the total petroleum hydrocarbon content was 

determined. 

Ekundayo, E. O., T. O. Emede, D. I. Osayande, 2001. Effects of crude oil spillage on growth and yield of 

maize (Zea mays L.) in soils of midwestern Nigeria. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 56:313-324. 

Keywords: analysis/ cations/ concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ experiment/ freshwater plant/ germination/ 

grain/ growth/ leaves/ length/ metals/ Nigeria/ oil/ organic carbon/ Oseven/ plant/ pollution/ rate/ roots/ 

soil/ time 

Notes: Soil was mixed with crude oil in a pot experiment to determine the effect of contaminated soil (5% 

oil) on corn germination and growth. Measured germination rate, plant height, leaf area, stem girth, ear 

length, average length and number of primary roots, time to maturity, grain yield, physiochemical soil 

103 
characteristics, trace element concentrations in soil; and an analysis of leaves for N, P, organic carbon, 

exchangeable cations, and other metals. 

Ekundayo, J. A., M. O. Benka-coker, 1994. Effects of exposure of aquatic snails to sublethal 

concentrations of waste drilling fluid. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 30:291-297. 

Keywords: activity/ bioassay/ concentration/ drilling fluids/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

Nigeria/ Ofive/ oil/ oil field/ physical characteristics/ snail/ species/ static/ sublethal/ survival/ toxicity/ 

waste water 

Notes: Determination of the toxicity to two species of snails of discharged waste water from oil field 

drilling activity in Nigeria. Snails exposed by static bioassay to one of five concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75, 

100%) of the waste water for 96 hrs. Chemical and physical characteristics of the waste water were 

determined and snail survival was measured at 24 hr, 48 hrs, and 96 hrs. Behavioral observations also 

were reported. 

El-Dib, M. A., H. F. Abou-Waly, A. M. H. El-Naby, 1997. Impact of fuel oil on the freshwater alga 

Selenastrum capricornutum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59:438-444. 

Keywords: algae/ carbohydrate/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ 

growth/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oseven/ protein/ survival 

Notes: Effects on a freshwater alga of exposure to four concentrations of a water extract of No. 2 fuel oil 

for 10 da. Measured survival, chlorophyll (a), growth, and carbohydrate and protein content. 

El-Sikaily, A., A. Khaled, A. El Nemr, T. O. Said, A. M. A. Abd-Alla, 2003. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons and aliphatics in the coral reef skeleton of the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 71:1252-1259. 

 Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ coral/ coral reef/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ PAH/ pollution/ Red Sea 

Notes: The coral reefs of the Egyptian Red Sea were sampled at 20 sites and analyzed for aliphatic and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). A total of 16 PAHs and three aliphatic hydrocarbons were 

individually quantitated; summations of each group are also presented. 

El Dib, M. A., H. F. Abou-Waly, A. H. El-Naby, 2001. Fuel oil effect on the population growth, species 

diversity and chlorophyll (a) content of freshwater microalgae. International Journal of Environmental 

Health 11:189-197. 

Keywords: algae/ assay/ carbohydrate/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ diversity/ Egypt/ fresh water/ 

freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ glucose/ growth/ microalgae/ oil/ Oseven/ population/ protein/ species/ species 

diversity/ static 

Notes: Algal populations in Nile river (Egypt) water were subjected to the aqueous extract of No. 2 fuel oil 

for 10 days in a static laboratory assay. Concentrations of extract were 0.03, 0.07, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.5 g/l. 

On days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10, investigators measured algal concentrations and chlorophyll a content; and 

determined the carbohydrate, glucose, and protein content of the algae. 

El Nemr, A., A. El-Sikaily, A. Khaled, T. O. Said, A. M. A. Abd-Alla, 2004. Determination of 

hydrocarbons in mussels from the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 

96:251-261. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ hydrocarbons/ length/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Red Sea/ salt 

water/ sources/ tissue 

Notes: Mussels were collected in 2000 at 11 sites along a 450 km length of Egyptian Red Sea coast. 

Mussel tissue was analyzed for 16 PAHs, C12-C40 aliphatics, pristane, and the aliphatic UCM. Authors discuss possible sources of the 

petroleum hydrocarbons. 

El Samra, M. I., H. I. Emara, F. Shunbo, 1986. Dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon in the northwestern 

Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17:65-68. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait 

crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ survey/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Surface water (1 m) was collected at 19 locations in the northwestern Arabian Gulf during 1984 

104 
and analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons. Kuwait crude oil was used as a reference standard for 

estimating total hydrocarbons present. Results were compared to several other studies in the middle east 

and elsewhere. 

El Samra, M. I., K. Z. El Deeb, 1988. Horizontal and vertical distribution of oil pollution in the Arabian Gulf 

and the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:14-18. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ distribution/ Gulf of Oman/ 

hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ survey 

Notes: Surface (1 m) water was sampled at 45 locations in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf during 

1985 and 1986. Twelve locations also were sampled at 5 m, 10 m, and sea bottom. Analysis was for 

aromatic hydrocarbons and Kuwait crude oil was used as the reference standard. 

Eldridge, M. B., T. Echeverria, J. A. Whipple, 1977. Energetics of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus 

pallasi) embryos and larvae exposed to low concentrations of benzene, a monoaromatic component of 

crude oil. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106:452-461. 

Keywords: benzene/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ embryo/ energetics/ fish/ herring/ larvae/ 

metabolism/ monoaromatic/ oil/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ salt water 

Notes: Effects of experimental exposure to benzene on embryos and larvae of Pacific herring. 

Elgershuizen, J. H. B. W., H. A. M. DeKruijf, 1976. Toxicity of crude oils and a dispersant to the stony 

coral Madracis mirabilis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:22-25. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ coral/ crude oil/ dispersant/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ shell/ static/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of coral to four crude oils and a petroleum dispersant (Shell LTX) in a 24 hr static 

bioassay. Exposures were either water-soluble fraction, oil-seawater mixture, dispersant-seawater 

mixture, or oil-dispersant-seawater mixture in concentrations of 10-10,000 ppm. Measured degree of 

polyp retraction and calculated dose responses. 

Ellenton, J. A., D. J. Hallett, 1981. Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of aliphatic and aromatic fractions 

of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and fuel oil No. 2. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 8:959-972. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ cell/ chemical analysis/ 

chromosome/ crude oil/ fuel oil/ genotoxic/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Onine/ ovary/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ technical/ toxicity 

Notes: Prudhoe Bay crude oil and fuel oil No. 2 were fractionated into aliphatic, one- to three-ring 

aromatic, and four- to five-ring aromatic groups and used in toxicity and mutagenicity assays. Fractions 

were chemically characterized and compared with Salmonella typhimurium (toxicity and mutagenicity) 

and Chinese hamster ovary cells (chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges). 

Ellenton, J. A., 1982. Teratogenic activity of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude and 

fuel oil No. 2 in the chicken embryo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 63:209-215. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ development/ 

effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil 

Notes: Aliphatic and aromatic (3) fractions of No. 2 fuel oil and Prudhoe Bay crude oil were applied to 

chicken eggs; developmental effects on embryos were measured. 

Elliott, M., A. H. Griffiths, 1987. Contamination and effects of hydrocarbons on the Forth ecosystem, 

Scotland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 93B:327-342. 

 Keywords: ecosystem/ effects/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Oeight/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Scotland/ sediment/ sources 

Notes: An assessment of the contamination of the Forth (Scotland) by hydrocarbons from the 

petrochemical industry and other anthropogenic sources. Authors present information from a variety of 

sources and discuss petroleum inputs, water and sediments, biota, ecological effects, toxicological 

studies, future work, and conclusions. 

Engel, S. E., T. E. Roudybush, J. C. Dobbs, and C. R. Grau 1977. Depressed food intake and reduced 

reproduction in Japanese quail following a single dose of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Pages 27-36 in D. 

105 
Mahlum, M. Sikov, P. Hackett, F. Andrew, editors. Developmental Toxicology of Energy-Related 

Pollutants. Hanford Biology Symposium. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, 

Washington, DC, 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ dosed/ eggs/ food/ fresh water/ Japanese quail/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ quail/ reproduction 

Notes: Japanese quail were dosed with Prudhoe Bay crude oil and food intake and egg production 

measured. 

Engelhardt, F. R., J. R. Geraci, T. G. Smith, 1977. Uptake and clearance of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

the ringed seal, Phoca hispida. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:1143-1147. 

Keywords: clearance/ concentration/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ ingestion/ mammal/ Norman Wells crude 

oil/ oil/ Otwo/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ ringed seal/ salt water/ seal/ skin/ uptake 

Notes: Exposure of ringed seals to Norman Wells crude oil either by immersion or ingestion; uptake, 

concentration, and clearance. 

Engelhardt, F. R., 1983. Petroleum effects on marine mammals. Aquatic Toxicology 4:199-217. 

Keywords: behavior/ effects/ fur/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ 

review/ salt water/ skin/ survival/ thermoregulation/ uptake 

Notes: A review of the effects of oil on marine mammals; adherence, uptake, metabolism, survival, 

behavior, thermoregulation, physiology, pathology. 

Engelhardt, F. R., 1994. Limitations and innovations in the control of environmental impacts from 

petroleum industry activities in the Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:334-341. 

Keywords: activity/ Arctic/ biological effects/ discharges/ effects/ habitat/ hazard/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ petroleum/ review/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: A review of the environmental hazards associated with petroleum extraction activities in the Arctic. 

Sections on noise and seismic activities, habitat disturbance, waste discharges, oil spill incidence, oil spill 

response, and biological effects of spilled oil. 

Englehardt, F. R., M. P. Wong, M. E. Duey, 1981. Hydromineral balance and gill morphology in rainbow 

trout (Salmo gairdneri), acclimated to fresh and sea water, as affected by petroleum exposure. Aquatic 

Toxicology 1:175-186. 

Keywords: blood/ crude oil/ effects/ emulsion/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ injection/ oil/ Othree/ paraffin/ 

particulate/ pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ rainbow trout/ salt water/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of Norman Wells and Venezuelen crude oils and a paraffin compound, as particulate 

emulsions of weathered oil, water-soluble fraction only, or intraperitoneal injection, on immature rainbow 

trout; exposure was for 7 days. Some fish were acclimated to fresh water, some to salt water. 

Assessment performed on blood chemistry and gill morphology. 

Englehardt, F. R., 1982. Hydrocarbon metabolism and cortisol balance in oil-exposed ringed seals, 

Phoca hispida. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 72C:133-136. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ ingestion/ mammal/ metabolism/ Norman Wells crude oil/ oil/ 

Otwo/ physiology/ ringed seal/ salt water/ seal/ steroid/ stress 

Notes: Effects of ingestion of Norman Wells crude oil on hydrocarbon metabolism and steroid balance in 

ringed seals. 

Eppley, Z. A., M. A. Rubega, 1989. Indirect effects of an oil spill. Nature 340:513. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ bird/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ jet fuel/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ reproduction/ 

salt water/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the indirect effects on seabirds of a spill of diesel and jet fuel; avian effects ranged 

from very negative to slightly positive. 

Eppley, Z. A., M. A. Rubega, 1990. Indirect effects of an oil spill: reproductive failure in a population of 

South Polar skuas following the 'Bahia Paraiso' oil spill in Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 

67:1-6. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ Antarctica/ bird/ colony/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ jet fuel/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

106 
population/ reproduction/ salt water/ skuas/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the indirect effects of a spill of diesel fuel and jet fuel on the reproduction of a local 

colony of South Polar skuas. 

Eppley, Z. A., 1992. Assessing indirect effects of oil in the presence of natural variation: the problem of 

reproductive failure in South Polar Skuas during the Bahia Paraiso oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:9-

12. 

Keywords: bird/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ reproduction/ salt water/ skuas/ 

South Pole/ spill/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the causes of reproductive failure of a local population of South Polar Skuas; 

failure occurred at the time of a spill of diesel fuel. 

Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, B. Rinkevich, 2000. Toxicity of third generation dispersants and dispersed 

Egyptian crude oil on Red Sea coral larvae. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:497-503. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ coral/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Egyptian crude oil/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ pathology/ Red Sea/ salt water/ short-term/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Larvae of two species of Red Sea coral were exposed to water-soluble fractions (WSF), wateraccomodate fractions (WAF), chemically dispersed Egyptian crude oil, or dispersants in sea water in 

short-term (2-96 hr static bioassays). Four concentrations of WSF, three concentrations of WAF, four 

concentrations of dispersants, and three concentrations of dispersed crude oil were employed. Five 'third 

generation' chemical dispersants were used. Measured survival and conducted histopathological 

examinations of larvae. 

Erasmus, T., R. M. Randall, B. M. Randall, 1981. Oil pollution, insulation and body temperatures in the 

jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69A:169-171. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ hypothermia/ insulation/ molt/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ plumage/ pollution/ salt 

water/ temperature 

Notes: Effect on deep body temperature of jackass penguins of oiling, oiling plus cleaning, or natural 

moult; temperature measured during exposure to water and air. 

Eriyamremu, G. E., S. O. Asagba, I. A. Akpoborie, S. I. Ojeaburu, 2005. Evaluation of lead and 

cadmium levels in some commonly consumed vegetables in the Niger-Delta oil area of Nigeria. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75:278-283. 

Keywords: combination/ crude oil/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ lead/ leaves/ metals/ Nigeria/ 

Nigerian crude oil/ oil/ Oseven/ vegetable 

Notes: Four leafy vegetables grown in the Niger Delta were collected form the vicinity of three industrial 

towns and one non-industrial town. The leaves were analyzed for lead and cadmium. Nigerian crude oil 

is high in lead and other metals. Oil extraction and refining and heavy industrial complexes all occur in 

the delta, hence the cause of metal contamination is a combination of factors. 

Ernst, V. V., J. M. Neff, 1977. The effects of the water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the early 

development of the estuarine fish, Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard. Environmental Pollution 14:25-35. 

Keywords: concentration/ development/ effects/ embryo/ estuarine/ evaluation/ fish/ fuel oil/ growth/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ salt water/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Effects on embryos of an estuarine fish following exposure to varying concentrations of the watersoluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil; survival, growth, and pathological evaluation of selected tissues. 

Erwin, R. M., G. J. Smith, R. B. Clapp, 1986. Winter distribution and oiling of common terns in Trinidad: 

a further look. Journal of Field Ornithology 57:300-308. 

Keywords: bird/ distribution/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water/ tern/ Trinidad/ wintering 

Notes: Report of the incidence of plumage oiling in wintering common terns in Trinidad. 

Esler, D., J. A. Schmutz, R. L. Jarvis, D. M. Mulcahy, 2000. Winter survival of adult female harlequin 

ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Management 

64:839-847. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ bird/ duck/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ female/ harlequin duck/ history/ molt/ oil/ 

107 
oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ 

wintering 

Notes: Evaluation of the survival of wintering female harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska 

during the winters of 1995-96, 1996-97, and 1997-98. Females were captured during the wing molt in 

August and September, received an implanted transmitter, and were monitored weekly by aircraft through 

the end of the following March. Survival probabilities were calculated for oiled and unoiled areas. 

Esler, D., T. D. Bowman, K. A. Trust, B. E. Ballachey, T. A. Dean, S. C. Jewett, C. E. O'Clair, 2002. 

Harlequin duck population recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: progress, process and 

constraints. Marine Ecology Progress Series 241:271-286. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ composition/ duck/ Exxon Valdez/ female/ food/ growth/ harlequin duck/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Oone/ overview/ population/ rate/ recovery/ review/ salt water/ spill/ survey/ survival/ time 

Notes: An overview assessment of the population recovery for the harlequin duck following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. The author reviews past research and presents sections on population status surveys, 

adult female survival during winter, variation in body mass and composition, intrinsic limitations on 

population growth rates, continued exposure to oil, food limitation, and conclusions and recomendations. 

Esmoil, B. J., S. H. Anderson, 1995. Wildlife mortality associated with oil pits in Wyoming. Prairie 

Naturalist 27:81-88. 

Keywords: bird/ carcass/ crude oil/ fresh water/ oil/ oil field/ Oone/ survey/ waste water 

Notes: A survey of oil field waste pits in Wyoming, mostly in the Bighorn Basin, during two consective 

years. Pits were physically characterized, examined for animal carcasses, and the presence of animal 

deterrent practices was noted. 

Estes, J. A., 1991. Catastrophes and conservation: lessons from sea otters and the Exxon Valdez. 

Science 254:1596. 

Keywords: commentary/ cost/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Commentary on the lessons learned from the Exxon Valdez oil spill with respect to sea otters; 

losses, population effects, rehabilitation. 

Esteves, J. L., M. G. Commendatore, 1993. Total aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment in a 

coastal zone of Patagonia, Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:341-342. 

Keywords: Argentina/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ survey 

Notes: Intertidal sediment and surface water were collected at 27 sites along the Patagonian coast of 

Argentina in 1989. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and compared to reference 

standards of a local crude oil and chrysene. 

Esteves, J. L., M. G. Commendatore, M. L. Nievas, V. Massara Paletto, O. Amin, 2006. Hydrogen 

pollution in coastal sediments of Tierra del Fuego Islands, Patagonia Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

52:572-597. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Argentina/ carbon/ hydrocarbons/ indicator/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

organic/ organic carbon/ pollution/ ratio/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediments from the high tide line of Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados were 

sampled at 44 locations and analyzed for organic material, total organic carbon, and aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. A number of ratios were used as indicators of the source of the hydrocarbons. 

Evans, C. W. 1985. The effects and implications of oil pollution in mangrove forests. Pages 367-371 in

Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: effects/ mangrove/ marine plant/ mitigation/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ pollution/ protection/ 

review/ salt water/ spill/ vegetation 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on mangroves. The author was concerned about the lack of 

guidance on protection and mitigation measures for mangrove forests during oil spills. Presents 

recommendations for spill cleanup within mangrove vegetation. 

108 
Evans, G. W., M. Lyes, A. P. M. Lockwood, 1977. Some effects of oil dispersants on the feeding 

behaviour of the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 4:171-181. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ concentration/ dispersant/ effects/ feeding/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ 

oil/ salt water/ shrimp/ static 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of three oil dispersants (BP1100X, Slickgone LT2, Tween 80) on the 

feeding behavior of brown shrimp. Concentrations of dispersant ranged between 1 and 1000 ppm, 

depending on the dispersant. Shrimp were exposed for 24 hr in a static bioassay. 

Evans, M. I., P. Symens, C. W. T. Pilcher, 1993. Short-term damage to coastal bird populations in Saudi 

Arabia and Kuwait following the 1991 Gulf War marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:157-161. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ Gulf oil spill/ Kuwait/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ 

Saudi Arabia/ short-term/ spill/ war 

Notes: A preliminary assessment of the short-term effects of the Gulf oil spill on seabird populations. 

Fabregas, J., C. Herrero, M. Veiga, 1984. Effect of oil and dispersant on growth and chlorophyll a

content of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. Applied Environmental Microbiology 47:445-447. 

 Keywords: algae/ chlorophyll/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ growth/ incubation/ 

marine plant/ microalgae/ nonionic/ ODsix/ oil/ salt water/ weathered 

Notes: A marine microagala was exposed to weathered crude oil, the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of 

weathered crude oil, a non-ionic dispersant, or a combination of weathered crude oil and dispersant. The 

alga was exposed to 11 concentrations of crude oil, 10 concentrations of WSF, 12 concentrations of 

dispersant, and 11 concentrations of crude oil and dispersant. The incubation period was 11 da. 

Measured growth of culture and chlorophyll a concentration. 

Fabricius, E., 1959. What makes plumage waterproof? Annual Report of The Wildfowl Trust 10, 1957-

1958:105-113. 

Keywords: bird/ experiment/ Oone/ plumage/ waterfowl 

Notes: The definitive explanation of how bird plumage repels water; includes experiments testing various 

alternative explanations. 

Falk-Petersen, I.-B., E. Kjorsvik, 1987. Acute toxicity tests of the effects of oils and dispersants on 

marine fish embryos and larvae -- a review. Sarsia 72:411-413. 

Keywords: acute/ cell/ chromosome/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ 

Norway/ ODthree/ oil/ physiology/ review/ salt water/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: A review of approximately 10 years of work on the toxicity of oils and dispersants to marine fish 

embryos and larvae; University of Tromso, Norway. Includes survival, physiological, cellular, and 

chromosomal effects. 

Fang, C. S., 1990. Petroleum drilling and production operations in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 13:89-97. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ cuttings/ drilling fluids/ Gulf of 

Mexico/ hydrocarbons/ Mexico/ oil/ oil field/ Onine/ petroleum/ produced water/ salt water/ sediment/ 

technical 

Notes: An assessment of oil and gas operations in the Gulf of Mexico. Author describes the magnitude 

of oil and gas production, the operational steps in extraction, chemical additives used in drilling operation, 

volume and composition of produced water, volume and composition of drilling fluids and cuttings, and a 

listing of selected aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments beneath drilling platforms. 

Farke, H., K. Wonneberger, W. Gunkel, G. Dahlmann, 1985. Effects of oil and a dispersant on intertidal 

organisms in field experiments with a mesocosm, the Bremerhaven caisson. Marine Environmental 

Research 15:97-114. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ algae/ Arabian Light crude oil/ benthic/ bivalve/ community/ crude oil/ 

dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fate/ feeding/ flow-through/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ light/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ microbes/ ODeight/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ total 

hydrocarbons/ treatment 

Notes: An assessment of the fate and effects of crude oil and dispersant in the intertidal zone through the 

use of a flow-through caisson device that formed a mesocosm. Period of treatment lasted for six 

109 
successive tides and consisted of either no crude oil, mechanically-mixed Arabian light crude oil, or crude 

oil plus dispersant. Water and sediment from inside the caisson were analyzed for total hydrocarbons 

before treatment, after six tides, and 4 wks after treatment. Gross photosynthetic activity of benthic algae 

was measured during treatment and for up to 38 da post treatment. Abundance of microbes was 

determined for 3 da post treatment. Feeding activity of two bivalves was determined during the exposure 

and for 12 da post treatment. Feeding of the lugworm was determined for oil, oil plus dispersant, and 

dispersant treatment during the exposure period of six tides. 

Farke, H., D. Blome, N. Theobald, and K. Wonneberger 1985. Field experiments with dispersed oil and 

a dispersant in an intertidal ecosystem: fate and biological effects. Pages 515-520 in 1985 Oil Spill 

Conference, API 4385. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: activity/ algae/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ biological effects/ 

community/ crude oil/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ experiment/ fate/ feeding/ flow-through/ general 

effect/ Germany/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ light/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

mesocosm/ mussel/ nematode/ ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ rate/ salt water/ sand/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ time/ treatment 

Notes: A field experiment using flow-through mesocosm containers placed in the intertidal area of a sand 

flat in the Wadden Sea (Germany). Over a period of 12 successive tides, the incoming water was treated 

with either dispersant (finasol OSR 5), chemically dispersed Arabian Light crude oil, or ultrasonically 

dispersed crude oil. Sediment and water were sampled within the mesocosm containers during the 

treatment phase and sediment continued to be sampled up to 40 da after treatment; analyzed for 

aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons. Benthic algal activity was measured by determining 

photosynthetic rate during treatment and up to 16 da after treatment. Nematodes were identified and 

quantified during treatment and for 90 da after treatment. Macrofauna of sediments were identified and 

quantified during treatment and for more than 1 yr after treatment. Also measured feeding activity of a 

cockle and a mussel, and the cast production of a lugworm. 

Farran, A., J. Grimalt, J. Albaiges, A. V. Botello, S. A. Macko, 1987. Assessment of petroleum 

pollution in a Mexican river by molecular markers and carbon isotope ratios. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

18:284-289. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ fingerprinting/ fresh water/ hopane/ hydrocarbons/ 

isoprenoid/ isotope/ Mexico/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physical 

characteristics/ pollution/ ratio/ river/ salt water/ sediment/ sterane 

Notes: Surface sediments were collected from 11 sites on the lower Coatzacoalcos River, Mexico and 

analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Physical characteristics of the sediment were determined. 

Petroleum analysis consisted of a detailed assessment of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, steranes, and hopanes; 

and total aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoresence) referenced to a chrysene standard. 

Farrington, J. W. 1973. Analytical techniques for the determination of petroleum contamination in marine 

organisms. Pages 157-179 in Inputs, Fates, and Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment. Ocean 

Affairs Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ composition/ effects/ environment/ fate/ marine environment/ methods/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ technical 

Notes: A good description of the composition of petroleum and the methods (circa 1970s) used to 

analyze it. 

Farrington, J. W., A. C. Davis, N. M. Frew, K. S. Rabin, 1982. No. 2 fuel oil compounds in Mytilus 

edulis. Retention and release after an oil spill. Marine Biology 66:15-26. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ Cape Cod/ clam/ cod/ depuration/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ release/ salt water/ spill/ time/ 

uptake 

Notes: Assessment of uptake and depuration by a clam of No. 2 fuel oil from a spill in the Cape Cod 

Canal, MA. Clams sampled six times during an 86 da period following the spill. Measured aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons by GC/MS and calculated half lives of selected compounds. 

110 
Farrington, J. W., 1985. Oil pollution: a decade of research and monitoring. Oceanus 28:3-12. 

Keywords: biological effects/ effects/ fate/ general effect/ monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ 

sources/ treatment 

Notes: A summarized treatment of a 1985 NRC report on oil in the sea. The author presents information 

on sources and characteristics, fate, pollution status today (1985 vs 1975), biological effects of oil, 

conclusions, and personal comments. A nice synopsis in lieu of reading the 600 page NRC report. 

Farwell, A. J., V. Nero, M. Croft, S. Rhodes, D. G. Dixon, 2006. Phototoxicity of oil sands-derived 

polycyclic aromatic compounds to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. EnvironmentalToxicology 

and Chemistry 25:3266-3274. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ eggs/ embryo/ fish/ fresh water/ hatching/ 

heart/ length/ light/ oil/ oil sands/ Othree/ phototoxicity/ sand/ survival/ ultraviolet 

Notes: Japanese medaka fertilized eggs were exposed to an extract from an oil sands tailings pond. 

Exposure was either of six concentrations of extracts not exposed to UV light, exposed to UV light for 24 

or 96 hr, exposed to UV light for 16 hr, or fresh extract exposed insitu to 16, 4, or 1 hr UV light. Duration 

extended through hatching. Measured survival, hatch length, cranial-skeletal deformities, yolk sacpericardial edema, and heart deformities. 

Fauchald, P., K. E. Erikstad, G. H. Systad, 2002. Seabirds and marine oil incidents: is it possible to 

predict the spatial distribution of pelagic seabirds? Journal of Applied Ecology 39:349-360. 

Keywords: bird/ distribution/ oil/ Oone/ salinity/ salt water/ spatial scale/ species/ spill/ temperature 

Notes: An assessment of the spatial distribution of pelagic seabirds in the Barents Sea. Nine years of 

information on birds (species and number) and four oceanographic variables collected from regular winter 

cruises were analyzed to determine spatial (small and large scale) and temporal patterns. 

Faulkner, B. C., R. L. Lochmiller, 2000. Increased abundance of terrestrial isopod populations in 

terrestrial ecosystems contaminated with petrochemical wastes. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 39:86-90. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ composition/ density/ ecosystem/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

invertebrate/ isopod/ Ofive/ Oklahoma/ population/ refinery/ time 

Notes: Assessment of macroarthropod populations at three old refinery sites in Oklahoma and two 

reference sites. Sampled macroarthropod assemblages three times from late summer to early fall and 

identified to Family or Class. Determined densities of macroarthropods and similarities of community 

composition. 

Faulkner, B. C., R. L. Lochmiller, 2000. Ecotoxicity revealed in parasite communities of Signodon 

hispidus in terrestrial environments contaminated with petrochemicals. Environmental Pollution 110:135-

145. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ cotton rat/ diversity/ environment/ freshwater invertebrate/ mammal/ 

Ofive/ parasite/ population/ rat/ refinery/ species 

Notes: Evaluated the presence of intestinal parasites in cotton rats from three sites on an old refinery site 

and two reference sites. Cotton rats were captured on four occasions between September 1993 and 

October 1995. Parasites were removed from the intestinal tract and identified. Determined abundance, 

intensity, and prevalence of parasites in their hosts; and calculated species richness and community 

diversity. 

Fayad, N. M., R. L. Edora, A. H. El-Mubarak, A. B. Polancos, Jr., 1992. Effectiveness of a 

bioremediation product in degrading the oil spilled in the 1991 Arabian Gulf War. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49:787-796. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ 

bioremediation/ concentration/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ mousse/ 

nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ time/ war 

Notes: An evaluation of an unnamed commercial bacteria product designed to enhance biodegradation 

of petroleum. Petroleum mousse was field collected and used in laboratory aquaria in concentrations of 

5, 10, and 20 g/L. For each concentration, mousse only, mousse and nutrients, and mousse plus 

111 
nutrients and bacteria additive were tested. Experiment duration was 120 hr and the water was analyzed 

three times for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Fayad, N. M., E. Overton, 1995. A unique biodegradation pattern of the oil spilled during the 1991 Gulf 

War. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:239-246. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ concentration/ 

degradation/ evaluation/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ mousse/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ time/ war 

Notes: An evaluation of the effect of nutrients on hydrocarbon biodegradation. Petroleum mousse was 

field collected and used in laboratory aquaria in concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 g/L. For each 

concentration, mousse only, mousse and nutrients, and mousse plus nutrients and bacteria additive were 

tested. Experiment duration was 144 hr and the water was analyzed three times for aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons. This report focuses on the PAH degradation in aquaria with oil only and oil plus 

nutrients. 

Fayad, N. M., A. H. El-Mubarak, R. L. Edora, 1996. Fate of oil hydrocarbons in fish and shrimp after 

major oil spills in the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56:475-482. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ fate/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ spill/ uptake/ war 

Notes: Uptake of hydrocarbons by five species of fish and one species of shrimp after the Iran-Iraq War 

(1983) and the Gulf War (1991); measures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Feder, H. M., A. S. Naidu, A. J. Paul, 1990. Trace element and biotic changes following a simulated oil 

spill on a mudflat in Port Valdez, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:131-137. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alaska/ copepod/ crude oil/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ metals/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ 

species/ spill/ tidal flat/ time/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Prudhoe Bay crude oil was applied to tidal flat sediments in Port Valdez, Alaska to assess effects 

on marine copepods and trace element changes in the sediment. Oil was added at 500, 1,000, or 2,000 

ppm during low tide at five times during the period Jun.-Aug. and sampled at the next low tide. Measured 

total hydrocarbons, trace metals, and abundance of three copepod species. 

Feder, H. M., A. Blanchard, 1998. The deep benthos of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 16 months after 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:118-130. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alaska/ benthic/ crude oil/ depth/ diversity/ Exxon Valdez/ invertebrate/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Sediment samples were collected, 16 mo after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, from depths of 40 and 

100 m in areas affected by the spill and in reference areas. Physical sediment characteristics and benthic 

invertebrate abundance and diversity were measured. 

Federle, T. W., J. R. Vestal, G. R. Hater, M. C. Miller, 1979. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on primary 

production and zooplankton in Arctic tundra thaw ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2 :3-18. 

Keywords: Arctic/ biomass/ composition/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ grazing/ Ofive/ oil/ oiled/ phytoplankton/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ spill/ tundra/ zooplankton 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on phytoplankton and zooplankton of tundra 

thaw ponds. Pond water was combined with various doses of oil to determine experimental effects on 

primary production. Effects of uncontrolled spills were determined on one pond oiled 1 yr previously and 

one pond oiled 6 yrs previously with four weekly samples during June-July. Experimental containers 

placed within one pond were used to measure the effect of oil on zooplankton grazing of phytoplankton. 

Test groups were zooplankton with and without oil, oil without zooplankton, and no zooplankton or oil. 

Measured primary production, phytoplankton composition, and phytoplankton biomass. 

Ferguson, S. H., P. D. Franzmann, I. Snape, A. T. Revill, M. G. Trefry, L. R. Zappia, 2003. Effects of 

temperature on mineralisation of petroleum. Chemosphere 52:975-987. 

 Keywords: analysis/ Antarctic/ Antarctica/ degradation/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ microbes/ 

112 
microcosm/ mineralization/ Oten/ petroleum/ rate/ soil/ spill/ temperature 

Notes: An evaluation of the mineralization potential of soil microbes at a terrestrial fuel (Special Antarctic 

Blend) spill site in Antarctica. Subsurface soil samples were used in a laboratory microcosm study run at 

either -2, 0, 4, 10, 15, 20, 28, 37, or 42 C for 6 or 7 wks. 14C-octadecane was added to the soil samples 

and CO2 traps were used to determine amount of mineralization. Also measured soil temperature at the 

site of the spills, analyzed the soil samples for hydrocarbon content, and modelled the degradation rates. 

Ferguson, S. H., P. D. Franzmann, A. T. Revill, I. Snape, J. L. Rayner, 2003. The effects of nitrogen 

and water on mineralisation of hydrocarbons in diesel-contaminated terrestrial Antarctic soils. Cold 

Regions Science and Technology 37:197-212. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Antarctic/ Antarctica/ combination/ concentration/ degradation/ 

experiment/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ microcosm/ nitrogen/ Oten/ petroleum/ soil 

Notes: Soil from a petroleum contaminated site in Antarctica was transported to a laboratory for 

microcosm assessments of the effects on hydrocarbon degradation of water and N addition. Samples of 

soil stored under refrigeration (2 yrs old) from the same site were also used. Aliphatic hydrocarbon 

concentrations were measured before and after a 95 da incubation period. At the start of the experiment, 14C-octadecane and squalane were added to the microcosm soils. Varying combinations of water and N 

were added to the soils during incubation. 

Fernandes, M. B., M.-A. Sicre, A. Boireau, J. Tronczynski, 1997. Aquatic hydrocarbon distributions in 

the Seine estuary: biogenic polyaromatics and n-alkanes. Estuaries 20:281-290. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biogenic/ distribution/ estuary/ France/ fresh water/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ Seine River/ survey 

Notes: Survey of the biogenic n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the lower 

Seine and Seine estuary. 

Fernandez, N., A. Cesar, M. J. Salamanca, T. A. DelValls , 2006. Toxicological characterisation of the 

aqueous soluble phase of the Prestige fuel-oil using the sea-urchin embryo bioassay. Ecotoxicology 

15:593-599. 

Keywords: aqueous/ assay/ bioassay/ Bunker C/ development/ embryo/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ salt water/ sea urchin/ soluble/ toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: Sea urchin embryos were used in a toxicity assay of eluted (rotation and stirring) water-soluble 

compounds from the Bunker C cargo of the Prestige shipwreck. Seven dilutions of the eluted phase were 

used in a 48 hr laboratory assay of embryo development. Parent fuel oil and the elutriates were analyzed 

for a set of 16 PAH. 

Fernley, P. W., M. N. Moore, D. M. Lowe, P. Donkin, S. Evans, 2000. Impact of the Sea Empress oil 

spill on lysosomal stability in mussel blood cells. Marine Environmental Research 50:451-455. 

Keywords: assay/ bivalve/ blood/ cell/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ England/ marine invertebrate/ 

mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ salt water/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Mussels were collected from multiple sites near and remote from the site of the 1996 Sea 

Empress oil spill off the southwest coast of England. Mussel samples were collected 132 da after the spill 

and subjected to the neutral red retention assay for lysosomes in blood cells. Whole mussel tissue was 

analyzed for total PAH concentration and compared to the results of the lysosome assay. 

Feuston, M. H., C. R. Mackerer, C. A. Schreiner, C. E. Hamilton, 1997. Systemic toxicity of dermally 

applied crude oils in rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 51:387-399. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biochemistry/ blood/ crude oil/ mammal/ oil/ organ/ Otwo/ pathology/ rat/ toxicity/ 

weight 

Notes: Comparative assessment of systemic toxicity of two dermally applied crude oils; laboratory rats, 

body weight, organ weights, blood characteristics, biochemistry, pathology. 

Feuston, M. H., C. E. Hamilton, C. A. Schreiner, C. R. Mackerer, 1997. Developmental toxicity of 

dermally applied crude oils in rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 52:79-93. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ female/ growth/ litter/ mammal/ oil/ Otwo/ rat/ 

size/ skin/ survival/ toxicity/ weight 

113 
Notes: Assessment of the effects of dermal application of varying amounts of two different crude oils to 

the backs of pregnant rats. Oils were applied on gestation days 0-19; prenatal females were killed on GD 

20, postnatal females and offspring were killed 3-4 wks postpartum. Endpoints included survival of both 

females, fetuses, and young; litter size, parturition date, developmental abnormalities, weight, and growth 

of young. 

Fevolden, S. E., S. P. Garner, 1986. Population genetics of Mytilus edulis (L.) from Oslofjorden, Norway, 

in oil-polluted and non oil-polluted water. Sarsia 71:247-257. 

Keywords: bivalve/ clam/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ enzyme/ genetic/ genotoxic/ marine 

invertebrate/ Norway/ Ofour/ oil/ population/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oil exposure on population genetics of a species of clam in Norway. 

Experimental basins with two concentrations of diesel fuel were used to expose clams from late 1982 to 

late 1984. Electrophoresis used to measure allelic frequencies at gene loci on 17 enzymes; results 

compared with control basins and a fjord control. 

Field, R., M. R. North, J. Wells, 1993. Nesting activity of yellow-billed loons on the Colville River delta, 

Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Wilson Bulletin 105:325-332. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ bird/ Exxon Valdez/ fresh water/ loon/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ reproduction/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of nesting activity of yellow-billed loons in northern Alaska following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. 

Fileman, T. W., R. J. Law, 1988. Hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments and water from the English 

Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:390-393. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ English Channel/ estimate/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ 

survey 

Notes: 

Subsurface (1 m) water and surface sediment were collected from 200+ sites along the southern coast of 

Great Britian during 1982-84. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons with Ekofish crude oil 

as a reference standard to estimate total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Fingas, M. F. 1989. Field measurement of effectiveness: historical review and examination of analytical 

methods. Pages 157-178 in L. M. Flaherty, editor. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches. ASTM 

Special Technical Publication 1018. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ experiment/ mass balance/ methods/ miscellaneous/ 

ODeleven/ offshore/ oil/ overview/ review/ salt water/ technical 

Notes: Author reviews 106 offshore experiments dealing with the effectiveness of chemical dispersants. 

Presents sections on overview of past field trials, analytical field methods, observations of unique 

phenomena, determination of mass balance, and conclusions. 

Fingas, M. F., V. M. Dufort, K. A. Hughes, M. A. Bobra, and L. V. Duggan 1989. Laboratory studies on 

oil spill dispersants. Pages 207-219 in L. M. Flaherty, editor. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological 

Approaches. STP 1018. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

Keywords: combination/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ refined oil/ spill/ 

technical/ weathered 

Notes: Report of the assessment of four laboratory apparatus used to determine the effectiveness of 

chemical dispersants. A large number of crude and refined oils, at varying stages of weathering, and 

three dispersants were used in 121 combinations. All oils were not used with all apparatus. 

Fingas, M. F., R. Stoodley, N. Stone, R. Hollins, and I. Bier 1991. Testing the effectiveness of spilltreating agents: laboratory test development and initial results. Pages 411-414 in 1991 International Oil 

Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: commentary/ development/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ emulsion/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ spill/ 

spill response/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: A commentary and discussion of laboratory effectiveness studies for four categories of spill 

114 
treatment agents (gelling agents or solidifiers, emulsion breakers, surface-washing agents, dispersants). 

Authors present the results of their tests using the 'swirling flask' method. 

Fiori, S. M., S. M. Zalba, 2003. Potential impacts of petroleum exploration and exploitation on biodiversity 

in a Patagonian Nature Reserve, Argentina. Biodiversity Conservation 12:1261-1270. 

Keywords: activity/ Argentina/ diversity/ economy/ habitat/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ 

petroleum development 

Notes: A description of the environmental damage caused by petroleum seismic exploration lines and 

petroleum extraction activities in a nature reserve in the Patagonian steppe lands. Authors discuss 

habitat fragmentation and the consequences of facilitated access along the bulldozed lines. 

Fischel, M., W. Grip, and I. A. Mendelssohn 1989. Study to determine the recovery of a Louisiana 

marsh from an oil spill. Pages 383-387 in Proceedings 1989 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4479. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: crude oil/ estuarine/ evaluation/ index/ Louisiana/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ pipeline/ 

recovery/ salt water/ species/ spill/ survey/ time/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the recovery of a Louisiana, USA estuarine wetland following a pipeline rupture 

spilling crude oil. Aerial photography (18 mos post-spill) and a vegetation survey (17 mos post-spill) were 

used to determine the status of vegetation and compare findings to an assessment performed 3 mos 

post-spill. The aerial evaluation employed six catagories and the vegetation survey measured total 

percent vegetative cover, percent live vegetation cover by species, percent dead vegetative cover, and 

degree of oil impact to the vegetation (index). 

Fischer, D. W., D. von Winterfeldt, 1978. Setting standards for chronic oil discharges in the North Sea. 

Journal of Environmental Management 7:177-199. 

Keywords: chronic/ discharges/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Norway/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ oil 

platform/ petroleum/ petroleum waste/ salt water/ United Kingdom 

Notes: A comparison of the process used in Norway and the United Kingdom (pre-1978) to set standards 

for chronic petroleum waste discharges at offshore oil platforms. 

Fisher, W. S., S. S. Foss, 1993. A simple test for toxicity of Number 2 fuel oil and oil dispersants to 

embryos of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:385-391. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ Corexit 7664/ Corexit 9527/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ 

embryo/ fuel oil/ grass/ grass shrimp/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODfour/ oil/ salinity/ salt water/ 

shrimp/ survival/ temperature/ toxicity 

 Notes: Development of a toxicity bioassay employing embryos of the grass shrimp. Shrimp embryos 

were exposed to four concentrations of either the water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil, Corexit 9527, 

Corexit 7664, or fuel oil plus Corexit 9527 or 7664 for up to 16 da. Measured survival and the effects on 

toxicity of salinity and water temperature. 

Fitzgerald, D. E. 1977. Utilization of dispersants in offshore areas. Pages 395-398 in 1977 Oil Spill 

Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: cost/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ effects/ fate/ ODnine/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ spill/ technical 

Notes: A short discussion of the use of chemical dispersants with sections on rational for their use, fate 

and effects of dispersed oil, reports of dispersant use on spills, effectiveness of dispersants, dispersant 

spraying equipment, and cost effectiveness. 

Flaherty, L. M., W. B. Katz, and S. Kaufmann 1989. Dispersant use guidelines for freshwater and other 

inland environments. Pages 25-30 in L. M. Flaherty, editor. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological 

Approaches. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1018. American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Philadelphia. 

Keywords: dispersant/ environment/ fresh water/ guidelines/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ spill/ technical 

Notes: A description of work underway by an ASTM subcommittee to develop guidelines for the use of 

chemical dispersants in inland environments. The guidelines have since been completed but the paper 

115 
contains a couple of good tables of data on the incidence and classification of inland oil spills during the 

years 1977-1984. 

Fleeger, J. W., G. T. Chandler, 1983. Meiofauna responses to an experimental oil spill in a Louisiana 

salt marsh. Marine Ecology Progress Series 11:257-264. 

Keywords: community/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ meiofauna/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

spill/ structure 

Notes: Effects of an oil spill on meifauna of a Louisiana salt marsh were determined through use of 

experimental plots sprayed with South Louisiana crude oil. Plots were sampled before spraying and on 

days 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 95, and 144 after spraying. Measured densities of meiofauna and hydrocarbon 

concentrations in sediment, and calculated measures of community structure. 

Fleming, W. J., L. Sileo, J. C. Franson, 1982. Toxicity of Prudhoe Bay crude oil to sandhill cranes. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 46:474-478. 

Keywords: bird/ blood/ crane/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ fresh water/ necropsy/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ 

physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ toxicity 

Notes: Sandhill cranes were dosed with Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 25 days and effects assessed by 

clinical signs, necropsy, blood chemistries, and histological examination. 

Fletcher, G. L., J. W. Kiceniuk, U. P. Williams, 1981. Effects of oiled sediments on mortality, feeding 

and growth of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 4:91-96. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ feeding/ fish/ flounder/ growth/ oil/ oiled/ Othree/ salt water/ 

sediment/ survival/ Venezuelan crude oil/ winter flounder 

Notes: Effects on winter flounder of exposure to sediments containing Venezuelen crude oil in three 

experiments of 4-5 months duration during winter and summer; measures of survival, feeding, and 

growth. 

Fletcher, G. L., M. J. King, J. W. Kicieniuk, R. F. Addison, 1982. Liver hypertrophy in winter flounder 

following exposure to experimentally oiled sediments. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 

73C:457-462. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fish/ flounder/ liver/ oil/ oiled/ Othree/ pathology/ physiology/ salt water/ 

sediment/ Venezuelan crude oil/ winter flounder 

Notes: Effects on the liver of winter flounder exposed to sediments oiled with Venezuelan crude oil for 4-

5 months during summer and winter. 

Flickinger, E. L., 1981. Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 

45:560-564. 

Keywords: bird/ fresh water/ oil/ oil field/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum waste/ refinery/ Texas 

Notes: Report of the extent of bird deaths in oil refinery sludge pits and oil-field spillage pits in Texas. 

Flickinger, E. L., C. M. Bunck, 1987. Number of oil-killed birds and fate of bird carcasses at crude oil pits 

in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 32:377-381. 

Keywords: bird/ carcass/ crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ fate/ fresh water/ methods/ numbers/ oil/ Oone/ 

Texas/ waste oil 

Notes: Evaluation of proper methods for determining the numbers of birds perishing in waste oil pits. 

Flint, P. L., A. C. Fowler, 1998. A drift experiment to assess the influence of wind on recovery of oiled 

seabirds on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:165-166. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ Bunker C/ carcass/ drift/ experiment/ offshore/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ recovery/ salt 

water/ spill 

 Notes: An experiment to assess the influence of offshore winds on carcass recovery of oiled seabirds. 

Experiment followed an offshore spill of Bunker C oil near St. Paul Island, Alaska. Wooden blocks were 

used to simulate dead seabirds. 

116 
Flint, P. L., A. C. Fowler, R. F. Rockwell, 1999. Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus 

oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska. Ecological Modelling 117:261-267. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ bird/ carcass/ detection/ eiders/ estimate/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

persistence/ rate/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Developed a model to estimate bird deaths associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul 

Island. Used beach searches to determine detection probabilities and persistence rates for bird 

carcasses. Created a model for king eiders and applied the results to all species because data were 

lacking for models specific to other species. 

Floc'h, J.-Y., M. Diouris, 1980. Initial effects of Amoco Cadiz oil on intertidal algae. Ambio 9:284-286. 

Keywords: algae/ Amoco Cadiz/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ intertidal/ macroalgae/ marine plant/ oil/ 

Osix/ photograph/ recovery/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: A verbal and photographic description of the initial impact on intertidal macroalgae of crude oil 

from the Amoco Cadiz. 

Fogelqvist, E., S. Lagerkvist, P. Lindroth, 1982. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean surface 

water. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:211-213. 

Keywords: Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ ice/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Svalbard 

Notes: Water samples were collected from varying depths (1-20 m) below the ice at eight stations north 

of Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. The water was analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and related to a 

standard of Kuwait crude oil. 

Foget, C. R., R. W. Castle, S. Naughton, J. D. Sartor, M. Miller, P. Dibner, D. E. Glowe, F. Weber, B. 

J. Yager, and P. E. Cassidy. 1984. Surface treatment agents for protection of shorelines from oil spills. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/S2-84-085. 4 pp. 

Keywords: dispersant/ evaluation/ methods/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ protection/ review/ salt water/ shoreline/ 

spill/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: A project summary of an evaluation of shoreline protection methods. Consists of a literature 

review, laboratory tests, preliminary field tests, and full-scale field tests. Evaluated 10 surface treatment 

agents, including three chemical oil dispersants and an oil herding agent. 

Folmar, L. C., D. R. Craddock, J. W. Blackwell, G. Joyce, H. O. Hodgins, 1981. Effects of petroleum 

exposure on predatory behavior of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 27:458-462. 

Keywords: adult/ behavior/ brain/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ feeding/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ liver/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ predation/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Effects of exposure to the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil on predatory behavior of 

adult coho salmon; measures of feeding behavior and hydrocarbon concentrations in brain and liver. 

Folmar, L. C., W. W. Dickhoff, W. S. Zaugg, H. O. Hodgins, 1982. The effects of aroclor 1254 and No. 

2 fuel oil on smoltification and sea-water adaptation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquatic 

Toxicology 2:291-299. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biochemistry/ combination/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ 

Othree/ PCB/ salmon/ salt water/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Effects of Aroclor 1254 and No. 2 fuel oil, singly and in combination, on the smoltification and seawater adaptation of yearling coho salmon; survival and tissue biochemistry. 

Folmar, L. C., H. O. Hodgins, 1982. Effects of Arocolor 1254 and No. 2 fuel oil, singly and in 

combination, on predator-prey interactions in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:24-28. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ combination/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ interactions/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ PCB/ predation/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Effects of exposure to No. 2 fuel oil and Aroclor 1254, singly or in combination, on coho salmon 

predation behavior; measures of predation behavior and concentrations of PCBs and selected aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

117 
Fong, W. C., 1976. Uptake and retention of Kuwait crude oil and its effects on oxygen uptake by the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:2774-2780. 

Keywords: bivalve/ clam/ crude oil/ distribution/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ respiration/ salt water/ tissue/ 

uptake 

Notes: Exposure of soft-shell clams to water-accomodated Kuwait crude oil for 10-30 da. Measured 

uptake of oil particles, distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in various tissues of the clam, and effect of 

exposure on respiration. 

Ford, R. G., J. A. Wiens, D. Heinemann, G. L. Hunt, 1982. Modelling the sensitivity of colonially 

breeding marine birds to oil spills: guillemot and kittiwake populations on the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 19:1-31. 

Keywords: Bering Sea/ bird/ guillemot/ kittiwake/ marine birds/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt 

water/ simulation/ spill 

Notes: Simulation modeling exercise of the population response of long-lived marine birds to 

environmental disturbances, such as oil spills. Special emphasis on guillemots and kittiwakes. 

Forde, S. E., 2002. Modelling the effects of an oil spill on open populations of intertidal invertebrates. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 39:595-604. 

Keywords: barnacle/ development/ effects/ estimate/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ model/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ recruitment/ salt water/ size/ spill/ structure 

Notes: Development of a population model describing the changes to a source and focal population of a 

sessile intertidal invertebrate (barnacle) affected by an oil spill. The model evaluated several size 

structures of the source population, the severity of the spill impact on the source population, and the 

intensity of recruitment by the focal population. 

Fossato, V. U., W. J. Canzonier, 1976. Hydrocarbon uptake and loss by the mussel Mytilus edulis. 

Marine Biology 36:243-250. 

Keywords: bivalve/ depuration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the uptake and depuration of suspended diesel fuel by blue mussels in a 

continuous-flow experimental system. Mussels exposed to 200-400 ppb diesel fuel for up to 41 da and 

depurated for up to 32 da. 

Fowler, A. C., P. L. Flint, 1997. Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider 

carcasses on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:522-526. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ bird/ carcass/ detection/ eiders/ oiled/ Oone/ persistence/ rate/ rocky shore/ 

salt water/ sand/ sandy beach/ sex 

Notes: A study of king eider carcass persistence and detection probabilities on four sand or rocky 

beaches on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Searches carried out over a 6-da period; results evaluated according 

to beach type and sex of carcass. 

Fowler, G. S., J. C. Wingfield, P. D. Boersma, 1995. Hormonal and reproductive effects of low levels of 

petroleum fouling in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Auk 112:382-389. 

Keywords: Argentina/ bird/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ hormone/ ODone/ oil/ penguin/ petroleum/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ spill/ washing 

Notes: Effects of exposure to crude oil and dispersant washing on hormonal production and subsequent 

reproduction in Magellanic penguins of coastal Argentina. 

Fowler, S. W., J. W. Readman, B. Oregioni, J.-P. Villeneuve, K. McKay, 1993. Petroleum 

hydrocarbons and trace metals in nearshore Gulf sediments and biota before and after the 1991 war. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:171-182. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bahrain/ bivalve/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine 

invertebrate/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ survey/ time/ war 

Notes: A survey of petroleum contamination along coastal Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Bahrain, UAE, and 

118 
Oman performed from June to October 1991. Collected nearshore sediments, bivalves, and fish; 

analyzed them for saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Hydrocarbon concentrations and 

metals in bivalves and sediments for 1991 were compared to those collected before the war. 

Franco, P. J., J. M. Giddings, S. E. Herbes, L. A. Hook, J. D. Newbold, W. K. Roy, G. R. Southworth, 

A. J. Stewart, 1984. Effects of chronic exposure to coal-derived oil on freshwater ecosystems: I. 

Microcosms. EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 3:447-463. 

Keywords: bacteria/ benthic/ chlorophyll/ chronic/ coal/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ 

effects/ fresh water/ freshwater/ freshwater invertebrate/ general effect/ invertebrate/ microcosm/ Oeight/ 

oil/ phenol/ population/ recovery/ respiration/ time/ water/ water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: Sixteen established indoor microcosms were used in an assessment of the effects of a middle 

distillate of synthetic (coal) crude oil on microcosm organisms. Seven concentrations of distillate were 

added daily or weekly (weekly total of 0.028-7 ml) to the treated microcosms for 8 wks followed by a 5-wk 

recovery period. Monitored water characteristics and chemistry, primary production and nighttime 

respiration, phenol concentrations, chlorophyll a concentrations, zooplankton, and water column bacteria. 

Benthic invertebrates were observed but not sampled or measured quantitatively. 

Frankenberger, W. T., Jr., J. B. Johanson, 1982. Influence of crude oil and refined petroleum products 

on soil dehydrogenase activity. Journal of Environmental Quality 11:602-607. 

Keywords: activity/ crude oil/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ gasoline/ incubation/ kerosene/ microbes/ 

motor oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ soil 

Notes: Three soil types and three levels of petroleum loading were used to assess the effect of crude oil, 

leaded gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and motor oil on soil dehydrogenase activity. Measurements were 

made on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 of incubation. 

French-McCay, D. P., 2002. Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model, 

Oiltoxex. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2080-2094. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ development/ environment/ hydrocarbons/ model/ 

monoaromatic/ narcosis/ oil/ Onine/ PAH/ technical/ temperature/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: Development of a toxicity model for aromatic hydrocarbons in an aquatic environment. The cause 

of death is proposed to be narcosis due to the presence of monoaromatics and two-four ring PAHs. The 

model incorporates known (or QSAR) toxicity of compounds, time of exposure, temperature, additive 

toxicity, and exposure concentrations. Author made extensive use of the experimental and field literature 

to verify the model output. 

French-McCay, D. P., 2004. Oil spill impact modeling development and validation. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 23:2441-2456. 

Keywords: biological effects/ development/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ marine environment/ model/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ review/ simulation/ spill/ technical 

Notes: A detailed description of a large oil spill modeling product of Applied Science Associates called 

The Spill Impact Model Application Package (SIMAP). It was derived from the physical fates and 

biological effects submodels in the NRDA Model for Coastal and Marine Environments. The author 

reviews the formation of all components of the current version of the model and evaluates the strengths 

and weaknesses of the package. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is presented as a case study. 

Fricke, A. H., H. F-K. O. Hennig, M. J. Orren, 1981. Relationship between oil pollution and 

psammolittoral meiofauna density of two South African beaches. Marine Environmental Research 5:59-

77. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ meiofauna/ Ofour/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of crude oil and fuel oil from a ship collision on meiofauna of two South 

African beaches. Two affected beaches (one cleaned, one undisturbed) were sampled by taking 

sediment cores four times between March 1978 and March 1979. Measured meiofauna density and 

concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment. 

119 
Frink, L. and G. Gauvry 1995. Response to oiled wildlife in Tampa Bay. Pages 635-639 in 1995 

International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill/ 

turtle 

Notes: A three-ship collision in Tampa Bay produced a petroleum spill that affected local wildlife. A total 

of 370 oiled animals (birds, a sea turtle, and a tortoise) were treated at a wildlife rehabilitation facility. 

Authors discuss details of the rehabilitation effort. 

Fritcher, D. L., J. A. K. Mazet, M. H. Ziccardi, I. A. Gardner, 2002. Evaluation of two direct 

immunoassays for rapid detection of petroleum products on marine birds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

44:388-395. 

Keywords: assay/ bird/ common murre/ detection/ evaluation/ feathers/ fuel oil/ methods/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ 

PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ spill 

Notes: An evaluation of two methods for the detection of PAHs on bird feathers. The assays RaPIDR

 and 

EnviroGardTM were used in a comparative assessment of the petroleum on feathers from 30 oiled and 30 

unoiled common murres from a spill of intermediate grade fuel oil (IFO 180). A recommendation is made 

based on the results. 

Frithsen, J. B., R. Elmgren, D. T. Rudnick, 1985. Responses of benthic meiofauna to long-term, lowlevel additions of No. 2 fuel oil. Marine Ecology Progress Series 23:1-14. 

Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ community/ concentration/ effects/ experiment/ flow-through/ fuel oil/ 

invertebrate/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ meiofauna/ mesocosm/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ 

population/ recruitment/ salt water/ sediment/ structure 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil on benthic meiofauna in a flow-through experimental 

mesocosm system. One experiment had an average concentration of 190 ppb for 168 da followed by a 

64 da period of no oil additions. A second experiment had an average concentration of 90 ppb followed 

by a 386 da period of no oil additions. Measured meiofauna abundance, community structure, 

recruitment, and petroleum concentrations in sediment. 

Fritts, T. H. and M. A. McGehee. 1981. Effects of petroleum on the development and survival of marine 

turtle embryos. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-81/37. 47 pp. 

Keywords: beach/ concentration/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ experiment/ incubation/ marine 

turtle/ oiled/ OthreeR/ petroleum/ reptile/ sand/ survival/ turtle 

Notes: Field and laboratory experiments were employed to assess the effects of oiled sand on the 

embryo development of marine turtles. Nine field-collected clutches of Kemp's ridley turtle were divided 

and incubated in three types of containers using naturally-oiled beach sand and clean sand. Laboratory 

tests employed five clutches of loggerhead turtle eggs; three concentrations of oiled sand and oiling at 

initiation of incubation, the half-way point, and the 3/4 point were tested. Hatchlings were measured and 

weighed; eggs that failed to hatch were opened and examined. 

Frost, K. J., L. F. Lowry, J. M. Ver Hoef, 1999. Monitoring the trend of harbor seals in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Mammal Science 15:494-506. 

Keywords: Alaska/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ harbor seals/ mammal/ monitoring/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ 

population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sampling/ seal/ spill/ survey/ time/ 

trend 

Notes: Assessment of the population of harbor seals in eastern and central Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Aerial surveys were performed from 1990 through 1997 along a trend-count route that included 

seven oiled and 18 unoiled sites. Determined environmental factors that most affected the counts and 

calculated a trend estimate for the population during the sampling period. 

Fry, D. M., L. J. Lowenstine, 1985. Pathology of common murres and Cassin's auklets exposed to oil. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:725-737. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ Cassin's auklet/ common murre/ crude oil/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ salt water/ 

Santa Barbara crude oil 

Notes: Pathological assessment of common murres and Cassin's auklets exposed to Bunker C and 

Santa Barbara crude oil. 

120 
Fry, D. M., J. Swenson, L. A. Addiego, C. R. Grau, A. Kang, 1986. Reduced reproduction of wedgetailed shearwaters exposed to weathered Santa Barbara crude oil. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 15:453-463. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ eggs/ long-term/ oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ survival/ weathered 

Notes: Breeding wedge-tailed shearwaters dosed with Santa Barbara crude oil were evaluated for effects 

on reproduction; egg production, behavior, survival of chicks, return of breeders in second year. 

Fry, D. M., L. A. Addiego, 1987. Hemolytic anemia complicates the cleaning of oiled seabirds. Wildlife 

Journal 10:3-8. 

Keywords: anemia/ bird/ cleaning/ crude oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum products/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: Discussion of hemolytic anemia in oiled birds and how to deal with it in oiled bird rehabilitation. 

Fry, D. M. 1991. Point-source and non-point-source problems affecting seabird populations. Pages 547-

562 in D. R. McCullough, R. H. Barrett, editors. Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Science 

Publishers, LTD, Oxford, England. 

Keywords: bird/ chronic/ discharges/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ species/ spill 

Notes: Presentation and discussion of the numerous point- and non-point-source threats to seabird 

populations throughout the world; includes short sections on oil spills and chronic oil discharges. 

Fukuyama, A. K., G. Shigenaka, R. Z. Hoff, 2000. Effects of residual Exxon Valdez oil on intertidal 

Protothaca staminea: mortality, growth, and bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons in transplanted clams. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1042-1050. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clam/ depuration/ effects/ experiment/ Exxon 

Valdez/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ Prince William 

Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ survival/ time/ tissue/ transplant 

Notes: Clams from an oiled and an unoiled site in Prince William Sound were collected, tagged, and used 

in a transplant experiment; oiled clams went to an unoiled area and unoiled clams went to the oiled area. 

Clams were recovered 1 and 2 years later. Other clams and sediment were also collected for 

hydrocarbon monitoring. Thirty-five aromatic hydrocarbons or their isomers were quantified in sediment 

and clam tissue. Measured mortality and growth of clams, and accumulation or depuration of aromatics 

in clam tissue. 

Fuller, C., J. Bonner, C. Page, A. Ernest, T. McDonald, S. McDonald, 2004. Comparative toxicity of oil, 

dispersant, and oil plus dispersant to several marine species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

23:2941-2949. 

Keywords: assay/ concentration/ Corexit 9500/ crude oil/ dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ general effect/ 

microbes/ Microtox/ ODeight/ oil/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ spill response/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: A series of laboratory experiments was performed to determine the effects of a chemical 

dispersant and a crude oil on representative near-shore species. Test species were two common species 

of fish, a common species of shrimp, and microbes in the Microtox assay. Arabian medium crude oil 

(weathered and unweathered) and Corexit 9500 were used to produce varying concentrations of no oil or 

dispersant, crude oil only, dispersant only, and crude oil plus dispersant. Used results to calculate a 

continuous NOEC and LC50, a declining NOEC and LC50, and a 15-min EC50. 

Furness, R. W., 1989. Declining seabird populations. Journal of Zoology (London) 219:177-180. 

Keywords: bird/ decline/ England/ growth/ Ireland/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ survey 

Notes: After decades of general seabird population increase around Britain and Ireland, the first 

indications of tapering off of growth and a few population declines were observed during a 1985-88 

survey. 

Furness, R. W., C. J. Camphuysen, 1997. Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment. ICES 

Journal of Marine Science 54:726-737. 

Keywords: analysis/ beached bird survey/ bird/ condition/ environment/ estimate/ evaluation/ 

fingerprinting/ marine environment/ monitoring/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ pollution/ salt water/ survey 

121 
Notes: Evaluation of the use of seabirds as monitors of conditions in the marine environment. Section on 

the use of seabirds in beached bird surveys to estimate changes in the amount of oil pollution and to 

provide samples of petroleum for fingerprinting analysis. 

Gabche, C. E., J. Folack, G. C. Yongbi, 1998. Tar ball levels on some beaches in Cameroon. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 36:535-539. 

Keywords: beach/ Cameroon/ coast/ density/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ tar ball 

Notes: Measured tar ball density on one industrial, one tourist, and one reference beach along the coast 

of Cameroon. Collections made once a month for 12 consecutive mos. 

Gagnon, M. M., D. A. Holdway, 1999. Metabolic enzyme activities in fish gills as biomarkers of exposure 

to petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety B 44:92-99. 

Keywords: activity/ Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ biomarker/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ 

effects/ enzyme/ fish/ flow-through/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ metabolism/ ODthree/ oil/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salmon/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on juvenile Atlantic salmon of either the water accomodated fraction 

(WAF) of crude oil or chemically dispersed crude oil. The chemical dispersant was Corexit 9527 and 

exposures were conducted in flow-through tanks. Exposure was to 250 ppm for 2 da, then 125 ppm for 2 

da, followed by 8 da of depuration. Measured three metabolic enzymes in gill tissue. 

Gagnon, M. M., D. A. Holdway, 2000. EROD induction and biliary metabolite excretion following 

exposure to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil and to chemically dispersed crude oil. Archives 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:70-77. 

Keywords: activity/ Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ bile/ bioassay/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ 

dispersant/ female/ fish/ flow-through/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ metabolite/ monooxygenase/ ODthree/ oil/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Juvenile female Atlantic salmon were exposed to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of 

Bass Strait crude oil or crude oil dispersed with Corexit 9527 for 6 da in a flow-through bioassay. The 

exposure period was followed by a 29 da depuration period. Crude oil only exposure was 1 % of the 

WAF and dispersed oil exposure was equivalent to 0.132 ppm dispersant and 0.89 ppm total petroleum 

hydrocarbons. Fish were sampled every second day from day 0 through 14, and then day 21 and day 35; 

measured metabolites in the bile and hepatic EROD activity. 

Gales, N. J., D. J. St.Aubin 1995. The effects of oil contamination and rehabilitation on other fur-bearing 

marine mammals. Pages 197-212 in T. M. Williams, R. W. Davis, editors. Emergency Care and 

Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: A Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing Marine Mammals. 

University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. 

Keywords: analysis/ blood/ capture/ cleaning/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ monitoring/ 

North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ polar bear/ procedure/ 

rehabilitation/ review/ river otter/ salt water/ sea otter/ seal/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: A reference chapter for assessing the effects of petroleum spills on pinnipeds and polar bears. 

The authors perform a review of the literature (including a review of literature on river otters) and 

supplement it with experiences at the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989. Chapter subheadings are (1) a brief 

historical perspective, (2) categories of oil impact, (3) assessment of impact and strategy planning, (4) 

capture and restraint, (5) clinical examination and treatment, (6) cleaning procedures, (7) blood analysis 

and pathology, and (8) post-release monitoring and summary. 

Gallego, A., L. H. Cargill, M. R. Heath, S. J. Hay, T. Knutsen, 1995. An assessment of the immediate 

effect of the Braer oil-spill on the growth of herring larvae using otolith microstructure analysis. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 30:536-542. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ fish/ growth/ herring/ larvae/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ Shetland/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the growth of herring larvae following the Braer spill near the Shetland Islands; 

otolith microstructure analysis. 

Galvao, S. A. O., A. L. N. Mota, D. N. Silva, J. E. F. Moraes, C. A. O. Nascimento, O. Chiavone-Filho, 

2006. Application of the photo-Fenton process to the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with diesel. 

122 
Science of the Total Environment 367:42-49. 

 Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ Onine/ oxidation/ remediation/ technical/ treatment/ waste water 

Notes: Description of the photo-Fenton oxidation process for the treatment of wastewater contaminated 

by diesel fuel. This method was compared to UV-photolysis alone and the thermal Fenton reaction with 

or without UV radiation. 

Gandini, P., P. D. Boersma, E. Frere, M. Gandini, T. Holik, V. Lichtschein, 1994. Magellanic penguins 

(Spheniscus magellanicus) affected by chronic petroleum pollution along coast of Chubut, Argentina. Auk 

111:20-27. 

Keywords: Argentina/ beach/ bird/ carcass/ chronic/ coast/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

salt water/ survey 

Notes: Several carcass counts along beaches of Argentina. Incidence of oiling noted. 

Ganning, B., D. Broman, C. Lindblad, 1983. Uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the blue mussel 

(Mytilus edulis L.) after experimental oiling and high pressure, hot water shore cleaning. Marine 

Environmental Research 10:245-254. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ cleaning/ concentration/ crude oil/ dissolved/ distance/ 

hydrocarbons/ light/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pressure/ Russian crude oil/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ shoreline/ tissue/ uptake/ weathered 

Notes: Effect of shoreline cleaning on the uptake of petroleum by blue mussels in shallow near-shore 

water. Russian crude oil (weathered for 3 wks) was sprayed on the shoreline, half was permitted to clean 

naturally, and the other half was cleaned with high-pressure hot-water cleaning equipment. Mussels were 

placed in suspended bags at distances of 3 and 8 m from shore . Mussels were sampled for hydrocarbon 

analysis at 3 and 14 da after cleaning. Tissue analyzed for saturated hydrocarbons and light aromatics. 

A supplemental study measured the uptake from a known concentration of 'dissolved' crude oil. 

Garcia-Borboroglu, P., P. D. Boersma, V. Ruoppolo, L. Reyes, G. A. Rebstock, K. Griot, S. R. 

Heredia, A. C. Adornes, R. P. da Silva, 2006. Chronic oil pollution harms Magellanic penguins in the 

southwest Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:193-198. 

Keywords: Argentina/ Atlantic/ bird/ Brazil/ chronic/ condition/ numbers/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ 

pollution/ population/ reproduction/ salt water/ survey/ time 

Notes: Twenty-five wildlife groups in Brazil and Argentina were surveyed about their efforts to survey or 

rehabilitate oiled seabirds along 6,800 km of coastline; four of the groups kept detailed records of 

numbers and condition of oiled birds. The focus was on penguins, specifically Magellanic penguins. 

Authors compared the numbers of oiled penguins from 1970 to 2002 to oil exportation by Argentina and 

speculated on the effect of increased chronic oil pollution on penguin reproduction. 

Gariazzo, C., A. Pelliccioni, P. DiFilippo, F. Sallusti, A. Cecinato, 2005. Monitoring and analysis of 

volatile organic compounds around an oil refinery. Water Air and Soil Pollution 167:17-38. 

Keywords: air/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ benzene/ condition/ emissions/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ petroleum/ pollution/ refinery/ toluene/ xylene 

Notes: Volatile organic emissions generated by a petroleum refinery, a large landfill, a municipal 

incinerator, local quarries, and local vehicle traffic were measured for 1 week at two locations in the Valle 

Galeria area of Italy. Benzene, toluene, and xylene mean values were compared to other locations in 

Italy and throughout the world. Analyzed air samples for a large suite of aliphatic hydrocarbons during 

day and night and factored in the existing weather conditions. 

Garrett, R. M., I. J. Pickering, C. E. Haith, R. C. Prince, 1998. Photooxidation of crude oils. 

Environmental Science and Technology 32:3719-3723. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ composition/ crude oil/ effects/ Forties Field crude oil/ miscellaneous/ North 

Slope/ Oeleven/ oil/ photooxidation/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of photooxidation on three weathered crude oils (North Slope, Forties, 

Gullfaks). Oil films and slicks were irradiated by a UV source for 48 hrs. Measured composition of crude 

before and after irradiation and compared results with reported results of biodegradation. 

123 
Garrity, S. D., S. C. Levings, 1990. Effects of an oil spill on the gastropods of a tropical intertidal reef flat. 

Marine Environmental Research 30:119-153. 

Keywords: abundance/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ gastropod/ habitat/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ recruitment/ salt water/ size/ snail/ species/ spill/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of a spill of medium weight crude oil on gastropods of a reef flat. 

Gastropod populations were monitored in six habitats within the reef flat; pre-spill monitoring occurred 

1982-83 and post spill monitoring occurred for 3 years after the 1986 spill. Measured abundance of live 

and dead snails, number of species, temporal changes in snail size frequencies, and episodes of 

recruitment. 

Garrity, S. D., S. C. Levings, 1993. Effects of an oil spill on some organisms living on mangrove 

(Rhizophora mangle L.) roots in low wave-energy habitats in Caribbean Panama. Marine Environmental 

Research 35:251-271. 

Keywords: barnacle/ Caribbean/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ estuary/ habitat/ mangrove/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ Panama/ population/ refinery/ roots/ salt 

water/ species/ spill/ stream/ time 

Notes: A large refinery spill of crude oil into the coastal waters of Panama affected large areas of 

mangrove-fringed estuary. The epibiota (oysters, mussels, barnacles; five species) of mangrove prop 

roots in channels, lagoons, and streams were surveyed three times prior to the spill and 3, 7, 10, and 13 

mos after the spill. Measured the percent cover of dead and live organisms on each root. 

Garrity, S. D., S. C. Levings, K. A. Burns, 1994. The Galeta oil spill. I. Long-term effects on the physical 

structure of the mangrove fringe. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 38:327-348. 

Keywords: coast/ condition/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ long-term/ mangrove/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ Osix/ Panama/ roots/ salt water/ size/ spill/ structure/ time/ vegetation 

Notes: Assessment of the effect on the physical structure of the coastal mangrove fringe of crude oil from 

the Galeta oil spill in Panama. Mangroves were classified as open coast, channel, or river/stream, and as 

oiled or unoiled. Assessment performed during the 5 yrs after the spill (1987-1991). Measured or 

described amount of oiling on roots, description and sequence of oiling effects, amount of fringe loss and 

change in prop root density, size and physical condition of prop roots, partial defoliation of trees, and 

calculation of overall damage. 

Garrott, R. A., L. L. Eberhardt, D. M. Burn, 1993. Mortality of sea otters in Prince William sound 

following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Mammal Science 9:343-359. 

Keywords: crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ Prince William 

Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Estimation of the numbers of sea otters killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Garshelis, D. L., 1997. Sea otter mortality estimated from carcasses collected after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Conservation Biology 11:905-916. 

Keywords: beach/ carcass/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ salt 

water/ sea otter/ search effort/ spill 

Notes: Estimate of numbers of sea otters killed during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Author included 

information on proportion of dying otters that hauled out onto beaches, carcasses recovered at sea, and 

differences in search effort in different areas of the spill. 

Garshelis, D. L., J. A. Estes, 1997. Sea otter mortality from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: evaluation of an 

estimate from boat-based surveys. Marine Mammal Science 13:341-351. 

Keywords: critique/ crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ 

salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ survey 

Notes: A critique of the estimate of sea otter deaths related to the Exxon Valdez oil spill made by Garrott 

et.al. (1993). Authors criticize the use of inadequate boat-based survey data and make several 

suggestions for other methods to be used after a major oil spill. 

Garshelis, D. L., C. B. Johnson, 2001. Sea otter population dynamics and the Exxon Valdez oil spill: 

disentangling the confounding effects. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:19-35. 

124 
Keywords: abundance/ activity/ Alaska/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ foraging/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ 

population/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ survey 

Notes: A reassessment of results from 1990-96 surveys of sea otter abundance, pup production, 

activities, and foraging performed in Prince William Sound, Alaska after the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. 

Reanalyzed results from another study that proposed conclusions contrary to those of the authors and 

compared both sets of results with data collected in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

Gashev, S. N., 1992. Effect of oil spills on the fauna and ecology of small mammals from the Central Ob' 

region. Soviet Journal of Ecology 23:99-106. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ mammal/ oil/ 

oil field/ oil spill/ organ/ Otwo/ region/ soil/ species/ spill/ USSR 

Notes: Effects on small mammals of contamination from oil production activities in the Central Ob' region 

of the USSR. Small mammal diversity and abundance, organ indicies, and reproductive activity were 

measured. 

Gassmann, G. and W. Gunkel 1983. Long-term investigations on chemical and microbial changes of a 

slightly oil polluted beach. Pages 479-483 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference, API 4356. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ bacteria/ beach/ biodegradation/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ light/ long-term/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ salt 

water/ sand/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: A spill of Arabian light crude oil affected a portion of beach that was sandy in the upper reaches 

and mud in the lower reach. Authors sampled sand and mud along a transect at three locations in the 

sand and two locations in the mud a total of six times during a 7-yr period after the spill. Identified and 

quantified the aliphatic hydrocarbons and quantified the concentration of oil-degrading bacteria. 

Gaur, J. P., H. D. Kumar, 1981. Growth response of four micro-algae to three crude oils and a furnace 

oil. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 25:77-85. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ growth/ microalgae/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ oil/ Oseven/ petroleum/ rate 

Notes: Four microalgae were grown in laboratory culture and exposed to four concentrations of one of 

three crude oils or No. 2 fuel oil. Measured algal growth daily and determined the maximum specific 

growth rate and the total growth 12 da after innoculation of the growth medium with petroleum. 

Gaur, J. P., A. K. Singh, 1990. Growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation of Anabaena doliolum

exposed to Assam crude extract. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44:494-500. 

Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ biomass/ concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ growth/ labelled/ microbes/ 

nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ photosynthesis/ rate/ size/ uptake 

Notes: A cyanobacteria was exposed for 15 da in laboratory flask culture to five concentrations of the 

water-soluble fraction of a crude oil. Measured photosynthesis by uptake of 14CO2, nitrogenase activity, 

and heterocyst differentiation. Determined the specific growth rate and final size (biomass) of the culture 

on the 15th day. 

Gearing, P. J., J. N. Gearing, R. J. Pruell, T. L. Wade, J. G. Quinn, 1980. Partitioning of No. 2 fuel oil in 

controlled estuarine ecosystems, sediments and suspended particulate matter. Environmental Science 

and Technology 14:1129-1136. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ ecosystem/ estuarine/ experiment/ fate/ fuel oil/ 

mesocosm/ microbes/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ particulate/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ sediment/ time/ treatment 

Notes: A petroleum fate experiment wherein fiberglass mesocosm tanks were used to determine the 

movement of No. 2 fuel oil into water, suspended particulate matter, and sediments. Fuel oil and 

seawater dispersions were added twice weekly to the tanks for 4 mos. Water and sediments were 

sampled periodically during a 500-da period, including the treatment time. Suspended particulate matter 

was sampled during the period of oil treatment. All samples were analyzed for saturated and aromatic 

hydrocarbon fractions; several GC tracings presented. 

125 
Gearing, P. J., J. N. Gearing, 1982. Behavior of No. 2 fuel oil in the water column of controlled 

ecosystems. Marine Environmental Research 6:115-132. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ colonization/ degradation/ ecosystem/ experiment/ fate/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ light/ microbes/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ water column 

Notes: A set of four experiments on petroleum degradation in sea water were conducted in large indoor 

water tanks over a 2.5 yr period. Oil and water dispersions (149-299 ppb) were followed in a cold water 

and warm water scenario, a high light scenario, and a colonization scenario. Experiments lasted from 

134 to 552 hours. Analyzed the water column 7-9 times during the study for selected saturated and 

aromatic (only one) hydrocarbons and the total hydrocarbons in the saturated and aromatic fractions. 

Gearing, P. J., J. N. Gearing, 1982. Transport of No.2 fuel oil between water column surface microlayer 

and atmosphere. Marine Environmental Research 6:133-143. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ degradation/ experiment/ fate/ fuel oil/ microbes/ monitoring/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ time/ transport/ water column 

Notes: A secondary collection of data from a set of indoor water tank experiments involving oil and water 

dispersions of No. 2 fuel oil and degradation over time periods of 150-300 hr. Sampled the surface 

microlayer, the atmosphere above the water surface, and the tank wall (a separate experiment) at various 

times during the parent studies. Analyzed samples for total saturates, total aromatics, and selected 

alkanes. Compared results to the monitoring data for water column degradation. 

Geiger, J. G., A. L. Buikema, Jr., 1981. Oxygen consumption and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex after 

exposure to water-soluble fractions of naphthalene, phenanthrene, No. 2 fuel oil, and coal-tar creosote. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:783-789. 

Keywords: algae/ analysis/ assay/ consumption/ creosote/ daphnia/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofive/ oil/ oxygen/ phenanthrene/ rate/ 

static/ survival 

Notes: Evaluated effects of the water-soluble fraction of naphthalene, phenanthrene, No. 2 fuel oil, and 

creosote on daphnia. Used 24- and 48-hr static assays. Measured survival, oxygen consumption, and 

rate of filtering algae. Calculated LD20, 30, 50. Performed standard water chemistry analysis. 

Geiger, J. G., A. L. Buikema, Jr., 1982. Hydrocarbons depress growth and reproduction of Daphnia 

pulex (Cladocera). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:830-836. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ chronic/ concentration/ creosote/ daphnia/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofive/ oil/ phenanthrene/ reproduction/ static/ 

survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on daphnia of various concentrations of the water-soluble fractions of 

napthalene, phenanthrene, No. 2 fuel oil, and creosote. Used a static bioassay for 48 hr to do acute tests 

and static tests with water renewal for the chronic tests. Exposed daphnia in chronic tests to 

concentrations equivalent to either LC20 or LC30 until they died. Measured survival, growth, several 

reproductive characteristics, and calculated LC50s. 

Geiszler, P. C., B. J. Grantham, G. J. Blomquist, 1977. Fate of labeled n-alkanes in the blue crab and 

stripped mullet. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:463-467. 

Keywords: alkane/ blue crab/ crab/ depuration/ fate/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ mullet/ 

Othree/ salt water/ striped mullet/ uptake 

Notes: Uptake and fate of two n-alkanes by the blue crab and striped mullet. 

Gentes, M.-L., C. Waldner, Z. Papp, J. E. G. Smits, 2006. Effects of oil sands tailings compounds and 

harsh weather on mortality rates, growth and detoxification efforts in nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta 

bicolor). Environmental Pollution 142:24-33. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ condition/ effects/ fresh water/ growth/ length/ nest/ nestling/ oil/ oil field/ oil 

sands/ Oone/ PAH/ rate/ sampling/ sand/ time/ waste water/ weight/ wetland/ wing 

Notes: A total of 92 tree swallow nest boxes located around three oil sands process-water wetlands and 

a reference wetland were monitored during the breeding seasons of 2003 and 2004. Recorded weather 

126 
conditions, reproductive success, and nestling weight and wing length on days 6 and 12 in 2003 and 

2004. In 2004, EROD activity was measured in a sampling of nestlings. 

George-Ares, A., J. R. Clark, G. R. Biddinger, M. L. Hinman, 1999. Comparison of test methods and 

early toxicity characterization for five dispersants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42:138-142. 

Keywords: acute/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ marine invertebrate/ methods/ Microtox/ 

ODfour/ salt water/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: The acute toxicities of Corexit 9527 and four experimental dispersant formulations were 

determined with the 96-hr mysid test, the Mysid IQ Toxicity Test, and Microtox. Survival was measured at 

3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr at nominal concentrations of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/liter in the 96-hr test. 

Nominal concentrations were 6.25 to 100 mg/liter for the IQ Test and 12.5 to 100 mg/liter for Microtox. 

LC50s were calculated and toxicities ranked. 

George-Ares, A., J. R. Clark, 2000. Aquatic toxicity of two CorexitR

 dispersants. Chemosphere 40:897-

906. 

Keywords: Corexit 9500/ Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ fish/ general effect/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Oeight/ plant/ review/ toxicity 

Notes: A review of the aquatic toxicity of the chemical dispersants Corexit 9527 and 9500. Reviews 

reports of toxicity to plants, invertebrates, and fish. 

George, S. E., G. M. Nelson, M. J. Kohan, S. H. Warren, B. T. Eischen, L. R. Brooks, 2001. Oral 

treatment of Fischer 344 rats with weathered crude oil and a dispersant influences intestinal metabolism 

and microbiota. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 63:297-316. 

Keywords: biochemical/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ dosed/ intestine/ mammal/ metabolism/ 

microbes/ mutation/ Nigerian crude oil/ ODtwo/ oil/ rat/ survival/ tissue/ treatment/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Laboratory rats were dosed (0.1% of body weight) daily with either peanut oil (control), a 1:20 

dilution of artificially-weathered Nigerian crude oil, a 1:50 dilution of Corexit 9527 dispersant, or crude oil 

plus dispersant. Dosing continued for 5 weeks. Measured survival, body weight, weight of the small and 

large intestines, weight of the cecum, B-glucuronidase, nitroreductase, and azoreductase; identified and 

enumerated cecal microflora; and determined the mutagenicity of all chemical treatments. 

George, S. G., J. Wright, J. Conroy, 1995. Temporal studies of the impact of the Braer oilspill on inshore 

feral fish from Shetland, Scotland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:530-534. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ metabolism/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Scotland/ Shetland/ species/ spill 

Notes: Temporal assessment of exposure of several species of fish to petroleum hydrocarbons from the 

Braer oil spill near the Shetland Islands; mixed-function oxygenase activity for 7 months following the 

spill. 

Georgiades, E. T., D. A. Holdway, S. E. Brennan, J. S. Butty, A. Temara, 2003. The impact of oilderived products on the behaviour and biochemistry of the eleven-armed asteroid Coscinasterias 

muricata (Echinodermata). Marine Environmental Research 55:257-276. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemistry/ Corexit 9500/ 

crude oil/ effects/ foraging/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ physiology/ 

salt water 

Notes: Australian 11-armed asteroids were used in a behavioral and physiological assessment of the 

effects of petroleum. Asteroids were either fed or starved for 45 da and then exposed for 4 da to either 

the water-accomodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil, crude oil dispersed with Corexit 9500, or 

burned WAF. The fed asteriods were dissected after 4 da and the pyloric caeca were analyzed for 

alkaline phosphatase activty and total cytochrome P450 activity. The starved asteroids were presented 

with a prey location challenge at 0, 2, 7, and 14 da after exposure ended. Experimental petroleum 

mixtures were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and nine PAHs. 

Geraci, J. R., T. G. Smith, 1976. Direct and indirect effects of oil on ringed seals (Phoca hispida) of the 

Beaufort Sea. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:1976-1984. 

Keywords: acute/ Canada/ crude oil/ effects/ ingestion/ mammal/ Norman Wells crude oil/ oil/ Otwo/ 

127 
physiology/ population/ ringed seal/ salt water/ seal/ skin/ species 

 Notes: Two species of seals were exposed, by immersion or ingestion, to Norman Wells crude oil to 

simulate acute exposure to spilled oil. Work was done in anticipation of oil exploration in the Beaufort 

Sea. 

Geraci, J. R., D. J. St.Aubin, 1980. Offshore petroleum resource development and marine mammals: a 

review and research recommendations. Marine Fisheries Review 42:1-12. 

Keywords: behavior/ development/ effects/ evaluation/ mammal/ mitigation/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ Otwo/ 

pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ review/ salt water 

Notes: A discussion and evaluation of the effects of all aspects of offshore oil development on marine 

mammals. Contains recommendations for mitigation actions and identifies topics for research. 

Gerges, M. A., 1993. On the impacts of the 1991 Gulf War on the environment of the region: general 

observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:305-314. 

Keywords: coral/ coral reef/ effects/ environment/ fish/ fishery/ general effect/ Gulf oil spill/ habitat/ 

health/ humans/ intertidal/ Iraq/ Kuwait/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ plume/ pollution/ 

region/ Saudi Arabia/ seagrass/ sediment/ shoreline/ smoke/ survey/ war 

Notes: A summary of the results of a 90-da United Nations investigation of the environmental 

consequences of the 1991 Gulf War. Sections on initial surveys; oil pollution effects on water, sediment, 

shorelines, coral reefs, seagrass and intertidal habitats, and fisheries; atmospheric pollution, global 

climate change, local weather, smoke plume chemistry, human health considerations, and a countryspecific (Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) assessment of war damage. 

Getter, C. D. 1982. Oil spills and mangroves: a review of the literature, field, and lab studies. Pages 303-

318 in P. J. Rand, editor. Land and Water Issues Related to Energy Development. Ann Arbor Science 

Publishing Company, Ann Arbor. 

Keywords: development/ index/ mangrove/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ review/ salt water/ spill/ stress 

Notes: A review of the literature on oil spills and mangroves, and information from some lab and field 

studies by the author. Information is used to develop an 'index of mangrove stress'. 

Getter, C. D., T. G. Ballou, C. B. Koons, 1985. Effects of dispersed oil on mangroves. Synthesis of a 

seven-year study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:318-324. 

Keywords: adult/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian crude oil/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic 

hydrocarbons/ Bunker C/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ environment/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ leaves/ light/ mangrove/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ No.6 fuel oil/ ODsix/ oil/ petroleum/ 

plant/ reproduction/ respiration/ salt water/ sediment/ seedling/ survival/ time/ tissue/ transpiration/ uptake 

Notes: Reference is made to information from other studies performed during a 7-yr period of research 

on the effects of petroleum and chemical dispersants on tropical coastal environments. Research 

covered in this article deals with a laboratory and a field study of the effects of dispersants on mangroves. 

The laboratory study involved red and black mangrove seedlings; and Bunker C fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil, or 

light Arabian crude oil with or without Corexit 9527 dispersant. Plants were exposed for 20 wks to five 

concentrations of petroleum with or without dispersant. Measured survival, uptake of aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons, foliage production, leaf shape, transpiration, respiration, and comparative 

responses of seedling stocks from unoiled and previously-oiled sites. In the field study, two areas of red 

mangrove were treated with either undispersed or chemically-dispersed oil. After 121 da, survival and 

sprouting success for mangrove propagules was measured. The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon 

content of seedling leaf tissue, adult leaf tissue, and peat sediments was determined at several times 

during the 11 month field trial. 

Ghaly, A. E., J. B. Pyke, 2001. In-vessel bioremediation of oil-contaminated peat. Energy Sources 

23:305-325. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ chemical characteristics/ concentration/ development/ microbes/ motor oil/ oil/ 

oiled/ Oten/ petroleum/ remediation/ spill response/ temperature 

Notes: Development of a method of petroleum cleanup and remediation involving oil-absorbent peat. 

The peat was added to oiled water (motor oil) to absorb the oil and the oiled peat was then transferred to 

a stainless steel bio-remediation reactor. Chicken manure was added as a nutrient supplement. 

128 
Determined the chemical characteristics of the motor oil, peat, and oil-peat mixture. Monitored the reactor 

vessel every 2 da for 15 da for temperature, moisture, and oil concentration. 

Giam, C.-S., H. S. Chan, G. S. Neff, 1976. Distribution of n-parrafins in selected marine benthic 

organisms. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:37-43. 

Keywords: benthic/ distribution/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ offshore/ Othree/ paraffin/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ squid/ Texas 

Notes: Baseline study of paraffin content of shrimp, squid, and several species of marine fish from 

offshore Texas. 

Gibson, M. J., 1990. Results of the eagle capture, health assessment, and short-term rehabilitation 

program following the Valdez oil spill. Wildlife Journal 13:49-57. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bald eagle/ bird/ capture/ crude oil/ eagle/ Exxon Valdez/ health/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ short-term/ spill 

Notes: Capture, health assessment, and rehabilitation of bald eagles after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Giddings, J. M., B. R. Parkhurst, C. W. Gehrs, R. E. Millemann, 1980. Toxicity of a coal liquefaction 

product to aquatic organisms. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 24:263-275. 

Keywords: algae/ assay/ Bunker C/ coal/ concentration/ crustacean/ daphnia/ fresh water/ freshwater/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofive/ oil/ photosynthesis/ species/ synthetic oil/ toxicity 

Notes: The water-soluble fractions of Bunker C fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and a synthetic (coal) oil were used 

in assays of toxicity to two species of freshwater algae and a freshwater crustacean (daphnia). Algal 

toxicity was measured as photosynthesis inhibition to WSF concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100% during 

a 4-hr exposure. Daphnia toxicity was measured as 48-hr EC50. 

Giddings, J. M., J. N. Washington, 1981. Coal-liquification products, shale oil, and petroleum. Acute 

toxicity to freshwater algae. Environmental Science and Technology 15:106-108. 

Keywords: acute/ algae/ coal liquification/ coal oil/ concentration/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ labelled/ 

oil/ Oseven/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ photosynthesis/ shale oil/ short-term/ toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: A green and a blue-green algae were used in a short-term laboratory culture to assess the effect 

on photosynthesis of four concentrations of 11 coal-liquification products, five shale-oil products, and six 

petroleum products. Photosynthesis was measured by 14C uptake. 

Giddings, J. M., P. J. Franco, R. M. Cushman, L. A. Hook, G. R. Southworth, A. J. Stewart, 1984. 

Effects of chronic exposure to coal-derived oil on freshwater ecosystems: II. Experimental ponds. 

EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 3:465-488. 

Keywords: bacteria/ chronic/ coal/ concentration/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ 

freshwater/ freshwater invertebrate/ general effect/ growth/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ periphyton/ phenol/ 

plant/ rate/ synthetic oil/ time/ water/ water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: Ten outdoor experimental ponds were used to assess the effects of a middle distillate of synthetic 

(coal) crude oil on freshwater ecosystems. After establishment, the treated ponds received daily oil input 

at rates of 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 ml/m3 water for 8 wks; ponds were monitored and sampled for another 52 wks. 

Measure pond morphology, water characteristics and chemistry, phenol concentrations, periphyton, water 

column bacteria, aquatic plant growth, zooplankton (counted and identified), insects, and fish. 

Giere, O., 1980. The impact of crude oil and oil dispersants on the marine oligochaete Marionina 

subterranea. Cahiers De Biologie Marine 21:51-60. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ light/ 

marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oligochaete/ salt water/ species/ static/ survival/ temperature 

Notes: Assessement of the effects of Arabian Light crude oil and several chemical dispersants on a 

species of marine oligochaete. Tested a component of "old-type" dispersants at concentrations of 1-10 

ppm and at two temperatures for 14 da in static tests; followed by addition of oil and only one 

temperature. Three "modern" dispersants alone, in combination, or combined with crude oil at 

concentrations of 50-1000 ppm and one temperature for 14 da. Measured survival of oligochaetes. 

129 
Giese, M., S. D. Goldsworthy, R. Gales, N. Brothers, J. Hamill, 2000. Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill 

on little penguins (Eudyptula minor), III. Breeding success of rehabilitated oiled birds. Wildlife Research 

27:583-591. 

Keywords: Australia/ bird/ chicks/ effects/ evaluation/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ rehabilitation/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ sampling/ seasonal/ spill/ weight 

Notes: An evaluation of the breeding success of previously-oiled and rehabilitated little penguins from the 

Iron Baron oil spill near Tasmania, Australia. All birds handled at the oil spill were banded. A total of 199 

and 256 burrows were monitored during the two years; burrows were visited every 2 wks throughout the 

breeding season. Measured timing and duration of breeding, breeding success within and between 

sampling sites, breeding success of rehabilitated oiled penguins compared to non-oiled penguins, and 

pre-fledging weight of chicks. 

Giger, W., M. Reinhard, C. Schaffner, W. Stumm, 1974. Petroleum-derived and indigenous 

hydrocarbons in recent sediments of Lake Zug, Switzerland. Environmental Science and Technology 

8:454-455. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ pollution/ 

sediment/ survey/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Nearshore surface sediments were collected from six sites along Lake Zug in Switzerland and 

analyzed for total hydrocarbons and several individual aliphatic hydrocarbons. A comparison is made of 

sites near populated areas and sites near unpopulated areas, with emphasis on attempting to determine 

the source of the hydrocarbons. 

Gilbert, F., L. Rivet, J-C. Bertrand, 1994. The in vitro influence of the burrowing polychaete Nereis 

diversicolor on the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Chemosphere 29:1-12. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ burrowing/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ fate/ flow-through/ 

hydrocarbons/ light/ marine invertebrate/ mixing/ Ofour/ oil/ oligochaete/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ polychaete/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ species 

Notes: Determination of the effect of a species of marine polychaete on the fate of Arabian Light crude 

oil. Polychaetes added to sediment with or without crude oil for 45 da in a flow-through system. 

Measured mixing of sediments by oligochaetes and concentrations of saturated hydrocarbons at varying 

depths within the sediment containers. Discusses the influence of oligochaetes in the disposition of oil in 

sediments. 

Gilbert, F., G. Desrosiers, S. Hulth, G. Stora, 2001. Comparison between the Nereis diversicolor and 

Nereis virens marine worms in the transformation of ingested hydrocarbons. Journal of the Marine 

Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81:886. 

Keywords: algae/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ evaluation/ experiment/ faeces/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ metabolism/ Ofour/ polychaete/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: An evaluation and comparison of alkane metabolism in two closely related marine polychaetes. 

Polychaetes were fed aglae anaesthetized with an alkane mixture for up to 12 da. Faeces were collected 

during the first 24 hrs and gut tissue was collected at the end of the experiment. Analyzed control algae, 

faeces, and gut tissue for a suite of alkanes. 

Gilfillan, E. S., D. S. Page, S. A. Hanson, J. C. Foster, J. Hotham, D. Vallas, E. Pendergast, S. 

Hebert, S. D. Pratt, and R. Gerber 1885. Tidal area dispersant experiment, Searsport Maine: and 

overview. Pages 553-559 in 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API 4385. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ community/ concentration/ density/ dispersant/ experiment/ 

general effect/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ Maine/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ ODeight/ oil/ 

oil spill/ overview/ population/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: An overview of a dispersant experiment in Maine that is documented by five previously published 

reports (cited in reference section). Presents figures depicting GC tracings of aliphatic hydrocarbon 

fractions, concentrations of hydrocarbons in tissues of bivalves from before and after the spill, population 

density of several invertebrate species, and 'scope for growth' and metabolism data for bivalves. 

130 
Gilfillan, E. S., D. Mayo, S. Hanson, D. Donovan, L. C. Jiang, 1976. Reduction in carbon flux in Mya 

arenaria caused by a spill of No. 6 fuel oil. Marine Biology 37 :115-123. 

Keywords: assimilation/ bivalve/ carbon/ chlorophyll/ clam/ concentration/ effects/ estimate/ fuel oil/ 

Maine/ marine invertebrate/ No.6 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ 

reduction/ respiration/ salinity/ salt water/ sediment/ shell/ spill/ temperature/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a No. 6 fuel oil spill in Casco Bay, Maine on carbon flow in soft shell 

clams. Sampled clams at a contaminated and an uncontaminated site on a monthly basis from Nov. 

1972 to Nov. 1973. Clams transported to a laboratory where rates of respiration, assimilation , and 

filtration were determined. Monthly estimates of carbons flow were calculated. Also measured annual 

cycle of seawater temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, and petroleum concentrations in clam tissue and 

sediment. 

Gilfillan, E. S., S. A. Hanson, D. Vallas, R. Gerber, D. S. Page, J. Foster, J. Hotham, and S. D. Pratt

1983. Effect of spills of dispersed and non-dispersed oil on intertidal infaunal community structure. Pages 

457-463 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference, API 4356. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ crude oil/ dispersant/ experiment/ infauna/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ salt water/ sampling/ spill/ structure/ time/ treatment 

Notes: A field experiment involving three large intertidal sampling plots in a Long Cove, Searsport, ME. 

The plots contained both upper and lower intertidal sampling sites and were exposed to either no oil, 

crude oil, or chemically-dispersed (dispersant unidentified) crude oil. Benthic infauna were sampled 

before treatment and six times during the following year. Infauna were identified and enumerated. 

Gilfillan, E. S., N. P. Maher, C. M. Krejsa, M. E. Lanphear, C. D. Ball, J. B. Meltzer, D. S. Page, 1995. 

Use of remote sensing to document changes in marsh vegetation following the Amoco Cadiz oil spill 

(Brittany, France, 1978). Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:780-787. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ France/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ photograph/ salt water/ sediment/ 

spill/ vegetation 

Notes: Two areas of coastal marsh were heavily oiled by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978. One was 

subjected to sediment removal by heavy equipment and the other was never cleaned. Aerial 

photographs from before and after the spill (1971 and 1990 for the cleaned and 1971 and 1987 for the 

uncleaned) were compared to quantify changes in amount of vegetative cover and type of vegetation 

(low, mid, or high marsh). 

Gilfillan, E. S., E. J. Harner, J. E. O'Reilly, D. S. Page, W. A. Burns, 1999. A comparison of shoreline 

assessment study designs used for the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:380-388. 

Keywords: analysis/ effects/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ methods/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Onine/ Prince William Sound/ shoreline/ spill/ statistics/ technical 

Notes: An evaluation of the study designs of three study programs that assessed the effects of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill on shoreline biota in Prince William Sound for 1990. Evaluated objectives, design 

characteristics, analysis methods, and statistical power. 

Gill, D. A. 1994. Environmental disaster and fishery co-management in a natural resource community: 

impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Pages 207-235 in C. L. Dyer, J. R. McGoodwin, editors. Folk 

Management in the World's Fisheries. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. 

Keywords: commercial fishing/ community/ crude oil/ economy/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fishery/ humans/ 

natural resource/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ society/ spill/ structure 

Notes: Assessment of the disruption of commercial fishing caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill; 

consequences to fishermen and their social and economic structures. 

Gill, S. D. 1977. Dispersant field trials in Canadian waters. Pages 391-394 in 1977 Oil Spill Conference. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Canada/ condition/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ technical/ 

temperature 

Notes: Dispersant field trials were held in Canada during the summer of 1975 and the winter of 1976. 

Five chemical dispersants were tested under a variety of weather conditions and apparatus configurations 

involving the Warren Springs apparatus. 

131 
Gilroy, D. J., 2000. Derivation of shellfish harvest reopening criteria following the New Carissa oil spill in 

Coos Bay, Oregon. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 60:317-329. 

Keywords: clam/ coast/ concentration/ criteria/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fuel oil/ harvest/ light/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ PAH/ shellfish/ spill 

Notes: Derivation of risk-based criteria for reopening shellfish harvesting after a large spill of light diesel 

fuel and heavy fuel oil on the coast of Oregon. Sampled oysters, clams, and mussels; analyzed them for 

PAH concentrations; and used the results in the assessment process. 

Gin, K. Y. H., M. K. Huda, W. K. Lim, P Tkalich, 2001. An oil spill-food chain interaction model for 

coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:590-597. 

Keywords: dispersant/ fate/ fish/ food/ food chain/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ 

model/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ plankton/ sediment/ simulation/ Singapore/ spill/ transport/ 

water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: Authors combine an oil spill fate and transport model and a food chain model and apply it to a 

recent oil spill in the Singapore Strait. The combined model was validated with a 2-dimensional 

simulation, the addition of an oil dispersant to the 2-dimensional simulation, and with a 3-dimensional 

hydrodynamic model of the Singapore Strait. 

Glegg, G. A., S. J. Rowland, 1996. The Braer oil spill -- hydrocarbon concentrations in intertidal 

organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:486-492. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ Shetland/ species/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Determination of the concentrations of selected aromatic hydrocarbons in two bivalve species 

collected at five locations near the site of the Braer oil spill in Shetland, British Isles. Bivalves sampled at 

1 wk, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 15 mo post spill. Tissue analyzed for 4-6 selected mono, di, and triaromatics. 

Glegg, G. A., L. Hickman, S. J. Rowland, 1999. Contamination of limpets (Patella vulgata) following the 

Sea Empress oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:119-125. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ England/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ limpet/ 

marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ phenanthrene/ salt water/ Shetland/ spill/ tanker/ 

time 

Notes: Limpets were sampled 2 wk, 4 mos, and 7 mos after the grounding of the Sea Empress oil tanker 

near Milford Haven, England in February 1996. Limpets were collected at four sites and analyzed for 

naphthalenes and phenanthrenes. Results were compared to the results from a similar evaluation 

performed after the Braer oil spill off the coast of Shetland in 1993. An effort was made to identify the 

source of the hydrocarbons. 

Gochfeld, M., 1979. Prevalence of oiled plumage of terns and skimmers on western Long Island, New 

York: baseline data prior to petroleum exploration. Environmental Pollution 20:123-129. 

Keywords: bird/ colony/ New York/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ plumage/ salt water/ skimmer/ tern 

Notes: Incidence of plumage oiling for common terns and black skimmers in colonies on western Long 

Island. 

Goethe, F., 1968. The effects of oil pollution on populations of marine and coastal birds. Helgolander 

Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 17:370-374. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ Europe/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ refined oil/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: General comments and several specific descriptions of oil spills in western Europe. 

Gogot, B. K., N. N. Dutta, P. Goswami, T. R. Krishna Mohan, 2003. A case study of bioremediation of 

petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil at a crude oil spill site. Advances in Environmental Research 

7:767-782. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ degradation/ development/ India/ microbes/ 

oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ procedure/ resin/ soil/ spill/ surfactant 

Notes: Development of procedures for the bioremediation of contaminated oil field soils in India. Five 

samples of soil were analyzed for saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltines; soil chemical properties; 

132 
and microbial content. Cultures of selected bacterial groups were tested for their petroleum degradation 

potential. Trials involved enhancement of desorption (biosurfactant, synthetic surfactant) and degradation 

(bacterial consortia, nutrient addition, aeration) enhancement. Cultures were run for 60 da in the lab and 

> 300 da in field trials. 

Goksoyr, A., T. S. Solberg, B. Serigstad, 1991. Immunochemical detection of cytochrome P450IA1 

induction in cod larvae and juveniles exposed to a water soluble fraction of North Sea crude oil. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 22:122-127. 

Keywords: cod/ concentration/ crude oil/ detection/ eggs/ fish/ juvenile/ larvae/ metabolism/ mixedfunction oxidase/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ solubility 

Notes: Mixed-function oxidase response of cod eggs, larvae, and juveniles to variable concentrations of 

the water-soluble fraction of North Sea crude oil; exposure for 1 to 6 weeks. 

Gold-Bouchot, G., R. Sima-Alvarez, O. Zapata-Perez, J. Guemez-Ricalde, 1995. Histopathological 

effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals on the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from 

Tabasco, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31:4-12. 

Keywords: condition/ effects/ Gulf of Mexico/ hydrocarbons/ index/ length/ lesions/ marine invertebrate/ 

metals/ Mexico/ Ofour/ oyster/ particulate/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salinity/ salt 

water/ shell/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Effort to relate histopathologic tissue lesions of oysters to contaminants and salinity at three 

coastal lagoons in the Mexican state of Tabasco (Gulf of Mexico). Collected oysters during Jun., Sept., 

and Nov. of 1992 and May of 1993. Measured soft tissue weight, shell length, and a condition index of 

oysters, as well as salinity at the collection site. Four classes of tissue examined for histologic lesions. 

Analyzed tissue for petroleum hydrocarbons, six metals, and particulate matter. 

Goldsworthy, S. D., R. P. Gales, M. Giese, N. Brothers, 2000. Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little 

penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of mortality. Wildlife Research 27:559-571. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ coast/ colony/ effects/ estimate/ evaluation/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ 

population/ procedure/ reproduction/ salt water/ spill/ survey/ survival/ time/ transect 

Notes: One part of a three part assessment of the effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on penguins in coastal 

Tasmania. The evaluation was performed on Ninth Island off the Tasmanian coast. Investigators 

employed transects, funnel traps, and a mark-recapture procedure to estimate the incidence of oiling and 

colony activities. The colony was survey in 1986 and then three times (1995-96) after the July 1995 spill. 

Golet, G. H., P. E. Seiser, A. D. McGuire, D. D. Roby, J. B. Fischer, K. J. Kuletz, D. B. Irons, T. A. 

Dean, S. C. Jewett, S. H. Newman, 2002. Long-term direct and indirect effects of the 'Exxon Valdez' oil 

spill on pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series 241:287-304. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ analysis/ biochemical/ biochemistry/ bird/ blood/ chicks/ condition/ Exxon 

Valdez/ growth/ guillemot/ liver/ long-term/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ Prince William Sound/ salt 

water/ spill/ time 

Notes: A major study of the residual effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on pigeon guillemots. An oiled 

study site in central Prince William Sound (PWS) was compared to an unoiled site in southwest PWS. 

The oiled site was studied for 5 yrs prior to the spill (1978-81, 1984) and for 8 yrs after the spill (1989-90, 

1994-99). The unoiled site was studied for 6 yrs after the spill (1993-98). Investigators censused 

populations, collected livers from chicks for cytochrome P450 induction, collected blood from adults for 

biochemical analysis; and determined body condition of adults, prey availability, chick growth, and 

reproductive success. 

Gomez Gesteira, J. L., J.-C. Dauvin, 2000. Amphipods are good bioindicators of the impact of oil spills 

on soft-bottom macrobenthic communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1017-1027. 

Keywords: abundance/ Aegean Sea/ Amoco Cadiz/ amphipod/ benthic/ community/ crude oil/ France/ 

habitat/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ polychaete/ population/ ratio/ salt water/ Spain/ 

spill/ time 

Notes: A comparison of the macrobenthos in soft-bottom coastal habitats affected by the Amoco Cadiz

crude oil spill in France (1978) and the Aegean Sea crude oil spill in Spain (1992). In France, benthic 

samples were collected four to six times per year (8/77 to 3/82) at one site and monthly (4/78 to 3/82) at a 

133 
second site. In Spain, samples were collected at five sites; monthly from 12/92 to 11/93, three times in 

1994, eight times in 1995, and four times in 1996. Macrobenthos were identified and evaluated as total 

abundance, crustacea abundance, polychaete abundance, mollusc abundance, and 

polychaete/amphipod ratio. 

Gomez Gesteira, J. L., J. C. Dauvin, M. Salvande Fraga, 2003. Taxonomic level for assessing oil spill 

effects on soft-bottom sublittoral benthic communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:562-572. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ benthic/ community/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ France/ marine invertebrate/ 

multivariate/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ salt water/ Spain/ species/ spill/ sublittoral/ taxonomy/ technical 

Notes: Authors sampled sublittoral benthic communities for 4 yrs after the Aegean Sea (Galicia, Spain) 

and Amoco Cadiz (Brittany, France) crude oil spills. Organisms were classified according to species, 

genus, and family; diversity indicies were calculated, and multivariate analyses were performed. 

Gonzalez, C., A. V. Botello, G. Diaz, 1992. Presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments and 

organisms from Campeche Bank, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:267-270. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ salt water/ sediment/ shrimp 

Notes: Twenty-two samples of sediment and two samples each of fish and shrimp were collected from 

the offshore waters of the Campeche Bank and analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. Several GC tracings 

are also shown. 

Gooday, G. W., 1980. Convoluta roscoffensis and the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

11:101-103. 

Keywords: abundance/ Amoco Cadiz/ beach/ biomass/ colony/ crude oil/ density/ intertidal/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ protein/ salt water/ species/ spill/ time 

Notes: The populations of an intertidal flatworm at a beach affected by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill of 1978 

were evaluated by comparing prespill (1976) data with postspill data (mid-1978). Measured abundance 

of colonies and species density within colonies at nine sites; one site was also characterized by 

measuring protein content, protein biomass, time of air exposure, and nearest spring tide. 

Gordon, J. C., 1929. No title (letter). Bird Notes and News 13:175. 

Keywords: bird/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ Scotland/ spill 

Notes: Report of bird deaths from an oil spill in Scotland. 

Gorman, M. L., C. E. Simms, 1978. Lack of effect of ingested Forties Field crude oil on avian growth. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:273-276. 

Keywords: bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ duckling/ Forties Field crude oil/ fresh water/ growth/ gull/ herring/ 

herring gull/ oil/ Oone 

Notes: Report of no effect on growth of chicks, ducklings, and herring gull chicks as a result of dosing 

with Forties Field crude oil. 

Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, 1981. Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic 

nathpthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 10:765-777. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude 

oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Physiological effects of ingestion of South Louisiana crude oil in diet for periods up to 500 days. 

Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, J. Cronshaw, 1981. The effects of ingested petroleum on the naphthalenemetabolizing properties of liver tissue in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). 

Environmental Research 24:377-390. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ liver/ Louisiana/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ 

petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ South Louisiana 

crude oil/ tissue 

Notes: Effects on liver of mallards receiving diets containing South Louisiana, Kuwait, Prudhoe Bay, or 

two types of Santa Barbara crude oil for 50 days. 

134 
Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, 1982. Adrenocortical function and hepatic naphthalene metabolism in 

mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) consuming petroleum distillates. Environmental Research 28:139-

146. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

metabolism/ naphthalene/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Physiological effects of four distillate fractions of South Louisiana crude oil in the diet on mallard 

ducks. 

Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, 1982. Variations with age in the adrenocortical responses of mallard ducks 

(Anas platyrhynchos) consuming petroleum-contaminated food. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 29:146-152. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ food/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

mallard/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Physiological effects on mallards of different ages (all less than 1 year) of South Louisiana crude 

oil in the diet; adrenocortical response. 

Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, 1982. Suppression of adrenocortical activity in mallard ducks exposed to 

petroleum-contaminated food. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:497-502. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ food/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

mallard/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Physiological effects on mallard ducks of South Louisiana crude oil in the diet; suppression of 

adrenocortical activity. 

Gorsline, J., W. N. Holmes, 1982. Ingestion of petroleum by breeding mallard ducks: some effects on 

neonatal progeny. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:147-153. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ duckling/ effects/ female/ fresh water/ ingestion/ Louisiana/ mallard/ 

oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Physiological effects on breeding female mallards of South Louisiana and Prudhoe Bay crude oils 

in the diet; induction of similar physiological effects in ducklings. 

Gorsline, J. 1982. The effects of South Louisiana crude oil on adrenocortical function. Pages 359-364 in 

C. G. Scanes, M. A. Ottinger, A. D. Kenny, J. Balthazart, J. Cronshaw, I. C. Jones, editors. Aspects of 

Avian Endocrinology: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Graduate Studies, Texas Tech University. 

Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas. 

Keywords: activity/ adrenal/ biochemistry/ bird/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana 

crude oil/ mallard/ mixed-function oxidase/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil/ steroid/ 

Texas 

Notes: Discussion of the effect of ingested South Louisiana crude oil on adrenocortical function and 

mixed function oxidase activity in mallard ducks. 

Gough, M. A., S. J. Rowland, 1990. Characterization of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in 

petroleum. Nature 344:648-650. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ biodegradation/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ refined oil/ 

sand/ saturated hydrocarbons/ technical/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: A chemical assessment of the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of saturated hydrocarbons. 

Eight oils, including crudes, refined oils, spilled oil, and oil sand were subject to GC-MS analytical 

methods. Investigators synthesized linear and branched alkanes and subjected them to biodegradation. 

Also assessed the molecular consequences of oxidation of UCM components. 

Graham, R. J., T. C. Dorris, 1968. Long-term toxicity bioassay of oil refinery effluents. Water Research 

2:643-663. 

Keywords: bioassay/ effluent/ fathead minnow/ fish/ flow-through/ fresh water/ long-term/ oil/ Othree/ 

refinery/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Toxicity assessment (survival) of four oil refinery effluents, using fathead minnows, flow-through 

bioassays, and exposure periods of 4 days and 32 days. 

135 
Gramentz, D., 1988. Involvement of loggerhead turtle with the plastic, metal, and hydrocarbon pollution in 

the central Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:11-13. 

Keywords: litter/ Mediterranean/ metals/ oil/ OthreeR/ plastic/ pollution/ reptile/ salt water/ spill/ turtle 

Notes: Examination of 99 loggerhead turtles caught by fishermen near the island of Malta for evidence of 

exposure to oil and plastic and metal litter. 

Granby, K., N. H. Spliid, 1995. Hydrocarbons and organochlorines in common mussels from the 

Kattegat and the Belts and their relation to condition indices. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:74-82. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ Denmark/ hydrocarbons/ index/ length/ lipid/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ North Sea/ Ofour/ organochlorines/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

saturated hydrocarbons/ shell/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Common mussels were sampled at 26 sites in the waters east of Denmark (Baltic & North Sea 

interface) and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds. Measured shell 

length, dry weight of tissue, lipid content, saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated 

hydrocarbons, and calculated a condition index. 

Grant, A., A. D. Briggs, 2002. Toxicity of sediments from around a North Sea oil platform: are metals or 

hydrocarbons responsible for ecological impacts? Marine Environmental Research 53:116. 

Keywords: amphipod/ concentration/ cuttings/ depth/ distance/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ metals/ Microtox/ North Sea/ Ofour/ oil/ oil platform/ polychaete/ rate/ salt water/ sampling/ 

sediment/ survival/ toxicity/ transect 

Notes: An evaluation of the cause of toxicity produced by drill cuttings around a North Sea oil platform. 

Sediments were sampled from two parallel transects at various distances from the platform and brought 

into the laboratory. Microtox toxicity (15 min) was determined at up to five sediment depths per sampling 

station. An amphipod and a polychaete were used to test for toxicity (10 da) of a number of dilutions of 

the surface (0-5 cm) sediment. Measured EC50 for the Microtox, survival for the amphipod and 

polychaete, casting rate for the polychaete, metal concentrations, and total hydrocarbon concentrations. 

Grassle, J. F., R. Elmgren, J. P. Grassle, 1981. Response of benthic communities in MERL 

experimental ecosystems to low level, chronic additions of No. 2 fuel oil. Marine Environmental Research 

4:279-297. 

Keywords: benthic/ chronic/ community/ concentration/ density/ ecosystem/ effects/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ macrofauna/ meiofauna/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ recovery/ 

sediment/ species 

Notes: Effects on sediment macrofauna and meiofauna of chronic exposure to No. 2 fuel oil was 

determined through the use of experimental marine ecosystems. Oil-water dispersions were added 

periodically to the water over a 25 wk period followed by an 8 wk recovery period. Measured density of 

macrofauna and meiofauna species and concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment. 

Grau, C. R., T. Roudybush, J. Dobbs, J. Wathen, 1977. Altered yolk structure and reduced hatchability 

of eggs from birds fed single doses of petroleum oils. Science 195:779-781. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ Canada/ Canada geese/ chicken/ crude oil/ effects/ egg yolk/ eggs/ fresh 

water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ Japanese quail/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

petroleum oil/ quail/ South Louisiana crude oil/ structure 

Notes: Report of the effects on yolk deposition in Japanese quail, Canada geese, and chickens of single 

oral doses of South Louisiana and Kuwait crude oils, Bunker C fuel oil, or No. 2 fuel oil. 

Gray, J. S., K. R. Clarke, R. M. Warwick, G. Hobbs, 1990. Detection of initial effects of pollution on 

marine benthos: an example from the Ekofisk and Eldfisk oilfields, North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 66:285-299. 

Keywords: benthic/ detection/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ multivariate/ North Sea/ Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ oil 

platform/ pollution/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ transect 

Notes: Effects of contamination from oil drilling platforms in two oilfields in the North Sea on marine 

benthic organisms. Established sampling transects radiating away from the oil platforms. Used 

multivariate techniques to detect changes caused by contamination. Applied technique to species and 

higher taxonomic groups. 

136 
Gregg, J. C., J. W. Fleeger, K. R. Carman, 1997. Effects of suspended, diesel-contaminated sediment 

on feeding rate in the darter goby, Gobionellus boleosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Marine Pollution Bulletin 

34:269-275. 

Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ estuarine/ feeding/ fish/ Othree/ rate/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Effects of sediments contaminated with diesel fuel on feeding by a small bottom-feeding estuarine 

fish. 

Gregory, D. G., W. C. Edwards, 1991. Investigating oiled birds from oil field waste pits. Veterinary and 

Human Toxicology 33:497-498. 

Keywords: bird/ fresh water/ oil/ oil field/ oiled/ Oklahoma/ Oone/ waste oil 

Notes: Report of the the laboratory work supporting an investigation of deaths of birds in oil field waste 

pits in Oklahoma. 

Griffin, L. F., J. A. Calder, 1977. Toxic effect of water-soluble fractions of crude, refined, and weathered 

oils on the growth of a marine bacterium. Applied Environmental Microbiology 33:1092-1096. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ Bunker C/ concentration/ crude oil/ evaluation/ Florida J 

crude oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ refined oil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

weathered 

Notes: Evaluation of the toxic effect of water-soluble fractions of three crude and two refined oils to a 

marine bacterium in batch culture. One crude and one refined oil were 'weathered' and also tested on the 

bacterium. Measured bacterium growth and the concentration of selected aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

water-soluble fractions. 

Griffiths, R. P., T. M. McNamara, B. A. Caldwell, R. Y. Morita, 1981. A field study on the acute effects 

of the dispersant Corexit 9527 on glucose uptake by marine microorganisms. Marine Environmental 

Research 5:83-91. 

Keywords: acute/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ glucose/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ respiration/ salt water/ sediment/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Corexit 9527 alone or combined with Prudhoe Bay crude oil on 

glucose uptake or respiration by marine microorganisms in water and sediment. A total of 149 water and 

95 sediment samples were collected and tested. Concentration of Corexit 9527 ranged from 0 to 100 

ppm. 

Griffiths, R. P., B. A. Caldwell, W. A. Broich, R. Y. Morita, 1982. The long-term effects of crude oil on 

microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 15:183-198. 

Keywords: Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ long-term/ microbes/ nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ 

redox potential/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Cook Inlet crude oil on microbes in sediment. Sediment collected 

from Kachemak Bay proper, mixed with 50 ppt crude oil, and used in several experiments. Some samples 

were returned to their site of collection and monitored for up to 18 mo. Other sediment was used to 

'overlay' clean sediment and similarly returned to the collection site. Aquaria in a flowing seawater 

system were used for several experiments involving fresh and weathered crude oil for varying periods of 

time. Measured nitrogen fixation, denitrification, redox potential, CO2 production, and methane production. 

Griffiths, R. P., B. A. Caldwell, W. A. Broich, R. Y. Morita, 1982. Long-term effects of crude oil on 

microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments. Studies on sediments amended with organic 

nutrients. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:273-278. 

Keywords: Alaska/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ long-term/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ organic/ 

Oten/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Effects of Cook Inlet crude oil on microbes in sediments amended with organic nutrients. 

Sediments collected from several sites in Kachemak Bay proper, amended with starch, cellulose, chitin, 

or seaweed and mixed with 50 ppt crude oil. Sediments returned to collection site and retrieved 6 or 8 

mo later. Measured 11 or 13 microbial processes. 

Groff, J. M., J. E. Blake, B. Rideout, R. Basaraba, and D. Wilson 1990. Necropsy observations in 

Alaskan sea otters (Enhydra lutis) from Prince William Sound affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

137 
Pages 31-32 in Annual Meeting of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, 21. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fur/ mammal/ necropsy/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ pathology/ 

physiology/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Report of the necropsy results for 78 Alaskan sea otters killed by the Exxon Valdez spill or dying 

in rehabilitation centers. 

Gross, A. O. 1951. The herring gull - cormorant control project. Pages 532-536 in Sven Horstadius, 

editor. Proceedings of the Xth International Ornithological Congress, Uppsala, June 1950. Almqvist & 

Wiksell, Uppsala, Sweden. 

Keywords: bird/ cormorant/ eggs/ England/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ New England/ oiled/ Oone/ 

population/ population control/ salt water 

Notes: Description of a population control project for herring gulls and cormorants in New England; use of 

a water-oil-formalin mixture sprayed on the eggs. 

Grossi, V., D. Massias, G. Stora, J.-C. Bertrand, 2002. Burial, exportation and degradation of acyclic 

petroleum hydrocarbons following a simulated oil spill in bioturbated Mediterranean coastal sediments. 

Chemosphere 48:947-954. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ benthic/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ depth/ France/ 

hydrocarbons/ incubation/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ Mediterranean/ microbes/ movement/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ 

time 

Notes: Sediment cores at the bottom of the Gulf of Fos (France) were used to determine the influence of 

benthic infauna on the movement of petroleum into the sediment. One group of cores was contaminated 

with a petroleum 'cake' (sediment plus Arabian light crude oil), a second set was similarly contaminated 

but with fluorescent particles added as tracers, and a third set with sediment-only cake. In situ incubation 

lasted for 12 mos with sequential sampling of cores at 2, 6, and 12 mos. Presence of fluorescent 

particles and concentration of saturated hydrocarbons at depth were measured. 

Gruger, E. H., Jr., M. M. Wekell, T. Numoto, D. R. Craddock, 1977. Induction of hepatic aryl 

hydrocarbon hydroxylase in salmon exposed to petroleum dissolved in seawater and to petroleum and 

polychlorinated biphenyls, separate and together, in food. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 17:512-520. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dissolved/ effects/ fish/ food/ hydrocarbons/ metabolism/ oil/ Othree/ PCB/ 

petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in coho salmon by exposure to Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil (dispersed or dissolved in water or incorporated in food); food incorporation was with or without 

PCBs. 

Grujic, S., B. Jovancicevic, P. Polic, H. Wehner, 2003. Biomarkers of oil-type pollutants in surface soil. 

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12:359-363. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomarker/ cycloalkane/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ soil/ sterane/ technical/ triterpane 

Notes: Samples of soil at two depths were collected next to a bomb crater filled with unknown petroleum 

product and from a site 100 m distant. Samples were analyzed for n-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, 

and sterane and triterpane cycloalkanes. 

Gruttner, H., K. Jensen, 1983. Effects of chronic oil pollution from refinery effluent on sediment 

microflora in a Danish coastal area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 14:456-459. 

Keywords: abundance/ alkane/ assay/ bacteria/ chronic/ concentration/ Denmark/ discharges/ effects/ 

effluent/ fungi/ incubation/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ pollution/ refinery/ salt water/ sediment/ 

transect/ waste water/ yeast 

Notes: A refinery in Denmark annually discharges considerable waste water into a coastal inlet. Samples 

of surface sediment were collected from along a 12 km transect extending from the refinery discharge 

toward the sea. Alkanes in the sediment were quantified and the concentrations of heterotrophic 

bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts were determined after laboratory incubation assays lasting from 1 

wk to 2 mos. Microbe abundance was compared to the quantity of alkanes in the sediment. 

138 
Gudin, C., W. J. Syratt, 1975. Biological aspects of land rehabilitation following hydrocarbon 

contamination. Environmental Pollution 8:107-112. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Europe/ farming/ fertilizer/ France/ freshwater plant/ land farming/ 

microbes/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ petroleum waste/ plant/ rehabilitation/ soil/ survey/ 

vegetation 

Notes: A set of studies that evaluates land farming of petroleum products and petroleum wastes. Studies 

included: (1) application of a paraffinic or aromatic residue to soil with or without N fertilizer and with or 

without plant cover, (2) four soil types at different locations received different types of petroleum products 

or wastes - one site was with or without N fertilizer, (3) a vegetation survey of 15 polluted (natural and 

anthropogenic) sites in Europe. 

Guerin, M. R., C.-h. Ho, T. K. Rao, B. R. Clark, J. L. Epler, 1980. Polycyclic aromatic primary amines as 

determinant chemical mutagens in petroleum substitutes. Environmental Research 23:42-53. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ coal/ coal oil/ crude oil/ miscellaneous/ mutation/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

petroleum/ shale oil/ synthetic oil/ toxicity 

Notes: A bacterial mutation assay with four types of crude oils, two types of shale oil, and five types of 

coal oil. Particular emphasis on the polycyclic aromatic primary amines. 

Guidetti, P., M. Modena, G. La Mesa, M. Vacchi, 2000. Composition, abundance and stratification of 

macrobenthos in the marine area impacted by tar aggregates derived from the Haven oil spill (Ligurian 

Sea, Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1161-1166. 

Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ community/ composition/ crude oil/ depth/ effects/ Iranian crude oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ tanker/ taxonomy 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of tar aggregates from heavy Iranian crude oil spilled by the tanker 

Haven on macrobenthos. Three oiled sites were compared to three unoiled sites. Sediment samples 

were divided into three depth layers. Qualitatively classified presence of tar aggregates and identified 

and counted benthic organisms according to depth layer. 

Guillen, G. J., D. Palafox, 1985. The effects of weathered crude oil from the M/T Alvenus spill on eggs 

and yolk-sac larvae of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Gulf Research Report 8:15-20. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ concentration/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ larvae/ oil/ Othree/ 

salt water/ spill/ survival/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: Effects on red drum eggs and larvae of exposure to weathered Venezuelan crude oil from the M/T 

Alvenus spill. Experimental exposure for approximately 4 days to varying concentrations of the 

weathered oil followed by assessment of survival, development, and abnormalities. 

Guiney, P. D., J. L. Sykora, G. Keleti, 1987. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of petroleum 

hydrocarbon concentrations in a trout stream contaminated by an aviation kerosene spill. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 6:105-114. 

Keywords: aviation kerosine/ concentration/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/ kerosene/ Othree/ Pennsylvania/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ sediment/ species/ spill/ stream 

Notes: Fate of aviation kerosene following a spill into a Pennsylvania stream; sediments sampled for 21 

months, fish sampled for 7 months. 

Gundersen, D. T., S. W. Kristanto, L. R. Curtis, S. N. Al-Yakoob, M. M. Metwally, D. Al-Ajmi, 1996. 

Subacute toxicity of the water-soluble fractions of Kuwait crude oil and partially combusted crude oil on 

Menidia beryllina and Palaemonetes pugio. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

31:1-8. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fish/ growth/ Gulf oil spill/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ oil/ Othree/ 

salt water/ shrimp/ species/ subacute/ toxicity/ war 

Notes: Comparative toxicity to a fish and a shrimp species of the water-soluble fraction of Kuwait crude 

oil and partially combusted crude oil; prompted by the extensive oil fires during the Gulf War (1991). 

Tests were run for 16 days and growth was measured. 

Gundlach, E. R., D. D. Domeracki, L. C. Thebeau, 1982. Persistence of METULA oil in the Strait of 

Magellan six and one-half years after the incident. Oil & Petrochemical Pollution 1:37-48. 

139 
Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ beach/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ degradation/ fuel oil/ gravel/ light/ Metula/ 

miscellaneous/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ pollution/ salt water/ sand/ shoreline/ spill/ 

tidal flat/ time/ weathered 

Notes: An re-evaluation of shoreline pollution 6.5 yrs after the Metula oil spill (Arabian light crude oil and 

Bunker C fuel oil) in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Sections on mixed sand and gravel beaches 

(exposed and sheltered), tidal flats (exposed and sheltered), and marshes. 

Gundlach, E. R., P. D. Boehm, M. Marchand, R. M. Atlas, D. M. Ward, D. A. Wolfe, 1983. The fate of 

Amoco Cadiz oil. Science 221:122-129. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ 

effects/ fate/ fish/ France/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeight/ oil/ oil slick/ persistence/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ region/ review/ salt 

water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ subtidal/ time 

Notes: A review and assessment of the fate of the crude oil spilled from the Amoco Cadiz off the coast of 

Brittany, France. Presents GC tracings of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon 

concentrations in sediment, temporal spread of the oil slick, sediment depth profile of saturated and 

aromatic hydrocarbons, and a table with the chronicological persistence of the oil in water, onshore, and 

in the subtidal regions. Also discusses the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in fish and invertebrates 

and the observed effects on populations and communities. 

Gundlach, E. R. 1987. Oil-holding capacities and removal coefficients for different shoreline types to 

computer simulate spills in coastal waters. Pages 451-457 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: beach/ estimate/ gravel/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ rate/ rocky shore/ salt water/ sand/ 

shoreline/ spill/ technical/ tidal flat/ wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the petroleum retention characteristics and removal rates for rock, sand, and 

gravel beaches; tidal flats; and coastal wetlands. Author uses data from several major oil spills as the 

basis for estimates. 

Gunkel, W. 1968. Bacteriological investigations of oil-polluted sediments from the Cornish coast following 

the Torrey Canyon disaster. Pages 151-158 in J. D. Carthy, D. R. Arthur, editors. The Biological effects 

of oil pollution on littoral communities: proceedings of a symposium held at the Orielton Field Centre, 

Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th February 1968. Field Studies. Field Studies Council, London. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ biological effects/ coast/ community/ effects/ littoral/ microbes/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Oten/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ Wales 

Notes: Survey of microbe presence in sediments of the Cornish coast after the Torrey Canyon oil spill. 

Twenty-three samples collected from seven locations. Measured the quantity of oil-decomposing and 

total bacteria. A preliminary study resulting in only general conclusions about the response of sediment 

bacteria to the presence of oil and oil emulsifiers. 

Gunkel, W., G. Gassmann, 1980. Oil, oil dispersants and related substances in the marine environment. 

Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 33:164-181. 

Keywords: analysis/ biological effects/ bird/ chemical analysis/ coral/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ 

environment/ fate/ general effect/ long-term/ mammal/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

plant/ ODeight/ oil/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ transport 

Notes: A review of the presence and consequences of petroleum in the marine environment. Sections 

on production and transport of crude oil, oil input to the marine environment, fate of oil, oil dispersants, 

problems in chemical analysis, biological effects, field studies of long-term effects, carcinogenic 

substances, and conclusions. 

Gunster, D. G., N. L. Bonnevie, C. A. Gillis, J. J. Wenning, 1993. Assessment of chemical loadings to 

Newark Bay, New Jersey from petroleum and hazardous chemical accidents occurring from 1986 to 

1991. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 25:202-213. 

Keywords: evaluation/ hazardous waste/ miscellaneous/ New Jersey/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ spill 

Notes: A description and evaluation of hazardous materials spills in Newark Bay and its tributaries during 

1986-91. Spill events broken down by volume and product. 

140 
Gunster, D. G., C. A. Gillis, N. L. Bonnevie, T. B. Abel, R. J. Wenning, 1993. Petroleum and 

hazardous chemical spills in Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA from 1982 to 1991. Environmental Pollution 

82:245-253. 

Keywords: evaluation/ hazardous waste/ miscellaneous/ New Jersey/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ spill 

Notes: A description and evaluation of petroleum and chemical spills in Neward Bay and it's major 

tributaries during the period 1982 to 1991. Spills are categorized according to location, volume, and type 

of material. 

Gurney, K. E., T. D. Williams, J. E. Smits, M. Wayland, S. Trudeau, L. I. Bendell-Young, 2005. Impact 

of oil-sands based wetlands on the growth of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 24:457-463. 

Keywords: activity/ bile/ bird/ blood/ duckling/ foraging/ fresh water/ growth/ liver/ mallard/ metabolite/ oil 

sands/ Oone/ PAH/ plasma/ sand/ survival/ wetland 

Notes: Ducklings (3 da old) were placed in pens (with shelters and feed) that extended into the water of 

two oil sands wetlands and a reference wetland. Multiple measures of growth were taken periodically 

during the next 33 days. Blood samples were collected at 13 and 33 days of age, and analyzed for 

plasma triglyceride and plasma glycerol. Survival was recorded and all ducklings were killed and 

necropsied at the end of the study. A sub-sample of the ducklings was immediately sampled for bile and 

a piece of liver. The bile was analyzed for PAH metabolites and the liver analyzed for EROD activity. 

Guzman, H. M., I. Holst, 1993. Effects of chronic oil-sediment pollution on the reproduction of the 

Caribbean reef coral Siderastrea siderea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:276-282. 

Keywords: Caribbean/ chronic/ colony/ condition/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ effects/ injury/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ pollution/ reproduction/ salt water/ size/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of a 1986 Panamanian crude oil spill on reproduction in a reef coral. 

The assessment was performed at four coral reefs, two oiled and two unoiled, between 39 and 54 mo 

post spill. Measured colony injury and size, and six characteristics of reproductive condition. 

Guzman, H. M., K. A. Burns, J. B. C. Jackson, 1994. Injury, regeneration and growth of Caribbean reef 

corals after a major oil spill in Panama. Marine Ecology Progress Series 105:231-241. 

Keywords: behavior/ Caribbean/ coast/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ effects/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ injury/ 

intertidal/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ Panama/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

residual oil/ salt water/ seagrass/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the long-term effects on reef corals of a large spill of crude oil on the Panamanian 

coast. The 1986 oil spill adversely affected intertidal mangroves, seagrass beds and reef flats. Authors 

conducted a 5-yr study of coral injury, regeneration, growth, behavior of residual oil, and petroleum 

hydrocarbons in sediment. 

Gyllenberg, G., G. Lundqvist, 1976. Some effects of emulsifiers and oil on two copepod species. Acta 

Zoologica Fennica 148:1-24. 

Keywords: activity/ behavior/ combination/ concentration/ consumption/ copepod/ crude oil/ effects/ flowthrough/ length/ lipid/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oxygen/ petroleum/ respiration/ salt water/ species/ 

static/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of two petroleum emulsifiers on two copepod species. Copepods were 

exposed in static and flow-through tests for up to 48 hr to emulsifiers alone or one emulsifier in 

combination with crude oil. Emulsifier concentrations varied from 10 to 10,000 ppm. Measured copepod 

behavior, survival, lipid content, oxygen consumption, and length of activity period. 

Hadley, D., 1977. Intra-and interspecific variability in tolerance of Southern California Littorina planaxis

and Littorina scutulata to petroleum. Environmental Research 13:186-208. 

Keywords: bioassay/ California/ crude oil/ effects/ gasoline/ gastropod/ kerosene/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude 

oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ 

Santa Barbara crude oil/ species/ static/ survival/ tolerance/ washing 

Notes: Effects of gasoline, kerosene, Santa Barbara crude oil, Kuwait crude oil and Louisiana crude oil 

on two species of marine gastropods (Littorina sp.). Gastropods had direct contact with oil followed by 6 

141 
hr in a static bioassay, washing, and then 7 da in a clean water static bioassay. Measured survival and 

attachment rates during the exposure and recovery periods. 

Hagstrom, B. E., S. Lonning, 1977. The effects of Esso Corexit 9527 on the fertilizing capacity of 

spermatozoa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:136-138. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ salt water/ 

sea urchin/ spermatozoa/ urchin 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of Corexit 9527 on sea urchin spermatozoa. Exposed spermatozoa to 

0.0003 to 1.5 ppm Corexit 9527 for 2 to 40 hr. Measured the ability of the exposed spermatozoa to 

fertilize sea urchin eggs. 

Haim, A., B. Nicolaisen, N. A. Oritsland, 1984. Crude oil -- its impact on the rat's heat balance. 

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 78A:259-261. 

Keywords: consumption/ crude oil/ effects/ fur/ ingestion/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ oxygen/ 

physiology/ rat/ temperature 

Notes: Effects on oxygen consumption (heat production) and body temperature of laboratory rats caused 

by either ingestion or fur oiling with crude oil. 

Haines, J. R., R. M. Atlas, 1982. In situ microbial degradation of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in Beaufort Sea 

sediments. Marine Environmental Research 7:91-102. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ Beaufort Sea/ 

biodegradation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ evaluation/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ population/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of the degradation rates of crude oil in Beaufort Sea sediments. Sediments were 

mixed with 5% Prudhoe Bay crude oil and placed in trays on the sea bottom. Trays were sampled at 0, 

0.5, 24, 48, 72 hrs; 7, 14, 21, 28 da; 3, 4, 8 mo; 1, 1.5, 2 yr. Sediments were analyzed for total aliphatics, 

total aromatics, and selected aliphatic and aromatics. Populations of bacteria were quantified at total 

bacteria and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. Also determined the nutrient concentration with the 

sediment. 

Hall, A. J., J. Watkins, L. Hiby, 1996. The impact of the 1993 Braer oil spill on grey seals in Shetland. 

Science of the Total Environment 186:119-125. 

Keywords: coast/ crude oil/ grey seal/ mammal/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ 

physiology/ respiration/ salt water/ seal/ Shetland/ spill/ tanker 

Notes: A report of respiratory distress in grey seals following the grounding of the tanker Braer (North 

Sea crude oil) off the coast Shetland, 1993. 

Hall, L. W. Jr, A. L. Buikema, Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., 1978. The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the 

grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 7:23-35. 

Keywords: age/ bioassay/ concentration/ effects/ effluent/ fish/ grass/ grass shrimp/ light/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ origin/ refinery/ salinity/ salt water/ sex/ shrimp/ size/ species/ survival/ temperature/ 

toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the effect on four species (two genera) of grass shrimp and the pinfish of 

exposure to a simulated refinery effluent. Used four concentrations of effluent, five water temperatures, 

four light intensities, four photoperiods, and four salinities; survival was assessed at 4, 8, 24, 48, and 96 

hrs. The investigators also determined the effects on survival of size, sex, and geographic origin of the 

shrimp. Bioassays were also performed to determine the relative toxicity of each of the six components of 

the simulated refinery effluent. 

Hall, R. J., A. A. Belisle, L. Sileo, 1983. Residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of sea turtles 

exposed to the Ixtoc I oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19:106-109. 

Keywords: coast/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ Ixtoc/ kidney/ liver/ Mexico/ naphthalene/ necropsy/ oil/ oil 

spill/ OthreeR/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ reptile/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ 

spill/ Texas/ tissue/ turtle 

Notes: Necropsy performed on three sea turtles (two green and one ridley) found dead after the Ixtoc I oil 

142 
reached the Texas coast. Necropsy results and analyses of saturated hydrocarbons plus naphthalene in 

liver and kidney of turtles. 

Hall, R. J. and N. C. Coon. 1988. Interpreting residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in wildlife tissues. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Biological Report 88(15). 7 pp. 

Keywords: concentration/ hydrocarbons/ interpretation/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

sampling/ technical/ tissue 

Notes: A brief guidance publication that explains how to evaluate reports of petroleum concentrations in 

animal tissue. Sections on background, sampling and handling of samples, reports and interpretation, 

when to analyze for hydrocarbons, and how to interpret the magnitude of the concentrations. 

Hamad, A., E. Al-Zubaidy, M. E. Fayed, 2005. Used lubricating oil recycling using hydrocarbon solvents. 

Journal of Environmental Management 74:153-159. 

Keywords: asphaltene/ carbon/ cleaning/ lubricating oil/ metals/ methods/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ 

procedure/ recycling/ solvent/ technical 

Notes: A description of two new procedures for cleaning used lubricating oil so it can be recycled. 

Evaluated liquefied petroleum gas condensate and stabilized condensate as solvents for the removal of 

metals, asphaltenes, ash, and carbon residue. Compared the results to two other published methods. 

Hamdoun, A. M., F. J. Griffin, G. N. Cherr, 2002. Tolerance to biodegraded crude oil in marine 

invertebrate embryos and larvae is associated with expression of a multixenobiotic resistance transporter. 

Aquatic Toxicology 61:127-140. 

Keywords: assay/ crude oil/ degradation/ development/ dye/ eggs/ embryo/ hatching/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ sea urchin/ sediment/ survival/ transport 

Notes: A sea urchin and a sediment worm were used in a laboratory assessment of the effects of 

microbially-degraded water-soluble fraction of Santa Barbara crude oil and the nondegraded equivalent. 

The WSF was analyzed for selected compounds. Fertilized eggs of both species were exposed to 0-3 

ppm of degraded or nondegraded hydrocarbons through the period of embryonic development. Used a 

dye transport assay to determine whether the biodegraded WSF was acting as a competitive inhibitor of 

the MXR transporter. Measured survival and development of embryos. In a further study, embryos were 

also exposed to 0-2.2 ppm biodegraded WSF after hatching. 

Hamoutene, D., J. F. Payne, A. Rahimtula, K. Lee, 2002. Use of the Comet assay to assess DNA 

damage in hemocytes and digestive gland cells of mussels and clams exposed to water contaminated 

with petroleum hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research 54:471-474. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ assay/ bivalve/ clam/ crude oil/ digestive gland/ DNA/ genetic/ hemocytes/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

species 

Notes: Oil-in-water dispersions and water-soluble fractions of Arabian crude oil were used in assays of 

the effects of the oil on two species of bivalves. Following experimental exposure for 6-12 da in aerated 

sea water tanks, hemocytes and digestive gland cells were evaluated with the Comet assay to measure 

DNA migration. 

Hamoutene, D., J. F. Payne, A. Rahimtula, K. Lee, 2004. Effect of water soluble fractions of diesel and 

an oil spill dispersant (Corexit 9527) on immune responses in mussels. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 72:1260-1267. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ coast/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ corn oil/ diesel/ 

dispersant/ immune response/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Newfoundland/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water 

Notes: Mussels collected from the coast of Newfoundland were used in laboratory assays to determine 

the effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of diesel, Corexit 9527, diesel + Corexit 9527, and corn oil on 

immune response. Exposure was to five concentrations of the WSF for 4 days. A second phagocytosis 

assay was performed over a 2-da exposure period. Measured effect on actin cytoskeleton integrity, 

hemocyte cellular response, and aromatic hydrocarbon content of the WSF. 

Hampson, G. R., E. T. Moul, 1977. Salt marsh grasses and #2 fuel oil. Oceanus 20:25-30. 

Keywords: Cape Cod/ cod/ community/ effects/ fuel oil/ grass/ marine plant/ Massachusetts/ No.2 fuel oil/ 

143 
oil/ Osix/ petroleum/ plant/ recovery/ salt marsh/ salt water/ spill/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: A study of the effects of a spill of No. 2 fuel oil near the Cape Cod Canal, Massachussetts. A 

series of vegetation quadrats were established 9 mos after the spill in an affected coastal wetland and in 

a reference wetland. Vegetation was identified and described during the next 22 mos. Authors make 

reference to other studies of the effects of petroleum on salt water plants. 

Hangovan, K., M. Vivekanandan, 1992. Effect of oil pollution on soil respiration and growth of Vigna 

mungo (L.) Hepper. Science of the Total Environment 116:187-194. 

Keywords: amino acids/ assay/ chlorophyll/ DNA/ effects/ emergence/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ 

germination/ growth/ land farming/ lipid/ oil/ Oseven/ phenol/ plant/ pollution/ protein/ respiration/ RNA/ 

seed/ seedling/ soil/ solubility/ treatment/ waste water 

Notes: Effect of repeated treatment of soil with treated oily waste water (land farming) on blackgram 

(Vigna mungo). Soil cores were taken and assessed for CO2 production (respiration). Soil from the top 

25 cm was used in a pot assay of seed effects; determined percentage of germination and seedling 

emergence, and the number of nodules per plant. Plants (30 da old) were analyzed for chlorophyll 

content, carotenoids, total phenols, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, total lipids, free amino 

acids, RNA, DNA, and leghaemoglobin content. 

Hansen, D. J. 1981. The relative sensitivity of seabird populations in Alaska to oil pollution. U.S. Dept. 

of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, Anchorage, AK. 

Technical Paper No. 3. 30 pp. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ development/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ 

species/ spill/ vulnerability 

Notes: An assessment of the vulnerability of species and populations of Alaskan seabirds to potential oil 

spills caused by offshore oil and gas development. 

Hansen, D. J. 1985. The potential effects of oil spills and other chemical pollutants on marine mammals 

occurring in Alaskan waters. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. 

OCS Report MMS 85-0031. 21 pp. 

Keywords: Alaska/ behavior/ effects/ foraging/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ pathology/ physiology/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Summary of the potential effects of oil and other chemicals on marine mammals in Alaskan 

waters. 

Hansen, W. G., G. Bitton, J. L. Fox, P. L. Brezonik, 1977. Hydrocarbon status in Florida real estate 

canals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:57-62. 

Keywords: abundance/ aerobic/ bacteria/ development/ Florida/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment 

Notes: Assessment of the presence of petroleum contamination in Florida real estate canals. Sediment 

samples collected at four coastal developments. Sediments analyzed for saturated hydrocarbons, 

aerobic bacteria, aerobic hydrocarbon-degrading aerobic bacteria, sulphate-reducing bacteria, and 

sulphate-reducing hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. 

Hanson, H. S., 1954. Criteria of age of incubated mallard, wood duck, and bob-white quail eggs. Auk 

71:267-272. 

Keywords: age/ bird/ criteria/ development/ duck/ eggs/ embryo/ mallard/ Oone/ quail/ wood duck 

Notes: Descriptions of embryo development for mallard, wood duck, and bob-white quail; characteristics 

to assist with age determination. 

Harfenist, A., A. P. Gilman, K. L. Maus, 1990. The effects of exposure of incubating adult and young 

herring gulls to a simulated No. 2 fuel oil slick. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

19:902-906. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ chicks/ effects/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ incubation/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ oil/ oil slick/ Oone/ survival 

Notes: Results of the exposure of nesting adult herring gulls (early and late-stage incubation) and chicks 

to simulated No 2 fuel oil slicks. 

144 
Harrel, R. C., 1985. Effects of a crude oil spill on water quality and macrobenthos of a southeast Texas 

stream. Hydrobiologia 124:223-228. 

Keywords: benthic/ chemical characteristics/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ pipeline/ spill/ stream/ Texas/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on stream macrobenthos of a 160 gal. pipeline spill of crude oil in a 

Texas stream; spill occurred 12/81. Characteristics of stream water were measured monthly from 8/79 - 

7/80 in a 'reference' stream and seven times between 12/81 and 2/84 in the affected stream. Benthic 

macroinvertebrates were measured 'seasonally' from 8/79 - 7/80 in the reference stream and six times 

between 12/81- 2/84 in the affected stream. 

Harris, B. C., J. S. Bonner, R. L. Autenrieth, 1999. Nutrient dynamics in marsh sediments contaminated 

by an oil spill following a flood. Environmental Technology 20:795-810. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ crude oil/ depth/ fuel oil/ gasoline/ microbes/ monitoring/ nutrients/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ pipeline/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ wetland 

Notes: Assessment of nutrient dynamics in a riverine wetland affected by simultaneous pipeline ruptures 

involving fuel oil, gasoline, and crude oil. Twenty-one permanent plots were established and sampled 

monthly for 323 da followed by a period of 'extended' monitoring lasting 146 da. Sediment was sampled 

at 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depths and analyzed for ammonium, available P, total Kjeldahl N, total Kjeldahl P, 

and total petroleum analytes. 

Hartley, J. P. and J. Ferbrache 1983. Biological monitoring of the Forties oilfield (North Sea). Pages 

407-414 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference, API 4356. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ community/ concentration/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ North Sea/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ organic/ 

population/ sampling/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: The third (1981) in a series of monitoring efforts at the Forties Field of the North Sea. Seafloor 

sediments were sampled at 25 locations. Sediments were physically characterized and analyzed for total 

organic content and concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Benthic fauna were identified 

and counted. Results were compared to previous sampling episodes in 1975 and 1978. 

Hartung, R., 1963. Ingestion of oil by waterfowl. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and 

Letters 48:49-55. 

Keywords: bird/ duck/ fresh water/ ingestion/ mallard/ Michigan/ necropsy/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ 

viscosity/ waterfowl 

Notes: Application of low and high viscosity oils (unidentified) to plumage of mallard ducks. Resulted in 

first quantified demonstration of the ingestion of oil by oiled birds. Also, information on the amount of oil 

on dead oiled birds from the Detroit River and some necropsy information from dead oiled ducks. 

Hartung, R., 1965. Some effects of oiling on reproduction of ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 

29:872-874. 

Keywords: bird/ duck/ effects/ eggs/ fresh water/ ingestion/ lubricating oil/ mallard/ mineral oil/ oil/ oiled/ 

Oone/ reproduction 

Notes: Results on egg laying of dosing three mallards with unidentified lubricating oil and results of 

applying varying amounts of mineral oil on incubated eggs. 

Hartung, R., G. S. Hunt, 1966. Toxicity of some oils to waterfowl. Journal of Wildlife Management 

30:564-570. 

Keywords: bird/ black duck/ cutting oil/ diesel/ dosed/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ mallard/ motor 

oil/ necropsy/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pathology/ spill/ toxicity/ waterfowl 

Notes: Mallard and black ducks dosed with No. 1 fuel oil, diesel oil, motor oil, or cutting oil were assessed 

for pathological effects. Results were compared to the necropsy findings from a group of wild ducks killed 

by oil spills on the Detroit River. 

Hartung, R., 1967. Energy metabolism in oil-covered ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 31:798-804. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ black duck/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ mallard/ metabolism/ 

145 
mineral oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone 

Notes: Effects of oiling with mineral oil or diesel oil on the metabolic activity of mallards and black ducks. 

Hartung, R., G. W. Klingler, 1970. Concentration of DDT by sedimented polluting oils. Environmental 

Science and Technology 4:407-410. 

Keywords: concentration/ DDT/ Detroit River/ fresh water/ mineral oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

organic/ organochlorines/ petroleum/ river/ sediment/ soil/ stream 

Notes: An artificial stream with synthetic soil and mineral oil was used to mimic the environmental 

interaction between petroleum-contaminated sediments and DDT. Sediment samples from the Detroit 

River were analyzed for total extractable organic material (mostly petroleum) and correlated with 

sediment DDT concentrations. 

Hartwick, E. B., R. S. S. Wu, D. B. Parker, 1982. Effects of a crude oil and an oil dispersant (Corexit 

9527) on populations of the littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea). Marine Environmental Research 6:291-

306. 

Keywords: activity/ behavior/ clam/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ 

ODfour/ oil/ population/ salt water/ survival/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Corexit 9527 and a crude oil on the littleneck clam. Laboratory 

exposure consisted of either 100 ppm oil, 1000 ppm oil, 10 ppm Corexit, 100 ppm Corexit, 100 ppm oil 

plus 10 ppm Corexit, or 1000 ppm oil plus 100 ppm Corexit. Field exposure consisted of either 1000 ppm 

oil or 1000 ppp oil plus 100 ppm Corexit. Test solutions were taken daily from an outdoor weathering tank 

for 5 consecutive da. Measured survival, siphoning activities, larval settlement, and behavior. 

Harty, B., A. McLachlan, 1982. Effects of water-soluble fractions of crude oil and dispersants on nitrate 

generation by sandy beach microfauna. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:287-291. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ Arabian Light crude oil/ beach/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ 

effects/ light/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ sand/ sandy beach/ 

South Africa 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of Arabian Light crude oil and dispersants on nitrate generation by 

microfauna of sandy beaches. Samples of sand exposed for 20 or 40 hr to four water-soluble fraction 

concentrations, four dispersant concentrations, or five concentrations of dispersant plus WSF. Measured 

total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. 

Harvey, S., J. G. Phillips, and P. J. Sharp 1982. Reproductive performance and endocrine responses to 

ingested North Sea oil. Pages 379-395 in C. G. Scanes, M. A. Ottinger, A. D. Kenny, J. Balthazart, J. 

Cronshaw, I. C. Jones, editors. Aspects of Avian Endocrinology: Practical and Theoretical Implications. 

Graduate Studies, Texas Tech University. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ endocrine/ fresh water/ hormone/ North Sea/ 

North Sea crude oil/ oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ Texas/ weight 

Notes: Effects on Khaki Campbell ducks of ingested (diet) North Sea crude oil; reproduction, hormone 

production, biochemistry. An extensive discussion of the literature pertaining to ingested oil and birds. 

Hawkes, J. W., E. H. Gruger, Jr., O. P. Olson, 1980. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated 

biphenyls on the morphology of the intestine of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). 

Environmental Research 23:149-161. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ chlorinated biphenyls/ diet/ effects/ evaluation/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

ingestion/ intestine/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salmon/ salt water 

 Notes: Effects on intestinal mucosa of chinook salmon from ingestion of diets containing mixtures of 

chlorinated biphenyls, mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons, or both mixtures; study lasted 49 days followed 

by histological evaluation. 

Hawkes, J. W., C. M. Stehr, 1982. Cytopathology of the brain and retina of embryonic surf smelt 

(Hypomesus pretiosus) exposed to crude oil. Environmental Research 27:164-178. 

Keywords: brain/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ development/ embryo/ fish/ hatching/ oil/ 

Othree/ pathology/ retina/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of surf smelt embryos at 6 days of development to two concentrations of the seawater146 
accomodated fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil for 21 and 27 days; hatching success and pathology of brain 

and retina. 

Hayes, M. O., J. Michel, and D. C. Noe 1991. Factors controlling initial deposition and long-term fate of 

spilled oil on gravel beaches. Pages 453-460 in 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 

4529. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ beach/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ gravel/ long-term/ Metula/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ oil spill/ overview/ petroleum/ salt water/ spill/ time/ weathered 

Notes: An overview and discussion of the behavior of spilled petroleum on gravel beaches. Authors 

focus on their experiences at the Metula (1974), Amoco Cadiz (1978), and Exxon Valdez (1989) oil spills. 

Hayes, M. O., J. Michel, T. M. Montello, D. V. Aurand, A. M. Al-Mansi, A. H. Al-Moamen, T. C. Sauer, 

G. W. Thayer, 1993. Distribution and weathering of shoreline oil one year after the Gulf War oil spill. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:135-142. 

Keywords: beach/ coast/ degradation/ distribution/ evaluation/ Gulf oil spill/ habitat/ intertidal/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ shoreline/ spill/ transect/ war/ weathered 

Notes: An evaluation of intertidal habitats along the coast of Saudi Arabia 1 yr after the Gulf War oil spill. 

Transects (36) were established at two locations. Sections on exposed outer beaches, surface 

penetration mechanisms, sheltered bayheads, and lower intertidal zones. 

Hayes, M. O., J. Michel, T. M. Montello, D. V. Aurand, T. C. Sauer, A. Al-Mansi, and A. H. Al-Momen

1995. Distribution and weathering of oil from the Iraq-Kuwait conflict oil spill within intertidal habitats -- two 

years later. Pages 443-451 in 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4620. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chemical analysis/ degradation/ distribution/ Gulf oil spill/ 

habitat/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ time/ transect/ 

weathered 

Notes: Eight types of intertidal habitat in two Saudi Arabian bays were surveyed in 1992 and 1993. 

Established 36 transects in 1992 and resurveyed 21 in 1993. A total of 80 sites were resampled for 

chemical analysis in 1993; analyzed for a set of 36 aromatic hydrocarbons. This report deals with the 

1993 results and relates them to the previously reported results of the 1992 work. 

Hayes, M. O., J. Michel, 1999. Factors determining the long-term persistence of Exxon Valdez oil in 

gravel beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:92-101. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ Exxon Valdez/ gravel/ long-term/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oiled/ organic/ 

PAH/ persistence/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ residual oil/ salt water/ sediment/ survey 

Notes: Assessment of the oiling of 6 intermittently exposed, coarse-grained gravel beaches in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. Beaches surveyed from 1989 through summer of 1997. Beaches classified into 

two subclasses, those with well-established surface armor, flat slope, and thick layer of underlying 

sediment and (2) those with partial armor covering, steep slope, and thin layer of underlying sediment. 

Analyzed underlying sediment for total extractable organics and PAHs. 

Hedtke, S. F., F. A. Puglisi, 1980. Effects of waste oil on the survival and reproduction of the American 

flagfish, Jordanella floridae. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:757-764. 

Keywords: flagfish/ crankcase oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ growth/ larvae/ life cycle/ oil/ Othree/ 

reproduction/ survival/ toxicity/ waste oil 

Notes: Effects of waste crankcase oil on the survival and reproduction of the American flagfish; 4-day 

toxicity test, 30 day survival of 1-day old larvae, and a life cycle test. Measured survival and growth. 

Hedtke, S. F., F. A. Puglisi, 1982. Short-term toxicity of five oils to four freshwater species. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:425-430. 

Keywords: amphibian/ crankcase oil/ crude oil/ emulsion/ fish/ flow-through/ fresh water/ frog/ fuel oil/ oil/ 

OthreeA/ salamander/ short-term/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Toxicity tests on two species of fish, one species of frog, and one species of salamander with 

waste crankcase oil, No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and two crude oils. Tests run for 8 days with oils as 

floating layers, emulsions, and water-soluble fractions in static and flow-through tests. 

147 
Hegazy, A. K., 1997. Plant succession and its optimization on tar-polluted coasts in the Arabian Gulf 

region. Environmental Conservation 24:149-158. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Arabian Gulf/ beach/ cleaning/ coast/ colonization/ diversity/ experiment/ fresh 

water/ freshwater plant/ Oseven/ plant/ Qatar/ region/ restoration/ seed/ soil/ species/ species diversity/ 

tar cover/ wetland 

Notes: Assessment of the floral colonization of tar piles created in coastal wetlands of Qatar. The tar 

comes from periodic cleaning of tar accumulation on beaches. Measured soil moisture of tar piles, 

identified colonizing species, calculated species diversity, identified seeds in soil samples from tar piles 

and surrounding landscapes, planted seeds in a greenhouse pot experiment involving soil with varying 

amounts of tar. Presents a management and restoration framework for optimizing natural recolonization 

of the tar piles. 

Heintz, R. A., J. W. Short, S. D. Rice, 1999. Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: part II. 

Increased mortality of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos incubating downstream from 

weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:494-503. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ eggs/ embryo/ experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ 

fish/ fresh water/ gravel/ hatching/ incubation/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ pink 

salmon/ salmon/ salt water/ sediment/ survival/ tissue/ weathered 

Notes: Eggs of the pink salmon, throughout incubation and hatching, were exposed to Alaskan North 

Slope crude oil. Separate experiments employed direct contact of eggs with sediment contaminated by 

unweathered crude oil, eggs separated from the sediment by a barrier, and direct contact with sediment 

contaminated by weathered crude oil. Measured survival of embryos and PAH concentrations in gravel, 

water, and in fish tissue. 

Heitkamp, M. A., B. T. Johnson, 1984. Impact of an oil field effluent on microbial activities in a Wyoming 

river. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 30:786-792. 

Keywords: activity/ amino acids/ biodegradation/ carbon/ carbon dioxide/ chemical analysis/ conductivity/ 

discharges/ effluent/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ glucose/ microbes/ mineralization/ nitrogen/ 

nutrients/ Ofive/ oil/ oil field/ organic/ organic carbon/ pH/ phosphorus/ population/ sediment/ stream/ 

transfer/ waste water 

Notes: Assessment of the sediment microbial activity of a stream in Wyoming that received oil field 

wastewater. Samples of water and sediment were taken above, at, and three points below the 

wastewater discharge. Measured conductivity, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total oil residue 

in the water. Measured total organic carbon, electron transfer system, carbon dioxide production, total oil 

residue, glucose, amino acids, and hexanoic acid in the sediment. Also determined hexadecane 

mineralization in sediments with and without nutrient enrichment and xenobiotic biodegradation potential 

of the sediment microbes. 

Heldal, M., S. Norland, T. Lien, G. Knutsen, 1978. Acute toxicity of several oil dispersants towards the 

green algae Chlamydomonas and Dunaliella. Chemosphere 3:247-255. 

Keywords: acute/ algae/ assay/ crude oil/ dispersant/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ marine plant/ oil/ 

Osix/ salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: A freshwater and a marine algae were used to determine the toxicity of a number of chemical oil 

dispersants. A plate test and a tube test were used. Algae were exposed to 28 dispersants in 24-48 hr 

toxicity assays. Exposure was to dispersant alone, water extracts of crude oil plus dispersant, and 

mixtures of whole crude oil and dispersants. 

Hellou, J., C. Upshall, D. Taylor, P. O'Keefe, V. O'Malley, T. Abrajano, 1994. Unsaturated 

hydrocarbons in muscle and hepatopancreas of two crab species, Chionoecetes opilio and Hyas 

coarctatus. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:482-488. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Canada/ concentration/ crab/ hepatopancreas/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ muscle/ Newfoundland/ Ofour/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ unsaturated 

hydrocarbons 

Notes: Determination of background concentrations of PAH in snow and spider crabs from nearshore 

Newfoundland. Concentrations of selected PAHs compared to the PAH content of sediments collected 

from Conception Bay. Measured PAHs in hepatopancreas and muscle. 

148 
Hellou, J., J. F. Payne, C. Upshall, L. L. Fancey, C. Hamilton, 1994. Bioaccumulation of aromatic 

hydrocarbons from sediments: a dose-response study with flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:477-485. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ flounder/ Hibernia crude oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Exposure of flounder to sediments containing varying concentrations of Hibernia crude oil for 4 

months. Bioaccumulation of selected aromatic hydrocarbons was measured in the liver and muscle. 

Hellou, J., W. G. Warren, 1997. Polycyclic aromatic compounds and saturated hydrocarbons in tissues 

of flatfish: insight on environmental exposure. Marine Environmental Research 43:11-25. 

Keywords: American plaice/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ fish/ flounder/ gonads/ 

hydrocarbons/ liver/ muscle/ Newfoundland/ Othree/ plaice/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ tissue/ 

yellowtail flounder 

Notes: Analysis of American plaice and yellowtail flounder for aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons in 

liver, muscle, and gonads. Fish collected from the northwest Atlantic near Newfoundland. 

Hellou, J., W. Warren, C. Andrews, G. Mercer, J. F. Payne, D. Howse, 1997. Long-term fate of 

crankcase oil in rainbow trout: a time- and dose-response study. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

16:1295-1303. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemical/ crankcase oil/ dietary exposure/ fate/ fish/ fresh water/ 

long-term/ oil/ Othree/ rainbow trout/ time/ uptake/ waste oil 

Notes: Dietary exposure of rainbow trout to crankcase oil. Measured uptake and biochemical 

responses. 

Henderson, S. B., S. J. W. Grigson, P. Johnson, B. D. Roddie, 1999. Potential impact of production 

chemicals on the toxicity of produced water discharges from North Sea oil platforms. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 38:1141-1151. 

Keywords: assay/ crude oil/ discharges/ evaluation/ Microtox/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil 

platform/ produced water/ production chemicals/ salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: Evaluation of the influence of 11 oilfield production chemicals on the toxicity of produced water 

discharge. Used Microtox assay to determine toxicity of chemicals as water-accomodated fractions or as 

solutions, and in the aqueous phase of a crude oil and water mixture. 

Hennig, H. F. K. O., A. H. Fricke, 1980. Recovery potential and chronic oil pollution on the South African 

coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:301-302. 

Keywords: beach/ Bunker C/ chronic/ coast/ degradation/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ No.6 

fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ pollution/ recovery/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ tanker/ time/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Following the Venepet/Venoil tanker (Bunker C fuel oil) collision in December 1977, sediment 

samples were collected at five times (3/78, 4/78, 7/78, 3/79, 12/79) after the spill. Total sediment 

hydrocarbons were extracted. Authors made general biological observations and comment on recovery 

timetables and the issue of chronic oil pollution of beaches. 

Henson, J. M., S. S. Hayasaka, 1982. Effects of the water-soluble fraction of microbiologically or 

physically altered crude petroleum on the heterotrophic activity of marine bacteria. Marine Environmental 

Research 6:205-214. 

Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ crude oil/ effects/ emulsion/ Florida/ glutamate/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ uptake/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the comparative effects on marine bacteria of Florida crude oil emulsified or 

degraded by marine microorganisms; compared to fresh crude oil and artificially weathered crude oil. 

Water-soluble fractions of oil emulsified or degraded for 3 or 8 da, or weathered for 42 da were used. 

Measured glutamate (labeled with 14C) uptake by bacteria. 

Heras, H., R. G. Ackman, E. J. Macpherson, 1992. Tainting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by 

petroleum hydrocarbons during a short-term exposure. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:310-315. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

liver/ muscle/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salmon/ 

149 
salt water/ short-term/ taint 

Notes: Exposure of young Atlantic salmon for 6 hours to the water-soluble fraction of Flotta North Sea 

crude oil; fish were killed and assessed for taint. Bioaccumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons in liver and 

muscle presented. 

Herbert, R., S. A. Poulet, 1980. Effect of modification of particle size of emulsions of Venezuelan crude 

oil on feeding, survival and growth of marine zooplankton. Marine Environmental Research 4:121-134. 

Keywords: Canada/ concentration/ copepod/ crude oil/ distribution/ emulsion/ estuary/ feeding/ growth/ 

ingestion/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ particle size/ particulate/ salt water/ size/ species/ survival/ 

Venezuelan crude oil/ zooplankton 

Notes: Effect of oil particle size on ingestion by marine zooplankton (two copepods, one euphausiid). 

Venezuelan crude oil and zooplankton collected from the St. Lawrence estuary. Measured particle size 

distribution occurring naturally and in artificially created emulsions, feeding response of two species to 

particle size, and growth and survival of one species exposed to a fixed concentration of oil. 

Herbes, S. E., L. R. Schwall, 1978. Microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

pristine and petroleum-contaminated sediments. Applied Environmental Microbiology 35:306-316. 

Keywords: anthracene/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ degradation/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ kinetic/ microbes/ naphthalene/ Ofive/ PAH/ parameters/ 

sediment/ stream 

Notes: Assessment of the ability of sediment microbes from an oil-contaminated stream and an 

uncontaminated stream to transform 14C-labeled naphthalene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, and 

benz(a)pyrene. Laboratory incubations lasted for up to 27 da. Determined the concentrations of PAHs in 

the sediments of both streams and calculated kinetic parameters for the four test PAHs. 

Herman, D. C., W. E. Inniss, C. I. Mayfield, 1990. Impact of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons, alone and in 

combination, on growth of the freshwater alga. Aquatic Toxicology 18:87-100. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ benzene/ BTEX/ cell/ chlorophyll/ combination/ 

concentration/ effects/ ethylbenzene/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ interactions/ 

Oseven/ species/ toluene/ weight/ xylene 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylene) on growth of a 

species of algae. Assays were performed in sealed hypo-vials over an 8-da period. BTEX concentrations 

were monitored to measure loss of hydrocarbons during a trial assay. Algal growth was measured as cell 

number, chlorophyll content, dry weight, and absorbance. Paired combinations of the BTEX compounds 

and a three-compound assay were used to evaluate interactions among the four aromatics. 

Hermida Ameijeiras, A., J. Simal Gandara, J. Lopez Hernandez, J. Simal Lozano, 1994. Aliphatic 

hydrocarbon levels in farmed and free-living mussels from Galicia (N.W. Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin 

28:178-181. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ concentration/ farming/ fishery/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ salt water/ Spain/ uptake 

Notes: Collection of free-living and farmed mussels from coastal northwest Spain (Galicia) for aliphatic 

hydrocarbon analysis; assessment of potential contamination due to shipping, fishing, and coastal 

industrialization. 

Hershner, C., J. Lake, 1980. Effects of chronic oil pollution on a salt-marsh grass community. Marine 

Biology 56:163-173. 

Keywords: adult/ chronic/ community/ concentration/ effects/ fuel oil/ grass/ health/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ physical characteristics/ plant/ pollution/ population/ productivity/ rate/ 

roots/ salt marsh/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ Spartina/ species/ treatment/ vegetation/ 

wetland 

Notes: Two coastal wetlands (treatment and reference) were used to determine the effects on a wetland 

plant community of repeated oiling by No. 2 fuel oil. Oiling was performed twice a month from 11/73 thru 

8/74. Vegetation was surveyed at the start of the study and again during 4/74, 7/74, and 10/74. 

Vegetation quadrats were established to monitor changes in physical characteristics and health of 

vegetation. Measured physical changes in areal cover of grass species, net production, decay rates, 

150 
physical characteristics of adult plants and shoots, and concentrations of saturated hydrocarbons in 

sediments and roots and rhizomes of Spartina alterniflora. 

Hester, M. W., I. A. Mendelssohn, 2000. Long-term recovery of a Louisiana brackish marsh plant 

community from oil-spill impact: vegetation response and mitigating effects of marsh surface elevation. 

Marine Environmental Research 49:233-254. 

Keywords: community/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ long-term/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine 

plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ photosynthesis/ pipeline/ plant/ recovery/ salt water/ sampling/ transect/ 

vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: An oil pipeline break in 1985 affected 20 ha of brackish wetland in Louisiana. A total of 15 

transects with 68 sampling plots were established in the affected wetland, adjacent wetland, and control 

areas; and sampled in 1985 and 1989. Measured percent vegetative cover in 1985 and 1989 and 

photosynthetic response of vegetation in 1990. A transplantation experiment was employed to determine 

the cause of revegetation failure in the oil-affected area; vegetation was harvested 15 mos later. Remote 

sensing data from 1985 was compared with data from 1990. 

Heubeck, M., K. C. J. Camphuysen, R. Bao, D. Humple, A. S. Rey, B. Cadiou, S. Brager, T. Thomas, 

2003. Assessing the impact of major oil spills on seabird populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:900-

902. 

Keywords: bird/ drift/ experiment/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ search effort/ shoreline/ spill/ 

survey 

Notes: A short commentary proposing how to organize the assessment of the effect of oil spills on 

seabird populations. Four components are proposed; (1) a shoreline search effort, (2) a facility to house 

a corpse examination (taxonomic, physiological) effort, (3) rapid dissemination of results of steps 1&2 

through a website, and (4) surveys of seabirds at sea and drift experiments conducted as soon as 

possible during the spill event. 

Ho, C. L., H. Karim, 1978. Impact of adsorbed petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 9:156-162. 

Keywords: alkane/ clay/ crude oil/ depuration/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ 

minerals/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ 

uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the effect on oysters of petroleum adsorbed to sediments. Conducted 

experiments on adsorption potential of non-clay minerals, clay minerals, and two sediment mixtures. 

Measured uptake of alkanes from oily sediments after 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk. Measured alkane uptake from oil 

spill sites 2 wk and 5 mo after the spill. Compared 2 and 6 wk exposure followed by 2 wk depuration. 

Evaluated effect on larval settlement of crude oil coating on artificial surface. 

Ho, K., L. Patton, J. S. Latimer, R. J. Pruell, M. Pelletier, R. McKinney, S. Jayaraman, 1999. The 

chemistry and toxicity of sediment affected by oil from the North Cape spilled into Rhode Island Sound. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:314-323. 

Keywords: amphipod/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ bivalve/ concentration/ degradation/ embryo/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the concentration and toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments of a semienclosed harbor area of Rhode Island Sound following a barge spill of No. 2 fuel oil. Water samples were 

taken on days 2, 2.5, 3, and 13 post spill and tested for toxicity with a bivalve embryo and larvae 

bioassay. Sediments were sampled on days 2, 6, 13, 33, 62, 132, 189, and 270 post spill, analyzed for 

aromatic hydrocarbons, and tested for toxicity with an amphipod bioassay. The pattern of natural 

degradation is shown. 

Hodson, R. E., F. Azam, R. F. Lee, 1977. Effects of four oils on marine bacterial populations: controlled 

ecosystem pollution experiment. Bulletin of Marine Science 27:119-126. 

Keywords: bacteria/ Bunker C/ concentration/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ glucose/ 

Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ microbes/ mineralization/ No.2 fuel oil/ numbers/ 

oil/ Oten/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ uptake 

151 
Notes: Assessment of the effect on marine bacteria of water extracts of Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude 

oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and Bunker C fuel oil. Field-collected microbes exposed to a range of concentrations of 

each oil extract for 30 da in "controlled ecosystem enclosures". Measured the uptake and mineralization 

of 14C-labelled D-glucose and counted numbers of bacteria. 

Hoff, R. Z., G. Shigenaka, and C. B. Henry, Jr. 1993. Salt marsh recovery from a crude oil spill: 

vegetation, oil weathering, and response. Pages 307-311 in 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4580. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ biomass/ chemical analysis/ crude oil/ degradation/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

Osix/ plant/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ ratio/ recovery/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ transect/ 

vegetation/ Washington 

Notes: A coastal salt marsh in Fidalgo Bay, Washington was oiled with Prudhoe Bay crude oil as the 

result of a 1991 pumping accident. Authors established four transects through the coastal salt marsh; 

unoiled control, oiled with heavy foot traffic, oiled with surface vacuuming, and oiled with low pressure 

washing and vacuuming. Photo quadrats were used to measure vegetation monthly and sediment was 

sampled monthly for 16 mos after the spill. Below ground plant biomass was measured with a core 

sample in 1991 and 1992. Similarly, sediment cores were taken for chemical analysis (pristane and 

phytane ratios). 

Hoff, R. Z., 1993. Bioremediation: an overview of its development and use for oil spill cleanup. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 26:476-481. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ cleaning/ development/ evaluation/ history/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ 

overview/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of bioremediation, particularly for marine oil spills. Sections on recent history (pre-1989, 

1989-91, 1992 to present), lessons learned, standardization of protocols and evaluation, and conclusions. 

Hoffman, D. J., 1978. Embryotoxic effects of crude oil in mallard ducks and chicks. Toxicology and 

Applied Pharmacology 46:183-190. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chicken/ chicks/ crude oil/ development/ duck/ effects/ embryo/ 

growth/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ paraffin/ shell/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects on mallard and chicken embryo growth and development from shell application of a 

paraffin mixture or several amounts of South Louisiana crude oil. 

Hoffman, D. J., 1979. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas 

platyrhynchos). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 5:835-844. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ 

embryo/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons 

Notes: Applications of an aliphatic hydrocarbon mixure or several aromatic fractions found in crude oils 

were made to mallard eggs at 72 hr of development. Embryonic growth and development were evaluated 

in an effort to identify the most toxic components of crude oils. 

Hoffman, D. J., J. M. Moore, 1979. Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in 

the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos. Teratology 20:453-461. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ hydrocarbons/ mallard/ 

mercury/ methyl mercury/ Oone/ shell 

Notes: Effects on mallard embryos of shell application of methyl mercury in an aliphatic hydrocarbon 

vehicle on day 3 of development. 

Hoffman, D. J., 1979. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of crude oil on mallard embryos on day one of 

development. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:632-637. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ growth/ 

hydrocarbon mixture/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ shell/ 

South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Growth and developmental effects on mallard embryos of applications to the egg shell of an 

aliphatic hydrocarbon mixture and several quantities of South Louisiana crude oil on day one of 

incubation. 

152 
Hoffman, D. J., 1979. Embryotoxic effects of crude oil containing nickel and vanadium in mallards. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:203-206. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ embryo/ growth/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

nickel/ oil/ Oone/ shell/ South Louisiana crude oil/ vanadium 

Notes: Effects on mallard embryo development of shell application of South Louisiana crude oil with and 

without augmentation with vanadium and nickel. 

Hoffman, D. J., M. L. Gay, 1981. Embryotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, and 7,12-

dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in mallard ducks. Journal of Toxicology 

and Environmental Health 7:775-787. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzo[a]pyrene/ bird/ development/ duck/ effects/ embryo/ 

hydrocarbon mixture/ hydrocarbons/ mallard/ Oone/ petroleum/ shell 

Notes: Effects on mallard embryos of shell application of three aromatic hydrocarbons added to a 

synthetic petroleum mixture at 3 days of development. 

Hoffman, D. J., W. C. Eastin, Jr., 1981. Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic 

solvents on mallard embryo development. Toxicology Letters 9:35-40. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ effects/ effluent/ embryo/ incubation/ industrial effluent/ mallard/ metals/ 

Oone/ organic/ petroleum/ shell/ solvent 

Notes: Effects on mallard embryos of shell application of seven industrial effluents and seven heavy 

metal, organic solvent, and petroleum solutions on days 3 and 8 of incubation. 

Hoffman, D. J., W. C. Eastin, Jr., M. L. Gay, 1982. Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste 

crankcase oil on birds' eggs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 63:230-241. 

Keywords: biochemical/ bird/ crankcase oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ 

quail/ shell 

Notes: Effects on mallard and quail embryos of shell applications of waste crankcase oil at 2 days of 

development. 

Hoffman, D. J., P. H. Albers, 1984. Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 

herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 13:15-27. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ eggs/ evaluation/ experiment/ fresh water/ incubation/ malformation/ 

mallard/ Oone/ pesticide/ petroleum/ survival 

Notes: Presentation of the results of experiments on the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 29 pesticide 

and 13 petroleum substances. Fertile mallard eggs were exposed to tested substances early in 

incubation. Eggs were candled every other day and survivors were evaluated for survival and 

development on day 18 of incubation. 

Hoffman, D. J., 1990. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs. 

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 115:39-89. 

Keywords: biochemical/ bird/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ Oone/ physiology/ review/ shell 

Notes: Review of the effects on developing bird embryos of shell applications of a variety of 

environmental contaminants. Covers developmental and biochemical effects, residues in eggs, and field 

studies. 

Hoffman, D. J., P. H. Albers, M. J. Melancon, A. K. Miles, 2004. Effects of the mosquito larvicide GB1111 on bird eggs. Environmental Pollution 127:353-358. 

Keywords: biochemical/ bird/ bobwhite/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ evaluation/ larvicide/ liver/ malformation/ 

mallard/ mosquito/ Oone/ rate/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: An evaluation of the effect of a mosquito larvicide (GB-1111) on fertile bobwhite and mallard eggs. 

Artificially-incubated eggs received applications of either 0, 1/3, 1, 3, or 10 times the maximum rate of 

field application. Skeletal measurements were made on hatchlings and embryos that failed to hatch and 

malformations were noted. Hatchlings were weighed and their livers weighed and analyzed for a suite of 

biochemical measures. 

153 
Hoffman, E. J., J. S. Latimer, G. L. Mills, J. G. Quinn, 1982. Petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff 

from a commercial land use area. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 54:1517-1525. 

Keywords: concentration/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ rate/ Rhode Island/ total hydrocarbons/ urban 

Notes: Stormwater runoff from a large shopping center in Rhode Island was sampled during six storm 

events in 1979 and 1980. Samples were collected every 30 min except during periodic flow surges 

(flushes), when samples were collected every 10 min. Measured total hydrocarbons, suspended solids, 

flow rate, and rain intensity. 

Hoi-Chaw, L. and F. Meow-Chan 1985. Field and laboratory studies on the toxicities of oils to 

mangroves. Pages 539-546 in Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication4385. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: age/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ Bunker C/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ 

effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ leaves/ light/ Malaysia/ mangrove/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ salt water/ shrimp/ spill/ survival/ toxicity/ 

uptake 

Notes: Report of a group of related studies performed in Malaysia to test the effects of undispersed and 

dispersed petroleum on mangroves. Employed laboratory and field experiments; Arabian light crude oil, 

Bunker C fuel oil, and Malaysian crude oil; Corexit 9527: and two genera of mangroves. Measured 

survival of mangrove saplings, effect of extent of oiling on sapling survival, effect of age of saplings on 

survival, amount of uptake of aliphatic hydrocarbons by leaves of saplings, and the growth of shrimp in 

experimental tanks 4 mos after an experiment 'spill'. 

Holcomb, J, J White, 1990. Rehabilitating oiled seabirds during the Exxon/Valdez oil spill. Wildlife 

Journal 13:26-29. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ medical/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ procedure/ rehabilitation/ 

release/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: An early report of the oiled bird rehabilitation efforts during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Sections on 

transportation, caging, procedures, medical data collection, research, bird release, and conclusions. 

Holcomb, J., 1989. Alaskan oil spill bird rescue efforts. Wildlife Journal 12:3-13. 

Keywords: bird/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ rescue/ 

salt water/ spill 

Notes: Early report of the efforts to establish the animal rehabilitation facilities for the Alaskan oil spill 

(Exxon Valdez). 

Holdway, D. A., 2002. The acute and chronic effects of wastes associated with offshore oil and gas 

production on temperate and tropical marine ecological processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:185-203. 

Keywords: acute/ biological effects/ chronic/ crude oil/ drilling fluids/ effects/ environment/ general effect/ 

metals/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ produced water/ production chemicals/ review/ salt water/ time 

Notes: A review of the acute and chronic biological effects in temperate and tropical environments of 

wastes from offshore oil and gas production. Sections on produced formation water, drilling fluids and 

chemicals, crude oil, and metals. Also discusses potential, but unresolved, biological effects and 

presents a list of questions that remain unanswered. 

Hollaway, S. L., G. M. Faw, R. K. Sizemore, 1980. The bacterial community composition of an active oil 

field in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:153-156. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ biomass/ community/ composition/ depth/ Gulf of Mexico/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ Oten/ salt water/ sulfur 

Notes: Comparison of community composition of bacteria in an active offshore oil field with that of a 

control site. Samples were collected during summer, fall, and winter at three locations (7.6 m, 1.6 km, 

and 3.2 km downcurrent) and at three depths (surface, 10 m, and 20 m). Measured bacterial abundance 

and biomass, classified major taxa, and measured percent of oil degrading and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. 

Hollister, T. A., G. S. Ward, P. R. Parrish, 1980. Acute toxicity of a #6 fuel oil to marine organisms. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:656-661. 

154 
 Keywords: acute/ algae/ Argo Merchant/ combination/ copepod/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: An assessment of the toxicity of several pollutants present at the Argo Merchant fuel oil spill. An 

algae, a copepod, and a fish were exposed to No. 6 fuel oil, a wicking agent, lighter fluid, fuel oil plus 

wicking agent, fuel oil plus wicking agent plus lighter fluid, burned residue of the former combination, and 

a reference toxicant. Calculated EC50s and LC50s for all substances. 

Holmes, W. N., J. Cronshaw, J. Gorsline, 1978. Some effects of ingested petroleum on seawateradapted ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Research 17:177-190. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ 

mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ stress/ survival 

Notes: Effects on survival of cold-stressed mallards fed diets containing South Louisiana or Kuwait crude 

oil, or No. 2 fuel oil. 

Holmes, W. N., K. P. Cavanaugh, J. Cronshaw, 1978. The effects of ingested petroleum on oviposition 

and some aspects of reproduction in experimental colonies of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). 

Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 54:335-347. 

Keywords: bird/ colony/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ female/ fresh water/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

Louisiana/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects on reproductive function of female mallards fed South Louisiana or Kuwait crude oil in the 

diet for 100 days. 

Holmes, W. N., J. Gorsline, J. Cronshaw, 1979. Effects of mild cold stress on the survival of seawateradapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) maintained on food contaminated with petroleum. 

Environmental Research 20:425-444. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ effects/ food/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

Louisiana/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ 

Santa Barbara crude oil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ stress/ survival 

Notes: Effects on adrenocortical stimulation and survival of seawater-adapted and cold-stressed mallards 

fed South Louisiana, Kuwait, Prudhoe Bay, or Santa Barbara crude oil, or No. 2 fuel oil in the diet for a 

100-day experimental period. 

Holmes, W. N. 1982. Some common pollutants and their effects on steroid hormone-regulated 

mechanisms. Pages 365-370 in C. G. Scanes, M. A. Ottinger, A. D. Kenny, J. Balthazart, J. Cronshaw, I. 

C. Jones, editors. Aspects of Avian Endocrinology: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Graduate 

Studies, Texas Tech University. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock, Texas. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ bird/ concentration/ effects/ gonads/ hormone/ hydrocarbons/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ steroid/ Texas 

Notes: Discussion of potential for petroleum hydrocarbons to reduce production and circulating 

concentrations of gonadal steroid hormones. 

Holmes, W. N., K. P. Cavanaugh, 1990. Some evidence for an effect of ingested petroleum on the 

fertility of the mallard drake (Anas platyrhynchos). Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 19:898-901. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ female/ fertility/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ male/ 

mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects on gonadal function of male and female mallards fed South Louisiana crude oil in the diet 

for 100 days. 

Hoover-Miller, A., K. R. Parker, J. J. Burns, 2001. A reassessment of the impact of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) in Prince William sound, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 

17:111-135. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ harbor seals/ mammal/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ seal/ spill/ trend 

Notes: A re-evaluation and criticism of previous conclusions (Frost et al., 1994) about the effect of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on harbor seals in the oiled areas of central and western Prince William Sound. 

155 
The authors address the assumptions that (1) seals have a 100% fidelity to a specific haul-out site, (2) 

they were not displaced by the spill and associated disturbances, and (3) population trends (in the 

absence of oil spill effects) varied similarly throughout the Sound. 

Horowitz, A., R. M. Atlas, 1977. Response of microorganisms to an accidental gasoline spillage in an 

Arctic freshwater ecosystem. Applied Environmental Microbiology 33:1252-1258. 

Keywords: Arctic/ biodegradation/ community/ composition/ degradation/ ecosystem/ effects/ fertilizer/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gasoline/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Ofive/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

population/ respiration/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the response of sediment microbes from an Arctic lake to a spill of leaded 

gasoline. Collected sediment samples weekly for 6 consecutive weeks beginning 11 da after the spill and 

incubated the microbes in laboratory culture; used 14C. Measured microbial population change, 

community composition change, respiration, effect of fertilizer on degradation of gasoline, hydrocarbon 

biodegradation potential, and chemical composition of gasoline in sediment. 

Horsfall, M., Jr., F. E. Ogban, A. I. Spiff, 1994. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution: the distribution in 

sediment and water of the New Calabar River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Science of the Total Environment 

141:217-221. 

Keywords: condition/ distribution/ fresh water/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ river/ sampling/ seasonal/ sediment/ survey 

Notes: Water and sediment were collected from six zones along a 250 km stretch of the New Calabar 

River in Nigeria over a 12 mo period during 1990-91. Samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbon 

content. Results were related to the environmental conditions near the sampling sites. Methods and 

results descriptions have some gaps. 

Hose, J. E., J. B. Hannah, D. DiJulio, M. L. Landolt, B. S. Miller, W. T. Iwaoka, S. P. Felton, 1982. 

Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on early development of flatfish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 11:167-171. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ concentration/ development/ effects/ fish/ larvae/ Othree/ pathology/ salt water/ 

sole/ species/ survival 

Notes: Larvae of three species of flatfish (sole) were exposed to varying concentrations of 

benzo(a)pyrene for 7 to 10 days; survival, abnormalities, and pathology. 

Hosmer, A. W., C. E. Stanton, and J. L. Beane 1997. Intent to spill: environmental effects of oil spills 

caused by war, terrorism, vandalism, and theft. Pages 157-163 in Proceedings 1997 International Oil Spill 

Conference, 4651. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: effects/ environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ spill/ terrorism/ theft/ vandalism/ 

war 

Notes: A discussion of intentional oil spills and their effects on the environment. Divided into the 

categories of war, terrorism, vandalism, and theft. 

Hou, F. S. L., M. W. Milke, D. W. M. Leung, D. J. MacPherson, 2001. Variations in phytoremediation 

performance with diesel-contaminated soil. Environmental Technology 22:215-222. 

Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ germination/ grass/ growth/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oseven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ roots/ 

seed/ soil/ weight 

Notes: An evaluation of the performance of rye grass as a phytoremediation plant. Columns of soil 

containing 6,400 ppm dry weight of total petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel fuel) were seeded with rye 

grass. The columns were monitored for 102 da. The soil was analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons 

on four occasions during the study. Measured seed germination, root growth, CO2 in soil, and root and 

shoot weight. 

Houghton, J. P., R. H. Gilmour, D. C. Lees, W. B. Driskell, S. C. Lindstrom, and A. Mearns 1997. 

Prince William Sound intertidal biota seven years later: has it recovered? Pages 679-686 in Proceedings 

1997 International Oil Spill Conference, 4651. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ barnacle/ bioremediation/ evaluation/ intertidal/ limpet/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

156 
plant/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ recovery/ rockweed/ salt 

water/ snail/ spill/ time 

Notes: Evaluation of the recovery of intertidal flora and fauna in western Prince William Sound, Alaska. 

Intertidal areas in three categories (unoiled; oiled but untreated or moderately treated with water flushes 

or bioremediation only; treated with high-pressure, hot-water wash) were sampled in three life zones 

(upper, middle, lower intertidal) from 1989 through 1996. Primary emphasis on rockweed, snails, limpets, 

drills, and barnacles. 

Howard, P., W. Meylan, D. Aronson, W. Stiteler, J. Tunkel, M. Comber, T. F. Parkerton, 2005. A new 

biodegradation prediction model specific to petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 24:1847-1860. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ degradation/ development/ hydrocarbons/ model/ Onine/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ prediction/ sources/ technical 

Notes: A biodegradation model was developed for petroleum hydrocarbons. The model development 

process employed a set of 175 compounds divided into a training set and a validation set. Degradation 

relations were taken from literature sources. Produced a description of the chronological order of 

degradation for crude and refined petroleum. 

Howard, S. and D. I. Little 1987. Effect of infaunal burrow structure on oil penetration into sediments. 

Pages 427-431 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), API Publication 

4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: abundance/ beach/ behavior/ England/ infauna/ lugworms/ marine invertebrate/ mousse/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ structure 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of infaunal burrow structures on penetration of oil into sediment. 

Beach plots in Milford Haven (England) were covered with oil mousse and compared to oiled sterile plots 

and controls. Measured lugworm casts, abundance of individuals in various taxonomic groups, and oil 

penetration into sediment. 

Howari, F. M., 2004. Investigation of hydrocarbon pollution in the vicinity of United Arab Emirates coasts 

using visible and near infrared remote sensing data. Journal of Coastal Research 20 :1089-1095. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ coast/ detection/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ pollution/ remote sensing/ salt 

water/ spill/ technical/ United Arab Emirates 

Notes: Description of the use of Landsat ETM+ images for detection of oil spills on the ocean surface. 

Methods were tested in the Arabian Gulf off the coast of the United Arab Emirates. 

Hsiao, S. I. C., 1978. Effects of crude oils on the growth of Arctic marine phytoplankton. Environmental 

Pollution 17:93-107. 

Keywords: algae/ Arctic/ assay/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ growth/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ 

phytoplankton/ rate/ salt water/ species/ static/ survival/ temperature/ time 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of three crude oils on four species of Arctic marine phytoplankton. 

Algae were exposed to five concentrations of crude oil and three ambient temperatures in static assays 

lasting 10 da. Cultures were sampled every 2 da. Measured survival, growth rate, and generation time. 

Hsiao, S. I. C., D. W. Kittle, M. G. Foy, 1978. Effects of crude oils and the oil dispersant Corexit on 

primary production of Arctic marine phytoplankton and seaweed. Environmental Pollution 15:209-221. 

Keywords: algae/ Arctic/ Canada/ carbon-14/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ macroalgae/ 

marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ phytoplankton/ productivity/ salt water/ species/ uptake 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of chemically-dispersed and undispersed crude oil on primary 

production of Arctic marine phytoplankton and two species of macroalgae. Phytoplankton were exposed 

to three concentrations of either of four crude oils, Corexit dispersant alone, or crude oils plus dispersant 

in BOD bottles placed in situ at various sites in the Beaufort Sea and Eskimo Lakes area of Canada. 

Macroalgae were exposed to crude oils only. Carbon-14 uptake was used to determine productivity in 

phytoplankton and macroalgae. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the seawater were 

measured at each in situ experimental site. 

157 
Hudak, P. F., D. J. Wachal, 2001. Oil production, agriculture, and groundwater quality in the 

southeastern Gulf Coast Aquifer, Texas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 72:249-264. 

Keywords: barium/ brine water/ bromide/ chloride/ coast/ concentration/ dissolved/ fresh water/ ground 

water/ iodine/ miscellaneous/ nitrate/ Oeleven/ oil/ sulfate/ Texas/ waste water 

Notes: An assessment of the influence of oil production and agriculture on ground water quality in 

counties along the Gulf coast of Texas. A GIS system was used to map data on oil or gas wells (19,234), 

water wells (256), and land uses. Concentrations of chloride, bromide, sulfate, barium, iodine, and 

nitrate, as well as total dissolved solids, were compared to the proximity of oil and gas wells and the 

adjacent land use. 

Huesemann, M. H., 1995. Predictive model for estimating the extent of petroleum hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in contaminated soils. Environmental Science and Technology 29:7-18. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ diesel/ 

drilling mud/ farming/ fertilizer/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ land farming/ methods/ microbes/ model/ motor oil/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ saturated hydrocarbons/ soil/ technical/ total hydrocarbons/ treatment/ 

weathered 

Notes: A set of seven bioremediationexperiments were conducted with three crude oils, diesel-based 

drilling mud, weathered crude oil, weathered motor oil, and weathered No. 2 fuel oil (diesel). Fertilizer or 

a bacteria supplement was added and each batch was subjected to either land farming or slurry 

treatment. Duration of the treatment ranged from 34 to 52 wks. Soil samples were analyzed for 

saturated, aromatic, and total hydrocarbons by a variety of methods. Results are very well presented for 

a number of interpretive purposes. 

Huesemann, M. H. 1997. Land treating petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Pages 237-261 in P. 

N. Cheremisinoff, editor. Ecological Issues and Environmental Impact Assessment. Gulf Publishers, 

Houston, TX. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ nutrients/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

remediation/ soil 

Notes: Description of the steps involved in the remediation of soils contaminated by petroleum; all actions 

are designed to understand the biodegradation potential and to maximize microbial degradation of 

petroleum compounds. 

Huesemann, M. H., T. S. Hausmann, T. J. Fortman, 2003. Assessment of bioavailability limitations 

during slurry biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in aged soils. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 22:2853-2860. 

Keywords: alkane/ biodegradation/ concentration/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Oten/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ release/ soil/ time 

Notes: Six soils with different physical properties and aged either artificially or naturally were used to 

determine the role of bioavailability on degradation rates. A synthetic mixture of eight alkanes and four 

PAHs were added to three laboratory soil samples and aged for 51 mos; a fourth soil was aged for 21 

mos. Field soils were > 5 yrs and > 10 yrs old. Samples of aged soils were bioremediated in slurry 

reactors for182-354 da. Measured biodegration and abiotic release rates of the 12 hydrocarbons, and 

concentrations of hydrocarbon degraders. 

Huggett, R. J., J. J. Stegeman, D. S. Page, K. R. Parker, B. Woodin, J. S. Brown, 2003. Biomarkers in 

fish from Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: 1999-2000. Environmental Science and 

Technology 37:4043-4051. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ biochemical/ biomarker/ fish/ gill/ Gulf of 

Alaska/ heart/ liver/ oiled/ Othree/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Fish from the spill path (oiled area), spill path (unoiled area), non-spill path, and Gulf of Alaska 

were sampled for a suite of biochemical and histological measures. Investigators collected bile and liver 

for analysis of fluorescent aromatic contaminants and liver cytochrome P450 (EROD) induction; and liver, 

heart, and gill tissue for immunohistochemical determinations. 

Huggett, R. J., J. M. Neff, J. J. Stegeman, B. Woodin, K. R. Parker, J. S. Brown, 2006. Biomarkers of 

PAH exposure in an intertidal fish species from Prince William Sound, Alaska: 2004-2005. Environmental 

158 
Science and Technology 40:6513-6517. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ biomarker/ fish/ intertidal/ liver/ oiled/ 

Othree/ PAH/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ species/ time 

Notes: A comparison of biomarkers of exposure to PAH for an intertidal fish in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Fish were collected in 2004 at 10 previously oiled (1989) and two unoiled sites, and two sites 

with previous human activity. In 2005, four previously oiled and three unoiled sites were sampled. Livers 

of fish from 2004 were analyzed for EROD activity. Livers of fish from 2005 were analyzed for EROD and 

bile fluorescent aromatic compounds. 

Hughes, J. B., 1999. Cytological -- cytogenetic analyses of winter flounder embryos collected from the 

benthos at the barge North Cape oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:30-35. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ chromosome/ decline/ diesel/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ flounder/ heating oil/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ pathology/ population/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ spill/ winter flounder 

Notes: Effects of a spill of diesel and home heating oil in coastal Rhode Island from the barge North 

Cape. Embryos of winter flounder were collected from 22 sites near the spill. Embryos were assessed for 

morphological and chromosomal abnormalities; estimated the probable decline in the number of embryos 

surviving to the larval stage. 

Hughes, M. R., C. Kasserra, B. R. Thomas, 1990. Effect of externally applied bunker fuel on body mass 

and temperature, plasma concentration, and water flux of glaucous-winged gulls, Larus glaucescens. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:716-721. 

Keywords: bird/ blood/ Bunker C/ concentration/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ glaucous-winged gull/ gull/ oil/ 

oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plasma/ plumage/ temperature/ weight 

Notes: Effect on body mass, temperature, and blood chemistry of young glaucous-winged gulls subjected 

to plumage oiling with Bunker C fuel oil for 4-5 days. 

Hull, C. L., M. A. Hindell, R. P. Gales, R. A. Meggs, D. I. Moyle, N. P. Brothers, 1998. The efficacy of 

translocating little penguins Eudyptula minor during an oil spill. Biological Conservation 86:393-400. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ coast/ fuel oil/ movement/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rate/ 

rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: The grounding of the Iron Baron off the north coast of Tasmania produced a Bunker C fuel oil spill 

that oiled many little penguins. Over 2000 penguins were brought into captivity. Thirty-one penguins 

were tagged with radio transmitters and released on the far side of Tasmania. Movement and return rate 

information was used to guide subsequent relocations of rehabilitated penguins. 

Humphrey, B., P. D. Boehm, M. C. Hamilton, R. J. Norstrom, 1987. The fate of chemically dispersed 

and untreated crude oil in Arctic benthic biota. Arctic 40:149-161. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ benthic/ bivalve/ Canada/ 

crude oil/ depth/ dispersal/ dispersant/ fate/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ release/ salt water/ 

sampling/ sea urchin/ species/ spill/ tissue/ uptake/ urchin 

Notes: Assessment of the uptake by benthic biota of chemically dispersed and untreated crude oil from 

two experimental oil spills at Cape Hatt, N.W.T., Canada. One experimental spill was chemically 

dispersed, the other was released on the surface and allowed to strand on the beach. Four species of 

bivalve and one sea urchin were sampled from four bays at two sampling depths before the oil release, 

immediately after the release, 2-3 wk after releases, 1 yr after release, and 2 yr after release. Measured 

the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon content of whole tissue. 

Hunt, G. S. 1961. Waterfowl losses on the lower Detroit River due to oil pollution. Pages 10-26 in 

Proceedings, Fourth Conference on Great Lakes Research: Ann Arbor, Michigan, April 17-18, 1961. 

Great Lakes Research Division publication. Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, MI. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ history/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ review/ spill/ survival/ 

waterfowl/ Great Lakes/ Michigan 

Notes: An account of losses of waterfowl due to oil pollution on the Detroit River, a literature review, 

eleven small experiments on the effects of oil on waterfowl, and management recommendations. A good 

historical reference to oil pollution in the 30s, 40s, and 50s. 

159 
Hunt, W. M., Jr. and J. G. Parks 1997. Regulatory approaches to oils under the federal Water Pollution 

Control Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Pages 51-58 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference. 

Improving Environmental Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

 Keywords: coast/ effects/ history/ miscellaneous/ nonpetroleum oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ protection/ regulation/ review/ spill/ vegetable oil 

Notes: A review of the effects, definitions, and legislative history of petroleum and nonpetroleum oils as 

environmental contaminants. Discussion of the significance of nonpetroleum oils for the Coast Guard, 

EPA, and Dept. of Transportation. 

Hunter, J. V., T. Sabatino, R. Gomperts, M. J. MacKenzie , 1979. Contribution of urban runoff to 

hydrocarbon pollution. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 51:2129-2139. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ particulate/ pollution/ solubility/ sources/ urban 

Notes: A storm sewer in northern Philadelphia was sampled during five storm events in 1974-75. 

Measured the duration of the discharge, discharge volume, and calculated the watershed 'depth' of the 

runoff. The water was analyzed for soluble and particulate aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Calculated hydrocarbon loadings for the watershed and attempted to identify the sources of the 

hydrocarbons. 

Huntley, S. L., N. L. Bonnevie, R. J. Wenning, 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum 

hydrocarbon contamination in sediment from the Newark Bay estuary, New Jersey. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:93-107. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ New 

Jersey/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ sediment/ survey 

Notes: A total of 213 sediment samples from 58 sediment cores were collected from the Newark Bay 

estuary area during 1991-93. Sediments were analyzed for individual PAHs (19) and total extractable 

petroleum hydrocarbons calibrated with diesel fuel. Results are broken down into regional assessments. 

Hurst, R. J., N. A. Oritsland, 1982. Polar bear thermoregulation: effect of oil on the insulative properties 

of fur. Journal of Thermal Biology 7:201-208. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fur/ insulation/ mammal/ motor oil/ oil/ Otwo/ polar bear/ salt water/ 

thermoregulation 

Notes: Effect of motor oil and two crude oils on the insulative properties of polar bear fur; fur from three 

bears, several types of air exposure, winter and summer. 

Hurst, R. J., P. D. Watts, N. A. Oritsland, 1991. Metabolic compensation in oil-exposed polar bears. 

Journal of Thermal Biology 16:53-56. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fur/ insulation/ mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ polar bear/ respiration/ 

salt water/ thermoregulation 

Notes: Effects of experimental oiling on thermoregulation of polar bears; three bears, crude oil, 

respiration chamber, body transmitters. 

Hussein, H. S., N. Terry, 2002. Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline 

environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt. Environment International 28:127-135. 

Keywords: amino acids/ coast/ Egypt/ environment/ fatty acids/ marine plant/ minerals/ Osix/ petroleum/ 

plant/ pollution/ salt water/ species/ vegetation 

Notes: Investigation of a petroleum polluted coastal (Egypt) saline depression and the vegetation growing 

in it. The area was divided into four sections and 15 plants of the one remaining species were collected 

from each section, pooled , and analyzed for proline, betaine, free amino acids, fatty acid esters, and 

mineral elements. There were four replicate analyses. The same was done at a control location. Results 

were compared in an effort to describe physiological changes in the remaining species. 

Hyland, J., D. Hardin, M. Steinhauer, D. Coats, R. Green, J. Neff, 1994. Environmental impact of 

offshore oil development on the Outer Continental Shelf and slope off Point Arguello, California. Marine 

Environmental Research 37:195-229. 

160 
Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ California/ concentration/ development/ drilling fluids/ drilling mud/ 

effects/ epifauna/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ metals/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Assessment of several effects of drilling platforms on the ocean floor off Southern California. 

Hard- and soft-bottom sites were sampled over a 4-yr period. Drilling sites were sampled before, during, 

and after initiation of drilling. Measured depositional flux, depositional pattern, concentrations of metals 

and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments, and abundance of epifauna. 

Hyland, J., D. Laur, J. Jones, J. Shrake, D. Cadian, L. Harris, 1994. Effects of an oil spill on the softbottom macrofauna of Arthur Harbour, Antarctica compared with long-term natural change. Antarctic 

Science 6:37-44. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ 

evaluation/ harbour/ hydrocarbons/ long-term/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ PAH/ population/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ spill/ total hydrocarbons/ unresolved complex 

mixture 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects on benthic macrofauna of a spill of diesel fuel in Arthur Harbor, 

Antarctica. Sampled four sites (two historical controls, one spill site, one spill control) 2 mo after the spill. 

Measured numbers of individuals, species, and families of macrofauna, sediment characteristics, total 

hydrocarbons, unresolved complex mixture, and PAHs. 

Hyland, J. L., E. D. Schneider 1979. Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects on marine organisms, 

populations, communities, and ecosystems. Pages 463-506 in Sources, Effects & Sinks of 

Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. The American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, 

DC. 

Keywords: bird/ community/ ecosystem/ effects/ environment/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ 

mammal/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ population/ review/ salt water/ sources 

Notes: A 1976 review and summarization of our knowledge of the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

the marine environment. Over 100 references and five tables of information. A good record of 

knowledge accumulated by the mid 1970s. 

Hyotylainen, T., A. Oikari, 2004. Bioaccumulation of PAHs from creosote-contaminated sediment in a 

laboratory-exposed freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Chemosphere 57:159-164. 

Keywords: chemical analysis/ creosote/ Finland/ freshwater/ freshwater invertebrate/ nitrogen/ Ofive/ 

oligochaete/ PAH/ sediment/ uptake/ water 

Notes: A sediment-dwelling oligochaete was used to determine the uptake of creosote PAHs from 

contaminated lake sediments. Sediments were from a remediated lake site and were kept stored for 5 

yrs under nitrogen. Oligochaetes were exposed for 28 da to either the creosote sediment or a synthethic 

reference sediment of identical characteristics. The sediment, overlying water, and oligochaetes were 

analyzed at the beginning and end of the study for six PAHs. 

Ibrahim, M. B. M., H. A. Gamila, 2004. Algal bioassay for evaluating the role of algae in bioremediation 

of crude oil: II. Freshwater phytoplankton. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

73:971-978. 

Keywords: algae/ bacteria/ bioassay/ biomass/ bioremediation/ chlorophyll/ community/ composition/ 

crude oil/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater/ freshwater plant/ fungi/ light/ methods/ oil/ Oseven/ PAH/ 

phytoplankton/ river/ water 

Notes: Cultures of Nile River agal communities were used in a laboratory assessment of the ability of 

phytoplankton to degrade Egyptian light crude oil in water. Experiment duration was 42 da. Chlorophyll a 

was used as a surrogate for algal biomass increase and community composition was determined at the 

beginning and end of the study. Measured 8 n-alkanes and 15 PAHs at 7, 21, and 42 da. Data 

presentation is hard to follow because some details are missing from the Methods. Also, the authors do 

not consider the role of bacteria and fungi that likely accompanied their collections of algae from the Nile 

River. 

161 
Ignatiades, L., N. Mimicos, 1977. Ecological responses of phytoplankton on chronic oil pollution. 

Environmental Pollution 13:109-118. 

Keywords: chronic/ coast/ community/ depth/ diversity/ Greece/ hydrocarbons/ index/ marine plant/ oil/ 

Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phytoplankton/ pollution/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ species 

diversity/ time 

Notes: A comparison, over a 1-yr period, of the phytoplankton communities of a polluted bay and an 

unpolluted reference site off the coast of Greece. Details of the reference site were reported in another 

publication. This report describes the results of sampling (1, 5, 10, and 20 m) at one location in Elefsis 

Bay (polluted). Water at the site was characterized at 1 and 20 m; and phytoplankton were identified at 

all depths 12 times during the year. 'Petroleum hydrocarbons' were measured at 1 m and 20 m depths. 

An index of species diversity for phytoplankton was calculated at each depth and the results compared to 

those of the reference location. 

Ijah, U. J. J., S. P. Antai, 2003. Removal of Nigerian light crude oil in soil over a 12-month period. 

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 51:93-99. 

Keywords: crude oil/ degradation/ incubation/ microbes/ Nigerian crude oil/ oil/ Oten/ soil/ time 

Notes: Soil was treated with either 10, 20, 30, or 40 % v/w of Nigerian crude oil and incubated for 12 

months. Monthly samples were taken for identification and quantification of microbes. Crude oil was 

measured in the soil at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mos. Five bacterial isolates were assessed for their ability to 

degrade crude oil over a 16-da period of incubation. 

Ikarashi, Y., M. Kaniwa, T. Tsuchiya, 2005. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and waterextractable phenols in creosotes and creosote-treated woods made and procurable in Japan. 

Chemosphere 60:1279-1287. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ creosote/ effectiveness/ hazard/ 

hydrocarbons/ Japan/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ PAH/ phenol/ procedure 

Notes: Measured and described the PAH content of nine creosote wood preservatives, three noncreosote wood preservatives, creosote foundation pilings, creosote wood from railway sleeper cars, and 

creosote wood stakes. Compared the effectiveness of four extraction procedures and measured 16 

PAHs. 

Ilarionov, S. A., A. V. Nazarov, I. G. Kalachnikova, 2003. The role of micromycetes in the phytotoxicity 

of crude oil-polluted soils. Russian Journal of Ecology 34:303-308. 

Keywords: biomass/ concentration/ crude oil/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ microbes/ Oten/ 

roots/ seed/ seedling/ soil/ survival 

Notes: Meadow clover seedlings were grown in either (1) oil-polluted soil (30% crude oil), unsterile 

conditions, (2) oil-polluted soil, sterile conditions, (3) clean soil, unsterile conditions, (4) clean soil, sterile 

conditions, (5) oil-polluted soil plus bacterial addition, and (6) oil-polluted soil plus fungal addition. 

Measured survival and air-dry biomass of surviving plants. Used meadow clover and smooth brome 

seeds in a germination study involving five concentrations of petroleum in the soil. The effectiveness of 

three antifungal agents on fungal presence on and near roots was the objective of another initiative. A 

complex and somewhat confusing description of a mutifaceted investigation with interesting results. 

Irons, D. B., S. J. Kendall, W. P. Erickson, L. L. McDonald, B. K. Lance, 2000. Nine years after the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill: effects on marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Condor 

102:723-737. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ density/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ foraging/ marine birds/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spatial scale/ spill/ survey/ transect 

Notes: Densities of marine birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska were determined in 1984-85, 1989-91, 

1993, 1996, and 1998. The pre-spill surveys consisted of 772 transects but the post-spill surveys 

consisted of a subset of 187 transects in 1989 and 212 transects in 1990-91, 1993, 1996, and 1998. A 

subset of those transects (108 in 1989, 123 in other post-spill years) was used in the population analyses. 

Methodology was consistent over all years. Pre-spill and post-spill results were evaluated according to 

foraging method and three spatial scales. 

162 
Irvine, G. V., D. H. Mann, J. W. Short, 1999. Multi-year persistence of oil mousse on high energy 

beaches distant from the Exxon Valdez spill origin. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:572-584. 

Keywords: beach/ condition/ Exxon Valdez/ gravel/ miscellaneous/ mousse/ North Slope crude oil/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oiled/ origin/ PAH/ persistence/ salt water/ spill/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Five study sites were established in 1992 on boulder and gravel beaches along the Alaskan 

Penninsula; areas of heaviest oiling were identified and studied in 1992 and 1994. Stranded oil (mousse) 

was sampled and analyzed in 1989, 1992, and 1994. The geomorphology and oiling conditions were 

described for each site and the remnant oil was analyzed for a suite of 40 PAHs. 

Irvine, G. V., D. H. Mann, J. W. Short, 2006. Persistence of 10-year old Exxon Valdez oil on Gulf of 

Alaska beaches: The importance of boulder-armoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1011-1022. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ boulder/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ Gulf of Alaska/ miscellaneous/ movement/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ persistence/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ weathered 

Notes: Six shoreline locations along the Kenai and Alaska Peninsula, characterized by boulder-armoring, 

were sampled in 1999 for the presence of crude oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Sediments were 

analyzed for a set of PAH and the results compared to an identical sampling performed in 1994. Results 

of both were compared to results of similar samples collected from a subset of the sites in 1992 and 

1989. Movement of boulders was also measured. 

Isikhuemhen, O. S., G. O. Anoliefo, O. I. Oghale, 2003. Bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil by the 

white rot fungus, Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr.) Sing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 

10:108-112. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ crude oil/ evaluation/ germination/ height/ length/ oil/ plant/ root/ seed/ soil/ 

weight 

Notes: An evaluation of a white rot fungus as a bioremediation tool for petroleum-contaminated soils. 

Soil was mixed with sawdust innoculated with the fungus and either 1, 3, 5, 10, or 15% crude oil (by 

weight) was added. Bean seeds were planted in the soil at 0, 7, or 14 da after the soil mixture was 

prepared. Measured seed germination, and then plant height and root length at 7-da intervals up to 21 da 

post-germination. 

Iturbe, R., R. M. Flores, L. G. Torres, 2003. Soil and water contamination levels in an out-of-service oil 

distribution and storage station in Michoacan, Mexico. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 146:261-281. 

Keywords: BTEX/ concentration/ crude oil/ diesel/ distribution/ gasoline/ health/ Mexico/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ remediation/ risk/ risk assessment/ soil/ storage/ TPH 

Notes: A detailed description of the soil contamination beneath an inactive petroleum product storage 

and distribution center in Mexico. Site characteristics were described, soil analyzed for TPH, PAHs, 

BTEX, gasoline, diesel, MTBE, VOCs, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Zn. Several crude oils and products were also 

analyzed for Cu and Ni. Remediation concentrations were established based on human health risk 

assessments. 

Jackson, J. B. C., J. D. Cubit, B. D. Keller, V. Batista, K. Burns, H. M. Caffey, R. L. Caldwell, S. D. 

Garrity, C. D. Getter, C. Gonzalez, H. M. Guzman, K. W. Kaufmann, A. H. Knap, S. C. Levings, M. J. 

Marshall, R. Steger, R. C. Thompson, E. Weil, 1989. Ecological effects of a major oil spill on 

Panamanian coastal marine communities. Science 243:37-44. 

Keywords: algae/ community/ coral/ crude oil/ effects/ general effect/ infauna/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ Panama/ population/ salt water/ seagrass/ spill/ 

subtidal/ time 

Notes: A summarized report on the environmental effects of the 1986 Bahia Las Minas crude oil spill in 

coastal Panama at the 1.5 yr post-spill stage. Effects on intertidal mangroves, seagrasses, algae, and 

associated invertebrates; and subtidal reef corals and infauna of seagrass beds are described. This is an 

extremely well-studied tropical oil spill. 

Jackson, L., T. Bidleman, W. Vernberg, 1981. Influence of reproductive activity on toxicity of petroleum 

hydrocarbons to ghost crabs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:63-65. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ eye/ flow-through/ 

gill/ gonads/ heart/ hepatopancreas/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ 

163 
Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of crude oil on ghost crabs during reproductive and nonreproductive 

periods. Field-captured crabs were exposed to the water-soluble fraction of Kuwait crude oil in a flowthrough bioassay for 96 hr. Crabs were captured in July, August, September, and October. Measured 

survival and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in exposure water, heart, muscle, gonad, eye, 

hepatopancreas, and gill. 

Jackson, S., 1993. The effects of oil pollution on seabirds. Penquin Conservation 6:4-9. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A general account of the effects of oil on seabirds. 

Jackson, W. A., J. H. Pardue, 1999. Potential for enhancement of biodegradation of crude oil in 

Louisiana salt marshes using nutrient amendments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 109:343-355. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ evaluation/ 

experiment/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mesocosm/ microbes/ nitrogen/ nutrients/ oil/ 

Oten/ phosphorus/ rate/ salt marsh/ salt water/ soil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ vegetation 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of nutrient enhancement on biodegradation of South Louisiana crude oil. 

One experiment performed in aquatic mesocosms (N and P used) and a second performed with intact 

cores of marsh soil and vegetation (N only). Loading rates and the best form of N were determined. 

Measured the degradation of selected alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Jacobs, R. P. W. M., 1980. Effects of the 'Amoco Cadiz' oil spill on the seagrass community at Roscoff 

with special reference to the benthic infauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2:207-212. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ benthic/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ density/ diversity/ eelgrass/ effects/ 

evaluation/ France/ infauna/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

salt water/ seagrass/ species/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Amoco Cadiz crude oil spill (March 1978) on the benthic 

invertebrates of an eelgrass bed off the coast of France. Upper and lower portions of the eelgrass bed 

were separately evaluated on a monthly basis during the period October 1977 to April 1979. Measured 

density of benthic individuals, species numbers and diversity. 

Jacobsson, A., E. Newman, 1991. Fish recruitment around a petrochemical centre in the North Sea. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:269-272. 

Keywords: abundance/ fish/ North Sea/ Othree/ population/ recruitment/ refinery/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ size/ species/ Sweden 

Notes: Assessment of recruitment of two marine fish species near a petrochemical complex on coastal 

Sweden; abundance, size, and reproductive success measured. 

Jahn, A. E. and G. A. Robilliard 1997. Natural recovery: a practical natural resource restoration option 

following oil spills. Pages 665-668 in Proceedings 1997 International Oil Spill Conference, API 4651. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: miscellaneous/ natural resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ restoration/ spill 

Notes: A discussion of 'natural recovery' as a restoration option following oil spills. Authors define 

'natural recovery', discuss the natural role of disturbance, recovery following disturbance, and natural 

recovery following oil spills. 

Jahns, H. O., J. R. Bragg, L. C. Dash, and E. H. Owens 1991. Natural cleaning of shorelines following 

the Exxon Valdez spill. Pages 167-176 in 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ cleaning/ Exxon Valdez/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ monitoring/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ 

time/ weathered 

Notes: A description and discussion of natural shoreline cleaning at 16 monitoring sites in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. The sites were monitored during the winter (Sept - Mar) of 1989-90. Analyzed surface 

and subsurface sediments for total petroleum hydrocarbons and compared among high, moderate, and 

low energy sites. 

164 
Jayko, K., M. Reed, A. Bowles, 1990. Simulation of interactions between migrating whales and potential 

oil spills. Environmental Pollution 63:97-127. 

Keywords: Alaska/ development/ interactions/ mammal/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ salt water/ simulation/ 

species/ spill/ whale 

Notes: Development of a simulation model for migrating bowhead and gray whales in the presence of oil 

spills in Alaskan waters. 

JBF Scientific Corporation. 1984. Response of crude oil slicks to dispersant treatment at sea. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/S2-84-067. 4 pp. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ ODnine/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ petroleum/ salt 

water/ spill/ technical/ treatment/ water column 

Notes: A Project Summary describing the results of four experimental oil spills in 1978 and four more in 

1979. Employed two crude oils (Murban and LaRosa) and an unidentified chemical dispersant. Sampled 

the concentration of petroleum in the water column beneath oil slicks at depths of 0-9 m over several 

hours. 

Jensen, K., 1981. Levels of hydrocarbons in mussels, Mytilus edulis, and surface sediments from Danish 

coastal areas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26:202-206. 

Keywords: concentration/ Denmark/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ tissue/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Determination of the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in blue mussels and sediments of 

coastal Denmark. Samples collected from 12 locations between January and May 1980. Measured total 

hydrocarbons in mussel tissue and sediments. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, C. Bech, 1985. Thermoregulation in a naturally oil-contaminated black-billed 

murre Uria aalge. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:9-14. 

Keywords: bird/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plumage/ salt water/ temperature/ thermoregulation 

Notes: Thermoregulation in a single naturally-oiled black-billed murre. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, 1988. A method for evaluating the cleaning of oiled seabirds. Wildlife Society 

Bulletin 16:213-215. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ methods/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plumage/ rehabilitation/ temperature 

Notes: Description of a method to assess the success of cleaning of oiled birds; based on measured 

body temperature and heat production. 

Jenssen, B. M., 1989. Effects of ingested crude and dispersed crude oil on thermoregulation in ducks 

(Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Research 48:49-56. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ dispersant/ duck/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ 

temperature/ thermoregulation 

Notes: Effects on thermoregulation in mallard ducks of doses of crude oil and chemically-dispersed crude 

oil. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, 1989. Rehabilitation of oiled birds: a physiological evaluation of four cleaning 

agents. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20:509-512. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plumage/ rehabilitation 

Notes: An assessment of the ability of four cleaning agents to clean plumage and restore the natural 

insulative properties; use of a metabolic chamber. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Staurnes, 1989. Effects of oil on eggshell conductance. Comparative Biochemistry 

and Physiology 93C:221-223. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ conductance/ crude oil/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ oil/ Oone/ shell 

Notes: Effects on water vapor conductance of chicken egg shells receiving varied applications of crude 

oil. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker 1990. Effects of plumage oiling on thermoregulation in common eiders residing 

in air and in water. Pages 281-287 in Svein. Myrberget, editor. Transactions of the XIXth IUGB 

165 
Congress the International Union of Game Biologists, September 1989, Trondheim, Norway. NINA 

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ crude oil/ effects/ eiders/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plumage/ temperature/ 

thermoregulation/ Norway 

Notes: Comparison of the heat loss of oiled common eiders on water versus on land. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, K. Zahlsen, 1990. Effects of ingested crude oil on thryroid hormones and on 

the mixed function oxidase system in ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 95C:213-216. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ hormone/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ physiology 

Notes: Effects on thyroid hormones and the mixed function oxidase system of mallards as a result of 

dosing with crude oil. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, 1991. Effects of plumage contamination with crude oil dispersant mixtures on 

thermoregulation in common eiders and mallards. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 20:398-403. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eiders/ mallard/ ODone/ oil/ physiology/ 

plumage/ temperature/ thermoregulation 

Notes: A comparison of the effects on thermoregulation of mallards and common eiders of undispersed 

and chemically dispersed crude oil. 

Jenssen, B. M., M. Ekker, 1991. Dose dependent effects of plumage-oiling on thermoregulation of 

common eiders Somateria mollissima residing in water. Polar Research 10:580-584. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ crude oil/ effects/ eiders/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ plumage/ temperature/ 

thermoregulation/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the time- and dose-dependent aspect of the effect of plumage oiling on 

thermoregulation in common eiders. 

Jenssen, B. M., 1994. Review article: effects of oil pollution, chemically treated oil, and cleaning on the 

thermal balance of birds. Environmental Pollution 86:207-215. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ dispersant/ effects/ ODone/ oil/ oiled/ physiology/ plumage/ pollution/ 

rehabilitation/ review/ temperature/ thermoregulation 

Notes: A review of the effects on thermoregulation in birds of ingested oil and plumage oiling from 

dispersed and undispersed oil. 

Jenssen, B. M., 1996. An overview of exposure to, and effects of, petroleum oil and organochlorine 

pollution in Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Science of the Total Environment 186:109-118. 

Keywords: effects/ grey seal/ mammal/ oil/ organochlorines/ Otwo/ overview/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

population/ review/ salt water/ seal/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Review of the exposure to, and effects of, petroleum and organochorines in grey seals throughout 

the world. Discussion of effects on individuals and consequences for populations. 

Jewett, S. C., T. A. Dean, R. O. Smith, A. Blanchard, 1999. "Exxon Valdez' oil spill: impacts and 

recovery in the soft-bottom benthic community in and adjacent to eelgrass beds. Marine Ecology 

Progress Series 185:59-83. 

Keywords: abundance/ Alaska/ benthic/ biomass/ community/ depth/ diversity/ eelgrass/ effects/ 

epifauna/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ hydrocarbons/ infauna/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ 

oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ salt water/ 

sampling/ sediment/ species/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the benthic community in and near 

eelgrass beds in western Prince William Sound, Alaska. Matched oiled and reference sites were sampled 

in 1990 (4 pairs), 1991 (5 pairs), 1993 (3 pairs), and 1995 (4 pairs). Only presents data for the 3 pairs 

sampled in every year. Sampling of sediments and eelgrass occurred at two depths; eelgrass beds (< 3 

m) and at 6-20 m. Sediments were characterized and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Benthic 

invertebrates were identified to genus or species. Calculated species abundance, richness, diversity, and 

biomass for infauna and epifauna. 

166 
Jewett, S. C., T. A. Dean, B. R. Woodin, M. K. Hoberg, J. J. Stegeman, 2002. Exposure to 

hydrocarbons 10 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill: evidence from cytochrome P4501A expression 

and biliary FACs in nearshore demersal fishes. Marine Environmental Research 54:21-48. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ mussel/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ review/ salt water/ sediment/ 

species/ spill/ time 

Notes: Begins with a review of fish exposure studies performed in Prince William Sound during 1989-92. 

Two species of fish (masked greenling, crescent gunnel) were collected from 17 sites during 1996, 1998, 

and 1999. The sites were classified as moderately to heavily oiled, unoiled within the spill zone, and 

unoiled outside the spill zone. Liver and bile were collected from the fish and sediment was collected 

from mussel beds located at the collection sites. Measured CYP1A and EROD in the liver, fluorescent 

aromatic hydrocarbons in the bile, and total petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment. 

Jimenez, N., M. Vinas, J. Sabate, S. Diez, J. M. Bayona, A. M. Solanas, J. Albaiges, 2006. The 

Prestige oil spill. 2. Enhanced biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under field conditions by the use of an 

oleophilic fertilizer. Environmental Science and Technology 40:2578-2585. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ condition/ cycloalkane/ 

degradation/ experiment/ fertilizer/ fuel oil/ hopane/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ PAH/ residual oil/ salt 

water/ spill/ time 

Notes: A beach contaminated with heavy fuel oil from the Prestige oil spill was the site of a 

biodegradation experiment employing an oleophilic fertilizer. One plot was sprayed with S200 fertilizer 

and the other remained as a control. Each plot was divided into nine sectors and residual oil sampled 

from rock surfaces at 0, 30, 60, and 220 days. Samples were analyzed for n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, 

hopanes, cholestanes, and a suite of PAHs to document the pattern of degradation over time. 

Joensen, A. H., 1972. Oil pollution and seabirds in Denmark 1935-1968. Danish Review of Game 

Biology 6:1-24. 

Keywords: bird/ Denmark/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Historical account of oil spills and seabirds for Denmark during the period 1935-1968. 

Johansson, S., U. Larsson, P. Boehm, 1980. The Tsesis oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:284-293. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ concentration/ effects/ fate/ fuel oil/ 

general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ rate/ salt 

water/ sediment/ spill/ tanker/ time/ Tsesis/ zooplankton 

Notes: A general assessment of the fate and effects consequences of the 10/77 grounding of the tanker 

Tsesis in the Baltic Sea. The tanker was carrying No. 5 fuel oil. Samples were collected three times at 4 

locations in and near the spilled oil during the month following the spill, and compared with ongoing 

collections at two remote locations. Collected depth-integrated phytoplankton, bacteria at 2 m, 

zooplankton by vertical net hauls, and employed sediment traps to collect sinking fuel oil. Measured 

primary production, bacteria concentration in water, daily rates of sediment deposition, amount of fuel oil 

deposited daily, and the resolved and unresolved aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the deposited 

sediments. 

Johns, D. M., J. A. Pechenik, 1980. Influence of the water-accomodated fraction of No. 2 fuel oil on 

energetics of Cancer irroratus larvae. Marine Biology 55:247-254. 

Keywords: crab/ development/ effects/ energetics/ food/ fuel oil/ growth/ ingestion/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil on larval development of the rock crab. Newly-hatched 

larvae were exposed to 0.1 ppm water-accomodated fraction of No. 2 fuel oil for the period of larval 

development (five stages) until the megalopa stage. Measured survival, food ingestion, dry weight at 

each developmental stage, respiration rate, and growth efficiency. 

Johnson, B. T., J. D. Petty, J. N. Huckins, K. Lee, J. Gauthier, 2004. Hazard assessment of a 

simulated oil spill on intertidal areas of the St. Lawrence River with SPMD-TOX. Environmental 

Toxicology 19:329-335. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ assay/ Canada/ catfish/ crude oil/ freshwater plant/ hazard/ intertidal/ 

167 
liver/ microbes/ Microtox/ miscellaneous/ Mutatox/ nitrate/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ phosphate/ plant/ 

river/ spill/ SPMD/ treatment/ water column/ wetland 

Notes: Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) were used to monitor the water column after an 

experimental crude oil spill in a wetland along the St. Lawrence River (Canada). Spill treatments included 

crude oil only, oil plus ammonium nitrate and phosphate and cut plants, oil plus ammonium nitrate and 

phosphate, oil plus ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate and phosphate only. SPMD residues were 

extracted and used in Microtox and Mutatox assessments, and an assay of EROD induction in catfish 

liver. The presence of PAH in the residues was confirmed by fluorescence. 

Johnson, S. W., M. G. Carls, R. P. Stone, C. C. Brodersen, S. D. Rice, 1997. Reproductive success of 

Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, in Prince William Sound, Alaska, six years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Fishery Bulletin 95:748-761. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ Alaska/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ hatching/ herring/ larvae/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ Prince William Sound/ region/ salt water/ spill/ swimming 

Notes: Assessment of reproductive performance of Pacific herring in Prince William Sound six years after 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Evaluated according to region (affected area vs unaffected area) and specific 

years. Measured percent hatching, percent viable larvae, percent effective swimmers, and percent larvae 

with spinal defects. 

Jones, D. A., J. Plaza, I. Watt, M. Al Sanei, 1998. Long-term (1991-1995) monitoring of the intertidal 

biota of Saudi Arabia after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:472-489. 

Keywords: abundance/ Arabian Gulf/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

plant/ monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ plant/ recruitment/ rocky shore/ salt water/ sand/ Saudi Arabia/ 

seasonal/ species/ spill/ transect/ war 

Notes: Monitoring of the intertidal invertebrate and plant occurrance and abundance along permanent 

transect lines on the western shore of the Arabian Gulf from 1991 to 1995. Classified shore line as sand 

shores, rocky shores, or saltmarsh-mud shores, and also evaluated recruitment and seasonal changes in 

biota. 

Jones, M. A. and J. H. Greenfield 1991. In-situ comparison of bioremediation methods for a number 6 

residual fuel oil spill in Lee County, Florida. Pages 533-540 in 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4529. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bacteria/ bioremediation/ Bunker C/ combination/ degradation/ Florida/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ 

methods/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ remediation/ simulation/ spill/ time 

Notes: A spill of No. 6 residual fuel oil (Bunker C) was used to evaluated the feasibility of enhanced 

bioremediation methods. Laboratory slurry tests and site simulation tests employed various combinations 

of nutrient and bacteria additions. Results were used to establish a field remediation program for the spill 

site. A follow-up small plot study was conducted on an untreated portion of the spill site during the 

following year. An economic comparison was made of the various remediation options. 

Jones, P. H., J.-Y. Monnat, C. J. Cadbury, T. J. Stowe, 1978. Birds oiled during the AMOCO CADIZ

incident -- an interim report. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:307-310. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ bird/ coast/ crude oil/ France/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ 

spill 

Notes: An early report of seabird deaths from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill off the coast of France. 

Jonker, M. T. O., J. M. Brils, A. J. C. Sinke, A. J. Murk, A. A. Koelmans, 2006. Weathering and toxicity 

of marine sediments contaminated with oils and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 25:1345-1353. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ 

bacteria/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ light/ lubricating oil/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oxygen/ 

PAH/ pore water/ salt water/ sediment/ toxicity/ water/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: A complex study of the toxicity of weathered oils and PAHs in sediment. Used a suite of 11 

PAHs, Distillate Marine grade A, Arabian Crude Light, and a waste lubricating oil isolated from bilge 

water. Collected sediments were mixed with 0-100,000 ppm dry weight of either of the three oils. In 

addition, all sediment containers were spiked with the same quantity of a mixture of the selected 11 

168 
PAHs. Approximately 2/3 of the test sediments were weathered for 27 mos with sediment oxygen 

demand measured after 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, and 26 mos. Pore water was tested for toxicity with a 

luminescent bacteria and the DR-CALUX assay. Measured PAHs in pore water and aliphatic 

hydrocarbons in sediment. 

Jonsson, G., R. K. Bechmann, S. D. Bamber, T. Baussant, 2004. Bioconcentration, biotransformation, 

and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) 

exposed to contaminated seawater. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:1538-1548. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ biotransformation/ combination/ concentration/ depuration/ 

elimination/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ metabolite/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ sheepshead minnow/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Sheepshead minnows were exposed to a high and a low concentration of a combination of eight 

2-4 ring aromatic hydrocarbons for 36 da, followed by an 8-da depuration period. Water, fish tissue, and 

fish bile were sampled periodically during the exposure and depuration periods. Measured the 

concentrations of the parent PAHs and their metabolites. 

Jovancicevic, B., L. Tasic, H. Wehner, D. Markovic, P. Polic, 1998. n-alkane distribution as a tool in 

the identification of organic type pollution in river sediments. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 7:320-326. 

Keywords: alkane/ distribution/ fresh water/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pollution/ sediment 

Notes: Authors attempt to contrast sediments from a sewage-polluted river with sediments from an 

unpolluted river through the use of n-alkane distributions. Purpose is to identify the source of the organic 

pollution. 

Joyce, P., 1998. Floating tar in the western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea, 1982-1996. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 36:167-171. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ Caribbean/ density/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ tar ball 

Notes: Assessment of the density of floating tar balls in the western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea 

during the years 1982-96. 

Juvonen, R., E. Martikainen, E. Schultz, A. Joutti, J. Ahtiainen, M. Lehtokari, 2000. A battery of 

toxicity tests as indicators of decontamination in composting oily waste. Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety 47:156-166. 

Keywords: assay/ benzene/ cell/ chemical characteristics/ compost/ concentration/ enzyme/ genotoxic/ 

growth/ indicator/ invertebrate/ metals/ microbes/ Oten/ PAH/ plant/ refinery/ reproduction/ soil/ species/ 

survival/ toluene/ toxicity 

Notes: Oily waste from an old refinery landfill was composted with sewage sludge and coniferous bark. 

Samples of the compost were collected on days 0, 32, 60, 74, and 123; analyzed for physical and 

chemical characteristics, and concentrations of benzene, toluene, PAHs, and a suite of metals. Toxicity 

was assessed with cell organelles (RET assay), three species of microbes, two species of plants, and 

three species of soil invertebrates. Measured enzyme inhibition, luminescence, growth inhibition, 

survival, reproduction, and genotoxicity. 

Kalke, R. D., T. A. Duke, R. W. Flint, 1982. Weathered IXTOC I oil effects on estuarine benthos. 

Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 15:75-84. 

Keywords: benthic/ biomass/ condition/ crude oil/ density/ diversity/ effects/ estuarine/ evaluation/ flowthrough/ index/ Ixtoc/ Ixtoc I crude oil/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ 

weathered 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of weathered IXTOC I crude oil on benthic organisms in estuarine 

sediment. Test containers were placed both in a laboratory flow-through system and on the sea floor. All 

containers remained in place for 8 wks to permit settlement by planktonic larvae. In the laboratory, both 

sets of containers were exposed to weathered crude oil and kept under flow-through conditions for 

another 4 wks. Identified benthic organisms and determined density and biomass; and calculated 

diversity index. 

Kammerer, M., O. Mastain, S. Le Drean-Quenech'du, H. Pouliquen, M. Larhantec, 2004. Liver and 

kidney concentrations of vanadium in oiled seabirds after the Erika wreck. Science of the Total 

169 
Environment 333:295-301. 

Keywords: bird/ carcass/ chemical analysis/ coast/ common eider/ common murre/ concentration/ crude 

oil/ France/ kidney/ liver/ marine birds/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ species/ spill/ vanadium 

Notes: Three species of marine birds, common murre, black scoter, and common eider, were sampled 

from carcasses brought into animal care centers along the west coast of France after the 1999 Erika spill 

of crude oil. Liver and kidney were removed from 150 oiled carcasses and seven unoiled common 

murres and razorbills from the north coast of France. Analyzed all 150 livers and 60 kidneys from the 

oiled birds and the livers and kidneys from the seven 'control' birds for vanadium. Difficult reading due to 

language translation problems. 

Kaplan, I., S.-T. Lu, R-P. Lee, G. Warrick, 1996. Polycyclic hydrocarbon biomarkers confirm selective 

incorporation of petroleum in soil and kangaroo rat liver samples near an oil well blowout site in the 

western San Joaquin Valley, California. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:696-707. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomarker/ California/ crude oil/ degradation/ fresh water/ 

hydrocarbons/ liver/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ rat/ soil/ sterane/ technical/ terpane 

Notes: Description of the use of sterane and terpane compounds as chemical biomarkers indicative of 

crude oil contamination in soil and kangaroo rat livers. Useful because they are more resistent to 

metabolism and degradation than alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Kashner, J., J. V. Hunter, 1983. Influence of land utilization on hydrocarbon runoff pollution. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health A18:135-144. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

New Jersey/ Oeleven/ pollution/ sediment/ stream/ survey/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Sediments were collected from two small streams in central New Jersey that were characterized 

according to the different land uses within their watersheds. A total of six samples were collected from 

the smaller stream and 14 from the slightly larger stream. Sediments were analyzed for total solids, total 

hydrocarbons, total volatiles, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were related to 

land use. 

Kasymov, A. G., E. E. Velikhanov, 1992. The joint effect of oil and drilling agents on some invertebrate 

species of the Caspian Sea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 62:1-11. 

Keywords: bivalve/ Caspian Sea/ concentration/ consumption/ crude oil/ drilling mud/ effects/ fertility/ 

invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oil drilling agents and water-soluble fractions of crude oil separately 

or combined on invertebrates of the Caspian Sea. Exposed a shrimp and a bivalve to varying 

concentrations of three agents in drilling muds and several concentrations of WSF combined with the 

agents. Measured survival, oxygen consumption, and weight gain for all three agents. Also measured 

effect on fertility in the shrimp and survival of its offspring. 

Katayama, Y., T. Oura, M. Iizuka, I. Orita, K. J. Cho, I. Y. Chung, M. Okada, 2003. Effects of spilled oil 

on microbial communities in a tidal flat. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:85-90. 

Keywords: analysis/ community/ composition/ DNA/ experiment/ fuel oil/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

salt water/ tidal flat/ toxicity 

Notes: A laboratory tidal simulator was used to evaluate the effect of fuel oil on indiginous microbial 

communities. The experiment lasted 2 mos. Microbes were classified as susceptible or non-susceptible 

to the toxic effects of petroleum. Analysis of bacterial DNA was used to track changes in the microbial 

community composition. 

Kauss, P. B., T. C. Hutchinson, 1975. The effects of water-soluble petroleum components on the growth 

of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Environmental Pollution 9:157-174. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ benzene/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ 

fresh water/ freshwater plant/ growth/ motor oil/ naphthalene/ oil/ Oseven/ petroleum/ solubility/ toluene/ 

xylene 

Notes: A green algae was used in a flask culture assay to determine the effects of the water-soluble 

fractions (WSF) of seven crude oils and outboard motor oil on growth. Duration of the experiment was 10 

170 
da. WSF was used fresh or aged 24, 48, or 120 hrs. To assess the effects of specific soluble aromatics, 

growth assays were performed with benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene in 4-7 concentrations. 

Kazlauskiene, N., G. Svecevicius, M. Z. Vosyliene, D. Marciulioniene, D. Montvydiene, 2004. 

Comparative study on sensitivity of higher plants and fish to heavy fuel oil. Environmental Toxicology 

19:451. 

Keywords: adult/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fuel oil/ genotoxic/ growth/ larvae/ 

oil/ Oseven/ plant/ rainbow trout/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Heavy fuel oil was mechanically emulsified in water and used in toxicity tests with three species of 

aquatic plants, and embryos, larvae, and adults of rainbow trout. Tests included 48-hr EC50, 96-hr LC50, 14-da 

EC50, 30-da EC50, 60-da LC50, and 28-da LC50 for survival, growth, physiological and morphological measures, and genotoxic effects (one plant species). 

Keck, R. T., R. C. Heess, J. Wehmiller, D. Maurer, 1978. Sublethal effects of the water-soluble fraction 

of Nigerian crude oil on the juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne). Environmental Pollution 

15:109-119. 

Keywords: algae/ clam/ concentration/ crude oil/ depuration/ effects/ experiment/ feeding/ growth/ 

juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Nigerian crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ rate/ salt water/ sublethal 

Notes: Juvenile hard clams were exposed to Nigerian crude oil for 5 wk followed by a 2-wk depuration 

period. Clams were subjected to several concentrations of the water-soluble fraction in a 48-hr waterrenewal experiment. Measured rate of feeding on algae and growth of clams. 

Keizer, P. D., D. C. Gordon, Jr., J. Dale, 1977. Hydrocarbons in eastern Canadian marine waters 

determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography. Journal of the Fisheries 

Research Board of Canada 34:347-353. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Canada/ chromatography/ depth/ estimate/ estuary/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Nova Scotia/ Oeleven/ oil/ origin/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ survey 

Notes: Water samples were collected in 1975 at 2 and 50 m depth from five locations: Bedford Basin 

(Nova Scotia), Scotian Shelf, Gulf of St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence estuary, and the Sargasso Sea. 

Samples were analyzed for specific and total n-alkanes and total aromatic hydrocarbons. The latter was 

related to a standard oil (unspecified) to derive a total petroleum hydrocarbon estimate. Results were 

compared with comment on the likely origin. 

Kendeigh, S. C., 1969. Tolerance of cold and Bergmann's Rule. Auk 86:13-25. 

Keywords: bird/ metabolism/ Oone/ temperature/ tolerance 

Notes: A comparison of cold tolerance between passerine and nonpasserine birds and the relation to 

Bergmann's Rule. 

Kennedy, C., A. P. Farrell, 2006. Effects of exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil on the 

swimming performance and the metabolic and ionic recovery postexercise in Pacific herring (Cupea 

pallasi). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25:2715-2724. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ biochemical/ blood/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ herring/ liver/ 

metabolism/ muscle/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ plasma/ 

recovery/ salt water/ swimming 

Notes: Pacific herring were exposed to three concentrations (10, 40, 100 ppb) of the water-soluble 

fraction of North Slope crude oil for up to 8.3 weeks. After varying amounts of exposure, fish were tested 

for swimming performance and post-performance recovery. Liver, muscle, and blood were sampled. 

Measured cytochrome P-450 and EROD activity before and after 24 hrs, 96 hrs, 4.3 wks, and 8.3 wks of 

exposure. Measured plasma cortisol, lactate, Na and Cl ion concentrations, hematocrit, leukocrit, and 

muscle glycogen before and for 24 hrs after the swimming exercise test. 

Kennicutt, M. C., II, 1990. Oil spillage in Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 24:620-624. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ biological effects/ bird/ coast/ community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ experiment/ 

fish/ general effect/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ salt water/ 

subtidal 

Notes: A preliminary report of the environmental effects of the grounding of the Bahia Paraiso off the 

171 
coast of Antarctica. The effects of the discharged diesel fuel were assessed by a large team of scientists 

from the NSF. Presents a description of the early biological effects, hydrocarbon analyses of the spilled 

oil; and effects on birds, mammals, fish, intertidal and subtidal communities, microbial processes, and 

some experiments with marine invertebrates. 

Kennicutt, M. C., II, S. T. Sweet, 1992. Hydrocarbon contamination on the Antarctic penninsula: III. The 

Bahia Paraiso -- two years after the spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:9-12. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

effects/ hydrocarbons/ limpet/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal 

Notes: Assessment of the environmental effects and remnants of a diesel fuel spill 2 yrs previous in 

Arthur Harbor, Antarctica. Subtidal sediment samples from 41 locations (2, 15, and 27 mo post spill) and 

samples of limpets from 20 locations (1, 2, 14, and 27 mo post spill) were analyzed for concentrations of 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Beach samples were also collected and anlyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons in 

1991. 

Kenworthy, W. J., M. J. Durako, S. M. R. Fatemy, H. Valavi, G. W. Thayer, 1993. Ecology of 

seagrasses in northeastern Saudi Arabia one year after the Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

27:213-222. 

Keywords: abundance/ algae/ biomass/ coast/ density/ macroalgae/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ salt 

water/ Saudi Arabia/ seagrass/ spill/ war 

Notes: A 20-da cruise dedicated to assessment of seagrasses off the northeast coast of Saudi Arabia 1 

yr after the Gulf War oil spill. Sampled four locations, three of which had a nearshore-offshore paired 

collection. Water was characterized at each location. Measured seagrass frequency, abundance, and 

biomass; and biomass of macroalgae when it was found. Treated nearshore-offshore pairs as equivalent 

to oiled-unoiled pairs. 

Keramitsoglou, I., C. Caartalis, P. Kassomenos, 2003. Decision support system for managing oil spill 

events. Environmental Management 32:290-298. 

Keywords: Crete/ Greece/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: Description of a decision support system developed by Greece for managing oil spill response 

actions. The structure of the system is explained and an application of the system to the island of Crete 

is described. 

Kerley, G. I. H., T. Erasmus, R. P. Mason, 1985. Effect of moult on crude oil load in a jackass penguin 

Spheniscus demersus. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:474-476. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ molt/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ plumage/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of moult on loss of oil from oiled plumage. 

Kerley, G. I. H., T. Erasmus, 1986. Oil pollution of Cape gannets: to clean or not to clean? Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 17:498-500. 

Keywords: Africa/ bird/ cleaning/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ South Africa 

Notes: An assessment of the utility of cleaning oiled Cape (South Africa) gannets. 

Kerley, G. I. H., C. G. Crellin, T. Erasmus, 1987. Gravimetric determination of water-repellancy in 

rehabilitated oiled seabirds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:609-611. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ oiled/ Oone/ rehabilitation/ salt water 

Notes: Recommendation for testing for water repellancy of rehabilitated birds before releasing into the 

wild. 

Kerley, G. I. H., T. Erasmus, 1987. Cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled jackass penguins. South African 

Journal of Wildlife Research 17:64-70. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ South Africa/ 

washing 

Notes: An evaluation of two washing techniques for cleaning oiled jackass penguins. 

172 
Kerley, G. I. H. and T. Erasmus 1987. The management of oiled penguins. Pages 465-468 in 1987 Oil 

Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, 

DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ cleaning/ effects/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ procedure/ rehabilitation/ 

salt water/ South Africa/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the effects of oiling on South African penguins and the procedures for rehabilitation 

of oiled penguins. 

Kertell, K., R. L. Howard, 1997. Impoundment productivity in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska: 

Implications for waterbirds. Environmental Management 21:779-792. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ chlorophyll/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ habitat/ macroinvertebrate/ 

nitrogen/ oil/ oil field/ Oone/ phosphorus/ productivity/ Prudhoe Bay 

Notes: Comparison of natural ponds to impoundments caused by oilfield construction (roads, drilling 

pads) in the Prudhoe Bay oil field. Also evaluated differences among habitat types within impoundments 

and ponds. Measured macroinvertebrate productivity, chlorophyll a, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Study 

performed during summers of 1991-93 . 

Ketkar, K. W., 2002. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990: a decade later. Spill Science Technology Bulletin 

7:45-52. 

Keywords: analysis/ cost/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ pollution/ regulation/ spill 

Notes: An evaluation of the effect of the various regulations contained within OPA 1990 on the incidence 

and consequences of oil spills. Sections on oil spills and vessel traffic accidents, specifics of OPA 1990 

and the cost-benefit analysis, and the status of oil spills today compared to 10 yrs ago. 

Khan, A. A., R. W. Coppock, M. M. Schuler, A. K. Sharma, L. E. Lillie, 1989. Induction of hepatic 

cytochrome P-450 and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rats gavaged with an Alberta crude oil. 

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 28:297-307. 

Keywords: Alberta/ biochemical/ crude oil/ effects/ enzyme/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ Otwo/ rat/ weight 

Notes: Effects on weight and a variety of biochemical measures of rats receiving oral doses of Alberta 

crude oil for 4 days. 

Khan, A. A., R. W. Coppock, M. M. Schuler, L. Z. Florence, L. E. Lillie, M. S. Mostrom, 1996. 

Biochemical effects of Pembina Cardium crude oil in cattle. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 30:349-355. 

Keywords: behavior/ biochemical/ biochemistry/ cattle/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ fresh water/ ingestion/ 

mammal/ oil/ Otwo/ physiology 

Notes: Effects on cattle receiving single oral doses of varying amounts of Pembina Cardium crude oil; 

clinical signs, physiology, and biochemistry. 

Khan, A. A., R. W. Coppock, M. M. Schuler, 2001. Effects of multiple exposures of small doses of 

Pembina Cardium crude oil and diesel in rats. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

40:418-424. 

Keywords: analysis/ biochemical/ blood/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dosed/ effects/ experiment/ fresh 

water/ kidney/ lesions/ liver/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ organ/ Otwo/ physiology/ rat/ tissue 

Notes: Laboratory rats were dosed with either vehicle control, Pembina Cardium crude oil, or diesel fuel 

on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 of a 10-da experiment. Rats were dosed with either 0.25, 0.50, or 1.25 ml/kg of 

crude oil; 1.25 ml/kg of diesel fuel; or 1.25 ml/kg of vehicle control. Rats were euthanized on day 10 and 

blood, kidneys, and liver were removed; all organs were examined for gross lesions. Performed a variety 

of biochemical analyses on blood, and kidney and liver tissue. 

Khan, A. A., C. Embury, M. M. Schuler, M. N. Hiltz, R. W. Coppock, M. Dziwenka, 2005. Effects of 

crude oil and diesel exposures on biochemical activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cattle. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49:410-414. 

Keywords: activity/ biochemical/ blood/ cattle/ crude oil/ diesel/ effects/ fuel oil/ ingestion/ mammal/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ Otwo/ water 

Notes: Cattle were exposed to either 10 ml/kg water, 5 ml/kg No. 2 fuel oil, 2.5 ml/kg Pembina Cardium 

173 
crude oil, 5 ml/kg crude oil, or 10 ml/kg crude oil on days 1, 14, 28, and 42. Blood was drawn periodically 

until day 55 and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in blood were analyzed for four biochemical activities. 

Khan, E., W. Virojnagud, T. Ratpukdi, 2004. Use of biomass sorbents for oil removal from gas station 

runoff. Chemosphere 57:681-689. 

Keywords: biomass/ motor oil/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ sorbent/ spill response/ technical/ used motor oil/ 

water 

Notes: Description of a test of petroleum absorbence characteristics of kapok fiber, cattail fiber, Salvina 

sp., polyester fiber, wood chips, rice husk, coconut husk, and bagasse. A mixture of water and used 

motor oil (50 ppm) was passed through the material for periods ranging from 30 to 360 min. Quantity of 

oil absorbed was measured. Retention ability was determined by rinsing the material with water and 

measuring the remaining motor oil. 

Khan, M. A. Q., S. M. Al-Ghais, S. Al-Marri, 1995. Petroleum hydrocarbons in fish from the Arabian Gulf. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:517-522. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ elimination/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ Othree/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the accumulation and elimination of aromatic hydrocarbons by several species of 

fish from the Arabian Gulf. 

Khan, N. A., 1992. Impacts of the giant international oil-spill on Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Environmental 

Conservation 19:259-261. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ general effect/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ spill/ war 

Notes: A superficial description of the arrival at Jubail of the Gulf War oil spill and the proposed and 

observed consequences of the oil. Some factual comments are made about the effect on birds. 

Khan, R. A., J. W. Kiceniuk, 1989. Sublethal effects of crude oil on a cold-water marine leech, 

Johanssonia arctica, following chronic exposure. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

43:590-596. 

Keywords: chronic/ cod/ crude oil/ effects/ emergence/ experiment/ food/ Hibernia crude oil/ leech/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of Hibernia crude oil on a marine 

leech. Several experiments conducted: (1) leeches exposed to WSF of 50-100 ppb (49-92 da) and 

uncontaminated food (cod) or exposed to clean water and food previously exposed (for 92 da) to WSFcontaminated water, (2) leeches exposed to WSF of 50 or 150 ppb for 49 da, and (3) leeches removed 

from 50 ppb WSF after exposure varying from 9 to 67 da. Measured cocoon production, emergence of 

young, and survival of young. 

Khan, R. A., 1990. Parasitism in marine fish after chronic exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons in the 

laboratory and to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

44:759-763. 

Keywords: Alaska/ chronic/ crude oil/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ parasite/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ 

species/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Evaluation of parasitism in marine fish following exposure to crude oil. Two species 

experimentally exposed to crude oil in water for 12 weeks and one species collected from Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Incidence of parasites in gill tissue and pathological evaluation of gills. 

Khan, R. A., 1991. Effect of oil-contaminated sediment on the longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus 

octodecemspinosus) following chronic exposure. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

47:63-69. 

Keywords: chronic/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ gill/ hemoglobin/ Hibernia crude oil/ 

length/ oil/ organ/ Othree/ parasite/ sculpin/ sediment/ serum/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on longhorn sculpin of exposure to oil-contaminated sediment. 

Exposed sculpin to sediment contaminated with Hibernia crude oil for 6 mo in the primary experiment and 

two additional trials of 3-4 mo. At 3 and 6 mo, measured weight, length, condition factor, organ somatic 

174 
indices, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, melting and freezing point of sera, and parasites on the gill 

and in the digestive tract. 

Khan, R. A., P. Ryan, 1991. Long term effects of crude oil on common murres (Uria aalge) following 

rehabilitation. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46:216-222. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ common murre/ crude oil/ effects/ long-term/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ 

rehabilitation/ salt water 

Notes: Report of pathologic effects in common murres of crude oil exposure after attempted 

rehabilitation. 

Khan, R. A., 1991. Influence of concurrent exposure to crude oil and infection with Trypanosoma 

murmanensis (Protozoa: Mastigophora) on mortality in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:876-880. 

Keywords: adult/ blood/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ flounder/ Hibernia crude oil/ juvenile/ oil/ oiled/ organ/ 

Othree/ parasite/ protozoa/ salt water/ sediment/ survival/ winter flounder 

Notes: Effects of concurrent or separate exposure of juvenile and adult winter flounder for 8 weeks to 

oiled sediment and a protozoan parasite; Hibernia crude oil, survival, blood characteristics, organ indicies. 

Khan, R. A., K. Nag, 1993. Estimation of hemosiderosis in seabirds and fish exposed to petroleum. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 50:125-131. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ fish/ hemosiderosis/ liver/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of the incidence of hemosiderosis in the livers of seabirds and fish exposed to crude 

oil. 

Khan, R. A., 1998. Influence of petroleum at a refinery terminal on feral winter flounder, Pleuronectes 

americanus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:770-777. 

Keywords: abundance/ fish/ flounder/ gill/ kidney/ length/ lesions/ liver/ Newfoundland/ Othree/ parasite/ 

pathology/ petroleum/ refinery/ salt water/ spleen/ weight/ winter flounder 

Notes: Winter flounder were collected near a refinery in Newfoundland and at a reference site. Flounder 

were compared for differences between sites. Measured weight, length, lesions in liver, spleen, kidney, 

and gill, and abundance of parasites. 

Khan, R. A., 1999. Study of pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) inhabiting a stillwater pond contaminated 

with diesel fuel. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 62:638-645. 

Keywords: activity/ blood/ cell/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ Labrador/ liver/ 

monooxygenase/ Othree/ physiology/ population/ tissue 

Notes: Comparison between pearl dace collected from a pond (Goose Bay, Labrador) chronically 

contaminated with diesel fuel and from a reference pond. Measured population and morphological 

characteristics, performed histological evaluations of numerous tissues, measured MFO activity of liver 

tissue, and counted white blood cells. 

Khan, R. A., 2003. Health of flatfish from localities in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, contaminated with 

petroleum and PCBs. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44:485-492. 

Keywords: benthic/ blood/ fish/ gill/ health/ heart/ kidney/ lesions/ liver/ Newfoundland/ oil/ Othree/ 

parasite/ PCB/ petroleum/ refinery/ salt water/ skin/ species/ spleen/ stomach/ tissue 

Notes: Four species of benthic flatfish were collected from several sites in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. 

Sites included an oil refinery terminal, two PCB-contaminated locations, a boat harbor, and two reference 

locations. Fish were examined for external and internal lesions, blood removed for characterization, 

tissues (skin, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, stomach, midintestine, gill) were removed for microscopic 

examination, and the digestive tract examined for parasites. 

Khan, R. A., J. F. Payne, 2004. Comparative study of oil well drill cuttings and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons on parasitism in winter flounder: a dose-response study. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 73:652-658. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ coast/ concentration/ crude 

oil/ cuttings/ experiment/ fish/ flounder/ hydrocarbons/ Newfoundland/ oil/ Othree/ parasite/ salt water/ 

175 
sand/ spleen/ time/ winter flounder 

Notes: Winter flounder captured along the coast of Newfoundland were used in a 15-week flow-thru 

assay assessing the influence of drill mud cuttings and crude oil on ectoparasites. Five concentrations of 

drill mud cuttings and four concentrations of crude oil (both mixed in sand) were employed. Measured 

ectoparasites before and at the end of the experiment. Also measured hemosiderin deposits in the 

spleen. 

Khan, R. A., J. F. Payne, 2005. Influence of a crude oil dispersant, Corexit 9527, and dispersed oil on 

capelin (Mallotus villosus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus 

octodecemspinosus), and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 75:50-56. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ cod/ combination/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ cunner/ depuration/ dispersant/ fish/ flowthrough/ gill/ Hibernia crude oil/ lesions/ ODthree/ oil/ recovery/ salt water/ sculpin/ species/ survival/ time 

Notes: The water-soluble fraction (WAF) of Hibernia crude oil, Corexit 9527, and a combination of Corexit 

9527 and WAF were tested on three species of marine fish. Exposures were for 4 da in flow-through 

aquaria followed by a 4-wk recovery period. Measured survival and prevalence and severity of gill lesions 

after the 4-wk recovery period. 

Khan, S., J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 1986. Mechanisms of petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity: 

destruction of liver microsomal and mitochondrial calcium pump activities by a Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Journal of Biochemical Toxicology 1:31-43. 

Keywords: activity/ biochemical/ crude oil/ effects/ liver/ mammal/ microsome/ mitochondria/ oil/ Otwo/ 

petroleum/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat/ toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: Effects on rat mitochondrial and microsomal calcium uptake of daily doses (2 days) of Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil. 

Khan, S., A. M Rahman, J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 1986. Mechanisms of petroleum hydrocarbon 

toxicity: studies on the response of rat liver mitochondria to Prudhoe Bay crude oil and its aliphatic, 

aromatic and heterocyclic fractions. Toxicology 42:131-142. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ effects/ liver/ mammal/ 

mitochondria/ nonhydrocarbon/ oil/ Otwo/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on rat liver mitochondrial function of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and its aliphatic, aromatic, and 

nonhydrocarbon fractions. 

Khan, S., J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 1986. Mechanisms of petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity: funcitonal 

changes in rat liver mitochondria after exposure to a Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Toxicology Letters 32:141-

146. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ liver/ mammal/ mitochondria/ oil/ Otwo/ petroleum/ physiology/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat/ respiration/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on respiration of rat liver mitochondria after daily doses (2 days) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Khan, S., M. Martin, A. D. Rahimtula, J. F. Payne, 1987. Effect of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil on hepatic 

and placental drug metabolism in rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65:2400-2408. 

Keywords: adult/ crude oil/ effects/ liver/ mammal/ metabolism/ oil/ Otwo/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rat 

Notes: Effects on pregnant rats and their fetuses of single and multiple doses of Prudhoe Bay crude oil; 

measures of hepatic metabolism in adults and fetuses. 

Khan, S., M. Irfan, A. D. Rahimtula, 1987. The hepatotoxic potential of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil: effect 

on mouse liver weight and composition. Toxicology 46:95-105. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biochemistry/ composition/ crude oil/ dosed/ evaluation/ liver/ mammal/ mouse/ 

oil/ Otwo/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the liver toxicity of Prudhoe Bay crude oil; laboratory mice dosed with crude oil for 

2 days followed by an evaluation of body and liver weight and liver biochemistry. 

176 
Kiceniuk, J. W., W. R. Penrose, W. R. Squires, 1978. Oil spill dispersants cause bradycardia in a 

marine fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:42-45. 

Keywords: cunner/ dispersant/ fish/ heart/ heart rate/ ODthree/ oil/ oil spill/ rate/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Effect on heart rate in a marine fish (cunner) of exposure to two chemical oil dispersants. 

Kiceniuk, J. W., G. L. Fletcher, R. Misra, 1980. Physiological and morphological changes in a cold 

torpid marine fish upon acute exposure to petroleum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 24:313-319. 

Keywords: acute/ biochemistry/ blood/ crude oil/ cunner/ effects/ fish/ oil/ organ/ Othree/ petroleum/ salt 

water/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weight 

Notes: Effects on a marine fish (cunner) of 2 weeks of exposure to a surface slick of Venezuelan crude 

oil; body weight, organ weights, blood characteristics, biochemistry. 

Kiceniuk, J. W., R. A. Khan, M. Dawe, U. Williams, 1982. Examination of interaction of Trypanosome 

infection and crude oil exposure on hematology of the longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus 

octodecemspinosus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:435-438. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ blood/ crude oil/ fish/ oil/ organ/ Othree/ parasite/ pathology/ salt water/ sculpin/ 

Venezuelan crude oil/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the interaction of protozoan infection and exposure to the water-soluble fraction of 

Venezuelan crude oil in the longhorn sculpin; body weight, organ weights, biochemistry, blood 

characteristics, pathology. 

Kiceniuk, J. W., U. P. Williams, 1987. Sediment hydrocarbon contamination at the site of the Baie Verte, 

Newfoundland, oil spill. Results of a four year study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:270-274. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

Newfoundland/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: A spill of diesel oil occurred in 1982 at Baie Verte, Newfoundland. Samples of sediment were 

collected from oiled and reference sites at 1 m below the water surface at low tide during June of 1982, 

1983, 1984, and 1985. The samples were analyzed for six aromatic hydrocarbons and the results 

converted to diesel fuel concentrations as a standard. Table 3 not referenced and units of measure not 

indicated. 

Kim, S., E. L. Stair, R. L. Lochmiller, D. P. Raferty, J. L. Schroder, N. T. Basta, J. W. Lish, C. W. 

Qualls, Jr., 2001. Widespread risks of dental fluorosis in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) residing on 

petrochemical waste sites. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 62:107-125. 

Keywords: bone/ concentration/ cotton rat/ fluoride/ fluorosis/ incisor/ lesions/ mammal/ Oklahoma/ Otwo/ 

rat/ risk/ soil 

Notes: A total of 573 cotton rats were collected from 12 former petrochemical sites and 12 matched 

reference sites in Oklahoma, USA between 9/95 and 2/98. After sacrifice, incisors were evaluated for 

signs of dental lesions (fluorosis) and humeri were analyzed for fluoride concentrations. Soil samples at 

each site also were analyzed for fluoride concentration. 

Kim, S., E. L. Stair, J. W. Lish, R. L. Lochmiller, D. P. Rafferty, C. W. Qualls, Jr., 2001. Evaluation of 

myelotoxicity in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) exposed to environmental contaminants. II. Myelotoxicity 

associated with petroleum industrial wastes. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 

62:97-105. 

Keywords: blood/ bone/ bone marrow/ cell/ cotton rat/ evaluation/ hematoxicity/ mammal/ numbers/ 

Oklahoma/ Otwo/ petroleum/ petroleum waste/ rat 

Notes: Twelve cotton rats were collected from each of nine former petroleum waste sites and nine 

matching reference sites in Oklahoma, USA during 1997 and 1998. Rats were transported to a laboratory 

facility, blood was collected, and the rats were euthanized. Bone marrow cells were taken from one 

femur and cultured to determine the number of colony-forming units of granulocyte-macrophage. 

Kim, S., R. L. Lochmiller, E. L. Stair, J. W. Lish, D. P. Rafferty, C. W. Qualls, Jr., 2001. Efficacy of 

histopathology in detecting petrochemical-induced toxicity in wild cotton rats. Environmental Pollution 

113:323-329. 

177 
Keywords: adult/ cotton rat/ evaluation/ indicator/ mammal/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum waste/ rat/ 

seasonal/ sex/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Cotton rats were collected from 13 petrochemical sites and 13 matching reference sites. The 

sites were sampled over a 3-yr period and collections were made during February and September. Six 

adults of each sex were collected each season at each site. Animals were transported to the laboratory, 

euthanized, and tissues removed for histopathological evaluation. Results were compared between 

contaminated and reference sites and between seasons. 

King, J. G., G. A. Sanger 1979. Oil vulnerability index for marine oriented birds. Pages 227-239 in J. C. 

Bartonek, D. N. Nettleship, editors. Conservation of marine birds of northern North America: papers 

from the international symposium held at Seattle, Washington, 13-15 May 1975. Wildlife Research 

Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ environment/ index/ marine environment/ oil/ Oone/ Pacific/ salt water/ species/ spill/ 

survival/ vulnerability/ conservation/ marine birds/ North America/ Washington 

Notes: An oil vulnerability index for birds living in or utilizing marine environments. A total of 176 species 

from the northeast Pacific were classified according to 20 factors affecting survival. Potential point scores 

ranged from 0 to 5 per factor with a potential total score of 1 to 100. Scores were also derived for bird 

Families and species were grouped according to point ranges. 

King, K. A., C. A. Lefever, 1979. Effects of oil transferred from incubating gulls to their eggs. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 10:319-321. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ feathers/ fuel oil/ gull/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water 

Notes: No. 2 fuel oil applied to breast feathers of incubating laughing gulls; effects on embryos. 

King, K. A., S. Macko, P. L. Parker, E. Payne, 1979. Resuspension of oil: probable cause of brown 

pelican fatality. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:800-805. 

Keywords: bird/ brown pelican/ endangered species/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pelican/ plumage/ residual oil/ salt 

water/ spill/ Texas 

Notes: Report of death of an endangered brown pelican due to oiling caused by residual oil from a spill 

that occurred 6 weeks previously. 

King, K. A., C. J. Stafford, B. W. Cain, A. J. Mueller, H. D. Hall, 1987. Industrial, agricultural, and 

petroleum contaminants in cormorants wintering near the Houston Ship Channel, Texas, USA. Colonial 

Waterbirds 10:93-99. 

Keywords: analysis/ bird/ carcass/ cormorant/ hydrocarbons/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

salt water/ Texas/ tissue/ wintering 

Notes: Report of the analysis of cormorant carcass tissue for petroleum hydrocarbons at the beginning 

and end of the wintering period. 

Kingston, P. F., 1992. Impact of offshore oil production installations on the benthos of the North Sea. 

ICES Journal of Marine Science 49:45-53. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ concentration/ distance/ diversity/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ 

numbers/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ oil platform/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ review/ salt water/ 

sediment/ sources/ species 

Notes: Overall assessment of the effect of offshore oil installations on benthos of the North Sea. 

Reviews data from other sources on a variety of measures related to distance from oil platform; number of 

benthic species, numbers of individuals, diversity, taxa comparisons between sites, sediment 

hydrocarbon concentrations, and several biological measures related to sediment hydrocarbon 

concentrations. 

Kingston, P. F., I. M. T. Dixon, S. Hamilton, D. C. Moore, 1995. The impact of the Braer oil spill on the 

macrobenthic infauna of the sediments off the Shetland Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:445-459. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ diversity/ effects/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

population/ salt water/ sediment/ Shetland/ species/ spill/ trend 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on benthos of the Braer oil spill off the Shetland Islands in January 

1993. Samples of sediment and benthos were collected from three locations in April and May 1993. 

178 
Measured sediment characteristics and identified species, then calculated diversity indices and identified 

species trends. 

Kireeva, N. A., G. M. Khanislamova, E. M. Tarasenko, 2005. Biological testing of oil-polluted and 

reclaimed soils based on the survival of springtails (Collembola). Russian Journal of Ecology 36:361-364. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ crude oil/ experiment/ freshwater invertebrate/ microbes/ Ofive/ oil/ soil/ 

species/ survival/ time/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Soil treated with 0, 1, 2, 5, or 10% crude oil and incubated for 3-180 days was used to test toxicity 

to a species of springtail. A parallel set of soil samples was treated with a bacterial soil reclamation 

product (Bacispecin). Survival was determined on day 5 of exposure and life span of all springtails was 

recorded. Also measured the abundance of hydrocarbon-metabolizing microorganisms (bacteria?) and 

the total hydrocarbon content of soil at the start of each experiment. 

Kirk, J. L., J. N. Klironomos, H. Lee, J. T. Trevors, 2005. The effects of perennial ryegrass and alfalfa 

on microbial abundance and diversity in petroleum contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution 133:455-

465. 

Keywords: abundance/ alfalfa/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ combination/ community/ 

diversity/ DNA/ effects/ freshwater plant/ fungi/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ microbes/ nutrients/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ ryegrass/ soil/ storage/ TPH 

Notes: Soil containing 31,000 ppm of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from a former petroleum 

storage site was used to evaluate the effect of plants on the soil microbial community. Perennial 

ryegrass, alfalfa, or a combination of the two were planted in pots containing the petroleum-contaminated 

soil. Duration of the study was 7 weeks. Measured the TPH and inorganic nutrients in the soil, measured 

the abundance of heterotrophic and petroleum-degrading bacteria on a weekly basis, and performed a 

DNA assessment of the microbial community at the beginning and at the end of the study. 

Klein, S. A., D. Jenkins, 1983. The toxicity of jet fuels to fish -- II. The toxicity of JP-8 to flagfish 

(Jordanella floridae) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and golden shiners (Notemigonus chysoleucas). 

Water Research 17:1213-1220. 

Keywords: accumulation/ acute/ bioassay/ depuration/ development/ effects/ fish/ flagfish/ fresh water/ 

golden shiner/ growth/ jet fuel/ Othree/ rainbow trout/ reproduction/ species/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the water-soluble fraction of jet fuel (JP-8) on growth, development, 

and reproduction in three species of fresh water fish; 96 hr acute bioassay, 4 month continuous-flow 

bioassay, accumulation and depuration also measured. 

Klekowski, E. J., Jr., J. E. Corredor, J. M. Morell, C. A. Del Castillo, 1994. Petroleum pollution and 

mutation in mangroves. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:166-169. 

Keywords: alkane/ coast/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ marine plant/ mutation/ Osix/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ plant/ pollution/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Seven sites along the coast of Puerto Rico were sampled for sediment and surveyed for the 

presence of mangrove plants with chlorophyll-deficient mutations. The sediment was analyzed for 

resolved alkanes, unresolved complex mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, and PAHs as chrysene 

equivalents. Concentrations of hydrocarbons were compared to the frequency of chlorophyll-deficient 

mutations. 

Klerks, P. L., J. A. Nyman, S. Bhattacharyya, 2004. Relationship between hydrocarbon measurements 

and toxicity to a chironomid, fish larva and daphnid for oils and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory 

freshwater marsh microcosms. Environmental Pollution 129:345-353. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ combination/ Corexit 9500/ Corexit 9580/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ Louisiana crude oil/ microcosm/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ technical/ time/ toxicity/ TPH 

Notes: Laboratory microcosms using sediments from two freshwater marshes were mixed with one of 

nine combinations of South Louisiana crude oil, diesel fuel, no petroleum, Corexit 9500, Corexit 9580, 

and no chemical cleaner. Water and sediment-water mixture was taken from the microcosms on days 1, 

7, 31, and 186 for toxicity determinations with medaka fish (96 hrs), young daphnids (48 hrs), and 

chironomid larva (96 hrs). Hydrocarbon content of the sediment at sampling time was quantified in 

179 
several general ways to test the toxic predictability of the measures (TPH by three measures, total 

targeted aromatic hydrocarbons, principal components results, and several individual aromatic 

hydrocarbons). 

Knap, A. H., P. J. LeB. Williams, 1982. Experimental studies to determine the fate of petroleum 

hydrocarbons from refinery effluent on an estuarine system. Environmental Science and Technology 

16:1-4. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ degradation/ effluent/ estuarine/ evaporation/ fate/ hydrocarbons/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ salt water/ sediment/ technical/ United Kingdom 

Notes: An assessment of the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons from refinery effluent in the water and 

sediment of Southampton Water, United Kingdom. Evaluated the processes of biodegradation, 

evaporation, and adsorption of hydrocarbons to estuarine sediments. 

Knap, A. H., P. J. LeB. Williams, E. Lysiak, 1982. Petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments of 

Southampton Water estuary. Marine Environmental Research 7:235-249. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ distance/ England/ estuary/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ salt water/ 

sediment/ survey 

Notes: A total of 21 samples of surface sediments were collected from various locations near and at 

distance from a large petroleum refinery in the Southampton Water estuary, England. Samples were 

fractionated and quantified. Resolved alkanes (n-16 to n-27) were quantified as a group. Several 

sediment cores were analyzed by increments. 

Knap, A. H., J. E. Solbakken, R. E. Dodge, T. D. Sleeter, S. J. Wyers, K. H. Palmork, 1982. 

Accumulation and elimination of (9-14C) phenanthrene in the reef-building coral (Diploria strigosa). Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:281-284. 

Keywords: accumulation/ coral/ depuration/ elimination/ evaluation/ flow-through/ labelled/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ petroleum/ phenanthrene/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: Evaluation of the uptake and depuration by reef coral of radio-labelled phenanthrene as a 

surrogate for petroleum. Coral exposed for 24 hr to labelled phenanthrene in a flow-through laboratory 

system and monitored for 10 da for depuration. 

Knap, A. H., S. C. Wyers, R. E. Dodge, T. D. Sleeter, H. R. Frith, S. R. Smith, and C. B. Cook 1985. 

The effects of chemically and physically dispersed oil on the brain coral Diploria strigosa (Dana) -- a 

summary review. Pages 547-551 in 1985 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), 

API Publication 4385. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ behavior/ brain/ coral/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ 

effects/ flow-through/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ light/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ ODfour/ oil/ 

oil spill/ photosynthesis/ recovery/ review/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ uptake 

Notes: Summary of 3 yrs of laboratory and field work on the effects on reef coral of Arabian light crude oil 

with or without dispersants (Corexit 9527 or BP 1100WD). Exposure of coral for up to 24 hrs in a flowthrough laboratory system was followed by recovery periods of up to 20 da. Measured survival, behavior, 

uptake and depuration of hydrocarbons, photosynthesis, and skeletal growth. In some studies, corals 

were exposed in the field. Some corals exposed in the laboratory were transferred to field sites for longterm monitoring in excess of 1 yr. 

Knap, A. H., 1987. Effects of chemically dispersed oil on the brain coral, Diploria strigosa. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 18:119-122. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ behavior/ brain/ coral/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ effects/ 

evaluation/ flow-through/ growth/ light/ lipid/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ ODfour/ oil/ 

photosynthesis/ salt water/ survival/ uptake 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of chemically dispersed Arabian Light crude oil on coral in a flow-through 

experimental system supplemented by a field study. Corals exposed for 6 or 24 hr to either crude oil, 

crude oil plus Corexit 9527, or crude oil plus BP 1100 WD in the lab. Field exposure employed placing 

exposure chambers over coral on the sea floor and and injecting dispersed crude oil into the chamber for 

180 
6 hr. Measured hydrocarbon uptake and depuration, lipid metabolism and photosynthesis, survival, 

behavior, and long-term (1 yr) growth after exposure. 

Knowles, R., C. Wishart, 1977. Nitrogen fixation in Arctic marine sediments: effect of oil and 

hydrocarbon fractions. Environmental Pollution 13:133-149. 

Keywords: aerobic/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ anaerobic/ Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ Beaufort 

Sea/ biodegradation/ Canada/ condition/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ nitrogen/ Norman 

Wells crude oil/ numbers/ oil/ organic/ Oten/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ weathered 

Notes: Sediment samples from the Beaufort Sea and Eskimo Lakes in northwest Canada were used in 

laboratory assessment of the nitrogen fixing capability of sediment microbes under cold environmental 

conditions. Unweathered or weathered Norman Wells crude oil or one of four aliphatic and one aromatic 

hydrocarbons were added to the sediments either with or without various organic supplements. In 

addition, some incubations were performed with or without supplements only. Aerobic and anaerobic 

conditions were compared. Duration of incubation was up to 35 da. Numbers of nitrogen fixing bacteria 

were estimated from two of the sampling sites. 

Kocan, R. M., M. B. Matta, S. M. Salazar, 1996. Toxicity of weathered coal tar for shortnose sturgeon 

(Acipenser brevirostrum) embryos and larvae. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

31:161-165. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coal/ coal tar/ concentration/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

larvae/ Othree/ sediment/ sturgeon/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the toxic effects of weathered coal tar deposits in sediments of the Connecticut 

River on embryos and larvae of shortnose sturgeon; survival, sediment concentrations of aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Koning, C. W., S. E. Hrudey, 1992. Sensory and chemical characterization of fish tainted by exposure to 

oil sand wastewaters. Water Science and Technology 25:27-34. 

Keywords: Alberta/ analysis/ bile/ chemical analysis/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ oil/ oil sands/ Othree/ 

sand/ taint/ waste water 

Notes: Evaluation of the potential for fish tainting caused by the extraction wastewaters from the oil 

sands area of Alberta; four wastewater preparations, chemical analysis of fillet, bile, and treated 

wastewater. 

Kornilios, S., P. G. Drakopoulos, C. Dounas, 1998. Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum 

hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan Sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:989-993. 

Keywords: dissolved/ distribution/ Greece/ hydrocarbons/ litter/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ plastic/ salt water/ sampling/ survey/ tar ball 

Notes: Survey of the distribution of dissolved or dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons, floating tar, and 

plastic litter in the Cretan Sea, Greece. Samples collected from 25 sampling stations in July 1997. 

Koster, A. SJ., J. A. M. Van Den Biggelaar, 1980. Abnormal development of Dentalium due to the 

Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:166-169. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ bivalve/ crude oil/ development/ embryo/ female/ France/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ reproduction/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Comparison of reproduction of the bivalve, Dentalium vulgare, in females collected before the 

Amoco Cadiz spill with those collected from coastal France after the spill. Measured development of 

embryos and larvae. 

Koth, T., E. Vauk-Hentzelt, 1988. Influence of plumage and stomach oiling on body and organ growth in 

young kittiwakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:71-73. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ GI tract/ growth/ kittiwake/ liver/ nestling/ oiled/ Oone/ organ/ pathology/ 

plumage/ salt water/ stomach/ weight 

Notes: Measurements on dead oiled kittiwake nestlings and fledglings found on Helgoland (German 

Bight) revealed effects on liver weight and body weight. 

181 
Krahn, M. M., L. J. Kittle, Jr., W. D. MacLeod, Jr., 1986. Evidence for exposure of fish to oil spilled into 

the Columbia River. Marine Environmental Research 20:291-298. 

 Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ fish/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ metabolite/ oil/ Othree/ 

petroleum/ residual oil/ spill/ sturgeon 

Notes: Assessment of petroleum exposure of white sturgeon downriver of a spill of heavy residual oil in 

the Columbia River, WA; measured metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons in bile. 

Krahn, M. M., D. G. Burrows, G. M. Ylitalo, D. W. Brown, C. A. Wigren, 1992. Mass spectrometric 

analysis for aromatic compounds in bile of fish sampled after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental 

Science and Technology 26:116-126. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ metabolite/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Othree/ pollock/ salmon/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Analysis of pollock and salmon bile for presence of metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons 

following the Exxon Valdez spill. 

Krahn, M. M., G. M. Ylitalo, J. Buzitis, J. L. Bolton, C. A. Wigren, S.-L. Chan, U. Varanasi, 1993. 

Analyses for petroleum-related contaminants in marine fish and sediments following the Gulf oil spill. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:285-292. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ fish/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ metabolite/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Othree/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ spill/ war 

Notes: Analyses of fish bile and sediments from the Arabian Gulf 1 year after the Gulf War (1991) for the 

presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites. Fish species was the sheiry (Lethrinus 

kallopterus). 

Krause, P. R., 1995. Spatial and temporal variability in receiving water toxicity near an oil effluent 

discharge site. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:523-529. 

Keywords: California/ discharges/ effects/ effluent/ eggs/ fertilization/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

field/ produced water/ salt water/ sampling/ sea urchin/ sperm/ toxicity/ transect/ urchin/ waste water 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on eggs and sperm of the purple sea urchin of a produced- water 

discharge from onshore oil fields. Eggs and sperm exposed to receiving waters from a sampling transect 

over a 2-yr period (spatial and temporal aspects), dilutions of the effluent, and a confirmation study 

performed to confirm that the effluent discharge was the actual cause of the effects observed. Measured 

fertilization success. 

Krebs, C. T., K. A. Burns, 1977. Long-term effects of an oil spill on population of the salt-marsh crab Uca 

pugnax. Science 197:484-487. 

Keywords: adult/ behavior/ concentration/ crab/ density/ diet/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

juvenile/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ population/ ratio/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ sex/ spill/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: Field and laboratory assessment of the effect on salt marsh crabs of the No. 2 fuel oil spill at West 

Falmouth in 1969. Related petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment to crab density, adult sex ratios, juvenile 

settlement, overwinter survival, hydrocarbons in tissue, and burrow construction during the 7-yr period 

after the spill. Evaluated the effect of fuel oil in the diet on behavior in a laboratory experiment. 

Kroening, S. J., D. W. M. Leung, L. G. Greenfield, C. Galilee, 2001. Losses of diesel oil by volatilisation 

and effects of diesel oil on seed germination and seedling growth. Environmental Technology 22:1117. 

Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ emergence/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ 

length/ oil/ Oseven/ roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ seedling/ soil/ time 

Notes: The evaporative potential of diesel fuel over a 300-da period was determined by exposing diesel 

fuel, diesel fuel in soil, diesel fuel exposed to wind, and diesel fuel protected from wind. Ryegrass seeds 

were soaked in diesel fuel for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 wks before testing for germination (2 wks). Seeds were 

tested exposed to ambient air or the volatile fractions of fresh diesel. Measured percent germination, root 

length, and percent shoot emergence. 

Kuehn, R. L., K. D. Berlin, W. E. Hawkins, G. K. Ostrander, 1995. Relationships among petroleum 

refining, water and sediment contamination, and fish health. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental 

182 
Health 46:101-116. 

Keywords: chemical characteristics/ community/ diversity/ effects/ effluent/ fish/ fresh water/ health/ 

Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ refinery/ sediment/ species/ species diversity/ stream/ Texas 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of refinery effluents on fish species and chemical characteristics of 

water and sediment in three Texas streams; species diversity, community similarity, pathology. 

Kuhnhold, W. W. 1972. The influence of crude oils on fish fry. Pages 315-318 in M. Ruivo, editor. 

Marine Pollution and Sea Life. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London. 

Keywords: behavior/ cod/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ fry/ herring/ larvae/ malformation/ oil/ Othree/ 

plaice/ pollution/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Effects on cod eggs and cod, herring, and plaice larvae of exposure to the water-soluble fractions 

of three crude oils, a physical dispersion of one crude oil, and a chemical dispersion of one crude oil; 

survival, malformations, behavior. 

Kulik, N., A. Goi, M. Trapido, T. Tuhkanen, 2006. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

combined chemical pre-oxidation and bioremediation in creosote contaminated soil. Journal of 

Environmental Management 78:382-391. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioremediation/ creosote/ 

degradation/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ Oten/ PAH/ sand/ soil/ time 

Notes: Samples of sand or peat were spiked with creosote and treated with either a two- or three-phase 

ozonation process for 3 or 4 periods of time (30-300 min). Mixtures were incubated for 24 hrs. PAH 

content (seven PAHs) was measured before and after the ozonation and incubation. 

Kurelec, B., S. Britvic, M. Rijavec, W. E. G. Muller, R. K. Zahn, 1977. Benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase 

induction in marine fish - molecular response to oil pollution. Marine Biology 44:211-216. 

Keywords: biomarker/ condition/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ fish/ monooxygenase/ ODthree/ 

oil/ pollution/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the induction of benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase in two fish species under 

experimental conditions and at spill sites; diesel fuel, crude oil, biomarker. 

Kvenvolden, K. A., F. D. Hostettler, J. B. Rapp, P. R. Carlson, 1993. Hydrocarbons in oil residues on 

beaches of islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:24-29. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ crude oil/ 

cycloalkane/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ residual oil/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ sterane/ survey/ 

technical/ terpane/ time 

Notes: A survey of petroleum residues (eight samples) on rocks and sediment from the shores of six 

islands affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and fresh North Slope crude oil. Samples were collected 17 

mos after the spill and analyzed for linear and branched alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and triaromatic 

steranes. Results were used to determine the geochemical fate of the petroleum. 

Lacerda, L. D., C. E. Rezende, A. R. C. Ovalle, C. E. V. Carvalho, 2004. Mercury distribution in 

continental shelf sediments from two offshore oil fields in southeastern Brazil. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 72:178-185. 

Keywords: Brazil/ coast/ concentration/ distribution/ mercury/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil field/ 

salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment samples were collected from the inner continental shelf and around two offshore oil well 

platforms on the outer continental shelf off the coast of Brazil. Sediments were collected at 250, 500, 

1,000, and 3,000 m from the platforms. Samples were analyzed for Hg concentrations. 

Lambert, G., D. B. Peakall, B. J. R. Philogene, F. R. Engelhardt, 1982. Effect of oil and oil dispersant 

mixtures on the basal metabolic rate of ducks. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

29:520-524. 

Keywords: bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ duck/ mallard/ metabolism/ ODone/ oil/ physiology/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water 

Notes: Effect on mallard metabolic rate of exposure to undispersed and dispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

183 
Lancaster, J. E., M. G. Pawson, G. D. Pickett, S. Jennings, 1998. The impact of the 'Sea Empress' oil 

spill on seabass recruitment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:677-688. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ age/ condition/ effects/ England/ feeding/ fish/ growth/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ recruitment/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on seabass in the Bristol Channel, 

England. Measured abundance and year class strength of 0-group bass, length-weight, age, condition 

and feeding activity, date of arrival in nursery areas, and growth. 

Lance, B. K., D. B. Irons, S. J. Kendall, L. L. McDonald , 2001. An evaluation of marine bird population 

trends following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

42:298-309. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ 

population/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sampling/ shoreline/ spill/ survey/ time/ transect/ trend 

Notes: An evaluation of bird surveys in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The 

Sound was divided into three sampling strata; shoreline, nearshore, and offshore. Randomly-selected 

subsets of established shoreline transects and two transects within randomly-selected 5-min latitude and 

longitude blocks (nearshore and offshore) were used to identify and enumerate birds during March (1990, 

1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998) and July (1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998). Population estimates 

were analyzed for trends in the oiled area and for trends in the oiled area compared to the unoiled area. 

Lanctot, R., B. Goatcher, K. Scribner, S. Talbot, B. Pierson, D. Esler, D. Zwiefelhofer, 1999. 

Harlequin duck recovery from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: a population genetics perspective. Auk 116:781-

791. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ analysis/ bird/ blood/ diversity/ duck/ Exxon Valdez/ genetic/ harlequin duck/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Adult (> 1 yr old) harlequin ducks were sampled (blood) from four locations in Prince William 

Sound and four locations in the Kodiak Archipelago and Alaska Peninsula. Performed a genetic analysis 

on four biparental, two sex-linked, and one maternally inherited marker. Calculated measures of genetic 

diversity for all markers. 

Landis, W. G., A. J. Markiewicz, R. A. Matthews, G. B. Matthews, 2000. A test of the community 

conditioning hypothesis: persistence of effects in model ecological structures dosed with the jet fuel JP-8. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:327-336. 

Keywords: algae/ community/ dosed/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ 

growth/ invertebrate/ jet fuel/ microbes/ microcosm/ miscellaneous/ model/ Oeleven/ persistence/ shortterm/ species/ structure/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: A standard aquatic microcosm test (63 da) and a 126 da aquatic microcosm test were used to 

evaluate the community effects of JP-8 water-soluble fraction (WSF) and their retention over time. The 

microcosms had 16 species of algae, invertebrates, and microbes. The 126 da test was done with 0, 1, 

5, or 15 % WSF. Short-term toxicities of WSF were determined with 96-hr algal growth inhibition tests on 

three species of algae and a 48-hr toxicity test on D. magna. 

Lane, F. W., A. D. Bauer, H. F. Fisher, and P. N. Harding 1926. Appendix V: Effect of oil pollution on 

marine and wild life. Pages 171-181 in Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1925. 

Document. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ bird/ bivalve/ combination/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ fishery/ general effect/ Gulf of 

Mexico/ Mexico/ Oeight/ oil/ petroleum/ pollution/ salt water 

Notes: This is an old investigation into the effects of oil pollution on bivalves, fish, and waterfowl in the 

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal areas. A combination of interviews, reports of experiments, and site 

inspections. An interesting historical account. 

Lane, P. A., J. D. Vandermeulen, M. J. Crowell, and D. G. Patriquin 1987. Impact of experimentally 

dispersed crude oil on vegetation in a northwestern Atlantic salt marsh -- preliminary observations. Pages 

509-514 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4452. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ biomass/ Corexit 9527/ creek/ crude oil/ density/ dispersant/ effects/ marine plant/ 

184 
ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ salt marsh/ salt water/ Spartina/ spill/ treatment/ vegetation 

Notes: The first year of results for field and greenhouse studies of the effects of undispersed and 

chemically-dispersed crude oil on Spartina spp. vegetation. In the field study, vegetation quadrats were 

established in three zones (creek edge, midmarsh, high marsh). In the greenhouse study, marsh 'plugs' of 

vegetation were place in plastic buckets that were watered to simulate the water regime of the three 

marsh zones. Treatments consisted of control, artificially-weathered crude oil, Corexit 9527 dispersant, or 

crude oil plus dispersant. At 59 or 70 da post-exposure, quadrats and buckets were measured for 

biomass, reproductive biomass, shoot height, shoot density, and stem density of flowering shoots. 

Lange, R. 1985. A 100 tons experimental oil spill at Halten Bank, off Norway. Pages 503-505 in 1985 Oil 

Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), API Publication 4385. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ coast/ composition/ crude oil/ degradation/ density/ experiment/ marine 

invertebrate/ microbes/ movement/ Norway/ nutrients/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ plankton/ salt water/ species/ 

spill 

Notes: Summary description of a large experimental crude oil spill off the coast of Norway in 1982. 

Movement of spilled oil was tracked for 1 wk. A variety of experiments dealt with microbial degradation of 

oil, nutrient turnover, and density and species composition of plankton. 

Lannergren, C., 1978. Net- and nanoplankton: effects of an oil spill in the North Sea. Botanica Marina 

21:353-356. 

Keywords: activity/ assimilation/ Bravo/ carbon/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

plant/ North Sea/ oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ Osix/ phytoplankton/ radionuclide/ salt water/ size/ spill/ total 

hydrocarbons 

Notes: A blow-out occurred on the Bravo platform of the Ekofisk oil field in 1977. Between 4 and 9 da 

after the blow-out began, 24 stations around the platform were sampled for phytoplankton. Water 

samples were treated with a radioactive carbon source, incubated for 3.5-5 da, separated into three size 

classes, and assessed for chlorophyll a concentration and carbon assimilation. Water was analyzed for 

'total hydrocarbons' and compared to the metabolic activity of the phytoplankton. 

Lapinskiene, A., P. Martinkus, V. Rebzdaite, 2006. Eco-toxicological studies of diesel and biodiesel 

fuels in aerated soil. Environmental Pollution 142:432-437. 

Keywords: activity/ biodegradation/ biodiesel/ biomass/ carbon/ carbon dioxide/ concentration/ diesel/ 

diesel fuel/ experiment/ incubation/ microbes/ Oten/ soil/ time 

Notes: A comparative assessment of biodegradation of diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in a laboratory soil 

experiment. Varying concentrations (1, 3, 6, 9, 12%) of diesel and biodiesel fuel were incubated for 6 da, 

after which total CO2 production and dehydrogenase activity were determined. At the end of 45 da of 

incubation the transformed diesel fuels were divided into carbon dioxide, humus compounds, intermediate 

biodegradation products plus microorganism biomass, and remaining non-biodegraded fuels. 

Lara, R. J., A. Asteasuain, C. Rusansky, R. Asteasuain, 1995. Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons 

in waters of the Bahia Blanca Bay, Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:281-283. 

Keywords: Argentina/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ distribution/ estuary/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water 

Notes: Water samples at 1 m depth were collected at five locations during 22 cruises occurring between 

10/1990 and 2/1993. Aromatic hydrocarbons were measured and compared to a local standard crude oil 

for estimating total hydrocarbon concentrations. 

LaRoche, G., R. Eisler, C. M. Tarzwell, 1970. Bioassay procedures for oil and oil dispersant toxicity 

evaluation. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 42:1982-1989. 

Keywords: bioassay/ dispersant/ evaluation/ fish/ grass/ grass shrimp/ lethal/ marine invertebrate/ 

mummichog/ Ofour/ oil/ procedure/ salt water/ sand worm/ shrimp/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: A description of recommended procedures for performing screening bioassays (lethality) of oil and 

oil dispersants. Authors recommend use of at least three species, e.g., mummichog, sandworm, and 

grass shrimp for tests lasting 96 hr. 

185 
Larsen, E. M., S. A. Richardson, 1990. Some effects of a major oil spill on wintering shorebirds at Grays 

Harbor, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 71:88-92. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ effects/ fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ population/ salt water/ 

shorebird/ spill/ Washington/ wintering 

Notes: Oiling of wintering shorebirds caused by No. 6 fuel oil from the barge Nestucca in Grays Harbor, 

Washington. 

Larson, R. A., L. L. Hunt, D. W. Blankenship, 1977. Formation of toxic products from a #2 fuel oil by 

photooxidation. Environmental Science and Technology 11:492-496. 

Keywords: concentration/ fuel oil/ light/ oil/ Onine/ peroxide/ petroleum/ phenol/ photooxidation/ sunlight/ 

technical/ toxicity/ turbidity/ yeast 

Notes: An early report assessing the production by light irradiation of toxic compounds derived from 

petroleum. Number 2 fuel oil was subjected to UV radiation equivalent to normal sunlight for 165 hrs. 

The oil was sampled periodically and measured for concentrations of peroxides, phenols, acidity, total 

carbonyl compounds, and turbidity. Toxicity of the oil was monitored by applying it to yeast cultures. 

Latimer, J. S., J. G. Quinn, 1998. Aliphatic petroleum and biogenic hydrocarbons entering Narragansett 

Bay from tributaries under dry weather conditions. Estuaries 21:91-107. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ biogenic/ condition/ crankcase oil/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ gasoline/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sources/ time/ 

unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Determination of hydrocarbons entering Narragansett Bay from four rivers during dry conditions. 

Sampled water every 2 wk from Oct. 1, 1990 to Aug. 4, 1991 and analyzed for saturated hydrocarbons. 

Identified anthropogenic sources as either gasoline, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 6 fuel oil, used crankcase oil, or 

unresolved complex mixture. 

Laubier, L., 1980. The Amoco Cadiz oil spill: an ecological impact study. Ambio 9:268-324. 

 Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ coast/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ fish/ France/ general effect/ intertidal/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ overview/ pollution/ sediment/ species/ spill/ 

subtidal/ time/ weathered 

Notes: An overview of the results of 2 yrs of post-spill assessment of the Amoco Cadiz crude oil spill off 

the Brittany coast of France. Contains sections on research planning and general background; major 

scientific findings on coastal, atmospheric, ocean, and sediment pollution; weathering and 

biodegredation; intertidal and subtidal disturbances; and effects on exploited species. 

Laughlin, R., O. Linden, 1983. Oil pollution and Baltic mysids: acute and chronic effects of the water 

soluble fractions of light fuel oil on the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer. Marine Ecology Progress Series 

12:29-41. 

Keywords: acute/ ammonia/ ammonium/ chronic/ concentration/ consumption/ effects/ experiment/ flowthrough/ fuel oil/ light/ marine invertebrate/ No.1 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pollution/ salt water/ shrimp/ solubility/ survival/ temperature 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of water-soluble fractions of No. 1 fuel oil on mysid shrimp in 

experiments using flow-through aquaria. Shrimp were kept at four temperatures (6, 10, 15, or 20 C) and 

subjected to either chronic (2 wk) or acute exposure. Measured survival, oxygen consumption, 

ammonium excretion, and hydrocarbon concentrations. 

Laughlin, R. B. Jr, J. Ng, H. E. Guard, 1981. Hormesis: a response to low environmental concentrations 

of petroleum hydrocarbons. Science 211:705-707. 

Keywords: concentration/ crab/ development/ growth/ hormesis/ hydrocarbons/ jet fuel/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ salt water/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Exposed zoeal stage mud crabs to varying concentrations of water-soluble fraction of jet fuel 

(JP5) for 5 da or the duration of zoeal development (11-14 da). Measured survival, rate of development, 

and megalop weight. An example of hormetic response to chemical challenge. 

Laughlin, R. B., Jr., L. G. L. Young, J. M. Neff, 1978. A long-term study of the effects of water-soluble 

fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival, development rate, and growth of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus 

186 
harrisii. Marine Biology 47:87-95. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ crab/ development/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ hatching/ long-term/ 

marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ rate/ ratio/ salt water/ sex/ static/ survival 

Notes: Mud crabs exposed to five concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil for 6 mo 

after hatching. Employed a static bioassay. Measured concentrations of three naphthalenes in water, 

development rate, growth, and sex ratio. 

Laughlin, R. B., Jr., J. M. Neff, 1981. Ontogeny of respiratory and growth responses of larval mud crabs 

Rhithropanopeus harrisii exposed to different temperatures, salinities and naphthalene concentrations. 

Marine Ecology Progress Series 5:319-332. 

Keywords: combination/ concentration/ crab/ growth/ hatching/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ 

rate/ respiration/ salinity/ salt water/ temperature 

Notes: Larval mud crabs exposed continuously from hatching through the first crab stage to 75, 150, or 

300 ppb of naphthalene in water at combinations of three levels of salinity and temperature. Respiration 

rates determined for 2nd and 4th zoeal, megalops, and first crab stage. An osmotic-shock respiratory 

response was assessed in one salinity group. Also weighed crabs in the megalops stage. 

Lavado, R., G. Janer, C. Porte, 2006. Steroid levels and steroid metabolism in the mussel Mytilus edulis: 

the modulating effect of dispersed crude oil and alkylphenols. Aquatic Toxicology 78S:S65-S72. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ bivalve/ crude oil/ digestive gland/ enzyme/ flow-through/ gill/ gonads/ 

marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ mussel/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ PAH/ 

phenol/ produced water/ salt water/ steroid 

Notes: Mussels were exposed for 3 weeks in a continuous flow-through system to either 0.5 ppm North 

Sea crude oil, 0.5 ppm crude oil plus a mixture of 0.1 ppm alkylated phenols and 0.1 ppm PAHs, or the 

carrier (0.2 ppm acetone) alone. Authors refer to dispersed crude oil but they do not describe how the oil 

was dispersed. After 3 weeks, the gonads, digestive gland, gills, and mantle were removed for enzyme 

and steroid analysis. Measured free and total testosterone and estradiol, P450-aromatase activity, and 

estradiol sulfotransferase activity. 

Lavarias, S., H. Heras, R. J. Pollero, 2004. Toxicity, uptake, and release of the water-soluble fraction of 

crude oil in different developing stages of the prawn Macrobrachium borellii. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 47:215-222. 

Keywords: adult/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ concentration/ crude 

oil/ depuration/ development/ eggs/ embryo/ experiment/ freshwater/ freshwater invertebrate/ hatching/ 

hydrocarbons/ larvae/ light/ Ofive/ oil/ prawn/ release/ static/ tissue/ toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: The water-soluble fraction (WSF) of an Argentinian light crude oil was used in laboratory 

experiments to determine toxicity to eggs, larvae, and adults of a freshwater prawn. Adults and larvae 

were exposed to five concentrations of WSF for 96 hr in a static renewal assay; the LC50 was calculated. 

Embryos were exposed to the same concentrations as in the LC50 experiment; exposure was either 96 hr 

for late-stage development or until hatching for newly-laid eggs. Adult prawns were exposed to one 

concentration of WSF for 96 hr in the study of uptake and release; prawn were sampled at 3, 6, 12, 24, 

and 96 hr for uptake and at 10 da for subsequent depuration. WSF and prawn tissue were analyzed for 

selected aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Lavarias, S., R. J. Pollero, H. Heras, 2006. Activation of lipid catabolism by the water-soluble fraction of 

petroleum in the crustacean Macrobrachium borellii. Aquatic Toxicology 77:190-196. 

Keywords: adult/ Argentina/ assay/ biochemical/ crude oil/ crustacean/ embryo/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ light/ lipid/ metabolism/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ shrimp 

Notes: Adults and embryos of a shrimp were exposed to the water-soluble fraction of Punta Loyola light 

crude oil (Argentina) for 7 da. After one week, several biochemical assays were performed to determine if 

lipid catabolism was increased in adults and embryos. 

Law, A. T., 1995. Toxicity study of the oil dispersant Corexit 9527 on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de 

Man) egg hatchability by using a flow-through bioassay technique. Environmental Pollution 88:341-343. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ eggs/ flow-through/ hatchability/ hatching/ 

marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ prawn/ rate/ salt water/ toxicity 

187 
Notes: Exposure of a prawn in a flow-through bioassay to five concentrations of Corexit 9527 in water. 

Eggs were exposed until hatching (about 12 da). Measured hatching rate. 

Law, R., E. Andrulewicz, 1983. Hydrocarbons in water, sediment and mussels from the southern Baltic 

Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 14:289-293. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ Ekofisk crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ survey/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Samples of water (3), sediment (8), and mussels (3) were collected from the extreme southern 

Baltic Sea during the period 1978-82. Samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbons (fluorescence, 

Ekofisk crude oil equivalents) and selected aliphatic (20) and aromatic (17) hydrocarbons. 

Law, R. J., 1978. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in water, fish and sediments following the 

Ekofisk blow-out. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:321-324. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bravo/ crude oil/ fish/ general effect/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ North Sea/ Oeight/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment/ shellfish 

Notes: An environmental assessment in the vicinity of the North Sea Ekofisk 'Bravo' blow-out. Following 

the onset of crude oil discharge into the North Sea, collections were made of sea water from 26 stations, 

fish and shellfish from two stations, and surface sediments from five stations. Analyzed all samples for 

selected aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Law, R. J., 1980. Changes in the composition of oil from the "Amoco Cadiz". Science of the Total 

Environment 15:37-49. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Amoco Cadiz/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ crude 

oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ mousse/ Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ 

spill/ survey/ time 

Notes: Floating oil and mousse from 12 locations were sampled during the period 3/78 to 3/79 and 

analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Sediment samples (39) were collected from 14 

locations along the shoreline of Brittany during the period 5/78 to 3/79 and similarly analyzed. The 

purpose of the survey was to document changes in the composition of spilled oil from the Amoco Cadiz 

spill of 3/78. 

Law, R. J., J. L. Biscaya, 1994. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) -- problems and progress in 

sampling, analysis and interpretation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:235-241. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ hydrocarbons/ interpretation/ Onine/ PAH/ review/ 

sampling/ technical 

Notes: A critical review of the analytical methodology and problems associated with PAH sampling, 

analysis, and data interpretation. 

Law, R. J., C. A. Kelly, K. L. Graham, R. J. Woodhead, P. E. J. Dyrynda, and E. A. Dyrynda 1997. 

Hydrocarbons and PAH in fish and shellfish from southwest Wales following the Sea Empress oil spill in 

1966. Pages 205-211 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference. Improving Environmental Protection. 

Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ England/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ PAH/ protection/ salt water/ shellfish/ spill/ total 

hydrocarbons/ Wales 

Notes: Measurement of the concentration of PAHs and total hydrocarbons in finfish, shellfish, and 

crustaceans during the 6 mo following the Sea Empress oil spill near Milford Haven, England, 1996. 

Lawler, G. C., W.-A. Loong, J. L. Laseter, 1978. Accumulation of saturated hydrocarbons in tissues of 

petroleum-exposed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Science and Technology 12:47-

51. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ bird/ chemical analysis/ crude oil/ dosed/ duck/ hydrocarbons/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ saturated hydrocarbons/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

tissue 

188 
Notes: Results of chemical analysis for saturated hydrocarbons of several tissues from mallard ducks 

dosed with South Louisiana crude oil for 14 days. 

Lawler, G. C., W.-A. Loong, J. L. Laseter, 1978. Accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons in tissues of 

petroleum-exposed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Science and Technology 12:51-

54. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chemical analysis/ crude oil/ dosed/ 

duck/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ South Louisiana crude oil/ tissue 

Notes: Results of chemical analysis for aromatic hydrocarbons in several tissues of mallards dosed with 

South Louisiana crude oil for 14 days. 

Lawler, G. C., J. P. Holmes, D. M. Adamkiewicz, M. I. Shields, J. Y. Monnat, and J. L. Laseter 1979. 

Characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of birds killed in the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Pages 

573-583 in Amoco Cadiz. Fate and Effects of the Oil Spill. Centre National pour L'Exploitation des 

Oceans, Paris, France. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chemical analysis/ effects/ fate/ 

hydrocarbons/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ species/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Results of the chemical analysis for petroleum hydrocarbons of muscle and liver tissue of several 

species of seabirds found washed ashore in the area affected by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. 

Lawler, G. C., J. P. Holmes, B. J. Fiorito, and J. L. Laseter 1979. Quantification of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in selected tissues of male mallard ducklings chronically exposed to South Louisiana crude 

oil. Pages 583-612 in C. C. Bates, editor. Conference on Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills. 

American Institute of Biological Sciences, Arlington, VA. 

Keywords: age/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ duckling/ hatching/ heart/ 

hydrocarbons/ kidney/ liver/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ male/ mallard/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ saturated hydrocarbons/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ tissue/ 

toxicity 

Notes: A detailed description of the analytical methods employed to analyze tissue from male mallard 

ducklings exposed to South Louisiana crude oil. Ducklings were fed diets containing 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 

or 5.0 % crude oil from hatching until 8 wks of age. Heart, liver, and kidney were removed and analyzed 

for saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were discussed with respect to previously reported 

toxic responses in ducklings. 

Le Dreau, Y., F. Jacquot, P. Doumenq, M. Guiliano, J. C. Bertrand, G. Mille, 1997. Hydrocarbon 

balance of a site which had been highly and chronically contaminated by petroleum wastes of a refinery 

(from 1956 to 1992). Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:456-468. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ effluent/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ petroleum waste/ refinery/ salt water/ 

sampling/ sediment/ sterane/ terpane 

Notes: Analysis of sediment cores taken at eight stations along intervals from a French refinery toward 

the open ocean. The refinery ceased discharging effluents 2 yr prior to the sampling. Hydrocarbons 

analyzed by GC/MS (aliphatic & aromatic profiles, terpanes, steranes). 

Le Dreau, Y., F. Gilbert, P. Doumenq, L. Asia, J-C. Bertrand, G. Mille, 1997. The use of hopanes to 

track in situ variations in petroleum composition in surface sediments. Chemosphere 34:1663-1672. 

Keywords: alkane/ composition/ degradation/ hopane/ isoprenoid/ Onine/ petroleum/ rate/ ratio/ salt 

water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ technical 

Notes: Experimentation to demonstrate the utility of using hopanes to measure the rate of degradation of 

less stable saturated petroleum compounds. Compared with the frequently-used ratios of n-alkanes and 

isoprenoids. Used marine sediments as a test medium. 

Le Hir, M., C. Hily, 2002. First observations in a high rocky-shore community after the Erika oil spill 

(December 1999, Brittany, France). Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1243-1252. 

Keywords: algae/ bivalve/ coast/ community/ France/ fuel oil/ gastropod/ habitat/ intertidal/ macroalgae/ 

189 
marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ periwinkle/ rocky shore/ salt water/ 

sampling/ spill 

Notes: A spill of heavy fuel oil affected the coast of western France in12/99. The intertidal flora and 

fauna of three habitat types (exposed bedrock, crevices, boulders) located on an offshore island were 

monitored on a monthly basis from 4/00 through 12/00. Sampling sites were classified as either nonoiled, oiled and not washed, or oiled and washed). All organisms within permanent quadrates were 

identified and counted, or classified as percent of surface area covered. 

Le Lourd, P., 1977. Oil pollution in the Mediteranean Sea. Ambio 6:317-320. 

Keywords: bivalve/ environment/ fish/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ Mediterranean/ Oeight/ oil/ 

pollution/ risk/ salt water/ sources 

Notes: A 1977 description of the state of oil pollution in the Mediterranean (title is mispelled) Sea. 

Sections on sources of oil pollution, oil transportation, total input, impact on the environment, accident 

risks, and regional concerns. 

Ledet, E. J., J. L. Laseter, 1974. Alkanes at the air-sea interface from offshore Louisiana and Florida. 

Science 186:261-263. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ composition/ Florida/ Louisiana/ offshore/ Onine/ origin/ technical 

Notes: Surface water samples (118) were collected over a 12-mo period from offshore Louisiana and 

Florida. The samples were analyzed for alkane composition and the results were used to determine their 

origin. 

Lee, B., J. Yi, 1999. A statistical approach for determining the environmental impact of polynuclear 

aromatic hydrocarbons in an oil spill-contaminated coastal area. Environmental Pollution 105:391-396. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ estimate/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ 

pollution/ procedure/ salt water/ sediment/ statistics 

Notes: A total of 167 sediment samples were collected fromYeosu Bay, South Korea; oil contamination 

ranged from reference to severely polluted. Samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs and the results 

subjected to a statistical procedure designed to estimate the severity of PAH contamination at a given 

site. 

Lee, C. L., M.-T. Hsieh, M.-D. Fang, 2005. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments 

of Kaohsiung Harbour and adjacent coast, Taiwan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 100:217-

234. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic 

hydrocarbons/ coast/ guidelines/ harbour/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ ratio/ salt water/ 

sediment/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: A total of 22 surface sediment samples were collected in Kaohsiung Harbour (Taiwan) and the 

nearshore ocean. Analyzed sediments for alkanes, unresolved complex mixture, and total PAHs. 

Compared results to harbors around the world. Employs diagnostic ratios, sediment quality guidelines, 

and principal components analysis. 

Lee, J. H., G. Talaska, 1999. Effects of kerosene cleaning on the formation of DNA adducts in the skin 

and lung tissues of mice dermally exposed to used gasoline engine oil. Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health, Part A 56:463-470. 

Keywords: cleaning/ DNA/ DNA adduct/ effects/ experiment/ gasoline/ kerosene/ lung/ mammal/ motor 

oil/ oil/ Otwo/ skin/ tissue/ used motor oil 

Notes: Determination of the effect of dermally-applied used engine oils on DNA adduct formation in 

laboratory mice. Mice were exposed to used engine oil alone, kerosene alone, used engine oil 

application followed in 1 hr by a kerosene wash, and used engine oil application followed in 8 hrs by a 

kerosene wash. Applications were made daily for 5 consecutive days. Measured total DNA adducts in 

skin and lung after completion of the experiment. Beware of a mislabelled x-axis for Fig. 1. 

Lee, K., S. DeMora, 1999. In situ bioremediation strategies for oiled shoreline environments. 

Environmental Technology 20:783-794. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ commentary/ environment/ guidelines/ marine environment/ microbes/ 

190 
nutrients/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ shoreline 

Notes: Review and commentary on bioremediation as a strategy for petroleum removal from shoreline 

environments. Discusses bioaugmentation, biostimulation with nutrients and oxidizers, phytoremediation, 

enhanced dispersion of oil, and field experiences. Presents operational guidelines for use of 

bioremediation strategies in the marine environment. 

Lee, R. F., C. Ryan, M. L. Neuhauser, 1976. Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons taken up from food and 

water by the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Marine Biology 37:363-370. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ blood/ blue crab/ concentration/ crab/ depuration/ fate/ flow-through/ 

food/ gill/ gonads/ hepatopancreas/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ muscle/ Ofour/ 

paraffin/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ stomach/ uptake 

Notes: Measurement of uptake from water and food of radiolabeled paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons 

by immature blue crabs in flow-through aquaria. Crabs exposed for 2 da and then transferred to clean 

water for measurement of depuration. Uptake from water measured in gill, blood hepatopancreas, 

stomach, and muscle. Uptake from food measured in stomach, blood, hepatopancreas, gill, muscle, 

gonad, and excreted material. Measured radiolabeled concentrations, excretion, and metabolism. 

Lee, R. F., J. W. Anderson, 1977. Fate and effect of naphthalenes: controlled ecosystem pollution 

experiment. Bulletin of Marine Science 27:127-134. 

Keywords: bioassay/ copepod/ degradation/ depth/ ecosystem/ effects/ experiment/ fate/ fuel oil/ general 

effect/ marine invertebrate/ mesocosm/ methods/ microbes/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ 

pollution/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ zooplankton 

Notes: An experiment showing the fate and effects of a mixture of naphthalenes (160 ppb) in a large 

mesocosm enclosure; the experiment lasted 21 da. A supplemental study employed standard bioassay 

methods to determine the LD50s of No. 2 fuel oil for an exposed ctenophore and a copepod. Water was 

sampled from various depths within the enclosure on 8 of the 21 da and analyzed for naphthalenes. 

Sediment was collected on 4 da and similarly analyzed. Rates of microbial degradation were calculated. 

Zooplankton were sampled on 3 da and analyzed for the presence of naphthalenes. 

Lee, R. F. 1977. Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine animals. Pages 40C-1-40C-4 in Oceans 77 

Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York. 

Keywords: benthic/ bivalve/ crustacean/ effects/ fate/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ Oeight/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ review/ salt water/ zooplankton 

Notes: An early review and summarization of knowledge about the fate (but not effects) of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in marine fauna. Specific sections on bivalves, benthic worms, benthic crustaceans, 

zooplankton, and fish. 

Lee, R. F., W. S. Gardner, J. W. Anderson, J. W. Blaylock, J. Barwell-Clarke, 1978. Fate of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in controlled ecosystem enclosures. Environmental Science and Technology 

12:832-837. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ depth/ depuration/ 

ecosystem/ fate/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mesocosm/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ 

oyster/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ uptake 

Notes: Three polyethylene enclosures were used to investigate the fate of aromatic hydrocarbons in a 

mesocosm enclosure during a 17-day period. One enclosure received Prudhoe Bay crude oil enriched 

with seven aromatic hydrocarbons, another received radiolabeled benzo(a)pyrene, and the third was a 

control. Measured the water concentrations of six aromatics at two depths and one aromatic plus the 

radiolabeled benzo(a)pyrene at three depths; the sediment concentrations of all seven aromatics; 

estimated photochemical oxidation and microbial degradation; and hydrocarbon uptake and depuration by 

oysters. 

Lee, R. F., B. Dornseif, F. Gonsoulin, K. Tenore, R. Hanson, 1981. Fate and effects of a heavy fuel oil 

spill on a Georgia salt marsh. Marine Environmental Research 5:125-143. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ bivalve/ concentration/ crab/ degradation/ density/ effects/ 

fate/ fuel oil/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ No.5 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil 

spill/ salt marsh/ seasonal/ sediment/ snail/ spill/ time/ treatment 

191 
Notes: A 1 ac patch of salt marsh in coastal Georgia was treated with 40 gal of No. 5 fuel oil 

supplemented with three aromatic hydrocarbons followed by a second treatment of 20 gal of the same 

supplemented fuel oil in a subsection 1 mo later. Monitored the treated and control areas for 150 da postapplication. Measured microbial density and function, and concentrations of the supplemented aromatics 

in the sediment. Saltmarsh biota (bivalves, snails, crabs) were collected at multiple sites for a year prior 

to oil treatment and every 2 mos after the treatment. Determined seasonal variation in biota density and 

biomass and measured concentrations of the three supplemented aromatics in the biota. 

Lee, R. F., D. S. Page, 1997. Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects in subtidal regions after major oil 

spills. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:928-940. 

Keywords: benthic/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ infauna/ macrofauna/ 

marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ review/ salt water/ 

sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ toxicity 

Notes: Review of published information on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on subtidal regions 

after major oil spills. Discusses hydrocarbon concentrations, sedimentation, sediment toxicity, effects on 

fish, benthic macrofauna and benthic infauna. 

Lee, R. F., 2003. Photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity of crude and refined oils. Spill Science Technology 

Bulletin 8:157-162. 

Keywords: crude oil/ discharges/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ photooxidation/ phototoxicity/ 

refined oil/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A short but concise review of the role of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity in marine petroleum 

spills and discharges. 

Lee, W. Y., M. F. Welch, J. A. C. Nicol, 1977. Survival of two species of amphipods in aqueous extracts 

of petroleum oils. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:92-94. 

Keywords: adult/ amphipod/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ fuel oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ species/ 

static/ survival/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil and South 

Louisiana crude oil to adults of two species of marine amphipods. Amphipods were exposed in a static 

bioassay to WSF concentrations varying from 2 to 50%. One species exposed for 14 da, the other for 30 

da. Measured survival three times per wk. 

Lee, W. Y., 1977. The effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behaviour 

of coastal and oceanic zooplankton. Environmental Pollution 12:279-292. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

salt water/ solubility/ static/ survival/ time/ zooplankton 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil on coastal and 

oceanic zooplankton using static bioassays. The coastal zooplankton experiment used dilutions of 1, 5, 

10, 20, and 50% WSF and an exposure time of 48 hr. Survival was checked at hours 1, 3, 6, 10, 16, 24, 

36, and 48. The oceanic zooplankton experiment used dilutions of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% WSF and 

an exposure time of 72 hrs. Survival was checked at hours 1, 6, 10, 16, 24, 36, and 72. Measured 

survival and behavior of zooplankton. 

Lee, W. Y., 1978. Chronic sublethal effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oils on the marine 

isopod, Sphaeroma quadridentatum. Marine Environmental Research 1:5-17. 

Keywords: adult/ chronic/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ isopod/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ New 

Jersey/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ solubility/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Juvenile marine isopods exposed to the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil (Baytown) 

for 7 mos. Offspring were kept in clean sea water. Measured survival, growth, and reproduction of adults 

and survival of offspring. In another experiment, adult isopods were exposed to the WSF of four different 

fuel oils (Baton Rouge, Baytown, Montana, and New Jersey) for 1 mo. Measured survival and 

reproduction. 

192 
Lee, W. Y., K. Winters, J. A. C. Nicol, 1978. The biological effects of the water-soluble fractions of a No. 

2 fuel oil on the planktonic shrimp, Lucifer faxoni. Environmental Pollution 15:167-183. 

Keywords: activity/ bioassay/ biological effects/ composition/ effects/ experiment/ feeding/ fuel oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ shrimp/ static/ survival/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of the water-soluble-fractions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil on a planktonic 

shrimp. One experiment used 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of fresh WSF in a static bioassay for 14 da. 

Another experiment used 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of weathered (48 hrs) No. 2 fuel oil in a static bioassay 

for 14 da. Measured composition of the WSF, and survival, feeding rate, activity, and respiration of the 

shrimp. 

Lee, W. Y., J. A. C. Nicol, 1978. Individual and combined toxicity of some petroelum aromatics to the 

marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus. Marine Biology 48:215-222. 

Keywords: adult/ amphipod/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ combination/ concentration/ fuel oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ static/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of a range of concentrations of the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of No. 

2 fuel oil and four of it's aromatic consitituents to an adult marine amphipod. A static bioassay was used 

to expose amphipods to the WSF for 7 da or to the aromatics for 96 hr. All possible combinations (16) of 

the four were tested. LC50s were calculated for all test substances. 

Lee, W. Y., J. A. C. Nicol, 1980. Toxicity of a fuel oil to the eggs of Parhyale hawaiensis and 

Amphitohoe valida (amphipoda). Marine Environmental Research 3:297-305. 

Keywords: amphipod/ bioassay/ development/ eggs/ embryo/ female/ fuel oil/ hatching/ juvenile/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of No.2 fuel oil to the developing 

embryos and juveniles of two species of marine amphipods. Embryos of one species were exposed in 

static bioassays to 10, 20, 30, or 40% WSF until hatching; juveniles were exposed for a further 7 da. 

Egg-carrying females of the second species were exposed to 10, 20, or 30% WSF for 5 da. Measured 

survival and development of embryos. 

Lee, W. Y., A. Morris, D. Boatwright, 1980. Mexican oil spill: a toxicity study of oil accommodated in 

seawater on marine invertebrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:231-234. 

Keywords: amphipod/ community/ composition/ crude oil/ evaluation/ invertebrate/ Ixtoc/ Ixtoc I crude oil/ 

juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered/ zooplankton 

Notes: Evaluation of the toxicity of weathered Ixtoc I crude oil on marine invertebrates. Exposed juvenile 

amiphods and a community of natural zooplankton to dilutions (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of wateraccommodated, weathered crude oil. Amphipods were exposed for 7 da and the natural zooplankton for 

96 hr. Measured survival and chemical composition of the test mixture. 

Lee, Y.-Z., F. A. Leighton, D. B. Peakall, R. J. Norstrom, P. J. O'Brien, J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 

1985. Effects of ingestion of Hibernia and Prudhoe Bay crude oils on hepatic and renal mixed function 

oxidase in nestling herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Environmental Research 36:248-255. 

Keywords: bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ Hibernia crude oil/ ingestion/ 

metabolism/ nestling/ oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on metabolic responses of herring gull chicks of dosing with Prudhoe Bay and Hibernia 

crude oils. 

Lee, Y.-Z., P. J. O'Brien, J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 1986. Toxicity of petroleum crude oils and their 

effect on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in the chicken embryo in ovo. Environmental 

Research 39:153-163. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ chicken/ crude oil/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ enzyme/ Hibernia crude oil/ 

metabolism/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ shell/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on metabolism and survival of chicken embryos as a result of application of Prudhoe Bay 

and Hibernia crude oils to the egg shell. 

Lefcort, H., K. A. Hancock, K. M. Maur, D. C. Rostal, 1997. The effects of used motor oil,silt, and the 

water mold Saprolegnia parasitica on the growth and survival of mole salamanders (Genus Ambystoma). 

193 
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32:383-388. 

Keywords: amphibian/ development/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ growth/ motor oil/ oil/ OthreeA/ 

salamander/ sediment/ survival/ used motor oil/ water mold 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of used motor oil and silt on the growth and development of larval mole 

salamanders; four-part experiment, survival, growth,susceptibility of water mold. 

Leighton, F. A., D. B. Peakall, R. G. Butler, 1983. Heinz-body hemolytic anemia from the ingestion of 

crude oil: a primary toxic effect in marine birds. Science 220:871-873. 

Keywords: anemia/ Atlantic/ bird/ crude oil/ dosed/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ ingestion/ marine birds/ oil/ 

Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ puffin/ red blood cell/ salt water 

Notes: Report of hemolytic anemia in young herring gulls and Atlantic puffins dosed with Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil. 

Leighton, F. A., Y. Z. Lee, A. D. Rahimtula, P. J. O'Brien, D. B. Peakall, 1985. Biochemical and 

functional disturbances in red blood cells of herring gulls ingesting Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Toxicology and 

Applied Pharmacology 81:25-31. 

Keywords: anemia/ biochemical/ bird/ blood/ cell/ crude oil/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ oil/ Oone/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ red blood cell/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on red blood cells of herring gulls as a result of dosing with Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Leighton, F. A., 1985. Morphological lesions in red blood cells from herring gulls and Atlantic puffins 

ingesting Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Veterinary Pathology 22:393-402. 

Keywords: anemia/ Atlantic/ bird/ blood/ cell/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ lesions/ 

oil/ Oone/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ puffin/ red blood cell/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on red blood cells of herring gulls and Atlantic puffins of dosing for 4-5 days with Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil. 

Leighton, F. A., 1990. The systemic toxicity of Prudhoe Bay crude and other petroleum oils to CD-1 

mice. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:257-262. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ blood/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ light/ liver/ Louisiana/ 

mammal/ mineral oil/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

South Louisiana crude oil/ spleen/ thymus/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on laboratory mice of varying doses of Prudhoe Bay, South Louisiana, and Arabian Light 

crude oils, Bunker C fuel oil, and mineral oil for 5 days; blood characteristics, liver, spleen, and thymus. 

Leighton, F. A. 1991. The toxicity of petroleum oils to birds: an overview. Pages 43-57 in J. White, L. 

Frink, T. M. Williams, and R. W. Davis, editors. The Effects of Oil on Wildlife. The Sheridan Press, 

Hanover, PA. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ oil/ Oone/ overview/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum oil/ physiology/ population/ 

review/ toxicity 

Notes: A general review of the literature on toxic effects of petroleum on birds. 

Lenihan, H. S., J. S. Oliver, J. M. Oakden, M. D. Stephenson, 1990. Intense and localized benthic 

marine pollution around McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:422-430. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ benthic/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ infauna/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ metals/ muscle/ 

Ofour/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Sampled sediment at various locations around McMurdo Sound, Antarctica and analyzed for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons and selected metals. Analyzed metals in fish liver and muscle and in a benthic 

worm. Sampled and classified the benthic infauna at the same sites where sediments were collected. 

Lerniere, S., C. Cossu-Leguille, A. Bispo, M.-J. Jourdain, M.-C. Lanhers, D. Burnel, P. Vasseur, 

2004. Genotoxicity related to transfer of oil spill pollutants from mussels to mammals via food. 

Environmental Toxicology 19:387-395. 

Keywords: assay/ bivalve/ bone/ bone marrow/ cell/ diet/ DNA/ food/ France/ genetic/ mammal/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ PAH/ rat/ salt water/ spill/ tissue/ toxicity/ transfer 

Notes: Marine mussels were collected along coastal France from uncontaminated, mildly contaminated, 

194 
and heavily contaminated sites (Erika oil spill). The mussels were fed to laboratory rats for 30 da. Rats 

were sampled after 15 and 30 da on diet. Bone marrow was analyzed for DNA damage with the singlecell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay and counts were made of micronucleated bone marrow cells. 

Mussel tissue was analyzed for a suite of 16 PAHs. 

Leung, S. S. C., M. D. MacKinnon, R. E. H. Smith, 2001. Aquatic reclamation in the Athabasca, 

Canada, oil sands: naphthenate and salt effects on phytoplankton communities. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1532-1543. 

Keywords: age/ Alberta/ analysis/ Canada/ chlorophyll/ community/ conductivity/ dissolved/ effects/ 

experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ model/ multivariate/ nitrogen/ oil/ oil sands/ Oseven/ 

oxygen/ pH/ phosphorus/ phytoplankton/ sand 

Notes: An assessment of the effects on indigenous phytoplankton (local lake) of the water from eight 

settling basins containing process waters from oil sands extraction operations in Alberta, Canada. The 

process waters varied in age from fresh (current input) to 8 years old. Filtered water from each source 

basin was inoculated with a sample of water from the local lake and monitored for 14 da; the experiment 

was performed twice. Measured dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, total 

nitrogen, and total naphthenic acids. Phytoplankton were identified and analyzed with a percentage 

model affinity analysis and a canonical correspondence analysis. 

Leung, T. S., R. V. Bulkley, 1979. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on length of incubation and 

hatching success in the Japanese medaka. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

23:236-243. 

Keywords: behavior/ benzene/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ 

hatching/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ length/ movement/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

solubility/ toluene/ xylene 

Notes: A series of experiments documenting the effects of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of a crude oil 

from Wyoming on the developing eggs of Japanese Medaka. (1) 8-day-old eggs exposed to four 

concentrations of WSF for 96 hr, (2) 0 to 9-day-old eggs exposed to one concentration of WSF for 24, 48, 

or 96 hrs, (3) opercular movements in 8-day-old eggs exposed to one concentration of WSF, (4) 

opercular movements in 8-day-old eggs exposed to benzene, toluene, or xylene. 

Levine, E. A., J. Pinckney, and T. Montello 1995. Follow-up study on oiled vegetation cutting along the 

Delaware River. Pages 465-472 in 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API 4620. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Arrow/ condition/ crude oil/ Delaware River/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

Oseven/ remediation/ shoreline/ spill/ vegetation/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Field assessment of vegetation cutting following a spill of heavy Venezuelan crude oil into the 

Delaware River near Philadelphia, PA. Oiled shoreline vegetation (phragmites, arrow arum, bulrush) was 

cut and removed at some high priority cleanup sites. Oiled and uncut, oiled and cut, and unoiled 

vegetation was revisited at 3 mos and 12 mos post-spill to assess the condition of the vegetation. 

Levings, S. C., S. D. Garrity, 1994. Effects of oil spills on fringing red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle): 

losses of mobile species associated with submerged prop roots. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:782-794. 

Keywords: algae/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ evaluation/ habitat/ isopod/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ Panama/ roots/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the 1986 Bahia las Minas oil spill in coastal Panama on fringing red 

mangrove habitat. Selected 4-5 study sites each in open coastal habitat and sheltered coastal habitat 

along with controls for each. Measured the density of submerged mangrove prop roots and their use by 

foliose red algae (yrs 2-5 post-spill) and boring isopods (yrs 3-5 post-spill). 

Levings, S. C., S. D. Garrity, K. A. Burns, 1994. The Galeta oil spill. III. Chronic reoiling, long-term 

toxicity of hyrocarbon residues and effects on epibiota in the mangrove fringe. Estuarine and Coastal and 

Shelf Science 38:365-395. 

Keywords: chronic/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ experiment/ fresh water/ longterm/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ movement/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oyster/ 

Panama/ plant/ roots/ salt water/ spill/ stream/ toxicity/ transplant 

195 
Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Bahia las Minas oil spill on mangroves in coastal Panama during 

the 5 yrs post-spill. Four to five sites were selected in (1) open sea coastal mangroves, (2) edges of 

channels and lagoons, and (3) banks of streams or man-made cuts draining interior mangroves or 

uplands. Measured amount of chronic reoiling from trapped crude oil, concentration of oil in oysters and 

false mussels, condition of mangrove roots, and percent cover of sessile plants and animals on the roots. 

Also performed a transplant experiment involving movement of false mussels from unoiled freshwater 

sites to previously-oiled freshwater sites. 

Levy, E. M., 1980. Oil pollution and seabirds: Atlantic Canada 1976-77 and some implications for 

northern environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:51-56. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ bird/ Canada/ environment/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the oil pollution situation in Atlantic Canada and implications for cold 

environments. 

Levy, E. M., 1983. Commentary: what impact will the oil industry have on seabirds in the Canadian 

Arctic? Arctic 36:1-4. 

Keywords: Arctic/ bird/ Canada/ commentary/ development/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum development/ 

population/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of the threat to seabird populations of oil development in the Canadian Arctic. 

Lewis, S. J. and R. A. Malecki 1983. Reproductive success of great black-backed and herring gulls in 

response to egg oiling. Pages 98-113 in D. Rosie and S. N. Barnes, editors. The Effects of Oil on Birds: 

Physiological Research, Clinical Applications and Rehabilitation. Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, 

Inc., Wilmington, DE. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ great black-backed gull/ gull/ herring/ 

herring gull/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ rehabilitation/ salt water 

Notes: Great Black-backed and herring gulls, Kuwait crude oil, and No. 2 fuel oil were used in an 

assessment of the effects of egg oiling and plumage oiling of incubating adults in a natural setting. 

Lewis, S. J., R. A. Malecki, 1984. Effects of egg oiling on Larid productivity and population dynamics. 

Auk 101:584-592. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ great black-backed gull/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ productivity/ salt water 

Notes: Results of applying No. 2 fuel oil to the eggs of great black-backed and herring gulls in a natural 

setting. 

Li, G., X. Zhang, W. Huang, 2000. Enhanced bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in polluted soil. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health A35:177-188. 

Keywords: bacteria/ bioremediation/ degradation/ effluent/ evaluation/ experiment/ humidity/ 

hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ rate/ soil/ tilling 

Notes: Evaluation of biodegredation of oiled soil in a valley contaminated by effluents from petrochemical 

plants. Petroleum in the soil was quantified (up to 20% oil), naturally-occuring bacteria were cultured and 

identified, and experiments were conducted to enhance the degradation rate. Measured natural rate of 

degradation and the changes caused by adding bacteria, tilling the soil, and adjusting the humidity. 

Li, H., Y. Zhang, C. G. Zhang, G. X. Chen, 2005. Effect of petroleum-containing wastewater irrigation on 

bacterial diversities and enzymatic activities in a paddy soil irrigation area. Journal of Environmental 

Quality 34:1073-1080. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ chemical characteristics/ China/ colony/ diversity/ DNA/ enzyme/ fresh 

water/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ respiration/ soil/ 

time/ TPH/ waste water/ water 

Notes: Thirteen sites in irrigated cropland downstream from an oil refinery in China were sampled for 

surface soil. Some sites have been irrigating with refinery wastewater for 50 yrs and others switched to 

ground or surface water irrigation 10-30 yrs ago. Measured physical and chemical characteristics of the 

soil samples, total petroleum hydrocarbons, bacterial colony forming units, PCR analysis of DNA 

196 
extracted from soil, soil dehydrogenase, soil hydrogen peroxidase, soil polyphenol oxidase, soil urease, 

and substrate-induced respiration. 

Li, M., C. Garrett, 1998. The relationship between oil droplet size and upper ocean turbulence. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 36:961-970. 

Keywords: emulsion/ fresh water/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pressure/ salt water/ size/ 

technical/ viscous shear 

Notes: An examination of the physical mechanisms that generate oil droplets and determine their size. 

Lin, Q., I. A. Mendelssohn, 1996. A comparative investigation of the effects of South Louisiana crude oil 

on the vegetation of fresh, brackish and salt marshes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:202-209. 

Keywords: biomass/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ growth/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ organic/ Osix/ photosynthesis/ plant/ rate/ redox 

potential/ regrowth/ residual oil/ Sagittaria/ salt water/ soil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ Spartina/ vegetation/ 

wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of South Louisiana crude oil on vegetation from salt, brackish, and 

freshwater wetlands. Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, and Sagittaria lancifolia were exposed to either 0, 4, 

8, 16, or 24 l/m2

 and monitored for 4 mos. Measured photosynthetic rate, plant stem density, above 

ground biomass, soil redox potential, residual oil concentrations in soil, and soil organic content. 

Vegetation regrowth was measured 9 mos after oil application. 

Lin, Q., I. A. Mendelssohn, 1998. The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in 

enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands. Ecological 

Engineering 10:263-274. 

Keywords: biomass/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ density/ effects/ fertilizer/ habitat/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ restoration/ salt water/ soil/ 

South Louisiana crude oil/ Spartina/ species/ transplant/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: Louisiana marsh sod treated with 4,8,16, or 24 liters per m2

 of South Louisiana crude oil. Above 

ground vegetation clipped after 9 mos, allowed to regrow from rhizomes, and clipped again at 15 mos 

after oil application. At 2 yrs post-application, two spartina species were transplanted to the sod with or 

without the addition of fertilizer. The transplanted spartina was harvested at 6 mos and 12 mos after 

transplantation. Petroleum concentration in the soil was determined at 2 yrs and 3 yrs post-application. 

Measured above ground biomass and stem density. 

Lin, Q., I. A. Mendelssohn, K. Carney, N. P. Bryner, W. D. Walton, 2002. Salt marsh recovery and oil 

spill remediation after in-situ burning: effects of water depth and burn duration. Environmental Science 

and Technology 36:576-581. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ burning/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ recovery/ remediation/ salt 

marsh/ salt water/ soil/ spill/ temperature/ time 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of in-situ burning as a remediation tool in salt marshes. Circular 

portions of salt marsh were relocated and treated with unweathered diesel fuel or no diesel fuel. Oiled 

and non-oiled salt marsh was further divided into portions that had 10, 2, or 0 cm of water on the surface, 

or a water table 10 cm below the salt marsh surface. Oiled and non-oiled portions were then subjected to 

either a 400-second or a 1,400 second burn. Measured above ground biomass 7 mo after the burn, total 

petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil 1 da after the burn, total specific aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil 1 

da after the burn, and peak soil temperatures during the burn. 

Lin, Q., I. A. Mendelssohn, K. Carney, S. M. Miles, N. P. Bryner, W. D. Walton, 2005. In-situ burning of 

oil in coastal marshes. 2. Oil spill cleanup efficiency as a function of oil type, marsh type, and water 

depth. Environmental Science and Technology 39:1855-1860. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ burning/ crude oil/ depth/ diesel/ 

diesel fuel/ freshwater/ freshwater plant/ hopane/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ plant/ sediment/ soil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ spill response/ technical/ 

time/ vegetation/ water 

Notes: The effect of burning on marsh plants was determined with vegetation cores from three types of 

197 
marsh (salt, brackish, freshwater), with or without South Louisiana crude oil or diesel fuel, and either 

unburned or burned with three water depths. Burn time was 700 sec. The crude oil and diesel fuel on the 

water or soil surface was sampled before and immediately after the burn. Surface sediment (0-4 cm) was 

sampled after the burn. Both petroleum and sediment were analyzed for selected PAHs and alkanes 

(nC-10 through nC-35, pristane, phytane, hopane). 

Lin, Q., I. A. Mendelssohn, N. P. Bryner, W. D. Walton, 2005. In-situ burning of oil in coastal marshes. 

1. Vegetation recovery and soil temperature as a function of water depth, oil type, and marsh type. 

Environmental Science and Technology 39:1848-1854. 

Keywords: biomass/ burning/ crude oil/ density/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ freshwater/ freshwater plant/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ Onine/ plant/ recovery/ soil/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

species/ spill response/ survival/ technical/ temperature/ time/ vegetation/ water 

Notes: The effect of burning on marsh plants was determined with vegetation cores from three types of 

marsh (salt, brackish, freshwater), with or without South Louisiana crude oil or diesel fuel, and either 

unburned or burned with three water depths. Burn time was 700 sec. After burning, the recovery of 

plants (four species) was monitored for 12 mos. Measured soil temperature below the burn, plant 

survival, plant stem density, and aboveground biomass. 

Lindau, C. W., R. D. Delaune, A. Jugsujinda, E. Sajo, 1999. Response of Spartina alterniflora

vegetation to oiling and burning of applied oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:1216-1220. 

Keywords: biomass/ burning/ carbon/ carbon fixation/ crude oil/ density/ growth/ Louisiana/ Louisiana 

crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ plant/ recovery/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ Spartina/ 

vegetation 

Notes: Assessment of the effect on Spartina alterniflora of oiling and burning. Field plots were 

established in Spartina marshes and classified as unoiled, oiled, and oiled + burned; the oil was South 

Louisiana crude oil. Measured plant height and stem density at 2, 4, 12, 16, 41, 46, and 50 wks after 

oiling or burning. Measured carbon fixation at 2, 3, 5, 9, 41, 46, and 50 wks after oiling or burning. 

Measured above-ground biomass at 16 and 52 wks. 

Lindau, C. W., R. D. Delaune, 2000. Vegetative response of Sagittaria lancifolia to burning of applied 

crude oil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 121:161-172. 

Keywords: biomass/ burning/ carbon/ carbon fixation/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater 

plant/ growth/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oseven/ plant/ recovery/ Sagittaria/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Assessment of the the effects of oiling and burning on Sagittaria lancifolia in a freshwater marsh 

in Louisiana. Twelve plots (unoiled, oiled, oiled and burned) were treated in August and then repeated on 

12 different plots in April. South Louisiana crude oil was used. In the August study, live stem density and 

plant growth were measured 1, 5, 9, 36, 42, 44, 48, and 52 wks after treatment; carbon fixation was 

measured eight times; and above ground biomass was harvested at 53 wks. In the April study, live stem 

density, plant growth, and carbon fixation were measure 3, 6, 9, 11, 15, and 19 wks after treatment; 

above ground biomass was harvested at 20 wks. 

Linden, O., 1975. Acute effects of oil and oil/dispersant mixture on larvae of Baltic herring. Ambio 4:130-

133. 

Keywords: acute/ behavior/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ herring/ larvae/ malformation/ ODthree/ oil/ 

salt water/ survival/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Effects on Baltic herring larvae of exposure to physically dispersed and chemically dispersed (two 

dispersants) Venezuelan crude oil; survival, behavior, malformations. 

Linden, O., 1976. Effects of oil on the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus. Environmental Pollution 10:239-

250. 

Keywords: adult/ amphipod/ behavior/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ juvenile/ 

long-term/ marine invertebrate/ No.1 fuel oil/ No.4 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ static/ 

survival/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of Venezuelen crude oil, No. 1 fuel oil, or No. 4 fuel oil on a marine 

amphipod. An oil and seawater mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 1 hr before static exposures 

198 
began. A series of experiments determined 48 hr LC50 for adults and juveniles, long-term (60 da) effects 

of low levels of the three oils, long-term (60 da) effects of the water-soluble portion of the crude oil 

mixture, and the long-term (30da) post-exposure effect of 100 or 300 ppm crude oil and seawater mixture 

as a single dose for 48 hr. Measured survival, behavior, growth, and reproduction. 

Linden, O., 1976. The influence of crude oil and mixtures of crude oil/dispersants on the ontogenic 

development of the Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras L. Ambio 5:136-140. 

Keywords: activity/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ growth/ hatching/ heart/ 

herring/ larvae/ malformation/ ODthree/ oil/ rate/ salt water/ survival/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Effects of physically dispersed and chemically dispersed (three dispersants) Venezuelan crude oil 

on eggs and larvae of the Baltic herring; hatching sucess, malformations, activity, heart beat rate, larval 

survival, larval malformations, and larval growth. 

Linden, O., 1976. Effects of oil on the reproduction of the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus. Ambio 5:36-

37. 

Keywords: amphipod/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of a shaken mixture of Venezuelan crude oil and sea water on reproduction of a marine 

amphipod. In one experiment, a single level of exposure (1 ppm nominal, 0.3-0.4 ppm actual) was used 

to determine its effect on production of juveniles. In a second experiment, concentrations of 1, 10, 20, or 

40 ppm (weathered for 24 hrs) were used for 192 hrs; measured tendency to move into the precopulatory 

stage. 

Linden, O., 1977. Sublethal effects of oil on mollusc species from the Baltic Sea. Water, Air, and Soil 

Pollution 8:305-313. 

Keywords: behavior/ burrowing/ clam/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ intertidal/ Iranian crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ mollusc/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ snail/ species/ sublethal 

Notes: Evaluation of the sublethal effects of aged (24 hr) water-soluble-fraction of Iranian crude oil on the 

blue mussel, an intertidal snail, and the Baltic clam. Measured byssus formation in blue mussels, 

burrowing behavior in Baltic clams, and crawling behavior in the snail. 

Linden, O., 1978. Biological effects of oil on early development of the Baltic herring Clupea harengus 

membras . Marine Biology 45:273-283. 

Keywords: activity/ biological effects/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

growth/ hatching/ heart/ herring/ larvae/ malformation/ No.1 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ rate/ salt water/ survival/ 

time 

Notes: Effects on eggs (three developmental stages) and larvae of the Baltic herring of exposure to the 

water-soluble fractions of No. 1 fuel oil and two crude oils; fertilization, malformations, hatching success, 

activity, heart beat rate, hatching time, larval survival, larval malformations, and larval growth. 

Linden, O., J. R. Sharp, R. Laughlin, Jr., J. M. Neff, 1979. Interactive effects of salinity, temperature 

and chronic exposure to oil on the survival and developmental rate of embryos of the estuarine killifish 

fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Biology 51:101-109. 

Keywords: chronic/ concentration/ development/ effects/ embryo/ estuarine/ fish/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ 

Othree/ rate/ salinity/ salt water/ survival/ temperature 

Notes: Effects on embryos of the killifish of exposure to varying concentrations of the water-soluble 

fraction of No. 2 fuel oil, three salinities, and three temperatures; survival and development. 

Linden, O., R. Elmgren, P. Boehm, 1979. The Tsesis oil spill: its impact on the coastal ecosystem of the 

Baltic Sea. Ambio 8:244-253. 

Keywords: bivalve/ community/ ecosystem/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ 

Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ overview/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ Tsesis/ zooplankton 

Notes: An overview of the spill chronology and response to the 1977 Tsesis oil spill, and discussion of 

the effect of the spilled fuel oil on biota. Biological sections on pelagic effects, shorelines, soft bottom 

communities, and fish. 

199 
Linden, O., R. Laughlin, Jr., J. R. Sharp, J. M. Neff, 1980. The combined effect of salinity, temperature 

and oil on the growth pattern of embryos of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus Walbaum. Marine 

Environmental Research 3:129-144. 

Keywords: combination/ concentration/ development/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ fuel oil/ growth/ malformation/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ salinity/ salt water/ sublethal/ temperature 

Notes: Sublethal effects on killifish embryos of exposure to varying concentrations of the water-soluble 

fraction of No. 2 fuel oil under varying temperature and salinity combinations; development and 

malformations. 

Linden, O., J. Mattsson, and M. Notini 1983. A spill of light fuel oil in the Baltic Sea. Pages 517-520 in

1983 Oil Spill Conference, API 4356. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: benthic/ Bunker C/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ evaluation/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ light/ littoral/ 

marine invertebrate/ No.1 fuel oil/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ overview/ salt water/ spill/ time 

Notes: An overview and summary of a 1 year evaluation of the consequences for Baltic Sea fauna of a 

spill of a mixture of No. 1 fuel oil, diesel fuel, and bunker C fuel oil. Results are presented in sections on 

the pelagic zone, benthic zone, and littoral zone. 

Linden, O., A. Rosemarin, A. Londskog, C. Hoglund, S. Johansson, 1987. Effects of oil and oil 

dispersant on an enclosed marine ecosystem. Environmental Science and Technology 21:374-382. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ alkane/ bacteria/ community/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

degradation/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ Forties Field crude oil/ general effect/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ 

invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ microbes/ mussel/ ODeight/ oil/ periphyton/ 

phytoplankton/ plant/ population/ productivity/ salt water/ sand/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ zooplankton 

Notes: Six experimental pools (mesocosms) were created with sea water, clean sand, bladderwracks 

(Fucus) attached to stones, and the invertebrates attached to the imported plants and stones. After 1 mo 

stabilization, Forties crude oil was added to two pools, crude oil plus Corexit 9550 dispersant was added 

to two pools, and two pools were used as controls. Identified all biota present in the pools and analyzed 

for total hydrocarbons in water. Over a 4-mo period, measured concentrations of alkanes in blue 

mussels, abundance of heterotropic bacteria, photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton and periphyton, 

growth of Fucus, estimated net ecosystem productivity, abundance and taxonomic composition of 

zooplankton, and selected physiological effects on certain invertebrates. 

Lindstedt-Siva, J., P. H. Albers, K. W. Fucik, and N. G. Maynard 1984. Ecological considerations for 

the use of dispersants in oil spill response. Pages 363-377 in T. E. Allen, editor. Oil spill chemical 

dispersants: research, experience, and recommendations: a symposium. ASTM Special Technical 

Publication. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

Keywords: bird/ coral/ coral reef/ dispersant/ grass/ guidelines/ habitat/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ rocky shore/ salt water/ seagrass/ spill/ spill response/ technical/ 

beach/ Florida 

Notes: General discussion of the considerations for use of chemical dispersants in different habitats and 

on different groups of animals. Covers coral reefs, sea grasses, rocky shores, bird habitats, and marine 

mammal habitats. 

Lindstedt-Siva, J., D. W. Chamberlain, and E. R. Mancini 1987. Environmental aspects of the Arco 

Anchorage oil spill, Port Angeles, Washington. Pages 407-410 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 4452. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ biological effects/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ fate/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ methods/ North Slope/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ restoration/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ 

spill response/ tissue/ Washington 

Notes: A description of the spill chronology, spill response, petroleum fate, and biological effects of a spill 

of North Slope (Alaska) crude oil from the Argo Anchorage in coastal Washington (USA). Sections on 

response actions, effects on birds; presence of oil in sediment, water, and tissue; and beach restoration 

methods. 

Lindstrom, J. E., J. F. Braddock, 2002. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at low temperature in 

the presence of the dispersant Corexit 9500. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:739-747. 

200 
Keywords: Alaska/ biodegradation/ carbon/ composition/ Corexit 9500/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ mineralization/ North Slope crude oil/ 

ODten/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ residual oil/ temperature/ weathered 

Notes: Alaska North Slope crude oil was used in an assessment of the degradation of crude oil at low 

temperatures (8 C). Innoculated flask batch cultures contained either culture medium only, crude oil only, 

dispersant only, a 1:10 mixture of dispersant and crude oil, or a 1:20 mixture of dispersant and crude oil. 

One set of cultures was run with fresh crude oil and one with 'weathered' crude oil (35 da). A separate 

experiment was set up for determining culture growth in dispersant only, fresh oil only, and 1:10 

dispersed oil only (7 da). A third experiment to determine effects on residual composition of crude oil was 

performed with sterile culture medium and oil with or without dispersant, and inoculated culture medium 

with or without dispersant was conducted for 2 mo. Measured carbon mineralization, culture growth, and 

composition of residual oil. 

Linkins, A. E., L. A. Johnson, K. R. Everett, and R. M. Atlas 1984. Oil spills: damage and recovery in 

Tundra and Taiga. Pages 135-155 in J. Cairns, Jr., A. L. Buikema, Jr., editors. Restoration of Habitats 

impacted by Oil Spills. Butterworth Publishers, Boston. 

Keywords: fresh water/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ habitat/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ recovery/ 

region/ restoration/ spill/ taiga/ tundra 

Notes: A comprehensive assessment of the consequences of oil spills in the Tundra and Taiga regions of 

the world. Authors present sections on background, cleanup, restoration, and conclusions. 

Lipcius, R. N., C. A. Coyne, B. A. Fairbanks, D. H. Hammond, P. J. Mohan, D. J. Nixon, J. J. 

Staskiewicz, H. Heppner, 1980. Avoidance response of mallards to colored and black water. Journal of 

Wildlife Management 44:511-518. 

Keywords: avoidance/ behavior/ bird/ dye/ evaluation/ mallard/ oil/ oil slick/ Oone 

Notes: Evaluation of colored dyes as potential deterrents for keeping water birds away from oil slicks; 

mallards used in an experimental apparatus. 

Lipiatou, E., A. Saliot, 1991. Hydrocarbon contamination of the Rhone Delta and western 

Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:297-304. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ distance/ hydrocarbons/ Mediterranean/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Sediments were collected at varying distances from the mouth of the Rhone River in the 

Mediterranean Sea. The top centimeter was analyzed for non-aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, and 

PAHs. Results were compared to results of other sediment studies performed in the Mediterranean. 

Lipscomb, T. P., R. K. Harris, R. B. Moeller, J. M. Pletcher, R. J. Haebler, B. E. Ballachey, 1993. 

Histopathologic lesions in sea otters exposed to crude oil. Veterinary Pathology 30:1-11. 

Keywords: crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fur/ lesions/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ pathology/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: Pathologic findings for oiled sea otters that died at rehabilitation centers after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. 

Liste, H.-H., I. Prutz, 2006. Plant performance, dioxygenase-expressing rhizosphere bacteria, and 

biodegradation of weathered hydrocarbons in contaminanted soil. Chemosphere 62:1411-1420. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ experiment/ freshwater 

plant/ germination/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Oseven/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ 

seed/ soil/ species/ survival/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Contaminated soil from a former manufactured gas plant was used in a phytoremediation 

experiment. Thirteen species were planted as seeds in the soil and grown for 116 da. Measured 

germination, plant survival, and dry weight of shoot. Identified and quantified the soil bacteria associated 

with each species. In a second experiment, six species germinated in uncontaminated soil were 

transplanted to contaminated soil and grown for 68 da. The soil was then analyzed for total petroleum 

hydrocarbons and the quantity of 16 selected PAHs. The quantity of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the 

soil of the second experiment is cited as being less than the sum of the 16 PAHs; something is wrong. 

201 
Literathy, P., S. Haider, O. Samhan, G. Morel, 1989. Experimental studies on biological and chemical 

oxidation of dispersed oil in seawater. Water Science and Technology 21:845-856. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ degradation/ dispersant/ 

experiment/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ light/ ODnine/ oil/ oxygen/ petroleum/ salt water/ technical/ total 

hydrocarbons 

Notes: A set of five experiments were performed to evaluate biological and chemical oxidation of crude 

oil in seawater. Kuwait crude oil and several chemical dispersants were added to seawater as either 

crude oil alone, dispersant alone, or crude oil plus dispersant. Duration of the experiments ranged from 6 

to 90 da and were perform under light and dark conditions. Biological oxygen demand and 

photosynthetic oxygen production, petroleum concentrations, and dispersant concentrations were 

measured at intervals during the experiments. 

Little, D. I. and D. L. Scales 1987. The persistence of oil stranded on sediment shorelines. Pages 433-

438 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ chemical analysis/ concentration/ crude oil/ intertidal/ mousse/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ 

persistence/ refined oil/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ technical/ time 

 Notes: An assessment of the persistence of crude oil and refined oil 'mousse' on intertidal sediments of a 

variety of shoreline types. Seven sites were used and residence was monitored as percent oil cover and 

by chemical analysis for total hydrocarbon concentration. 

Little, D. I. and A. E. Little 1991. Estuarine oil spill effects in the context of dispersant use changes. 

Pages 507-518 in 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ bird/ chemical analysis/ 

crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ England/ estuarine/ estuary/ general effect/ gravel/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ rocky shore/ salt marsh/ salt water/ 

sampling/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ time/ vegetation 

Notes: An overall assessment of the effects of the 1988 El Omar oil spill (crude oil) at Milford Haven, 

England. General assessments were made at all heavily oiled areas and at sites used for rocky shore 

monitoring efforts prior to the oil spill. A gravel beach site and a salt marsh site were used for intensive 

sampling of sediment cores and vegetation. An oiled bird survey was performed 8 da after the spill. A 

survey of macrobenthos and hydrocarbons in sediments of the inner estuary was performed 4 mos after 

the spill. Chemical analysis was for total aliphatics and total aromatics. 

Little, E. E., L. Cleveland, R. Calfee, M. G. Barron, 2003. Assessment of the photoenhanced toxicity of 

a weathered oil to the tidewater silverside. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 :926-932. 

Keywords: combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ experiment/ fish/ irradiance/ juvenile/ oil/ oil field/ 

Othree/ photoenhanced/ salt water/ static/ survival/ toxicity/ ultraviolet/ weathered 

Notes: Weathered crude oil collected from an abandoned oil field was used to generate a wateraccomodated-fraction (WAF) for use in a 7-da static renewal experiment with the tidewater silverside. 

Juvenile fish were exposed to varying combinations of WAF concentrations and amounts of UV 

irradiance. Measured survival. 

Liu, B., R. P. Romaire, R. D. Delaune, C. W. Lindau, 2006. Field investigation on the toxicity of Alaska 

North Slope crude oil (ANSC) and dispersed ANSC crude to Gulf killifish, eastern oyster and white 

shrimp. Chemosphere 62:520-526. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bivalve/ Corexit 9500/ crude oil/ dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

Louisiana/ marine invertebrate/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ ODthree/ oil/ oyster/ parameters/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ shrimp/ Spartina/ survival/ toxicity/ water/ wetland 

Notes: Alaskan crude oil plus Corexit 9500 dispersant were used in field and laboratory assessments of 

toxicity to killifish, oyster, and shrimp. The field study was conducted in a coastal Louisiana Spartina 

wetland where test organisms were placed in enclosures with crude oil alone (30 ppm) or crude oil plus 

dispersant (30 ppm) for 24 hrs. Tidal flow moved through the containers. The laboratory exposures to 

crude oil and crude oil plus dispersant were to determine the 96 hr LC50. Measured survival, total 

petroleum hydrocarbons, and several water quality parameters in the field experiment. 

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Liu, D., 1983. Fate of oil dispersants in aquatic environment. Science of the Total Environment 32:93-98. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ cell/ dispersant/ environment/ experiment/ fate/ fresh water/ ODnine/ oil/ 

oxygen/ refinery/ soil/ technical 

Notes: An assessment of the fate of chemical oil dispersants in a bacterial culture taken from refinery 

soil. Five dispersants were used in a 60 min culture experiment; measured oxygen consumption and 

culture cell yield. 

Livingstone, D. R., 1987. Seasonal responses to diesel oil and subsequent recovery of the cytochrome 

P-450 monooxygenase system in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L., and the periwinkle, Littorina 

littorea L. Science of the Total Environment 65:3-20. 

Keywords: activity/ concentration/ diesel/ digestive gland/ flow-through/ marine invertebrate/ mixedfunction oxidase/ monooxygenase/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ periwinkle/ recovery/ salt water/ seasonal/ 

time/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of the blue mussel (4-8 mo) and a periwinkle (16-24 mo) to 30 ppb or 129 ppb of diesel 

oil in flow-through outdoor basins and then allowed to depurate for 2-9 mo in clean water. Tissue 

samples (digestive gland and whole animal) were collected three times per year and analyzed for P450 

activity and concentrations of 2-3 ring PAHs. 

Lizarraga-Partida, M. L., F. B. Izquierdo-Vicuna, I. Wong-Chang, 1991. Marine bacteria on the 

Campeche Bank oil field. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:401-405. 

Keywords: bacteria/ crude oil/ Gulf of Mexico/ Mexico/ microbes/ oil/ oil field/ Oten/ salt water/ sampling/ 

sediment 

Notes: Bimonthly sampling of water and sediment (for 14 mos) from beneath the production platforms of 

the Campeche Bank oil field, four nearby areas, and from a separate cruise in the southern Gulf of 

Mexico. Measured heterotrophic bacteria and oil-degrading bacteria. 

Llorente, G. A., A. Farran, X. Ruiz, J. Albaiges, 1987. Accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons, 

polychlorobyphenyls, and DDT in tissues of three species of Anatidae from the Ebro Delta (Spain). 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:563-572. 

Keywords: accumulation/ algae/ alkane/ bird/ DDT/ distribution/ duck/ freshwater plant/ hydrocarbons/ 

Oone/ PCB/ salt water/ Spain/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of hydrocarbons, PCBs, and DDT in five tissues of three duck species from the Ebro 

Delta of Spain. 

Lock, M. A., R. R. Wallace, D. R. Barton, 1981. The effects of synthetic crude oil on microbial and 

macroinvertebrate benthic river communities: Part II -- The response of an established community to 

contamination by synthetic crude oil. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 24:263-275. 

Keywords: Alberta/ algae/ bacteria/ baseline/ benthic/ Canada/ chemical characteristics/ chlorophyll/ 

community/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gas oil/ kerosene/ 

macroinvertebrate/ microbes/ Ofive/ oil/ oil sands/ population/ river/ sand/ stream/ time/ treatment/ water 

Notes: Bricks dipped in oil sands crude oil or its naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil components were placed 

in a northern Alberta, Canada stream during mid-May. Control bricks were sampled to determine 

baseline bacteria, chlorophyll a, and macroinvertebrate concentrations in June followed by treatment of all 

the crude oil bricks. All bricks were sampled for bacteria, chlorophyll a, and macroinvertebrates in July, 

August, October and December. Physical and chemical characteristics of the river water were determine 

on a monthly basis from April through December. 

Lock, M. A., R. R. Wallace, D. R. Barton, 1981. The effects of synthetic crude oil on microbial and 

macroinvertebrate benthic river communities -- part I: colonisation of synthetic crude oil contaminated 

substrata. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 24:207-217. 

Keywords: bacteria/ benthic/ Canada/ cell/ chlorophyll/ colonization/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ light/ macroinvertebrate/ microbes/ numbers/ Ofive/ oil/ population 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of synthetic crude oil on the microbial and macroinvertebrates of a 

northern Canada river. Bricks soaked in oil were place in a normal light and low light (artificially 

maintained) portion of the river. Bricks were removed after 30 da. Colonizing bacteria were counted, 

203 
chlorophyll a quantified, the number of colonizing algal cells per unit area counted, and colonizing 

macroinvertebrates were identified and counted. 

Lockhart, W. L., R. Wagemann, J. W. Clayton, B. Graham, D. Murray, 1975. Chronic toxicity of a 

synthetic tri-aryl phosphate oil to fish. Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5:361-369. 

Keywords: activity/ blood/ cholinesterase/ chronic/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ lubricating oil/ necropsy/ oil/ 

Othree/ phosphate/ physiology/ rainbow trout/ synthetic oil/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on rainbow trout of exposure to a synthetic lubricating oil (IMOL S-140) for 4 months: 

cholinesterase activity, blood chemistry, physiology, necropsy. 

Lomholt, J. P., 1976. The development of the oxygen permeability of the avian egg shell and its 

membranes during incubation. Journal of Experimental Zoology 198:177-184. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ egg shell/ eggs/ incubation/ Oone/ oxygen/ permeability/ shell 

Notes: Assessment of the oxygen permiability of avian egg shells during incubation. 

Long, S. M., K. J. Ryder, D. A. Holdway, 2003. The use of respiratory enzymes as biomarkers of 

petroleum hydrocarbon exposure in Mytilus edulis planulatus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 

55:261-270. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ biomarker/ bivalve/ concentration/ crude oil/ enzyme/ experiment/ gill/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment/ time/ tissue 

Notes: The effect of petroleum on respiratory enzymes of M. edulis was determined with two 

experiments. The first involved the water-accomodated fraction of Bass Strait crude oil in three 

concentrations for a 96 hr exposure. Mussels were sampled at 0, 24, 48, and 96 hrs and the gills 

analyzed for citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase. The second experiment involved sediment 

mixed with 0, 0.2, 1, or 5 ml crude oil/kg dry sediment for a period of exposure of 6 months. Mussel gills 

were sampled at 2 wks, 1 mo, 2 mos, 4 mos, and 6 mos and analyzed as in the first experiment. Also 

analyzed the stock water and sediment for total petroleum hydrocarbons and mussel soft tissue for the 

sum of 16 PAHs. 

Longwell, A. C., 1977. A genetic look at fish eggs and oil. Oceanus 20:46-58. 

Keywords: Argo Merchant/ Bunker C/ cell/ cell division/ development/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

genetic/ malformation/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Effects of No. 6 and No. 2 fuel oils from the Argo Merchant oil spill (1976) on fish egg 

development; cell division, embryo malformations. 

Lonning, S., B. E. Hagstrom, 1976. Deleterious effects of Corexit 9527 on fertilization and development. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:124-126. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ fish/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODthree/ oil/ salt water/ sea urchin/ species/ urchin 

Notes: Effects of Corexit 9527 alone or incombination with crude oil on the fertilization and development 

of eggs of four species of sea urchin and three species of fish. 

Lonning, S., B. E. Hagstrom, 1978. A toxicological evaluation of a plastic oil absorbant. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 9:276-278. 

Keywords: chloride/ combination/ copepod/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Ekofisk crude oil/ embryo/ evaluation/ 

experiment/ fish/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ plastic/ salt water/ sea urchin/ 

toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: A series of laboratory experiments were performed with sea urchin gametes and embryos, larvae 

of flatfish, and copepods to determine the toxicity of a plastic oil absorbant called "Oil Killer". Methylene 

chloride extracts of the oil absorbent and Ekofish crude oil were used alone or in combination to 

challenge test organisms. 

Lopes, C. F., J. C. C. Milanelli, V. A. Prosperi, E. Zanardi, A. C. Truzzi, 1997. Coastal monitoring 

program of Sao Sebastiao Channel: assessing the effects of 'Tebar V' oil spill on rocky shore 

populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:923-927. 

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Keywords: barnacle/ beach/ Brazil/ density/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ 

oil spill/ pipeline/ population/ rocky shore/ salt water/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a coastal pipeline rupture north of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Laboratory 

toxicity tests and beach assessments of mussel and barnacle density used to measure effect. 

Lord, D. A., I. H. Kerley, R. M. Randall, J. S. V. Reddering, E. H. Schumann, W. E. Bricknell, S. 

Rowe, and R. P. Mason 1987. The Kapodistrias grounding and oil spill Cape Recife, South Africa. Pages 

33-38 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Africa/ behavior/ bird/ coast/ dispersant/ effects/ fuel oil/ ODone/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ 

shellfish/ South Africa/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: Report of the consequences of the grounding of the MV Kapodistrias off the coast of South Africa. 

Small amounts of fuel oil escaped. Description of the spill response and the effects on birds and shellfish. 

Lorensten, S.-H., T. Anker-Nilssen, 1993. Behavior and oil vulnerability of fulmars Fulmarus glacialis

during an oil spill experiment in the Norwegian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:144-146. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ crude oil/ experiment/ fulmar/ Norway/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ 

vulnerability 

Notes: Results of an experimental spill of crude oil designed to determine the behavioral response of 

fulmars to surface oil. 

Louati, A., B. Elleuch, M. Kallel, A. Saliot, J. Dagaut, J. Oudot, 2001. Hydrocarbon contamination of 

coastal sediments from the Sfax area (Tunisia), Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:445-452. 

Keywords: alkane/ coast/ cycloalkane/ evaluation/ hopane/ hydrocarbons/ Mediterranean/ methods/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ sterane/ total 

hydrocarbons/ transect/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: An evaluation of the saturated hydrocarbons in the sediments off the coast of Sfax, Tunisia. Four 

transects radiating outward from a coastal site next to industrial outflows contained a total of 18 sampling 

locations. Measured total hydrocarbons with two analytical methods and measured alkanes and 

cycloalkanes with three analytical methods. Determined the source of hydrocarbon contamination by 

analyzing the unresolved complex mixture, steranes, and hopanes. 

Loya, Y., B. Rinkevich, 1979. Abortion effect in corals induced by oil pollution. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 1:77-80. 

Keywords: bioassay/ colony/ concentration/ coral/ crude oil/ Iranian crude oil/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ planulae/ pollution/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ static 

Notes: Exposure of five colonies of a coral species to the water-soluble-fraction (WSF) of Iranian crude 

oil. Five concentrations of the WSF were used in static bioassays. Measured the extrusion of planulae 

larvae by the coral after 1 hr and 6 hrs of exposure. 

Loynachan, T. E., 1978. Low-temperature mineralization of crude oil in soil. Journal of Environmental 

Quality 7:494-500. 

Keywords: aerobic/ anaerobic/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ combination/ crude oil/ experiment/ fungi/ 

incubation/ microbes/ mineralization/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

soil/ time 

Notes: A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to evaluate biodegradation of Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil in Alaskan soils. Contrasts included one soil from a petroleum contaminated area and one 

reference soil, two levels of oil addition to soil, disturbance of mixture vs nondisturbance, sawdust 

addition, and nutrient enhancement with N, P, and S in various combinations. Incubation period was 115 

da. Production of CO2 was measured eight times during the studies. Counts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were made on four occasions and 

counts of fungi and actinomycetes were made on two occasions. 

Lucas, Z., C. MacGregor, 2006. Characterization and source of oil contamination on the beaches and 

seabird corpses, Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 1996-2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:778-789. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ carcass/ feathers/ fuel oil/ Nova Scotia/ oil/ oiled/ oiling/ Oone/ salt water/ 

species/ spill/ tanker/ washing 

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Notes: During the summers of 1996-2005, seabird carcasses on Sable Island, Nova Scotia were 

examined for oiling, oiled feathers and beach tar were collected, and species were determined. Tar 

samples were identified as to type of oil and likely source (tanker, fuel oil, bilge washing). Found 2343 

oiled carcasses and identified at least 74 marine oil discharge events. 

Lunel, T., J. Rusin, N. Bailey, C. Halliwell, and L. Davies 1997. The net environmental benefit of a 

successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress incident. Pages 185-194 in 1997 International Oil 

Spill Conference, API 4651. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ chemical analysis/ coast/ crude oil/ dispersant/ England/ estimate/ miscellaneous/ 

ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ Wales/ water column 

Notes: A quantified estimate of the benefit of using chemical oil dispersants at the site of the Sea 

Empress oil spill off the coast of Wales, England. The crude oil spill was released over 8 days and 

treated with dispersants on 7 days. Monitored efficacy by remote sensing and chemical analysis of the 

water column. 

Lusimbo, W. S., F. A. Leighton, 1996. Effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on hatching success and 

associated changes in pipping muscles in embryos of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases 32:209-215. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ egg shell/ embryo/ hatching/ muscle/ oil/ oiled/ 

Oone/ pathology/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil 

Notes: Assessment of the condition of pipping muscles in chicken embryos exposed to oil by eggshell 

oiling with Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Lutcavage, M. E., P. L. Lutz, G. D. Bossart, D. M. Hudson, 1995. Physiologic and clinicopathologic 

effects of crude oil on loggerhead sea turtles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

28:417-422. 

Keywords: behavior/ biochemistry/ blood/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ juvenile/ Louisiana/ Louisiana 

crude oil/ oil/ oil slick/ OthreeR/ pathology/ physiology/ reptile/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ turtle/ 

weathered 

Notes: Effects on juvenile loggerhead sea turtles of exposure (96 hr) to an oil slick of weathered (48 hr) 

South Louisiana crude oil under experimental conditions; behavior, blood characteristics, biochemistry, 

pathology, physiology. 

Lye, C. M., 2000. Impact of oestrogenic substances from oil production at sea. Toxicology Letters 112-

113:265-272. 

Keywords: alkyphenol/ drilling mud/ effects/ endocrine/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ offshore/ oil/ Oten/ 

PAH/ review/ salt water 

Notes: A review and evaluation of the potential oestrogenic effects of substances discharged from 

offshore oil production platforms. Discussion focuses on PAHs in drilling muds and alkylphenols present 

in rig washes. Examines the concerns for each and discusses the results of several field studies. 

Lytle, J. S. and T. F. Lytle 1983. Potential damage of oil wastes in coastal estuary sediments. Pages 

491-500 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference, API 4356. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ ammonia/ amphipod/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ estuary/ fish/ 

general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mississippi/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ physical 

characteristics/ plant/ refinery/ salt water/ sediment/ sheepshead minnow/ shrimp/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the toxic potential of sediments near four chemical plants (including a large 

refinery) near Pascagoula, Mississippi. Surface and core samples of sediments were analyzed for 

aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; and the core sediments were analyzed for chemical and physical 

characteristics. Surface sediments were used in 96-hr bioassays using mysid shrimp, sheepshead 

minnows, killifish, and an amphipod. 

Lytle, J. S. and T. F. Lytle 1987. The role of Juncus roemerianus in cleanup of oil-polluted sediments. 

Pages 495-501 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4452. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chronic/ crude oil/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ 

206 
Juncus/ leaves/ marine plant/ naphthalene/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment/ Spartina/ spill/ uptake 

Notes: A series of experiments on the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by Juncus roemerianus and 

Spartina alterniflora. In one experiment, crude oil was spilled on an experimental pond and leaf shoots 

were collected and analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons 3, 6, and 12 mos later. In a second 

experiment, crude oil was injected into the sediment of quadrat plots for 5 consecutive days; leaves were 

collected and analyzed 6 mos and 12 mos later. In a third experiment, sediment and leaves from Juncus

were collected from four locations with chronic petroleum contamination and one reference site, and 

analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. In a fourth experiment, performed two field trials of single 

compound uptake by Juncus; leaves were analyzed for naphthalene or 1-octadecene. 

Maccarone, A. D., J. N. Brzorad, 1995. Effects of an oil spill on the prey populations and foraging 

behavior of breeding wading birds. Wetlands 15:397-407. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ Bunker C/ effects/ fish/ foraging/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ New Jersey/ 

New York/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ shrimp/ spill 

Notes: Report of the effects on foraging by wading birds of several spills of No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils into 

the Arthur Kill and Kill Van Kull between NY and NJ in 1990. 

MacDonald, B. A., M. L. H. Thomas, 1982. Growth reduction in the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria from a 

heavily oiled lagoon in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Marine Environmental Research 6:145-156. 

Keywords: age/ Arrow/ Bunker C/ clam/ growth/ length/ marine invertebrate/ Nova Scotia/ Ofour/ oiled/ 

reduction/ salt water/ shell/ spill/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Soft shell clams were collected from Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia (Arrow spill of 1970) after the 

Bunker C spill and 9 yrs later at the same site and at an unoiled site. Measured tissue weights, shell 

weight, shell length, clam age, and external morphology of the shell. 

MacDonald, I. R., 1998. Oil spills. Scientific American Nov.:57-61. 

Keywords: crude oil/ general effect/ Gulf of Mexico/ Mexico/ Oeight/ oil/ oil seep/ oil spill/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A general description of natural oil seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Author uses historical records, 

modern assessments of floating oil, and naturalist observations on the adaptation of living organisms to 

the presence of naturally occurring petroleum. 

MacFarlane, G. R., D. J. Reid, C. A. Esguerra, 2004. Sublethal behavioral effects of the water 

accommodated fractions of crude oil to gastropod molluscs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 72:1025-1031. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ Australia/ concentration/ 

crude oil/ gastropod/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ movement/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ sublethal 

Notes: Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil was used in a laboratory assay of locomotor 

response in four species of Australian gastropods. Gastropods were exposed for 24 hrs to one of five 

WAF concentrations. Locomotor activity was measured immediately after exposure began and after 24 

hrs. Measured the 'total' aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations of the WAF. 

Mackay, D., A. Watson, C. Ng, and S. Nadeau 1979. Behavior and effectiveness of dispersants at sea 

and at shorelines. Pages 447-452 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, API 4308. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Alberta/ Alberta crude oil/ beach/ behavior/ cleaning/ Corexit 7664/ Corexit 8667/ Corexit 

9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ experiment/ fuel oil/ movement/ No.6 fuel oil/ ODnine/ oil/ oil 

spill/ salt water/ sand/ shoreline/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Laboratory experiments employing an apparatus that simulated sea surface state and an 

apparatus that simulated oil moving onto the shoreline were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of 

chemical dispersants. Measured turbulence and dispersion characteristics of sea state and movement of 

oil (Alberta blend crude and No. 6 fuel oil) onto sandy and rocky shorelines. Compared crude oil and fuel 

oil without dispersant and with either Corexit 9527, BP 1100WD, Corexit 7664, Corexit 8667, or BP 

1100X. Also, evaluated the effect of dispersants on the ease of cleaning beach sand. 

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Mackey, A. P., M. Hodgkinson, 1996. Assessment of the impact of naphthalene contamination on 

mangrove fauna using behavioral bioassays. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

56:279-286. 

Keywords: Australia/ bioassay/ concentration/ gastropod/ long-term/ mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ 

naphthalene/ Ofour/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ short-term/ snail/ species/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of various concentrations of naphthalene on a species of gastropod 

found in the coastal mangroves of Australia. Collected sediments from two sites in the Brisbane River to 

determine actual concentrations. Performed short-term (a few min) and long-term (60 min) laboratory 

exposures of snails. Short-term exposures were conducted at various times during the day. Measured 

crawling rate of snails as they left contaminated water. 

Mackie, P. R., K. J. Whittle, R. Hardy, 1974. Hydrocarbons in the marine environment. I. n-Alkanes in 

the Firth of Clyde. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2:359-374. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ benthic/ environment/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ 

invertebrate/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ plankton/ salt water/ sediment/ species 

Notes: An assessment of alkanes in the Firth of Clyde. Samples (apparantly composite) were collected 

of surface film, surface water, middle-depth water, sediment, benthic invertebrates, plankton, and fish 

(four species) from a local market. All samples were analyzed for a suite of alkanes. 

Mackie, P. R., H. M. Platt, R. Hardy, 1978. Hydrocarbons in the marine environment. II. Distribution of nalkanes in the fauna and environment of the sub-antarctic island of South Georgia. Estuarine and Coastal 

Marine Science 6:301-313. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ beach/ benthic/ distribution/ environment/ fish/ freshwater 

plant/ fuel oil/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ 

Oeight/ oil/ plant/ salt water/ sediment/ soil/ species/ storage/ stream 

Notes: An assessment of alkanes in the environment of a harbor on South Georgia Island. Sediments 

were collected from six sites in an old whaling station harbor and two sites in a nearby lake. Benthic 

invertebrates were collected from three of the harbor sites. Also collected were two fish species, a soil 

sample from the bank of a coastal stream, a sample of native plants, fuel oil from a storage tank at the 

whaling station, beach tar, and a composite water sample. All samples were analyzed for alkanes. 

Mackie, P. R., R. Hardy, E. I. Butler, P. M. Holligan, M. F. Spooner, 1978. Early samples of oil in water 

and some analyses of zooplankton. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:296-297. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ concentration/ English Channel/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ zooplankton 

Notes: Water and zooplankton samples were collected shortly after the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz in 

1978. Water samples were collected beneath the slick and outside the slick. Zooplankton were collected 

at three locations in the English Channel. Both water and zooplankton were analyzed for petroleum 

hydrocarbons. 

Macko, S. A., S. M. King, 1980. Weathered oil: effect on hatchability of heron and gull eggs. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25:316-320. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ gull/ hatchability/ heron/ Libyan crude oil/ Louisiana/ oil/ Oone/ 

salt water/ spill/ Texas/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of weathered and fresh Libyan crude oil on hatchability of eggs of Louisiana herons and 

laughing gulls in coastal Texas. 

Macko, S. A., P. L. Parker, A. V. Botello, 1981. Persistence of spilled oil in a Texas salt marsh. 

Environmental Pollution (Series B) 2:119-128. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ isotope/ oil/ oiled/ Onine/ persistence/ 

pipeline/ ratio/ salt marsh/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ technical/ Texas/ time/ 

unsaturated hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: A pipeline rupture at Harbor Island, TX resulted in the oiling of shallow coastal marshes with crude 

oil. Sediment samples were collected from three locations within the afffected area; it is unclear if the 

sediments were combined. Collections were made from the upper 5 cm of sediment at 1 da, 1 mo, 2 

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mos, 6 mos, 18 mos, and 2 yrs after the spill. Sediments were analyzed for saturated and unsaturated 

(aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 14C isotope ratios. 

MacLennan, A. S., 1986. Oil pollution in the Cromarty Firth and inshore Moray Firth. Proceedings of the 

Royal Society of Edinburgh 91B:275-282. 

Keywords: bird/ England/ history/ marine invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ review/ 

salt water/ spill 

Notes: Review of oil spill incidents in Moray Firth (1975-84) and Cromarty Firth (1970-84) in England with 

special attention to sea birds. 

Madany, I. M., A. Al-Haddad, A. Jaffar, E.-S. Al-Shirbini, 1994. Spatial and temporal distribution of 

aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in the cdoastal waters of Bahrain. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 26:185-190. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bahrain/ crude oil/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ shoreline/ survey 

Notes: A total of 50 water samples were collected from around the island of Bahrain during summer and 

winter of 1992. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and expressed as chrysene and 

Bahrain crude oil equivalents. Results were grouped according to shoreline utilization and compared to 

the coastal areas of other countries bordering on the Arabian Gulf. 

Madill, R. E. A., M. T. Orzechowski, G. Chen, B. G. Brownlee, N. J. Bunce, 2001. Preliminary risk 

assessment of the wet landscape option for reclamation of oil sands mine tailings: bioassays with mature 

fine tailings pore water. Environmental Toxicology 16:197-208. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ bioassay/ degradation/ enzyme/ fresh water/ liver/ 

mammal/ microbes/ Microtox/ mutation/ oil/ oil sands/ Oten/ pore water/ rat/ risk/ risk assessment/ sand/ 

toxicity 

Notes: A toxicological assessment of the pore water from oil sands tailings. Pore water was extracted 

and analyzed for aromatic compounds. Degradation of aromatic compounds by endogenous microbes 

was quantified over a 129-da period. Acute toxicity was measured by Microtox assay. Rat livers were 

used for in vivo assessments of the Ah receptor binding affinity and cytochrome P-450 enzyme induction 

capabilities of constituent aromatic compounds. Mutagenicity tests were performed with the Ames 

Salmonella assays. 

Mageau, C., F. R. Engelhardt, E. S. Gilfillan, P. D. Boehm, 1987. Effects of short-term exposure to 

dispersed oil in Arctic invertebrates. Arctic 40:162-171. 

Keywords: Arctic/ behavior/ bivalve/ clearance/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ effects/ enzyme/ 

experiment/ flow-through/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ ODfour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ salt water/ sea urchin/ short-term/ species/ spill/ time/ tissue/ urchin 

Notes: Follow-up experiments to the 1981 Baffin Island Oil Spill field experiment. An experimental flowthrough system constructed near the site of the original oil spill. Three species tested; two bivalves and a 

sea urchin. Test animals exposed to a chemically-dispersed mixture of Lagomedio crude oil and Corexit 

9527 for 18 hrs. The exposure time was partitioned into 3 6-hr periods with different concentrations per 

period. Two sequences were used; 0.5, 5.0, 0.2 ppm or 10, 100, 5 ppm followed by clearance periods of 

either 7 or 21 da. Measured several types of behavior in each species, several measures of metabolic 

function and tissue enzymes, and hydrocarbon concentrations in water and tissue. 

Mahaney, P. A., 1994. Effects of freshwater petroleum contamination on amphibian hatching and 

metamorphosis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13:259-265. 

Keywords: algae/ amphibian/ concentration/ crankcase oil/ effects/ eggs/ fresh water/ growth/ hatching/ 

metamorphosis/ oil/ OthreeA/ petroleum/ tadpole/ treefrog 

Notes: Effects of experimental exposure to three concentrations of used crankcase oil on hatching 

success of green treefrog eggs, tadpole growth, metamorphosis, and algal growth. 

Mahoney, B. M., H. H. Haskin, 1980. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of 

phytoplankton recognized as food forms for the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica gmelin. 

Environmental Pollution (Series A) 22:123-132. 

209 
Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ food/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Nigerian crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Osix/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

phytoplankton/ population/ salt water/ species/ time 

Notes: Five species of phytoplankton (one with three clones) were exposed to varying concentrations of 

the water-soluble-fractions (WSF) of Nigerian crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil. Culture periods were 7-8 da. 

Measured growth of the cultures according to WSF concentration and time. 

Mahoney, B. M. S., G. S. Noyes, 1982. Effects of petroleum on feeding and mortality of the American 

oyster. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:527-531. 

Keywords: adult/ clay/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ depuration/ effects/ feeding/ fuel oil/ index/ 

marine invertebrate/ Nigerian crude oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oyster/ petroleum/ rate/ salt water/ 

sediment/ shell/ time/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on adult American oysters of exposure to water concentrations of No. 2 

fuel oil (0.05, 0.50 ppm), Nigerian crude oil (0.15, 0.50 ppm), and clay sediment (0.50 ppm). Exposure 

times were either 7 wks followed by 7 wks of depuration or 11 wks followed by 8 wks of depuration. 

Measured death, body weight, shell weight, condition index, and feeding (filtering) rate. 

Maki, A. W., W. E. Bishop, 1979. Acute toxicity studies of surfactants to Daphnia magna and Daphnia 

pulex. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8:599-612. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ anionic/ bioassay/ daphnia/ effects/ interactions/ marine invertebrate/ nonionic/ 

ODfour/ salt water/ species/ static/ structure/ surfactant/ toxicity 

Notes: Conducted a series of static bioassays of the effects of anionic and nonionic surfactants on adults 

of two Daphnia species. Duration of exposure was 48 hr. Determined the influence of surfactant 

chemical structure, suspended solids, water hardness, and previous surfactant exposures on acute 

toxicity. 

Maki, A. W., 1990. The Exxon Valdez oil spill: initial environmental impact assessment. Environmental 

Science and Technology 25:24-29. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ crustacean/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ fishery/ general effect/ habitat/ intertidal/ 

mammal/ monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sea otter/ shellfish/ shoreline/ spill 

Notes: An early assessment of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill (an Exxon perspective). The 

author presents sections on the design of the assessment program, shoreline habitat, intertidal biota, 

water quality, fisheries, shellfish and crustaceans, wildlife (birds and sea otters), bird and wildlife 

monitoring. 

Maki, H., T. Sasaki, S. Harayama, 2001. Photo-oxidation of biodegraded crude oil and toxicity of the 

photo-oxidized products. Chemosphere 44:1145-1151. 

Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ crustacean/ degradation/ 

light/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ photooxidation/ salt water/ sunlight/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Arabian Light crude oil was artificially weathered and then subjected to nutrient-enhanced 

microbial degradation for 3 wks. The remaining degraded crude oil was exposed to sunlight for 3 wks. 

The biodegraded and photo-oxidized crude oils were analyzed for hydrocarbon content. The watersoluble fraction of the photo-oxidized crude oil was used in a toxicity test with the crustacean Artemia. 

Comparisons were made between microbially-degraded crude oil irradiated or not irradiated by sunlight. 

Maki, H., N. Hirayama, T. Hiwatari, K. Kohata, H. Uchiyama, M. Watanabe, F. Yamasaki, M. Furuki, 

2003. Crude oil bioremediation field experiment in the Sea of Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:74-77. 

Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Light crude oil/ beach/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ experiment/ 

fertilizer/ fluorine/ intertidal/ Japan/ microbes/ naphthalene/ oil/ Oten/ phenanthrene/ salt water/ sand/ 

time/ weathered 

Notes: Beach sand was mixed with artificially-weathered Arabian light crude oil, wrapped in polyester net 

envelopes, and placed in acrylic vessels with perforated sides. The vessels were placed in the intertidal 

zone for 3 mos. Synthetic N and P fertilizer granules were placed in some envelopes. Measured the 

concentrations of N and P and the concentrations of alkanes, naphthalenes, fluorenes, 

dibenzothiophenes, and phenanthrenes on days 0, 21, 42, 63, and 84. 

210 
Maki, H., M. Utsumi, H. Koshikawa, T. Hiwatari, K. Kohata, H. Uchiyama, M. Suzuki, T. Noguchi, T. 

Yamasaki, M. Furuki, M. Watanabe, 2003. Intrinsic biodegradation of heavy oil from Nakhodka and the 

effect of exogenous fertilization at a coastal area of the Sea of Japan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 

145:123-138. 

Keywords: alkane/ biodegradation/ chlorophyll/ community/ composition/ concentration/ DNA/ 

experiment/ fertilization/ fuel oil/ Japan/ microbes/ nitrogen/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ PAH/ phosphorus/ spill 

Notes: Oiled cobble stones from a 2-year-old spill of heavy fuel oil in the Sea of Japan were used in a 

biodegradation experiment. Stones were either unfertilized or fertilzed and placed in containers at the 

lower end of the tidal zone for 105 days. Stones were sampled periodically and analyzed for alkanes, 

total saturate fraction, and selected PAHs. The water inside and outside of the field vessel was 

periodically sampled for dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentration. 

Polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis were used to detect changes in the composition of the 

microbial community of the water in the experimental field vessel. 

Maksimenko, O. E., N. A. Chervyakov, T. I. Karkishko, N. V. Glotov, 1997. Dynamics of 

reestablishment of vegetation in an anthropogenically disturbed sphagnum bog in the territory of an oil 

field in the Middle Ob region. Russian Journal of Ecology 28:243-247. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil field/ Oseven/ plant/ region/ restoration/ Russia/ 

species/ time/ vegetation 

Notes: A description of the consequences to plants of several months of leakage from an oil field 

retention reservoir in Russia. Measured coverage of plant species four times during a 6-yr period and 

compared vegetative changes in plowed bog land to that of unplowed land. 

Malallah, G., M. Afzal, S. Gulshan, D. Abraham, M. Kurian, M. S. I. Dhami, 1996. Vicia faba as a 

bioindicator of oil pollution. Environmental Pollution 92:213-217. 

Keywords: amino acids/ assay/ biochemistry/ bioindicator/ biomass/ chlorophyll/ composition/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ growth/ Kuwait/ oil/ oil lakes/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

Oseven/ phenol/ plant/ pollution/ protein/ seedling/ soil/ spill/ total hydrocarbons/ war 

Notes: Seedlings of the plant (Vica faba) were used in a pot assay of the effect of hydrocarboncontaminated soil from the oil lakes area of Kuwait (Gulf War oil spill) on plant growth and biochemistry. 

Five concentrations of the contaminated soil were used to grow the plants for 30 da. Plants from an oiled 

soil group and the control were analyzed for height, biomass, moisture content; chlorophyll, pheophytin, 

and carotenoid content; total proteins, phenols, free amino acids, fatty acid composition, and sugars. The 

potting soil was analyzed for salt and total hydrocarbon content. 

Malallah, G., M. Afzal, G. Murin, A. Murin, D. Abraham, 1997. Genotoxicity of oil pollutiion on some 

species of Kuwait flora. Biologia Bratislava 52:61-70. 

Keywords: analysis/ bioindicator/ crude oil/ effects/ freshwater plant/ genotoxic/ germination/ growth/ 

Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ oil/ Oseven/ plant/ roots/ salt water/ seed/ species/ war 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on terrestrial plants in Kuwait of oil contamination following the Gulf 

War. Fifteen plants chosen as bioindicators and subjected to pollen abortion analysis, meiotic analysis, 

and mitotic analysis; also seed germination and the effects of an oil-water extract on root growth. 

Maldonado, C., J. M. Bayona, L. Bodineau, 1999. Sources, distribution, and water column processes of 

aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northwestern Black Sea water. Environmental 

Science and Technology 33:2693-2702. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Black Sea/ carbon/ dissolved/ 

distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ nitrogen/ Oeleven/ organic carbon/ PAH/ particulate/ salt 

water/ sources/ temperature/ water column 

Notes: An assessment of hydrocarbons in the northwestern portion of the Black Sea. A total of 28 

subsurface particulate and 11 subsurface and deep dissolved hydrocarbon samples were collected in 

1995. Analyzed the water for aliphatic and aromatic (PAHs) hydrocarbons, particulate organic carbon, 

and particulate organic nitrogen. Quantified selected individual alkanes and PAHs. Also sampled vertical 

water profiles at three locations and measured PAHs, fluoresence, and temperature. 

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Malins, D. C., H. O. Hodgins, 1981. Petroleum and marine fishes: a review of uptake, disposition, and 

effects. Environmental Science and Technology 15:1272-1280. 

Keywords: acute/ behavior/ chronic/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ metabolism/ Othree/ pathology/ 

petroleum/ review/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: Review of petroleum uptake, disposition, and effects in marine fish; acute, chronic, metabolism, 

behavior, pathology. 

Malins, D. C., 1982. Alterations in the cellular and subcellular structure of marine teleosts and 

invertebrates exposed to petroleum in the laboratory and field: a critical review. Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:877-889. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ effects/ environment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine environment/ 

marine invertebrate/ model/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ 

refined oil/ review/ salt water/ structure/ toxicity 

Notes: A 1982 review of the effects of individual petroleum compounds, model mixtures of hydrocarbons, 

fractions of petroleum, and whole crude and refined oil on cellular and subcellular structure and function 

of marine fish and invertebrates. Separate sections on laboratory studies and observed effects in the 

marine environment. 

Mancini, E. R., J. Lindstedt-Siva, and D. W. Chamberlain 1989. Environmental impacts of the 1985 

Arco Anchorage oil spill: 1988 conclusions. Pages 459-462 in 1989 Oil Spill Conference, API 4479. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ bird/ crude oil/ damage assessment/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ 

invertebrate/ kelp/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

population/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ tissue 

Notes: An environmental assessment (up to 2 yrs later) of the effects of the Arco Anchorage spill of 

Alaska North Slope crude oil at Port Angeles, WA in late 1985. Sections on spill monitoring and damage 

assessment, Ediz Hook monitoring (sediments, invertebrate populations and tissue analyses, fish tissue 

analysis), birds, and kelp beds. 

Mancini, E. R., D. W. Chamberlain, M. A. Lowe, M. Fishchel, E. J. Greenwood, and S. Rankin 1995. 

Fate and effects of crude oil in a southern California stream drainage. Pages 399-406 in 1995 

International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ benthic/ bird/ BTEX/ California/ chemical analysis/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ 

fate/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ macroinvertebrate/ Oeight/ 

oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ population/ sediment/ spill/ stream/ survey/ time/ 

vegetation 

Notes: An April 1993 pipeline rupture spilled San Joaquin Valley crude oil into a stream in southern 

California; the oil flowed 12 km downstream. Water was collected for 5 wks and sediments were 

collected until September. Riparian vegetation was assessed in April and July. Avian surveys were 

conducted in April and June. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in April and September. 

Chemical analysis of water and sediment was for total petroleum hydrocarbons and BTEX compounds. 

Mancini, S. A., G. Lacrampe-Couloume, H. Jonker, B. M. Van Breukelen, J. Groen, F. Volkering, B. 

S. Lollar, 2002. Hydrogen isotopic enrichment: an indicator of biodegradation at a petroleum hydrocarbon 

contaminated field site. Environmental Science and Technology 36:2464-2470. 

Keywords: analysis/ benzene/ biodegradation/ carbon/ distance/ ethylbenzene/ fresh water/ indicator/ 

isotope/ Netherlands/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plume/ pollution/ ratio/ technical 

Notes: Description of the use of compound-specific isotope analysis (carbon and hydrogen in this 

instance) to determine the occurrence of biodegradation of benzene and ethylbenzene in contaminated 

groundwater. Location of the study is an industrial site in The Netherlands. Isotope ratios were 

compared between the source product and product from wells placed at varying distances along the 

subsurface discharge plume. 

Mankki, J., J. Vauras, 1974. Littoral fish populations after an oil tanker disaster in the Finnish SW 

archipelago. Annales Zoologici Fennici 11:120-126. 

Keywords: age/ condition/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ growth/ length/ littoral/ ODthree/ oil/ oil spill/ 

212 
population/ salt water/ spill/ tanker/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on fish populations of a crude oil spill that occurred two years previous 

in an area of the Baltic Sea; chemical dispersants were used on the spilled oil. Fish were caught in 

nearshore waters and characterized by age, growth, condition, and regression of log length on log weight. 

Manny, B. A., D. Kenaga, 1991. The Detroit River: effects of contaminants and human activities on 

aquatic plants and animals and their habitats. Hydrobiologia 219:269-279. 

Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ benthic/ bird/ concentration/ condition/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ general effect/ habitat/ macroinvertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ phytoplankton/ plant/ 

review/ sediment/ sources/ zooplankton 

Notes: A review and assessment of the polluted condition of the Detroit River. Contains sections on a 

description of the river habitat, various sources of contamination (including oil and grease and PAHs), 

concentrations of contaminants in river sediments, and the effects of these combined contaminants on 

bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds. 

Mansuy, L., R. P. Philp, J. Allen, 1997. Source identification of oil spills based on the isotopic 

composition of individual components in weathered oil samples. Environmental Science and Technology 

31:3417-3425. 

Keywords: analysis/ chromatography/ composition/ experiment/ isotope/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ procedure/ ratio/ spill/ technical/ weathered 

Notes: Isotopic analysis of individual compounds in weathered oil samples. Results of experiments with 

gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GS/IRMS) as a supplemental method to standard 

GC/MS or GC procedures for comparing spilled petroleum with presumed source petroleum. Method is 

promoted for situations involving extensively weathered petroleum. 

Margesin, R., F. Schinner, 1999. Biodegradation of diesel oil by cold-adapted microorganisms in 

presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Chemosphere 38:3463-3472. 

Keywords: anionic/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ concentration/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ experiment/ 

fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ ODten/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ 

species/ sulfate/ surfactant/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on 

hydrocarbon degradation by cold-adapted soil microbes and the ability of the microbes to degrade the 

surfactant. Liquid and soil cultures and a bacterial inoculum comprised of two species of bacteria were 

used to evaluate SDS and diesel fuel degradation. Employed five concentrations of SDS, one 

concentration of diesel fuel, and the presence or absence of bacterial inoculum in several experiments. 

Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons and SDS concentrations after 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 21, and 32 da of 

incubation. 

Marin, J. A., T. Hernandez, C. Garcia, 2005. Bioremediation of oil refinery sludge by landfarming in 

semiarid conditions: influence on soil microbial activity. Environmental Research 98:185-195. 

Keywords: activity/ biodegradation/ biomass/ bioremediation/ carbon/ chemical characteristics/ condition/ 

experiment/ hydrocarbons/ land farming/ microbes/ Microtox/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ rate/ refinery/ soil/ time/ 

total hydrocarbons/ water 

Notes: Refinery sludge was added to soil at a rate of 5-6% total hydrocarbon content and mixed into the 

soil with a tractor once a month. No nutrients or water were added. The experiment lasted 11 mos 

during which the soil was sampled at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 mos. Measured soil and sludge chemical 

characteristics, total hydrocarbons, microbial biomass carbon, and dehydrogenase, urease, protease, 

phosphatase, and B-glucosidase activities. Also performed a Microtox assessment according to the 

same monthly schedule. 

Marquez-Rocha, F. J., V. Hernandez-Rodriguez, M. T. Lamela, 2001. Biodegradation of diesel oil in 

soil by a microbial consortium. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 128:313-320. 

Keywords: bacteria/ biodegradation/ degradation/ diesel/ evaluation/ freshwater invertebrate/ fungi/ 

microbes/ oil/ Oten/ remediation/ soil/ species 

Notes: Evaluation of the ability of a bacterial culture to degrade diesel oil. The culture was grown on pure 

diesel oil, diesel-contaminated soil in laboratory flasks, and diesel-contaminated soil in a pilot-scale trial. 

213 
The degradation effect of a species of fungus (alone or added to the culture) was also tested in the 

laboratory trial, and the degradation enhancement potential of NH4NO3 was tested in the pilot-scale trial. 

Marsh, R., 2003. A database of archived drilling records of the drill cuttings piles at the North West 

Hutton oil platform. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:587-593. 

Keywords: cuttings/ drilling fluids/ drilling mud/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil platform/ risk/ 

salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: Archived records of drilling fluids and chemical additives used during the lifetime of a deactivated 

(1991) North Sea oil drilling platform were evaluated for the environmental risk posed by the drill cuttings 

pile on the ocean floor. Estimated inputs, losses, and toxicity of a large number of chemical compounds. 

Marshall, P. A., G. J. Edgar, 2003. The effect of the Jessica grounding on subtidal invertebrate and plant 

communities at the Galapagos wreck site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:284-295. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fuel oil/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

plant/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ subtidal/ tanker/ transect 

Notes: The grounded tanker Jessica discharged Bunker C and diesel fuel oil in the Galapagos Islands. 

Twelve 100 m transects were run from the grounding site and sampled at 10 m intervals for subtidal 

plants and invertebrates. Mobile invertebrates were classed as present or absent; sessile plants and 

animals were identified and the percent cover was estimated. 

Martin-Skilton, R., R. Thibaut, C. Porte, 2006. Endocrine alteration in juvenile code and turbot exposed 

to dispersed crude oil and alkylphenols. Aquatic Toxicology 78S:S57-S64. 

Keywords: alkyphenol/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ biochemical/ blood/ cod/ crude oil/ endocrine/ 

fish/ gonads/ juvenile/ liver/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ Othree/ PAH/ produced 

water/ salt water/ soluble/ turbot/ water 

Notes: Juvenile Atlantic cod and juvenile turbot were exposed for 3 weeks to either 0.5 ppm North Sea 

crude oil, 0.5 ppm of crude oil plus 0.1 ppm of a mixture of alkyphenols (as found in produced water of 

offshore platforms), or 30 ppb of nonylphenol. Authors refer to 'dispersed' crude oil but they say nothing 

about how the oil was dispersed and only water soluble PAHs were measured. After 3 weeks, blood, 

gonads and livers were collected. Biochemical analyses included testosterone, 17B-estradiol (E2), P450 

aromatase, 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and estradiolsulfotransferase. 

Martin, L. K., Jr., M. C. Black, 1996. Biomarker assessment of the effects of petroleum refinery 

contamination on channel catfish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 33:81-87. 

Keywords: biomarker/ blood/ catfish/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ genetic/ genotoxic/ 

indicator/ metabolism/ metals/ oil/ osmoregulation/ Othree/ petroleum/ refinery/ sediment/ stress 

 Notes: Assessment of the effects of an abandoned oil refinery on caged channel catfish using a suite of 

indicators; metabolism, blood, osmoregulation, genetic. Emphasis was on the metals in water and 

sediment at the contaminated site. 

Martinez-Abrain, A., A. Velando, D. Oro, M. Genovart, C. Gerique, M. A. Bartolome, E. Villuendas, 

B. Sarzo, 2006. Sex-specific mortality of European shags after the Prestige oil spill: demographic 

implications for the recovery of colonies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318:271-276. 

Keywords: bird/ carcass/ coast/ colony/ estimate/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ rate/ recovery/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ sex/ Spain/ spill 

Notes: Carcasses of the European shag were collected along the southern coast of Galacia (Spain) 

between one and eight mos after the Prestige oil spill. Carcasses were aged and sexed and the results 

used in stochastic model estimates of population trajectories. This is a noteworthy case study because 

local colonies of the shag had been declining at a 5% annual rate for the decade prior to the spill. 

Martinez-Jeronimo, F., R. Villasenor, G. Rios, F. Espinosa-Chavez, 2005. Toxicity of the crude oil 

water-soluble fraction and kaolin-adsorbed crude oil on Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Anomopoda). 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48:444-449. 

Keywords: acute/ age/ chronic/ clay/ crude oil/ daphnia/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ 

reproduction/ size/ survival/ time/ toxicity 

214 
Notes: Seven Mexican crude oils were evaluated for toxicity to Daphnia magna. Employed the watersoluble fraction (WAF) and crude oil adsorbed onto kaolin clay particles as exposure media. Performed a 

48-hr acute toxicity test (WAF and kaolin) and a 21-da chronic toxicity test (kaolin). The latter included 

measuring survival, age at time of first reproduction, number of clutches, mean slutch size and total 

progeny. 

Marty, D., A. Bianchi, C. Gatellier, 1979. Effects of three oil spill dispersants on marine bacterial 

populations. I. Preliminary study. Quantitative evolution of aerobes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:285-

287. 

Keywords: bacteria/ concentration/ dispersant/ effects/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ 

microbes/ numbers/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect on marine bacterial populations of additions of three chemical oil 

dispersants with or without fuel oil. Several concentrations of the dispersants without fuel oil were 

monitored for 5 da. Fuel oil with or without several concentrations of dispersants were monitored for 83 

da. Measured number of bacteria per unit volume of water. 

Marty, G. D., J. W. Short, D. M. Dambach, N. H. Willits, R. A. Heintz, S. D. Rice, J. J. Stegeman, D. E. 

Hinton, 1997. Ascites, premature emergence, increased gonadal cell apoptoxis, and cytochrome P4501A 

induction in pink salmon larvae continuously exposed to oil-contaminanted gravel during development. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:989-1007. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ cell/ concentration/ crude oil/ development/ eggs/ 

emergence/ fish/ gravel/ growth/ larvae/ metabolism/ monooxygenase/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ pink 

salmon/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salmon/ salt water/ sediment/ survival/ weathered 

Notes: Exposure of pink salmon larvae to four concentrations of weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil in 

sediment; fertilized eggs placed on sediment, larvae retained until 13 da post-emergence. Sampled at 4 

wk before emergence, at emergence, and 13 da post-emergence; survival, growth, thorough macro- and 

micropathology assessment, P4501A (CYP1A) induction by immunohistochemistry, and aromatic and 

alkane analysis of gravel, incubator air, and larvae. 

Marty, G. D., J. E. Hose, M. D. McGurk, E. D. Brown, D. E. Hinton, 1997. Histopathology and 

cytogenetic evaluation of Pacific herring larvae exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory or in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 54:1846-1857. 

Keywords: Alaska/ concentration/ crude oil/ eggs/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ hatching/ herring/ 

hydrocarbons/ larvae/ lesions/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ pathology/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Pacific herring larvae were collected from oiled and reference sites in Prince William Sound 

shortly after the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and subjected to histopathological examination. Herring eggs 

were exposed to varying concentrations of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in laboratory exposure studies and 

subjected to histopathological examination within 24 hr of hatching. Lesions from the two studies were 

compared. 

Marty, G. D., M. S. Okihiro, E. D. Brown, D. Hanes, D. E. Hinton, 1999. Histopathology of adult Pacific 

herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences 56:419-426. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fluorine/ gonads/ herring/ kidney/ 

lesions/ liver/ muscle/ naphthalene/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Othree/ ovary/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ 

phenanthrene/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ spill/ spleen/ stomach/ testes/ viscera 

Notes: Pacific herring were sampled from reference and oiled locations in April 1989, April 1990, October 

1990, April 1991, and October 1991. Described lesions in liver, kidney, and spleen. Measured total 

aromatics, naphthalenes, fluorenes, and phenanthrenes in viscera and gonad in April 1989; and total 

aromatics and naphthalenes in viscera, ovary, testes, stomach contents, and muscle in April 1990. 

Marty, J. C., A. Saliot, 1976. Hydrocarbons (normal alkanes) in the surface microlayer of seawater. 

Deep-Sea Research 23:863-873. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ Atlantic/ coast/ English Channel/ hydrocarbons/ 

215 
Mediterranean/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ survey 

Notes: Surface water samples were collected during 1972-73 from the English Channel, the western 

Mediterrean Sea, and the Northwest African coast. Samples were analyzed for n-alkane content. 

Mason, R. P., 1987. A comparison of fluorescence and GC for the determination of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in mussels. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:528-533. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ hydrocarbons/ mussel/ 

Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ South Africa/ technical 

Notes: Mussels were collected from a number of locations along the coast of South Africa and subjected 

to analysis by GC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results were compared to see if fluorescence 

spectroscopy is a satisfactory substitute for the more complicated GC analysis. 

Massoud, M. S., F. Al-Abdali, A. N. Al-Ghadban, M. Al-Sarawi, 1996. Bottom sediments of the Arabian 

Gulf -- II. TPH and TOC contents as indicators of oil pollution and implications for the effect and fate of 

the Kuwait oil slick. Environmental Pollution 93:271-284. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ crude oil/ fate/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ indicator/ Kuwait/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil slick/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

pollution/ sediment/ TOC/ TPH 

Notes: Total petroleum hydrocarbons and total organic carbon in sediments of the Arabian Gulf. 

Massoud, M. S., F. Al-Abdali, A. N. Al-Ghadban, 1998. The status of oil pollution in the Arabian Gulf by 

the end of 1993. Environment International 24:11-22. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ 

organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Collected core samples from bottom of Arabian Gulf in 1993 and compared findings with results of 

core samples collected in 1992. Measured total organic carbon, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and trace 

metals. 

Masteller, E. 1985. Environmental contaminants - fish and wildlife concerns. Pages 9 pp 1985 Annual 

Meeting, Pennsylvania Chapter, The Wildlife Society and Central Pennsylvania Chapter, The American 

Fisheries Society. Unpublished, Pennsylvania State University. 

Keywords: brine water/ chemical characteristics/ density/ effects/ fish/ fishery/ flow-through/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ 

Pennsylvania/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ salt water/ society/ stream/ taxonomy 

Notes: An extended abstract of a presentation on the environmental effects of oil extraction operations in 

the Allegheny National Forest (Pennsylvania). Presents background information, water chemistry, and 

insect density for several taxonomic groups in four streams that flow through the oil well area. Also 

presents a table of petroleum effects on marine plants and animals that was extracted from an EPA 

publication. 

Masteller, E. C. 1981. The impact of oil drilling operations on aquatic insects. Pennsylvania State 

University, Behrend College, Erie, PA. 63 pp. 

Keywords: activity/ chemical characteristics/ community/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ 

oil field/ Pennsylvania/ physical characteristics/ population/ sediment/ stream 

Notes: Report of the effect of oil drilling activities on the aquatic insect populations of three streams in the 

Allegheny National Forest of western Pennsylvania. Sampled the flying stage of aquatic insects during 

the summer of 1980; identified and counted individuals. Determined the physical and chemical 

characteristics of stream water and the physical characteristics of sediment. 

Masteller, E. C. 1987. The influence of oil drilling operations and crude oil on the biological community. 

Pages 164-181 in S. K. Majumdar, F. J. Brenner, E. W. Miller, editors. Environmental Consequences of 

Energy Production: Problems and Prospects. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 

Keywords: algae/ bird/ community/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ invertebrate/ microbes/ mollusc/ Oeight/ oil/ overview/ 

petroleum/ plant/ procedure 

Notes: An overview of the environmental effects of terrestrial oil drilling operations. Presents introductory 

216 
sections on petroleum characteristics, terrestrial drilling procedures, and general ecosystem effects; and 

brief biological effect sections on microbes, algae, vascular plants, invertebrates (rivers and lakes), 

molluscs, fish, and birds. 

Mathers, E. M., D. F. Houlihan, M. J. Cunningham, 1992. Estimation of saithe Pollachius virens growth 

rates around the Beryl oil platforms in the North Sea: a comparison of methods. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 86:31-40. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ crude oil/ fish/ growth/ metabolism/ methods/ North Sea/ oil/ oil platform/ organ/ 

Othree/ rate/ saithe/ salt water/ time 

Notes: Growth and metabolic rates of a fish (saithe) around oil platforms in the North Sea are compared 

to the same rates in open ocean saithe; platform fish sampled four times in a 1-year period. 

Mathews, C. P., S. Kedid, N. I. Fita, A. Al-Yahya, K. Al-rasheed, 1993. Preliminary assessment of the 

effects of the 1991 Gulf War on Saudi Arabian prawn stocks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:251-271. 

Keywords: decline/ effects/ evaluation/ fishery/ Gulf oil spill/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

plankton/ population/ prawn/ salt water/ spill/ survey/ war 

Notes: An evaluation of the decline of the Saudi Arabian prawn fishery in the Persian Gulf after the Gulf 

War. Analyzes the fishery before and after the war with catch data and plankton surveys. Discussion of 

the possible effects of the Gulf War oil spill and oil well fires on prawn populations. 

Mathis, B. J., T. C. Dorris, 1968. Community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in an intermittent 

stream receiving oil field brines. American Midland Naturalist 80:428-439. 

Keywords: benthic/ brine water/ community/ conductance/ discharges/ dissolved/ evaluation/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oil field/ Oklahoma/ oxygen/ 

population/ stream/ structure/ turbidity 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect on stream macroinvertebrates of oil field brine discharges in Oklahoma. 

Sampled water and benthic macroinvertebrates at one station above and six stations below a major 

discharge location on a monthly basis for 1 yr. Measured turbidity, specific conductance, and dissolved 

oxygen, and identified and counted individual invertebrates. 

Matsumoto, G., T. Hanya, 1981. Comparative study on organic constituents in polluted and unpolluted 

inland aquatic environments -- I. Features of hydrocarbons for polluted and unpolluted waters. Water 

Research 15:217-224. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ effluent/ environment/ hydrocarbons/ Japan/ Onine/ 

plant/ pollution/ soil/ stream/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: Water samples were collected from rivers (11 sites), a night soil treatment plant effluent, a sewage 

treatment plant, and an incineration plant effluent in the vicinity of Tokyo (polluted), and from streams 

reservoirs, and ponds on relatively clean islands (unpolluted). n -alkanes were analyzed in all samples, 

and squalane and the UCMH were quantified for the polluted samples around Tokyo. 

Matsuo, A. Y. O., B. R. Woodin, C. M. Reddy, A. L. Val, J. J. Stegeman, 2006. Humic substances and 

crude oil induce cytochrome P450 1A expression in the Amazonian fish species Colossoma 

macropomum (Tambaqui). Environmental Science and Technology 40:2851-2858. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ biochemical/ concentration/ crude oil/ evaluation/ experiment/ fish/ fresh 

water/ gill/ juvenile/ liver/ microsomal/ oil/ Othree/ species/ tissue 

Notes: A juvenile Amazonian fish was exposed to either a commercial humic substance, crude oil, or 

humic substance plus crude oil for 96 hrs. A separate experiment evaluated varying concentrations of a 

natural and a commercial humic substance. Liver tissue was removed for P450 (microsomal EROD and 

BROD) activity analysis and gill and liver tissue were used for immunohistochemical evaluation. 

Mattie, D. R., G. B. Marit, C. D. Flemming, J. R. Cooper , 1995. The effects of JP-8 jet fuel on male 

Sprague-Dawley rats after a 90-day exposure by oral gavage. Toxicology and Industrial Health 11:423-

435. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ blood/ dosed/ effects/ jet fuel/ male/ mammal/ metabolite/ numbers/ organ/ 

Otwo/ pathology/ rat/ rate/ tissue/ urine/ weight 

Notes: Male laboratory rats dosed daily for 90 da with 750, 1500, or 3000 mg/kg of JP-8 jet fuel. 

217 
Measured blood and urine chemistry, JP-8 and metabolites in blood and urine, body weight, organ 

weights, and performed pathological examination of a large number of tissues. 

Mattsson, J., C. Lehtinen, 1985. Increased levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of 

Swedish coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:390-395. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ survey 

Notes: Swedish coastal sediments were sampled in 1974-75 and again in 1982, when 61 of the same 

sites were re-visited. The 1982 samples were analyzed with the same methods used on the 1974-75 

samples. Analysis was only for the paraffin-naphthene fraction. 

Maynard, D. J., D. D. Weber, 1981. Avoidance reactions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) 

to monocyclic aromatics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:772-778. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ avoidance/ benzene/ concentration/ fish/ fresh water/ juvenile/ 

Othree/ salmon/ toluene/ xylene 

Notes: Avoidance response of juvenile coho salmon exposed to varying concentrations of benzene, 

toluene, o-xylene or a mixture of all three. 

Mazet, J. A. K., I. A. Gardner, D. A. Jessup, J. H. Rittenburg, 1997. Field assay for the detection of 

petroleum products on wildlife. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59:513-519. 

Keywords: assay/ bird/ detection/ feathers/ fur/ mammal/ Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ 

soil/ technical 

Notes: Description of a portable workstation for detection of PAH in soil that was modified to serve as an 

inexpensive field detection device for PAHs on feathers or fur. 

Mazet, J. A. K., I. A. Gardner, D. A. Jessup, L. J. Lowenstine, 2001. Effects of petroleum on mink 

applied as a model for reproductive success in sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:686-692. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ cleaning/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ experiment/ female/ fuel oil/ ingestion/ mammal/ 

mink/ model/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil slick/ Otwo/ petroleum/ reproduction/ salt water/ 

sea otter/ short-term/ survival/ time 

Notes: Female ranch mink were use in two experiments to determine the effects of Alaskan North Slope 

crude oil and Bunker C fuel oil on reproductive success. One experiment consisted of short-term (1 min) 

exposure, 60 da prior to breeding, to an oil slick of either petroleum substance, followed by self cleaning. 

A second experiment consisted of 500 ppm in the diet of either petroleum substance for 60 da prior to 

breeding. Surviving female offspring were bred the following year in a second generation experiment. 

Measured survival and reproductive performance. 

Mazet, J. K., I. A. Gardner, D. A. Jessup, L. J. Lowenstine, W. M. Boyce, 2000. Evaluation of changes 

in hematologic and clinical biochemical values after exposure to petroleum products in mink (Mustela 

vison) as a model for assessment of sea otters (Enhydra lutris). American Journal of Veterinary Research 

61:1197-1203. 

Keywords: biochemical/ blood/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ diet/ effects/ evaluation/ female/ fuel oil/ mammal/ 

mink/ model/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Otwo/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ reproduction/ 

salt water/ sea otter/ serum 

Notes: As assessment of the systemic effects of North Slope crude oil and Bunker C fuel oil on yearling 

female ranch mink. Mink with exposed to either a 1.5 cm layer of crude oil or fuel oil on sea water 8 wks 

prior to breeding (exposure method referenced but not described in text); or fed a diet containing 500 ppm 

crude oil or fuel oil from 8 wks prior to breeding until the kits were weaned. Blood samples were collected 

1 wk after exposure began and after weaning of kits. Serum was separated from cellular material and 

analyzed for a variety of biochemicals. Blood minus serum was characterized according to a variety of 

hematologic characteristics. Hematologic and serum values were used in an effort to predict reproductive 

success. 

McAuliffe, C. D., 1976. Surveillance of the marine environment for hydrocarbons. Marine Science 

Communications 2:13-42. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ degradation/ environment/ estimate/ hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ 

218 
miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ review/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: An early but very thorough review of the known information on hydrocarbons in the marine 

environment. Sections on hydrocarbons in the water and sediment, estimates of quantities of 

hydrocarbons in the North Atlantic, and the degradation process in marine environments. 

McAuliffe, C. D., J. C. Johnson, S. H. Greene, G. P. Canevari, T. D. Searl, 1980. Dispersion and 

weathering of chemically treated crude oils on the ocean. Environmental Science and Technology 

14:1509-1418. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ 

hydrocarbons/ New Jersey/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ spill/ technical/ water 

column 

Notes: Four experimental crude oil spills were conducted off the coast of New Jersey in 1978 using 

Murban and LaRosa crude oils. The oil was either dispersed immediately or delayed for 2 hrs. Water 

was collected from the water column beneath the dispersed oil at depths of 1, 3, 6, and 9 m and analyzed 

for C1-C10 aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons. 

McAuliffe, C. D. 1987. Organism exposure to volatile/soluble hydrocarbons from crude oil spills -- a field 

and laboratory comparison. Pages 275-288 in 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 4452. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of the effects on marine fish and invertebrates of exposure to water-soluble petroleum 

hydrocarbons. The author compares the results of laboratory exposures to exposures observed at oil 

spills and field experiments. Presents a large amount of data on crude oil and specific hydrocarbon 

solublilities in tables and figures, and consolidates results from many aquatic bioassays. 

McAuliffe, C. D. 1989. The use of chemical dispersants to control oil spills in shallow nearshore waters. 

Pages 49-72 in L. M. Flaherty, editor. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches. ASTM Special 

Technical Publication 1018. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

Keywords: biological effects/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fate/ methods/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ 

oil spill/ review/ salt water/ spill/ spill response/ technical 

Notes: A review of the issue of chemical dispersant use in shallow nearshore waters. Sections on fate of 

spilled oil, biological effects of dispersed and nondispersed crude oils, a discussion of two oil spill 

scenarios, spill control methods, spill response decisions, and planning for dispersant use. 

McCarthy, L. T., Jr. 1977. Considerations for field use of dispersants. Pages 399-401 in 1977 Oil Spill 

Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: condition/ dispersant/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ spill/ technical 

Notes: An assessment of the conditions and considerations that characterize an oil spill and the decision 

to use chemical dispersants. An early EPA perspective. 

McCormick-Ray, M. G., 1987. Hemocytes of Mytilus edulis affected by Prudhoe Bay crude oil emulsion. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:107-122. 

Keywords: adult/ bivalve/ crude oil/ effects/ emulsion/ flow-through/ hemocytes/ marine invertebrate/ 

mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spawning/ storage/ tissue 

Notes: A flow-through laboratory system was used to determine the effects on adult Mytilus edulis

mussels of exposure to Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Mussels were exposed to 390 or 740 ppb of crude oil in 

water emulsion for 9 wks and examined after 4-5 wks and 8-9 wks. Counted several hemocytes in 

hemolymph and estimated spawing stage by quantifying percentage of mantle tissue used for follicles or 

storage. 

McDonald, S. J., M. C. Kennicutt, II, H. Liu, S. H. Safe , 1995. Assessing aromatic hydrocarbon 

exposure in Antarctic fish captured near Palmer and McMurdo Stations, Antarctica. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:232-240. 

Keywords: activity/ Antarctic/ Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ cell/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel 

219 
fuel/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ metabolism/ metabolite/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ rat/ salt water/ sediment/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on Antarctic fish near Palmer Station of exposure to petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the ocean, in laboratory experiments with baP and diesel fuel, and with rat hepatoma 

cells; metabolic activity and concentrations of PAH in bile, tissues, and sediment. 

McEwan, E. H., A. F. C. Koelink, 1973. The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup. Canadian 

Journal of Zoology 51:27-31. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ experiment/ fresh water/ mallard/ metabolism/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ 

plumage/ rehabilitation/ scaup 

Notes: Experiment on the thermal consequences of plumage oiling of mallards and scaup. Also, 

comments on the lack of success of rehabilitation of the oiled birds. 

McEwan, E. H., 1978. The effect of crude oils on salt gland sodium secretion of orally imposed salt loads 

in glaucous-winged gulls, Larus glaucescens. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:1212-1213. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ glaucous-winged gull/ gull/ juvenile/ oil/ 

Oone/ physiology/ salt gland/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on salt gland sodium secretion of juvenile glaucous-winged gulls of oral doses of Bunker C 

or diesel fuel. 

McEwan, E. H., P. M. Whitehead, 1978. Influence of weathered crude oil on liver enzyme metabolism of 

testosterone in gulls. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:1922-1924. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ enzyme/ glaucous-winged gull/ gull/ juvenile/ liver/ metabolism/ 

oil/ Oone/ physiology/ salt water/ weathered 

Notes: Effects on liver enzyme metabolism of testosterone in juvenile glaucous-winged gulls caused by 

dosing with weathered crude oil. 

McEwan, E. H., P. M. Whitehead, 1980. Uptake and chearance of petroleum hydrocarbons by the 

glaucous-winged gull (Laras glaucescens) and the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) . Canadian Journal 

of Zoology 58:723-726. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ duck/ elimination/ glaucous-winged gull/ gull/ 

hydrocarbons/ labelled/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ uptake 

Notes: Tritiated crude oil, Bunker C, and diesel fuel were fed to glaucous-winged gulls and mallards. 

Uptake and elimination was measured. 

McGill, P. A., M. E. Richmond, 1979. Hatching success of great black-backed gull eggs treated with oil. 

Bird-Banding 50:108-113. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ great black-backed gull/ gull/ hatchability/ 

hatching/ Maine/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on embryos of great black-backed gulls of eggshell oiling with No. 2 fuel oil; Appledore 

Island, Maine. 

McGrath, E. A., M. M. Alexander, 1979. Observations on the exposure of larval bullfrogs to fuel oil. 

Transactions of the Northeast Section of The Wildlife Society 36:45-51. 

Keywords: amphibian/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ bullfrog/ Bunker C/ concentration/ 

development/ effects/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ ingestion/ oil/ OthreeA/ pathology/ society 

Notes: Effects on larval bullfrogs, at several stages of development, of exposure to several 

concentrations of No. 6 fuel oil (Bunker C); ingestion, behavior, pathology. 

McGrath, J. A., T. F. Parkerton, F. L. Hellweger, D. M. DiToro, 2005. Validation of the narcosis target 

lipid model for petroleum products: gasoline as a case study. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

24:2382-2394. 

Keywords: algae/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ 

behavior/ composition/ concentration/ daphnia/ experiment/ fresh water/ gasoline/ juvenile/ lipid/ model/ 

narcosis/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ rainbow trout/ survival/ technical/ toxicity/ water 

Notes: The narcosis target lipid model (NTLM) was validated for use with gasoline. Data were provided 

220 
from a set of experiments wherein algae, juvenile rainbow trout, and water flea (daphnia) were exposed to 

five concentrations of the water-accomodated fractions (WAF) of six types of gasoline for 96 hr. The 

WAF was refreshed at 24, 48, and 72 hr. Test chambers were monitored for survival and abnormal 

behavior at 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. The six gasolines and the exposure solutions were analyzed for 

aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon composition. 

McGuinness, K. A., 1990. Effects of oil spills on macro-invertebrates of saltmarshes and mangrove 

forests in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 

142:121-135. 

Keywords: Australia/ crab/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ evaluation/ habitat/ history/ light/ macroinvertebrate/ 

mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ roots/ salt marsh/ salt water/ seedling/ shortterm/ snail/ species/ spill/ treatment/ Wales/ weathered 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of spilled crude oil on macroinvertebrates of saltmarsh and mangrove 

habitat in Botany Bay, Australia. Five sites (three with a history of oiling, two with no such history) were 

selected for evaluation of effects of previous oiling incidents. One previously unoiled site was used for 

experimental oiling to determine short-term effects. The experimental treatments were control, once 

oiled, and twice oiled (6 mos between oiling). Experimental oil was artificially weathered Dubai Light 

Crude oil. Measured densities of three species of snails, crab holes, mangrove roots, and mangrove 

seedlings. 

McKelvey, R. W., I. Robertson, P. E. Whitehead, 1980. Effect of non-petroleum oil spills on wintering 

birds near Vancouver. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:169-171. 

Keywords: bird/ Canada/ nonpetroleum oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum oil/ plumage/ salt 

water/ spill/ vegetable oil/ wintering 

Notes: Effect on birds of spills of vegetable oil compared to petroleum oil in Vancouver (Canada) harbor. 

McKeown, B. A., G. L. March, 1978. The acute effect of Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant on: 1 serum 

glucose, serum sodium and gill morphology in both freshwater and seawater acclimated rainbow trout (

Salmo gairdneri). Water Research 12:157-163. 

Keywords: acute/ biochemistry/ Bunker C/ combination/ detergent/ dispersant/ fish/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ 

gill/ glucose/ ODthree/ oil/ pathology/ rainbow trout/ salt water/ serum 

Notes: Freshwater and seawater acclimated rainbow trout were exposed for 96 hr to Bunker C fuel oil, 

Oilsperse 43 detergent, or a combination; biochemistry, gill pathology. 

McKeown, B. A., G. L. March, 1978. The effects of Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant: part 2 -- effects on 

the accumulation of chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil in various fish tissues. Marine Environmental Research 

1:119-123. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Bunker C/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ gill/ kidney/ labelled/ 

liver/ muscle/ ODthree/ oil/ rainbow trout/ tissue 

Notes: Accumulation of Bunker C fuel oil in gill, liver, kidney, and muscle of rainbow trout exposed to 

labelled fuel oil, either undispersed or chemically dispersed with Oilsperse 43. 

McKeown, B. A., 1981. Long-term sublethal and short-term high dose effects of physically and 

chemically dispersed oil on accumulation and clearance from various tissues of juvenile coho salmon, 

Oncorhynchus kisutch. Marine Environmental Research 5:295-300. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Alaska/ clearance/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ 

hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ kidney/ labelled/ liver/ long-term/ muscle/ ODthree/ oil/ salmon/ salt water/ shortterm/ sublethal/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Long- (64 da) and short-term (24 da) exposure of juvenile coho salmon to labelled Alaska crude 

oil and BP1100X chemical dispersant; uptake and clearance, gill, kidney, liver, muscle. 

McKinley, V. L., T. W. Federle, J. R. Vestal, 1982. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on plant litter 

microbiota in an Arctic lake. Applied Environmental Microbiology 43:129-135. 

Keywords: Arctic/ assay/ crude oil/ decomposition/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ gasoline/ hexane/ hydrocarbons/ leaves/ lipid/ litter/ microbes/ mineralization/ 

motor oil/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

221 
toluene 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, diesel fuel, or toluene on the leaf litter 

microbes of an Alaskan Lake. Laboratory assay involved exposure of microbes and litter to 3 ml test 

material per liter of water for 12 hrs; measured response as acetate incorporation into lipid and ATP 

content of litter. A second experiment evaluated lignocellulose mineralization over a 21-da period after 

exposure to crude oil, diesel fuel, motor oil, gasoline, hexane, or toluene (0.1 ml of 2% mixtures); used 14C acetate and lignocellulose. 

McLachlan, A., B. Harty, 1982. Effects of crude oil on the supralittoral meiofauna of a sandy beach. 

Marine Environmental Research 7:71-79. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ beach/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ effects/ 

harpacticoid/ light/ marine invertebrate/ meiofauna/ nematode/ ODfour/ oil/ oligochaete/ oxygen/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ sand/ sandy beach/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on meiofauna of a South African sandy beach of exposure to Arabian 

light crude oil. Experimental plots treated with fresh crude oil, crude oil weathered for 1.5 mos, fresh 

crude oil mixed with a chemical dispersant, and weathered crude oil placed at the water table (20 cm 

below the sand surface). Plots sampled after 1 and 5 mos. Measured concentrations of nematodes, 

oligochaetes, and harpacticoids, oxygen concentration at 15-20 cm depth, and petroleum concentrations 

at depth. 

McLaren, P., 1985. Behavior of diesel fuel on a high energy beach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:191-196. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ behavior/ Canada/ coast/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fate/ 

gasoline/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ movement/ Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ 

shoreline/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: A spill of diesel fuel and gasoline occured in March 1984 on the northeast coast of the Queen 

Charlotte Islands, Canada. Three parallel sampling transects were set up and sampled 2 da after the 

spill, at the end of March, and at the end of April. Sediments were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons 

and compared to crude oil standards. Primarily an assessment of the movement and fate of the spilled oil 

within the shoreline sediments during the tidal cycle. 

McLusky, D. S., 1982. The impact of petrochemical effluent on the fauna of an intertidal estuarine 

mudflat. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 14:489-499. 

Keywords: biomass/ density/ discharges/ effluent/ England/ estuarine/ estuary/ evaluation/ intertidal/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ petroleum waste/ plant/ redox potential/ salt water/ sources/ transect 

Notes: Evaluation of the Kinneil intertidal area of the Forth estuary in England. Multiple sources of 

effluent discharge from petrochemical plants, sewage plants, and a power plant. Intertidal fauna were 

sampled twice annually from 1975 to 1980 along parallel transects extending away from the sources of 

effluent. Measured faunal density, biomass, and redox potential. 

McLusky, D. S., M. McCrory, 1989. A long-term study of an estuarine mudflat subject to industrial 

pollution. Scientia Marina 53:717-724. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ diversity/ estuarine/ estuary/ invertebrate/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ Scotland/ sediment/ time 

Notes: A long-term study of benthic invertebrates in the mudflats of the Forth estuary of Scotland. 

Sediment samples were collected every summer from 1976 through 1986 from 89 stations. Invertebrates 

were identified and counted. Results were analyzed with several statistical techniques; diversity indicies 

were also calculated. 

McLusky, D. S., T. Martins, 1998. Long-term study of an estuarine mudflat subjected to petro-chemical 

discharges. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:791-798. 

Keywords: abundance/ ammonia/ ammonium/ discharges/ diversity/ effluent/ estuarine/ estuary/ infauna/ 

intertidal/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ pollution/ reduction/ refinery/ salt water/ Scotland/ 

species/ species diversity/ toxicity/ trend 

Notes: Infauna of the Kinneil intertidal area within the Forth estuary of Scotland were studied from 1976 

to 1997 at 90 fixed locations. Measured abundance of each species, diversity indicies, BOD, suspended 

222 
solids, ammonia, and refinery discharges. Also compared toxicity of refinery effluent in 1986 and 1995. 

Compared trend in pollution reduction with measured biological responses. 

McMurry, S. T., R. L. Lochmiller, K. McBee, C. W. Qualls, Jr., 1999. Indicators of immunotoxicity in 

populations of cotton rats (Signodon hispidus) inhabiting an abandoned oil refinery. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety 42:223-235. 

Keywords: blood/ condition/ cotton rat/ effects/ immune response/ indicator/ mammal/ oil/ organ/ Otwo/ 

physiology/ population/ rat/ refinery/ soil/ time/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of soil contaminants at an abandoned oil refinery on the immune 

function of wild cotton rats. Sampled cotton rats at three refinery and three reference sites at four times 

between January 1991 and September 1992. Measured general immunological and condition indicators, 

organ weights, blood and immune organ characteristics, and several indicators of immune function. 

McNab, W. M., Jr., 1999. Comparisons of geochemical signatures of biotransformation of fuel 

hydrocarbons in groundwater. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 59:257-274. 

Keywords: biotransformation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ environment/ fresh water/ gasoline/ ground water/ 

hydrocarbons/ indicator/ interpretation/ mass balance/ monitoring/ Onine/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

plume/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Six subsurface spills of aviation fuel, diesel fuel, or gasoline at military bases were used to 

determine the best geochemical measures to use as indirect measures of hydrocarbon biotransformation. 

Nine indicators of (1) the local redox environment and (2) measures involving mass balance 

determinations were evaluated. Results useful for the collection and interpretation of groundwater 

monitoring data. 

McOrist, S., C. Lenghaus, 1992. Mortalities of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) following exposure to 

crude oil. Veterinary Record 130:161-162. 

 Keywords: Australia/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pathology/ penguin/ physiology/ 

rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: First known report of the effects of a crude oil spill on little penguins; Australia. 

Meeks, D. G., 1980. Performance of some oil dispersants on oil slicks of varying thickness. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 11:348-352. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effectiveness/ fuel oil/ kerosene/ mixing/ mousse/ ODnine/ oil/ oil slick/ salt water/ 

technical/ time 

Notes: An assessment of the effectiveness of several chemical dispersants (BP 1100X, BP 1000 WD, 

and an experimental formulation) under varying slick thicknesses of 'fuel oil', fuel oil plus kerosine, or 

mousse; soaking time, and thoroughness of mixing. 

Megharaj, M., I. Singleton, N. C. McClure, R. Naidu, 2000. Influence of petroleum hydrocarbon 

contamination on microalgae and microbial activities in a long-term contaminated soil. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:439-445. 

Keywords: activity/ alkane/ assay/ biomass/ diesel/ effects/ enzyme/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ 

growth/ hydrocarbons/ long-term/ microalgae/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oseven/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ soil/ species 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of petroleum-contaminated soil on microbes and microalgae. Soil 

samples were collected from a site where diesel engines had been cleaned. Total petroleum 

hydrocarbons (PAHs and alkanes) were determined in subsamples of the soil and the subsamples were 

classified as uncontaminated or low, medium low, medium, medium high, and high contamination. Two 

species of microalgae found in the soil were used in a laboratory assay of the effects of the soil on 

microalgal population growth. Microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity was determined with fresh soil 

samples from the site. 

Meier, P. G., R. R. Rediske, 1984. Oil and PCB interactions on the uptake and excretion in midges. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33:225-232. 

Keywords: concentration/ depuration/ evaluation/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

interactions/ mineral oil/ Ofive/ oil/ PCB/ petroleum/ rate/ substrate/ uptake 

223 
Notes: Experimental evaluation of the effect on PCB (Aroclor 1242) uptake and excretion of the presence 

of simulated petroleum contamination (mineral oil). Second instar midges exposed to substrate 

containing Aroclor and either of three concentrations of mineral oil for 30 da. In a second experiment, the 

midges were similarly exposed for 24 da followed by a 7-da depuration period. Measured uptake and 

depuration rates. 

Melancon, M. J., Jr., J. J. Lech, 1978. Distribution and elimination of napththalene and 2-

methylnaphthalene in rainbow trout during short- and long-term exposures. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 7:207-230. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bile/ blood/ distribution/ elimination/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ labelled/ liver/ 

long-term/ metabolite/ muscle/ naphthalene/ Othree/ rainbow trout/ short-term/ whole body 

Notes: Accumulation and elimination by rainbow trout of labelled naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene 

and its metabolites in fat, bile, muscle, liver, gill, blood, and whole fish. Short-term exposure for 8 hrs and 

longer-term for 4 wks. 

Mendelssohn, I. A., M. W. Hester, and J. M. Hill 1993. Assessing the recovery of coastal wetlands from 

oil spills. Pages 141-145 in Proceedings 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API 4580. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: condition/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Osix/ photograph/ pipeline/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ spill/ transect/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of a 1985 pipeline rupture (Louisiana crude oil) on the vegetation 

and the possible effects on natural loss rate of Louisiana wetlands. Two mos after the spill, the affected 

site was divided into a heavily oiled core (20 ha), intermediate (possibly oiled) wetland on both sides, and 

areas beyond the intermediate wetland that served as controls. Fifteen transects were established and 

evaluated for vegetation condition; the evaluation was repeated 4 yrs later. Aerial photographs were 

used to quantify wetland loss in all areas between 1950 and 1990. 

Menon, N. N., N. R. Menon, 1999. Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from suspended oil borne 

sediments by the marine bivalve Sunetta scripta. Aquatic Toxicology 45:63-69. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ PAH/ 

salt water/ sediment/ tissue/ turbidity/ uptake 

Notes: A marine bivalve was exposed to oiled sediments in either a low turbitity or high turbitity state. 

Period of exposure was 0, 5, or 10 da. Measured the total PAH content of water, sediment and bivalve 

tissue. 

Menzie, C. A., 1982. The environmental implications of offshore oil and gas activities. Environmental 

Science and Technology 16:454A-472A. 

Keywords: activity/ acute/ development/ discharges/ drilling fluids/ fish/ general effect/ invertebrate/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ monitoring/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ plankton/ review/ salt water/ 

toxicity 

Notes: A review of the environmental consequences of discharges from offshore oil and gas exploration, 

development, and production wells. Sections on discharged materials; acute toxicity of drilling fluids to 

marine plankton, invertebrates, and fish; field monitoring programs; and research considerations. 

Mercurio, P., K. A. Burns, A. Negri, 2004. Testing the ecotoxicology of vegetable versus mineral based 

lubricating oils: 1. Degradation rates using tropical marine microbes. Environmental Pollution 129:165-

173. 

Keywords: degradation/ incubation/ lubricating oil/ mangrove/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ 

sediment/ vegetable oil 

Notes: Micro-organisms from reef and mangrove sediments were incubated in the laboratory in the 

presence of either a petroleum- or a vegetable-based lubricant used in 2-stroke and 4-stroke boat 

engines, or a petroleum- or vegetable-based hydraulic fluid. The incubation period was 14 days and 

degradation was measured on days 0, 7, and 14. Lubricants were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, 

GC-FID, and GC-MS. 

224 
Mercurio, P., K. A. Burns, J. Cavanagh, 2004. Testing the ecotoxicology of vegetable versus mineral 

based lubricating oils: 2. Induction of mixed function oxidase enzymes in barramundi, Lates calcarifer, a 

tropical fish species. Environmental Pollution 129:175-182. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ concentration/ corn oil/ enzyme/ fish/ flow-through/ liver/ lubricating oil/ 

metabolism/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ protein/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Sexually immature male barramundi were used in a flow-through laboratory assay of the effects of 

vegetable and petroleum oils on the induction of cytochrome P-450 (EROD) activity. Fish were injected 

with a single dose of either of two concentrations of a known P-450 inducer (B-naphthoflavone), four 

concentrations of corn oil, four concentrations of a petroleum-based lubricating oil, or four concentrations 

of a vegetable-based lubricating oil. Fish were killed after 4 days and the liver removed for determination 

of EROD activity, cytochrome P-450 concentrations, and total protein concentrations. 

Mercurio, P., A. P. Negri, K. A. Burns, A. J. Heyward, 2004. The ecotoxicology of vegetable versus 

mineral based lubricating oils: 3. Coral fertilization and adult corals. Environmental Pollution 129:183-194. 

Keywords: activity/ adult/ assay/ concentration/ coral/ fertilization/ lubricating oil/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ survival/ toxicity/ vegetable oil 

Notes: Lubricating oils made from vegetable oil and petroleum were evaluated for their toxicity to corals. 

Water-accomodated fractions (WAF) of vegetable- and a petroleum-based motor lubricants were 

prepared 24 hrs prior to use. An egg fertilization study used seven concentrations of one vegetable and 

one petroleum WAF during a 4-hr assay. Adult corals were exposed for 48 hrs to five concentrations of 

either petroleum WAF or one of three formulations of vegetable oil WAF. Measured survival, percent 

fertilization, dinoflagellate density, PSII activity of dinoflagellates, and WAF composition. 

Merkl, N., R. Schultze-Kraft, C. Infante, 2005. Phytoremediation in the trophics - influence of heavy 

crude oil on root morphological characteristics of graminoids. Environmental Pollution 138:86-91. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ crude oil/ experiment/ freshwater plant/ grass/ growth/ length/ oil/ Oseven/ 

plant/ root/ roots/ soil/ species/ time/ Venezuela 

Notes: Soil was mixed with a heavy crude oil (5 % w/w) and used in a plant growth experiment with three 

species of grasses. Duration of the study was 90 da. At the end, roots were removed and characterized 

according to root length, root surface area, average root diameter, and root volume. 

Meudec, A., J. Dussauze, E. Deslandes, N. Poupart, 2006. Evidence for bioaccumulation of PAHs 

within internal shoot tissues by a halophytic plant artificially exposed to petroleum-polluted sediments. 

Chemosphere 65:474-481. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Bunker C/ evaluation/ experiment/ France/ fuel oil/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ plant/ root/ roots/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: A salt marsh plant (glasswort) and associated sediment from coastal France were used in an 

evaluation of the bioaccumulation potential of PAH from petroleum. Sediment was treated with either 0.2, 

2, or 20% Bunker C fuel oil and plants were grown in the treated sediment for one week. Shoots were 

then clipped; shoots and roots were analyzed separately for 16 individual PAH. Another group of plants 

were grown in 0.2% fuel oil for six weeks; plants were sampled and analyzed weekly. Treated sediment 

was analyzed for PAH at the beginning and end of each experiment. 

Meyerhoff, R. D., 1975. Acute toxicity of benzene, a component of crude oil, to juvenile striped bass 

(Morone saxatilis). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:1864-1866. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzene/ crude oil/ fish/ juvenile/ mammal/ oil/ Othree/ salt 

water/ striped bass/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the 96 hr LC50 for benzene using juvenile striped bass; discussion of the toxic 

action of benzene in mammals and fish. 

Michael, A. D., B. Brown, 1978. Effects of laboratory procedure on fuel oil toxicity. Environmental 

Pollution 15:277-287. 

Keywords: amphipod/ assay/ bioassay/ effects/ evaporation/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ procedure/ salt water/ sand/ static/ temperature/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of laboratory assay procedures on the consequences of amphipod 

exposure to No. 2 fuel oil in static bioassay. Compared presence and absence of sand; rapid, slow, and 

225 
no stirring; 'aging' of oil-sea water mixtures; evaporation from flask; and water temperature. Assays ran 

for 100-250 hrs and measured percent of deaths. 

Michel, J. and M. O. Hayes 1993. Persistence and weathering of Exxon Valdez oil in the intertidal zone -

- 3.5 years later. Pages 279-286 in 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication4580. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ Exxon Valdez/ intertidal/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ persistence/ 

Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ time/ treatment/ weathered 

Notes: Intertidal surveys were performed at 18 locations in Prince William Sound, Alaska between 9/89 

and 8/92. Four locations received no treatment, whereas the rest were subjected to hot-water flushing, 

nutrient addition, manual removal, berm relocation or sediment tilling. Sediment samples were analyzed 

for a suite of 34 PAHs. 

Michel, J. and B. L. Benggio 1995. Testing and use of shoreline cleaning agents during the Morris J. 

Berman oil spill. Pages 197-202 in 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API 4620. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: beach/ behavior/ Bunker C/ cleaning/ Corexit 7664/ Corexit 9580/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ 

fuel oil/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ pressure/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill 

Notes: A test of the efficacy of two shoreline cleaning agents (Corexit 9580, PES-51) and an aftercleaning flushing agent (7664). Tested materials on sandstone beach rock and on a rock riprap beach 

affected by a spill of No. 6 fuel oil. Test design consisted of control; hot water pressure wash; Corexit 

9580, flush, hot water pressure wash; PES-51, flush, ambient pressure wash; and Corexit 9580, 7664 

flush, ambient pressure wash. Visual comparisons, observations of the behavior of released oil, and 

ability to recover released oil were used to determine relative effectiveness. 

Michel, J., D. French, F. Csulak, and M. Sperduto 1997. Natural resource impacts from the North Cape

oil spill. Pages 841-850 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4651. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: benthic/ bird/ coast/ community/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ heating oil/ lobster/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ movement/ natural resource/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

population/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time 

Notes: Description of a NRDA of a January 1996 spill of home heating oil (No. 2 fuel oil) off the coast of 

Rhode Island. Presents a description of the oil movement and the NRDA organizational approach to 

evaluating natural resource damage. The primary areas of focus were salt pond communities, marine 

communities, and birds. Only the immediate effects of the spill are described; the rest of the work is 

ongoing or planned. Presents a summary of assessment results as of August 1996. 

Michel, J., M. O. Hayes, 1999. Weathering patterns of oil residues eight years after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:855-863. 

Keywords: Alaska/ beach/ Exxon Valdez/ gravel/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ North Slope crude oil/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ spill/ 

weathered 

Notes: This report is part of an ongoing assessment of the weathering of oil from the Exxon Valdez spill 

in Prince William Sound, Alaska. In 1997, a total of 14 sample sites, at nine locations, were 

geomorphologically described and sampled for remnant petroleum. Weathered oil was analyzed for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons and a suite of 42 PAHs. 

Middaugh, D. P., D. D. Whiting, 1995. Responses of embryonic and larval inland silversides, Menidia 

beryllina, to No. 2 fuel oil and oil dispersants in seawater. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 29:535-539. 

Keywords: combination/ concentration/ Corexit 7664/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ fuel 

oil/ malformation/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODthree/ oil/ physiology/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Effects on eggs of inland silversides of exposure to varying concentrations of the water-soluble 

concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil and Corexit 7664 and 9527, singly and in combination; survival, 

development, physiology, malformation. 

226 
Middaugh, D. P., M. E. Shelton, Jr. C. L. McKenney, G. Cherr, P. J. Chapman, L. A. Courtney, 1998. 

Preliminary observations on responses of embryonic and larval Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, to neutral 

fraction biodegradation products of weathered Alaska North Slope oil. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 34:188-196. 

Keywords: Alaska/ behavior/ biodegradation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ embryo/ 

experiment/ fish/ growth/ hatching/ herring/ larvae/ malformation/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ 

Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific herring/ salt water/ survival/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of water-soluble fraction of weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil on embryos and 

larvae of Pacific herring. Crude oil weathered in water for 2-3 da and by microbial degradation for 14 

more da. Embryos at 4, 48, or 96 hr postfertilization were exposed to concentrations of 1, 10, or 100% of 

the WSF and monitored until hatching (performed twice). A second experiment followed growth of 

selected test groups for 10 da posthatching. Measured survival, malformations, and behavior. 

Middaugh, D. P., P. J. Chapman, M. E. Shelton, C. L. McKenney, Jr., L. A. Courtney, 2002. Effects of 

fractions from biodegraded Alaska North Slope crude oil on embryonic inland silversides, Menidia 

beryllina. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:236-243. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ 

incubation/ microbes/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ polar compounds/ Prince William 

Sound/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ solubility/ species/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Alaska North Slope crude oil was artificially weathered and then treated with three different 

species of microbes from Prince William Sound. The water soluble fractions (WSF) of each incubation 

(14 da) was used in toxicity tests (7-10 da) with embryos of the inland silverside. The most toxic WSF 

was divided into saturated, aromatic, and polar subfractions for a second round consisting of two tests; 

the results were compared to those of the combined subfractions. Measured characteristics of embryo 

development and cardiac contractions, and composition of the WSF. 

Middleditch, B. S., E. S. Chang, B. Basile, 1979. Alkanes in plankton from the Buccaneer oilfield. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:421-427. 

Keywords: alkane/ biogenic/ coast/ concentration/ distance/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

oil/ oil field/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plankton/ salt water/ Texas/ zooplankton 

Notes: Zooplankton samples (16) were collected at varying distances from two oil drilling platforms in the 

Buccaneer oil field off the coast of Texas. Samples were analyzed for alkanes in the range C12 - C37 plus 

pristane and phytane. Results interpreted as petroleum hydrocarbons or biogenic hydrocarbons. 

Middleditch, B. S., E. S. Chang, B. Basile, 1979. Alkanes in barnacles (Balanus tintinnabulum) from the 

Buccaneer oilfield. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:6-12. 

Keywords: alkane/ barnacle/ concentration/ crude oil/ Gulf of Mexico/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ Ofour/ 

oil field/ salt water/ shell/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of alkane concentrations in barnacles collected from the production platforms and 

well jackets of the Buccaneer oilfield in the Gulf of Mexico. Barnacle samples were divided into surface 

and subsurface samples. Measured alkane concentrations of tissue and shell. 

Middleditch, B. S., B. Basile, E. S. Chang, 1979. Alkanes in seawater in the vicinity of the buccaneer 

oilfield. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:413-420. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ concentration/ Gulf of Mexico/ hydrocarbons/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil field/ salt water/ water column 

Notes: Alkane hydrocarbons in the water of the Buccaneer oilfield of the Gulf of Mexico were determined 

on a north-south axis that extended up to 20 km from the center of the oilfield. Between June 1976 and 

March 1977, a total of 76 water samples from the surface, mid-depth, and bottom of the water column 

were collected. The water was analyzed for straight-chain alkanes plus phytane and pristane. 

Middleditch, B. S., E. S. Chang, B. Basile, S. R. Missler, 1979. Alkanes in fish from the Buccaneer 

oilfield. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:249-257. 

Keywords: alkane/ coast/ fish/ liver/ muscle/ oil field/ Othree/ petroleum/ species/ Texas 

Notes: Presence of natural and petroleum alkanes in the muscle and liver of a variety of marine fish 

caught from the vicinity of the Buccaneer oilfield off the coast of Texas. 

227 
Middleditch, B. S., B. Basile, E. S. Chang, 1982. Alkanes in shrimp from the Buccaneer oil field. Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:18-23. 

Keywords: alkane/ concentration/ crude oil/ evaluation/ Gulf of Mexico/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ salt water/ shrimp/ species 

Notes: An evaluation of the alkane content of five species of shrimp collected around two production 

platforms in the Buccaneer oil field of the Gulf of Mexico. Measured alkane concentration and compared 

GC patterns. 

Mielbrecht, E. E., M. F. Wolfe, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 2005. Influence of a dispersant on the 

bioaccumulation of phenanthrene by topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety 61:44-52. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ food/ food chain/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ metabolite/ ODthree/ oil/ phenanthrene/ phytoplankton/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

rotifer/ salt water/ transfer/ water 

Notes: The influence of a chemical dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the transfer of crude oil (Prudhoe Bay) 

through a food chain was determined with a laboratory experiment involving a phytoplankton, a rotifer, a 

fish (topsmelt). Fish were exposed to either the water-accomodated fraction of crude oil alone or 

chemically-dispersed crude oil in water medium or as food (pre-exposed rotifers) for 12 hrs. Fish were 

sampled and analyzed for phenanthrene and metabolites at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs. 

Remaining fish were depurated in clean water for another 12 hrs and sampled for similar phenanthrene 

analysis at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 12 hrs. 

Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., 1999. Assessment and rehabilitation of wildlife affected by an oil spill in 

Puerto Rico. Environmental Pollution 104:323-333. 

Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ Bunker C/ coast/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.6 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ species/ spill/ turtle 

Notes: Report of the biological effects of the grounding of the barge Morris J. Berman off the north coast 

of Puerto Rico in 1994. A list of 5687 individual oiled organisms comprising 152 species is presented, 

along with results of the attempted rehabilitation of sea turtles and birds. 

Millemann, R. E., S. J. Tumminia, J. L. Forte, K. L. Daniels, 1984. Comparative toxicities of coal- and 

shale-derived crude oils and a petroleum-derived fuel oil to the freshwater snails Helisoma trivolvis and 

Physa gyrina. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 33:23-38. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ assay/ coal/ concentration/ crude oil/ development/ embryo/ fresh water/ 

freshwater/ freshwater invertebrate/ fuel oil/ gastropod/ Ofive/ oil/ shale oil/ snail/ species/ survival/ 

synthetic oil/ toxicity 

Notes: The water-soluble fractions (WSF) of coal- and shale-derived oils and No. 2 fuel oil were 

evaluated for acute toxicity to adults of two snail species and to their embryos and newly hatched young. 

Preliminary tests determined the test concentrations for the 48 hr LC50 assays. Differing ranges of WSF 

concentrations were used on embryos and newly hatched young (exposed for 5-7 da). Measured survival 

and normality of embryonic development. 

Miller, D. S., D. B. Peakall, W. B. Kinter, 1978. Ingestion of crude oil: sublethal effects in herring gull 

chicks. Science 199:315-317. 

Keywords: bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ ingestion/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ physiology/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

sublethal 

Notes: Effects on herring gull chicks of ingestion of doses of Kuwait or South Louisiana crude oils. 

Miller, D. S., R. G. Butler, W. Trivelpiece, S. Janes-Butler, S. Green, B. Peakall, G. Lambert, D. B. 

Peakall, 1980. Crude oil ingestion by seabirds: possible metabolic and reproductive effects. Bulletin of 

the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory 20:137-138. 

Keywords: adult/ behavior/ bird/ crude oil/ dispersant/ dosed/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ ingestion/ 

nestling/ ODone/ oil/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water 

Notes: Effects on nestling herring gulls and breeding adult Leach's petrels of dosing with Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil and chemical dispersant plus crude oil (gulls only). 

228 
Miller, D. S., D. J. Hallett, D. B. Peakall, 1982. Which components of crude oil are toxic to young 

seabirds? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1:39-44. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ gull/ herring/ herring 

gull/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ oil/ Oone/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ weight 

Notes: Determination of the portions of South Louisiana crude oil responsible for weight loss in herring 

gull chicks. 

Miller, G. J., D. W. Connell, 1980. Occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons in some Australian seabirds. 

Australian Wildlife Research 7:281-293. 

Keywords: accumulation/ alkane/ Australia/ biogenic/ bird/ hydrocarbons/ Oone/ origin/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ species/ uptake 

Notes: Report of the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons of biogenic origin in several 

species of seabirds from coastal Australia. Also, discussion of petroleum uptake and accumulation. 

Miller, M. C., J. R. Stout, V. Alexander, 1986. Effects of a controlled under-ice oil spill on invertebrates 

of an arctic and a subarctic stream. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 42:99-132. 

Keywords: Alaska/ Arctic/ colonization/ crude oil/ drift/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ ice/ 

invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ spill/ stream/ substrate 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a winter oil spill on stream invertebrates in Alaska. Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil (18 liters) was added below the ice to two streams (one arctic, one subarctic). Drift nets and a 

Hess sampler were used to measure insect drift and bottom dwelling insects both before and after the oil 

addition. Artificial substrate samplers consisting of oiled (24 hr weathering) and nonoiled rocks were 

placed in streams above and below the oil; substrate was checked for insect colonization in the following 

spring. 

Mills, M. A., T. J. McDonald, J. S. Bonner, M. A. Simon, R. L. Autenrieth, 1999. Method for quantifying 

the fate of petroleum in the environment. Chemosphere 39:2563-2582. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ degradation/ environment/ fate/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ polar compounds/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ soil/ technical 

Notes: The authors present a method for the analysis of petroleum in water, sediment, and soil that is 

recommeded for use in environmental fate studies. The method consists of a total extractable materials 

analysis, a gross composition analysis (saturate, aromatic, polar fractions), and a target compound 

analysis of 62 specific compounds. An example of the use of the method is provided. 

Mills, M. A., J. S. Bonner, T. J. McDonald, C. A. Page, R. L. Autenrieth, 2003. Intrinsic bioremediation 

of a petroleum-impacted wetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:887-899. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ 

estuarine/ heating oil/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ PAH/ salt water/ sampling/ 

saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ Texas/ time/ wetland 

Notes: Ruptured piplines carrying home heating oil and Arabian light crude oil were moved by 

floodwaters into an estuarine wetland in coastal Texas. Twenty-one sampling plots were established 

within seven blocks. Sediments were collected beginning 44 da after the spill on days 0 (44 da post-spill), 

19, 26, 33, 40, 64, 85, 113, 159, 188, and 343 da post-spill. Natural biodegradation was evaluted over 

time and spatially. Sediments were analyzed for 28 saturated and 34 PAH hydrocarbons. 

Minchew, C. D., J. D. Yarbrough, 1977. The occurrence of fin rot in mullet (Mugil cephalus) associated 

with crude oil contamination of an estuarine pond-ecosystem. Journal of Fish Biology 10:319-323. 

Keywords: bacteria/ crude oil/ Empire Mix crude oil/ estuarine/ fin/ fin rot/ fish/ mullet/ oil/ Othree/ salt 

water/ stress 

Notes: Description of fin rot in mullet exposed to Empire Mix crude oil spilled on outdoor ponds; study 

lasted 56 da following the introduction of oil. 

Mironov, O. G., T. L. Shchekaturina, 1979. Oil change in excretory products of mussels (Mytilus 

galloprovincialis). Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:232-234. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ experiment/ faeces/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water 

229 
Notes: Experiment with mussels in aquaria conducted to determine change in petroleum composition 

between crude oil in the water and petroleum hydrocarbons in faeces. Mussels acclimated for 2-3 da, 

exposed to emulsified oil for 10 da, and transferred to clean water for 10 da. Measured alkane and 

aromatic concentrations in faeces. 

Moldan, A., P. Chapman, H. O. Fourie, 1979. Some ecological effects of the Venpet -- Venoil collision. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:60-63. 

Keywords: beach/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ effects/ estuary/ evaluation/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ Iranian 

crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ rocky shore/ salt water/ South Africa/ spill/ time 

Notes: An early evaluation of the environmental consequences of a collision between a ship carring 

Iranian crude oil and another ship fueled with Bunker C fuel oil. The oil remained at sea for 11 da and 

then came ashore between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Affected sites were visited 

monthly for 3 consecutive months after the spill. Sections on spill chronology, rocky shores, beaches, 

and estuaries. 

Moldan, A., A. Westphal, 1994. SANCCOB: the South African National Foundation for the Conservation 

of Coastal Birds. Penquin Conservation 7:13-16. 

Keywords: bird/ conservation/ history/ humans/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ 

South Africa 

Notes: Description of the organization SANCCOB, its history, and some history of African penguins and 

their encounters with humans. 

Moles, A., S. D. Rice, S. Korn, 1979. Sensitivity of Alaskan freshwater and anadromous fishes to 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil and benzene. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:408-414. 

Keywords: adult/ alevin/ benzene/ concentration/ crude oil/ eggs/ fish/ fishery/ fresh water/ fry/ juvenile/ 

oil/ Othree/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ smolt/ society/ species/ survival 

Notes: Sensitivity of nine species of Alaskan freshwater and anadromous fish to varying concentrations 

of the water-soluble concentrations of benzene or Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Juveniles or adults of most 

species were tested; eggs, alevins, fry, or smolts of four salmonids were also tested. 

Moles, A., 1980. Sensitivity of parasitized coho salmon fry to crude oil, toluene, and naphthalene. 

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109:293-297. 

Keywords: crude oil/ fish/ fishery/ fresh water/ fry/ larvae/ mussel/ naphthalene/ oil/ Othree/ parasite/ 

Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salmon/ society/ toluene 

Notes: Effect of parasitism by freshwater mussel larvae on the sensitivity of coho salmon fry to the watersoluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, toluene, or naphthalene; use of 96 hr LC50 test. 

Moles, A., S. Bates, S. D. Rice, S. Korn, 1981. Reduced growth of coho salmon fry exposed to two 

petroleum components, toluene and naphthalene, in fresh water. Transactions of the American Fisheries 

Society 110:430-436. 

Keywords: concentration/ effects/ fish/ fishery/ fresh water/ fry/ growth/ length/ naphthalene/ Othree/ 

petroleum/ salmon/ society/ toluene/ weight 

Notes: Effects on the growth of coho salmon fry of exposure to varying concentrations of toluene or 

naphthalene; exposed for 40 days, growth measured as dry weight, wet weight, and length. 

Moles, A., S. D. Rice, 1983. Effects of crude oil and naphthalene on growth, caloric content, and fat 

content of pink salmon juveniles in seawater. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112:205-

211. 

Keywords: concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fishery/ growth/ juvenile/ 

naphthalene/ oil/ Othree/ pink salmon/ salmon/ salt water/ society 

Notes: Effects on growth, caloric content, and fat content of juvenile pink salmon exposed to varying 

concentrations of naphthalene or the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil; exposed for 40 da in 

saltwater. 

Moles, A., M. M. Babcock, S. D. Rice, 1987. Effects of oil exposure on pink salmon, Oncorhynchus 

gorbuscha, alevins in a simulated intertidal environment. Marine Environmental Research 21:49-58. 

230 
Keywords: alevin/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ environment/ fish/ 

fresh water/ growth/ hatching/ intertidal/ oil/ Othree/ pink salmon/ salmon/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Effects of varying concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil on growth 

and development of pink salmon alevins 5 or 60 da after hatching. Used fresh water or a simulated 

freshwater to saltwater tidal cycle for a 30 da exposure period. 

Moles, A., 1998. Sensitivity of ten aquatic species to long-term crude oil exposure. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:102-107. 

Keywords: bioassay/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ crustacean/ echinoderm/ fish/ flow-through/ longterm/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ static 

Notes: Exposure of two fish, four crustacean, one echinoderm, and three mollusk species to a 4-da and a 

28-da flow-through bioassay using the WSF of Cook Inlet crude oil. Compared LC50 results to published 

data on the LC50s of 4-da static and 4-da flow-through bioassays. 

Moles, A., B. L. Norcross, 1998. Effects of oil-laden sediments on growth and health of juvenile 

flatfishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:605-610. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ fin/ fin rot/ fish/ GI tract/ gill/ growth/ health/ juvenile/ liver/ North Slope/ 

North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oiled/ Othree/ Pacific/ parasite/ pathology/ salt water/ sand/ sediment/ sole/ 

species/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oiled sediment on the growth of three species of juvenile flatfish 

(yellowfin sole, rock sole, Pacific halibut). Flatfish were exposed for 90 da to either mud or sand sediment 

containing either 1% or 2% North Slope crude oil. Measured growth, caudal fin erosion, GI tract parasites, 

and pathology of gill and liver tissue. 

Moles, A., 1999. Parasitism, feeding rate, and hydrocarbon uptake of pink shrimp Pandalus borealis fed 

a crude oil contaminated diet. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 62:259-265. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ diet/ experiment/ 

feeding/ hepatopancreas/ male/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ parasite/ rate/ salt water/ 

shrimp/ solubility/ uptake 

Notes: Male pink shrimp fed mussels previously exposed to the water soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook 

Inlet crude oil. Used three stocks of oil-exposed mussels. Shrimp fed mussels for 77 da. Experiment 

conducted in laboratory tanks. Measured death, prevalence of a parasite, feeding rate, and aromatic 

hydrocarbon concentrations in shrimp muscle and hepatopancreas. 

Moles, A., T. L. Wade, 2001. Parasitism and phagocytic function among sand lance Ammodytes 

hexapterus Pallas exposed to crude oil-laden sediments. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 66:528-535. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bioassay/ crude oil/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ immune response/ labelled/ North Slope/ 

North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Othree/ Pacific/ parasite/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sand/ 

sediment 

Notes: Pacific sand lance were exposed to artificially-weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil in sediment 

for 90 da in a flow-thru bioassay. Sand lance were exposed to either 0, 10 or 61 ppm of total petroleum 

hydrocarbons. Fish were sampled for superoxide production, phagocyte function, and gill parasites. [The 

X-axis of Fig. 1 is labelled 28 ppm instead of 10 ppm]. 

Molina-Barahona, L., R. Rodriguez-Vazquez, M. Hernandez-Velasco, C. Vega-Jarquin, O. ZapataPerez, A. Mendoza-Cantu, A. Albores, 2004. Diesel removal from contaminated soils by biostimulation 

and supplementation with crop residues. Applied Soil Ecology 27:165-175. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ concentration/ corn/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ evaluation/ experiment/ humidity/ 

incubation/ microbes/ Oten/ ratio/ soil/ sugar cane/ time 

Notes: Soil was contaminated with diesel fuel and used in an evaluation of the utility of crop residue as a 

soil amendment. Experiment tested two crop residues (corn, sugar cane) at two residue concentrations, 

two C:N ratios, and two humidities over a 109 da incubation period. Characterized the diesel fuel, 

quantified the hydrocarbon-degrading microbes three times, measured CO2 production 11 times, and 

measured the diesel fuel removal at the end of the study. Also compared the results of this study with 

four other published bioremediation systems. 

231 
Molina-Barahona, L., L. Vega-Loyo, M. Guerrero, S. Ramirez, I. Romero, C. Vega-Jarquin, A. 

Albores, 2005. Ecotoxicological evaluation of diesel-contaminated soil before and after a bioremediation 

process. Environmental Toxicology 20:100-109. 

Keywords: biomass/ bioremediation/ concentration/ corn/ daphnia/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ evaluation/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ incubation/ microbes/ nematode/ oat/ 

Oten/ plant/ ratio/ root/ seed/ soil/ time/ toxicity/ wheat 

Notes: Soil was collected, characterized, and mixed with diesel fuel, adjusted C:N:P ratio, and amended 

with corn residue. Duration of incubation was 80 da. Measured microbial concentrations three times, 

CO2 production 14 times, and diesel fuel removal at the end of the study. Soil samples on days 0, 1, and 

80 were tested for phytotoxicity (seed germination, root elongation, plant growth, total biomass) using 

oats, wheat, and safflower. Also tested toxicity of bioremediated soil at the end of 80 da on Daphnia 

magna and a nematode. 

Monahan, T. P. and A. W. Maki 1991. The Exxon Valdez 1989 wildlife rescue and rehabilitation program. 

Pages 131-136 in Proceedings 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, 4529. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ cost/ eagle/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ raptor/ 

rehabilitation/ rescue/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: A description of the wildlife rescue and rehabilitation program for the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Eight 

centers were established; three for otters, four for birds, and one for raptors. Over 140 boats and five 

aircraft were dedicated to the effort at a cost of $45M. Presents a general description of the facilities, 

results of the rehabilitation efforts, and lessons learned. 

Monson, D. H., D. F. Doak, B. E. Ballachey, A. Johnson, J. L. Bodkin, 2000. Long-term impacts of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns. Proceedings of 

the National Academy of Sciences 97:6562-6567. 

Keywords: age/ Alaska/ carcass/ distribution/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ long-term/ mammal/ model/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Otwo/ population/ Prince William Sound/ rate/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Carcasses of sea otters collected from portions of western Prince William Sound, Alaska from 

1976 through 1998 were aged and analyzed with demographic models. Age distributions grouped as 

1976-85, 1989 pre-spill, 1989 spill, 1990-91, and 1992-98. Estimated post-spill effects on age-specific 

survival rates. 

Moore, J., F. Bunker, S. Evans, D. Rostron, B. Bullimore, A. Little, J. Hodges, Y. Chamberlain, R. 

Crump, P. Dyrynda, J. Cremona, and A. Worley 1997. Sea Empress spill: impacts on marine and 

coastal habitats. Pages 213-216 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference. Improving Environmental 

Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. API Publication. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: algae/ bivalve/ coast/ community/ eelgrass/ effects/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ grass/ 

habitat/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ lichen/ macroalgae/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

plant/ protection/ salt marsh/ snail/ spill/ vegetation/ Wales/ crustacean 

Notes: A report of the general effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on marine plant and invertebrate 

communities of the southwest coast of Wales. Plants included salt marsh vegetation, dune grasses, 

intertidal macroalgae, eelgrass, and lichens. Invertebrates included bivalves, snails, and crustaceans. 

Moore, M. N., R. K. Pipe, S. V. Farrar, 1982. Lysosomal and microsomal responses to environmental 

factors in Littorina littorea from Sullom Voe. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:340-345. 

Keywords: biochemical/ cell/ evaluation/ gastropod/ indicator/ marine invertebrate/ microsome/ mussel/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil terminal/ salt water/ Scotland/ tissue 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of proximity to the Sullom Voe Oil Terminal on biochemical characteristics 

of a marine gastropod. Samples collected from four exposed sites and a control. Measured several 

biochemical indicators of function in the digestive cells of mussel tissue. 

Moore, S. F., R. L. Dwyer, 1974. Effects of oil on marine organisms: a critical assessment of published 

data. Water Research 8:819-827. 

Keywords: accumulation/ biological effects/ bird/ composition/ discharges/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ 

232 
habitat/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ species 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on marine organisms. Authors look at all published literature 

up to 1973. Sections on basic organism responses, relation of oil composition to biological effects, toxic 

effects on individual species, hydrocarbon accumulation, surface coating, habitat alteration, and several 

examples of environmental discharges. 

Moore, S. F., D. B. McLaughlin, 1978. Design of field experiments to determine the ecological effects of 

petroleum in intertidal ecosystems. Water Research 12:1091-1099. 

Keywords: ecosystem/ effects/ experiment/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ plant/ salt water/ statistics 

Notes: An assessment of statistical characteristics of field experiment designs for use in the intertidal 

zone. Specifically, for non-mobile plants and invertebrates. 

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M., G. Verriopoulos, I. Karakassis, 1986. Effects of pre-exposure on the 

tolerance of Artemia salina to oil and oil dispersant. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17:72-76. 

Keywords: copepod/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ marine invertebrate/ methods/ ODfour/ oil/ petroleum/ 

respiration/ salt water/ tolerance 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of pre-exposure on the tolerance of a marine copepod to petroleum 

and dispersant exposure. Exposed copepods to crude oil (dispersions), finasol OSR 2, crude oil and 

Finasol OSR 2, or Finasol OSR 5 for periods of 2 to 5 da; some exposures were followed by equivalent 

periods in clean water. Pre-exposed copepods were then tested with 48 hr LC50 tests or measurement of 

respiration. [Presentation of methods and results is confusing; editors and reviewers failed on this one]. 

Morales-Caselles, C., N. Jimenez-Tenorio, M. L. Gonzalez de Canales, C. Sarasquete, 2006. 

Ecotoxicity of sediments contaminated by the oil spill associated with the tanker "Prestige" using juveniles 

of the fish Sparus aurata. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:652-660. 

Keywords: activity/ Bunker C/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ fuel oil/ gill/ juvenile/ liver/ metabolism/ metals/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment/ Spain/ spill/ tanker/ tissue 

Notes: Sediment from coastal northwest Spain (three sites) affected by the Prestige oil spill (Bunker C 

fuel oil) plus positive and negative sediment controls were used to determine the effects of sedimentbound fuel oil on juvenile fish (seabream). Exposure was for two mos. Sediments were physically 

characterized and analyzed for 16 PAH and nine metals. After two mos of exposure the fish were 

evaluated for tissue damage (liver and gill), metallothionein concentration, and mixed function oxidase 

activity (EROD). 

Morelli, I. S., G. I. Vecchioli, M. T. Del Panno, M. T. Painceira, 2001. Effect of petrochemical sludge 

concentrations on changes in mutagenic activity during soil bioremediation process. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 20:2179-2183. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioremediation/ concentration/ microbes/ mutation/ Oten/ 

PAH/ petroleum waste/ soil/ treatment/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the mutagenicity of petrochemical sludge applied to soil. The Ames test was used 

to monitor the mutagenicity of soil amended to either 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 % by weight of sludge. Soil 

extract was tested on days 0, 44, 90, 180, and 373 of treatment. Also measured dehydrogenase activity 

and the concentration of 12 PAHs in the soil on days 0 and 69 for 1.25, 2.5, and 5 % amendments, and 

on days 0, 69, and 373 for 10 % amendment. 

Morgan, P., R. J. Watkinson, 1990. Assessment of teh potential for in situ bioremediation of 

hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Water Science and Technology 22:63-68. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ evaluation/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ 

lubricating oil/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ plant/ population/ soil/ storage/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: An evaluation of the potential for bioremediation at three different polluted sites; a crude oil 

unloading facility, a lubricating oil blending plant, and a gas station with a leaking storage tank. Soils 

were characterized, total hydrocarbons measured, and microbial populations identified. One soil was 

used in an experiment with several levels of inorganic nutrient addition. Recommendations were made 

for each of the sites. 

233 
Morita, A., Y. Kusaka, Y. Deguchi, A. Moriuchi, Y. Nakanaga, M. Iki, S. Miyazaki, K. Kawahara, 1999. 

Acute health problems among the people engaged in the cleanup of the Nakhodka oil spill. Environmental 

Research Section A 81:185-194. 

Keywords: activity/ acute/ Bunker C/ cleaning/ condition/ fuel oil/ health/ humans/ Japan/ medical/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A total of 282 men and women residents of a coastal town in Japan were interviewed about their 

activities and health condition during the cleanup of the Nakhodka oil spill (Bunker C fuel oil). Activities, 

use of protective clothing, and medical complaints were categorized. 

Morris, R. J., M. E. Dawson, A. P. M. Lockwood, 1982. The identification of some lipophilic 

contaminants in the gill neutral lipids of Gammarus duebeni. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:13-18. 

Keywords: amphipod/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ lipid/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ 

salinity/ salt water/ tissue 

Notes: A comparison of the contaminants in gill versus body tissue of a marine amphipod. Two groups of 

amphipods were kept in either 2 ppt (parts per thousand) or 36 ppt salinity for 2 mos. Gills were removed 

and analyzed for lipids, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. 

Morton, B., R. S. S. Wu, 1977. The toxic effects of hydrocarbons upon the naupliar and adult stages of 

Balanus (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:232-236. 

Keywords: activity/ adult/ barnacle/ dispersant/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ marine invertebrate/ 

motility/ nauplii/ ODfour/ salt water/ species/ survival 

Notes: Evaluated the effects of kerosene and the chemical dispersants BP 1002, Bukomkleen, and 

Chemkleen on two species of barnacle. Nauplii exposed to 2.5, 5, 10, or 25 ppm BP 1002 or 10, 25, 50, 

or 100 ppm kerosene for 1 hr. Adults exposed to 10, 50, 100, or 500 ppm BP 1002 for 24 or 48 hrs. A 

16-hr comparative assessment was made by exposing adult barnacles to 50 ppm of BP 1002, kerosene, 

Chemkleen, or Bukomkleen. Measured motility and death for nauplii and either cirral activity or death for 

adults. 

Mott, S. C., P. H. Groenevelt, R. P. Voroney, 1990. Biodegradation of a gas oil applied to aggregates of 

different sizes. Journal of Environmental Quality 19:257-260. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ gas oil/ incubation/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ particle size/ refinery/ size/ soil/ waste 

oil 

Notes: A refinery waste oil was used in a test of the importance of soil particle size in biodegradation. 

Three size classes sieved from the test soil were combined with the refinery waste and incubated for 14 

da, after which the two larger classes of particles were ground to the same size as the smallest particle 

class and incubation was resumed for 10 more da. Measured CO2 production. 

Moyano, M., H. Moresco, J. Blanco, M. Rosadilla, A. Caballero, 1993. Baseline studies of coastal 

pollution by heavy metals, oil and PAHs in Montevideo. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:461-464. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ metals/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ PAH/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ Uruguay 

Notes: A baseline assessment of six metals, 24 aliphatic hydrocarbons, and 18 aromatic hydrocarbons in 

the sediments (intertidal?) of coastal Uruguay next to Montevideo. 

Mudge, S., 1997. Can vegetable oils outlast mineral oils in the marine environment? Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 34:213. 

Keywords: degradation/ environment/ intertidal/ marine environment/ mineral oil/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ spill/ sunflower oil/ vegetable oil 

Notes: Retention of spilled sunflower oil in the intertidal zone. 

Mudge, S. M., 2002. Reassessment of the hydrocarbons in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: 

identifying the source using partial least-squares. Environmental Science and Technology 36:2354-2360. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ chemical analysis/ Exxon Valdez/ Gulf of Alaska/ hydrocarbons/ Onine/ 

Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sources/ statistics/ technical 

Notes: A statistical analysis by partial least-squares of two large analytical chemistry data sets (NOAA 

234 
and EXXON) generated by analysis of Prince William Sound and Gulf of Alaska water. The purpose of 

the analysis is to identify sources of hydrocarbons and their relative significance. 

Mueller, A. J. and C. H. Mendoza 1983. The Port Bolivar, Texas oil spill -- a case history of oiled bird 

survival. Pages 521-523 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ cleaning/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ origin/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill/ 

survival/ Texas/ waterfowl 

Notes: Account of an oil spill of unknown origin near Port Bolivar, Texas and its effect on local waterfowl. 

Also, a description of the cleaning of oiled birds. 

Mueller, D. C., J. S. Bonner, S. J. McDonald, R. L. Autenrieth, 1999. Acute toxicity of estuarine 

wetland sediments contaminated by petroleum. Environmental Technology 20:875-882. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ estuarine/ fuel oil/ gasoline/ 

hydrocarbons/ Microtox/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ salt 

water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ time/ toxicity/ wetland 

Notes: Assessment of the acute toxicity of sediments in a riverine wetland affected by several pipeline 

ruptures involving fuel oil, crude oil, and gasoline. Twenty-one permanent plots were established and 

sampled 10 times between 1.5 and 7.5 mos after the spill. Measured total extractable materials, total 

petroleum hydrocarbons, total target saturates, total target aromatics, concentrations of individual 

analytes, and a microtox bioassay to establish temporal and spatial toxicity. 

Mueller, D. C., J. S. Bonner, S. J. McDonald, R. L. Autenrieth, K. C. Donnelly, K. Lee, K. Doe, J. 

Anderson, 2003. The use of toxicity bioassays to monitor the recovery of oiled wetland sediments. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1945-1955. 

Keywords: amphipod/ Arabian Light crude oil/ assay/ bioassay/ biomarker/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ 

cycloalkane/ hopane/ intertidal/ microbes/ Microtox/ nitrate/ oil/ oiled/ Onine/ PAH/ recovery/ salt water/ 

sediment/ technical/ time/ toxicity/ wetland 

Notes: A large wetland bioremediation project was conducted along the San Jacinto River near Houston, 

TX. A total of 21 experimental plots in the intertidal zone were treated and followed for 140 days. The 

plots consisted of six oiled (artificially-weathered Arabian light crude oil) controls, six oiled and nutrient 

(diammonium phosphate pellets) amended, six oiled and nutrient amended plus potassium nitrate, and 

three unoiled controls. Sediment cores were collected from all plots at 10 times during the study. 

Sampled sediment was used in six bioassays (Microtox 100% elutriate test, Microtox Solid Phase Test, 

an amphipod assay, P450 reporter gene system, Toxi-ChromoPad test, and a salmonella/microsome 

assay). Sediments were also analyzed for 26 n-alkanes, pristane, phytane, 37 PAHs, and a cycloalkane 

biomarker (hopane). 

Multiple, 1993. Numerous abstracts of reports from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Pacific Seabird Group 

Bulletin 20:44-47. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

rehabilitation/ restoration/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Numerous abstracts of reports of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on bird populations, 

individual species, rehabilitation, and restoration. 

Muniz, P., E. Danulat, B. Yannicelli, J. Garcia-Alonso, G. Medina, M. C. Bicego, 2004. Assessment of 

contamination by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments of Montevideo Harbour 

(Uruguay). Environment International 29:1019-1028. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ harbour/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ Uruguay 

Notes: The sediments of Montevideo Harbor (Uruguay) were sampled at eight locations during the 

summer and winter of 1998. Samples were analyzed for eight metals, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and a set 

of 20 aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Munoz, D., M. Guiliano, P. Doumenq, F. Jacquot, P. Scherrer, G. Mille, 1997. Long term evolution of 

petroleum biomarkers in mangrove soil (Guadeloupe). Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:868-874. 

235 
Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ biomarker/ crude oil/ degradation/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ 

indicator/ light/ long-term/ mangrove/ oil/ Onine/ origin/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

soil/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Report of the degredation of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove soil during an 8-year period 

following a spill of Arabian Light crude oil. Analyses performed at 1, 4, and 8-years post-spill. Emphasis 

was on identifying compounds that would be good indicators of progressive degredation and that would 

be sufficiently resistant to be useful as 'identifiers' of the origin of the oil. 

Murray, A. P., B. J. Richardson, C. F. Gibbs, 1991. Bioconcentration factors for petroleum 

hydrocarbons, PAHs, LABs and biogenic hydrocarbons in the blue mussel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22

:595-603. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ benzene/ biogenic/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ salt water/ 

tissue/ total hydrocarbons/ urban 

Notes: Determination of bioconcentration factors for hydrocarbons in the blue mussel. Water and mussel 

(cultured, placed on site for 3 mos) samples were collected from a site subject to urban drainage, near an 

oil refinery, and from two reference sites in coastal Australia. Water was analyzed for particulate and 

dissolved total hydrocarbons, aromatics, biogenic hydrocarbons, total linear alkyl benzenes, and three 

specific aromatics. Mussels were analyzed for the same set of analytes in tissue. Bioconcentration 

factors were calculated. 

Murray, M., 1987. Oil spill rehabilitation: results & recommendations for the future. Wildlife Journal 10:17-

20. 

Keywords: bird/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ physiology/ procedure/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Critical assessment of oiled bird rehabilitation procedures after the Apex Houston spill. 

Myers, A. A., T. Southgate, T. F. Cross, 1980. Distinguishing the effects of oil pollution from natural 

cyclical phenomena on the biota of Bantry Bay, Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:204-207. 

Keywords: barnacle/ effects/ gastropod/ Ireland/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sampling/ species/ tanker/ transect 

 Notes: An attempt to separate the influence of spilled 'oil' from a tanker from the influence of natural 

phenomena. One species of barnacle, two species of mussel, and one species of gastropod were 

monitored with sampling transects from July 1978 through July 1979 at three sites in Bantry Bay, Ireland. 

Numbers of organisms or percent cover (mussels) were measured. 

Mysore, D., T. Viraraghavan, Y.-C. Jin, 2004. Removal of oil by vermiculite. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin 13:560-567. 

Keywords: evaluation/ mineral oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ spill response/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of the petroleum sorption capacity of expanded and hydrophobized vermiculite. 

Oils used in the study were standard (light) mineral oil, canola oil, and Kutwell (KUT45). Determined the 

absorption capacity for pure oils and oils on a water medium, and the time to maximum absorption for all 

oils. 

Mysore, D., T. Viraraghavan, J. Yee-Chung, 2005. Treatment of oily waters using vermiculite. Water 

Research 39 :2643-2653. 

Keywords: absorption/ clay/ cutting oil/ effectiveness/ effluent/ mineral oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

pH/ refinery/ remediation/ time/ treatment/ vegetable oil/ water 

Notes: The effectiveness of expanded vermiculite and hydrophobized vermiculite were determined with a 

laboratory assessment with standard mineral oil, canola oil, Kutwell cutting oil, and refinery effluent. 

Characterized both types of vermiculite, measured absorption time at four pHs, and determined oil 

removal capacities. Results were compared to the removal efficiencies of bentonite, powdered organo 

clay, and organo clay/anthracite determined in another study. 

Nadal, M., M. Schuhmacher, J. L. Domingo, 2004. Metal pollution of soils and vegetation in an area 

with petrochemical industry. Science of the Total Environment 321:59-69. 

Keywords: concentration/ health/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ pollution/ refinery/ risk/ soil/ Spain/ 

236 
urban/ vegetation 

Notes: Twenty-four sites in a county in southeast Spain were sampled for soil (24) and chard (12). The 

samples were analyzed for concentrations of seven metals. Sample sites included industrial zones 

(many refineries), urban zones, residential zones, and several sites outside the county in 'unpolluted' 

areas. Metal concentrations were interpreted for their relation to human health risk. 

Nagelkerken, I. A., A. O. Debrot, 1995. Mollusc communities of tropical rubble shores of Curacao: longterm (7+ years) impacts of oil pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:592-598. 

Keywords: beach/ community/ crude oil/ density/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ Ofour/ oil/ oil 

spill/ pollution/ refined oil/ salt water/ species/ spill/ structure/ tar cover/ transect 

Notes: Comparison of the long-term impact of crude and refined oil spills on the mollusc communities of 

Curacao. Selected four polluted (subjected to many spills > 7 yrs previously) and four similar, but 

unpolluted, sites. Used transects to measure beach zone width, percent tar cover, mollusc density, and 

mollusc species density, and compared mollusc community structure. 

Naidenko, V. V., O. M. Grechkanev, 2002. The state of components of the biota as an indicator of 

disturbances in natural ecosystems exposed to petrochemical pollution. Russian Journal of Ecology 

33:62-64. 

Keywords: distance/ ecosystem/ freshwater invertebrate/ indicator/ length/ Ofive/ petroleum waste/ plant/ 

pollution/ species/ weight 

Notes: A large petrochemical plant in Siberia generates large amounts of atmospheric pollutants. 

Authors collected and examined one species of beetle and one species of fly at distances from the plant 

of 0, 1, 10, and 15 km. Morphological characters were measured for the beetles and food for the flies 

was prepared using melted snow from the sampled sites. Measured body weight and length of the flies. 

Nakatani, R. E., A. E. Nevissi, 1991. Effect of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the homing of coho salmon in 

marine waters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11:160-166. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ fish/ homing/ ODthree/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Effect on homing of 2-3 year-old coho salmon exposed for 1 hr to Prudhoe Bay crude oil, 

chemically dispersed crude oil, or dispersant alone. 

Namkoong, W., E.-Y. Hwang, J.-S. Park, J.-Y. Choi, 2002. Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil 

with composting. Environmental Pollution 119:23-31. 

Keywords: activity/ alkane/ bioremediation/ carbon dioxide/ compost/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

experiment/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ nutrients/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

remediation/ soil/ time 

Notes: An assessment of the amount of amendments needed to produce the best remediation of soil 

contaminated with diesel fuel. Soil containing 10,000 ppm of diesel fuel was mixed with either 10, 30, 50, 

or 100 % of sewage sludge or compost. Also, sludge only, compost only, 50 % sewage sludge with 

biocide, and 50 % compost with biocide were used. The experiment last 30 da. Measured total 

petroleum hydrocarbons, n-alkanes only, percent volatilization and degradation, CO2 production, and 

dehydrogenase activity. 

Nance, J. M., 1991. Effects of oil/gas field produced water on the macrobenthic community in a small 

gradient estuary. Hydrobiologia 220:189-204. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ concentration/ discharges/ diversity/ effects/ estuarine/ estuary/ 

evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ index/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil field/ produced water/ salinity/ salt 

water/ sampling/ sediment/ species/ stream 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of produced water from coastal oil wells on macrobenthos of an 

estuarine stream. Seventeen sampling stations were located from the stream mouth to 7,700 m 

upstream and sampled monthly for 1 yr. Sampling stations were located above and below a major 

produced-water discharge site. Measured salinity, sediment hydrocarbon concentration, species 

abundance, and calculated index of diversity. 

237 
Nava, M. E., F. R. Engelhardt, 1980. Compartmentalization of ingested labelled petroleum in tissues and 

bile of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

24:879-885. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bile/ blood/ brain/ concentration/ crude oil/ eel/ elimination/ fish/ gill/ heart/ 

hydrocarbons/ kidney/ labelled/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ tissue 

Notes: Accumulation and elimination of labelled petroleum hydrocarbons from tissues and bile of the 

American eel; exposure by five daily doses at two petroleum concentrations, concentrations measured for 

12 da in bile, liver,kidney, blood, heart, gill, muscle, and brain. 

Nava, M. E., F. R. Engelhardt, 1982. Induction of mixed function oxidases by petroleum in the American 

eel, Anguilla rostrata. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:141-145. 

Keywords: blood/ brain/ concentration/ crude oil/ eel/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ heart/ intestine/ 

kidney/ liver/ metabolism/ mixed-function oxidase/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ protein 

Notes: Effects on induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase in liver, kidney, gill, muscle, intestine, heart, 

blood, and brain, and cytochrome P-450 in liver of American eels exposed to five daily doses of varying 

concentrations of crude oil; eels were monitored for 12 da after dosing. Also measured protein content of 

hepatic postmitochondrial fraction. 

Navas, J. M., M. Babin, S. Casado, C. Fernandez, J. V. Tarazona, 2006. The Prestige oil spill: A 

laboratory study about the toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of the fuel oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

62:S352-S355. 

Keywords: activity/ acute/ algae/ assay/ Bunker C/ cell/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ fuel oil/ growth/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ protein/ reproduction/ salt water/ Spain/ 

species/ spill/ toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: The water-soluble fraction of Bunker C fuel oil from the Prestige oil spill was tested for toxicity to 

RTG-2 cells, an algal species, and a cladoceran species. Measured B-galactosidase activity, neutral-red 

uptake, EROD, and protein content of cells for the RTG-2 cells. Measured growth inhibition (chlorophyll 

concentration, individual counts) for the algae. Measured acute toxicity and reproduction for the 

cladoceran. Used a series of dilutions for the assays and measured the total PAH content of each 

dilution. 

Nayar, S., B. P. L. Goh, L. M. Chou, 2005. Environmental impacts of diesel fuel on bacteria and 

phytoplankton in a tropical estuary assessed using in situ mesocosms. Ecotoxicology 14:397-412. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ 

chlorophyll/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ estuary/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ marine plant/ 

mesocosm/ microbes/ Oten/ PAH/ parameters/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ sediment/ Singapore/ water 

Notes: Surface and subsurface water and sediments from Ponggol estuary, Singapore were collected 

biweekly for 1 year and analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons. Water quality parameters were also 

measured. Mean and maximum concentrations of PAHs in water and sediment were used in onsite 

mesocosms. Diesel fuel equivalent to the desired PAH concentrations was added to clean sediment or 

clean water in the mesocosms. Duration of the mesocosm experiment was 5 da. Measured (daily) 

phytoplankton production, chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton counts, autotrophic bacterial counts, 

heterotrophic bacterial counts, and heterotrophic bacterial production. 

Nechev, J. T., S. V. Khotimchenko, A. P. Ivanova, K. L. Stefanov, S. D. Dimitrova-Konaklieva, S. 

Andreev, S. S. Popov, 2002. Effect of diesel fuel pollution on the lipid composition of some wide-spread 

Black Sea algae and invertebrates. Verlag der Zeitschrift for Naturforschung C 57:339-343. 

Keywords: algae/ biomass/ Black Sea/ diesel fuel/ fatty acids/ invertebrate/ lipid/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ mussel/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ pollution/ snail 

Notes: Two species of green algae, one mussel species, and one snail species from the Black Sea were 

exposed for 3 da to 100 ppm diesel fuel in a laboratory aquarium (no mention of sample size, replicates, 

or biomass). Measured lipid composition and fatty acid composition of each species. 

Neff, J., T. Sauer, L. Osborn, P. Tazik, and L. Reitsema 1995. An oil spill in an Illinois lake: ecological 

and human health assessment. Pages 415-420 in Proceedings 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, 

API 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

238 
Keywords: benthic/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general 

effect/ health/ humans/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ macrophyte/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ plant/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ survey/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the biological and human health consequences of a spill of South Louisiana crude 

oil into an electric power plant cooling lake in Illinois, USA. Surveys began 9 da after the spill in 1985 and 

continued intermittently through August 1991. The lake was divided into zones of contamination and 

evaluated for effects on aquatic macrophytes, benthic fauna, and fish. Fish fillets from contaminated 

portions of the lake were analyzed for priority pollutant PAHs. 

Neff, J. M., B. A. Cox, D. Dixit, J. W. Anderson, 1976. Accumulation and release of petroleum-derived 

aromatic hydrocarbons by four species of marine animals. Marine Biology 38:279-289. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ brain/ clam/ concentration/ 

depuration/ digestive gland/ fish/ flow-through/ fuel oil/ gall/ general effect/ gill/ heart/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ 

marine invertebrate/ muscle/ Oeight/ oil/ oyster/ release/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ static/ time/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of a clam, oyster, fish, and shrimp to either 1% oil-in-water dispersion of No. 2 fuel oil 

for 4 da in a static system or 8 hrs in a flow-through system; or to the water-soluble fraction for 24 hrs in a 

static system. Depuration times ranged from 24 hrs to 672 hrs. A radio-labelled study with clams and 

benzo(a)pyrene had a depuration period of 1392 hrs. Measured selected aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons with most of the emphasis on selected aromatic hydrodrocarbons. Measured 

concentrations in clam and oyster tissue and exposure water; in head, abdomen, gills, exoskeleton, 

digestive gland, and exposure water of shrimp; and in gut, liver, gall, gills, heart, brain, and muscle of fish. 

Neff, J. M., R. E. Hillman, R. S. Carr, R. L. Buhl, J. I. Lahey, 1987. Histopathologic and biochemical 

responses in Arctic marine bivalve molluscs exposed to experimentally spilled oil. Arctic 40:220-229. 

Keywords: Arctic/ biochemical/ bivalve/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ marine invertebrate/ 

mollusc/ ODfour/ oil/ oil spill/ pathology/ salt water/ species/ spill/ sublethal/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the sublethal effects on two species of bivalve mollusc of experimental spills of 

chemically-dispersed and nondispersed crude oil. Part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill Project (BIOS). 

Sampled bivalves before exposure, immediately after exposure, 2 wks after exposure, and 1 yr after 

exposure. Determined histopathologic condition and measured a variety of soft tissue biochemicals. 

Neff, J. M., M. H. Bothner, N. J. Macielek, J. F. Grassle, 1989. Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and 

gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank. Marine Environmental Research 27:77-114. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ barium/ benthic/ community/ concentration/ diversity/ environment/ 

epifauna/ fish/ general effect/ Georges Bank/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ 

photograph/ population/ salt water/ sediment/ time 

Notes: Description of a 3-yr monitoring program to assess the impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and 

gas in the Georges Bank. A total of 46 stations were established during 12 surverys carried out over a 4-

yr period that covered before, during, and after drilling activities. Sediment samples and underwater 

photography were employed. Sediments were characterized and analyzed for concentrations of barium 

and chromium. Demersal fish and epifauna were identified from photographs. Infauna were identified 

and counted; diversity indices were calculated. Cluster analysis was used to analyze the benthic infaunal 

community. 

Neff, J. M., S. Ostazeski, W. Gardiner, I. Stejskal, 2000. Effects of weathering on the toxicity of three 

offshore Australian crude oils and a diesel fuel to marine animals. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 19:1809-1821. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ composition/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ evaporation/ fish/ larvae/ 

marine invertebrate/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sand/ sea urchin/ shrimp/ species/ static/ toxicity/ 

urchin/ weathered 

Notes: Three Australian crude oils and an Australian diesel fuel were characterized for weathering 

(evaporation), chemical composition, and toxicity to six species of temperate and tropical marine animals. 

All oils were weathered for the equivalent of 1-3 hr, 0.5-1 da, and 2-5 da; water-accommodated fractions 

(WAF) were prepared for each. Test animals (fish, shrimp, mysids, sea urchin larvae or sand dollar 

larvae) were exposed to serial dilutions of 0, 8, 16, 64, and 100% WAF in 60 or 96-hr static acute 

bioassays; calculated LC & EC50s. 

239 
Neff, J. M., A. E. Bence, K. R. Parker, D. S. Page, J. S. Brown, P. D. Boehm, 2006. Bioavailability of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from buried shoreline oil residues thirteen years after the Exxon Valdez

oil spill: a multispecies assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25:947-961. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ clam/ crab/ crustacean/ 

Exxon Valdez/ fish/ general effects/ hazard/ health/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ lettuce/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ mussel/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ PAH/ risk assessment/ salt water/ sea lettuce/ sediment/ 

shoreline/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: Subsurface sediment samples were collected from parallel shoreline transects in the intertidal 

zone (low intertidal, middle intertidal, upper intertidal) at 17 previously oiled sites, three unoiled reference 

sites, and four sites previously oiled by human activites. In addition, seven types of biota (mussels, 

clams, fish, worms, hermit crabs, sea lettuce, and whelks were also collected along the transects. All 

samples were analyzed for PAHs. Evaluated the results in terms of health hazard to wildlife consuming 

the sampled biota. 

Neff, J. M., S. Johnsen, T. K. Frost, T. I. Roe Utvik, G. S. Durell, 2006. Oil well produced water 

discharges to the North Sea. Part II: Comparison of deployed mussels (Mytilus edulis) and the DREAM 

model to predict ecological risk. Marine Environmental Research 62:224-246. 

Keywords: bivalve/ discharges/ distance/ estimate/ marine invertebrate/ methods/ miscellaneous/ model/ 

mussel/ North Sea/ Norway/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ PAH/ produced water/ risk/ salt water/ tissue/ 

water 

Notes: A comparison of two methods (DREAM model and deployed mussels) to estimate ecological risk 

from produced water discharges at two offshore oil and gas production fields (Norway). Analyzed water, 

produced water, and mussel tissue for PAH, decalins, and dibenzothiophenes. Caged mussels were 

deployed for one month at several distances from discharges. 

Negri, A. P., A. J. Heyward, 2000. Inhibition of fertilization and larval metamorphosis of the coral 

Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) by petroleum products. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:420-427. 

Keywords: Australia/ bioassay/ concentration/ coral/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ fertilization/ 

marine invertebrate/ metamorphosis/ ODfour/ offshore/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ produced 

water/ salt water 

Notes: The water accomodated fraction (WAF) of an Australian crude oil, production water from an 

offshore platform, and a dispersant (Corexit 9527) were used in a laboratory bioassay with coral. 

Exposure groups were WAF only, WAF + 1% dispersant, WAF + 10% dispersant, 1% dispersant only, 

10% dispersant only, and production water. Determined the dilution of each mixture that produced no 

observed effect and significant inhibition of fertilization and subsequent metamorphosis. 

Nellemann, C., R. D. Cameron, 1998. Cumulative impacts of an evolving oil-field complex on the 

distribution of calving caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1425-1430. 

Keywords: Alaska/ caribou/ density/ development/ distribution/ female/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil field/ 

Otwo/ Prudhoe Bay/ reproduction/ survey/ transect 

Notes: An assessment of the distribution and terrain use of caribou, particularly calving females, in the 

Kuparuk Development Area west of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Aerial surveys were performed annually 1987-

90 and in 1992. Caribou were counted and classified, and the density of roads in each survey transect 

was determined. 

Nelson-Smith, A. 1970. Effects of oil on marine plants and animals. Pages 273-291 in J. I. Waddington, 

editor. Water Pollution by Oil, Aviemore, Scotland. 

Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ cleaning/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ plant/ pollution/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on marine plants and animals. Sections on mechanical 

damage, toxic effects, observed effects at oil spills, and the biological effects of cleaning options. The 

paper is followed with the recorded comments of many persons who participated in a discussion period. 

Nelson-Smith, A. 1977. Recovery of some British rocky seashores from oil spills and cleanup operations. 

Pages 191-207 in J. Cairns, Jr., K. L. Dickson, E. E. Herricks, editors. Recovery & Restoration of 

Damaged Ecosystems. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA. 

240 
Keywords: dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ general effect/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ refinery/ restoration/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A generalized discussion of the effects of oil spills and chemical dispersants on the intertidal 

fauna and flora of Great Britain. Emphasis is on the Torrey Canyon oil spill and the extensive refinery 

operations around Milford Haven. 

Nelson, W. G., 1981. Inhibition of barnacle settlement by Ekofisk crude oil. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 5:41-43. 

Keywords: barnacle/ crude oil/ effects/ Ekofisk crude oil/ experiment/ intertidal/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ mixing/ Ofour/ oil/ rocky shore/ salt water/ weathered 

Notes: Assessement of the effects of Ekofisk crude oil on barnacle settlement in the rocky intertidal zone. 

In one experiment, weathered (mechanical mixing with seawater for 3 d) crude oil was applied as either 2 

l per m2

 or three consecutive daily applications of 0.67 l per m2 . In a second experiment, weathered oil 

was applied as 2 l per m2

 and scraped off after 1 hr. Measured the amount of larval settlement after 3, 4, 

5, 9, and 27 da. 

Nelson, W. G., 1982. Experimental studies of oil pollution on the rocky intertidal community of a 

Norwegian fjord. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 65:121-138. 

Keywords: abundance/ barnacle/ community/ crude oil/ experiment/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

Oeight/ oil/ oiled/ plant/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ shoreline 

Notes: A series of three intertidal oiling experiments were perfomed with crude oil in a Norwegian fjord. 

Exper. 1 was the comparison of two different applications of oil. Exper. 2 was the comparison of a single 

application versus applications at five consecutive low tides. Exper. 3 was a single application on a 

moderately protected site versus on a moderately exposed site. Identified, determined abundance, and 

estimated mean cover of plant and animal taxa at 1-4 wks post exposure. Also measured percent of 

dead barnacles during exper. 3. 

Nevissi, A. E., R. E. Nakatani, 1990. Effects of crude oil spill on homing migration of Pacific salmon. 

Northwest Environmental Journal 6:79-84. 

Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ homing/ migration/ ODthree/ oil/ oil spill/ 

overview/ Pacific/ review/ salmon/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Overview of research conducted on the effect of crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil on 

the homing behavior of Pacific salmonids; some of the work was performed by the authors. 

Newey, S., R. Seed, 1995. The effects of the Braer oil spill on rocky intertidal communities in south 

Shetland, Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:274-280. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ composition/ diversity/ effects/ general effect/ intertidal/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ Scotland/ Shetland/ species/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of the Braer oil spill on intertidal flora and fauna of south Shetland. 

Between June and August, 29 sites were surveyed for low, middle, and upper intertidal community 

composition. Only the mid- and upper community results are presented; identified species, estimated 

relative abundance, and calculated indicies of diversity. 

Newman, S. H., D. W. Anderson, M. H. Ziccardi, J. G. Trupkiewicz, F. S. Tseng, M. M. Christopher, 

J. G. Zinkl, 2000. An experimental soft-release of oil-spill rehabilitated American coots (Fulica 

americana): II. Effects on health and blood parameters. Environmental Pollution 107:295-304. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ blood/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ health/ numbers/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Oone/ parameters/ pathology/ physiology/ release/ serum/ spill/ wetland 

Notes: Rehabilitated (crude oil spill) and reference coots were transferred to experimental wetlands and 

compared for post-release physiological effects. This appears to be a companion study to Anderson et 

al. (2000) but the activity dates and oil spill description are different. All birds (n = 42 for rehabilitated and 

reference) were sampled for blood at the beginning of the study (56 da post oil exposure); smaller 

numbers were subsequently sampled at 81, 108, and 140 da post-exposure. Necropsied 11 rehabilitated 

coots that died during the experiment. Measured blood serum chemistries, blood characteristics, and 

pathological condition of dead rehabilitated coots. 

241 
Newton, L. C., J. D. McKenzie, 1995. Echinoderms and oil pollution: a potential stress assay using 

bacterial symbionts. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31:453-456. 

Keywords: assay/ bacteria/ brittlestar/ cuttings/ drilling mud/ echinoderm/ evaluation/ experiment/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oil-based/ pollution/ salt water/ species/ spill/ 

stress/ symbiotic/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of oil contamination on the symbiotic bacteria of three species of 

echinoderms (brittlestars). In one experiment, brittlestars were exposed to 1/10, 1/100, or 1/1000 

dilutions of oil-based drill cuttings for 2 wk; cuttings were replaced daily. In a second experiment, one 

brittlestar was subjected to a single exposure of a 1/1000 dilution and monitored for 2 wk. In addition, all 

three species were collected from sites in the North Sea following the Braer oil spill. Measured the 

number of bacteria per unit weight of homogenized arm tissue. 

Nichols, J. A., I. C. White, 1979. Aerial application of dispersants in Bantry Bay following the Betelgeuse

incident. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:193-197. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ coast/ crude oil/ dispersant/ England/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil 

spill/ salt water/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: An account of the first known use of aircraft to apply chemical oil dispersants to a marine oil spill. 

The spill of Arabian crude oil along the coast of England was treated with BP 1100 WD concentrate. 

Nichols, J. A. and H. D. Parker 1985. Dispersants: comparison of laboratory tests and field trials with 

practical experience at spills. Pages 421-427 in 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effectiveness/ evaluation/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ review/ salt water/ spill/ technical 

Notes: A review and evaluation of data on effectiveness of chemical dispersants. Sections on laboratory 

testing, sea trials, and experience at oil spills. Authors discuss the shortcomings of current knowledge 

and present recommendations for further research. 

Nicholson, B. L., A. N. Perakis, J. W. Bulkley, 2003. Environmental Assessment. Seaborne 

petrochemical spill analysis within the United States, 1992-1999. Environmental Management 31:532-

545. 

Keywords: analysis/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ tanker 

Notes: An assessment of accidental marine oil spills in U.S. waters during the period 1992-99. 

Discusses mandates of OPA90, tanker design, spills from failure incidents, spills from accidents, and 

provides concluding comments. 

Nicholson, G. J., T. Theodoropoulos, G. J. Fabris, 1994. Hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCB and PAH in 

Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) sand flathead. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:115-120. 

Keywords: Australia/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ PCB/ pesticide/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sand/ survey 

Notes: Results of a survey of the petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCBs, and select PAHs in muscle 

and liver of sand flathead fish from Port Phillip Bay, Australia. 

Nicol, J. A. C., W. H. Donahue, R. T. Wang, K. Winters, 1977. Chemical composition and effects of 

water extracts of petroleum on eggs of the sand dollar Melitta quinquiesperforata. Marine Biology 40:309-

316. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ fuel 

oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ motility/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ 

permeability/ petroleum/ respiration/ salt water/ sand/ sperm/ uptake 

Notes: Determined the effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil and Kuwait crude oil on 

the eggs and sperm of sand dollars. Eggs and sperm were exposed to 50% Kuwait WSF or 2 - 50% No. 

2 fuel oil WSF. Measured the aromatic hydrocarbon content of the fuel oil WSF, permeability of exposed 

eggs to water, fertilization, cleavage, larval development, motility of sperm, and oxygen uptake of sperm. 

Nicolotti, G., S. Egli, 1998. Soil contamination by crude oil: impact on the mycorrhizosphere and on the 

revegetation potential of forest trees. Environmental Pollution 99:37-43. 

Keywords: biomass/ colonization/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ fungi/ 

242 
growth/ length/ Norway/ oil/ Oseven/ poplar/ roots/ seedling/ soil/ species/ spruce 

Notes: Effects of various concentrations of crude oil in soil (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 g/kg) on the growth of 

seedlings of Norway spruce and poplar and on the ability of ecotomycorrhizal fungi to colonize the 

seedlings. Tested 10 species of fungi. All tests conducted at 0-42 da post oil contamination. Measured 

shoot length and biomass and percent colonization of roots. 

Nihoul, C., J.-P. Ducrotoy, 1994. Impact of oil on the marine environment: policy of the Paris 

Commission on operational discharges from the offshore industry. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:323-329. 

Keywords: community/ cuttings/ discharges/ effects/ environment/ general effect/ marine environment/ 

North Sea/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ petroleum/ policy/ produced water/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A report on offshore oil discharges in the North Sea by the Paris Commission. Sections on the 

impact on the marine environment, operational discharges, inputs, effects of production water, effects of 

drilling operations, accidental spills, and the Paris Commission's programs and measures. Columns in 

Figure 1 are mislabelled. 

Nisbet, I. C. T. 1975. Conservation of marine birds in northern North America -- a summary. Pages 1-16 

in J. C. Bartonek, D. N. Nettleship, editors. Conservation of marine birds of northern North America: 

papers from the international symposium held at the Seattle Hyatt House, Seattle, Washington, 13-15 

May 1975. Wildlife research report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ conservation/ marine birds/ North America/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ 

spill/ Washington/ natural resource/ fish 

Notes: Summary of a conference dedicated to assessing the status of marine birds in North America; oil 

pollution is mentioned as the primary anthropogenic threat to bird populations. 

Nishigima, F. N., R. R. Weber, M. C. Bicego, 2001. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of 

Santos and Cananeia, SP, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1064-1072. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Brazil/ coast/ estuarine/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediments were collected from estuarine and harbor areas of an industrial and heavily 

populated area and from a sparsly populated area on the coast of Brazil. Nine sediment samples were 

collected from each area. Sediments were analyzed for n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Nocentini, M., D. Pinelli, F. Fava, 2000. Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by hydrocarbon mixtures: 

the residual concentration problem. Chemosphere 41:1115-1123. 

Keywords: bacteria/ biodegradation/ biomass/ bioremediation/ combination/ concentration/ consumption/ 

diesel/ diesel fuel/ hydrocarbon mixture/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ microbes/ microcosm/ mineral oil/ oil/ 

Oten/ oxygen/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ statistics/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the biodegradation in three soils of kerosene, diesel fuel, or lubricating mineral oil. 

Glass bottle microcosms were used over a 275 da period to incubate and degrade the contaminated 

soils. Two control microcosms were used but there was no replication of the nine experimental 

combinations (hence, no statistics). Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons, oxygen consumption, and 

bacterial biomass. 

Noel, L. E., R. H. Pollard, W. B. Ballard, M. A. Cronin, 1998. Activity and use of active gravel pads and 

tundra by caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti, within the Prudhoe Bay oil field, Alaska. Canadian FieldNaturalist 112:400-409. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ avoidance/ behavior/ caribou/ composition/ evaluation/ gravel/ mammal/ 

mosquito/ oil/ oil field/ Otwo/ Prudhoe Bay/ size/ tundra 

Notes: Evaluation of the timing, activity, duration of use, and response to disturbance of caribou, in 

relation to parasitic insect activity, on oil field gravel pads and tundra within 1000 m of roads and pads. 

Used ground observations and time-lapse videography from late June through July. Also recorded insect 

avoidance behavior, group size, and group composition. 

Norton, D. W., 1977. Oil in the Arctic. 1. Historical, environmental and regional perspectives. 

Interdisciplinary Science Review 2:207-214. 

Keywords: Alaska/ Arctic/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ pipeline/ policy/ pollution/ 

243 
Prudhoe Bay 

Notes: An evaluation of the relation of Arctic oil to environmental, political, and social concerns in Alaska 

during the mid-1970s. A good background document for understanding the evolution of the Alaskan 

pipeline and the exploitation of the Prudhoe Bay oil field. 

Nounou, P., 1980. The oil spill age. Fate and effects of oil in the marine environment. Ambio 9:29-302. 

Keywords: age/ community/ effects/ environment/ fate/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

environment/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ spill/ toxicity/ treatment 

Notes: A general treatment of the subject of petroleum in the marine environment as known in 1980. 

Sections on the fate of hydrocarbons, toxicological effects on marine organisms, and ecological impact on 

the marine environment. 

Nour El-Din, N. M., M. A. R. Abdel-Moati, 2001. Accumulation of trace metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, 

and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine copepods from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66:110-117. 

Keywords: accumulation/ alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ copepod/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ metals/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Qatar/ salt water 

Notes: Copepod samples were collected from a reference site and locations near the west (n = 2) and 

east coasts (n = 20) of Qatar during the summer and winter. Copepods were analyzed for a suite of 

alkanes, 16 PAHs, and six metals. The purpose of the study was to document the current status of 

coastal contamination from increasing coastal industrialization. 

Nulton, C. P., D. E. Johnson, 1981. Aromatic hydrocarbons in marine tissues from the central Gulf of 

Mexico. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A16:271-288. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ condition/ crab/ crude oil/ fish/ gill/ gonads/ Gulf of 

Mexico/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ macroinvertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ oyster/ 

salt water/ shrimp/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of aromatic hydrocarbons in the muscle of demersal fish and macroinvertebrates and 

the muscle, liver, and gill or gonads from pelagic fish sampled from the northern Gulf of Mexico; purpose 

was to establish a baseline condition before extensive oil drilling. 

Nunes, P., P. E. Benville, Jr., 1978. Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil to 

the Manila clam. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:324-331. 

Keywords: acute/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzene/ bioassay/ clam/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ 

crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ methods/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the acute toxicity to Manila clams of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook 

Inlet crude oil. Investigators employed experimental exposure methods; a 14-da continuous-flow 

bioassay using the WSF, a 96-hr continuous-flow bioassay using benzene only, a 96-hr continuous-flow 

bioassay using WSF and clams from a pristine and a polluted area, a 96-hr static bioassay using WSF, 

and an 8-da continuous-flow bioassay using WSF. Measured water concentrations of six aromatic 

hydrocarbons and survival of clams. 

Nunes, P., P. E. Benville, Jr., 1979. Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Manila 

clam, Tapes semidecussata Reeve. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:719-726. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ clam/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ 

depuration/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Evaluation of the uptake and depuration of Manila clams exposed to the water-soluble fraction 

(WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil. Clams exposed to WSF in a continuous-flow bioassay for 8 da followed by 

14 da of depuration. Measured concentrations of six aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and in clam soft 

tissue. 

Nunes, P., P. E. Benville, Jr., 1979. Effects of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil on the 

marine alga, Dunalliela tertiolecta. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:727-732. 

Keywords: algae/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ growth/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ 

population/ salt water 

244 
Notes: Exposure of a marine algae to six concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude 

oil. Culture duration was 72 hr. Measured growth of the culture [x and y axis of Fig. 1 not labelled]. 

Nwokolo, E., L. O. C. Ohale, 1986. Growth and anatomical characteristics of pullet chicks fed diets 

contaminated with crude petroleum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37:441-447. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ chicks/ concentration/ crude oil/ diet/ feeding/ growth/ oil/ Oone/ organ/ 

petroleum/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Results of feeding chicks (chickens) diets containing varying concentrations of crude oil; survival, 

body weight, and organ weights were measured. 

Nyman, M., M. Bergknut, M. L. Fant, H. Raunio, M. Jestoi, C. Bengs, A. Murk, J. Koistinen, C. 

Backman, O. Pelkonen, M. Tysklind, T. Hirvi, E. Helle, 2003. Contaminant exposure and effects in 

Baltic ringed and grey seals as assessed by biomarkers. Marine Environmental Research 55:73-99. 

Keywords: age/ Arctic/ biochemical/ biomarker/ blood/ blubber/ Canada/ concentration/ condition/ DDT/ 

effects/ grey seal/ liver/ mammal/ Otwo/ PCB/ plasma/ pollution/ ringed seal/ salt water/ seal/ Svalbard 

Notes: Baltic ringed seals (29) and grey seals (30) were collected from Bothnian Bay, Finland. 

Reference ringed seals (29) were collected from Svalbard, the Arctic and grey seals (20) were collected 

from Sable Island, Canada. Liver, blubber, and blood were collected from the seals. Age and condition 

of seals were estimated. Livers were analyzed for Hg, Se, Cd, Pb, total DDT, and total PCBs. Blood was 

analyzed for cytochrome P450, blood characteristics, and a suite of biochemicals. Vitamin A and E 

concentrations were determined in liver, blubber, and blood plasma. Results were evaluated for their 

potential as biomarkers of environmental pollution. 

O'Clair, C. E., S. D. Rice, 1985. Depression of feeding and growth rates of the seastar Evasterias 

troschelii during long-term exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil. Marine Biology 84:331-340. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ concentration/ Cook Inlet crude oil/ crude oil/ effects/ 

feeding/ flow-through/ gonads/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ 

rate/ salt water/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Determined the effects of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil on the feeding 

and growth rates of a seastar. The seastar predator and its prey (mussel) were exposed to six 

concentrations of WSF for 28 da in a flow-through bioassay. Measured concentrations of 10 aromatic 

hydrocarbons in the water, survival of seastars, feeding characteristics, growth rates, and weights of 

seastar pyloric caeca and gonads. 

O'Sullivan, A. J., 1978. The Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:123-128. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ Arabian crude oil/ beach/ biological effects/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ France/ 

general effect/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: An early account of events following the 1978 wreck of the Amoco Cadiz off the Brittany coast of 

France. Presented are sections on the sequence of events, beach clean-up, appearance of the oil, 

biological effects, studies underway, and preliminary conclusions. 

Obbard, J. P., K. L. Ng, R. Xu, 2004. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated beach sediments: use 

of crude palm oil and fatty acids to enhance indigenous biodegradation. Water Air and Soil Pollution 

157:149-161. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ Arabian Light crude oil/ bacteria/ beach/ 

biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ experiment/ fatty acids/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ light/ 

microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ palm oil/ petroleum/ sand/ sediment/ tilling/ weathered 

Notes: Beach sand was spiked with Arabian light crude oil, weathered with tilling for 15 da, and 

supplemented with inorganic nutrients. Experimental microcosms consisted of biotic and abiotic controls 

or amended with either crude palm oil, mynstic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, or palmitic acid. 

Amendments occurred on days 0, 12, and 20. The duration of the experiment was 30 da. Sediments 

were sampled on days 0, 5, 9, 20, and 30 for determination of microbial dehydrogenase activity and 

analysis of selected alkane hydrocarbons. Dehydrogenase activity was also determined on day 2. 

Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were quantified on days 0 and 30, except for the abiotic control which 

was quantified 3 hr after sterilization. 

245 
Odu, C. T. I., 1978. The effect of nutrient application and aeration on oil degradation in soil. 

Environmental Pollution 15:235-240. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

degradation/ fungi/ incubation/ microbes/ Nigerian crude oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ respiration/ soil/ sulfate/ 

time 

Notes: Soil was combined with two concentrations of Nigerian crude oil plus water, nutrients (undefined), 

ammonium sulfate, and aeration/nonaeration in various combinations. The combinations were incubated 

for 12 wks. The soil was chemically characterized and the concentrations of bacteria and fungi 

determined. Soil containers were sampled at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. The higher oil concentration 

containers were subjected to a respiration measurement and microbe concentrations were measured at 

the end of the incubation period. 

Ogata, M., Y. Miyake, S. Kira, K. Matsunaga, M. Imanaka, 1977. Transfer to fish of petroleum paraffins 

and organic sulfur compounds. Water Research 11:333-338. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Arabian Light crude oil/ crude oil/ eel/ fish/ fresh water/ light/ monoaromatic/ oil/ 

organic/ organic sulfur/ organoleptic/ Othree/ paraffin/ petroleum/ sulfur/ transfer 

Notes: Exposure of eels to Arabian Light crude oil and the subsequent accumulation of straight and 

branched chain paraffins, monoaromatics, and organic sulfur compounds; eels exposed for up to 15 da, 

organoleptic test also. 

Ogboghodo, I. A., E. K. Iruaga, I. O. Osemwota, J. U. Chokor, 2004. An assessment of the effects of 

crude oil pollution on soil properties, germination and growth of maise (Zea mays) using two crude types -

- Forcados Light and Escravos Light. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 96:143-152. 

Keywords: concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ 

light/ oil/ Oseven/ plant/ pollution/ seed/ soil/ toxicity 

Notes: Two types of crude oil were mixed with soil and used in three toxicity experiments with corn 

seeds. The first experiment employed four concentrations of crude oil mixed in soil 1 wk before seeding. 

The second experiment employed the same concentrations but the oil was added 2 wks after seeding 

when corn plants were 35-45 cm high. The third experiment was similar to the second except that 

concentrations were lower than in the first two experiments. Measured seed germination and plant 

growth. Chemical properties of soils were determined 6 wks after the higher amounts of crude oil were 

added. 

Ogboghodo, I. A., E. B. Erebor, I. O. Osemwota, H. H. Isitekhale, 2004. The effects of application of 

poultry manure to crude oil polluted soils on maize (Zea mays) growth and soil properties. Environmental 

Monitoring and Assessment 96:153-161. 

Keywords: biomass/ corn/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ light/ 

nutrients/ oil/ Oseven/ plant/ seed/ soil 

Notes: Three quantities (plus control) of crude oil (Escravos light) were applied to soil and allowed to 

stand for 2 wks. Three quantities of poultry manure were then added to the soils, mixed in, and allowed 

to stand for 2 more wks. Corn seeds were then planted and monitored for 6 wks. Measured seed 

germination, plant height, and biomass yield. Also determined properties of the manure, starting soil, and 

soil at the end of the experiment. 

Oh, Y.-S., D.-S. Sim, S.-J. Kim, 2001. Effects of nutrients on crude oil biodegradation in the upper 

intertidal zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1367-1372. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ biodegradation/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ 

experiment/ fertilizer/ indicator/ intertidal/ light/ microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ population/ pore 

water/ rate/ ratio/ release/ salt water/ sand 

Notes: Laboratory microcosms simulating a marine coast line were used to evaluate the effect of nutrient 

enhancement on the microbial degradation of crude oil. Sand was mixed with Arabian light crude oil and 

a mixture of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Fertilizer, as slow release pellets, was added in two 

concentrations. The experiment ran for 100 da. Measured inorganic nutrients in pore water, microbe 

population change in sand and pore water, degradation rates of petroelum fractions, and molecular ratios 

used as indicators of degradation. 

246 
Ohwada, K., M. Nishimura, M. Wada, H. Nomura, A. Shibata, K. Okamoto, K. Toyoda, A. Yoshida, H. 

Takada, M. Yamada, 2003. Study of the effect of water-soluble fractions of heavy-oil on coastal marine 

organisms using enclosed ecosystems, mesocosms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:1-6. 

Keywords: bacteria/ chlorophyll/ community/ concentration/ ecosystem/ experiment/ marine plant/ 

mesocosm/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ oil/ Osix/ petroleum/ residual oil/ salt water/ sediment/ solubility/ 

water column 

Notes: Experimental mesocosms were used to determine the effect of heavy residual oil on marine water 

column organisms. The water soluble fraction of the residual oil was added to a low exposure (X) tank 

and a high exposure (3X) tank. Each tank had seawater and sediment. Experiment duration was 1 wk. 

Measured bacteria, heterotrophic nano-flagellates, viruses, chlorophyll a concentration, and petroleum 

concentrations in each tank. 

Oka, N., M. Okuyama, 2000. Nutritional status of dead oiled rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) 

in the southern Japan Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:340-347. 

Keywords: bird/ bone/ bone marrow/ condition/ evaluation/ fishery/ Japan/ lipid/ liver/ muscle/ nutrition/ 

oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ tissue/ weight/ whole body 

Notes: Evaluation of the nutritional status of dead oiled and non-oiled (fishery by-catch and predation) 

rhinoceros auklets from the Japan Sea (oiled) and four other locations. All birds were necropsied and 

tissues removed. Compared mass, moisture, and lipid of whole body, liver, muscle, uropygial gland, and 

bone marrow. Performed a number of regressions of paired measures. 

Okoh, A. I., G. O. Babalola, M. K. Bakare, 1996. Microbial densities and physicochemical quality of 

some crude oil flow stations' saver pit effluents in the Niger Delta areas of Nigeria. Science of the Total 

Environment 187:73-78. 

Keywords: chemical analysis/ crude oil/ density/ effluent/ fresh water/ microbes/ Nigeria/ oil/ Oten/ 

region/ waste water 

Notes: Examination of saver pit effluents from crude oil flow stations in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. 

Measured wastewater characteristics and microbial densities during October, November, December, and 

January. 

Okpolwasili, G. C., L. O. Odokuma, 1994. Tolerance of Nitrobacter to toxicity of some Nigerian crude 

oils. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52 :388-395. 

Keywords: bacteria/ concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ incubation/ Nigerian 

crude oil/ nitrification/ Ofive/ oil/ respiration/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Determination of the effect of six Nigerian crude oils on Nitrobacter bacteria. Bacteria were 

subjected to one of four concentrations of crude oil for a 4-hr incubation period. Measured survival, 

respiration, and nitrite utilization, and calculated LC, EC, and IC50 concentrations. 

Olagbende, O. T., G. O. Ede, L. E. D. Inyang, E. R. Gundlach, E. S. Gilfillan, D. S. Page, 1999. 

Scientific and cleanup response to the Idoho-QIT oil spill, Nigeria. Environmental Technology 20:1213-

1222. 

Keywords: cleaning/ crude oil/ general effect/ long-term/ Nigeria/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ oil spill/ pipeline/ 

salt water/ short-term/ spill/ survey 

Notes: A description of the scientific and cleanup response to an offshore pipeline rupture near Eket, 

Nigeria. Results are presented for the cleanup effort and the short-term environmental surveys. Longerterm studies are described but no results are presented. 

Oleszczuk, P., S. Baran, 2003. Degradation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil 

polluted with aircraft fuel. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 12:431-437. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ aviation gasoline/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Oten/ PAH/ 

pollution/ soil 

Notes: Soils from two sites vulnerable to PAH pollution were collected and used in a degradation study of 

aircraft fuel. Containers of soil were contaminated with aircraft fuel and monitored for 362 da. Samples 

were collected on days 7, 25, 105, 191, and 362 and analyzed for 10 PAHs. Soil chemical and physical 

properties of the sampled soils were also determined. 

247 
Olivera, F. L., R. C. Loehr, B. C. Coplin, H. Eby, M. T. Webster, 1998. Prepared bed land treatment of 

soils containing diesel and crude oil hydrocarbons. Journal of Soil Contamination 7:657-674. 

Keywords: analysis/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Microtox/ oil/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ toxicity/ treatment 

Notes: A field-scale, prepared-bed land treatment unit was used to bioremediate soil containing 30-40 yrold crude oil and soil containing 3-yr-old diesel fuel. Both soils were fertilized and sampled monthly for 

total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis, a suite of soil characteristics, and tested for toxicity (Microtox). The 

treatment units were operated for slightly more than a year for both soils. 

Olla, B. L., A. J. Bejda, W. H. Pearson, 1983. Effects of oiled sediment on the burrowing behaviour of 

the hard calm, Mercenaria mercenaria. Marine Environmental Research 9:183-193. 

Keywords: behavior/ burrowing/ clam/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ effects/ evaluation/ experiment/ 

juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water/ sand/ 

sediment/ substrate 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the burrowing behavior of juvenile hard 

clams. Two identical experiments were performed wherein the clams were placed in sand containing 

10,000 ppm crude oil. Exposure lasted for 96 hr followed by removal to clean sand for another 96 hr. 

Measured total oil concentration in sand substrate, rate of clam burrowing, and depth of burial after 96 hr. 

Olla, B. L., A. J. Bejda, A. L. Studholme, W. H. Pearson , 1984. Sublethal effects of oiled sediment on 

the sand worm, Nereis (Neanthes) virens: induced changes in burrowing and emergence. Marine 

Environmental Research 13:121-139. 

Keywords: behavior/ burrowing/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ emergence/ evaluation/ experiment/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ salt water/ sand/ sand worm/ sediment/ sublethal/ total hydrocarbons/ transfer/ weathered 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect on the burrowing behavior of sand worms of exposure to Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil. Two experiments were conducted. One experiment used two concentrations of fresh crude oil 

weathered in the aquarium for 24 hr before the sand worms were introduced to oiled sediment for 96 hrs. 

A second experiment used five concentrations of crude oil weathered for 24 to 240 hr before sand worm 

introduction for 12 hrs. Worms from both experiments were subsequently removed and transferred to 

clean sand for further observation. Measured total hydrocarbons in the sand, emergence and burrowing 

behavior during oil exposure, and emergence and burrowing behavior after transfer to clean sand. 

Olson, J. J., G. L. Mills, B. E. Herbert, P. J. Morris, 1999. Biodegradation rates of separated diesel 

components. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2448-2453. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

experiment/ hydrocarbon mixture/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate 

Notes: Determination of biodegradation rates for three classes of hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. 

Fractionated diesel fuel into n-alkanes, branched and cyclic alkanes, aromatics, and a composite of the 

fractions. The hydrocarbon mixtures were each subjected to a 35-da microbial batch culture experiment. 

Measured hydrocarbon concentrations during the test period. 

Omoregie, E., B. C. Ufodike, 2000. Effects of water soluble fractions of crude oil on growth of the Nile 

tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 64:601-605. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ feeding/ fingerling/ fish/ fresh water/ 

growth/ light/ oil/ Othree/ solubility/ static/ weight 

Notes: Fingerling Nile tilapia were exposed to five concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Bonny 

light crude oil for 10 wks in a static bioassay; concentrations were renewed daily. Measured 

characteristics of exposure water and weight gain of fish; also recorded feeding behavior. 

Omoregie, E., 2002. Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions of crude oil to the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis 

niloticus (L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 68:623-629. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ fin/ fish/ fresh water/ oil/ Othree/ rate/ respiration/ 

solubility/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: A determination of the acute toxicity of crude oil to Nile tilapia in a static 96 hr bioassay. Five 

concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 ml/l) and a control group were used. Determined LD50 and 

248 
measured operculum ventilation rates and tail fin beat frequencies. The title and heading within Table 3 

are in error. 

Onianwa, P. C., 1995. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of urban topsoil in Ibadan City, Nigeria. 

Environment International 21:341-343. 

Keywords: concentration/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pollution/ soil/ total hydrocarbons/ urban 

Notes: Measurement of the concentration of total hydrocarbons in topsoil from seven types of areas 

within Ibadan City, Nigeria. 

Onwumere, B. G., A. A. Oladimeji, 1990. Accumulation of metals and histopathology in Oreochromis 

niloticus exposed to treated NNPC Kaduna (Nigeria) pegroleum refinery effluent. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety 19:123-134. 

Keywords: accumulation/ acute/ concentration/ effects/ effluent/ fingerling/ fish/ fresh water/ growth/ longterm/ metals/ Nigeria/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ refinery/ survival 

Notes: Effects on tilapia fingerlings of acute (96 hr) or long-term (8 wk) exposure to varying 

concentrations of petroleum refinery effluent for 96 hr; survival, growth, pathology, and metal 

accumulation. 

Orbell, J. D., E. K. Tan, M. Coutts, S. W. Bigger, L. N. Ngeh, 1999. Cleansing oiled feathers -- 

magnetically. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:219-221. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ crude oil/ emulsion/ feathers/ motor oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ salt water/ 

structure 

Notes: Description of a method of removing petroleum from bird feathers that utilizes iron powder. 

Tested the method on three crude oils, a motor oil, and a crude oil-sea water emulsion. Measured 

removal of petroleum with each cleaning cycle and evaluated feather structure after cleaning was 

finished. 

Ordzie, C. J., G. C. Garofalo, 1981. Lethal and sublethal effects of short term acute doses of Kuwait 

crude oil and a dispersant Corexit 9527 on bay scallops Argopecten irradians (Lamark) and two predators 

at different temperatures. Marine Environmental Research 5:195-210. 

Keywords: acute/ bivalve/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ effects/ gastropod/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ lethal/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ oyster/ oyster drill/ salt water/ scallop/ short-term/ 

starfish/ sublethal/ survival/ temperature/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on bay scallops, starfish, and oyster drill of the water-soluble fractions 

of Kuwait crude oil, Corexit 9527, and an oil:dispersant mixture. Survival of scallops was determined with 

six stock solutions varying from 6.25% to 100% at three water temperatures. Exposure lasted 6 hr 

followed by 5 da of depuration. Survival of starfish and oyster drill was determined with three stock 

solutions ranging from 12.5% to 100% at two and one water temperatures, respectively. A 5-da period of 

depuration followed. Scallop response to predators, starfish response times for predatory posturing, and 

oyster drill response to prey was determined with survivors from the 12.5% exposure at three, two, and 

one temperatures, respectively. 

Oritsland, N. A., F. R. Engelhardt, F. A. Juck, R. J. Hurst, P. D. Watts, 1981. Effect of crude oil on 

polar bears. Volume 24. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa. 

Keywords: abnormalities/accumulation/biochemical/blood/clearance/crude 

oil/effects/evaluation/hydrocarbons/mammal/metabolism/oil/oiled/Otwo/pathology/petroleum 

hydrocarbons/physiology/polar bear/salt water/skin/survival/temperature/tissue 

Notes: An assessment of the effects on polar bears of crude oil exposure. Three polar bears were 

externally oiled and subjected to a variety of evaluations. Measured survival (two died), resting and 

active metabolism, skin temperature, accumulation and clearance of hydrocarbons, blood and 

biochemical characteristics, and tissue abnormalities. 

Ormond, R. F. G., S. Caldwell, 1982. The effect of oil pollution on the reproduction and feeding behavior 

of the sea anemone Actinia equina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:118-122. 

Keywords: adult/ behavior/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ feeding/ fish/ gonads/ juvenile/ Kuwait/ Kuwait 

249 
crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ 

paraffin/ planulae/ pollution/ reproduction/ salt water/ sea anemone/ static 

Notes: Investigators used four experiments to assess the effects of North Sea and Kuwait crude oils on a 

sea anemone. Experiment 1: adult anemone exposed to crude oils in a static aquaria test for 14 wks. 

Water and oil replaced weekly. Weekly counts made of the numbers of planulae and juveniles emitted by 

adults, behavior, and feeding response. Experiment 2: adult anemone exposed as in the first experiment 

to either crude oils, paraffins or monoaromatics. Experiment 3: adult anemone exposed to filter paper 

soaked in either fish extract, crude oil + fish extract, paraffins + fish extract, crude oil only, monoaromatics 

+ fish extract, paraffins only, monoaromatics only, or seawater only. Experiment 4: gonads from the 

anemones in Exp. 1 were removed after 18 wks and examined histologically. 

Ormseth, O. A., M. Ben-David, 2000. Ingestion of crude oil: effects on digesta retention times and 

nutrient uptake in captive river otters. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 170:419-428. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ blood/ crude oil/ diet/ digestion/ effects/ food/ ingestion/ isotope/ male/ 

mammal/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Otwo/ Prince William Sound/ rate/ river otter/ 

salt water/ time/ tissue/ uptake/ weathered 

Notes: Fifteen wild male river otters were captured from northwestern Prince William Sound, Alaska and 

acclimated in captivity for 2.5 mos. Otters were placed in one of three experimental groups: control, lowdose (50 ppm weathered North Slope crude oil in diet), and high-dose (500 ppm weathered crude oil in 

diet). Oil exposure continued for 100 da. Otters were sampled for blood and tissue every 3 wks. Glass 

beads place in food were used to determine relative digesta passage rates. Stable isotope analysis was 

used on food items, crude oil, and fecal matter to determine absorption of crude oil and changes in 

digestion efficiency. 

Osamor, C. A. and R. C. Ahlert. 1981. Oil slick dispersal mechanics. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/S2-81-199. 3 pp. 

Keywords: behavior/ dispersal/ dispersant/ evaluation/ experiment/ fresh water/ ODnine/ oil/ oil slick/ salt 

water/ technical 

Notes: A project summary of a large study of the spreading and dissolution behavior of 12 oils. Both 

fresh and salt water were utilized. Five commercial dispersants were used in laboratory experiments 

designed to produce a physical and chemical description of the consequences of dispersant use, 

agitation, and the type of water (fresh or salt). 

Ostazeski, S. A., S. C. Macomber, L. G. Roberts, A. D. Uhler, K. R. Bitting, and R. Hiltabrand 1997. 

The environmental behavior of Orimulsion spilled on water. Pages 469-477 in 1997 International Oil Spill 

Conference. Improving Environmental Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. API 

Publication. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ composition/ fate/ fresh water/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ Orimulsion/ physical 

characteristics/ protection/ salt water/ spill/ technical/ weathered 

Notes: Chemical composition, physical characteristics, behavior in fresh and salt water, and weathering 

of Orimulsion. 

Ostgaard, K., I. Eide, A. Jensen, 1984. Exposure of phytoplankton to Ekofisk crude oil. Marine 

Environmental Research 11:183-200. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ cell/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ crude oil/ Ekofisk crude oil/ 

growth/ hydrocarbons/ marine plant/ naphthalene/ oil/ Osix/ phytoplankton/ population/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Three species of algae were exposed to the water-soluble fraction of Ekofisk crude oil or 

naphthalene. Employed batch culture (4 da duration) and a closed culture system (8 da duration). Algal 

growth was measured as cell or chlorophyll a concentrations. Analyzed culture medium for aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Osuji, L. C., C. M. Onojake, 2006. Field reconnaissance and estimation of petroleum hydrocarbon and 

heavy metal contents of soils affected by the Ebocha-8 oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of 

Environmental Management 79:133-139. 

Keywords: carbon/ cell/ chloride/ conductivity/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ 

Nigeria/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pH/ 

250 
pollution/ salt water/ sampling/ soil/ spill/ sulphate 

Notes: An oil spill polluted site and an unpolluted site in the Niger Delta were chosen for an assessment 

of the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and selected metals. A 100-cell grid was placed on each site 

and 33 cells were randomly chosen for soil sampling (surface and subsurface). Soil samples were 

analyzed for total extractable hydrocarbons, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, V, total organic carbon, total organic matter, 

conductivity, percent moisture, pH, chloride, and sulphate. 

Otitoloju, A. A., 2004. Crude oil plus dispersant: always a boon or bane? Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety 60:198-202. 

Keywords: Biosolve/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ marine invertebrate/ Nigerian crude oil/ ODfour/ 

oil/ prawn/ salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: A marine prawn was used to evaluate the toxicity of a Nigerian crude oil and a newly approved 

chemical dispersant (Biosolve). Crude oil and dispersant were used in a range of concentrations to 

determine the 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr LC50 and LC95 concentrations of each. Mixtures of crude oil and 

dispersant (9:1, 6:1, 4:1) were used to determine the 96 hr LC50. 

Ou, S., J. Zheng, J. Zheng, B. J. Richardson, P. K. S. Lam, 2004. Petroleum hydrocarbons and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Xiamen Harbour and Yuan Dan Lake, 

China. Chemosphere 56:107-112. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chemical analysis/ China/ 

harbour/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

sediment 

Notes: Nine surface sediment samples were collected from Xiamen Harbor (formerly Hong Kong) and 

two sediment samples from an adjacent lake. Sediments were analyzed for pristane, phytane, C10-C26

alkanes, UCM, and 25 PAHs. 

Oudot, J., P. Fusey, M. Van Praet, J. P. Feral, F. Gaill , 1981. Hydrocarbon weathering in seashore 

invertebrates and sediments over a two-year period following the Amoco Cadiz oil spill: influence of 

microbial metabolism. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 26:93-110. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Amoco Cadiz/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ composition/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ microbes/ oil/ oil 

spill/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ time 

Notes: Sediments and shoreline invertebrates were collected 5/78, 1/79, 2/79, and 1/80 from coastal 

areas of Brittany affected by the 3/78 Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Sediments and invertebrates were analyzed 

for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Concentrations of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-adapted 

bacteria were determined for the sediment samples. Emphasis was on documenting changes in the 

composition of the spilled crude oil. 

Oudot, J., F. X. Merlin, P. Pinvidic, 1998. Weathering rates of oil components in a bioremediation 

experiment in estuarine sediments. Marine Environmental Research 45:113-125. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ asphaltene/ 

biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ cycloalkane/ estuarine/ evaluation/ experiment/ fertilizer/ 

France/ intertidal/ light/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ rate/ resin/ salt water/ sediment/ temperature 

Notes: Evaluation of the influence of a slow-release fertilizer on the biodegradation of an artificiallyweathered Arabian Light crude oil in the intertidal zone at the mouth of the Aulne River (France). 

Experimental plots were treated with crude oil and then some plots were treated with fertilizer 2 wks later, 

followed by reapplication of fertilizer at monthly intervals. Experimental duration was 35 wks. Sediment 

was sampled after 2, 4, 8, 16, 27, and 35 wks. Measured DO, temperature, CO2, quantity of microbes, N, 

P; and quantified aliphatics, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and resins+alphaltenes. 

Oviatt, C., J. Frithsen, J. Gearing, P. Gearing, 1982. Low chronic additions of No.2 fuel oil: chemical 

behavior, biological impact and recovery in a simulated estuarine environment. Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 9:121-136. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ benthic/ biological effects/ chlorophyll/ chronic/ 

concentration/ effects/ environment/ estuarine/ experiment/ fuel oil/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ 

microcosm/ No.2 fuel oil/ nutrients/ Oeight/ oil/ phytoplankton/ procedure/ recovery/ respiration/ salt water/ 

251 
saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ time/ water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: Outdoor estuarine microcosms (three exposure and three control) were used to assess the 

chemical behavior and biological effects of No. 2 fuel oil. Three experiments were conducted; fuel oil 

added twice weekly for 5.5 mos to maintain190 ppb in water column, same addition procedure for 4 mos 

to maintain 90 ppb, and a 13-mos recovery experiment following the 90 ppb exposure. Measured 

chlorophyll concentration, 14C production, nutrient concentrations, zooplankton identified and quantified, 

benthic fauna identified and quantified, benthic respiration and nutrient flux, and saturated and aromatic 

hydrocarbons concentrations in water and sediment. 

Ovuru, S. S., D. N. Ezeasor, 2004. Morphological alterations in liver tissues from rabbits exposed to 

crude oil contaminated diets. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73:132-138. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ blood/ crude oil/ diet/ female/ liver/ male/ mammal/ Nigerian crude oil/ oil/ 

Otwo/ pathology/ rabbit/ sex/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Domestic rabbits (male and female) were exposed for 84 da to Nigerian crude oil mixed in the 

diet. Diets contained 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20% crude oil. Two animals of each sex from each group 

were sampled for blood and necropsied; liver tissue was removed for histological examination. Measured 

total and conjugated bilirubins, aspartate transaminase, alkaline transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase 

in blood, and described tissue abnormalities in the liver. 

Owens, E. H., W. Robson, B. Humphrey, D. Hope, and J. R. Harper 1987. The fate of stranded oil four 

years after an experimental spill on a sheltered gravel beach. Pages 473-478 in Proceedings 1987 Oil 

Spill Conference, API 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ Canada/ composition/ crude oil/ degradation/ fate/ gravel/ 

hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ 

total hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: Four years after an experimental nearshore spill of Lago Medio crude oil in the Northwest 

Territories, Canada, the site was revisited. Surface oil was mapped and classified, sediment samples 

from the upper, middle, and lower intertidal areas were analyzed for total extractable hydrocarbons and 

composition of the aliphatic fraction. Calculated a petroleum budget and compared all results to similar 

information gathered in 1981, 1982, and 1983. 

Oyewo, E. O., 1986. The acute toxicity of three oil dispersants. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 41:23-

31. 

Keywords: acute/ behavior/ concentration/ crab/ dispersant/ effects/ fingerling/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ 

mullet/ ODthree/ oil/ salinity/ salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on mullet fingerlings and hermit crabs of exposure to varying concentrations of three 

chemical dispersants (Conco-K, Foremost, BP 1100X) in two salinities; 24,48, and 96 hr LC50, behavior. 

Pacheco, M., M. A. Santos, 2001. Biotransformation, endocrine, and genetic responses of Anguilla 

anguilla L. to petroleum distillate products and environmentally contaminated waters. Environmental 

Research Section B 49:64-75. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ biochemistry/ biotransformation/ blood/ cell/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

eel/ endocrine/ fish/ gasoline/ genetic/ genotoxic/ glucose/ liver/ microsome/ No.2 fuel oil/ Othree/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ plasma/ protein/ red blood cell/ salt water 

Notes: European eels were used in a laboratory and field assessment of petroleum-contaminated water. 

Water-soluble fractions (WSF) of diesel fuel and gasoline were prepared and used in laboratory assays of 

3 hrs, 4 hrs, 2 da, 3 da, 4 da, and 6 da exposure to 2.5% diesel WSF or 0.25 % gasoline WSF. Measured 

genotoxic damage in red blood cells, liver EROD activity, liver ALT, microsomal protein and supernatant 

protein, plasma lactate, glucose, and cortisol concentrations. Water was analyzed for PAHs. In the field, 

eels were placed in cages and left at two coastal sites for 1 or 3 da; a companion laboratory study 

exposed eels for 1 or 3 da to low-tide or high-tide water from a coastal site. Measured liver biochemistry 

and genotoxic damage. 

Padros, J., E. Pelletier, R. Siron, D. Delille, 1999. Fate of a new silicone-based oil-treating agent and its 

effects on marine microbial communites. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:819-827. 

Keywords: bacteria/ combination/ community/ concentration/ degradation/ effects/ estuarine/ evaluation/ 

252 
fate/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ phytoplankton/ recovery/ salt 

water/ silicone/ spill response/ treatment 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of a silicone-based oil-treating agent on natural microbial communities 

and the degradation of petroleum. Used estuarine mesocosms over a 9-wk period. Treatments 

consisted of oil alone, agent alone, or a combination of the two. Measured several water quality 

characteristics, oil concentrations, bacteria, and phytoplankton. 

Page, D. S., J. C. Foster, and P. M. Fickett 1989. Long-term weathering of Amoco Cadiz oil in soft 

intertidal sediments. Pages 401-405 in 1989 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4479. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Amoco Cadiz/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ degradation/ 

estuary/ France/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ long-term/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment/ 

spill/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: Surface sediment samples were collected from four locations in the Aber Benoit estuary (heavily 

affected by the 1978 wreck of the Amoco Cadiz) of France during the period 1979-1986 and from a 

reference coastal site in 1986. Sediments were analyzed for concentrations of oil and gas, aliphatic 

hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and total hydrocarbons. 

Page, D. S., P. D. Boehm, G. S. Douglas, A. E. Bence, 1996. The natural petroleum hydrocarbon 

background in subtidal sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 15:1266-1281. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ 

sources/ subtidal 

Notes: Three years of sampling subtidal sediments (649 total) in Prince William Sound and coastal areas 

to the east are presented. A detailed analysis was made of the aromatic hydrocarbons with the purpose 

of identifying various sources of petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Page, D. S., P. D. Boehm, G. S. Douglas, A. E. Bence, W. A. Burns, P. J. Mankiewicz, 1997. An 

estimate of the annual input of natural petroleum hydrocarbons to seafloor sediments in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:744-749. 

Keywords: Alaska/ estimate/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil seep/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Assessment of the annual deposition of natural petroleum hydrocarbons to ocean sediments in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. 

Page, D. S., P. D. Boehm, G. S. Douglas, A. E. Bence, W. A. Burns, P. J. Mankiewicz, 1998. 

Petroleum sources in the western Gulf of Alaska/Shelikoff Strait area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 :1004-

1012. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ crude oil/ evaluation/ Gulf of Alaska/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ 

sources/ tar ball 

Notes: Evaluation of the sources of petroleum in the western Gulf of Alaska to establish baseline 

conditions. Analyzed 15 sources (crude oil, tar balls, sediment, oil-in-water) of petrogenic hydrocarbons 

for saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Page, D. S., P. D. Boehm, G. S. Douglas, A. E. Bence, W. A. Burns, P. J. Mankiewicz, 1999. 

Pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments record past human activity: a case study in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:247-260. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ burning/ creosote/ Exxon Valdez/ humans/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ PAH/ Prince William Sound/ pyrogenic/ salt water/ sediment/ 

sources/ weathered 

Notes: Determination of the sources of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the nearshore sediments of 

western Prince William Sound, Alaska. Samples collected from 1989 to 1992. Results of chemical 

analyses compared to PAH profiles for weathered Exxon Valdez oil, average petrogenic background, 

253 
creosote, weathered Monterey oil, wood burning, and human habitation. Used 'source allocation analysis' 

to determine the proportional sources of PAH for 5 locations in the Sound. 

Page, D. S., P. D. Boehm, W. A. Stubblefield, K. R. Parker, E. S. Gilfillan, J. M. Neff, A. W. Maki, 

2002. Hydrocarbon composition and toxicity of sediments following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1438-1450. 

Keywords: Alaska/ amphipod/ analysis/ chemical analysis/ community/ composition/ crude oil/ Exxon 

Valdez/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ salt 

water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: A presentation of the results of the Shoreline Ecology Program (Exxon sponsored) that spanned 

the years 1990-99 following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Presents a large amount of summarized 

material on chemical analysis of petroleum in sediments, toxicity of sediments to amphipods, and 

community composition of sediment infauna. 

Page, D. S., R. J. Huggett, J. J. Stegeman, K. R. Parker, B. Woodin, J. S. Brown, A. E. Bence, 2004. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources related to biomarker levels in fish from Prince William Sound 

and the Gulf of Alaska. Environmental Science and Technology 38:4928-4936. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ biomarker/ 

chemical analysis/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ Gulf of Alaska/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oiled/ Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

Prince William Sound/ pyrogenic/ salt water/ sediment/ sources/ spill/ steroid/ subtidal/ technical/ time/ 

tissue/ weathered 

Notes: Surface sediment and fish were collected in 1999 and 2000 from 17 sites within Prince William 

Sound (spill path & oiled, spill path & not oiled, out of spill path) and three sites in the Gulf of Alaska. 

Sediments were analyzed for PAH, saturate biomarkers, and triaromatic steroids. Fish (rockfish and 

halibut) were analyzed for bile fluorescent aromatic contaminants, EROD activity, and tissue 

immunohistochemistry. Some of the results were reported elsewhere. The source of hydrocarbons was 

allocated among four categories; heavily weathered Exxon Valdez oil, Monterey source petroleum, old 

regional subtidal, and pyrogenic PAH. 

Page, D. S., J. S. Brown, P. D. Boehm, A. E. Bence, J. M. Neff, 2006. A hierarchial approach measures 

the aerial extent and concentration levels of PAH-contaminated shoreline sediments at historic industrial 

sites in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:367-379. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ clam/ concentration/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ PAH/ pollution/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ 

time/ tissue 

Notes: More than 50 sites of former human activity during the period 1900-1950 in Prince William Sound 

were evaluated for possible detailed sediment assessments. Nine sites were selected and ~20 sediment 

samples plus samples of clams and mussels were collected at each location. Sediments were analyzed 

by a colorimetric test, GC/MS, and immunochemical PAH quantification for 41 selected PAHs. Clam and 

mussel tissue was also analyzed for 41 selected PAHs. 

Page, G. W., H. R. Carter, and R. G. Ford 1990. Numbers of seabirds killed or debilitated in the 1986 

Apex Houston oil spill in central California. Pages 164-174 in S. G. Sealy, editor. Auks at sea: 

proceedings of an International Symposium of the Pacific Seabird Group, Pacific Grove, California, 17 

December 1987. Studies in Avian Biology. Cooper Ornithological Society, San Diego, CA. 

Keywords: bird/ California/ carcass/ coast/ crude oil/ estimate/ model/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

population/ salt water/ spill/ auks/ Pacific 

Notes: An estimation, by carcass deposition model, of the number of birds killed or debilitated by the 

Apex Houston crude oil spill off the coast of central California. 

Pahl, J. W., I. A. Mendelssohn, C. B. Henry, Jr., T. J. Hess, 2003. Recovery trajectories after in situ 

burning of an oiled wetland in coastal Louisiana, USA. Environmental Management 31:236-251. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ burning/ crude oil/ density/ hydrocarbons/ 

Louisiana/ marine plant/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ pipeline/ recovery/ salt water/ soil/ spill/ time/ transect/ vegetation/ 

wetland 

Notes: A brackish water wetland in coastal Louisiana was affected by a pipeline rupture of gas 

254 
condensate (similar to a light crude oil). Investigators established two sampling transects in an area oiled 

and burned, an area oiled and not burned, and an area not affected by the spill. Vegetation was sampled 

six times over a 3-yr period following the spill; measured percent cover, stem density, and biomass. Soil 

was sampled after oiling but before the burn, after the burn, and at a reference site, and analyzed for 

alkanes and selected aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Paine, M. D., W. C. Leggett, J. K. McRuer, K. T. Frank, 1991. Effects of incubation in oiled sediment on 

emergence of capelin (Mallotus villosus) larvae. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 

48:2228-2239. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ emergence/ fish/ growth/ hatching/ Hibernia crude oil/ incubation/ 

larvae/ oil/ oiled/ Othree/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Effect on capelin eggs of exposure to sediment contaminated with Hibernia crude oil for 28 da; 

hatching and emergence success, larval growth. 

Paine, R. T., L. Ruesink, A. Sun, E. L. Soulanille, M. J. Wonham, C. D. G. Harley, D. R. Brumbaugh, 

D. L. Secord, 1996. Trouble on oiled waters: Lessons from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Annual Review of 

Ecology and Systematics 27:197-235. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ injury/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ restoration/ review/ salt water/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: Critical assessment of the Exxon Valdex oil spill response and the associated injury assessment 

studies. Concludes with recommendations for future research activity. 

Parker, B. L., J. D. Brammer, M. E. Whalon, W. O. Berry, 1976. Chronic oil contamination and aquatic 

organisms with emphasis on Diptera: status and bibliography. Water Research Bulletin 12:291-305. 

Keywords: chronic/ commentary/ Diptera/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ 

Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ review 

Notes: A review and commentary of the effects of petroleum on aquatic invertebrates with special 

attention given to freshwater insects (Diptera). Author includes a bibliograph of nearly 200 references 

dealing with studies and reports relevant to the topic of petroleum and dipteran insects. 

Parker, E. F., W. D. Burgos, 1999. Degradation patterns of fresh and aged petroleum-contaminated 

soils. Environmental Engineering Science 16:21-29. 

Keywords: degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ microbes/ motor oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ refinery/ respiration/ soil/ time 

Notes: Assessment of the microbial degradation patterns for petroleum-contaminated soil from a land 

farm and from the grounds of a refinery that had been inactive for 20 yrs. Uncontaminated soil from both 

locations were treated with fresh petroleum (motor oil or diesel fuel) that closely resembled the 

hydrocarbon profile of the contaminated soil at each location. Soils were placed in glass bottles, a 

nutrient buffer solution was added, and respiration was measured for 40 da. 

Parnell, J. F., M. A. Shields, D. Frierson, Jr., 1984. Hatching success of brown pelican eggs after 

contamination with oil. Colonial Waterbirds 7:22-24. 

Keywords: bird/ brown pelican/ Bunker C/ eggs/ endangered species/ fuel oil/ hatching/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ 

pelican/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Account of the oiling of endangered brown pelican eggs by a spill of Bunker C fuel oil on the Cape 

Fear River in North Carolina. 

Parr, S. J., R. J. Haycock, and M. E. Smith 1997. The impact of the Sea Empress oil spill on birds of the 

Pembrokeshire coast and islands. Pages 217-225 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference. Improving 

Environmental Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. API Publication. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ composition/ effects/ estimate/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ protection/ 

salt water/ species/ spill/ Wales 

Notes: Report of the effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on birds along the coast of southwest Wales. 

Description of the numbers and species composition of dead birds and the results of population counts 

before and after the spill in nearby areas. Estimates of the population consequences of the spill. 

255 
Parra-Pardi, G., E. A. Sutton, and N. E. Rincon 1985. Effects of petroleum on algal blooms in Lake 

Maracaibo. Pages 373-377 in Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: algae/ carbon/ cell/ chlorophyll/ combination/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ 

experiment/ growth/ inorganic/ marine plant/ metals/ nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pH/ phytoplankton/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Laboratory and field study to assess the effects of petroleum on algal growth in Lake Maracaibo, 

Venezuela. Algal cultures in the experimental portion were placed in situ on the lake during April, May, 

June, and September. Algae were exposed to combinations of crude oil, N & P nutrients, and chelating 

agents for 7 or 14 da. The cultures were characterized at the start of the experiment; at termination, cells 

were counted, chlorophyll a concentrations determined, and pH, alkalinity, and total inorganic carbon 

measured. Phytoplankton were also identified and classified into three divisions and principal genera. 

Field samples of water were collected from 10 stations over a 1-yr period. Samples were characterized, 

chlorophyll a measured, and phytoplankton classified. 

Parrish, J. K., P. D. Boersma, 1995. Muddy waters. American Scientist 83:112-115. 

Keywords: bird/ common murre/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Discussion critical of the high estimates of seabird deaths caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill; 

special detail for the common murre. 

Parsons, K. C. 1994. The Arthur Kill oil spills: biological effects in birds. Pages 215-237 in J. Burger, 

editor. Before and After an Oil Spill: the Arthur Kill. Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick. 

Keywords: activity/ biological effects/ bird/ effects/ foraging/ New Jersey/ New York/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ 

population/ reproduction/ salt water/ spill/ wintering 

Notes: Effects on birds of the multiple oil spills occurring in the Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull between New 

Jersey and New York during 1990. Assessments of wintering and breeding bird populations, reproductive 

activity, and foraging activity. 

Parsons, K. C., 1996. Recovering from oil spills: the role of proactive science in mitigating adverse 

effects. Colonial Waterbirds 19:149-153. 

Keywords: bird/ commentary/ effects/ fish/ marine invertebrate/ New Jersey/ New York/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oone/ salt water/ shrimp/ spill/ survey 

Notes: Commentary on the usefulness of good baseline information for assessing the effects of the 

multiple oil spills occurring in the harbor area between New York and New Jersey in 1990. 

Parsons, T. R., P. J. Harrison, J. C. Acreman, H. M. Dovey, P. A. Thompson, C. M. Lalli, 1984. An 

experimental marine ecosystem response to crude oil and Corexit 9527: part 2 -- biological effects. 

Marine Environmental Research 13:265-275. 

Keywords: bacteria/ biological effects/ chlorophyll/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ 

effects/ evaluation/ glucose/ marine invertebrate/ mesocosm/ nitrate/ ODfour/ oil/ phytoplankton/ 

population/ productivity/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ treatment/ uptake/ zooplankton 

Notes: Evaluation of the biological effects in a pelagic ecosystem of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, with or 

without a chemical dispersant (Corexit 9527). Three large mesocosms were used and samples were 

collected every 2-3 da beginning the day before treatment and ending 17 or 18 da after treatment. 

Measured nitrate and nitrite, silicate, chlorophyll a, primary productivity (phytoplankton), bacteria, relative 

heterotrophic uptake (glucose production), and changes in populations of four categories of 

phytoplankton and zooplankton. 

Pastor, D., J. Sanchez, C. Porte, J. Albaiges, 2001. The Aegean Sea oil spill in the Galicia coast (NW 

Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the crude oil and combustion products in subtidal sediments. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 42:895-904. 

Keywords: Aegean Sea/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ distribution/ 

fate/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ movement/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sediment/ Spain/ spill/ 

sterane/ subtidal/ terpane/ time 

Notes: Surface sediment samples were collected from the coast of Spain during April, July, September, 

256 
and November after the December 1992 grounding of the Aegean Sea. Samples were collected from 

nine sites, several of which were divided into 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm strata. Sediments and parent crude oil 

were analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Terpanes and steranes were used to monitor 

movement and presence of the oil. 

Paton, G. I., C. O. Iroegbu, J. J. C. Dawson, 2003. Microbiological characterisation of a diesel 

contaminated beach site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:903-906. 

Keywords: beach/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Scotland/ sediment/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Intertidal sediment in the River Dee estuary (Scotland) was affected by a spill of diesel fuel from 

storage tanks. Forty sediment samples were collected and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

The samples were used for microbe quantification and toxicity testing with two genetically engineered 

bacterial 'biosensors'. 

Pattee, O. H., J. C. Franson, 1982. Short-term effects of oil ingestion on American kestrels (Falco 

sparverius ). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18:235-241. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ ingestion/ Ixtoc/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ 

physiology/ raptor/ short-term/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Evaluation of the toxicity of ingested weathered oil from the Ixtoc well blowout to American 

kestrels. 

Patten, S. M., Jr., L. R. Patten 1978. Effects of petroleum exposure on the breeding ecology of the Gulf 

of Alaska herring gull group (Larus argentatus x Larus glaucescens). Pages 199-215 in D. A. Wolfe, 

editor. Marine Biological Effects of OCS Petroleum Development. National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Washington. 

Keywords: Alaska/ biological effects/ bird/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ glaucous-winged gull/ 

Gulf of Alaska/ gull/ herring/ herring gull/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

petroleum development/ reproduction/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Effects on reproduction of two gull species of egg oiling with North Slope crude oil. 

Patton, J. F., M. P. Dieter, 1980. Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on hepatic function in the duck. 

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 65C:33-36. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ diet/ duck/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ mallard/ Oone/ paraffin/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology 

Notes: Assessment of liver function of mallard ducks fed diets containing paraffin or aromatic mixtures. 

Pauzi Zakaria, M., T. Okuda, H. Takada, 2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and hopanes in 

stranded tar-balls on the coasts of peninsular Malaysia: applications of biomarkers for identifying sources 

of oil pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1357-1366. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomarker/ coast/ hopane/ Malaysia/ oil/ Onine/ PAH/ pollution/ ratio/ 

salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sources/ tar ball/ technical 

Notes: Authors use hopanes (large saturates) as biomarker compounds to identify sources of tarballs 

deposited on the coast of Malaysia. Collected 20 samples from 18 locations and analyzed for hopanes 

and PAHs. 

Payne, J. F., 1975. Field evaluation of benzopyrene hydroxylase induction as a monitor for marine 

petroleum pollution. Science 191:945-946. 

Keywords: cunner/ evaluation/ fish/ indicator/ metabolism/ monitoring/ Newfoundland/ Othree/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water 

Notes: Results of a field test of the utilility of benzopyrene hydroxylase induction as an indicator of the 

presence of petroleum pollution. 

Payne, J. F., 1977. Mixed function oxidases in marine organisms in relation to petroleum hydrocarbon 

metabolism and detection. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:112-116. 

Keywords: activity/ Atlantic/ crude oil/ detection/ flow-through/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ mixedfunction oxidase/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ survey/ Venezuelan 

257 
crude oil 

Notes: Survey of basal mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity in marine organisms of the northwest 

Atlantic and attempts to induce MFO activity in the same organisms. Used flow-through aquaria treated 

with emulsified Venezuelan crude oil for exposures of 1 wk. Intent was to identify organisms for use as 

monitors of petroleum pollution. 

Payne, J. F., I. Martins, A. Rahimtula, 1978. Crankcase oils: are they a major mutagenic burden in the 

aquatic environment? Science 200:329-330. 

Keywords: crankcase oil/ crude oil/ environment/ fuel oil/ general effect/ liver/ metabolite/ motor oil/ 

mutation/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ rat/ used motor oil 

Notes: An assessment of the mutagenic potential of crude oils, No. 2 fuel oil, motor oils, and used motor 

oils. Used motor oil was fractionated into six fractions and liver extracts from rats and trout previously 

exposed to the petroleum source were used to test the PAH metabolites. 

Payne, J. F., L. L. Fancey, 1982. Effect of long term exposure to petroleum on mixed function 

oxygenases in fish: further support for use of the enzyme system in biological monitoring. Chemosphere 

11:207-213. 

Keywords: cod/ crude oil/ environment/ enzyme/ fish/ flounder/ indicator/ long-term/ metabolism/ mixedfunction oxidase/ monitoring/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ pollution/ salt water/ sculpin/ sediment/ time/ 

Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Assessment of the utility of mixed-function oxidase induction as an indicator of petroleum pollution 

(Venezuelen crude oil) over long periods of time; codfish, sculpins, flounder, 3-5 mo exposure in a 

laboratory environment, contaminated water and sediment. 

Payne, J. F., 1982. Critique of "Petroleum and marine fishes: a review of uptake disposition and effects". 

Environmental Science and Technology 16:370-372. 

Keywords: accumulation/ critique/ fish/ metabolism/ Othree/ petroleum/ population/ review/ salt water/ 

survival/ uptake 

Notes: A critical review of the publication "Petroleum and marine fishes: a review of uptake disposition 

and effects" by D.C. Malins and H.O. Hodgins, 1981, Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:1272. 

Payne, J. F., J. Kiceniuk, R. Misra, 1983. Sublethal effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on adult 

American lobsters (Homarus americanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:705-

717. 

Keywords: adult/ amino acids/ blood/ cell/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ flow-through/ 

hydrocarbons/ lobster/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ organ/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

plasma/ red blood cell/ salt water/ sublethal/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weathered/ weight 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of Venezuelan crude oil on American lobsters held in a large flowthrough aquarium. Crude oil was added weekly, after removal of weathered surface oil, to the surface of 

the aquarium. After 14 wks of exposure, measured body and organ weights, condition indicies, blood 

plasma constituents, blood electrolytes, water content, red blood cell characteristics, and plasma amino 

acids and their analogs. 

Payne, J. F., L. L. Fancey, J. Hellou, M. J. King, G. L. Fletcher, 1995. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in 

sediments: a chronic toxicity study with winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) exposed to oil well drill 

cuttings. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:2724-2735. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ biochemistry/ blood/ chronic/ concentration/ condition/ cuttings/ 

drilling fluids/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ flounder/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ organ/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ toxicity/ weight/ winter flounder 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons (from drilling fluids in drill cuttings) on winter 

flounder in an 80 da chronic exposure experiment; concentrations in fish and sediment, weight, organ 

condition, biochemistry, mixed-function oxygenase induction, blood characteristics, pathology. 

Peakall, D. B., D. S. Miller, and W. B. Kinter 1979. Physiological techniques for assessing the impact of 

oil on seabirds. Pages 52-60 in E. E. Kenaga, editor. Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology. 

American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

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Keywords: bird/ black guillemot/ herring gull/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ organ/ physiology/ salt water/ 

spill/ weight 

Notes: Proposed methods for the physiological assessment of seabird "wrecks" to determine the role of 

oil spills in the observed death and debilitation. 

Peakall, D. B., D. Hallett, D. S. Miller, R. G. Butler, W. B. Kinter, 1980. Effects of ingested crude oil on 

black guillemots: a combined field and laboratory study. Ambio 9:28-30. 

Keywords: bird/ black guillemot/ crude oil/ dosed/ effects/ growth/ guillemot/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude 

oil/ oil/ Oone/ pathology/ physiology/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: Effects on young black guillemots of single doses of weathered South Louisiana crude oil; growth, 

physiological measures, and some pathology. 

Peakall, D. B., J. Tremblay, W. B. Kinter, D. S. Miller, 1981. Endocrine dysfunction in seabirds caused 

by ingested oil. Environmental Research 24:6-14. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ endocrine/ growth/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ 

South Louisiana crude oil/ species 

Notes: Effects on endocrine function of three species of seabirds from single doses of South Louisiana 

crude oil, its aliphatic or aromatic fractions, or Prudhoe Bay crude oil. 

Peakall, D. B., D. J. Hallett, J. R. Bend, G. L. Foureman, D. S. Miller, 1982. Toxicity of Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil and its aromatic fractions to nestling herring gulls. Environmental Research 27:206-215. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring 

gull/ liver/ nestling/ ODone/ oil/ organ/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ 

toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Effects on nestling herring gulls of single doses of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, Prudhoe Bay fractions, 

crude oil mixed with Corexit 9527, or Corexit 9527 alone. 

Peakall, D. B., D. S. Miller, W. B. Kinter, 1983. Toxicity of crude oils and their fractions in nestling 

herring gulls -- 1. Physiological and biochemical effects. Marine Environmental Research 8:63-71. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemical/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ growth/ 

gull/ herring/ herring gull/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ nestling/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ salt water/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Effects on nestling herring gulls of single doses of South Louisiana crude oil and its aliphatic and 

aromatic fractions; growth and physiological characteristics measured. 

Peakall, D. B., D. A. Jeffrey, D. S. Miller, 1985. Weight loss of herring gulls exposed to oil and oil 

emulsion. Ambio 14:108-110. 

Keywords: bird/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ emulsion/ experiment/ feathers/ gull/ herring/ 

herring gull/ ODone/ oil/ oiled/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ weight 

Notes: Experiment 1: Effects on food-deprived fledgling herring gulls of single doses of Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil, crude oil plus Corexit 9527, or Corexit 9527. Experiment 2: Effects on fledgling herring gulls of 

oiling breast feathers with Prudhoe Bay crude oil or crude oil plus Corexit 9527. 

Peakall, D. B., P. G. Wells, D. Mackay, 1987. A hazard assessment of chemically dispersed oil spills and 

seabirds. Marine Environmental Research 22:91-106. 

Keywords: bird/ dispersant/ effects/ hazard/ ODone/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ toxicity/ vulnerability 

Notes: Assessment of the positive and negative aspects of chemically dispersed oil spills with regard to 

the effects on seabirds. 

Peakall, D. B., R. J. Norstrom, D. A. Jeffrey, F. A. Leighton, 1989. Induction of hepatic mixed function 

oxidases in the herring gull (Larus argentatus) by Prudhoe Bay crude oil and its fractions. Comparative 

Biochemistry and Physiology 94C:461-463. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ gull/ herring/ herring 

gull/ liver/ metabolism/ nestling/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water 

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Notes: Effects on liver function of nestling herring gulls from single doses of Prudhoe Bay crude oil or 

their aromatic and aliphatic fractions. 

Peakall, D. B., D. A. Jeffrey, D. Boersma, 2087. Mixed-function oxidase activity in seabirds and its 

relationship to oil pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 88C:151-154. 

Keywords: activity/ adult/ Atlantic/ baseline/ bird/ crude oil/ dosed/ enzyme/ female/ guillemot/ gull/ 

herring/ herring gull/ liver/ male/ metabolism/ microsomal/ mixed-function oxidase/ nestling/ oil/ Oone/ 

pollution/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ puffin/ salt water 

Notes: Adult herring gulls, Leach's petrels, guillemots, and Atlantic puffins were used for determinations 

of six baseline measures of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in both males and females. Herring gulls 

were categorized according to either 7, 14, or 21 days after completion of clutch. Adult puffins were 

dosed with 0.5 mg/kg Prudhoe Bay crude oil and nestling puffins were dosed for 4 days with either 0.3 or 

1 ml/kg/day crude oil. Adults were assessed for five of the six measures the day after dosing and the 

nestlings were assessed for all six of the measures after the fourth day of dosing. 

Pearson, W. H., P. C. Sugarman, D. L. Woodruff, J. W. Blaylock, 1980. Detection of petroleum 

hydrocarbons by the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Fishery Bulletin 78:821-826. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ detection/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ static 

Notes: Determination of the detection ability of Dungeness crabs for petroleum in the water. Crabs were 

exposed with a static test system to either the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil or a 

saturated solution of naphthalene in water. Measured the WSF in water for concentrations of one, two, 

and three-ringed aromatics and measured the antennular flicking rate of the crabs for 1 min before and 

after introduction of the WSF or naphthalene. 

Pearson, W. H., S. E. Miller, J. W. Blaylock, 1981. Detection of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil by 

the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Marine Environmental Research 5:3-11. 

Keywords: antennule/ behavior/ blue crab/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ detection/ flow-through/ 

juvenile/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ salt water 

Notes: Determination of the ability of juvenile blue crabs to detect the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Used a flow-through system with fresh WSF mixed daily. Measured water 

concentration of WSF and antennular flicking rate of the crabs. 

Pearson, W. H., D. L. Woodruff, P. C. Sugarman, 1981. Effects of oiled sediment on predation on the 

littleneck clam, Protothaca staminea, by the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Estuarine and Coastal 

and Shelf Science 13:445-454. 

Keywords: clam/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ depth/ effects/ experiment/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ petroleum/ predation/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sand/ sediment/ 

species 

Notes: A field and a lab experiment were used to determine the effect of petroleum exposure on the 

predation of clams by a species of crab. In 13 da and 29 da field experiments, cage enclosures were 

placed in the intertidal zone and contained either oiled (1% Prudhoe Bay crude oil) or unoiled sand and 

clams. In a 19 da laboratory experiment, clams were buried at two depths in either oiled or unoiled sand 

prior to introduction of crabs. In a subsequent 21 da laboratory experiment, clams were introduced to 

oiled or unoiled sand and permitted to burrow in the absence of crabs. Measured total oil concentration in 

the sand, predation of clams, and depth of clams in the sand. 

Pearson, W. H., P. C. Sugarman, D. L. Woodruff, B. L. Olla, 1981. Impairment of the chemosensory 

antennular flicking response in the dungeness crab, Cancer magister, by petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Fishery Bulletin 79:641-647. 

 Keywords: antennule/ behavior/ clam/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ detection/ experiment/ flowthrough/ food/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Determined the effect on food detection of dungeness crabs of exposure to the water-soluble 

fraction (WSF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Exposure to the WSF was in a flow-through system for 24 hrs 

260 
prior to presentation of clam extract. Clean seawater was then used for a subsequent 24 and 48 hr 

assessment of the recovery of the ability to detect the clam extract. In a second experiment, detection 

was tested after 1 hr on clean seawater. Measured water concentrations of total hydrocarbons and of 

monoaromatics, and antennular flicking rate of the crabs. 

Pearson, W. H., D. L. Woodruff, P. C. Sugarman, 1984. The burrowing behavior of sand lance, 

Ammodytes hexapterus: effects of oil-contaminated sediment. Marine Environmental Research 11:17-32. 

Keywords: activity/ behavior/ burrowing/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ flow-through/ 

hydrocarbons/ length/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ salt water/ sand/ sediment/ weight 

Notes: Performed two laboratory experiments with flow-through aquaria to determine the effect of 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the burrowing activity of sand lance. In one experiment, sand lance were 

exposed to clean sand & clean water, clean sand & oiled water, oiled sand & clean water, or oiled water & 

oiled sand; nominal oil in sand was 1000 ppm. In the second experiment, sand lance were exposed to 

clean water & oiled sand at either 100, 1000, or 10,000 ppm oil. Measured total hydrocarbon and 

monoaromatic concentrations in sand and water and length and wet weight of sand lance. Sand lance 

activity was observed hourly for 4 da. 

Peckol, P., S. C. Levings, S. D. Garrity, 1990. Kelp response following the World Prodigy oil spill. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:473-476. 

Keywords: algae/ chlorophyll/ condition/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ kelp/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Osix/ pigment/ procedure/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ species/ spill/ subtidal 

Notes: Growth experiments on two species of subtidal kelp were performed in West Cove, Rhode Island, 

USA during 1985-87. After the World Prodigy spill (No. 2 fuel oil) in June 1989, the procedures were 

repeated in July 1989. Kelp were anchored in position for 2 wks. Kelp were assessed for condition at the 

beginning and end of the study. Measured growth and the pigments chlorophyll a & c and fucoxanthin. 

Pelletier, E., R. Siron, 1999. Silicone-based polymers as oil spill treatment agents. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 18:813-818. 

Keywords: beach/ bivalve/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ polymer/ recovery/ rocky shore/ salt water/ 

sand/ shell/ silicone/ spill/ spill response/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: An experimental testing of the ability of silicone-based polymers to encapsulate and solidify 

petroleum spills. Tested on three surfaces; rough (rocks and bivalve shells), beach sand, and open 

water. Discusses chemical reactions, recovering efficiency, properties and environmental considerations, 

toxicological properties, and limitations of use. 

Pellitier, E., S. Ouellet, M. Paquet, 1991. Long-term chemical and cytochemical assessment of oil 

contamination in estuarine intertidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:273-281. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ cell/ concentration/ 

degradation/ estuarine/ estuary/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ 

long-term/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oil/ sediment/ spill/ time/ tissue 

Notes: Samples of mussels and intertidal sediment were collected 4/86, 5/86, 6/86, 7/86, 10/86, 4/87, 

9/87, and 4/89 at two sites along the St. Lawrence Estuary affected by the December1985 grounding of 

the barge Point-Levis. Collections were also made a reference site 50 km upstream (Matane River) of the 

spill area. Measured concentrations of n-alkanes and selected aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and 

mussel tissue, and lysosomal hexosaminidase in digestive cells of mussels. 

Pena-Mendez, E. Ma., Ma. S. Astorga-Espana, F. J. Garcia-Montelongo, 2001. Chemical fingerprinting 

applied to the evaluation of marine oil pollution in the coasts of Canary Islands (Spain). Environmental 

Pollution 111:177-187. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Canary Islands/ coast/ evaluation/ fingerprinting/ 

hydrocarbons/ limpet/ oil/ Onine/ PAH/ pollution/ salt water/ Spain/ species/ technical/ tissue 

Notes: Two limpet species were sampled at three sites on the southeast coast of Tenerife, Canary 

Islands for a 3-yr period. Limpet tissue was analyzed for alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons to establish 

pattern recognition. Total alkanes and PAHs were compared to data from other studies at the Canary 

261 
Islands and at sites throughout the world. Principal components analysis was performed on alkanes and 

PAHs of both species. 

Pena-Vazquez, E., J. Villanueva-Alonso, A. Bermejo-Barrera, P. Bermejo-Barrera, 2006. Arsenic and 

antimony distribution in the Ria de Arousa: before and after the Prestige oil tanker sinking. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring 8:641-648. 

Keywords: concentration/ distribution/ estuary/ fuel oil/ metals/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

oil spill/ river/ salt water/ Spain/ spill/ tanker/ time/ water/ water column 

Notes: Water samples were collected at 22 sites in the lower Ria de Arousa (Spain) and at 10 sites in the 

upper Ria de Arousa and associated rivers before and after the Prestige oil spill. Water was collected at 

the surface, mid-depth, and near the bottom. Samples were analyzed for As and Sb concentrations. 

Pena, E., J. E. Conde, F. G. Montelongo, 1996. Evaluation of Osilinus attratus as a bioindicator 

organism to monitor oil pollution in the Canary Islands. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 31:444-452. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioindicator/ Canary Islands/ coast/ evaluation/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ 

salt water/ species/ winkle 

Notes: Evaluation of a marine winkle as a species suitable for monitoring petroleum pollution. Collected 

samples from three locations along the coast of Tenerife (Canary Islands) during 1990-91 and analyzed 

them for n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Pendoley, K., 1992. Hydrocarbons in Rowley Shelf (Western Australia) oysters and sediments. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 24:210-225. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

offshore/ Ofour/ oil field/ oyster/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Determination of baseline hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments and oysters of the Rowley 

Shelf of Western Australia prior to the initiation of drilling in several offshore oilfields. Collected oysters 

from 8 sites and sediments from 11 sites in 1986 and 1988. Analyzed sediments and oysters for nalkanes and aromatics. 

Penn, T., T. Tomasi, 2002. Calculating resource restoration for an oil discharge in Lake Barre, Louisiana, 

USA. Environmental Management 29:691-702. 

Keywords: crude oil/ damage assessment/ Louisiana/ miscellaneous/ natural resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

pipeline/ restoration/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A Texaco pipeline rupture in May 1997 discharged crude oil into Lake Barre, LA. This is a report 

of a cooperative (trustees and Texaco) natural resource damage assessment and restoration proposal for 

the spill. Emphasis is on the quantitative determination of compensatory restoration. 

Percy, J. A., 1976. Responses of Arctic marine crustaceans to crude oil and oil-tainted food. 

Environmental Pollution 10:155-162. 

Keywords: activity/ amphipod/ Arctic/ avoidance/ behavior/ crude oil/ crustacean/ experiment/ feeding/ 

food/ isopod/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ salt water/ static/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the behavioral response of two marine amphipods and one marine isopod to three 

crude oils and oil-tainted food in static laboratory experiments. Determined the avoidance of fresh or 

weathered crude oil and the effect of pre-exposure on avoidance by measuring the occurrence of 

crustaceans in the vicinity of "oil zones". Determined feeding response to tainted food by measuring 

feeding activity on oiled and unoiled food. 

Percy, J. A., T. C. Mullin, 1977. Effects of crude oil on the locomotory activity of Arctic marine 

invertebrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:35-40. 

Keywords: activity/ amphipod/ Arctic/ behavior/ coelenterate/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ 

effects/ evaluation/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ movement/ Ofour/ oil/ recovery/ salt water/ shortterm 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of exposure to crude oils on the water movement of a marine amphipod 

and a marine coelenterate. Crustaceans were exposed for 24 hrs to either of three concentrations of 

262 
seawater dispersions of three crude oils. Locomotor activity after exposure was measured and scored. 

One assessment was done after a 24 hr recovery period. The coelenterate was also used in a short-term 

evaluation of activity inhibition wherein observations were made hourly for 6 hrs. 

Percy, J. A., 1977. Responses of Arctic marine benthic crustaceans to sediments contaminated with 

crude oil. Environmental Pollution 13:1-10. 

Keywords: amphipod/ Arctic/ behavior/ benthic/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ 

distribution/ isopod/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the behavioral responses to oiled sediment of several marine amphipod and 

isopod species. Sediments were contaminated with four different concentrations of four crude oils (16 

combinations). Crustaceans were offered contaminated and clean sediment for 1 or 2 hr, followed by a 

count of the distribution of individuals. 

Pereira, M. G., S. M. Mudge, J. Latchford, 2003. Vegetable oil spills on salt marsh sediments; 

comparison between sunflower and linseed oils. Marine Environmental Research 56:367-385. 

Keywords: aerobic/ anaerobic/ bacteria/ depth/ England/ fatty acids/ lipid/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ 

pH/ redox potential/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ spill/ sulfate/ temperature/ time/ vegetable 

oil 

Notes: A simulated spill of sunflower and linseed oils was performed in a small area of salt marsh in 

southwest England over a period of 6 mos. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were measured in 

sediment cores down to 30 cm on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 180 for temperature, 0, 21, and 180 for 

pH, and 0, 3, and 180 for redox. Lipids and fatty acids were measured on all sampling days. Measured 

the amount of heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria through day 60, and the amount of oil 

degrading aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria through day 180. Compared the 

results for the two types of vegetable oils. 

Pereira, M. G., S. M. Mudge, 2004. Cleaning oiled shores: laboratory experiments testing the potential 

use of vegetable oil biodiesels. Chemosphere 54:297-304. 

Keywords: beach/ cleaning/ crude oil/ experiment/ gravel/ mesocosm/ microcosm/ Oeleven/ oil/ oiled/ 

petroleum/ remediation/ salt water/ sand/ shoreline/ vegetable oil/ weathered 

Notes: A series of laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the potential of vegetable oil 

biodiesels for cleaning petroleum-contaminated shorelines. Batch experiments employed fine sand, 

weathered light Brent crude oil, five volumes of soybean biodiesel and two volumes of waste cooking oil 

biodiesel. Microcosm experiments employed fine beach sand, unweathered light Brent crude oil, and 

three volumes of rapeseed biodiesel; water was added to simulate tides and the resultant runoff water 

was sampled on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 14. Mesocosm experiments employed either cobbles, gravel, 

coarse sand, or fine sand; weathered light Enterprise crude oil, and one volume of soybean biodiesel. 

Water was periodically added to simulate tidal flushing and the resultant runoff was sampled on days 0, 1, 

2, 3, 4, and 14. Runoff water was analyzed for petroleum and biodiesel compounds (gravimetrically). 

Perkins, J. S., 1983. Oiled Magellanic penguins in Golfo San Jose, Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

14:383-387. 

Keywords: Argentina/ bird/ coast/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ reproduction/ salt water 

Notes: Report of oiled Magellanic penguins on the coast of Argentina. 

Perrollaz, D. C. and J. A. Rash 1990. Analysis of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) fur for crude oil 

contamination. Pages 82-87 in International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, 21. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ chromatography/ crude oil/ fur/ mammal/ oil/ Otwo/ procedure/ Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ otter 

Notes: Description of a procedure using thin layer chromatography and fur for identifying sea otters that 

have come in contact with spilled oil. 

Perry, M. C., F. Ferrigno, F. H. Settle, 1978. Rehabilitation of birds oiled on two mid-Atlantic estuaries. 

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 

32:318-325. 

Keywords: bird/ Chesapeake/ Delaware/ estuary/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ rehabilitation/ review/ salt 

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water/ spill 

Notes: Review of bird losses from oil spills in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bay estuaries between 

1973-78 and the results of oiled-bird rehabilitation efforts. 

Persad, D., W. Rajkumar, 1995. A synoptic view of the levels of dispersed/dissolved petroleum 

hydrocarbons (DDPH) and heavy metals in the south-eastern Caribbean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

30:487-489. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Caribbean/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Trinidad 

Notes: Surface water samples were collected on two cruises (1991, 1993) north of Trinidad. The water 

from one cruise (13 stations) was analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Peso-Aguiar, M. C., D. H. Smith, R. C. F. Assis, L. M. Santa-Isabel, S. Peixinho, E. P. Gouveia, T. C. 

A. Almeida, W. S. Anadrade, C. R. G. Carqueija, F. Kelmo, G. Carrozzo, C. V. Rodrigues, G. C. 

Carvalho, A. C. S. Jesus, 2000. Effects of petroleum and its deriviatives in benthic communities at Baia 

de Todos os Santos/Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 

3:459-470. 

Keywords: analysis/ benthic/ Brazil/ carbon/ chemical analysis/ community/ concentration/ diversity/ 

effects/ index/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ metals/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum/ refinery/ salt 

water/ sediment/ time/ transport/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: A bay heavily affected by petroleum extraction, refining, and transport was subjected to an 

assessment of benthic invertebrates. Sediment samples were collected from the upper, middle, and 

lower zones of the intertidal area on a quarterly basis for 2 years. Invertebrates were identified and 

quantified; diversity and community metrics were utilized in the analysis. The results were compared to 

concentrations of metals, n-alkanes, PAHs, and the unresolved complex mixture, as well as the carbon 

preference index. The chemical analyses were performed in a previous study. 

Peteiro, L. G., J. M. F. Babarro, U. Labarta, M. J. Fernandez-Reiriz, 2006. Growth of Mytilus 

galloprovincialis after the Prestige oil spill. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:1005-1013. 

Keywords: bivalve/ Bunker C/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ harvest/ length/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ seed/ shell/ Spain/ spill/ time/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Seed mussels from three locations along the Galacian coastline of northwest Spain (Prestige 

Bunker C fuel oil spill of Nov 2002) were used in a growth experiment covering the entire period from 

seed establishment to harvest (Feb 2003 - Feb 2004). Mussels sampled monthly. Measured shell length 

and tissue weight. 

Peters, E. C., P. A. Meyers, P. P. Yevich, N. J. Blake, 1981. Bioaccumulation and histopathological 

effects of oil on a stony coral. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:333-339. 

 Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ assay/ colony/ coral/ depuration/ effects/ flow-through/ fuel oil/ 

gonads/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ ova/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sperm/ 

tissue 

Notes: Determination of hydrocarbon accumulation in corals exposed to either 0.1 or 0.5 ppm wateraccomodated fractions (WAF) of No. 2 fuel oil in a flow-through assay. Corals were exposed for 12 wks; 

some colonies were exposed for 10 wks followed by 2 wks of depuration. Corals were sampled for tissue 

hydrocarbon analysis before, during, and after exposure. Also, examined corals at 2-wk intervals for 

tissue atrophy and presence of gonads, ova, or sperm. 

Petersen, S. P., B. Kruse, K. Jensen, 1991. Degradation of low toxicity drilling mud base oil in sediment 

cores. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:452-455. 

Keywords: alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ concentration/ degradation/ Denmark/ drilling mud/ 

hydrocarbons/ microbes/ offshore/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ 

time/ total hydrocarbons/ toxicity 

Notes: Sediment cores from the offshore sea floor (Denmark) were used in a laboratory assessment of 

the biodegradability of drilling mud in surface sediments. Surface sediment was mixed with drilling mud 

and incubated for 66 da. Sampled the sediments five times during the study and analyzed for total 

264 
petroleum hydrocarbons, four individual alkanes, redox profile, and concentrations of oil degrading 

bacteria. 

Peterson, C. H., L. L. McDonald, R. H. Green, W. P. Erickson, 2001. Sampling design begets 

conclusions: the statistical basis for detection of injury to and recovery of shoreline communities after the 

'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210:255-283. 

Keywords: Alaska/ community/ detection/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ Gulf of Alaska/ habitat/ injury/ intertidal/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ review/ salt water/ sampling/ shoreline/ spill/ statistics/ 

technical 

Notes: A review of the sampling designs and statistical analyses employed in four studies of the effects 

on intertidal biota of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Evaluated the Shoreline 

Ecology Program (Exxon), the Coastal Habitat Injury Assessment (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee 

Council), the Gulf of Alaska study (Exxon), and the NOAA Hazmat study. 

Peterson, C. H., S. D. Rice, J. W. Short, D. Esler, J. L. Bodkin, B. E. Ballachey, D. B. Irons, 2003. 

Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Science 302:2082-2086. 

Keywords: ecosystem/ Exxon Valdez/ general effect/ long-term/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ 

population/ Prince William Sound/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of the response of the Prince William Sound ecosystem to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Sections on acute-phase mortality, persistence of the oil, long-term population impacts, and implications 

of changing paradigms of oil ecotoxicity. 

Pezeshki, S. R., R. D. Delaune, 1993. Effect of crude oil on gas exchange functions of Juncus 

roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 68:461-468. 

Keywords: crude oil/ experiment/ growth/ Juncus/ leaves/ marine plant/ oil/ oiled/ Osix/ photosynthesis/ 

plant/ salt water/ Spartina/ species/ wetland 

Notes: Two coastal wetland plant species were exposed to Mexican Sour crude oil in a pair of 

experiments. In the first experiment, potted plants were immersed in an oil and water mixture for 4 hrs, 

then transferred to a growth chamber. Net photosynthesis was measured on partially-oiled leaves twice a 

day for 4.5 wks. In the second experiment, the entire plant was submerged in the oily water, then 

transferred to a growth chamber for the same measurements of net photosynthesis. The number of new 

shoots and the height of the new shoots also was determined. 

Pezeshki, S. R., A. Jugsujinda, R. D. Delaune, 1998. Responses of selected U.S. Gulf Coast marsh 

macrophyte species to oiling and commercial cleaners. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 107:185-195. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ cleaning/ coast/ conductance/ Corexit 9580/ crude oil/ dispersant/ 

effectiveness/ evaluation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ macrophyte/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oiled/ 

photosynthesis/ plant/ respiration/ salt water/ shoreline/ South Louisiana crude oil/ species 

Notes: Evaluation of the effectiveness of a shoreline cleaner (Corexit 9580) in removing crude oil from 

three species of Gulf Coast (USA) macrophytes. Plants were subjected to cleaner only, South Louisiana 

crude oil only, Arabian medium crude oil only, or crude oils followed by cleaning 2 da later with cleaner. 

Measured stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and respiration. 

Pezeshki, S. R., M. W. Hester, Q. Lin, J. A. Nyman, 2000. The effects of oil spill and clean-up on 

dominant US Gulf coast marsh macrophytes: a review. Environmental Pollution 108:129-139. 

Keywords: activity/ cleaning/ coast/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ leaves/ macrophyte/ marine 

plant/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ soil/ spill/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum spills and clean-up methods on Gulf Coast (USA) wetland 

macrophytes. Discussion sections deal with physically induced effects, chemically induced effects, 

fouling of leaves versus fouling of soils, seasonality, inter- and intraspecies sensitivity to oil, effects of 

clean-up activities on vegetation, and indirect effects. 

Pezeshki, S. R., R. D. Delaune, A. Jugsujinda, 2001. The effects of crude oil and the effectiveness of 

cleaner application following oiling on US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh plants. Environmental Pollution 

112:483-489. 

Keywords: biomass/ carbon/ carbon fixation/ cleaning/ conductance/ Corexit 9580/ crude oil/ dispersant/ 

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effectiveness/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ growth/ Gulf of Mexico/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ Mexico/ ODsix/ oil/ oiled/ petroleum/ plant/ Sagittaria/ salt water/ 

seasonal/ South Louisiana crude oil/ Spartina/ time/ transpiration/ treatment/ vegetation/ wetland 

Notes: An assessment of the efficacy of a petroleum chemical dispersant in fresh and brackish water 

wetlands. Plots containing either saltwater vegetation (Spartina patens) or freshwater vegetation 

(Sagittaria lancifolia) were treated with South Louisiana crude oil only, crude oil plus Corexit 9580 2 da 

after oiling, or no treatment. Measured stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthetic carbon 

fixation at 4, 8, and 12 wks post-treatment for Spartina and at 2, 6, 8, and 12 wks for Sagittaria. Also, the 

number of live and dead plants, new shoots, and plant height were measured at unspecified intervals (but 

not at the beginning of the experiment). Above-ground biomass was measured at the end of the first 

growing season for Spartina and at the end of the second growing season for Sagittaria. 

Pfeiffer, C. J., L. V. Sharova, L. Gray, 2000. Functional and ultrastructural cell pathology induced by fuel 

oil in cultured dolphin renal cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47:210-217. 

Keywords: apoptosis/ Atlantic/ cell/ dolphin/ fuel oil/ mammal/ No.1 fuel oil/ oil/ Otwo/ pathology/ rate/ salt 

water/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of No. 1 fuel oil on renal cells derived from the Atlantic spotted dolphin. 

Cells were exposed to 1.5, 4.7, 15, 30, or 150 ppm fuel oil mixtures for 12 hrs. Measured survival, 

extracellular acidification, cell cycle phases, and rate of apoptosis. 

Phillips, C., J. Clayton, J. Evans, W. Hom, 1998. Evidence for long-range transport of a low to medium 

molecular-weight petroleum product off central California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

17:1662-1672. 

Keywords: alkane/ California/ crude oil/ evaluation/ isoprenoid/ offshore/ Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum products/ salt water/ sediment/ sterane/ suspended sediment/ technical/ terpane/ transport 

Notes: Evaluation of possible long-range transport of a refined petroleum product used as a diluent in 

onshore platforms in Southern California. Suspended sediments from offshore areas analyzed for normal 

alkanes, isoprenoids, PAHs, terpanes, and steranes. Principal components analyzis used on data. 

Phillips, D. J. H., B. J. Richardson, A. P. Murray, J. G. Fabris, 1992. Trace metals, organochlorines 

and hydrocarbons in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria: a historical review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:200-217. 

Keywords: Australia/ history/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organochlorines/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ review/ salt water/ sources/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: This review paper contains a section on petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in Port Phillip Bay, 

Australia beginning with studies in the 1970s. Information on various sources of hydrocarbons with 

emphasis on total hydrocarbons and PAHs. 

Phillips, J., 1974. Oiled seabirds successfully cleaning their plumage. British Birds 67:483. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ England/ gull/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ salt water 

Notes: Report of the oiling and subsequent cleaning of an oiled Bonaparte's gull on coastal England. 

Letter written to the journal in response to a previously published article on the same subject. 

Piatt, J. F., C. J. Lensink, 1989. Exxon Valdez bird toll. Nature 342:865-866. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ Exxon Valdez/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: Early report on the estimation of bird losses from the Exxon Valdez oil spill and their population 

consequences. 

Piatt, J. F., C. J. Lensink, W. Butler, M. Kendziorek, D. R. Nysewander, 1990. Immediate impact of the 

'Exxon Valdez' oil spill on marine birds. Auk 107:387-397. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ Exxon Valdez/ marine birds/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Early assessment of the losses of seabirds from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. 

Piatt, J. F., H. R. Carter, and D. N. Nettleship 1991. Effects of oil pollution on marine bird populations. 

Pages 125-141 in J. White, L. Frink, T. M. Williams, and R. W. Davis, editors. The Effects of Oil on 

Wildlife. The Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. 

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Keywords: bird/ effects/ history/ marine birds/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of oil pollution on marine bird populations; discussion of the difficulties of 

association between spills and population status and presentation of several case histories. 

Piatt, J. F., T. I. Van Pelt, 1997. Mass-mortality of guillemots (Uria aalge) in the Gulf of Alaska in 1993. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:656-662. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ carcass/ estimate/ experiment/ guillemot/ Gulf of Alaska/ numbers/ Oone/ 

persistence/ population/ salt water/ starvation 

Notes: Report of large die-off of guillemots in the Gulf of Alaska during the first half of 1993. Carcass 

deposition and persistence experiments used to estimate true numbers of dead birds. Discussion of 

possible causes of deaths and comparisons made to other reports of large-scale seabird losses. 

Piehler, M. F., J. G. Swistak, J. L. Pinckney, H. W. Paerl, 1997. Sub-lethal effects of coastal petroleum 

pollution on Spartina alterniflora stem epiphytes. Chemosphere 35:2665-2674. 

Keywords: chlorophyll/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ long-term/ marine plant/ Osix/ 

petroleum/ pollution/ productivity/ salt water/ short-term/ Spartina/ sublethal/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of diesel fuel on stem epiphytes of Spartina alternaflora. Portions of field-collected stems 

were subjected to either short-term (3 hr) or long-term (48 hr) exposure to varying concentrations (87-

17,400 ppm short-term, 0.87-435 ppm long-term) of weathered diesel fuel. Measured N2 fixation, primary 

productivity, and chlorophyll a concentrations. 

Piehler, M. F., J. G. Swistak, J. L. Pinckney, H. W. Paerl, 1999. Stimulation of diesel fuel 

biodegradation by indigenous nitrogen fixing bacterial consortia. Microbial Ecology 38:69-78. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ carbon/ community/ concentration/ corn/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ experiment/ marina/ mesocosm/ microbes/ Microtox/ nitrogen/ organic carbon/ Oten/ particulate/ 

population/ productivity/ remediation/ salt water/ structure/ toxicity 

Notes: A determination of the utility of particulate organic carbon enhancement as a method of nitrogen 

enhancement for microbial remediation of waters contaminated by diesel fuel. Water collected at a 

marina and a non-marina site on Bogue Sound, North Carolina was used in laboratory and mesocosm 

experiments with four concentrations of diesel fuel and with or without ground corn stalks; duration of the 

experiments was 32 da and 4 wks. Measured biodegradation, N2 fixation, bacterial productivity, bacterial 

abundance, number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, toxicity (Microtox) of the laboratory solutions, and 

the magnitude and structure of the bacterial community adhering to the corn stalk particles via SEM. 

Piehler, M. F., J. S. Maloney, H. W. Paerl, 2002. Bacterioplanktonic abundance, productivity and 

petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in marinas and other coastal waters in North Carolina, USA. 

Marine Environmental Research 54:157-168. 

Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ bioassay/ biodegradation/ community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ incubation/ 

marina/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ productivity/ salt water 

Notes: Seventeen monthly water samples were collected from two marinas and one non-marina site on 

Bogue Sound, North Carolina. Determined total bacterial abundance, number of petroleum hydrocarbon 

degrading bacteria, and hexadecane biodegradation (1-wk incubation). Also performed a bioassay to 

determine the response of the bacterial community to a diesel fuel addition (3-da incubation). Measured 

bacterial abundance, number of hydrocarbon degraders, and bacterial productivity in the bioassay. 

Pierce, V. 1991. The effects of the Arabian Gulf oil spill on wildlife. Pages 370-375 in 1991 Proceedings 

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. AAZV, Calgary, Canada. 

Keywords: activity/ Arabian Gulf/ effects/ environment/ general effect/ Gulf oil spill/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

rehabilitation/ rescue/ salt water/ spill/ war 

Notes: An early report of the effects of the Gulf War oil spill on the environment. Descriptions of activities 

at the Saudi wildlife rescue center, general effects on the environment, and effects on wildlife. 

Pierce, V. 1991. Pathology of wildlife following a #2 fuel oil spill. Pages 58-66 in J. White and L. Frink, 

editors. The Effects of Oil on Wildlife. The Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. 

Keywords: bird/ condition/ effects/ fuel oil/ necropsy/ New Jersey/ New York/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oone/ pathology/ salt water/ species/ spill/ technical 

267 
Notes: Results of the necropsy of birds killed in the No. 2 fuel oil spill between NJ and NY in 1990. Also, 

technical guidance for others who have to perform necropsies under such conditions. 

Pineiro, M. E. A., M. A. L. Yusty, S. T. C. Gonzalez-Barros, J. S. Lozano, 1996. Aliphatic hydrocarbon 

levels in turbot and salmon farmed close to the site of the Aegean Sea oil spill. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 57:811-815. 

Keywords: Aegean Sea/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ 

organoleptic/ Othree/ salmon/ salt water/ sampling/ spill/ turbot 

Notes: Presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons in turbot and salmon from fish farms located close to the site 

of the Aegean Sea oil spill; sampling done over a two-year period, organoleptic results also reported. 

Plante-Cuny, M. R., C. Salen-Picard, C. Grenz, R. Plante, E. Alliot, C. Barranguet, 1993. Experimental 

field study of the effects of crude oil, drill cuttings and natural biodeposits on microphyto- and 

macrozoobenthic communities in a Mediterranean area. Marine Biology 117:355-366. 

Keywords: amino acids/ ammonium/ Arabian Light crude oil/ chlorophyll/ coast/ community/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ cuttings/ density/ effects/ experiment/ feces/ France/ general effect/ intertidal/ 

invertebrate/ light/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Mediterranean/ mesocosm/ 

microalgae/ mussel/ Oeight/ oil/ oxygen/ pigment/ population/ pore water/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ 

treatment 

Notes: Four experimenal 'in situ' mesocosms were established in the intertidal zone of a shallow bay 

along the Mediterranean coast of France. Treatments were enclosed control, unenclosed control, 

Arabian light crude oil, drill cuttings, and biological deposits (feces and pseudofeces of mussels). The 

experiment began in July and lasted until May of the next year. Measured ammonium and oxygen fluxes 

at the sediment surface, organic matter and amino acids in pore water, chlorophyll a and degraded 

pigment concentrations in sediment, microphytic concentrations in sediment, and macrobenthic density. 

Platt, H. M., 1978. Assessment of the macrobenthos in an Antarctic environment following recent 

pollution abatement. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:149-153. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ benthic/ biomass/ carbon/ chlorophyll/ effects/ environment/ fuel oil/ general effect/ 

grain/ marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ whale 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of pollution (whale byproducts, fuel oil) in an Antarctic cove used as a 

whaling station from 1904 to 1965. Collected sediment samples from seven sites. Measured sediment 

characteristics (type, grain size, carbon content, total chlorophyll a and metabolized pigment) and 

identified and quantified the benthic fauna. Compared the benthic biomass data with other cold water 

locations. 

Plaza, G., G. Nalecz-Jawecki, K. Ulfig, R. L. Brigmon, 2005. Assessment of genotoxic activity of 

petroleum hydrocarbon-bioremediated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62:415-420. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ bioremediation/ carbon/ cations/ depth/ fertilizer/ 

genotoxic/ hydrocarbons/ ions/ metals/ microbes/ organic/ organic carbon/ Oten/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ refinery/ soil/ surfactant 

Notes: An engineered biopile of refinery sludge was bioremediated for 4 years. Mineral fertilizers and a 

surfactant were added and half of the pile was actively aerated. The biopile was annually sampled at 23 

locations and two depths. Samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons, nonpolar 

hydrocarbons, total petroleum organic carbon, polar aliphatics, total PAHs, 16 priority PAHs, selected 

ions and cations, metals, and several other physiochemical properties. Microbial activity was measured 

according to dehydrogenase activity. Two genotoxicity assays (SOS chromotest, umu test), with and 

without S9 activation, were employed after 4 years. 

Pochop, P. A., J. L. Cummings, J. E. Steuber, C. A. Yoder, 1998. Effectiveness of several oils to 

reduce hatchability of chicken eggs. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:395-398. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ corn/ corn oil/ effectiveness/ eggs/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mineral 

oil/ oil/ Oone/ vegetable oil 

Notes: A test of the effectiveness of six oils in preventing hatching of chicken eggs. Compared castor oil, 

corn oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and white mineral oil at 5 or 16 days of incubation. 

Measured hatching success. 

268 
Pokarzhevskii, A. D., O. A. Goryachev, Z. V. Filimonova, Z. N. Pushnikova, 2003. Toxic effects of 

crude oil-saturated soils on the survival and reproduction of the enchytraeid Enchytraeus cryptius in a 

short term testing experiment. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12:844-847. 

Keywords: crude oil/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil field/ reproduction/ short-term/ soil/ 

survival 

Notes: Soil contaminated by crude oil in an oil field was used in a laboratory exposure study using 

earthworms. Worms were exposed for 4 wks to either artificial soil or one of six dilutions of the 

contaminated soil. Measured survival and reproduction. 

Pollard, S. J. T., M. Whittaker, G. C. Risden, 1999. The fate of heavy oil wastes in soil microcosms I: a 

performance assessment of biotransformation indices. Science of the Total Environment 226:1-22. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biotransformation/ crude oil/ evaluation/ fate/ fuel oil/ 

incubation/ microcosm/ Nigerian crude oil/ No.6 fuel oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ saturated 

hydrocarbons/ soil/ technical 

Notes: An evaluation of seven indices of biotransformation of petroleum in soil microcosms. Nigerian 

crude oil, blended ballast oil, and No. 6 fuel oil were mixed with soil and nutrients to stimulate microbial 

activity; microcosm incubation lasted for 9 mos. Sampled soil at days 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 

days and analyzed for selected saturates and aromatics; then calculated indices. 

Pollard, S. J. T., J. G. Farmer, D. M. Knight, P. J. Young, 2002. Matrix effects in applying mono- and 

polyclonal ELISA systems to the analysis of weathered oils in contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution 

117:5-8. 

Keywords: analysis/ effects/ immune response/ methods/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ soil/ technical/ 

weathered 

Notes: A comparison of the ability of mono- and polyclonal ELISA systems to determine the amount of 

solvent extractable matter in soils containing weathered petroleum. Contaminated soils from five areas of 

a former combined steelworks and coke production facility were collected. Within each site, samples 

were collected from 'high', 'medium', and 'low' soil contamination. 

Pollet, I., L. Bendell-Young, 2000. Amphibians as indicators of wetland quality in wetlands formed from 

oil sands effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:2589-2597. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ Alberta/ amphibian/ biomass/ Canada/ development/ effluent/ fresh water/ frog/ 

indicator/ oil/ oil sands/ OthreeA/ population/ sand/ sources/ survival/ tadpole/ wetland 

Notes: Water of five wetlands from the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada were evaluated for their abilility 

to support amphibians. Tadpoles of the boreal toad were exposed to waters of four of the wetlands for 96 

hrs; measured survival, development, and biomass change. Wood frog tadpoles from three different 

source populations were exposed to waters of all five wetlands for 28 da; measured survival, 

development (including deformities), and biomass change. 

Pollino, C. A., D. A. Holdway, 2002. Toxicity testing of crude oil and related compounds using early life 

stages of the crimson-spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety 52:180-189. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ embryo/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ 

hatchability/ larvae/ naphthalene/ ODthree/ oil/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: A large set of laboratory experiments dealing with the effects of crude oil, two chemical 

dispersants, dispersant-oil mixtures, and naphthalene on embryos and larvae of the crimson-spotted 

rainbowfish. Established an exposure series for each substance and ran the exposures for 96 hr. 

Determined hatchability, survival, and developmental abnormalities, and calculated LC50s. 

Ponat, A., 1988. Effects of water soluble crude oil fractions on cirral beat frequency in Balanus 

balanoides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:759-764. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ assay/ barnacle/ behavior/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ feeding/ marine 

invertebrate/ North Sea/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ Saudi Arabian crude oil/ solubility/ static 

Notes: Determination of the effect of one concentration of water-soluble fraction of either Venezuelan or 

Saudi Arabian crude oil on the cirral beat frequencey of a North Sea barnacle. Barnacles were exposed 

269 
for 3 hrs in a static assay and then transferred to clean sea water for up to 5 da. Cirral beats counted 

before, during, and after exposure. 

Pontasch, K. W., M. A. Brusven, 1988. Diversity and community comparison indices: assessing 

macroinvertebrate recovery following a gasoline spill. Water Research 22:619-626. 

Keywords: community/ creek/ diversity/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gasoline/ 

macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ recovery/ spill 

Notes: Effects of a gasoline spill on macroinvertebrates in Woldl Lodge Creek, ID. Two diversity indices 

and seven community comparison indices were used over a 16-month period to compare the spill site 

with reference areas. 

Poremba, K., 1993. Influence of synthetic and biogenic surfactants on the toxicity of water-soluble 

fractions of hydrocarbons in sea water determined with the bioluminescence inhibition test. Environmental 

Pollution 80:25-29. 

Keywords: biogenic/ bioluminescence/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Ekofisk crude oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Microtox/ naphthalene/ ODfour/ oil/ phenol/ salt water/ surfactant/ 

toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Determined the effect of three biogenic and three synthetic surfactants on the toxicity of the 

water-soluble fractions of Ekofisk crude oil (weathered and unweathered), phenol, and naphthalene. 

Measured the concentration of naphthalene in water and the inhibition of microbial bioluminescence 

(Microtox test). 

Porte, C., X. Biosca, D. Pastor, M. Sole, J. Albaiges, 2000. The Aegean Sea oil spill. 2. Temporal study 

of the hydrocarbons accumulation in bivalves. Environmental Science and Technology 34:5067-5075. 

Keywords: accumulation/ Aegean Sea/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ crude oil/ cycloalkane/ 

hydrocarbons/ light/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ salt water/ sources/ Spain/ species/ 

spill/ sterane/ time/ tissue/ triterpane 

Notes: A temporal assessment of the hydrocarbon content of bivalves affected by the 1992 grounding of 

the Aegean Sea (light crude oil) off the Galacia coast of Spain. Four species of bivalves were collected 3, 

6, 9, 12, and 34 mos after the spill. Soft tissue was analyzed for aliphatics, PAHs, and conserved 

cycloalkanes (triterpanes, steranes) used as source markers. 

Posthuma, J., 1977. The composition of petroleum. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil 

International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 171:7-16. 

Keywords: composition/ crude oil/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ technical/ treatment 

Notes: A very readable treatment of a difficult subject. The author covers the basics of petroleum 

composition and the subsurface formation of crude oil. 

Potter, D., E. D. Booth, H. C. A. Brandt, R. W. Loose, R. A. J. Priston, A. S. Wright, W. P. Watson, 

1999. Studies on the dermal and systemic bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic compounds in high 

viscosity oil products. Archives of Toxicology 73:129-140. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzo[a]pyrene/ blood/ DNA/ humans/ mammal/ miscellaneous/ 

mouse/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ skin/ uptake/ viscosity 

Notes: An assessment of the effect of viscosity on the uptake of hazardous components of petroleum 

products. Applied nine petroleum products of varying viscosity in either of two quantities to the bare skin 

of laboratory mice and in vitro human skin; exposure was maintained for 6 hrs. Petroleum products 

contained 14C-labelled benzo(a)pyrene. Measured benzo(a)pyrene in mouse and human skin DNA and 

mouse blood. 

Poulton, B. C., S. E. Finger, S. A. Humphrey, 1997. Effects of a crude oil spill on the benthic 

invertebrate community in the Gasconade river, Missouri. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 33:268-276. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Missouri/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Effects of a crude oil spill (pipeline rupture) on the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the 

270 
Gasconade River in Missouri. Study began several months after the spill and ended 18 mos after the 

spill. Sampled invertebrates, calculated community and diversity indices, and measured total petroleum 

hydrocarbons in sediments. 

Poulton, B. C., E. V. Callahan, R. D. Hurtubise, B. G. Mueller, 1998. Effects of an oil spill on leafpackinhabiting macroinvertebrates in the Chariton River, Missouri. Environmental Pollution 99:115-122. 

Keywords: benthic/ crude oil/ density/ diversity/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

leaves/ macroinvertebrate/ Missouri/ Ofive/ oil/ oil spill/ pipeline/ species/ spill/ stream 

Notes: Evaluation of a crude oil spill from a ruptured pipeline on the Chariton River, Missouri 1 yr after the 

spill. Artificial leaf packs composed of leaves from five species of trees were placed at two sites upstream 

and three sites downstream of the spill 1 mo and 13 mos after the spill. Measured six benthic metrics and 

the density and taxa richness for four functional groups (collectors, predators, scrapers, shredders). 

Prasad, M. S., 1988. Sensitivity of branchial mucous to crude oil toxicity in a freshwater fish, Colisa 

fasciatus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:754-758. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ India/ lethal/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ 

sublethal/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects on the striped gourami of exposure to varying concentrations (lethal and sublethal) of a 

local crude oil; lethal exposure was 2-24 hr, sublethal exposure was 15 da, pathology of gills. 

Prasad, M. S., 1989. Effects of crude oil on the air-breathing organs of the striped gourami, Colisa 

fasciatus : a SEM study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 18:211-218. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ oil/ organ/ Othree/ pathology/ tissue 

Notes: Effect on air breathing organs of the striped gourami of exposure to varying concentrations of 

crude oil; exposure ranged from 12 hr to 15 da, tissue examined by scanning electron microscope. 

Prasad, M. S., 1991. SEM study on the effects of crude oil on the gills and air breathing organs of 

climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47:882-889. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ oil/ organ/ 

Othree/ pathology/ static/ tissue 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of varying concentrations (100-500 ppm) of crude oil on epithelia of gills 

and air breathing organs of the climbing perch. Perch were exposed to solutions in a static bioassay for 

12 hrs to 15 da. Used electron microscopy to examine tissue surface. 

Price, A. R. G., C. P. Mathews, R. W. Ingle, K. Al-rasheed, 1993. Abundance of zooplankton and 

penaeid shrimp larvae in the western Gulf: analysis of pre-war (1991) and post-war data. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 27:273-278. 

Keywords: abundance/ analysis/ density/ Gulf oil spill/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ salt water/ 

sampling/ shrimp/ zooplankton 

Notes: Comparison of densities of zooplankton and penaeid shrimp larvae in 1992 with densities in 1976 

or 1978. All sampling was performed at the same two nearshore sites in the western Gulf of Arabia. 

Price, A. R. G., T. J. Wrathall, P. A. H. Medley, A. H. Al-Moamen, 1993. Broadscale changes in coastal 

ecosystems of the western Gulf following the 1991 Gulf War. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:143-147. 

Keywords: coast/ ecosystem/ estimate/ general effect/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ oil/ pollution/ salt water/ 

survey/ time/ war 

Notes: A generalized rapid assessment of environmental change (flora and fauna) was carried out in 

1991, 6 mo after the end of the Gulf War. Thirty-five of 53 sites along the Saudi Arabian coast surveyed 

in 1986 were repeated for the 1991 survey, and 10 of these were repeated again in 1992. Results are 

compared to estimate the ecological impact of oil pollution from the war. 

Price, A. R. G., 1998. Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal environment and ecosystems: current 

status and future prospects. Environment International 24:91-96. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ coast/ ecosystem/ effects/ environment/ general effect/ Gulf oil spill/ humans/ 

Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ salt water/ spill/ war 

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Notes: Assessment of the status of the Arabian Gulf 5 yrs after the Gulf War oil spill. Comments on the 

effects of the war and contemporary exploitation by humans of the coastal areas. 

Prince, R. C., R. Varadaraj, R. J. Fiocco, R. R. Lessard , 1999. Bioremediation as an oil spill response 

tool. Environmental Technology 20:891-896. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ commentary/ dispersant/ fertilizer/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: A commentary on bioremediation as a method of removing spilled petroleum. Discussion of the 

use of chemical dispersants (Exxon products), shoreline cleaners (Exxon products), and the stimulation of 

shoreline microbial populations with applications of N and P fertilizers. 

Prince, R. C., E. H. Owens, G. A. Sergy, 2002. Weathering of an Arctic oil spill over 20 years: the BIOS 

experiment revisited. Marine Pollution Bulletin 14:1236-1242. 

Keywords: Arctic/ Canada/ crude oil/ degradation/ estimate/ experiment/ gravel/ hopane/ intertidal/ 

microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: A 20-yr assessment of the status of the crude oil used in the 1981 BIOS experiment on Baffin 

Island (Canada). Six samples of surface gravel, subsurface material, oily sediments, and floating oil in a 

small pit were collected from one spill site, and four samples of surface and subsurface intertidal 

sediment were collected from a second site. A conserved hopane marker was used to estimate the 

percent loss of original crude oil. 

Pritchard, P. H., C. F. Costa, 1991. EPA's Alaska oil spill bioremediation project. Environmental Science 

and Technology 25:372-379. 

Keywords: Alaska/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ degradation/ Exxon Valdez/ fertilizer/ 

microbes/ nitrogen/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ phosphorus/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A description of the EPA ORD response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Personnel set up a 

demonstration project on enhanced bioremediation of beached crude oil emphasizing the addition of 

nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. 

Proffitt, C. E., D. J. Devlin, M. Lindsey, 1995. Effects of oil on mangrove seedlings grown under 

different environmental conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:788-793. 

Keywords: condition/ effects/ experiment/ growth/ leaves/ light/ lubricating oil/ mangrove/ marine plant/ 

oil/ Osix/ plant/ salt water/ seedling/ size/ species/ survival 

Notes: Seedlings of two species of mangrove were grown in pots and exposed to fresh lubricating oil. 

Seedlings were exposed to either no oil, a one-time addition of a large amount of oil, or weekly additions 

of a small amount of oil. Duration of the experiment was 58 wks. Half of the plants were kept indoors 

under laboratory lighting and the other half was kept outdoors for 16 wks and then brought into the 

laboratory. Measured survival, stem growth, number of leaves produced, and maximum leaf size. 

Proffitt, C. E., D. J. Devlin, 1998. Are there cumulative effects in red mangroves from oil spills during 

seedling and sapling stages? Ecological Applications 8:121-127. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ crude oil/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mangrove/ marine 

plant/ No.6 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ petroleum/ plant/ previous exposure/ salt water/ seedling/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on red mangrove seedling propagules and saplings of multiple 

exposures to petroleum. Seedling propagules exposed to No. 6 fuel oil, monitored for effects for 34 mos, 

exposed to South Louisiana crude oil, and monitored for another 12 mos. Multiple measures of plant 

growth and comparisons made to evaluate level of exposure and significance of previous exposure to No. 

6 fuel oil. 

Propst, T. L., R. L. Lochmiller, C. W. Qualls, Jr., K. McBee, 1999. In situ (mesocosm) assessment of 

immunotoxicity risks to small mammals inhabiting petrochemical waste sites. Chemosphere 38:1049-

1067. 

Keywords: blood/ cotton rat/ immune response/ lymph node/ mammal/ mesocosm/ Oklahoma/ organ/ 

Otwo/ petroleum waste/ refinery/ risk/ spleen/ weight 

Notes: Wild cotton rats were captured and used in mesocosm studies at three contaminated 

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petrochemical sites and three reference sites in Oklahoma. The 3 m x 3 m mesocosms were used for 8-

week trials in summer and winter, and a 4-week trial was held during another summer. At the end of the 

studies, animals were euthanized, body and organ weights measured, and a blood sample removed. 

Special emphasis was placed on measuring immune organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and immune 

properties of blood. Several tests were preformed to determine immune function. 

Prouse, N. J., D. C. Gordon, Jr., P. D. Keizer, 1976. Effects of low concentrations of oil accommodated 

in sea water on the growth of unialgal marine phytoplankton culture. Journal of the Fisheries Research 

Board of Canada 33:810-818. 

Keywords: algae/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ 

experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Osix/ phytoplankton/ 

salt water/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: A series of 10 experiments to assess the effects of low concentrations of the wateraccommodated fractions of Kuwait and Venezuelan crude oils, and No. 2 fuel oil, to single-species 

cultures of marine phytoplankton. Preliminary tests were performed to determine changes in aromatic 

and and alkane composition in water after 30 min and after 12 da, with and without algae. Multiple trials 

employing varying concentrations of oil were performed for each of the test oils. Duration of trials ranged 

from 9 to 16 da. Measured growth of algal culture and aromatic hydrocarbons in the water at the 

beginning and end of each trial. 

Quintero, S., C. Diaz, 1994. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in fish from the Canary Islands. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 28:44-49. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Canary Islands/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ refinery/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tanker 

Notes: Baseline information on aliphatic hydrocarbons in fish caught at the Canary Islands; a site of 

heavy tanker traffic, several recent oil spills, and an oil refinery. 

Radwan, S., N. Sorkhoh, I. El-Nemr, 1995. Oil biodegradation around roots. Nature 376:302. 

 Keywords: analysis/ biodegradation/ crude oil/ freshwater plant/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ roots/ soil 

Notes: A report of the ability of petroleum tolerant plants to contribute to the biodegradation of oiled soil in 

the Kuwaiti desert. Microorganisms associated with the roots of certain desert and crop plants were 

identified and an analysis of the soil hydrocarbons was performed to determine which classes of 

petroleum hydrocarbons were being preferentially metabolized. 

Radwan, S. S., R. H. Al-Hasan, N. Ali, S. Salamah, M. Khanafer, 2005. Oil-consuming microbial 

consortia floating in the Arabian Gulf. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 56:28-33. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ consumption/ crude oil/ growth/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ 

salt water/ water 

Notes: Picocyanobacteria strains were isolated from the surface waters of the Arabian Gulf and the effect 

of their presence on hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria determined. Four common genera of bacteria were 

related to specific strains of picocyanobacteria. Cultures (24 hr) were used to determine the influence of 

picocyanobacteria on growth and hydrocarbon consumption (C18, phenathrene, crude oil) of hydrocarbonutilizing bacteria. 

Rafferty, D. P., R. L. Lochmiller, S. Kim, C. W. Qualls, J. Schroder, N. Basta, K. McBee, 2000. 

Fluorosis risks to resident hispid cotton rats on land-treatment facilities for petrochemical wastes. Journal 

of Wildlife Diseases 36:636-645. 

Keywords: concentration/ cotton rat/ effects/ female/ fluoride/ fluorosis/ land farming/ lesions/ male/ 

mammal/ metals/ Otwo/ petroleum waste/ plant/ rat/ risk/ seasonal/ soil 

Notes: Three sites formerly used for land-farming wastes from petrochemical plants, and matched 

reference sites, were used to determine the effects of fluorides on cotton rats. Rats were collected during 

winter and summer of 7/95-3/97 during four trapping sessions each season, with 3 wks separating 

seasons. Rats were toe-clipped, sexed, weighed, presence or absence of dental lesions noted, and 

female and male reproductive status noted. Twenty rats were removed from each site and examined 

under magnification for severity of dental lesions. The humeri of each of the twenty rats was analyzed for 

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fluoride, Sr, Pb, Zn, and Ti. Soils from each trapping site were sampled and analyzed for fluoride 

concentrations. 

Rafferty, D. P., R. L. Lochmiller, K. McBee, C. W. Qualls, N. Basta, 2001. Immunotoxicity risks 

associated with land-treatment of petrochemical wastes revealed using an in situ rodent model. 

Environmental Pollution 112:73-87. 

Keywords: adrenal/ blood/ cell/ concentration/ cotton rat/ fresh water/ hemoglobin/ hydrocarbons/ 

immune response/ kidney/ liver/ lymph node/ mammal/ metals/ model/ Oklahoma/ Otwo/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ platelet/ protein/ rat/ red blood cell/ risk/ seasonal/ serum/ soil/ spleen/ treatment 

Notes: Cotton rats were collected during winter and summer from five former petrochemical land 

treatment sites and five matched reference sites in Oklahoma, USA. Twelve rats were collected from 

each site during each season and taken to a laboratory facility. Rats were anesthetized, sampled for 

blood, killed, and processed. Blood was analyzed for white and red blood cell count, platelet count, 

hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular 

hemoglobin concentration, and total serum protein. Peritoneal exudate cells and splenocytes were 

collected and mononuclear lymphocytes were counted in popliteal lymph notes of sacrificed rats. 

Determined phytohemagglutin-hypersensitivity and lymphoproliferative responsiveness of splenocytes. 

Also weighed liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes. Soil samples from each 

site were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons, seven PAHs, and four metals. 

Rahn, H., R. A. Ackerman, C. V. Paganelli, 1977. Humidity in the avian nest and egg water loss during 

incubation. Physiological Zoology 50:269-283. 

Keywords: bird/ eggs/ humidity/ incubation/ nest/ Oone 

Notes: Description of the dynamics of water loss from the avian egg and the relation with nest humidity. 

Rahn, H., C. V. Paganelli, 1990. Gas fluxes in avian eggs: driving forces and the pathway for exchange. 

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 95A:1-15. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ condition/ egg shell/ eggs/ incubation/ movement/ nest/ numbers/ Oone/ 

pores/ review/ shell/ temperature 

Notes: Review of gas movement through avian egg shells; discussion of pore number, egg temperature, 

nest conditions, and incubation behavior. 

Ralph, P. J., M. D. Burchett, 1998. Impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of Halophila ovalis

using chlorophyll fluorescence. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:429-436. 

Keywords: chlorophyll/ combination/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ marine plant/ oil/ 

Osix/ photosynthesis/ pigment/ salt water/ seagrass/ species 

Notes: Exposure of a species of seagrass to three concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Bass 

Strait crude oil, Corexit 9527, and a combination of crude oil and dispersant for 96 hr. Measured 

chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment. 

Ramachandran, S. D., P. V. Hodson, C. W. Khan, K. Lee, 2004. Oil dispersant increases PAH uptake 

by fish exposed to crude oil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 59:300-308. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ fish/ fresh water/ 

juvenile/ liver/ metabolism/ ODthree/ oil/ PAH/ rainbow trout/ static/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: The water-accomodated fractions of three undispersed and chemically-dispersed (Corexit 

EC9500) crude oils were used in 48 hr static (renewed at 24 hr) assays with juvenile rainbow trout. 

Measured EROD activity in liver tissue after the 48 hr exposure. Also measured the concentration in 

water of selected PAH and the total hydrocarbon (aliphatics) concentrations. 

Ramachandran, S. D., M. J. Sweezey, P. V. Hodson, M. Boudreau, S. C. Courtenay, K. Lee, T. King, 

J. A. Dixon, 2006. Influence of salinity and fish species on PAH uptake from dispersed crude oil. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 52:1182-1189. 

Keywords: activity/ concentration/ Corexit 9500/ crude oil/ dispersant/ experiment/ fish/ juvenile/ 

metabolism/ mummichog/ ODthree/ oil/ PAH/ rainbow trout/ salinity/ salt water/ species/ uptake/ water/ 

weathered 

Notes: Juvenile rainbow trout and mummichogs were used in a 48-hr exposure experiment with the 

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water-accomodated fraction of artificially-weathered MESA crude oil and chemically-dispersed (Corexit 

9500) weathered crude oil. Salinity of test water was either 0% or 15% for trout and 15% or 30% for 

mummichog. Measured the hepatic EROD activity at the end of the study. Calculated median effect 

concentrations for EROD induction by fish in the various test groups. 

Ramsay, M. A., R. P. J. Swannell, W. A. Shipton, N. C. Duke, R. T. Hill, 2000. Effect of bioremediation 

on the microbial community in oiled mangrove sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:413-419. 

Keywords: Australia/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ fertilizer/ intertidal/ 

mangrove/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ region/ remediation/ salt water/ sediment/ time/ treatment 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of bioremediation on microbes in the surface sediment of the 

intertidal zone. Nine plots, three each of control, crude oil only, and crude oil plus remediation, were 

located in the mid-tidal region within a mangrove forest of coastal Australia. Remediation consisted of 

aeration and the addition of fertilizer. Sediment samples were collected before treatment, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 

and 12 mos post-treatment, and the bacteria were identified and quantified. 

Randall, R., B. Randall, 1986. The Kapodistrias affair -- another oiling incident affecting seabirds. 

Bokmakierie 38:37-40. 

Keywords: Africa/ bird/ coast/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ South Africa/ 

species 

Notes: An account of the grounding of the Kapodistrias on the coast of South Africa; emphasis on the 

rehabilitation efforts for oiled birds plus general comments on other aspects. 

Randall, R. M., B. M. Randall, J. Bevan, 1980. Oil pollution and penguins -- is cleaning justified? Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 11:234-237. 

Keywords: Africa/ bird/ cleaning/ coast/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ pollution/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ 

South Africa 

Notes: Assessment of the justification for rehabilitating oiled penguins from the coast of South Africa. 

Randolph, R. C., J. T. Hardy, S. W. Fowler, A. R. G. Price, W. H. Pearson, 1998. Toxicity and 

persistence of nearshore sediment contamination following the 1991 Gulf War. Environment International 

24:33-42. 

Keywords: amphipod/ beach/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

persistence/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ spill/ static/ toxicity/ 

war 

Notes: Toxicity assessment of sediment samples collected at 11 beach sites at four tidal elevations in 

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia 30 mo after the 1991 Gulf oil spill. Conducted 10-day static toxicity tests with a 

marine amphipod. Also measured petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment. 

Ranwell, D. S. 1968. Extent of damage to coastal habitats due to the Torrey Canyon incident. Pages 39-

47 in J. D. Carthy, D. R. Arthur, editors. The Biological effects of oil pollution on littoral communities: 

proceedings of a symposium held at the Orielton Field Centre, Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th 

February 1968. Field Studies. Field Studies Council, London. 

Keywords: coast/ crude oil/ effects/ general effect/ habitat/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ movement/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ vegetation/ biological effects/ 

pollution/ littoral/ community/ Wales 

Notes: A description of the damage to done to coastal habitats from the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967. 

Author describes the movement of the crude oil from Cornwall to the coast of Brittany and describes the 

effect on all types of shorelines. Specific descriptions of the effects on intertidal vegetation and some 

invertebrates. 

Rao, G. S., K. P. Pandya, 1978. Toxicity of petroleum products: effects on alkaline phosphatase and lipid 

peroxidation. Environmental Research 16:174-178. 

Keywords: benzene/ biochemical/ effects/ gasoline/ glucose/ lipid/ mammal/ Otwo/ petroleum/ petroleum 

products/ rat/ toxicity 

Notes: Rats were injected intraperitoneally with either benzene, Iomex, petroleum ether, or gasoline and 

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monitored for 20 da. Measured effect on lipid peroxidation, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose 6-

phosphatase after 3 hr, 24 hr, and over a 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 20 da sequence. 

Rao, P., S. Ankam, M. Ansari, A. G. Gavane, A. Kumar, V. I. Pandit, P. Nema, 2005. Monitoring of 

hydrocarbon emissions in a petroleum refinery. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 108:123-132. 

Keywords: emissions/ hydrocarbons/ India/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ refinery/ sources 

Notes: An assessment of the fugative emissions of a typical petroleum refinery in India. Authors describe 

refinery emission sources, potentially hazardous compounds in the emissions, and various control 

measures employed to reduce emissions. The results are presented for monitoring total ground level 

hydrocarbons at 41 sites around and within a refinery. 

Rappaport, A., L. H. Zincone, Jr., and P. Fricke 1981. The media and oil spills: does the press cause 

damage perceptions. Pages 707-712 in 1981 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Argo Merchant/ miscellaneous/ newspaper/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the influence of media coverage of oil spills on the perceptions of the public 

about the spill. The authors use the wreck of the Argo Merchant, and the reports thereof in six 

newspapers, to evaluate the nature of the coverage and the effect on the public. 

Rattner, B. A., W. C. Eastin, Jr., 1981. Plasma corticosterone and thyroxine concentrations during 

chronic ingestion of crude oil in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Comparative Biochemistry and 

Physiology 68C:103-107. 

Keywords: adrenal/ bird/ chronic/ concentration/ crude oil/ diet/ duck/ duckling/ ingestion/ mallard/ oil/ 

Oone/ physiology/ plasma/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ stress 

Notes: Assessment of thyroid and adrenal function in mallard ducklings fed diets containing varying 

amounts of Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 18 weeks. 

Rattner, B. A., 1981. Tolerance of adult mallards to subacute ingestion of crude petroleum oil. Toxicology 

Letters 8:337-342. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ crude oil/ diet/ ingestion/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ subacute/ tolerance/ weight 

Notes: Response of adult mallards to Prudhoe Bay crude oil in their diet for 7 days; weights and 

physiological measures. 

Rattner, B. A., E. L. Flickinger, D. J. Hoffman, 1993. Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological 

indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near 

Houston, Texas,USA. Environmental Pollution 79:85-93. 

Keywords: biochemical/ biochemistry/ concentration/ cotton rat/ hazardous waste/ health/ hydrocarbons/ 

mammal/ metabolism/ organochlorines/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rat/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of health of cotton rats at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, TX; measures 

of biochemistry, pathology, body weight, and concentrations of organochlorines and petroleum 

hydrocarbons. 

Rattner, B. A., J. L. Capizzi, K. A. King, L. J. LeCaptain, M. J. Melancon, 1995. Exposure and effects 

of oilfield brine discharges on western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) in Nueces Bay, Texas. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54:683-689. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ brine water/ discharges/ 

effects/ hydrocarbons/ metabolism/ Nueces Bay/ oil/ oil field/ Oone/ sandpiper/ Texas/ weight 

Notes: Assessment of the exposure to and effects of oil in brine water discharges by western sandpipers 

of coastal Texas; weights, physiological measures, and hydrocarbon analysis. 

Rayburn, J. R., P. S. Glas, S. S. Foss, W. S. Fisher, 1996. Characterization of grass shrimp 

(Palaemonetes pugio) embryo toxicity tests using the water soluble fraction of Number 2 fuel oil. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 32:860-866. 

Keywords: embryo/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ grass/ grass shrimp/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

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salt water/ shrimp/ size/ solubility/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Experimental modification of an established toxicity test employing grass shrimp. Investigators 

used the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil to test a shorter exposure period, reduced sample 

size, and reduced amounts of toxicant. Used 5, 8, 10, 20, and 40 % WSF for evaluation of embryo 

survival. Calculated LC50 values, determined embryo survival, and assessed differences among broods. 

Readman, J. W., S. W. Fowler, J.-P. Villeneuve, C. Cattini, B. Oregioni, L. D. Mee, 1992. Oil and 

combustion-product contamination of the Gulf marine environment following the war. Nature 358:662-665. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ concentration/ 

degradation/ environment/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ mollusc/ Oeleven/ oil/ Qatar/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ 

United Arab Emirates/ war/ weathered 

 Notes: A set of sediment (14), bivalve mollusc (9), and fish (17) samples were collected along the coast 

of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman during the summer of 1991. Measured 

the concentrations of total hydrocarbons, resolved and unresolved aliphatic hydrocarbons, total alkanes 

within a specific range, resolved aromatic hydrocarbons, and pyrene. 

Readman, J. W., I. Tolosa, A. T. Law, J. Bartocci, S. Azemard, T. Hamilton, L. D. Mee, A. Wagener, 

M. Le Tissier, C. Roberts, N. Downing, A. R. G. Price, 1996. Discrete bands of petroleum hydrocarbons 

and molecular organic markers identified within massive coral skeletons. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:437-

443. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coral/ fingerprinting/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ 

marine invertebrate/ offshore/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ 

sterols/ technical/ time 

Notes: Corals were collected from an island offshore to Kuwait and offshore to Saudi Arabia. The coral 

was sectioned, dated, and analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and sterols. Results were 

used to link deposited hydrocarbons to their source. 

Readman, J. W., J. Bartocci, I Tolosa, S. W. Fowler, B Oregioni, M. Y. Abdulraheem, 1996. Recovery 

of the coastal marine environment in the Gulf following the 1991 war-related oil spills. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 32:493-498. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ environment/ Gulf oil 

spill/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ marine environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ recovery/ salt 

water/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ spill/ time/ war 

Notes: Nearshore surface sediments were collected in 1991, 1992, and 1993 from six sites along coastal 

Saudi Arabia and in 1992 and 1993 from two sites along coastal Kuwait. Sediments were analyzed for 

total and individual aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Readman, J. W., G. Fillmann, I. Tolosa, J. Bartocci, J.-P. Villeneuve, C. Catinni, L. D. Mee, 2002. 

Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:48-62. 

Keywords: alkane/ Black Sea/ coast/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Surface sediment samples were collected at 35 locations around the coast of the Black Sea and 

analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons. Analyzed for straight-chain and branched alkanes and PAHs. 

Compared the results to hydrocarbon contamination in other parts of the world. 

Reardon, K. F., D. C. Mosteller, J. B. Rogers, N. M. DuTeau, K.-H. Kim, 2002. Biodegradation kinetics 

of aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures by pure and mixed bacterial cultures. Environmental Health 

Perspectives 110:1005-1011. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ benzene/ biodegradation/ combination/ degradation/ 

hydrocarbon mixture/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ model/ Oten/ phenol/ toluene 

Notes: Authors attempted to refine the accuracy of models depicting bacterial degradation of aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Used two strains of bacteria, alone and in combination, to degrade benzene, toluene, 

phenol, and mixtures of these aromatics. Results were used to improve a model for substrate mixtures. 

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Reddin, A., G. N. Prendeville, 1981. Effect of oils on cell membrane permeability in Fucus serratus and 

Laminaria digitata. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:339-342. 

Keywords: aviation kerosine/ cell/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ gasoline/ intertidal/ leaves/ macroalgae/ marine 

plant/ oil/ Osix/ permeability/ plant/ salt water/ species/ white spirit 

Notes: Leaves of two species of intertidal macroalgae were dipped in either gasoline, white spirit 

distillate, aviation fuel, or diesel fuel for 1 min. Discs of leaf material were removed at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 

6, and 12 hrs after exposure and assessed for leakage of electrolytes from plant cells. 

Reddy, C. M., J. G. Quinn, 1999. GC-MS analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater samples after the North Cape oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

38:126-135. 

Keywords: analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ detection/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ recovery/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ spill/ 

technical/ TPH 

 Notes: Description of a GC-MS method for measuring total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons during the same run. Accuracy, recoveries, and detection limits are comparable 

to conventional methods. Used to analyze seawater samples from the North Cape oil spill (No. 2 fuel 

oils) off the coast of Rhode Island. 

Reddy, C. M., J. G. Quinn, 2001. The North Cape oil spill: hydrocarbons in Rhode Island coastal waters 

and Point Judith Pond. Marine Environmental Research 52:461. 

Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ Rhode Island/ salt water/ spill/ time 

 Notes: The collection and analysis of 54 water samples from the 1996 North Cape spill of No. 2 fuel oil. 

Samples were collected at various depths from the coastal area during the period 4-132 da post spill. 

Unfiltered water was analyzed for a suite of aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in the nC11 to nC25 range. 

Comparison of surface and bottom samples on day 7 and over time at one site. 

Reddy, C. M., T. I. Eglinton, A. Hounshell, H. K. White, L. Xu, R. B. Gaines, G. S. Frysinger, 2002. 

The West Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh 

sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 36:4754-4760. 

Keywords: alkane/ anaerobic/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment/ spill/ time/ unresolved complex mixture/ weathered 

Notes: A 30-yr update on persistence of No. 2 fuel oil in anoxic sediments of Wild Harbor. A sediment 

core was analyzed at several depths for total petroleum hydrocarbons and for individual alkane and 

aromatic compounds. Compared results with analysis of fresh and weathered No. 2 fuel oil. 

Reddy, M. S., N. L. Lahiry, R. J. Rao, B. Panda, 1970. Influence of oil coating of eggs on oil penetration 

into the shell membranes and albumen during storage at room temperature. Indian Poultry Gazette 

53&54:1-4. 

Keywords: bird/ chicken/ egg shell/ eggs/ oil/ Oone/ pores/ shell/ spray/ storage/ temperature 

Notes: Assessment of the penetration ability of "oil" applied to chicken eggs in preparation for storage. 

Redig, P. T., J. White, J. Scott, J. Dunnette, P. Lind, and B. Talbot 1990. A medical assessment of 

bald eagles from Prince William Sound in the wake of the Exxon lube job. Pages 171-174 in Annual 

Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bald eagle/ bird/ blood/ eagle/ medical/ Oone/ physiology/ Prince William Sound/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Results of the analyses of blood samples collected from bald eagles trapped in Prince William 

Sound during the summer of 1989. 

Reed, M., M. L. Spaulding, E. Lorda, H. Walker, S. B. Saila, 1984. Oil spill fishery impact assessment 

modeling: the fisheries recruitment problem. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 19:591-610. 

Keywords: development/ eggs/ fate/ fish/ fishery/ Georges Bank/ larvae/ Maine/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Othree/ population/ recruitment/ region/ salt water/ spill/ transport 

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Notes: Development of a fisheries model for assessment of the effect of oil spills on fish recruitment in 

the Georges Bank - Gulf of Maine region. The model consistes of an oil spill fates model, a continental 

shelf hydrodynamics model, an ichthyoplankton transport and fates model, and a fish population model. 

Reed, M., D. French, J. Calambokidia, and J. Cubbage. 1987. Simulation modeling of the effects of oil 

spills on population dynamics of northern fur seals. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, Washington, DC. MMS 86-0045. 142 pp. 

Keywords: Alaska/ effects/ estimate/ fur/ fur seal/ mammal/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ salt 

water/ seal/ simulation/ spill 

Notes: Use of population models to estimate the effects of two oil spill scenarios on populations of fur 

seals in Alaska. 

Reid, D. J., G. R. MacFarlane, 2003. Potential biomarkers of crude oil exposure in the gastropod 

mollusc, Austrocochlea porcata: laboratory and manipulative field studies. Environmental Pollution 

126:147-155. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomarker/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

experiment/ flow-through/ gastropod/ intertidal/ lipid/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ 

salt water/ survival 

Notes: A laboratory and a field experiment with a gastropod and the water-accomodated fraction of an 

Australian crude oil blend were used to evaluate a biomarker for petroleum exposure. Laboratory 

exposure concentrations were 0, 1.25, 2.5, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of the WAF. Duration was 96 hrs and 

animals were checked for survival at 24, 48, and 96 hrs. WAF was sampled at 0, 24, 48, and 96 hrs and 

analyzed for selected aliphatic and aromatic compounds. The field experiment was performed in the 

intertidal zone with flow-through plastic enclosures and the application of crude oil and seawater mixtures 

at concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% crude oil. Survival was checked after 24, 48, 96 hrs, 1 wk, 

and 2 wks. Gastropods were analyzed for glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidase 

activity. 

Reid, P. C., 1987. The importance of the planktonic ecosystem of the North Sea in the context of oil and 

gas development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological 

Sciences 316:587-602. 

Keywords: biomass/ development/ ecosystem/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

North Sea/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phytoplankton/ plankton/ population/ salt water/ structure/ 

time/ zooplankton 

Notes: An assessement of the energy budget of a portion of the North Sea ecosystem. Calculations were 

made for annual production of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, benthos, detritus, and oil and gas. Data 

on North Sea phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected between 1948 and 1982. Temporal 

changes in population structure and biomass of plankton are compared with hydrocarbon production 

during this 35-year period. 

Reimer, A. A., 1975. Effects of crude oil on the feeding behavior of the zoanthid Palythoa variabilis. 

Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5:258-266. 

Keywords: amino acids/ assay/ behavior/ Bunker C/ concentration/ coral/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

effects/ feeding/ fuel oil/ ingestion/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ salt 

water/ species/ static 

Notes: Polyps of a coral species were tested for the effects of exposure to either diesel or Bunker C fuel 

oil. Exposed polyps in static assays to pieces of filter paper containing amino acids, glutathione, proline 

analogs, or the petroleum products while in clean water. Measured ingestion response to untreated 

paper for up to 96 hrs. Then determined ingestion response to untreated paper while polyps were 

immersed in three differenct concentrations of diesel in water. A final test on ingestion of untreated paper 

was performed after 30 min immersion in pure diesel or Bunker C oil. 

Renault, S., E. Paton, G. Nilsson, J. J. Zwiazek, M. D. MacKinnon, 1999. Responses of boreal plants 

to high salinity oil sands tailings water. Journal of Environmental Quality 28:1957-1962. 

Keywords: concentration/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ injury/ ions/ nutrients/ oil/ oil sands/ 

Oseven/ plant/ produced water/ salinity/ sand/ seedling/ species/ survival/ time 

279 
Notes: Assessment of the effects of produced water from oil sands processing on boreal plants. 

Seedlings of six species were exposed, hydroponically, to several concentrations of the produced water 

for 4 wks. Solutions were prepared with either Hoagland's solution or supplemental NaCl and Na2SO4 to 

simulate the anticipated increase in salinity that would occur over time. Measured ions and nutrients in 

the solutions, elements within seedlings after 4 wks, seedling survival, and signs of plant injury. 

Rezende, C. E., L. D. Lacerda, A. R. C. Ovalle, C. M. M. Souza, A. A. R. Gobo, D. O. Santos, 2002. 

The effect of an oil drilling operation on the trace metal concentrations in offshore bottom sediments of 

the Campos Basin oil field, SE Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:680-684. 

Keywords: Brazil/ concentration/ drilling mud/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ salt 

water/ sampling/ sediment/ time 

Notes: The effect of offshore drilling on metal concentrations in surface sediment was determined in 

offshore Brazil. Sampling sites were 250, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 m from the well and sampled 3 da and 7 

mos after drilling began. Sediments were also collected 250, 500, and 1,000 m from a reference site. 

Analyzed sediments for concentrations of 12 metals. 

Richardson, B. J., G. J. Zheng, E. S. C. Tse, S. B. DeLuca-Abbott, S. Y. M. Siu, P. K. S. Lam, 2003. A 

comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum hydrocarbon uptake by mussels (Perna 

viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in Hong Kong coastal waters. Environmental 

Pollution 122:223-227. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ mussel/ Onine/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ salt water/ SPMD/ technical/ uptake 

Notes: Mussels and SPMDs were both used at five sites in Hong Kong coastal waters to compare their 

relative abilities to accumulate petroleum compounds. Measured 15 PAHs, total n-alkanes, and UCM. 

Richardson, M. G., M. Heubeck, D. Lea, P. Reynolds, 1982. Oil pollution, seabirds, and operational 

consequences, around the Northern Isles of Scotland. Environmental Conservation 9:315-321. 

Keywords: bird/ marine birds/ numbers/ oil/ oil terminal/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ salt water/ Scotland/ spill 

 Notes: Assessment of the incidence of seabird oiling around the Northern Isles of Scotland during 1978-

81. Descriptions of bird losses and actions taken to reduce the increased numbers that were correlated 

with the opening of the Sollom Voe Terminal. 

Richmond, S. A., J. E. Lindstrom, J. F. Braddock, 2001. Effects of chitin on microbial emulsification, 

mineralization potential, and toxicity of Bunker C fuel oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:773-779. 

Keywords: assay/ beach/ Bunker C/ cell/ crab/ degradation/ density/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ 

microbes/ Microtox/ mineralization/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ PAH/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ sand/ shell/ toxicity 

Notes: An assessment of the degradation enhancement potential of crab shell chitin. Collected oiled and 

unoiled beach sand and sea water. The sand was incubated for 5 wks in a Bushnell-Haas mineral salts 

medium (BH);enumerated the heterotrophs and emulsifiers (microbes). Conducted a series of 

experiments over a 6-7 wk period on microbe response to BH, BH + chitin, and sea water + chitin. 

Measured cell density of emulsifiers and heterotrophs, CO2 respiration, mineralization rates of PAHs, and 

Microtox assay toxicity. 

Riffaldi, R., R. Levi-Minzi, R. Cardelli, S. Palumbo, A. Saviozzi, 2006. Soil biological activities in 

monitoring the bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated soil. Water Air Soil Pollution 170:3-15. 

Keywords: activity/ bioremediation/ carbon/ compost/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ 

monitoring/ No.2 fuel oil/ nutrients/ organic/ organic carbon/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

remediation/ respiration/ soil/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Soil was spiked with 10,000 ppm of diesel fuel and apportioned into four treatments plus an 

uncontaminated control. Contaminated treatments were sterilized soil, normal soil, soil supplemented 

with N and P nutrients, and soil supplemented with compost. Treatments were incubated for 100 da in 

the dark. Samples were collected at 10, 20, 35, 55, 75, and 100 da and analyzed for total petroleum 

hydrocarbons, organic carbon, soil respiration, ATP measures, dehydrogenase activity, lipase activity, 

and B-glucosydase activity. 

280 
Rigger, D. 1997. Edible oils: are they really that different? Pages 59-61 in 1997 International Oil Spill 

Conference. Improving Environmental Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: miscellaneous/ nonpetroleum oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ protection/ regulation/ spill/ vegetable 

oil 

Notes: Critical assessment of the rational for passage of the Edible Oils Regulatory Reform Act. 

Presents several case studies of edible oil spills. 

Rike, A. G., K. B. Haugen, M. Borresen, B. Engene, P. Kolstad, 2003. In situ biodegradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in frozen arctic soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology 37:97-120. 

Keywords: Arctic/ biodegradation/ chemical characteristics/ concentration/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ 

microbes/ Norway/ nutrients/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ rate/ soil/ temperature/ time/ TPH 

Notes: An assessment of microbial degradation of subsurface petroleum hydrocarbons in a cold climate 

environment. In situ measurements at three soil depths (0.7, 2.0, 3.5 m) were made at a contaminated 

and an uncontaminated site on Spitsbergen, Norway. Measured temperature, soil chemical 

characteristics, soil nutrients, hydrocarbon concentrations (TPH and five separate compounds), and 

microbes (classified and quantified) from October through February. Estimated hydrocarbon degradation 

rates based on soil gas measurements. 

Riley, R. G., B. L. Thomas, J. W. Anderson, R. M. Bean, 1980. Changes in the volatile hydrocarbon 

content of Prudhoe Bay crude oil treated under different simulated weathering conditions. Marine 

Environmental Research 4:109-119. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

oil/ Onine/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sunlight/ 

technical/ unsaturated hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: Three outdoor seawater tanks were layered with Prudhoe Bay crude oil and subjected to either of 

three weathering scenarios for 24 da; violent weather, calm conditions with sunlight, or calm conditions 

without sunlight. Ambient physical conditions were monitored. On days 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24, oil 

samples were collected and analyzed for saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 

Riley, R. T., M. C. Mix, R. L. Schaffer, D. L. Bunting, 1981. Uptake and accumulation of naphthalene by 

the oyster Ostrea edulis, in a flow-through system. Marine Biology 61:267-276. 

Keywords: accumulation/ assay/ concentration/ degradation/ evaluation/ experiment/ flow-through/ gill/ 

marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ metabolite/ microbes/ muscle/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ oyster/ salt water/ 

static/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of naphthalene by an oyster and 

microbes in a flow-through experimental assay. Evaluation of microbial degradation performed with or 

without streptomycin in the water; concentrations of metabolites determined in water. Uptake and 

metabolism of naphthalene by oysters determined with flow-through and static (14C) experiments. 

Measured concentrations of naphthalene and metabolites in adductor muscle, body, and gills. 

Rinkevich, B., Y. Loya 1977. Harmful effects of chronic oil pollution on a Red Sea scleractinian coral 

population. Pages 585-591 in Third International Coral Reef Symposium. University of Miami, 

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL. 

Keywords: chronic/ colony/ condition/ coral/ coral reef/ crude oil/ effects/ gonads/ Iranian crude oil/ 

marine invertebrate/ numbers/ Ofour/ oil/ planulae/ pollution/ population/ rate/ Red Sea/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ solubility/ survival 

Notes: A comparison of coral populations at a chronically-polluted site and an unpolluted reference site in 

the northern Gulf of Eilat. More than 300 colonies were sampled during the course of the 1.5 yr study. 

Colonies were visited every 3 wks. Determined the percent of colonies in breeding condition, condition of 

the gonads, number of planulae released, effect of oil on settlement rate of planulae in the field and on 

settlement rate and survival in the laboratory (water soluble fraction of Iranian crude oil in the lab), and 

the annual death rate of colonies. 

Rinkevich, R., Y. Loya, 1979. Laboratory experiments on the effects of crude oil on the Red Sea coral 

Stylophora pistillata. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:328-330. 

281 
Keywords: colony/ coral/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ experiment/ female/ flow-through/ gonads/ Iranian 

crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ Red Sea/ reproduction/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the effects of Iranian crude oil on reproduction of a Red Sea coral. One 

hundred small and eight large colonies of coral were transferred to four large flow-through tanks. Corals 

were exposed weekly to crude oil that was added to the water surface and then removed after 24 hr. 

Exposure continued for 6 mo. Measured the number of female gonads per polyp after 2 mos for the large 

colonies (upper part of tanks) and after 6 mos for the small colonies (lower part of the tanks). Also 

determined survival. 

Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, W. K. Alexander, A. F. Nordholm, C. L. Wilson, J. Rossi III, D. R. Mattie, 

2001. A review of the neurotoxicity risk of selected hydrocarbon fuels. Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health, Part B 4:223-312. 

Keywords: behavior/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ gasoline/ jet fuel/ kerosene/ mammal/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ pathology/ physiology/ review/ risk/ toxicity 

Notes: A review of the neurological effects of hydrocarbon fuels, primarily gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, 

and kerosene. References include both human and laboratory animal studies. 

Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, J. Rossi, III, M. Y. V. Bekkedal, A. J. Bobb, D. P. Arfsten, 2003. Biological 

and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives. Journal of 

Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 6:357-451. 

Keywords: effects/ health/ humans/ jet fuel/ kerosene/ mammal/ Otwo/ review/ risk/ risk assessment 

Notes: A very comprehensive review and risk assessment of the effects of kerosene-based jet fuels on 

humans and laboratory mammals. Approximately 180-200 references. 

Rittinghaus, H., 1956. About the "indirect" propagation of the oil plague in a sea-bird refuge (in German). 

Ornithologische Mitteilungen 8:43-46. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ eggs/ hatchability/ marine birds/ North Sea/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ 

reproduction/ salt water 

Notes: Account of the severe oiling of an island in the North Sea just prior to the arrival of breeding 

seabirds; observations of the effects of remaining oil on the breeding effort. 

Roberson, A., J. Berger, 1981. The toxicity of the dispersant Corexit 9527 and oil-dispersant mixtures to 

ciliate protozoa. Chemosphere 10:33-39. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ emulsion/ growth/ 

marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ population/ protozoa/ rate/ salt water/ species/ static/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessed the effects of Corexit 9527 on the growth rate of protozoan populations. Performed 

static bioassays wherein five species of protozoa were exposed to either varying concentrations of 

Corexit 9527, crude oil emulsion, or crude oil mixed with several concentrations of Corexit 9527. 

Measured growth rate of each species population. 

Robertson, M. J. 1978. Occurrence and effects of chronic, low-level oil contamination in a population of 

sooty terns (Sterna fuscata). Manomet Bird Observatory, Manomet, MA. 42 pp. 

Keywords: bird/ chronic/ colony/ effects/ Florida/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ population/ salt water/ tern 

Notes: Report of the incidence of plumage oiling and an assessment of the consequences thereof for a 

colony of sooty terns on the Dry Tortugas, FL during the period 1962-77. 

Robineau, D., P. Fiquet, 1994. Cetaceans of Dawhat ad-Dafi and Dawhat al-Musallamiya (Saudi Arabia) 

one year after the Gulf War oil spill. Courier Forschunginstitut Senckenberg 166:76-80. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ beach/ crude oil/ effects/ Gulf oil spill/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ 

salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ spill/ war 

Notes: Beach and aerial assessment of the effects of the Gulf oil spill on cetaceans in a portion of the 

Arabian Gulf; conducted 1 year after the spill. 

Rocke, T. E., T. M. Yuill, R. D. Hinsdill, 1984. Oil and related toxicant effects on mallard immune 

defenses. Environmental Research 33:343-352. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ dosed/ effects/ fuel oil/ immune response/ 

282 
mallard/ ODone/ oil/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects on mallard immune response to dosing with varying amounts of crude oil, Bunker C fuel 

oil, Corexit 9527, or mixtures of Corexit 9527 and oil for 28 days. 

Rockne, K. J., S. E. Strand, 1998. Biodegradation of bicyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

anaerobic enrichments. Environmental Science and Technology 32:3962-3967. 

Keywords: anaerobic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ nitrate/ 

Oten/ PAH/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ sulfate 

Notes: Assessment of the ability of bacteria from anaerobic creosote-contaminated sediments to degrade 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fluidized bed reactors innoculated with contaminated sediments were 

supplied with either sulfate or nitrate and a mixture of four PAHs. Measured rate of biodegradation. 

Roesijadi, G., D. L. Woodruff, J. W. Anderson, 1978. Bioavailability of naphthalenes from marine 

sediments artificially contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Environmental Pollution 15:223-229. 

Keywords: bivalve/ clam/ crude oil/ depuration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ 

naphthalene/ Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sand/ sediment/ total 

hydrocarbons/ uptake 

Notes: Clean sediment and organic detritus were combined with Prudhoe Bay crude oil and placed in 

aquaria containing clams. Clams were exposed to sediment with 90-2750 ppm total hydrocarbons and 

0.45-11.96 ppm total naphthalenes for 15 da. Also, clams were exposed to detritus containing 

radiolabelled methylnaphthalene and Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 7 da followed by a 24-hr period of 

depuration for some clams. Analyzed sediment, water, detritus, and clams for total naphthalenes (sand 

exposure) and a single naphthalene for the detritus exposure. 

Rogers, K. M., M. M. Savard, 1999. Detection of petroleum contamination in river sediments from 

Quebec City region using GC-IRMS. Organic Geochemistry 30:1559-1569. 

Keywords: analysis/ Canada/ chemical analysis/ fingerprinting/ intertidal/ isotope/ Onine/ petroleum/ 

region/ sediment/ technical 

Notes: Surface and subsurface sediments from the intertidal zone were collected from six sites along the 

shore of the St. Lawrence River near Quebec City, Canada. Sediments were analyzed using GC, GCMS, and GC-IRMS methodology. Authors discuss the merits of GC-IRMS in petroleum analysis and 

source identification. 

Rogerson, A., J. Berger, M. Grosso, 1982. Acute toxicity of ten crude oils on the survival of the rotifer 

Asplanchna sieboldi and sublethal effects on rates of prey consumption and neonate production. 

Environmental Pollution (Series A) 29:179-187. 

Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ consumption/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ feeding/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ neonate/ Ofive/ oil/ rate/ reproduction/ rotifer/ static/ sublethal/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect on a rotifer of varying amounts (5-200 ul per ml of culture medium) of 10 

crude oils in 18 hr static bioassays. Measured survival, feeding rates, reproduction, and life span. 

Rojas-Avelizapa, N. G., E. Cervantes-Gonzalez, R. Cruz-Camarillo, L. I. Rojas-Avelizapa, 2002. 

Degradation of aromatic and asphaltenic fractions by Serratia liquefasciens and Bacillus sp. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69:835-842. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ asphaltene/ bacteria/ concentration/ degradation/ food/ fungi/ Mexico/ 

microbes/ Oten/ petroleum/ soil 

Notes: Soil collected from near a petrochemical facility in Mexico was subjected to chemical extraction for 

aromatic and asphaltene fractions. The fractions were used as a food source for a mixed culture of 

bacteria and fungi derived from the contaminated soil. Experimental cultures were run for 102 hrs for the 

aromatic fraction and 168 hrs for the asphaltene fraction. Samples of culture were analyzed every 6 hrs 

for petroleum fraction and microbe concentration. 

Ronconi, R. A., C. C. St.Clair, 2006. Efficacy of a radar-activated on-demand system for deterring 

waterfowl from oil sands tailings ponds. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:111-119. 

Keywords: activity/ bird/ Canada/ combination/ fresh water/ light/ methods/ oil/ oil sands/ Oone/ radar/ 

sand/ shorebird/ waste water/ waterfowl 

283 
Notes: An assessment of avian deterrence methods for oil sands tailing ponds in Canada. Compared a 

continuously functioning system of propane cannons and human effigies with an on-demand radaractivated system of propane cannon, strobe light, animated peregrin falcon effigy, and peregrine falcon 

calls. A control area had no deterrent activity. Various combinations of deterrent were used with the 

computer-based on-demand system. Provides recommendations for deterring birds from oil sands 

ponds. 

Rosell, M. LaCorte S., C. Forner, H.-P. Rohns, R. Irmscher, D. Barcelo, 2005. Fate of gasoline 

oxygenates in conventional and multilevel wells of a contaminated groundwater table in Dusseldorf, 

Germany. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24:2785-2795. 

Keywords: BTEX/ degradation/ fate/ fresh water/ gasoline/ Germany/ ground water/ miscellaneous/ 

monitoring/ monoaromatic/ Oeleven/ time/ water 

Notes: Ground water contamination from a leak at a gasoline station was monitored for 2 yrs (2001-03) 

with 14 monitoring wells. Two of the wells were multi-level. Water samples were analyzed for additives, 

their degradation products, and the BTEX monoaromatics. 

Rosenberg, D. M., A. P. Wiens, 1976. Community and species responses of Chironomidae (Dipteria) to 

contamination of fresh waters by crude oil and petroleum products, with special reference to the Trail 

River, Northwest Territories. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:1955-1963. 

Keywords: Canada/ Chironomidae/ colonization/ community/ crude oil/ experiment/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ Norman Wells crude oil/ Ofive/ oil/ oiled/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ 

population/ species/ substrate 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of crude oil on the colonization of aquatic insects on artificial substrate in 

the Trail River of Canada. Oiled (Norman Wells crude oil) and unoiled rock substrates were placed on the 

river bottom in two experiments in the summer of 1972 and one experiment in the summer or 1973; 

substrates remained in place for 57-335 da. Substrate was sampled at irregular intervals, chironomids 

were identified and counted, and the oil remaining on the substrate was determined. 

Rosenberg, D. M., A. P. Wiens, O. A. Saether, 1977. Response to crude oil contamination by 

Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus and C. (C.) mackenziensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Fort Simpson 

area, Northwest Territories. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:254-261. 

Keywords: Chironomidae/ colonization/ crude oil/ Diptera/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ life cycle/ Norman Wells crude oil/ Ofive/ oil/ population/ species/ substrate 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of crude oil on colonization of river substrate by, and on the expected life 

cycle of, two species of Chironomidae. Artifical substrate samplers filled with stones were dipped in 

Norman Wells crude oil and placed on the bottom of the Trail River, N.W.T. for periods ranging from 28 to 

335 da. Individuals were removed, identified, counted, and classified according to instar stage. 

Reference collections were made from the Trail and Martin rivers. 

Rosenberg, D. M., A. P. Wiens, and J. F. Flannagan 1980. Effects of crude oil contamination on 

Ephemeroptera in the Trail River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Pages 443-455 in J. F. Flannagan, K. 

E. Marshall, editors. Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 

Keywords: Canada/ colonization/ community/ crude oil/ diversity/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ 

freshwater invertebrate/ index/ indicator/ Norman Wells crude oil/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

population/ species/ species diversity/ substrate 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of crude oil on Ephemeroptera colonization of rock substrate in the Trail 

River. Artificial substrate samplers filled with stones were dipped in Norman Wells crude oil and placed 

on the river bottom for periods ranging from 28 to 335 da. Colonizers were identified and counted. Also 

calculated an index of diversity and recommended certain species as indicators of petroleum pollution. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, 1975. Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil and South 

Louisiana crude oil to selected stages in the life history of the polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:18-24. 

Keywords: adult/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ history/ invertebrate/ juvenile/ 

Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ polychaete/ salt water/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

284 
Notes: Evaluation of the toxicity of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil and South Louisiana 

crude oil to life stages of a marine polychaete. Used static bioassays to expose 4, 18, 32, or 40 segment 

juveniles and 48 or 60 segment adults to five concentrations of WSF for 96 hr. Measured death and 

calculated TLm values for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Compared results with those of other marine invertebrates. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, G. S. Ward, 1976. Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for 

the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata. Environmental Pollution 

10:9-18. 

Keywords: annelid/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ Bunker C/ concentration/ crude oil/ fuel oil/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ oil/ paraffin/ 

polychaete/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ species/ static/ time/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of South Louisiana crude oil, 

Kuwait crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and bunker C fuel oil to two species of marine polychaetes. Used a static 

bioassay to expose individual worms to five concentrations of the WSF for 96 hr. Calculated the TLm 

values at 24, 48, and 96 hr, concentrations of naphthalenes in test water over time, and concentrations of 

naphthalenes, total aromatics, and total paraffins in polychaete tissue. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, 1977. Accumulation and release of fuel-oil-derived diaromatic 

hydrocarbons by the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Marine Biology 39:51-55. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ concentration/ depuration/ eggs/ female/ 

fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ larvae/ male/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

polychaete/ release/ salt water/ sex/ static 

Notes: Assessment of the accumulation and loss of napthalenes by a marine polychaete. Male and 

gravid female polychaetes were exposed in a static bioassay to a 25% concentration of No. 2 fuel oil 

water-soluble-fraction for 1 hr. This was followed by a depuration period, during which the females 

released their eggs. Measured the concentrations of naphthalenes in both sexes and in the released 

eggs, trochophore larvae, and juveniles. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, 1977. Effect of No. 2 fuel oil and South Louisiana crude oil water-soluble 

fractions on hemoglobin compensation and hypoxia tolerance in the polychaetous annelid, Neanthes 

arenaceodentata (Moore). Marine Science Communications 3:117-131. 

Keywords: annelid/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ dissolved/ fuel oil/ hemoglobin/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oxygen/ polychaete/ salt water/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ static/ survival/ tissue 

Notes: A marine polychaete was exposed in a static bioassay to several concentrations of the watersoluble fraction of either No. 2 fuel oil or South Louisiana crude oil for 11 da. Some of the test groups 

were subjected to water containing reduced oxygen. Measured survival, dissolved oxygen, and 

hemoglobin concentration of tissue. 

Rossi, S. S., J. M. Neff, 1978. Toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the polychaete Neanthes 

arenaceodentata. Marine Pollution Bulletin 9:220-223. 

Keywords: adult/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ concentration/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ polychaete/ salt water/ solubility/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of 10 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to young adults of a species 

of marine polychaetes. Static laboratory assays were used to expose polychaetes to one of 10 aromatic 

hydrocarbons for 96 hrs. Measured survival, calculated TLm, solubilities of the hydrocarbons, and concentrations of test 

hydrocarbons in the exposure water. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil water-soluble-fractions on growth and 

reproduction in Neanthes arenaceodentata (Polychaeta: Annelida). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9:155-

170. 

Keywords: adult/ bioassay/ concentration/ depuration/ dissolved/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ hatching/ 

hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ larvae/ lethal/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ 

polychaete/ reproduction/ salt water/ static/ sublethal/ tissue 

Notes: Assessement of the effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil on growth and 

reproduction of a marine polychaete. Exposed hatched larvae, juveniles, and adults to several sublethal 

285 
concentrations of WSF in static bioassays. Exposed unhatched larvae to lethal and sublethal 

concentrations of WSF. Unhatched larvae exposed on day 4 or day 7. Hatched larvae exposed for 13 da 

followed by 11 da of depuration. Juveniles exposed for 28 da. Adults exposed for three generations. 

Measured larval hatching success and growth, juvenile growth, reproductive success of adults, total 

dissolved hydrocarbons and naphthalenes in water, and naphthalenes in polychaete tissue. 

Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, 1978. Petroleum hydrocarbon resistance in the marine worm Neanthes 

arenaceodentata (Polychaeta: Annelida), induced by chronic exposure to No. 2 fuel oil. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20 :513-521. 

Keywords: adult/ bioassay/ chronic/ concentration/ crude oil/ depuration/ evaluation/ female/ fuel oil/ 

juvenile/ larvae/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ male/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ No.2 fuel oil/ 

Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ polychaete/ rate/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Evaluation of petroleum hydrocarbon resistence in a marine polychaete. Exposed male and 

female polychaetes to three sublethal concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil for 

three generations (9 mos). Then performed 96 hr bioassays on adults, juveniles, and larvae of each 

generation; used South Louisiana crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil as challenge oils. Bioassays were 

performed after continuous chronic exposure, after a 7-da depuration period, or after a 14-day depuration 

period. Measured survival (TLm) and rate of metabolic conversion of 14C-naphthalene. 

Rossi, S. S., G. W. Rommel, and A. A. Benson 1979. Comparison of hydrocarbons in benthic fish from 

Coal Oil Point and Tanner Bank, California. Pages 573-577 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, 

Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, API Publication 4308, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ behavior/ benthic/ California/ coal/ coal oil/ coast/ 

concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ salt water/ species/ spill/ unresolved complex 

mixture 

Notes: Comparison of hydrocarbons in three species of benthic marine fish from Coal Oil Point and 

Tanner Bank off the coast of southern California; no aromatic hydrocarbons detected, only alkanes and 

unresolved complex mixtures. 

Rothermich, M. M., L. A. Hayes, D. R. Lovley, 2002. Anaerobic, sulfate-dependent degradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated harbor sediment. Environmental Science 

and Technology 36:4811-4817. 

Keywords: anaerobic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ condition/ degradation/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ 

incubation/ microbes/ microcosm/ naphthalene/ Oten/ PAH/ phenanthrene/ salt water/ sediment/ sulfur/ 

time 

Notes: An evaluation of PAH degradation in contaminated sediments of Boston Harbor. Emphasis is on 

the sulfate-reducting microbes that metablolize PAHs under anaerobic conditions. Also evaluated PAH 

degredation in harbor sediments from Latvia. Used 14C naphthalene and 14C phenanthrene. Monitored 

the degredation of 14 PAHs in Boston Harbor sediment for 338 da of microcosm incubation and in Latvia 

sediments for 90 da of microcosm incubation. 

Rotterman, L. M., C. Monnett, 2002. Length-mass and total body length of adult female sea otters in 

Prince William Sound before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Mammal Science 18:977-993. 

Keywords: adult/ capture/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ female/ length/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ 

Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ time/ weight 

Notes: Female sea otters were captured before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill from eastern portion 

of the sound and the western portion (oiled) of the sound. Captures were made in 1984, 1987, 1989, and 

1990 in the eastern area and 1977, 1980, 1981, 1989, and 1990 in the western area. Animals were 

weighed, body lengths measured, aged, and pregnancy determined. Body length and body mass were 

compared before and after the spill and between areas. 

Roubal, W. T., T. K. Collier, D. C. Malins, 1977. Accumulation and metabolism of carbon-14 labeled 

benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene by young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5:513-529. 

Keywords: accumulation/ anthracene/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzene/ carbon-14/ concentration/ fate/ 

286 
fish/ food/ fresh water/ metabolism/ naphthalene/ Othree/ salmon/ tissue 

Notes: Fate of carbon-14 labeled benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene in the food of young coho 

salmon or injected by intraperitoneal injuction; tissue accumulation, metabolism. 

Roubal, W. T., S. I. Stranahan, D. C. Malins, 1978. The acumulation of low molecular weight aromatic 

hydrocarbons of crude oil by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and starry flounder (Platichthys 

stellatus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 7:237-244. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzene/ crude oil/ fish/ flounder/ hydrocarbons/ 

muscle/ naphthalene/ oil/ Othree/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salmon/ salt water/ smolt/ 

solubility/ weight 

Notes: Accumulation of benzenes and naphthalenes in muscle of smolt coho salmon and starry flounder; 

exposed to water soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay Crude for 2 weeks (salmon) and 6 weeks (flounder). 

Rougee, L., C. A. Downs, R. H. Richmond, G. K. Ostrander , 2006. Alteration of normal cellular profiles 

in the scleractinian coral (Pocillopora damicornis) following laboratory exposure to fuel oil. 

EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 25:3181-3187. 

Keywords: bioassay/ biochemical/ condition/ coral/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ Ofour/ oil/ 

porphyrin/ protein/ salt water/ water 

Notes: Coral was exposed for 24 hrs to the water-accommodated fraction of 180 marine fuel oil (0.25, 1, 

4 g of fuel oil/liter of sea water). Analyzed portions of coral for measures of protein metabolic condition, 

oxidative damage and response, porphyrin metabolism, and xenobiotic response. 

Rowland, S., P. Donkin, E. Smith, E. Wraige, 2001. Aromatic hydrocarbon "humps" in the marine 

environment: unrecognized toxins? Environmental Science and Technology 35:2640-2644. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ bivalve/ coast/ concentration/ crude oil/ England/ 

feeding/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ monoaromatic/ mussel/ North Sea/ 

North Sea crude oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Mussels were exposed for 24 hrs to either of five concentrations of the monoaromatic UCM of a 

North Sea crude oil. Subsequent feeding assays measured the ability to remove algae from a clean 

water environment. Mussels were then analyzed for monoaromatic UCM concentrations. Field collected 

samples from three polluted and one clean site along the coast of England were analyzed for 

monoaromatic UCM concentrations. 

Rozas, L. P., T. J. Minello, C. B. Henry, 2000. An assessment of potential oil spill damage to salt marsh 

habitats and fishery resources in Galveston Bay, Texas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 :1148-1160. 

Keywords: annelid/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ crustacean/ density/ fish/ fishery/ general effect/ 

habitat/ hydrocarbons/ infauna/ marine invertebrate/ mollusc/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ Texas/ water column 

Notes: An assessment of the relation between sediment hydrocarbons and aquatic animals in salt marsh 

habitats of Galveston Bay. Collected 100 samples of water-column organisms, benthic infauna, and 

sediments from 10 locations along the shoreline during fall of 1995 and spring of 1996. Identified and 

determined the mean water density of fish and crustaceans. Identified and determined the density of 

annelids, crustaceans, and molluscs in sediment. Determined thd mean environmental characteristics of 

sampling sites. Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons, mid-range petroleum hydrocarbons, and highrange petroleum hydrocarbons. Also presented a profile of aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared animal 

densities with other site variables in a stepwise multiple regression. 

Rudneva, I. I., T. L. Chesalina, N. S. Kuz'minova, 2000. Responses of juvenile Black Sea mullet to 

pollution with fuel oil. Russian Journal of Ecology 31:304-306. 

Keywords: analysis/ behavior/ biochemical/ Black Sea/ emulsion/ experiment/ fish/ fuel oil/ juvenile/ 

mullet/ oil/ Othree/ pollution/ salt water/ static/ whole body 

Notes: Juvenile fish were exposed for 5 da to either 2,500 or 5,000 ppm of 'fuel oil' emulsions in static 

laboratory experiments. Observed behavior and measured several biochemical compounds derived from 

whole body analysis. 

287 
Ruggerone, G. T., D. E. Rogers, 2003. Multi-year effects of high densities of sockeye salmon spawners 

on juvenile salmon growth and survival: a case study from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Fisheries Research 

63:379-392. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ density/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ growth/ indicator/ juvenile/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ 

population/ salmon/ salt water/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: Authors investigated the sockeye salmon populations in six lakes or river systems in southwest 

Alaska for periods of time between 1970 and 1997. Fish scales were collected and measured as an 

indicator of growth. Growth was related to density of spawners. 

Rutherford, P. M., D. K. Banerjee, S. M. Luther, M. R. Gray, M. J. Dudas, W. B. McGill, M. A. Pickard, 

M. J. Salloum, 1998. Slurry-phase bioremediation of creosote and petroleum-contaminated soils. 

Environmental Technology 19:683-696. 

Keywords: alkane/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ concentration/ conductivity/ creosote/ degradation/ 

effects/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ organic/ Oten/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pH/ soil 

Notes: Assessment of a biodegradation process used on four soil types contaminated with either 

creosote or petroleum hydrocarbons. Soils were inoculated with a microbial culture and supplemented 

with N, P, and S additions. The effect of degradation was followed for 10 wks. Measured pH, electrical 

conductivity, the negative effect of HgCl addition, and concentrations of PAHs specific to creosote, total 

extractable organics, and individual alkanes. 

Sabate, J., M. Vinas, A. M. Solanas, 2006. Bioavailability assessment and environmental fate of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biostimulated creosote-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 63:1648-

1659. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ biodegradation/ 

bioremediation/ creosote/ fate/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ Microtox/ nitrogen/ Oten/ PAH/ phosphorus/ soil/ 

time/ treatment/ water 

Notes: Creosote-contaminated soil was subjected to three bioremediation treatments; no treatment, 

water and periodic aeration, and water and periodic aeration plus nitrogen and phosphorus amendment. 

Duration was 200 da. Soils were sampled six times and analyzed for 14 PAHs. Bioavailable and nonbioavailable portions were determined. A microtox assay was performed four times on the soils. 

Sabourin, T. D., R. E. Tullis, 1981. Effect of three aromatic hydrocarbons on respiration and heart rates 

of the mussel, Mytilus californianus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26:729-736. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzene/ benzo[a]pyrene/ bioassay/ concentration/ consumption/ 

heart/ heart rate/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oxygen/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ 

static/ toluene 

Notes: Marine mussels exposed to the water-soluble fractions of either benzene, toluene, or 

benzo(a)pyrene in a static bioassay for 24 hours. Measured heart rate, rate of oxygen consumption, and 

concentration of test hydrocarbons in the exposure water. 

Saeed, T., H. Al-hashash, K. Al-Matrouk, 1998. Assessment of the changes in the chemical 

composition of the crude oil spilled in the Kuwait desert after weathering for five years. Environment 

International 24:141-152. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ asphaltene/ composition/ crude oil/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ PAH/ resin/ saturated hydrocarbons/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the changes in chemical composition of crude oil spilled in the Kuwait desert after 

5 yr of weathering. Measured asphaltene, saturate, aromatic, and resin fractions, and specific PAHs of 

three or more aromatic rings. 

Salanitro, J. P., P. B. Dorn, M. H. Huesemann, K. O. Moore, I. A. Rhodes, L. M. R. Jackson, T. E. 

Vipond, M. M. Western, H. L. Wisniewski, 1997. Crude oil hydrocarbon bioremediation and soil 

ecotoxicity assessment. Environmental Science and Technology 31:1769-1776. 

Keywords: assay/ bioassay/ bioremediation/ BTEX/ carbon/ concentration/ corn/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

earthworm/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ germination/ growth/ 

hydrocarbons/ light/ microbes/ Microtox/ oat/ oil/ organic/ organic carbon/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ plant/ seed/ soil/ survival/ toxicity/ wheat 

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Notes: Two soils (low and high organic carbon) were mixed with light, medium, or heavy crude oils (initial 

concentrations of 4,000-27,000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons) and monitored for degradation and 

toxicity. Earthworm bioassays employed five concentrations of treated soil and were performed 

throughout the experiment. A Microtox assay was performed throughout the experiment. Seed 

germination and plant growth assays (21 da) were performed with corn, wheat, and oats on control and 8- 

or 10-mo bioremediated soil. Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, BTEX, saturate 

hydrocarbons, soil leaching potential, earthworm survival, Microtox survival, seed germination, and plant 

growth. 

Salazar, S., 2003. Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) populations. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 47:313-318. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ colony/ diesel fuel/ effects/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ population/ salt water/ sea 

lion/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of the Jessica oil spill in the Galapagos Islands on sea lions in 12 

colonies. Pre-spill data was compared to information collected during the 11 mos after the spill. 

Samain, J. F., J. Moal, A. Coum, J. R. Le Coz, J. Y. Daniel, 1980. Effects of the "Amoco Cadiz" oil spill 

on zooplankton. A new possibility of ecophysiological survey. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 

33:225-235. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ coast/ community/ composition/ diet/ effects/ enzyme/ France/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ ratio/ salt water/ seasonal/ species/ spill/ survey/ zooplankton 

Notes: Report of an indirect assessment method to characterize zooplankton populations. Zooplankton 

were sampled at various sites off the coast of northern France, including the vicinity of the Amoco Cadiz 

spill over a period of 1 yr. Samples (total zooplankton or several individual species) analyzed for the 

digestive enzymes amylase and trypsin. Ratios of the enzymes used to show seasonal changes in diet or 

community composition, and contrast polluted areas with unpolluted areas. 

Sammut, M., G. Nickless, 1978. Petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediments and animals from the 

island of Malta. Environmental Pollution 16:17-30. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ coast/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ mullet/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oyster/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment, sea squirts, mullet (flesh and gut separated), mussels, and oysters were collected at 15 

locations along the coast of Malta in 1975. Measured total aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and 

quantified specific aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Samuels, W. B., K. J. Lanfear, 1982. Simulations of seabird damage and recovery from oilspills in the 

Northern Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Environmental Management 15:169-182. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ common murre/ development/ glaucous-winged gull/ Gulf of Alaska/ gull/ 

hazard/ model/ offshore/ oil field/ Oone/ population/ recovery/ salt water/ simulation 

Notes: A modelling exercise to determine potential hazard to glaucous-winged gulls and common murres 

of the Northern Gulf of Alaska of offshore oilfield development; population recovery and hazard estimation 

components. 

Samuels, W. B., A. Ladino, 1984. Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in 

the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Ecological Modelling 21:63-84. 

Keywords: analysis/ bird/ development/ gull/ hazard/ herring/ herring gull/ model/ offshore/ oil field/ 

Oone/ population/ recovery/ region/ salt water/ tern 

Notes: Modelling study of the population recovery potential of herring gulls and common terns and a 

hazard analysis of offshore oilfield development operations in the mid-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. 

Sanders, H. L., 1977. The West Falmouth spill -- Florida, 1969. Oceanus 20:15-24. 

Keywords: benthic/ Florida/ fuel oil/ general effect/ interpretation/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ 

Massachusetts/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sampling/ spill/ time/ weathered 

Notes: A retrospective assessment of the biological consequences of the West Falmouth, MA oil spill 

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(No. 2 fuel oil) in 1969. Authors describe the chronology of spill events, weathering of oil, biological 

(benthic invertebrates) sampling that occurred 1969-73, and the interpretation of the sample results. 

Sanders, H. L., J. F. Grassle, G. R. Hampson, L. S. Morse, S. Garner-Price, C. C. Jones, 1980. 

Anatomy of an oil spill: long-term effects from the grounding of the barge Florida off West Falmouth, 

Massachusetts. Journal of Marine Research 38:265-380. 

Keywords: barge Florida/ benthic/ bivalve/ community/ concentration/ degradation/ effects/ fish/ Florida/ 

fuel oil/ general effect/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ Massachusetts/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ population/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ time/ weathered 

Notes: A very good and detailed account of the No. 2 fuel oil spill caused by grounding of the barge 

Florida off West Falmouth, MA in 1969. Authors describe spill chronology, weathering of the oil, oil in 

sediments, and the effects on benthic invertebrates and fish. Collected samples from 14 subtidal and 

intertidal sites and a reference site during the period 1969-74 and performed many statistical analyses on 

the invertebrate community data. 

Santas, R., A. Korda, A. Tenente, K. Buchholz, P. H. Santas, 1999. Mesocosm assays of oil spill 

bioremediation with oleophilic fertilizers: Inipol, F1 or both? Marine Pollution Bulletin 38 :44-48. 

Keywords: alkane/ assay/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ fertilizer/ fish/ fish meal/ Iranian 

crude oil/ mesocosm/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the biodegradation of Iranian crude oil in three mesocosms. Added 

biodegradation enhancement products Inipol EAP-22 (oleophilic) or F1 (fish meal) to two mesocosms; 

measured alkane biodegradation at the water surface and below the surface. 

Sarkar, D., M. Ferguson, R. Datta, S. Birnbaum, 2005. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

contaminated soils: Comparison of biosolids addition, carbon supplementation, and monitored natural 

attenuation. Environmental Pollution 136:187-195. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ biosolid/ carbon/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ 

inorganic/ methods/ microbes/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ population/ 

rate/ soil/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Soil was treated with diesel fuel and bioremediated with two methods of biostimulation. One 

treatment was with biosolid pellets from a sewage treatment plant at two rates of application and the other 

was with inorganic fertilizer at two rates of application. Duration of incubation was 8 weeks. Microbial 

populations and total petroleum hydrocarbons were measured at the beginning of the study and at weekly 

intervals thereafter. 

Sarojini, R., A. K. Khan, R. Nagabhushanam, 1989. Effect of petroleum hydrocarbons (petrol and 

diesel) on the physiology of the crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis. I - Oxygen consumption. Journal of 

Environmental Biology 10:363-365. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ consumption/ crab/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ gasoline/ hydrocarbons/ Ofive/ oxygen/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ 

static 

Notes: Exposure of a freshwater crab to four concentrations of either diesel fuel or gasoline for 24, 48, 

72, or 96 hrs in a static bioassay. Measured oxygen consumption. 

Saterbak, A., R. J. Toy, B. J. McMain, M. P. Williams, P. B. Dorn, 2000. Ecotoxicological and analytical 

assessment of effects of bioremediation on hydrocarbon-containing soils. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 19:2643-2652. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ composition/ corn/ crude oil/ earthworm/ effects/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

freshwater plant/ germination/ length/ lettuce/ lubricating oil/ microbes/ mustard/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ plant/ remediation/ reproduction/ roots/ seed/ soil/ sources/ survival/ tilling/ toxicity/ wheat 

Notes: The second of two reports of a toxicological and analytical assessment of eight hydrocarboncontaining (5,000 - 30,000 ppm) soils (field collected). The sources of contamination ranged from 3 mos 

to > 5 yrs and involved crude oil, crude oil and brine, and lubricating oil. Pre-remediation characterization 

of chemical composition and toxicity were reported in the first publication but referenced in this report. 

Soils were bioremediated over an 11-13 mo period with N & P additions and periodic tilling. Hydrocarbon 

content was measured during and after remediation. Earthworms were used in a post-remediation 14-da 

290 
survival test; reproduction was also measured. Lettuce, wheat, corn, and mustard seeds were used for 

seed germination tests and root length production during and after remediation. 

Sauer, T. and P. Boehm 1991. The use of defensible analytical chemical measurements for oil spill 

natural resource damage assessment. Pages 363-369 in 1991 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ damage assessment/ Exxon Valdez/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ natural resource/ oil/ 

oil spill/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Authors argue for the inclusion of analytical methods specific for petroleum hydrocarbons in the 

list of EPA 'approved' methods for NRDA cases involving petroleum spills. This discussion was prompted 

by controversy over analytical methods used in the damage assessments for the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 

1989. 

Sauer, T., J. Neff, and L. Reitsema 1995. An oil spill in an Illinois lake: environmental exposure 

assessment. Pages 407-414 in 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4620. American 

Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ evaluation/ fresh water/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ pipeline/ sampling/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude oil/ spill/ time 

Notes: A continued evaluation of the consequences of a 1985 pipeline rupture of South Louisiana crude 

oil into a lake in Illinois. Biotic and abiotic studies were performed 1989-91; this report deals with the 

sediment sampling only. Surface and subsurface sediment samples were collected at 26 locations during 

the period and analyzed for 41 PAHs. 

Sauer, T. C., J. S. Brown, P. D. Boehm, D. V. Aurand, J. Michel, M. O. Hayes, 1993. Hydrocarbon 

source identification and weathering characterization of intertidal and subtidal sediments along the Saudi 

Arabian coast after the Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:117-134. 

Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ coast/ crude oil/ fingerprinting/ Gulf oil spill/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ 

Iranian crude oil/ Kuwait/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ PAH/ petroleum/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ Saudi 

Arabia/ sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ technical/ time/ weathered 

Notes: In 1992, a total of about 200 samples of intertidal and subtidal surface and subsurface sediments 

were collected along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. The samples were analyzed for numerous saturated 

hydrocarbons and PAHs. A similar analysis was performed on Kuwait, Light Arabian, and Iranian crude 

oils. The results were used to determine the petroleum source and stage of weathering. 

Sauer, T. C., J. Michel, M. O. Hayes, D. V. Aurand, 1998. Hydrocarbon characterization and weathering 

of oiled intertidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast two years after the Gulf War oil spill. 

Environment International 24:43-60. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ war/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the weathering of crude oil along the Saudi Arabian coast two yr after the Gulf 

War oil spill of 1991. Collected surface and subsurface samples from shoreline sediments and performed 

detailed analyses of the hydrocarbon content. Compared results with geomorphic characteristics of 

collection sites. 

Savabieasfahani, M., R. L. Lochmiller, D. M. Janz, 1999. Elevated ovarian and thymic cell apoptosis in 

wild cotton rats inhabiting petrochemical-contaminated terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health, Part A 57:521-527. 

Keywords: apoptosis/ cell/ cotton rat/ DNA/ ecosystem/ evaluation/ female/ mammal/ Otwo/ ovary/ rat/ 

thymus/ tissue 

Notes: Determination of the amount of apoptotic cell death in the ovary and thymus of wild female cotton 

rats occupying a former petrochemical complex. Cotton rats were collected from five petrochemical sites 

and five matching reference sites. Measured DNA integrity of ovarian and thymic tissue, counted uterine 

scars, and performed a histological evaluation of follicles. 

Scarlett, A., T. S. Galloway, M. Canty, E. L. Smith, J. Nilsson, 2005. Comparative toxicity of two oil 

dispersants, superdispersant-25 and Corexit 9527, to a range of coastal species. Environmental 

291 
Toxicology and Chemistry 24:1219-1227. 

Keywords: amphipod/ assay/ bivalve/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ feeding/ general effect/ 

grass/ indicator/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ mussel/ ODeight/ oil/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ sea 

anemone/ seagrass/ species/ static/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: A marine amphipod, a mussel, an anemone, and a seagrass were used in toxicity assays of two 

chemical oil dispersants (Corexit 9527, Superdispersant-25). Assays were a 48 hr static exposure period 

followed by a 72 hr period of recovery. The amphipod was exposed to seven concentrations of 

dispersant, and the mussel, sea anemone, and sea grass to 5 concentrations. Measured survival, 

feeding rates of the mussel after 48 hr of exposure to one concentration, lack of response by sea 

anemone, and several photosynthetic indicators for the sea grass. 

Scheier, A., D. Gominger, 1976. A preliminary study of the toxic effects of irradiated vs. non-irradiated 

water soluble fractions of #2 fuel oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:595-603. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ fuel oil/ general effect/ grass/ grass shrimp/ 

light/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeight/ oil/ phototoxicity/ salt water/ shrimp/ solubility/ species/ 

time/ toxicity/ ultraviolet 

Notes: A study of the effects of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil on grass shrimp and four 

species of fish. Test organisms were exposed to varying concentration of the WSF for 96 hr in a 

continuous-flow bioassay. The WSF was prepared either in the dark or in the presence of an indoor 

sunlamp. Effects of exposure to irradiated (ultra violet light from lamp) or non-irradiated WSF are 

compared. A second series of experiments utilized floating fuel oil (irradiated) on water for 24 hrs, 72 hrs, 

or 6 da and then removing the WSF. This is early documentation of the ultra-violet toxicity enhancement 

phenomena that attracted much attention from toxicologists in the 1990s. 

Schifter, I., C. Gonzalez-Macias, A. Miranda, E. Lopez-Salinas, 2005. Air emissions assessment from 

offshore oil activities in Sonda de Campeche, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 

109:135-145. 

Keywords: activity/ air/ emissions/ Mexico/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ release/ salt water/ sources/ storage/ survey 

Notes: Authors surveyed the sources of air emissions in the main off-shore oil production area of Mexico. 

Categorized the sources into flares, internal combustion, evaporative releases from storage facilities, 

uncontrolled fugitive emissions, and coastal traffic and fishing. Compared results of the survey to other 

major oil company operations. 

Schirmer, K., D. J. Tom, N. C. Bols, J. P. Sherry, 2001. Ability of fractionated petroleum refinery effluent 

to elicit cyto- and photocytotoxic responses and to induce 7-ethosyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in fish 

cell lines. Science of the Total Environment 271:61-78. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ cell/ effluent/ fish/ fresh water/ Othree/ particulate/ petroleum/ rainbow trout/ 

refinery/ toxicity 

Notes: A large and complex study wherein effluent from an Ontario refinery was fractionated into 

aqueous and particulate phases, as well as a concentrated extract of the effluent, and tested for cellular 

response on cell cultures derived from rainbow trout and brown bullhead. Evaluated direct cyto- and 

photocyto-toxicity, induction of EROD activity, and indirect cytotoxicity. 

Schloesser, D. W., T. A. Edsall, B. A. Manny, S. J. Nichols, 1991. Distribution of Hexagenia nymphs 

and visible oil in sediments of the upper Great Lakes connecting channels . Hydrobiologia 219:345-352. 

Keywords: burrowing mayfly/ density/ distribution/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ Great Lakes/ 

mayfly/ nymphs/ Ofive/ oil/ oiled/ sediment 

Notes: Nymphs of the burrowing mayfly were sampled at 250 stations in the connecting channels of the 

upper Great Lakes (St. Marys River, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River). Nymph densities 

were determined and compared among sections of the connecting channels and between sediments with 

and without visible oil. 

Scholten, M. and J. Kuiper 1987. The effects of oil and chemically dispersed oil on natural 

phytoplankton communities. Pages 255-257 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 

4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

292 
Keywords: abundance/ cell/ chlorophyll/ community/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ 

effects/ experiment/ Forties Field crude oil/ fuel oil/ light/ marine plant/ model/ mousse/ Nigerian crude oil/ 

ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ overview/ phytoplankton/ plankton/ population/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tidal flat 

Notes: An overview of seven experiments performed with model plankton ecosystems and model tidal flat 

ecosystems. Only reports on the main phytoplankton results for studies involving phytoplankton exposure 

to water-soluble fraction of fuel oil, Nigerian light crude oil, Forties crude oil in nitrogen-poor sea water, 

Forties crude oil and chemically-dispersed Forties, fraction 2 oil, and fuel oil mousse. Measured 

chlorophyll concentrations, abundance of algal cells, primary production, and species composition. 

Scholten, M. C. Th., C. C. Karman, S. Huwer, 2000. Ecotoxicological risk assessment related to 

chemicals and pollutants in off-shore oil production. Toxicology Letters 112-113:283-288. 

Keywords: effluent/ Europe/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ petroleum/ risk/ risk assessment/ salt 

water/ waste water 

Notes: Discussion of risk assessment of chemicals and pollutants from offshore oil production in 

northwest Europe. Presentation of a computerized program called CHARM that facilitates both risk 

assessment and risk management. 

Schratzberger, M., F. Daniel, C. M. Wall, R. Kilbride, S. J. Macnaughton, S. E. Boyd, H. L. Rees, K. 

Lee, R. P. J. Swannell, 2003. Response of estuarine meio-and macrofauna to in situ bioremediation of 

oil-contaminated sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:430-443. 

Keywords: analysis/ bioremediation/ coast/ community/ concentration/ crude oil/ England/ estuarine/ 

fertilizer/ intertidal/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ nematode/ nitrogen/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phosphorus/ salt water/ sediment/ weathered 

Notes: An intertidal area on the coast of southwest England was used to establish three blocks of 

experimental plots. Weathered Forties crude oil was used. Each block had plots containing a control, a 

defaunated control, oiled sediment, oiled sediment plus slow-release fertilizer, and oiled sediment plus 

liquid fertilizer. Sediment samples were collected for total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis during weeks 

0, 11, 16, and 45. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations were measured during weeks 0, 2, and 16. 

Nematodes and macrofauna were identified and quantified during weeks 0, 3, 7, 11, and 45. 

Schreiner, C., Q. Bui, R. Breglia, D. Burnett, F. Koschier, P. Podhasky, L. Lapadula, R. White, 1997. 

Toxicity evaluation of petroleum blending streams: reproductive and developmental effects of 

hydrodesulfurized kerosine. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 52:211-229. 

Keywords: concentration/ consumption/ development/ effects/ evaluation/ female/ food/ fresh water/ 

kerosene/ male/ mammal/ organ/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ rat/ reproduction/ skin/ stream/ survival/ 

toxicity/ weight 

Notes: Laboratory rats exposed to five concentrations of hydrodesulfurized kerosine applied daily to the 

shaved backs of males (8 wk) and females (7 wk); survival, weights, food consumption, birth, and 

lactation. Males killed at 8 wk, females and young killed at 4 da post-partum; body weight, organ weights, 

offspring development, macro- and microscopic pathology. 

Schroder, J. L., N. T. Basta, D. P. Rafferty, R. L. Lochmiller, S. Kim, C. W. Qualls, K. McBee, 1999. 

Soil and vegetation fluoride exposure pathways to cotton rats on a petrochemical-contaminated landfarm. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2028-2033. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bone/ cotton rat/ dental fluorosis/ evaluation/ fluoride/ fluorine/ fluorosis/ 

freshwater plant/ mammal/ Oklahoma/ Otwo/ petroleum/ rat/ refinery/ risk/ soil/ vegetation 

Notes: An evaluation of the risk of fluoride accumulation in small mammals inhabiting landfarms used to 

degrade wastes from petroleum refining. Measured the fluorine content of soil, vegetation, and bone of 

cotton rats from the vicinity of an old refinery in Oklahoma and from a reference site. Also estimated the 

severity of dental fluorosis. 

Schroder, J. L., N. T. Basta, R. L. Lochmiller, D. P. Rafferty, M. Payton, S. Kim, C. W. Qualls, Jr., 

2000. Soil contamination and bioaccumulation of inorganics on petrochemical sites. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 19:2066-2072. 

Keywords: concentration/ cotton rat/ fluorine/ fluorosis/ incisor/ inorganic/ lesions/ mammal/ metals/ 

Otwo/ petroleum waste/ rat/ soil/ uptake 

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Notes: Twelve petrochemical-contaminated sites and 12 matched reference sites were evaluated for 

uptake of metals and F by local rodents. Sampled soils and cotton rats from all 24 sites over a 3-year 

period (four matched pairs per year). Measured soil characteristics and concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, 

Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and F. Cotton rat humeri were analyzed for Ba, Cr, Pb, Sr, Zn, Ti, and F; 

incisors were examined for dental lesions (fluorosis). 

Schroder, J. L., N. T. Basta, M. Payton, J. A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, R. L. Lochmiller, 

2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes. I. Residual soil 

contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health, Part A 66:305-325. 

Keywords: bone/ cotton rat/ fluoride/ hydrocarbons/ incisor/ kidney/ lesions/ mammal/ metals/ Otwo/ 

PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ petroleum waste/ rat/ remediation/ risk/ seasonal/ soil 

Notes: Cotton rats were collected from five petrochemical landfarms and matched reference sites during 

summer and winter of 1998-2000. Soils were collected from each site and analyzed for soil 

characteristics,12 metals and fluoride, 16 PAHs, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Bone was analyzed 

for metals and fluoride. Kidney was analyzed for metals. Incisors were evaluated for frequency and 

severity of dental lesions. 

Schultz, D. and L. B. Tebo, Jr. 1975. Boone Creek oil spill. Pages 583-587 in 1975 Conference on 

Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: algae/ benthic/ creek/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

freshwater plant/ invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ periphyton/ pollution/ sediment/ South Carolina/ spill/ 

time 

Notes: Results of a spill of diesel fuel into a creek in South Carolina; effects on fish, periphyton, and 

benthic invertebrates, and residence time in sediments. 

Schultz, D. P., W. W. Johnson, and A. B. Berkner 1983. A unique oiled bird rehabilitation operation -- 

Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, February 1981. Pages 525-528 in 1983 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, 

Behavior, Control, Cleanup), API Publication 4356, API 4356. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, 

D.C. 

Keywords: beach/ behavior/ bird/ coast/ loon/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ origin/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ 

South Carolina/ species/ spill 

Notes: Account of an oiled bird rehabilitation effort for several species of loons on the coast of South 

Carolina after a spill of unknown origin. 

Schultz, T. W., S. T. Perry, J. N. Dumont, 1978. Reduced toxicity of an aqueous coal-conversion 

effluent following waste disposal treatment. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

20:633-639. 

Keywords: aqueous/ assay/ behavior/ coal/ concentration/ effluent/ fresh water/ freshwater/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ growth/ Ofive/ population/ respiration/ solvent/ stream/ synthetic oil/ toxicity/ treatment/ waste 

water/ water 

Notes: Treated waste water from a solvent refined coal process (sand-filter stream and carbon-filter 

stream) were tested for toxicity in a laboratory assay employing a freshwater ciliate. Ciliates were 

exposed to concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of both effluents for 24 hr; measured changes in 

shape and behavior. Respiration was measured in a separate 24 hr assay using concentraions of 5, 10, 

15, and 20% sand-filter stream effluent. Population growth was measured in a separate 72 hr assay 

using concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% sand-filter stream effluent. 

Scopa, A., G. Salzano, L. Scrano, S. A. Bufo, M. G. Bonomo, 2006. Preliminary assessment of 

microbial community recovery after an accidental oil spill by molecular analysis. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin 15:1-7. 

Keywords: analysis/ bioremediation/ community/ crude oil/ DNA/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ recovery/ soil/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: Soil was sampled one month and one year after an accidental crude oil spillage in southern Italy. 

Polluted samples and a reference soil were physically and chemically (including total petroleum 

hydrocarbon content) characterized. Samples along two transects at each location were combined and 

294 
used in a molecular (DNA) analysis of soil microbes (total community DNA extraction). Intent was to use 

community DNA change to measure the progress of natural bioremediation of the oiled soil. 

Scott, B. F., E. Nagy, J. P. Sherry, B. J. Dutka, V. Glooschenko, N. B. Snow, and P. J. Wade 1979. 

Ecological effects of oil-dispersant mixtures in fresh water. Pages 585-571 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, 

API Publication 4308. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: algae/ bacteria/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ fungi/ general effect/ mesocosm/ Norman Wells crude oil/ 

ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ spill/ time/ water column/ zooplankton 

Notes: The effects on water column organisms of exposure to Norman Wells crude oil with or without a 

chemical dispersant (Corexit 9527) was determined with four outdoor mesocosms. Each mesocosm was 

monitored for 7 mos prior to exposure and on days 1, 7, 14, 27, 41, and 55 after exposure. Oil 

concentrations were also determined at hours 1, 4, and 48 after crude oil and dispersant were added. 

Measured water characteristics, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria (two types), fungi, attached 

filamentous algae, surface insects, and chlorophyll a. Phytoplankton were identified to Class. 

Seip, K. L., 1984. The Amoco Cadiz oil spill -- at a glance. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:218-230. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ bird/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ fate/ France/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ 

marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ review/ spill/ time/ wetland 

Notes: A review of the effects of the 1978 Amoco Cadiz crude oil spill off the Brittany coast of France. 

The review occurs 5 yr post spill and includes data from multiple studies covering petroleum fate, 

vertebrate and nonvertebrate animals, coastal and wetland flora, and social effects. 

Seip, K. L., E. Sandersen, F. Mehlum, J. Ryssdal, 1991. Damages to seabirds from oil spills: comparing 

simulation results and vulnerability indexes. Ecological Modelling 53:39-59. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ eiders/ guillemot/ index/ kittiwake/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ 

salt water/ simulation/ species/ spill/ vulnerability 

Notes: Simulation modelling for estimating harm to seabird populations from oil spills; results are 

compared to a vulnerability index system. Three species of birds (kittiwake, common guillemot, common 

eider) are used in the comparisons. 

Seiser, P. E., L. K. Duffy, A. D. McGuire, D. D. Roby, G. H. Golet, M. A. Litzow, 2000. Comparison of 

pigeon guillemot, Cepphus columba, blood parameters from oiled and unoiled areas of Alaska eight years 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:152-164. 

Keywords: adult/ Alaska/ biochemistry/ bird/ blood/ chicks/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ guillemot/ oil/ 

oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ parameters/ plasma/ population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt 

water/ spill/ time 

Notes: Pigeon guillemot chicks and adults from oiled and unoiled portions of Prince William Sound and 

adults from Kachemak Bay, Alaska were sampled to determine any lingering effects of the 1989 oil spill. 

Blood was sampled from chicks 20 da and 30 da after hatch, and once from adults. Blood was analyzed 

for haematological characteristics and plasma biochemistry; results were compared over time and 

between oiled and unoiled locations. 

Sen-Gupta, R., T. W. Kureishy, 1981. Present state of oil pollution in the northern Indian Ocean. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 12:295-301. 

Keywords: depth/ Indian Ocean/ miscellaneous/ nets/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil slick/ petroleum/ pollution/ salt 

water/ survey/ tar ball/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: A large-scale survey of petroleum pollution in the northern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea and Bay of 

Bengal) was performed ~1979-80. Water was sampled at three depths, visual observations were made 

of oil slicks and floating tarballs, and neuston nets were used to collect sub-surface tar balls. Water 

samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbon content. 

Sen Gupta, R., S. P. Fondekar, R. Alagarsamy, 1993. State of oil pollution in the northern Arabian Sea 

after the 1991 Gulf oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:85-91. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ concentration/ depth/ environment/ fish/ Gulf oil spill/ 

hydrocarbons/ India/ marine environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ oxygen/ pollution/ 

295 
salt water/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ tar ball/ total hydrocarbons/ zooplankton 

Notes: Two survey cruises (3/91, 9/91) were undertaken to sample the marine environment of the 

northern Arabian Sea adjacent to the west coast of India for evidence of pollution from the Gulf oil spill. 

Sampled water and measured oxygen concentrations at several depths, looked for oil slicks and tar balls, 

collected zooplankton and fish samples, collected a few sediment samples, and determined the percent 

presence of oil-degrading bacteria in water. Analyzed water, sediment, and biota for total hydrocarbons. 

Sergy, G. A. 1985. The Baffin Island oil spill (BIOS) project: a summary. Pages 571-575 in 1985 Oil Spill 

Conference, API Publication4385. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: bacteria/ benthic/ Canada/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ fate/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ review/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ water column/ weathered 

Notes: A review and summary of the results of a 4-yr study of the effects of an experimental crude oil spill 

at Baffin Island, NW Territories, Canada. Sections on background, nearshore, and shoreline; covering 

crude oil fate, water column bacteria, and benthic biota. 

Serrano, A., M. Gallego, J. L. Gonzalez, 2006. Assessment of natural attenuation of volatile aromatic 

hydrocarbons in agricultural soil contaminated with diesel fuel. Environmental Pollution 144:203-209. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ fate/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ soil/ time 

Notes: The fate of diesel fuel spilled on an experimental soil (previously used in agriculture) plot was 

determined over a 50-da period. Twelve volatile aromatic hydrocarbons were measured at three depths 

and the disappearance was attributed to either volatilization or dissipation. 

Serrazanetti, G. P., L. S. Conte, E. Carpene, C. Bergami, S. Fonda-Umani, 1991. Distribution of 

aliphatic hydrocarbons in plankton of Adriatic Sea open waters. Chemosphere 23:925-938. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ biogenic/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine 

plant/ Ofour/ petroleum/ plankton/ salt water/ sources 

Notes: Plankton of the Adriatic Sea were collected in the spring and late summer. Samples were 

analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and the results were used to determine the source of the 

hydrocarbons (biogenic or petroleum). 

Sexstone, A., R. M. Atlas, 1977. Mobility and biodegradability of crude oil in Arctic tundra soils. 

Developments in Industrial Microbiology 18:673-684. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arctic/ behavior/ crude oil/ depth/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ 

microbes/ oil/ Oten/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ soil/ time/ total hydrocarbons/ tundra 

Notes: An early study of the behavior of spilled Prudhoe Bay crude oil on tundra soil. Two quantities of 

crude oil were spilled on test plots established on four physical forms of tundra soil and sampled five 

times at 2-wk intervals during July and August. Samples were collected at three soil depths and analyzed 

for total extractable hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Seys, J., H. Offringa, J. Van Waeyenberge, P. Meire, E. Kuijken, 2002. An evaluation of beached bird 

monitoring approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:322-333. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ evaluation/ methods/ monitoring/ Oone/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of four methods of monitoring beached birds (weekly, monthly, annually, birds 

submitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers). Used information gathered during seven winters (1993-99). 

Seys, J., H. Offringa, P. Meire, J. Van Waeyenberge, E. Kuijken, 2002. Long-term changes in oil 

pollution off the Belgian coast: evidence from beached bird monitoring. Belgian Journal of Zoology 

132:111-118. 

Keywords: beached bird survey/ bird/ coast/ density/ long-term/ monitoring/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ 

rate/ salt water/ survey/ time/ trend 

Notes: Annual beached bird surveys are performed in Belgium during February. Authors used a dataset 

of 37 yrs (1962-99) to look for long term trends in density (birds/km), taxonomic groups, and rate of oiling 

(oiled birds/total birds). 

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Shailaji, M. S., 1988. The influence of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon residues on natural 

phytoplankton biomass. Marine Environmental Research 25:315-324. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

depth/ dissolved/ hydrocarbons/ India/ light/ marine plant/ nutrients/ oil/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ species/ transect 

Notes: Water was collected from 1, 10, and 30 m depths along two transects in the southern Bay of 

Bengal, India and analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophyll a concentrations. Several water 

nutrients also were measured. A phytoplankton species was cultured for 96 hrs in the presence of filtered 

water from 1 m depth or artificial sea water spiked with varying amounts of water-soluble fraction of light 

Arabian crude oil; measured chlorophyll a. 

Shakir Hanna, S. H., R. W. Weaver, 2002. Earthworm survival in oil contaminated soil. Plant and Soil 

240:127-132. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ concentration/ crude oil/ earthworm/ experiment/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ soil/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: A series of earthworm survival experiments was performed using soil mixed with varying 

concentrations of Arabian light crude oil. The first experiment involved E. fetida in soil containing either 

0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 2.5 ppm of either unweathered or artificially weathered crude oil for 15 da. The second 

experiment used L. terrestris in soil containing either 0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 ppm unweathered crude oil for 15 

da. The third experiment used L. terrestris and either 0, 0.5, 1, 05 1.5 ppm unweathered crude oil in a 15-

da experiment permitting the earthworms to move from the contaminated portion of a container to an 

uncontaminated portion. The fourth experiment determined survival of L. terrestris in contaminated soil 

bioremediated for 1 yr with either no bulking agent, sawdust, hay, or vermiculate; duration of this 

experiment was 25 da. 

Sharma, V. K., K. Rhudy, R. Brooks, S. Hollyfield, F. G. Vazquez, 1997. Petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sediments of upper Laguna Madre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:229-234. 

Keywords: hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ 

sediment/ survey/ Texas 

Notes: Survey of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment of a portion of the upper Laguna Madre. 

Sharma, V. K., S. D. Hicks, W. Rivera, F. G. Vazquez, 2000. Hydrocarbon contamination in sediments 

of Nueces Bay, Texas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65:253-260. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biological effects/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Nueces Bay/ Oeleven/ salt water/ sediment/ sources/ Texas 

Notes: Sediments were collected from 12 locations in Nueces Bay, Texas and analyzed for aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were interpreted for source determination and implications for biological 

effects. 

Sharma, V. K., S. D. Hicks, W. Rivera, F. G. Vazquez, 2002. Characterization and degradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons following an oil spill into a coastal environment of south Texas, U.S.A. Water, 

Air, and Soil Pollution 134:111-127. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

environment/ hydrocarbons/ light/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ sediment/ spill/ stream/ Texas/ time 

Notes: A 1994 pipeline rupture resulted in the discharge of light crude oil into a Texas coastal stream. 

Sediments from the stream bank and channel bottom were collected at 11 sites during months 1, 2, 3, 4, 

6, and 12. Measured concentrations of 22 aliphatic and 16 aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Sharp, B. E., 1996. Post-release survival of oiled, cleaned seabirds in North America. Ibis 138:222-228. 

Keywords: bird/ cleaning/ commentary/ North America/ oiled/ Oone/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled seabirds in North America and a 

commentary on the utility of cleaning oiled birds. 

Shaw, D. G., L. M. Cheek, A. J. Paul, 1977. Uptake and release of petroleum by intertidal sediments at 

Port Valdez, Alaska. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5:429-430. 

297 
Keywords: Alaska/ composition/ crude oil/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ 

Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ release/ salt water/ 

sediment/ time/ uptake 

Notes: An early experiment to determine the potential for intertidal sediment in Alaska (Port Valdez) to 

retain spilled crude oil (Prudhoe Bay crude oil). Two quantities of crude oil were added on five 

consecutive days to 'contained' plots of intertidal sediment at low tide. The surface sediment was 

sampled on days 3, 5, 7, 15, 29, 44, and 60 after the first oiling and analyzed for total extractable 

hydrocarbons. Gas chromatogram tracings were used to show the changes in crude oil composition over 

time. 

Shaw, D. G., J. N. Wiggs, 1980. Hydrocarbons in the intertidal environment of Kachemak Bay, Alaska. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:297-300. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bivalve/ clam/ coal/ environment/ hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ limpet/ marine invertebrate/ 

mussel/ Ofour/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sea urchin/ sediment/ snail/ species/ terpenoid/ 

unsaturated hydrocarbons/ urchin 

Notes: Assessment of the hydrocarbons in the bivalves, sediment, and coal of five locations within 

Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Sampled three species of limpet, two clams, two mussels, one snail, and one 

urchin for hydrocarbons. Analyzed samples for saturated, unsaturated, and terpenoid hydrocarbons. 

Shaw, D. G., 1992. The Exxon Valdez oil-spill: ecological and social consequences. Environmental 

Conservation 19:253-258. 

Keywords: Alaska/ cleaning/ commentary/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ general effect/ methods/ 

Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ spill/ time 

Notes: A commentary on the consequences of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. The author discusses the cleanup methods, biotic effects, economic and social effects, and 

governmental response. 

Shaw, D. G., H. R. Bader, 1996. Environmental science in a legal context: the Exxon Valdez experience. 

Ambio 25:430-434. 

Keywords: CERCLA/ damage assessment/ Exxon Valdez/ legal/ miscellaneous/ mitigation/ natural 

resource/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ restoration/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Critical assessment of the legal aspects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Consequences of the 

CERCLA requirements for data collection are evaluated in terms of problems produced for both scientists 

and lawyers; several suggestions for improvement. 

Shelton, M. E., P. J. Chapman, S. S. Foss, W. S. Fisher, 1999. Degradation of weathered oil by mixed 

marine bacteria and the toxicity of accumulated water-soluble material to two marine crustacea. Archives 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:13-20. 

Keywords: bacteria/ crude oil/ degradation/ embryo/ grass/ grass shrimp/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ 

miscellaneous/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ shrimp/ 

survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: Artificially-weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil degraded by four different mixtures of marine 

bacteria over periods of 7 or 14 da. Compared to the degradation in a sterile control and a nutrientlimited version of one of the marine bacteria mixtures. Embryos of grass shrimp were exposed for 12 da 

to the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of all experimental groups. Larvae of mysid shrimp were exposed to 

WSF from the sterile control and one of the bacteria mixtures. Measured survival of embryos and larvae 

and analyzed the recovered WSF. 

Sherry, J. P., B. F. Scott, E. Nagy, B. J. Dutka, 1994. Investigation of the sublethal effects of some 

petroleum refinery effluents. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 3:129-137. 

Keywords: acute/ algae/ alkane/ bacteria/ Canada/ chronic/ effects/ effluent/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ genetic/ microbes/ Microtox/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ plant/ 

refinery/ sublethal 

Notes: Effluents from two Ontario, Canada petroleum refineries were used in a battery of acute (48-hr, 

96-hr, Microtox, Toxi-Chromotest), chronic and sublethal (3 or 7 da, 120-hr, 96-hr), and genetic (SOS298 
Chromotest) tests. Used bacteria, algae, aquatic plants, cladocerans, and fish. Also analyzed the 

effluents for alkanes and priority pollutant PAHs. 

Shin, K.-H., H. Jung, P. Chang, H. Choi, K.-W. Kim, 2005. Earthworm toxicity during chemical 

oxideation of diesel-contaminated sand. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24:1924-1929. 

Keywords: chemical analysis/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ earthworm/ freshwater invertebrate/ Ofive/ risk/ sand/ 

soil/ survival/ toxicity/ weathered 

Notes: The toxic risk to earthworms of in-situ ozonation of diesel-contaminated sand was determined with 

an experimental ozonation test chamber. Diesel fuel was weathered for 2 wks and added to a large 

quantity of sand. Ozonation was continued for 20 da and was monitored at a grid of locations within the 

test chamber. Diesel-contaminated sand was sampled before and at the end of the 20 ozonation period, 

at nine locations within the test chamber. Sand samples were used as part of an artificial soil mixture that 

evaluated toxicity to earthworms over a 14-da period. Test chamber sand was characterized, the diesel 

content of all sand and soil samples was measured, and earthworms were weighed at 2-da intervals. 

Shin, W. S., J. H. Pardue, W. A. Jackson, S. J. Choi, 2001. Nutrient enhanced biodegradation of crude 

oil in tropical salt marshes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 131:135-152. 

Keywords: alkane/ ammonia/ ammonium/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ concentration/ crude 

oil/ degradation/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ microbes/ 

mineralization/ nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ rate/ salt water/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude oil/ time 

Notes: Sediment cores were removed from two sites along coastal Louisiana and used in a laboratory 

assessment of microbial degradation of South Louisiana crude oil. Cores from one site were either 

microbially supressed (chemical additive), untouched, or enhanced by one of three concentrations of 

fertilizer. Cores from the other sites were either microbially supressed, untouched, or enhanced by one 

concentration of fertilizer. A radio-labelled alkane and an aromatic compound were added to the 

sediment. Measured mineralization rates of the radio-labelled compounds, CO2 production, and 

porewater ammonia nitrogen during a 100 da incubation period. Also measured the concentration, after 8 

wks, of 12 alkanes and 7 aromatics. 

Short, J. W., R. A. Heintz, 1997. Identification of Exxon Valdez oil in sediments and tissues from Prince 

William Sound and the northwestern Gulf of Alaska based on a PAH weathering model. Environmental 

Science and Technology 31:2375-2384. 

Keywords: Alaska/ concentration/ crude oil/ development/ Exxon Valdez/ gravel/ Gulf of Alaska/ 

miscellaneous/ model/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oil/ PAH/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sediment/ tissue/ 

weathered 

Notes: Development of a PAH weathering model used to assess weathering of crude oil in a large 

number of field samples from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Used gravel coated with four quantities of 

crude oil and then weathered for 6 mos. Field samples consisted of sediment and mussel tissue. 

Measured concentrations of selected PAH in field samples and experimental gravel. 

Short, J. W., M. R. Lindeberg, P. M. Harris, J. M. Maselko, J. J. Pella, S. D. Rice, 2004. Estimate of oil 

persisting on the beaches of Prince William Sound 12 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Environmental Science and Technology 38:19-25. 

Keywords: beach/ crude oil/ estimate/ Exxon Valdez/ miscellaneous/ North Slope crude oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

oil spill/ oiled/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ remediation/ spill/ survey/ time 

Notes: A large scale stratified random sampling project to estimate the oil remaining in Prince William 

Sound beaches from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Sampling occurred within categories of heavy, medium, 

and light oiling. Samples were analyzed gravimetrically and with GC-MS. Results were compared to 

previous surveys and current estimates were made of the quantity of oil remaining and the percent of 

petroleum attributable to the Exxon Valdez spill. 

Short, J. W., J. M. Maselko, M. R. Lindeberg, P. M. Harris, S. D. Rice, 2006. Vertical distribution and 

probability of encountering intertidal Exxon Valdez oil on shorelines of three embayments within Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. Environmental Science and Technology 40 :3723-3729. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ distribution/ duck/ Exxon Valdez/ intertidal/ mammal/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ otter/ petroleum/ Prince William Sound/ salt water/ sampling/ sea otter/ 

299 
sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: A total of 32 shoreline segments at three locations on the north side of Knight Island, Prince 

William Sound were examined for the visible presence of petroleum in surface and subsurface sediments. 

All shorelines were heavily oiled during the 1989 spill. Each shoreline was divided into five 1-m tidal 

elevation intervals (-0.2 to +4.8 m) for sampling purposes. Results were compared to those from a similar 

study in 2001. Calculated oil encounter probabilities for animals (sea otters, ducks) that forage in and on 

the sediments of shoreline areas. 

Shriadah, M. A., 1999. Oil contamination along oil tanker routes off the United Arab Emirates (the 

Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63:203-210. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ Gulf of Oman/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ salt water/ tanker/ United Arab Emirates 

Notes: Determination of petroleum contamination in portions of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. 

Collected 288 water samples (surface and 10-m depth) between October 1995 and September 1996. 

Analyzed water for aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Shriadah, M. A., 2001. Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in Arabian Gulf fish tissues. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67:560-567. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ fish/ length/ lipid/ Othree/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ seasonal/ species/ tissue/ TPH/ United Arab Emirates/ 

weight 

Notes: Fish of eight species were collected in winter and summer from commercial fishermen plying the 

waters of the Arabian Gulf off the coast of the United Arab Emirates. Measured length and weight of 

each fish and the lipid and total petroleum hydrocarbon (THP; aromatic) content of fish tissue 

(unspecified). Compared fish weight and lipid content to TPH and compared the winter and summer 

seasons. 

Shriadah, M. A., 2003. Tar contamination on beaches of the United Arab Emirates. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:680-687. 

Keywords: beach/ coast/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ salt water/ sampling/ survey/ tar ball/ 

United Arab Emirates 

Notes: Authors conducted beach surveys in 1996 and 1997 for tar balls along the west and east coasts 

of the United Arab Emirates. A total of 10 beaches containing 43 sampling sites were used. Tar balls 

were counted and weighed. 

Shriadah, M. M. A., 1998. Impacts of an oil spill on the marine environment of the United Arab Emirates 

along the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:876-879. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ concentration/ crude oil/ environment/ Gulf of Oman/ 

hydrocarbons/ intertidal/ Iranian crude oil/ marine environment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil 

spill/ organic/ organic carbon/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ spill/ United Arab Emirates 

 Notes: Assessment of the contamination caused by a spill of Iranian crude oil in the Gulf of Oman, 

March 1994. Sampled offshore water (surface, subsurface) and interdidal sediment and water. Analyzed 

water for aromatic hydrocarbons and sediment for aromatic hydrocarbons and organic carbon. Sampling 

performed twice in April and once in July and November. 

Siddiqui, S., W. A. Adams, 2002. The fate of diesel hydrocarbons in soils and their effect on the 

germination of perennial ryegrass. Environmental Toxicology 17:49-62. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ degradation/ diesel 

fuel/ freshwater plant/ germination/ incubation/ microbes/ nutrients/ Oseven/ respiration/ ryegrass/ seed/ 

soil 

Notes: Two soils, one clean and one from a site subjected to periodic diesel fuel leakage, were collected 

and used in several laboratory studies. The clean soil was mixed with diesel to achieve either 0, 0.64, 

1.6, 4, 5, or 13.6 % diesel in soil. The contaminated soil received 5 % diesel, with or without N and P 

nutrients. The mixtures were allowed to incubate at constant temperature for 600 da. Soil respiration 

was measured daily for 30 da, bacterial counts and length of fungal hyphal length on days 3, 11, and 30, 

and soils analyzed at days 0, 3, 11, 30, 60, 150, 365, and 600 for aliphatic hydrocarbons and several 

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aromatic hydrocarbons. Determined the effect of all treatment groups at weeks 0, 3, 5, 9, and 24 of 

incubation on 7-da germination of perennial ryegrass seeds. Germination of the same seeds was also 

determined by exposing seeds to individual aliphatic hydrocarbons (9) and aromatic hydrocarbons (3) at 

eight concentrations for 2 wks. 

Sidhu, A., W. J. Mitsch, 1987. Water pollution from oil and gas recovery in eastern Kentucky 

watersheds. Water Research Bulletin 23:943-953. 

Keywords: anion/ brine water/ cations/ conductivity/ effluent/ fresh water/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil 

field/ pH/ pollution/ recovery 

Notes: Two watersheds in eastern Kentucky that received brine effluent from oil and gas field operations 

were sampled in 1984. Water was collected from five surface water sites in each watershed, four brine 

ponds, and four wells. Samples were collected during March, June, July, and September. Water and 

brine effluent were characterized for pH, conductivity and selected anions and cations. 

Siljeholm, J., 1993. An assessment of water pollution from refineries in the USA and western Europe. 

Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials 10:365-376. 

Keywords: cod/ composition/ discharges/ effluent/ Europe/ evaluation/ fresh water/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ petroleum/ pollution/ refinery/ salt water/ TOC/ treatment/ waste water 

Notes: An evaluation of the chemical composition of refinery effluents in western Europe and the Uninted 

States. Waste water treatment systems are examined at different types of refineries and total petroleum 

discharges are shown for the period 1969-1987. Polar organic matter in current (late 1980s) refinery 

discharges are discussed with a European case study and data from the U.S. Polar organics were 

estimated as BOD, TOC, and COD, and compared to total petroleum (oil & grease). 

Silsby, G. C. 1968. The chemistry of detergents. Pages 7-14 in J. D. Carthy, D. R. Arthur, editors. The 

Biological effects of oil pollution on littoral communities: proceedings of a symposium held at the Orielton 

Field Centre, Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th February 1968. Field Studies. Field Studies 

Council, London. 

Keywords: biological effects/ community/ detergent/ dispersant/ effects/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ pH/ 

pollution/ spill/ surfactant/ technical/ littoral/ Wales 

Notes: A presentation on the basic chemistry of detergents and surfactants with particular reference to 

how they work on floating oil. 

Simonato, J. D., A. C. Albinati, C. B. R. Marinez, 2006. Effects of the water soluble fraction of diesel 

fuel oil on some functional parameters of the neotropical freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus

Valenciennes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 76:505-511. 

Keywords: acute/ analysis/ assay/ biochemical/ blood/ chloride/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ 

experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater/ fuel oil/ glucose/ liver/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ parameters/ 

plasma/ soluble/ static/ water 

Notes: Fish were exposed in a static assay to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of diesel fuel for either 24, 

48, 96 hrs (acute exposure) or 15 da (subchronic exposure). The WSF fraction was renewed at 7 da in 

the subchronic experiment. Blood was analyzed for plasma osmolality, plasma chloride concentration, 

and plasma glucose. Liver was analyzed for glutathione-S-transferase and catalase analysis. 

Simons, E. A. and M. Akin 1987. Dead endangered species in a California oil spill. Pages 417-418 in

1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup). American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ brine water/ California/ endangered species/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil/ oil field/ 

oil spill/ Otwo/ rat/ species/ spill/ waste water 

Notes: Report of the death of 11 endangered (state) giant kangaroo rats in California due to an overflow 

of brine water from an oilfield. 

Simpson, K. W., 1980. Abnormalities in the tracheal gills of aquatic insects collected from streams 

receiving chlorinated or crude oil wastes. Freshwater Biology 10:581-583. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ crude oil/ effluent/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ gill/ growth/ 

larvae/ nymphs/ Ofive/ oil/ oil field/ Pennsylvania/ respiration/ stream/ tissue/ waste water 

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Notes: Caddisfly larvae were sampled from the Allegheny River after it flowed through the northwest 

Pennsylvania oil field area. Trachael gills were inspected for tissue damage or abnormal growth. Similar 

evaluation described for a site receiving chlorinated wastewater effluents in New York (stoneflies and 

caddisflies). 

Simpson, R. D., S. D. A. Smith, A. R. Pople, 1995. The effects of a spillage of diesel fuel on a rocky 

shore in the sub-Antarctic region (Macquarie Island). Marine Pollution Bulletin 31:367-371. 

Keywords: community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ invertebrate/ kelp/ littoral/ marine invertebrate/ 

multivariate/ Ofour/ oiled/ region/ rocky shore/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ structure/ sublittoral/ substrate 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a spill of marine diesel fuel on the shoreline of a sub-Antarctic island 

6 mos after the spill. Two oiled and two unoiled locations were sampled; evaluated biota on rocky 

substrate in the littoral and sublittoral zones and the invertebrate community structure of the giant kelp. 

Used univariate and multivariate analyses to compare sites. 

Singer, M. M., D. L. Smalheer, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. Martin, 1990. Toxicity of an oil dispersant to the 

early life stages of four California marine species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:1387-1395. 

Keywords: bioassay/ California/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ dispersant/ embryo/ experiment/ fish/ flowthrough/ general effect/ juvenile/ kelp/ larvae/ lethal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ salt 

water/ species/ toxicity/ zoospore 

 Notes: A flow-through bioassay experiment was used to determine the toxicity of a chemical dispersant 

(Corexit 9527) to zoospores of giant kelp, embryos of red abalone, 4-d-old juvenile mysids, and 10-d-old 

larvae of topsmelt. Kelp and abalone were tested for 48 hrs, and mysid and topsmelt for 96 hrs. 

Endpoints were nonlethal for kelp and abalone, and lethal for mysid and topsmelt. Bioassay water was 

analyzed for concentrations of dispersant. Calculated LC, EC, and NOEC concentrations. 

Singer, M. M., S. George, D. Benner, S. Jacobson, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1993. Comparative 

toxicity of two oil dispersants to the early life stages of two marine species. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 12:1855-1863. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ bioassay/ concentration/ dispersant/ embryo/ flow-through/ juvenile/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of two oil dispersants (Slik-A-Way, Nokomis 3) to red abalone embryos 

and juveniles of the forest mysid. Exposure was for 48 or 96 hrs in a flow-through laboratory bioassay 

using five concentrations of dispersant. Measured survival, developmental abnormalities among abalone 

embryos, and concentrations of dispersants in exposure water. 

Singer, M. M., S. George, S. Jacobson, I. Lee, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1994. Comparative 

effects of oil dispersants to the early life stages of topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and kelp (Macrocystis 

pyrifera). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13:649-655. 

Keywords: concentration/ dispersant/ effects/ fish/ growth/ kelp/ larvae/ marine plant/ ODthree/ oil/ salt 

water/ toxicity/ zoospore 

Notes: Toxicity of several concentrations of two oil dispersants (Nokomis 3, Slik-A-Way) to larvae of 

topsmelt and zoospores of giant kelp; 96 hr test for topsmelt and 48 hr test for kelp. Measures of death 

for topsmelt and growth for kelp. 

Singer, M. M., S. George, S. Jacobson, I. Lee, L. L. Weetman, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1995. 

Acute toxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9554 to marine organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety 32:81-86. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ Corexit 9554/ dispersant/ embryo/ fish/ flowthrough/ juvenile/ kelp/ larvae/ length/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ survival/ 

toxicity/ zoospore 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9554 to embryos of the red abalone, 

juvenile kelp forest mysids, larvae of the top smelt, and motile zoospores of the giant kelp. Exposure was 

in a flow-through bioassay for 48 or 96 hrs using five dispersant concentrations. Measured survival, 

developmental abnormalities in the abalone embryos, germ tube length of kelp zoospores, and dispersant 

concentrations in exposure water. 

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Singer, M. M., S. George, S. Jacobson, I. Lee, L. L. Weetman, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1996. 

Comparison of acute aquatic effects of the oil dispersant Corexit 9500 with those of other Corexit series 

dispersants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35:183-189. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ Corexit 9500/ dispersant/ effects/ embryo/ 

flow-through/ juvenile/ kelp/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9500 to embryos of the red abalone and 

juveniles of the kelp forest mysid. Exposure was in a flow-through bioassay for 48 or 96 hrs using five 

dispersant concentrations. Measured survival, developmental abnormalities of abalone embryos, and 

concentration of dispersant in the exposure water. 

Singer, M. M., S. George, I. Lee, S. Jacobson, L. L. Weetman, G. Blondina, R. S. Tjeerdema, 1998. 

Effects of dispersant treatment on the acute aquatic toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34:177-187. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ acute/ behavior/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersal/ dispersant/ 

effects/ evaluation/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ narcosis/ ODfour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ toxicity/ treatment 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of five concentrations of the water-accomodated fraction of Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil, with and without Corexit 9527 dispersant. Tested with a mysid, red abalone, and the topsmelt. 

Test duration was either 48 (abalone) or 96 hr. Measured were death and initial narcosis (mysid and 

topsmelt) or larval abnormality (abalone). 

Singh, A. K., J. P. Gaur, 1990. Effects of petroleum oils and their paraffinic, asphaltic, and aromatic 

fractions on photosynthesis and respiration of microalgae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 19:8-

16. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ crude oil/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ 

effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ gasoline/ kerosene/ microalgae/ oil/ Oseven/ paraffin/ 

petroleum/ petroleum products/ photosynthesis/ respiration/ species 

Notes: Five species of microalgae, in a set of experiments, were exposed to three or five concentrations 

of crude oil, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, or furnace fuel. All oils were analyzed for total paraffin, 

aromatic, and asphaltic content. After 15 min of exposure to oil added directly to culture suspension, 

photosyntheis (chlorophyll a) and respiration (O2) were measured. 

Singh, A. K., J. P. Gaur, 1991. Inhibition of NO3, NH4, and PO3

4 uptake in Anabaena doliolum exposed 

to a petroleum oil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 21:103-108. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ microalgae/ nutrients/ oil/ Oseven/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ species/ uptake 

 Notes: A species of microalgae was exposed for 120 min to several concentrations of the water-soluble 

fraction of Assam crude oil. Measured uptake of NO3, NH4, and PO3

4 from the culture medium. 

Singh, A. K., H. D. Kumar, 1991. Inhibitory effect of petroleum oil on photosynthetic electron transport 

system in the cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 47:890-895. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ carbon/ carbon fixation/ chlorophyll/ concentration/ condition/ diesel/ diesel 

fuel/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ light/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ photosynthesis/ transport/ uptake 

 Notes: Assessment of the effect of diesel oil on the photosynthetic activity of a cyanobacterium in axenic 

laboratory conditions. Five concentrations of the water-soluble fraction were used to expose the 

cyanobacteria; concentrations were measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Measured photosynthesis 

induction by light, carbon fixation with uptake of 14C, Hill reaction assays, and chlorophyll a concentration. 

Singh, J. G., I. Chang-Yen, V. A. Stoute, L Chatergoon, 1992. Hydrocarbon levels in edible fish, crabs 

and mussels from the marine environment of Trinidad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:270-272. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ crab/ environment/ fish/ marine environment/ 

miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ PAH/ salt water/ Trinidad 

Notes: Fish, crabs, and mussels were collected during 1986-88 at eight sites along the coast of Trinidad 

and analyzed for total PAHs. The results are presented as chrysene unit equivalents. 

303 
Siniff, D. B., T. D. Williams, A. M. Johnson, D. L. Garshelis, 1982. Experiments on the response of sea 

otters Enhydra lutris to oil contamination. Biological Conservation 23:261-272. 

Keywords: behavior/ cleaning/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ fur/ light/ mammal/ oil/ oiled/ Otwo/ Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter 

Notes: Two experiments (field and lab) were performed on sea otters to assess the effects of light oiling, 

light oiling and cleaning, and behavioral response to oiled water. The field study employed radio 

transmitters and the lab study used an above-ground pool. 

Siron, R., G. Giusti, B. Berland, R. Morales-Loo, E. Pelletier, 1991. Water-soluble petroleum 

compounds: chemical aspects and effects on the growth of microalgae. Science of the Total Environment 

104:211-227. 

Keywords: activity/ Arabian Light crude oil/ bioassay/ cell/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

degradation/ effects/ evaluation/ growth/ interactions/ light/ marine plant/ microalgae/ Ofive/ oil/ petroleum/ 

photosynthesis/ salt water/ species/ static/ time 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Arabian Light crude oil on two 

species of microalgae. Exposure was for up to 14 da using 11 concentrations of WSF in a static 

laboratory bioassay; WSF-phosphorus interactions were also tested. Measured photosynthetic activity, 

change in growth of cell cultures, and the composition and degradation over time of the WSF. 

Siron, R., E. Pelletier, D. Delille, S. Roy, 1993. Fate and effects of dispersed crude oil under icy 

conditions simulated in mesocosms. Marine Environmental Research 35:273-302. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ chlorophyll/ 

combination/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ degradation/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fate/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ microbes/ ODnine/ oil/ phytoplankton/ salt 

water/ technical/ time 

Notes: Five temperature-controlled mesocosm tanks were used to simulate cold weather conditions in 

the marine environment. Forties crude oil, premixed with a combination of three dispersants was added 

to three tanks in a cascading fashion; the other two tanks served as references. Duration of the 

experiment was 2 wks. Measured water characteristics chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton, total bacteria, 

heterotrophic bacteria, oil-degrading bacteria, and concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons 

five times during the course of the study. 

Siron, R., E. Pelletier, C. Brochu, 1995. Environmental factors influencing the biodegradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in cold seawater. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

28:406-416. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ combination/ 

condition/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ flow-through/ hydrocarbons/ long-term/ oil/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ seasonal/ short-term/ temperature 

Notes: Large indoor tanks with temperature controls were used to simulate seasonal weather conditions 

in spring (17 da duration), autumn (26 da), short-term winter (14 da), and long-term winter (63 da). 

Combinations of two crude oils and two dispersants (Corexit 9527 and a mixture) were used in various 

scenarios ((crude oil only, dispersed oil, cascading (series of three tanks) flow-through of dispersed oil)). 

Water was physically characterized and heterotrophic and petroleum-degrading bacteria were quantified. 

Water was analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Siron, R., E. Pelletier, S. Roy, 1996. Effects of dispersed and adsorbed crude oil on microalgal and 

bacterial communities of cold seawater. Ecotoxicology 5:229-251. 

Keywords: abundance/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ chlorophyll/ community/ composition/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ environment/ experiment/ Forties Field crude oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ microalgae/ miscellaneous/ oil/ Osix/ salt water/ temperature/ 

time 

 Notes: A group of five stainless steel tanks (mesocosms) were used to simulate the effects of crude oil in 

a cold water environment on microalgae and aquatic bacteria. Two tanks received chemically-dispersed 

(mixture of three dispersants) Forties crude oil, one tank received untreated crude oil, one tank received 

oil adsorbed to long cotton strips, and one tank was a control. Experiment duration was 63 da. Tank 

water was regularly analyzed for concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons, concentration of chlorophyll a

304 
and phaeopigments, and bacterial abundance. Community composition of microalgae was determined at 

the time of maximum chlorophyll concentration. 

Sjotun, K., T. E. Lein, 1993. Experimental oil exposure of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Journal of 

Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 170:197-212. 

Keywords: adult/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ crude oil/ experiment/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ length/ 

macroalgae/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ plant/ salt water/ shoreline/ survival/ temperature/ time/ weathered 

Notes: A macroalgae (germlings and adults) was exposed to artificially-weathered Stratfiord crude oil in 

indoor and outdoor experiments. The outdoor experiment consisted of a control and an oil-exposed basin 

where plants were exposed to the oil for 3 da. After exposure, adults were placed among macroalgae on 

a beach and germlings were placed on an 'artificial' shore along the shoreline. In the indoor experiment, 

germlings on granite plates were sprayed with oil and kept out of the water for varying periods of time 

before being placed back in the water. The experiment lasted for 3 wks. Measured water and air 

temperature, survival of germlings, growth of adult plants, and length of germlings before and after 

exposure in the indoor experiment. Analyzed the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the unweathered and 

weathered crude oil applied to the outdoor basins before the experiment, weathered oil after ending the 

outdoor experiment, and weathered oil used in the indoor experiment. 

Skalski, J. R., D. A. Coats, A. K. Fukuyama, 2001. Criteria for oil spill recovery: a case study of the 

intertidal community of Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental 

Management 28:9-18. 

Keywords: Alaska/ analysis/ community/ criteria/ crude oil/ epifauna/ Exxon Valdez/ infauna/ intertidal/ 

marine invertebrate/ monitoring/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ population/ Prince William Sound/ recovery/ salt 

water/ sampling/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: A retrospective analysis of monitoring data collected 1989-97 from oiled and uncleaned, oiled and 

cleaned, and unoiled intertidal areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Parallel sampling transects were 

established in the upper, middle, and lower intertidal zone; sampled epibiota and infauna. Only fauna 

were used for this analysis. Performed a statistical comparison of data to determine when the oiled and 

unoiled sites began to parallel each other (defined as recovery) after the spill event. 

Slade, G. J., 1982. Effect of Ixtoc I crude oil and Corexit 9527 dispersant on spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 

egg mortality. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:525-530. 

Keywords: combination/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ Ixtoc/ Ixtoc 

I crude oil/ ODthree/ oil/ salt water/ solubility/ spot/ survival 

Notes: Effects of Ixtoc I crude oil or Corexit 9527 alone or in combination on the survival of eggs of the 

spot; water soluble fraction of crude oil, seven concentrations plus a control. 

Sleeter, T. D., J. N. Butler, 1982. Petroleum hydrocarbons in zooplankton faecal pellets from the 

Sargasso Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:54-56. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ estimate/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ rate/ salt water/ zooplankton 

Notes: Zooplankton were collected in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda in 1979 and used in an 

assessment of the role of zooplankton in removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from seawater. Hexaneextractable hydrocarbons (aliphatics) were quantified in both the zooplankton and their faecal pellets. 

Faecal production rates were estimated and extrapolated to estimate the amount of hydrocarbons 

removed from open ocean surface waters. 

Smith, C. J., R. D. Delaune, W. H. Patrick, Jr., J. W. Fleeger, 1984. Impact of dispersed and 

undispersed oil entering a Gulf coast salt marsh. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 3:609-616. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ community/ copepod/ crude oil/ density/ dispersant/ effects/ 

general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

meiofauna/ nematode/ Oeight/ oil/ polychaete/ salt marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ South Louisiana crude 

oil/ Spartina/ time 

Notes: Replicated test plots (n = 4) along the edge of a salt water marsh in Louisiana were used to 

determine the effects of dispersed and undispersed crude oil. Plots were either controls or exposed to 

South Louisiana crude oil alone or crude oil plus chemical dispersant (unidentified). Measured total 

305 
aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment after 1 da. Measured CO2 fixation of Spartina alterniflora on days 6, 

13, and 53. Measured meiofauna (nematodes, copepods, polychaetes, total meiofauna) density on days 

0, 5, 36, and 77. 

Smith, D. D. and G. H. Holliday 1979. API/SC-PCO southern California 1978 oil spill test program. 

Pages 475-482 in 1979 Oil Spill Conference, API 4308. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: California/ coast/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ experiment/ 

marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ spill/ wing/ 

zooplankton 

Notes: A 2-da field experiment using Alaskan crude oil and chemical dispersants (Corexit 9527, BP 

100WD) was performed off the coast of southern California. Eight oil slicks of 5-20 barrels were created 

and sprayed (helicopter and fixed wing) with dispersant. Water samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, and 9 

m depth; phytoplankton at 1 and 3 m depth, and zooplankton by surface tow. Visual observations were 

made of dispersant effectiveness. 

Smith, D. L., C. E. Proffitt, 1999. The effects of crude oil and remediation burning on three clones of 

smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Loisel.). Estuaries 22:616-623. 

Keywords: biomass/ burning/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ experiment/ marine plant/ numbers/ oil/ oiled/ 

Osix/ plant/ remediation/ salt water/ Spartina/ survival/ treatment/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oiling and remediation by burning on three clones of smooth 

cordgrass. A laboratory experiment employed five dosages of Venezuelan crude oil crossed by burning 

or non-burning. Plants were monitored for 6 mos after treatment. Measured survival, stem height, stem 

density, number of flowering stems, and plant biomass. 

Smith, E., E. Wraige, P. Donkin, S. Rowland, 2001. Hydrocarbon humps in the marine environment: 

synthesis, toxicity, and aqueous solubility of monoaromatic compounds. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 20:2428-2432. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ environment/ feeding/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

environment/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/ mussel/ Onine/ rate/ salt water/ solubility/ structure/ 

technical/ toxicity/ unresolved complex mixture 

Notes: Mussels were exposed to either of five concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ppb) of three 

synthesized monoaromatic hydrocarbons similar in structure to those found in the unresolved complex 

mixtures of gas chromatographs of hydrocarbon analyses. Mussels were exposed for 24 hrs, then 

transferred to clean water and fed algae. Measured feeding rate, concentration of monoaromatics, and 

the water solubilities of the three synthesized monoaromatics. 

Smith, E. S. 1976. Wildlife mortality assessment survey. St. Lawrence River June 23, 1976, oil spill. 

NYS DEC - Region 6. Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York, Albany, NY. 5 

pp. 

Keywords: amphibian/ bird/ Bunker C/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ general effect/ mammal/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ region/ reptile/ spill/ survey 

Notes: A report of the effect on wildlife of a Bunker C fuel oil spill on the St. Lawrence River in 1976. 

Observations of state personnel, clean-up crews, and local landowners were used to compile a listing of 

birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians that either died or were oiled by the fuel oil. 

Smith, J. D., J. Y. Hauser, J. Bagg, 1985. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Great 

Barrier Reef region, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:110-114. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Australia/ coast/ depth/ hydrocarbons/ region/ river/ sediment 

Notes: Sediment samples were collected in 1982 from varying depths at two harbors, two rivers, two 

reefs, and a nearshore island of the Queensland, Australia coast. Analyzed sediments for seven 

aromatic hydrocarbons and compared the results to other areas of the world. 

Smith, R. L., J. A. Cameron, 1979. Effect of water soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on 

embryonic development of Pacific herring. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:70-75. 

Keywords: crude oil/ development/ eggs/ fish/ fishery/ growth/ herring/ oil/ Othree/ Pacific/ Pacific 

herring/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ society/ solubility/ survival 

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Notes: Effect on eggs of the Pacific herring of exposure for 4 hr to 6 da to the water soluble fraction of 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil; survival, growth, development. 

Smith, S. D. A., R. D. Simpson, 1995. Effects of the 'Nella Dan' oil spill on the fauna of Durvillaea 

antarctica holdfasts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121:73-89. 

Keywords: Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ community/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ 

kelp/ light/ marine invertebrate/ multivariate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ population/ salt water/ sediment/ 

size/ species/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a spill of light marine diesel fuel along the shore of Macquarie Island. 

Samples of the holdfasts of a species of kelp were collected a year after the spill at five sites (two heavily 

oiled, one moderately oiled, two reference). Measured sediment content of holdfasts, aromatic 

hydrocarbon concentration of the sediment, and volume of holdfast; identified species and measured the 

size of the four most common species; and performed univariate and multivariate analyses. Used results 

in intersite comparisons. 

Smith, T. G., J. R. Geraci, D. J. St.Aubin, 1983. Reaction of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, to 

a controlled oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1522-1525. 

Keywords: behavior/ condition/ dolphin/ mammal/ mineral oil/ oil/ oil slick/ oil spill/ Otwo/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Response of bottlenose dolphins to a simulated oil slick (colored mineral oil) under experimental 

conditions. 

Smits, J. E., T. D. Williams, 1999. Validation of immunotoxicology techniques in passerine chicks 

exposed to oil sands tailings water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety B 44:105-112. 

Keywords: Alberta/ bird/ blood/ Canada/ cell/ chicks/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ immune response/ 

nestling/ oil/ oil sands/ Oone/ organ/ pathology/ red blood cell/ sand/ skin/ weight/ zebra finch 

Notes: Assessement of the effects on immune function of nestling zebra finches of exposure to tailings 

water from oil sands extraction operations in Alberta, Canada. Nestlings were given 4 consecutive daily 

doses of either 70 ul tailings water, phosphate-buffered saline, or dexamethasone. Measured PHA skin 

test response, body mass, hematocrit, and leukocrit at 11 da. Measured body mass, hematocrit, 

leukocrit, and immune response to sheep red blood cells at 21 da. Also weighed several organs and 

performed macro- and micropathological evaluations. 

Snedaker, S. C., P. W. Glynn, D. G. Rumbold, E. F. Corcoran, 1995. Distribution of n-alkanes in marine 

samples from southeast Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:83-89. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ bivalve/ coral/ distribution/ fish/ Florida/ lobster/ marine 

invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oyster/ salt water/ sediment/ tissue 

Notes: Sediments and tissues of fish, lobster, coral, conch, and oysters were collected from offshore 

southeast Florida and the Florida Keys. Samples were analyzed for n-alkanes, pristane, and phytane. 

Snow, N. B. and D. M. Rosenberg. 1975. The effects of crude oil on the colonization of artificial 

substrates by zoobenthos organisms. Research and Development Directorate, Freshwater Institute, 

Winnipeg, Canada. Technical report - Fisheries and Marine Service No. 551. 35 pp. 

Keywords: benthic/ caribou/ chemical characteristics/ colonization/ creek/ crude oil/ development/ 

discharges/ effects/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ Norman Wells crude 

oil/ Ofive/ oil/ stream/ substrate/ technical/ fishery/ river 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of crude oil on colonization of substrate by stream benthic invertebrates. 

Used substrate samplers filled with rocks dipped in Norman Wells crude oil and placed in streams for 1 or 

2 mos. Performed experiment in low discharge streams (Trail River, Caribou Bar Creek) and high 

discharge streams (Mackenzie and Liard Rivers). Colonizers were identified and counted and rocks were 

analyzed for the presence of crude oil. Also characterized the water for physical and chemical 

characteristics. 

Snow, N. B. and B. F. Scott 1975. The effect and fate of crude oil spilt on two Arctic lakes. Pages 527-

534 in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: abundance/ Arctic/ chlorophyll/ composition/ concentration/ crude oil/ fate/ freshwater 

307 
invertebrate/ freshwater plant/ general effect/ Norman Wells crude oil/ nutrients/ Oeight/ oil/ 

phytoplankton/ pollution/ species/ time/ water column 

Notes: Two lakes in the Canadian Arctic were partitioned into a small experimental portion and a larger 

control area. Pembina crude oil was spilled on one experimental area and Norman Wells crude oil on the 

other during August 1973. Samples of water and water column biota were collected at weekly intervals 

for 8 wks. Determined water characteristics, crude oil composition, concentrations of aquatic insects in 

surface water, abundance of diatom species, and total chlorophyll concentration. 

Snowden, R. J., I. K. E. Ekweozor, 1987. The impact of a minor oil spillage in the estuarine Niger Delta. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:595-599. 

Keywords: bivalve/ crab/ crude oil/ density/ effects/ estuarine/ estuary/ evaluation/ general effect/ 

mangrove/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ Nigeria/ Nigerian crude oil/ Oeight/ oil/ oiled/ oyster/ 

polychaete/ roots/ salt water/ sampling/ seedling/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of barge spill of Nigerian crude oil in the Bonny Estuary of the Niger 

River delta, Nigeria. Sampling transects were established at two prespill baseline locations in December 

1983 and sampled at 6-wk intervals until October 1984. The spill occurred in April 1984; a spill site 

transect was established and visited three times. Percentage oiling of mangrove prop roots and 

seedlings was determined at the spill site. Fiddler crab and polychaete densities were determined at all 

locations. Some information on oyster losses at the spill site. 

Snyder, S. B., J. G. Fox, and O. A. Soave. 1973. Mortalities in waterfowl following Bunker C fuel 

exposure. Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, CA. 27,vi-xxi pp. 

Keywords: analysis/ bird/ Bunker C/ California/ chemical analysis/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ Oone/ pathology/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ spill/ tissue/ waterfowl 

Notes: Report of the findings from an examination of birds that died after the San Francisco Bay oil spill 

of 1971; pathological findings and chemical analysis of Bunker C fuel oil and saturated hydrocarbons in 

bird tissue. 

Sol, S. Y., L. L. Johnson, B. H. Horness, T. K. Collier, 2000. Relationship between oil exposure and 

reproductive parameters in fish collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

40:1139-1147. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ blood/ carcass/ concentration/ crude oil/ Dolly Varden/ 

Exxon Valdez/ fish/ Gulf of Alaska/ hormone/ index/ length/ North Slope/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ ovary/ 

parameters/ phenanthrene/ pollock/ Prince William Sound/ reproduction/ salt water/ sole/ species/ spill/ 

time/ weight 

Notes: Three species of fish (dolly varden, yellowfin sole, pollock) were collected from Prince William 

Sound, Kenai Penninsula, Shelikof Strait, and the Gulf of Alaska during 1989-91. Fish were measured for 

length, weighed, bile collected, ovary and gutted carcasses weighed, and blood collected. Calculated a 

gonadosomatic index, measured two reproductive hormones, and quantified the aromatic compounds 

(naphthaline and phenanthrene wavelenghts; HPLC) in bile. 

Solbakken, J. E., K. H. Palmork, 1981. Metabolism of phenanthrene in various marine animals. 

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 70C:21-26. 

Keywords: bile/ capsule/ dosed/ fish/ flounder/ gonads/ green gland/ intestine/ kidney/ lobster/ marine 

invertebrate/ metabolism/ metabolite/ Norway/ Othree/ phenanthrene/ rainbow trout/ salt water/ spiny 

dogfish/ urine 

Notes: Metabolism of phenanthrene in flounder, rainbow trout, spiny dogfish, and Norway lobster; dosing 

by capsule, metabolites measured in urine, bile, stomach/intestine, intestine, kidney, green gland, or 

gonads. 

Solbakken, J. E., A. H. Knap, K. H. Palmork, 1982. Disposition of (9-14C) phenanthrene in a subtropical 

marine teleost (Haemulon sciurus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:285-289. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ capsule/ dosed/ elimination/ fish/ gonads/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ 

phenanthrene/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: Uptake and elimination of 14C labeled phenanthrene by blue-striped grunts; capsule dosing, 

monitored for 12 days in liver, muscle, gonads, and bile. 

308 
Soler, M., J. O. Grimalt, J. Albaiges, 1989. Vertical distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in 

mussels from the Amposta offshore oil production platform (western Mediterranean). Chemosphere 

18:1809-1819. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ depth/ distribution/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Mediterranean/ mussel/ offshore/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ Spain 

Notes: Determination of the concentrations of hydrocarbons in mussels adhering to the legs of oil 

production platforms in the Mediterrean off the southern coast of Spain. Mussels were collected at six 

depths (0 to 48 m) and analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Read this article carefully, it 

has suffered from translation into English. 

Sommerville, M., T. Lunel, N. Bailey, D. Oland, C. Miles, P. A. Gunter, and T. Waldhoff 1997. 

Orimulsion. Pages 479-484 in 1997 International Oil Spill Conference. Improving Environmental 

Protection. Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities. API Publication. American Petroleum Institute, 

Washington, DC. 

Keywords: behavior/ detection/ fate/ fresh water/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ Orimulsion/ protection/ recovery/ salt 

water/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Description of the fate, behavior, containment, recovery, detection, and tracking of Orimulsion in 

water. 

Sophia, A. J. A., T. Balasubramanian, 1992. Changes in the physical condition of Meretrix casta

exposed to water-soluble fractions of refined and crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 22:471-474. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ clam/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ diesel/ effects/ 

hydrocarbons/ index/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ weight 

Notes: Determination of the effects on a clam of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of diesel, engine oil, 

and Kuwait crude oil. Clams were exposed to several concentrations of the WSF in laboratory tanks for 

30 da. Measured concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in exposure water, wet and dry weight of 

clams, and calculated a condition index for the clams. 

Soriano, J. A., L. Vinas, M. A. Franco, J. J. Gonzalz, L. Ortiz, J. M. Bayona, J. Albaiges, 2006. 

Spatial and temporal trends of petroleum hydrocarbons in wild mussels from the Galician coast (NW 

Spain) affected by the Prestige oil spill. Science of the Total Environment 370:80-90. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bunker C/ coast/ fuel oil/ hopane/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

salt water/ Spain/ spill/ sterane/ terpane/ time/ tissue/ trend 

Notes: Wild mussels along the northwest coast of Spain were sampled 3, 7, and 12 mos after the 

Prestige oil spill (Bunker C fuel oil) and analyzed for a set of 13 PAH and an n-alkane profile. Also, 

analyzed mussel tissue for sterane, terpane, and hopane profiles and compared to the parent oil. 

Southworth, G. R., J. J. Beauchamp, P. K. Schmieder, 1978. Bioaccumulation potential and acute 

toxicity of synthetic fuels effluents in freshwater biota: azaarenes. Environmental Science and Technology 

12:1062-1068. 

Keywords: accumulation/ acute/ coal/ daphnia/ effluent/ elimination/ fresh water/ freshwater/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ invertebrate/ nitrogen/ Ofive/ synthetic oil/ toxicity 

Notes: Synthetic fuel (coal derivation) products and waste effluents are high in nitrogen heterocycles. 

Three examples (isoquinoline, acridine, benz(a)acridine) were used in a set of studies that determined 

toxicity (24 hr), accumulation (24-48 hr), and elimination (10 da) by freshwater invertebrates (daphnia). 

Spacie, A., P. F. Landrum, G. J. Leversee, 1983. Uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of 

anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene in bluegill sunfish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 7:330-341. 

Keywords: anthracene/ benzo[a]pyrene/ biotransformation/ brain/ carcass/ depuration/ elimination/ fish/ 

fresh water/ gall/ gall bladder/ liver/ metabolism/ Othree/ tissue/ uptake/ viscera 

Notes: Uptake, elimination, and metabolism of 14C labeled anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene was 

measured in several tissues of bluegill; gall bladder, liver, viscera, brain, carcass. 

309 
Spaulding, M. L., S. B. Saila, E. Lorda, H. Walker, E. Anderson, J. C. Swanson, 1983. Oil-spill fishery 

impact assessment model: application to selected Georges Bank fish species. Estuarine and Coastal and 

Shelf Science 16:511-541. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ cod/ eggs/ fish/ fishery/ Georges Bank/ haddock/ herring/ larvae/ Maine/ model/ oil 

spill/ Othree/ population/ region/ salt water/ seasonal/ simulation/ species/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Modification of a previously published oil-spill fishery assessment model and application to the 

Georges Bank - Gulf of Maine region. Simulations performed for spills at two locations for each season of 

the year; consequences for populations of Atlantic herring, haddock, and Atlantic cod determined. 

Speich, S. M., S. P. Thompson, 1987. Impacts on waterbirds from the 1984 Columbia River and 

Whidbey Island, Washington, oil spills. Western Birds 18:109-116. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ salt water/ spill/ Washington/ wintering 

Notes: Report of bird losses from two spills of Bunker C fuel oil in Puget Sound and the Columbia River, 

Washington in 1984. 

Speich, S. M., D. A. Manuwal, T. R. Wahl, 1991. The bird/habitat oil index -- a habitat vulnerability index 

based on avian utilization. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:216-221. 

Keywords: bird/ contingency/ development/ habitat/ index/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ 

species/ spill/ vulnerability 

Notes: Description of a bird oil index developed to correct shortcomings of the oil vulnerability index of 

King and Sanger (1979). Useful for development planning and oil spill contingency planning. 

Spies, R. B., P. H. Davis, 1979. The infaunal benthos of a natural oil seep in the Santa Barbara Channel. 

Marine Biology 50:227-237. 

Keywords: abundance/ benthic/ California/ coast/ community/ general effect/ infauna/ marine 

invertebrate/ microbes/ Oeight/ oil/ oil seep/ salt water/ sediment/ statistics/ toluene 

Notes: A natural oil seep site and a comparison site located off the coast of southern California were 

sampled with sediment cores to determine the effect of oil seeps on benthic infauna. Characterized the 

sediments, identified and counted the infauna, and analyzed hydrocarbon content according to hexane, 

toluene, and methanol fractions. Calculated community metrics and made observation of bacterial mats 

and general abundance of benthic predators. 

Spies, R. B., P. H. Davis, 1982. Toxicity of Santa Barbara seep oil to starfish embryos: part 3 -- influence 

of parental exposure and the effects of other crude oils. Marine Environmental Research 6:3-11. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ embryo/ experiment/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil seep/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ starfish/ toxicity 

Notes: Report of two experiments on the effects on starfish embryos of seep oil from Santa Barbara and 

three other crude oils. In the first experiment, embryos collected from three locations with differing preexposures to petroleum hydrocarbons were exposed for 48 hrs to varying concentrations of the watersoluble fraction (WSF) of seep oil (adaptation experiment). In the second experiment, embryos were 

exposed for 48 hrs to varying concentrations of the WSF of all four oils (comparative toxicity experiment). 

Measured growth of exposed embryos. 

Spies, R. B., J. S. Felton, L. Dillard, 1982. Hepatic mixed-function oxidases in California flatfishes are 

increased in contaminated environments and by oil and PCB ingestion. Marine Biology 70:117-127. 

Keywords: California/ crude oil/ environment/ fish/ food/ ingestion/ liver/ mixed-function oxidase/ oil/ 

Othree/ PCB/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ species 

Notes: Hepatic mixed-function oxidase induction in two species of California flatfish collected at 

contaminated coastal sites or experimentally exposed to Santa Barbara crude oil or PCBs in food. 

Spies, R. B., J. J. Stegeman, D. E. Hinton, B. Woodin, R. Smolowitz, M. Okihiro, D. Shea, 1996. 

Biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure and sublethal effects in embiotocid fishes from a natural petroleum 

seep in the Santa Barbara Channel. Aquatic Toxicology 34:195-219. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bile/ biochemistry/ biomarker/ chronic/ effects/ fish/ gill/ heart/ 

hydrocarbons/ kidney/ liver/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ salt water/ species/ sublethal 

Notes: Biomarkers for petroleum exposure in two species of surfperch from the Santa Barbara Channel 

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compared to reference area: aromatic hydrocarbons in bile; liver, gill, and heart biochemistry; histological 

examination of gill, liver, and kidney. 

Spooner, M. F., 1977. Oil spill in Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:62-65. 

Keywords: beach/ benthic/ depuration/ diesel/ fish/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeight/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ plankton/ salt water/ sand/ spill 

Notes: A largely qualitative description of a spill of heavy marine diesel oil into Hong Kong harbor. 

Sections on water quality monitoring, affected fish farms, tainting and depuration of fish, plankton, 

miscellaneous fish and benthic fauna, and oiled beach sand. 

Spooner, M. F., C. J. Corkett, 1979. Effects of Kuwait oils on feeding rates of copepods. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 10:197-202. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ copepod/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ feces/ feeding/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ rate/ recovery/ salt water/ solubility/ species/ static/ 

survival/ weathered 

Notes: Effects of weathered or fresh Kuwait crude oil on the feeding rates of four species of marine 

copepods. Exposure was by static bioassay for 20 hrs. Oils were prepared as either water soluble 

fractions (two concentrations) or oil suspensions (1, 2, or 10 ppm) with or without a chemical dispersant. 

Measured survival, recovery, and number of fecal pellets. 

Sprague, J. B., W. J. Logan, 1979. Separate and joint toxicity to rainbow trout of substances used in 

drilling fluids for oil exploration. Environmental Pollution 19:269-282. 

Keywords: degradation/ dispersant/ drilling fluids/ fish/ fresh water/ ODthree/ oil/ rainbow trout/ 

surfactant/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Young rainbow trout used to assess the toxicity of 21 materials (including surfactants) likely to be 

present in oil well drilling fluids; survival, additivity, degradation. 

Squire, J. L., Jr., 1992. Effects of the Santa Barbara, Calif., oil spill on the apparent abundance of 

pelagic fishery resources. Marine Fisheries Review 54:7-14. 

Keywords: abundance/ anchovy/ bonito/ California/ crude oil/ effects/ estimate/ fish/ fishery/ mackerel/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ Pacific/ salt water/ Santa Barbara crude oil/ species/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of the 1969 oil well blowout in the Santa Barbara Channel on the 

Northern anchovy, Pacific bonito, and jack mackerel; abundance estimates for 1966-72. 

St.Aubin, D. J., J. R. Geraci, T. G. Smith, T. G. Friesen, 1985. How do bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops 

truncatus, react to oil films under different light conditions? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic 

Sciences 42:430-436. 

Keywords: behavior/ condition/ dolphin/ light/ mammal/ mineral oil/ motor oil/ oil/ Otwo/ salt water 

Notes: Response of bottlenose dolphins to water covered with either clear mineral oil, dark-colored 

mineral oil, or a thin sheen of motor oil under experimental conditons. Responses tested in daylight and at 

night. 

Stagg, R. M., A. McIntosh, 1996. Hydrocarbon concentrations in the northern North Sea and effects on 

fish larvae. Science of the Total Environment 186:189-201. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ effects/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ larvae/ mixed-function 

oxidase/ North Sea/ Othree/ petroleum/ salt water/ survey 

Notes: Two North Sea surveys in 1993&94 measured petroleum in the water and associated effects on 

larvae of the sandeel and gadoid; hydrocarbon fluorescence, mixed-function oxidase induction in larvae. 

Stagg, R. M., C. Robinson, A. M. McIntosh, C. F. Moffat, D. W. Bruno, 1998. The effects of the 'Braer' 

oil spill, Shetland Isles, Scotland, on P4501A in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the common 

dab (Limanda limanda). Marine Environmental Research 46:301-306. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ crude oil/ dab/ effects/ evaluation/ 

fish/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ metabolism/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ pathology/ petroleum/ salmon/ salt water/ 

Scotland/ sediment/ Shetland/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Braer oil spill on farmed immature Atlantic salmon and common 

311 
dab. Salmon were sampled for 3.5 mos after the spill and common dab were collected April-June 1993-

96 at locations with varying petroleum contamination. Ambient water was collected with each sample of 

salmon and sediment was collected with each sample of common dab. Water and sediment were 

analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and fish livers were analyzed for CYP1A and EROD activity. Livers 

were also examined microscopically. 

Stainken, D. M., 1976. The effect of a No. 2 fuel oil and a South Louisiana crude oil on the behavior of 

the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:724-729. 

Keywords: behavior/ benzene/ bioassay/ clam/ concentration/ crude oil/ emulsion/ fuel oil/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ phenol/ salt water/ shell/ South Louisiana 

crude oil/ static/ temperature 

Notes: Determination of the effect of oil-in-water emulsions of South Louisiana crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil, 

benzene, and phenol on the behavior of the soft shell clam. Clams were exposed to five concentrations 

of each substance for 96 hrs in a static bioassay performed at two water temperatures. Measured mucus 

secretion and tactile response, and attempted to calculate LC50s. 

Stainken, D. M., 1976. A descriptive evaluation of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil on the tissues of the soft 

shell clam, Mya arenaria L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:730-738. 

Keywords: bioassay/ clam/ concentration/ effects/ emulsion/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ pathology/ salt water/ shell/ static/ tissue 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on tissues of the soft shell clam of exposure to No. 2 fuel oil. Clams 

were exposed for 28 da to one of three concentrations of fuel oil emulsions in a static bioassay. Various 

tissues were sampled for microscopic examination, mucus samples were collected and analyzed for 

hydrocarbon content, and water in the exposure tanks was analyzed weekly for hydrocarbon 

concentration. 

Stansby, M. E., 1978. Flavors in fish from petroleum pickup. Marine Fisheries Review 40:13-17. 

Keywords: biochemical/ fish/ indicator/ organoleptic/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ taint/ 

taste 

Notes: Discussion of the relation between fish flavor and its numerous biochemical causes. Particular 

emphasis on the validity of using fish taste as an indicator of petroleum exposure. 

Stanton, P. B., 1975. The hard truth about oil pollution. Massachussetts Wildlife16-19. 

Keywords: bird/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water 

Notes: Critical assessment of the utility of oiled bird rehabilitation. 

Stark, J. S., M. J. Riddle, 2003. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination of 

marine sediments on recruitment of Antarctic soft-sediment assemblages: a field experimental 

investigation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 283:21-50. 

Keywords: Antarctic/ Antarctica/ coast/ community/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ evaluation/ invertebrate/ 

marine invertebrate/ metals/ multivariate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ population/ recruitment/ salt water/ 

sediment/ statistics/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of petroleum and metal contamination on recruitment of soft-sediment invertebrates 

in Antarctica. Clean sediments were defaunaed and contaminated with either high metal sediment from 

the vicinity of a dump site or a mixture of diesel fuel and synthetic lubrication oil and placed in containers 

at three locations (one clean, one contaminated with metals and petroleum, one with naturally elevated 

metals) along the coast. Sediments around the experimental sites were sampled with a corer to measure 

the potential recruitment assemblages. At the end of the experimental period the invertebrate 

assemblages were identified, quantified, and analyzed with multivariate statistics. 

Staveland, J. T., 1979. Effects on hatching in Littorina littorea after an oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

10:255-258. 

Keywords: capsule/ crude oil/ effects/ eggs/ fertilization/ gastropod/ hatching/ Iranian crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ Norway/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ snail/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of a spill (Norway) of Iranian crude oil on reproduction in a marine 

312 
gastropod. Snails were collected from an oiled area and a reference area and transferred to laboratory 

containers. Measured fertilization rates, number of eggs per capsule, and hatching success. 

Stavishenko, I. V., S. V. Zalesov, N. A. Luganskii, N. A. Kryazhevskikh, A. E. Morozov, 2002. 

Communities of wood-attacking fungi in the region of oil and gas production. Russian Journal of Ecology 

33:161-169. 

Keywords: brine water/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ fungi/ microbes/ oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ 

Oten/ region/ spill/ structure 

Notes: Permanent test plots were established in areas of oil production and paired with similar plots in 

areas away from the effects of oil production. Dead wood (branches and trees) was recorded and the 

presence of pathogenic fungi was documented. Community structure and function of the fungi was 

described and compared between petroleum-affected areas (gas flares, oil spills, brine water) and their 

respective controls. 

Steadman, B. L., W. A. Stubblefield, T. W. LaPoint, H. L. Bergman, M. S. Kaiser, 1991. Decreased 

survival of rainbow trout exposed to No. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 10:355-363. 

Keywords: concentration/ fish/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ juvenile/ lethal/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ previous 

exposure/ rainbow trout/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Effect of preexposure of juvenile rainbow trout to varying sublethal concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil 

on subsequent exposure to lethal concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil. Sublethal preexposure was for 21 da, 

lethal exposure was for 14 da. 

Stegeman, J. J. and D. J. Sabo 1975. Uptake and release of petroleum hydrocarbons by marine 

organisms and some metabolic implications. Pages 339-350 in L. E. Cronin and R. E. Smith, editors. 

Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the Baltimore Canyon Region 

of the Mid-Atlantic Coast. Estuarine Research Federation, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 

Wachapreague, VA. 

Keywords: accumulation/ acute/ chronic/ coast/ development/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine invertebrate/ metabolism/ Oeight/ offshore/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ 

release/ review/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: A review of the topic of uptake, release, and metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons by marine 

organisms that is augmented by some supporting information from studies by the authors. Specific 

sections on accumulation, effects of brief exposure, and effects of chronic exposure. 

Stegeman, J. J., 1977. Fate and effects of oil in marine animals. Oceanus 20:59-66. 

Keywords: biochemical/ bivalve/ concentration/ crustacean/ effects/ fate/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ metabolism/ oil/ Othree/ overview/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ physiology/ salt 

water/ tissue 

 Notes: Overview of the metabolic fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons taken up by fish, 

crustaceans, and bivalves. Most of the references are to fish; tissue concentrations, metabolism, 

physiology. 

Stegeman, J. J., 1978. Influence of environmental contamination on cytochrome P-450 mixed-function 

oxygenases in fish: implications for recovery in the Wild Harbor Marsh. Journal of the Fisheries Research 

Board of Canada 35:668-674. 

Keywords: barge Florida/ benzo[a]pyrene/ biochemical/ fish/ Florida/ fuel oil/ liver/ Massachusetts/ 

mixed-function oxidase/ mummichog/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ protein/ recovery/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of hepatic cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxygenases, benzo[a]pyrene 

hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase, and protein in mummichog from Wild Harbor Marsh. Goal was to 

determine if the No. 2 fuel oil spill 8 yr earlier (barge Florida, 1969) was still affecting fish. 

Steinhauer, M., E. Crecelius, W. Steinhauer, 1994. Temporal and spatial changes in the concentrations 

of hydrocarbons and trace metals in the vicinity of an offshore oil-production platform. Marine 

Environmental Research 37:129-163. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ California/ coast/ concentration/ 

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drilling mud/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ oil platform/ 

salt water/ sediment/ tar ball/ time 

Notes: Part of a large monitoring study conducted over a 4-yr period (1986-90) around an oil platform off 

the California coast. At nine sites around the platform, surface sediments and trapped sediment particles 

were collected before, during, and after drilling. Sediments and drilling mud were analyzed for metals, 

aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Also, production oil, seep oil, and local tar balls were 

subjected to hydrocarbon analysis. 

Stekoll, M. S., L. E. Clement, D. G. Shaw, 1980. Sublethal effects of chronic oil exposure on the 

intertidal clam Macoma balthica. Marine Biology 57:51-60. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ biochemical/ bivalve/ chronic/ clam/ crude oil/ depuration/ effects/ flowthrough/ gonads/ intertidal/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ physical characteristics/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the sublethal effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on a marine bivalve. Clams were 

exposed by flow-through bioassay to either 0.03, 0.3, or 3.0 ppm of dispersed crude oil for 6 mos, 

followed by 2 mos of depuration. Measured survival, four measures of behavior, five measures of 

physical characteristics, gonad morphology, respiration rate, and eight biochemical characteristics. 

Stekoll, M. S., L. Deysher, 2000. Response of the dominant alga Fucus gardneri (Silva) (Phaeophyceae) 

to the Exxon Valdez oil spill and clean-up. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1028-1041. 

Keywords: Alaska/ algae/ coast/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ intertidal/ macrophyte/ marine 

plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ Prince William Sound/ region/ salt water/ spill/ time/ transect 

Notes: An assessment of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the intertidal macrophyte (algae) 

Fucus gardneri in three major regions off the southern coast of Alaska (Prince William Sound, Cook InletKenai, Kodiak-Alaska Peninsula). All erect macrophytes at each of three tidal levels in six transects per 

site were sampled four times from August 1989 to May 1991. Two or three habitat types were sampled 

within each major region. Sites were classified as either oiled or non-oiled. Measured physical attributes, 

percent cover, and egg viability of Fucus. 

Stephens, S. M., S. C. Frankling, R. M. Stagg, J. A. Brown, 2000. Sub-lethal effects of exposure of 

juvenile turbot to oil produced water. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:928-937. 

Keywords: accumulation/ activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biochemistry/ effects/ fish/ gill/ juvenile/ North 

Sea/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ physiology/ produced water/ salt water/ sublethal/ survival/ time/ whole body 

Notes: Juvenile turbot were exposed to either 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 % of produced water from a 

production platform in the North Sea. Exposure was for 6 wks with water changed twice daily the first 

week and daily the remaining 5 wks. Survival was monitored. Exposure water was analyzed for total 

aromatics, and fish were sampled at 1, 3, and 6 wks and analyzed for aromatic accumulation, whole body 

cortisol, EROD activity, and gill structural integrity. 

Stephenson, R., 1997. Effects of oil and other surface-active organic pollutants on aquatic birds. 

Environmental Conservation 24:121-129. 

Keywords: bird/ chronic/ effects/ evaluation/ feathers/ oil/ Oone/ organic/ risk 

Notes: Evaluation of the potential for a variety of organic contaminants (natural or anthropogenic) to 

lower the surface tension of water, thus posing a chronic or periodic risk of feather wetting in birds. 

Stewart, R. S., Jr., C. Emmons, D. Porfirio, R. J. Wiggers, 1997. Distribution of multiple oil tolerant and 

oil degrading bacteria around a site of natural crude oil seepage. Texas Journal of Science 49:339-344. 

Keywords: bacteria/ benzene/ crude oil/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ distance/ distribution/ experiment/ 

fresh water/ incubation/ microbes/ mineral oil/ oil/ oil seep/ Oten/ petroleum/ sediment/ Texas/ toluene 

Notes: Documentation of the presence of petroleum-utilizing or petroleum tolerant bacteria around a 

natural oil seep in Texas. Sediment samples were collected at two distances from an oil catch basin and 

at three depths. Bacteria were identified and grown in culture. Isolates were tested for their ability to 

utilize or tolerate crude oil, diesel fuel, mineral oil, toluene, and benzene in 4-5 da incubation experiments. 

Stirling, H. P., 1977. Effects of a spill of marine diesel oil on the rocky shore fauna of Lamma Island, 

Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution 12:93-117. 

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Keywords: abundance/ bivalve/ crustacean/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ estimate/ evaluation/ gastropod/ 

intertidal/ macrofauna/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ rocky shore/ salt water/ seasonal/ 

species/ spill/ survival/ transect 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of a spill of heavy marine diesel oil on the intertidal macrofauna of 

Lamma Island, Hong Kong. Four sites were selected in two bays of Lamma Island and surveyed by 

transect. Counts of animals were made weekly for the first month, monthly for 6 mos, monthly for another 

6 mos at one site only, and finally, all transects were counted 13 months after the spill. Survival tests 

(laboratory) were conducted on bivalves, gastropods, and crustaceans collected from all transects; 

derived estimates of sensitivity to petroleum. Also measured seasonal abundance of several species. 

Stott, G. G., N. H. McArthur, R. Tarpley, V. Jacobs, R. F. Sis, 1981. Histopathologic survey of ovaries 

of fish from petroleum production and control sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 18:261-

269. 

Keywords: fish/ Gulf of Mexico/ Mexico/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ Othree/ ovary/ pathology/ petroleum/ salt 

water/ species/ survey 

Notes: Examination of ovaries from 11 species of fish collected from an active offshore oil field and 

reference areas; pathology. 

Stowe, T. J., 1982. An oil spillage at a guillemot colony. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:237-239. 

Keywords: bird/ colony/ crude oil/ effects/ England/ guillemot/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ population/ salt 

water/ spill 

Notes: The effects of a crude oil spill on a colony of guillemots breeding on coastal England. 

Stowe, T. J., L. A. Underwood, 1984. Oil spillages affecting seabirds in the United Kingdom, 1966-1983. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:147-152. 

Keywords: bird/ Europe/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ species/ spill/ United Kingdom 

Notes: Account of seabird losses due to oil spills around the United Kingdom from 1966 to 1983; details 

of losses, comparison to western Europe, and population consequences. 

Strand, J. A., V. I. Cullinan, E. A. Crecelius, T. J. Fortman, R. J. Citterman, M. L. Fleischmann, 1992. 

Fate of Bunker C fuel oil in Washington coastal habitats following the December 1988 NESTUCCA oil 

spill. Northwest Science 66:1-14. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ coast/ fate/ fuel 

oil/ habitat/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ PAH/ salt 

water/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ time/ tissue/ Washington 

Notes: A follow-up study of the fate of the Bunker C fuel oil spilled along the Washington coast line in 

December 1988. During a 14-mo period, intertidal sediments were collected at 12 locations and intertidal 

invertebrates were collected at eight locations. Invertebrates were collected three times during the survey 

period. Sediments and tissues were analyzed for oil and grease, selected PAHs, and selected alkanes 

(C9-C36). 

Straughan, D. and B. C. Abbott 1970. The Santa Barbara oil spill: ecological changes and natural oil 

leaks. Pages 257-262 in J. I. Waddington, editor. Water Pollution by Oil. Unknown, Invernesshire, 

Scotland. 

Keywords: benthic/ biological effects/ bird/ California/ degradation/ effects/ fish/ general effect/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ movement/ Oeight/ oil/ oil seep/ oil spill/ pollution/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A general description of the chronology of the Santa Barbara Channel, California oil spill of 1969. 

Authors discuss details of the spill events, movement of oil, relation to natural oil seeps, and some 

preliminary information on biological effects. 

Straughan, D., D. Hadley, 1978. Experiments with Littorina species to determine the relevancy of oil spill 

data from southern California to the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Environmental Research 1:135-163. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ analysis/ assay/ California/ Canada/ crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ gasoline/ 

gastropod/ Gulf of Alaska/ kerosene/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ rate/ salt water/ 

species/ spill/ static/ survival/ temperature 

Notes: Report of a series of experiments performed on the effects of petroleum on two species of 

315 
gastropod (Littorina) collected from Alaska, Canada, and southern California. Static laboratory assays 

were used to expose individuals to six crude oils, gasoline, and kerosene. Three temperature regimes 

were used. Individuals were exposed for 6 hrs, then observed for activity at 3 hrs post-exposure, 24 hrs 

post-exposure, and at 24-hr intervals thereafter for 6 more days. Measured survival and attachment (to 

the glass container) rates, and performed GC analysis of the crude and refined petroleum types. 

Strobel, C. J., A. H. Brenowitz, 1981. Effects of Bunker C oil on juvenile horseshoe crabs (Limulus 

polyphemus ). Estuaries 4:157-159. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ Bunker C/ concentration/ crab/ effects/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ length/ marine invertebrate/ molt/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ static/ survival 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of suspensions of artificially-weathered Bunker C fuel oil on juvenile 

horseshoe crabs. A static laboratory assay employing five concentrations of suspended fuel oil was used 

for 58 consecutive da. The stock suspension of fuel oil was renewed every 7 da. Measured survival, 

length of the intermolt period between molts one and two, and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations 

during the 7-da cycles. 

Stromgren, T., 1987. Effect of oil and dispersants on the growth of mussels. Marine Environmental 

Research 21:239-246. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ dissolved/ effects/ flow-through/ growth/ marine 

invertebrate/ mussel/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of either North Sea crude oil mixed in water or microencapsulated, oil 

plus one of three chemical dispersants (microencapsulated), oil plus Corexit 9527 mixed in water, or one 

of three dispersants dissolved in water on mussels. Used a flow-through laboratory system to expose 

mussels for 170 hrs and then depurate them for 300 hrs. Measured growth of mussels. 

Stromgren, T., M. V. Nielsen, 1991. Spawning frequency, growth and mortality of Mytilus edulis larvae, 

exposed to copper and diesel oil. Aquatic Toxicology 21:171-180. 

Keywords: bioassay/ bivalve/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ flow-through/ growth/ larvae/ 

marine invertebrate/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ spawning/ static/ survival 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on mature and larval mussels of exposure to copper or 

microencapsulated diesel oil. Mature mussels were exposed to either one of five concentrations of 

copper or one of five concentraions of diesel oil in a flow-through bioassay for 30 da. Larvae were 

exposed to either one of five concentrations of copper or one of six concentrations of diesel oil in a static 

bioassay for 10 da. Measured spawning frequency of mature mussels and survival and growth of larvae. 

Stromgren, T., M. V. Nielsen, L.-O. Reiersen, 1993. The effect of hydrocarbons and drilling fluids on the 

fecal pellet production of the deposit feeder Abra alba. Aquatic Toxicology 24:275-286. 

Keywords: accumulation/ assay/ bivalve/ cod/ concentration/ cuttings/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ drilling fluids/ 

drilling mud/ effects/ feeding/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil-based/ recovery/ 

salinity/ salt water/ sediment/ static/ temperature/ tissue/ water-based 

Notes: Assessment of the effects on fecal pellet production of the bottom feeding bivalve Abra alba of 

exposure to diesel oil, drilling muds, and drilling cuttings. All oils or oil-based substances were 

microencapsulated. In a series of static assays, mature bivalves were exposed for 5 da to sediment 

containing either 50-1,000 ppm oil-based mud, 200-5,000 ppm oil-based cuttings, 200-20,000 ppm waterbased mud, 10-500 ppm diesel oil, 1,000-100,000 ppm barite, or 50-1,000 ppm cod liver oil. Recovery of 

fecal pellet production was measured over a 6 da period for two diesel oil concentrations and two oilbased drilling muds. Hydrocarbon accumulation was determined in soft tissue of bivalves exposed to 50 

ppm diesel oil. Determined the effect of water temperature and salinity on fecal pellet production. 

Struhsaker, J. W., 1977. Effects of benzene (a toxic component of petroleum) on spawning pacific 

herring, Clupea harengus pallasi. Fishery Bulletin 75:43-49. 

Keywords: benzene/ concentration/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ female/ fish/ herring/ larvae/ Othree/ Pacific/ 

Pacific herring/ petroleum/ salt water/ spawning/ survival/ uptake 

Notes: Female Pacific herring exposed to two concentrations of benzene for 48 hr just prior to spawing. 

Measured survival in ovarian eggs, embryos, and larvae through yolk absorption, and benzene uptake. 

316 
Stubblefield, W. A., G. A. Hancock, W. H. Ford, H. H. Prince, and R. K. Ringer 1995. Evaluation of the 

toxic properties of naturally weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil to surrogate wildlife species. Pages 665-

692 in P. G. Wells, J. N. Butler, J. S. Hughes, editors. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in 

Alaskan Waters. ASTM Special Technical Publication. American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Philadelphia. 

Keywords: acute/ avoidance/ bird/ crude oil/ duck/ effects/ egg shell/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ fate/ 

food/ lethal/ mallard/ mammal/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ species/ spill/ subacute/ sublethal/ toxicity/ weathered/ technical 

Notes: An evaluation of the toxic properties of weathered North Slope crude oil from the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. The investigators used weathered oil from a collection barge (98 da post spill) to conduct a series of 

standardized studies (6) on mallard ducks and one study on European ferrets. Mallard studies were: (1) 

acute oral toxicity, (2) subacute dietary toxicity, (3) dietary food avoidance, (4) 14-da dietary toxicity, (5) 

reproductive toxicity, and (6) direct eggshell application toxicity. The ferret study was a subacute oral 

toxicity test. 

Sturve, J., L. Hasselberg, H. Falth, M. Celander, L. Forlin, 2006. Effects of North Sea oil and 

alkylphenols on biomarker responses in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquatic Toxicology 

78S:S73-S78. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ Atlantic/ biochemical/ biomarker/ cod/ crude oil/ effects/ fish/ flow-through/ 

juvenile/ lipid/ liver/ North Sea/ oil/ oil field/ Othree/ phenol/ produced water/ salt water/ stress 

Notes: Juvenile Atlantic cod were exposed in a continuous flow-through system for 15 da to either 0.5 

ppm Statfjord B (North Sea) crude oil, 0.5 ppm crude oil plus 0.1 ppm alkylated phenols, or 30 ppb 

nonylphenol. After 15 da, the livers were removed for biochemical analysis. Measured cytochrome P450 

(EROD) activity, CYP1A- and CYP3A-proteins, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. 

Suchanek, T. H., 1993. Oil impacts on marine invertebrate populations and communities. American 

Zoologist 33:510-523. 

Keywords: community/ ecosystem/ effects/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ population/ review/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: A review of the effects of petroleum on marine invertebrates with special emphasis on 

consequences to populations and ecosystems. Author presents seven case studies of marine oil spills. 

Suderman, B. L., N. H. Marcus, 2002. The effects of Orimulsion and Fuel Oil #6 on the hatching success 

of copepod resting eggs in the seabed of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environmental Pollution 120:787-795. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ concentration/ copepod/ effects/ eggs/ experiment/ Florida/ fuel oil/ hatching/ 

marine invertebrate/ microcosm/ nauplii/ No.6 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ Orimulsion/ salt water/ sand/ sediment 

Notes: Copepod eggs were used in a laboratory experiment to determine the effects of Orimulsion and 

Fuel Oil #6 on hatching. Test concentrations were determined by a preliminary study. Sediment 

microcosms of treated sand (control, 700 ppm Orimulsion, 7,000 ppm Orimulsion, 700 ppm Fuel Oil #6, 

7,000 ppm Fuel Oil #6) received eggs and retained them for 88 days. Microcosms were sampled on days 

0, 8, 16, 41, 60, 74, and 88. Counted the number of nauplii and unhatched eggs. 

Suderman, K., D. Thistle, 2003. Spills of fuel oil #6 and Orimulsion can have indistinguishable effects on 

the benthic meiofauna. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:49-55. 

Keywords: abundance/ age/ benthic/ Bunker C/ community/ copepod/ diversity/ effects/ fuel oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ meiofauna/ microcosm/ nematode/ No.6 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ Orimulsion/ ratio/ salt water/ 

sediment/ sex/ species/ species diversity/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Experimental microcosms were used to compare the toxicity of water-soluble fractions of #6 fuel 

oil and Orimulsion; two control microcosms were employed. Sediment meiofauna were sampled 

(sediment cores) on days 0, 8, 16, 41, 60, 74, and 88 of the study. Measured neutral-lipid content of the 

sediment, and abundance, species diversity (H'), sex ratio, fecundity, and age structure of copepods. 

Abundance of nematodes was determined in a subset of the cores from each microcosm. 

Suderman, K., D. Thistle, 2004. The relative impacts of spills of two alternative fuels on the microalgae 

of a sandy site: a microcosm study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:473-478. 

Keywords: abundance/ Bunker C/ chlorophyll/ condition/ experiment/ fuel oil/ grazing/ marine plant/ 

317 
microalgae/ microcosm/ No.6 fuel oil/ oil/ Orimulsion/ Osix/ pressure/ salt water/ sampling/ sand/ 

sediment/ spill/ subtidal/ time 

Notes: Two fuel alternatives (No. 6 Fuel Oil and Orimulsion) were used in a microcosm experiment to 

determine the effect of each on microalgae. Samples of sediment were taken from nearshore subtidal 

sediments. Fuels were artificially-weathered for 48 hrs and spread on the microcosm sediment surface in 

the form of a 1 mm layer of fuel (7,000 ppm) and sand. Sampling occurred on days 0, 8, 16, 41, 60, 74, 

and 88. Measured microagal abundance, grazing pressure, primary production, and metabolic condition 

(normalized production). 

Suess, M. J., 1976. The environmental load and cycle of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Science of 

the Total Environment 6:239-250. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ environment/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

PAH/ pollution/ review 

Notes: An early review and evaluation of the presence of PAHs in the global environment. Author uses 

data on benzo(a)pyrene as an example of PAH increase in the environment. 

Sugai, S. F., J. E. Lindstrom, J. F. Braddock, 1997. Environmental influences on the microbial 

degradation of Exxon Valdez oil on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Environmental 

Science and Technology 31:1564-1572. 

Keywords: Alaska/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ Exxon Valdez/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ 

mineralization/ oil/ Oten/ Prince William Sound/ shoreline/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the importance of environmetal influences on the microbial degradation of crude 

oil from the Exxon Valdez spill; hydrocarbon concentrations, mineralization potential. 

Sugiura, K., M. Ishihara, T. Shimauchi, S. Harayama, 1997. Physicochemical properties and 

biodegradability of crude oil. Environmental Science and Technology 31:45-51. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ crude oil/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ SM8 

Notes: Biodegradability of four crude oils by microbes was compared. 

Svecevicius, G., N. Kazlauskiene, M. Z. Vosyliene, 2003. Toxic effects of orimulsion on rainbow trout 

Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 10:281-283. 

Keywords: adult/ assay/ combination/ embryo/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ growth/ hatching/ heart/ 

heart rate/ larvae/ Orimulsion/ Othree/ rainbow trout/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: An evaluation of the effects of orimulsion on embryos, larvae, and adults of rainbow trout in semistatic laboratory assays. A combination of 96-hr LC50, 28-da, and 60-da tests were employed. Measured 

survival, heart rate, gill ventilation, total body mass, relative mass increase, hatching duration, amount of 

hatched larvae, yolk-sac resorption, exit from nest, response of larvae to external stimuli, and growth rate 

of adults. 

Swannell, R. P. J., D. Mitchell, G. Lethbridge, D. Jones, D. Heath, M. Hagley, M. Jones, S. Petch, R. 

Milne, R. Croxford, K. Lee, 1999. A field demonstration of the efficacy of bioremediation to treat oiled 

shorelines following the Sea Empress incident. Environmental Technology 20:863-873. 

Keywords: bacteria/ beach/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ England/ fertilizer/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ intertidal/ microbes/ Microtox/ nutrients/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oten/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ toxicity/ treatment 

Notes: Description of a demonstration project in Bullwell Bay, southwest England, after the Sea Empress

oil spill (Forties crude oil and heavy fuel oil). Preliminary assessments indicted that the beach contained 

hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria but that N and P might be limiting. Three blocks of three plots each were 

established to receive either no treatment, liquid nutrients (multiple weekly applications), or slow-release 

fertilizer pellets (one time application). At 0, 30, and 60 da after nutrient addition ended, measured P and 

N concentrations in beach sediment, concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in beach sediment, 

and toxicity of beach sediment according to Microtox. Measures were performed separately for the lower, 

middle, and upper intertidal portions of each plot. Water was sampled for inorganic N at the experimental 

site and at Milford Haven on days 7, 16, 31, and 59. 

318 
Swedmark, M., A. Granmo, S. Kollberg, 1973. Effects of oil dispersants and oil emulsions on marine 

animals. Water Research 7:1649-1672. 

Keywords: bivalve/ cod/ concentration/ crab/ crude oil/ diesel/ dispersant/ effects/ emulsion/ fish/ 

flounder/ fuel oil/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ ODeight/ oil/ prawn/ salt water/ scallop 

Notes: Authors tested a number of chemical oil dispersants alone or mixed with crude oil or fuel oils. 

Tested nine dispersants, Oman crude oil, marine diesel oil, and heavy fuel oil in continuous flow aquaria. 

Used varying concentrations to determine 96-hr LC50 concentrations. Tested cod, flounder, scallop, 

cockle, mussel, prawn, spider crab, and hermit crab. 

Sydnes, L. K., T. H. Hemmingsen, S. Skare, S. H. Hansen, 1985. Seasonal variations in weathering 

and toxicity of crude oil on seawater under Arctic conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 

19:1076-1081. 

Keywords: Arctic/ concentration/ condition/ crude oil/ dissolved/ eggs/ Ekofisk crude oil/ experiment/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ oxygen/ petroleum/ 

photooxidation/ salt water/ sea urchin/ seasonal/ survival/ temperature/ time/ toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: Ekofisk crude oil spilled on water was used in oil weathering experiments to evaluate the effect of 

photooxidation on petroleum weathering. Indoor and outdoor experiments were conducted for 14 da 

during every month of the year. The indoor experiment was performed under three water temperature 

regimes (either 5, 15, or 23 C). Crude oil spilled on water and kept in the dark was used as a reference. 

After the 14 da period, seawater samples were used in toxicity tests with a marine diatom and fertilized 

sea urchin eggs. Measured oxygen content of surface oil and dissolved organic material in water, the 

concentrations of dissolved organic material in water, compositional change of the water-soluble fraction 

over time, survival of diatoms and sea urchin eggs, and the photosynthetic capacity of diatoms. 

Symens, P., M. I. Al Salamah 1993. The impact of the Gulf War oil spills on wetlands and waterfowl in 

the Arabian Gulf. Pages 24-28 in M. Moser, J. van Vessem, editors. Wetland and Waterfowl 

Conservation in South and West Asia. IWRB Special Publication No. 25 and AWB Publication No. 85. 

International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau & Asian Wetland Bureau, Slimbridge, 

Gloucester, UK. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bird/ conservation/ crude oil/ fish/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ reptile/ salt water/ shrimp/ spill/ turtle/ war/ waterfowl/ wetland 

Notes: Preliminary assessment of environmental destruction caused by the Gulf War oil spill; information 

on coastal wetlands, birds, mammals, turtles, fish, and shrimp. 

Symens, P., M. I. Evans, 1993. Impact of Gulf War oil spills on Saudi Arabian breeding populations of 

terns Sterna in the Arabian Gulf, 1991. Sandgrouse 15:18-36. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bird/ crude oil/ effects/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ plumage/ population/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ species/ spill/ tern/ war 

Notes: Effects on tern species in the Arabian Gulf of the Gulf War oil spill; assessment of populations and 

breeding success in 1991. 

Symens, P., A. Suhaibani, 1993. Impact of Gulf War oil spills on wintering seabird populations along the 

northern Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, 1991. Sandgrouse 15:37-43. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bird/ coast/ crude oil/ estimate/ evaluation/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ 

plumage/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ spill/ war/ wintering 

Notes: Account and evaluation of the numbers of wintering seabirds killed by the Gulf War oil spill in the 

Arabian Gulf during 1991. Also, an account of the rehabilitation efforts for oiled birds. 

Symens, P., A. Suhaibani, 1994. The impact of the 1991 Gulf War oil spill on bird populations in the 

northern Arabian Gulf -- a review. Courier Forschunginstitut Senckenberg 166:47-54. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bird/ Gulf oil spill/ habitat/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ review/ salt water/ spill/ 

war/ wintering 

Notes: Review of the affects on seabirds of the 1991 Gulf oil spill. 

Syvokiene, J, L. Mickeniene, 2004. Impact of crude oil on bacteriocenosis of the digestive tract of 

mollusks. Environmental Toxicology 19:421-424. 

319 
Keywords: abundance/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ bivalve/ crude oil/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

microbes/ mollusc/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ river/ water 

Notes: Mollusks were collected from a river and used in a laboratory study of intestinal bacteria 

responses to petroleum. Mollusks were exposed to either 0, 1, 2, or 4 ppm of crude oil in their aquarium 

water for 10 da. Intestinal contents were incubated and counts of bacteria were made. Measured the 

abundance of saprophytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, coliform , and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. 

Szaro, R. C., 1977. Effects of petroleum on birds. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and 

Natural Resources Conference 42:374-381. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ natural resource/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ pollution/ reproduction/ 

species/ spill/ vulnerability 

Notes: General presentation on the effects of oil pollution on aquatic birds. 

Szaro, R. C. and P. H. Albers 1977. Effects of external applications of No. 2 fuel oil on common eider 

eggs. Pages 164-167 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, NY. 

Keywords: bird/ common eider/ duckling/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ eiders/ embryo/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ 

hatching/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ salt water/ weight 

Notes: Effect on embryos of common eiders of eggshell applications of varying amounts of No. 2 fuel oil. 

Artificially-incubated eggs of the common eider were exposed by eggshell application to either 5 ul No. 2 

fuel oil, 20 ul No. 2 fuel oil, or propylene glycol. Measured hatching success and weight of ducklings. 

Szaro, R. C., M. P. Dieter, G. H. Heinz, J. F. Ferrell, 1978. Effects of chronic ingestion of South 

Louisiana crude oil on mallard ducklings. Environmental Research 17:426-436. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ blood/ chronic/ crude oil/ diet/ duckling/ effects/ growth/ ingestion/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ organ/ pathology/ physiology/ South Louisiana crude oil/ survival/ 

tissue 

Notes: Effects on mallard ducklings of varying amounts of South Louisiana crude oil in the diet (0.025-

5%) for 8 weeks. Measured survival, growth, blood chemisty, tissue and organ pathology, and behavior 

of 7-da old ducklings. 

Szaro, R. C., P. H. Albers, N. C. Coon, 1978. Petroleum: effects on mallard egg hatchability. Journal of 

Wildlife Management 42:404-406. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ 

Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ paraffin/ 

petroleum/ South Louisiana crude oil/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Effect on mallard embryos of eggshell applications of varying amounts of No. 2 fuel oil, South 

Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude oil, and a paraffin mixture. Measured survival and hatching weight. 

Szaro, R. C., 1979. Bunker C fuel oil reduces mallard egg hatchability. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 22:731-732. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ incubation/ mallard/ 

oil/ Oone 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of Bunker C fuel oil on artificially-incubated mallard eggs. Eggshell 

applications of 5-50 ul of Bunker C fuel oil were made on day 8 of incubation; measured hatching 

success. 

Szaro, R. C., N. C. Coon, W. Stout, 1980. Weathered petroleum : effects on mallard egg hatchability. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 44:709-713. 

Keywords: bird/ crude oil/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ hatching/ 

incubation/ mallard/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: Comparison of the effects of fresh and weathered No. 2 fuel oil and Prudhoe Bay crude oil on 

mallard embryos. Artificially-incubated eggs exposed by eggshell application to 1-50 ul of fresh or 

weathered oil on day 8 of incubation. Measured hatching success. 

Szaro, R. C., G. Hensler, G. H. Heinz, 1981. Effects of chronic ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil on mallard 

ducklings. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 7:789-799. 

320 
Keywords: behavior/ bird/ blood/ chronic/ diet/ duckling/ effects/ fuel oil/ growth/ ingestion/ mallard/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ organ/ pathology/ physiology/ tissue 

Notes: Effects on mallard ducklings of 0.5 or 5% of No. 2 fuel oil in the diet for 18 weeks. Measured 

growth, blood chemistry, tissue and organ pathology, and behavior of 9-da-old ducklings. 

Taban, I. C., S. T. Bechmann, S. Torgrimsen, T. Baussant, S. Sanni, 2004. Detection of DNA damage 

in mussels and sea urchins exposed to crude oil using comet assay. Marine Environmental Research 

58:701-705. 

Keywords: assay/ concentration/ crude oil/ detection/ DNA/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ North Sea/ 

North Sea crude oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sea urchin/ urchin/ water 

Notes: Sea urchins and mussels were exposed to mechanically-dispersed North Sea crude oil at 

concentrations in water of 0.015, 0.06, and 0.25 ppm (mussels) and 0.06 and 0.25 ppm (sea urchins) in a 

continuous flow system. After 4 weeks (sea urchins) or 5 weeks (mussels), the comet DNA assay was 

used on sea urchin coelomocytes and mussel haemocytes. Measured the amount of DNA damage. 

Tagaz, M. E., G. R. Plaia, C. H. Deans, 1985. Responses of macrobenthos colonizing estuarine 

sediments contaminated with drilling mud containing diesel oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 35:112-120. 

Keywords: colonization/ depth/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ diversity/ dominance/ drilling mud/ effects/ estuarine/ 

index/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ pH/ ratio/ salt water/ sand/ sediment 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of drilling muds and diesel oil on colonization by estuarine 

macrobenthos. Lime mud (pH 11.5) or barite were mixed with clean sand in ratios of 1:10 and 1:3 and 

placed in sediment containers at 3 m depth. Containers remained for 8 wks. Colonizing individuals were 

identified and counted and indicies of diversity, dominance, and dissimilarity were calculated. 

Tagger, S., L. Deveze, J. LePetit, 1976. The conditions for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at 

sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:172-174. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ biodegradation/ concentration/ condition/ degradation/ effluent/ 

experiment/ France/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ nutrients/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

refinery/ salt water 

Notes: Experiments conducted with refinery (France) wastewater effluent, its aromatic fraction, and its 

distillate fraction >370 C to determine the ability of selected bacterial cultures to degrade varying 

concentration of the test materials. Collected samples of surface seawater from the refinery discharge 

zone and 7.5 km from the discharge zone, added nutrients and refinery effluent, and measured 

degradation over a 5-da period. 

Tahir, A., T. C. Fletcher, D. F. Houlihan, C. J. Secombes, 1993. Effect of short-term exposure to oilcontaminated sediments on the immune response of dab, Limanda limanda (L.). Aquatic Toxicology 

27:71-82. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ concentration/ dab/ diesel fuel/ drilling mud/ fish/ immune response/ kidney/ 

Othree/ pathology/ physiology/ salt water/ sediment/ short-term 

Notes: Exposure of dab for 4 weeks to sediment containing four different concentrations of diesel-oil 

based drilling mud; immune response, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, kidney. 

Tahir, A., C. J. Secombes, 1995. The effects of diesel oil-based drilling mud extracts on immune 

responses of rainbow trout. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:27-32. 

Keywords: diesel/ diesel fuel/ dosed/ drilling mud/ effects/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ immune 

response/ injection/ kidney/ oil-based/ Othree/ physiology/ rainbow trout 

Notes: Exposure of rainbow trout to an extract derived from diesel oil-based drilling mud. Trout injected 

with three different doses and maintained for 6 wks in one experiment and one dose in fish maintained for 

8 wks (monitored every 2 wks) in another; immune response, physiology, kidney. 

Tanacredi, J. T., 1977. Petroleum hydrocarbons from effluents: detection in marine environment. Journal 

of the Water Pollution Control Federation 49:216-226. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ clam/ detection/ effluent/ 

environment/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ marine environment/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

321 
petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ pollution/ salt water/ total hydrocarbons/ treatment/ waste 

water 

Notes: Collected effluent samples for 11 consecutive weeks from four wastewater treatment plants 

around Jamaica Bay, N.Y., surface (0.6 m) water on two occasions from five sites in the bay and two sites 

outside the bay, and clams from one polluted and one unpolluted site in the bay. Analyzed samples for 

total hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Tanacredi, J. T. 1981. Automotive crankcase oil: detection in a coastal wetlands environment. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/S2-81-045. 3 pp. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ crankcase oil/ detection/ effluent/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ salt water/ tissue/ total hydrocarbons/ 

urban/ wetland 

Notes: Project summary of a study examining the significance of crankcase oil in an urban nearshore 

area (Jamaica Bay, NY). Wastewater effluents, surface water, and bivalve tissue were collected and 

analyzed for total hydrocarbons, total aromatic hydrocarbons, and selected aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Tarshis, I. B., 1981. Uptake and depuration of petroelum hydrocarbons by crayfish. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 10:79-86. 

Keywords: crayfish/ depuration/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofive/ oil/ uptake/ whole body 

Notes: Determination of the uptake by crayfish of 14C-naphthalene in a water-soluble solution of No. 2 

fuel oil. Crayfish exposed for 1, 2, or 4 hrs and then placed in clean water for depuration. Measured 

uptake after exposure and retention after 24, 48, 72, or 96 hrs of depuration. Evaluated whole body 

uptake and depuration as well as the same measures for tail flesh, tail skeleton, and cephalothorax. 

Tarshis, I. B., B. A. Rattner, 1982. Accumulation of 14C-Naphthalene in the tissues of redhead ducks fed 

oil-contaminated crayfish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:155-159. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bird/ crayfish/ duck/ fuel oil/ labelled/ naphthalene/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ 

redhead/ solubility/ tissue/ transfer 

Notes: Experimental documentation of the transfer of 14C-labelled naphthalene in No. 2 fuel oil to tissues 

of redhead ducks; ducks were fed crayfish which were previously exposed to the water soluble fraction of 

the fuel oil. 

Tarzwell, C. M. 1970. Toxicity of oil and oil dispersant mixtures to aquatic life. Pages 263-272 in J. I. 

Waddington, editor. Water Pollution by Oil. Unknown, Inveresshire, Scotland. 

Keywords: dispersant/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ general effect/ marine invertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ 

petroleum/ pollution/ review/ salt water/ toxicity 

Notes: A very dated review and assessment of the effects of petroleum and chemically-dispersed 

petroleum on aquatic animals. Interesting from a historical perspective because it sums up the state of 

knowledge before the great increase in petroleum research that occurred during the 1970s. 

Tatem, H. E., B. A. Cox, J. W. Anderson, 1978. The toxicity of oils and petroelum hydrocarbons to 

estuarine crustaceans. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 6:365-373. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ Bunker C/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ effects/ 

estuarine/ experiment/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salinity/ salt water/ shrimp/ size/ South 

Louisiana crude oil/ species/ static/ survival/ temperature/ total hydrocarbons/ toxicity 

Notes: Experiments on the effects of Bunker C and No.2 fuel oils and Kuwait and South Louisiana crude 

oils on three species of shrimp. Petroleum exposure was by static bioassay to water-soluble fractions or 

oil-in-water dispersions for 96 hrs. Also tested were direct mixtures of eight one- and two-ring aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Effects of salinity and water temperature were determined. Exposure effects on three life 

stages of one species of shrimp and two or three size classes of the other two species were compared. 

Concentrations of total hydrocarbons or total aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. Measured survival 

and calculated LC50s. 

322 
Taylor, C., L. K. Duffy, R. T. Bowyer, G. M. Blundell, 2000. Profiles of fecal porphyrins in river otters 

following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1132-1138. 

Keywords: Alaska/ biomarker/ crude oil/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ feces/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ petroleum/ porphyrin/ Prince William Sound/ river otter/ salt water/ spill/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of fecal porphyrins as a potential biomarker for exposure to petroleum in mammals. 

Measured five porphyrins in river otter feces from an oiled (1990, 1996) and an unoiled area (1996) in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska and an unoiled reference area (1998) in southeast Alaska. 

Teal, J. M., R. W. Howarth, 1984. Oil spill studies: a review of ecological effects. Environmental 

Management 8:27-44. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ Argo Merchant/ Arrow/ barge Florida/ benthic/ biological effects/ Bravo/ Bunker 

C/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ fish/ fishery/ Florida/ fuel oil/ general effect/ Ixtoc/ littoral/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ No.5 fuel oil/ No.6 fuel oil/ ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ 

plankton/ review/ salt water/ spill/ tanker/ time/ transport/ Tsesis 

Notes: A review of the biological effects of seven major oil spills and how the effects compare to results 

from experimental studies. The spills discussed are: barge Florida (No. 2 fuel oil), tanker Arrow (Bunker 

C fuel oil), tanker Argo Merchant (Bunker C and No. 2 fuel oils), platform Bravo (crude oil), tanker Tsesis

(No. 5 fuel oil and Bunker C fuel oil), supertanker Amoco Cadiz (crude oil), and platform Ixtoc I (crude 

oil). Text headings include spill descriptions, persistence of oil, transport to the bottom, benthic and 

littoral effects, planktonic effects, fish and fisheries, nature of spilled oil, inferences from experimental 

studies, and ecosystem effects. 

Teas, H. J., E. O. Duerr, J. R. Wilcox, 1987. Effects of South Louisiana crude oil and dispersants on 

Rhizophora mangroves. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:122-124. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ Florida/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mangrove/ 

marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ salt water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ surfactant/ survival/ time 

Notes: Twenty-four plots of small mangrove saplings were isolated on a canal bank in Florida by means 

of two semi-circular lines of oil booms. Plots were treated with either South Louisiana crude oil, crude oil 

followed by a sea water wash, crude oil followed by a surfactant wash, crude oil and dispersant mixture, 

sea water only, or dispersant only. Experiment duration was 36 mos. Measured survival of mangroves. 

Teas, H. J., A. H. Lasday, E. L. Luque, R. A. Morales, M. E. De Diego, and J. M. Baker 1989. 

Mangrove restoration after the 1986 Refineria Panama oil spill. Pages 433-437 in Proceedings 1989 Oil 

Spill Conference, API Publication 4479. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: experiment/ leaves/ mangrove/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Osix/ Panama/ restoration/ 

roots/ salt water/ seedling/ soil/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: Experiments on restoration planting of mangrove seedlings in coastal Panama near the site of the 

Refineria Panama oil spill. Seedlings were planted directly in oiled soil between 3 and 22 mos post-spill 

(1st experiment) or in holes of two different diameters that were filled with nursery soil (2nd experiment). 

Measured survival in first experiment; and survival, height, number of leaves, number of branches, and 

number of prop roots after 13 mos in the second experiment. 

Teruhisa, K., N. Masahiro, K. Hiroshi, Y. Tomoko, Marine Life Research Group of Takeno, O. 

Kouichi, 2003. Impacts of the Nakhodka heavy-oil spill on an intertidal ecosystem: an approach to impact 

evaluation using geographical information system. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:104. 

Keywords: benthic/ ecosystem/ evaluation/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ Japan/ macroalgae/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Onine/ pollution/ shoreline/ spill/ tanker/ technical/ time 

Notes: The tanker Nakhodka spilled "heavy oil" in the Sea of Japan which resulted in much shoreline 

oiling. The authors established 1-m2

 quadrats along the intertidal zone and measured the surface 

coverage of macroalgae during the fall and spring of 1997-2000. Benthic invertebrates were identified 

and counted at 5-m intervals. Oil pollution was classified as no visible oil, one spot of oil, or more than a 

spot of oil. Information was displayed with a GIS base-map. 

Tetreault, G. R., M. E. McMaster, D. G. Dixon, J. L. Parrott, 2003. Using reproductive endpoints in 

small forage fish species to evaluate the effects of Athabasca oil sands activities. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 22:2775-2782. 

323 
Keywords: activity/ Alberta/ biochemical/ condition/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ hormone/ index/ length/ 

liver/ oil/ oil sands/ Othree/ physiology/ region/ sand/ species/ tissue/ weight 

Notes: Two species of fish were collected from reference, naturally exposed, and developmentally 

exposed areas within the oil sands region of Alberta. Measured length, weight, condition factor, liver 

somatic index, gonadosomatic index, and fecundity (females). Gonad and liver tissues were removed for 

determination of EROD activity and steroid hormone production. 

Thomas, P., B. R. Woodin, J. M. Neff, 1980. Biochemical responses of the striped mullet Mugil cephalus

to oil exposure I. Acute responses -- interrenal activations and secondary stress responses. Marine 

Biology 59:141-149. 

 Keywords: accumulation/ acute/ biochemical/ biochemistry/ concentration/ fish/ fuel oil/ juvenile/ mullet/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ stress/ striped mullet 

Notes: Biochemical response of juvenile striped mullet exposed for 14 da to four concentrations of the 

water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil; accumulation, biochemistry. 

Thomas, P., L. Budiantara, 1995. Reproductive life history stages sensitive to oil and naphthalene in 

Atlantic croaker. Marine Environmental Research 39:147-150. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ Atlantic croaker/ biochemistry/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dissolved/ female/ 

fish/ history/ naphthalene/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ salt water 

Notes: Female Atlantic croaker were exposed to either water-soluble fractions of diesel fuel or dissolved 

naphthalene at two concentrations for 5 or 8 wks. Measured sexual maturation and performance; 

biochemistry, histopathology. 

Thomas, R. E., S. D. Rice, 1986. The effects of salinity on uptake and metabolism of toluene and 

naphthalene by Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma. Marine Environmental Research 18:203-214. 

Keywords: accumulation/ capsule/ Dolly Varden/ dosed/ effects/ fish/ fresh water/ gall/ liver/ metabolism/ 

metabolite/ muscle/ naphthalene/ Othree/ salinity/ salt water/ tissue/ toluene/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of salinity on accumulation and metabolism of toluene and naphthalene 

by young Dolly Varden trout. Trout dosed (capsule) with 14C-labelled toluene or naphthalene and held for 

12, 24, or 48 hrs in freshwater or seawater; liver, central nervous system, and muscle for tissue 

accumulation and gall, liver, central nervous system, and muscle for metabolite accumulation. 

Thomas, W. H., S. S. Rossi, D. L. R. Seibert, 1981. Effects of some representative petroleum refinery 

effluent compounds on photosynthesis and growth of natural marine phytoplankton assemblages: Part 1 -

- cresols. Marine Environmental Research 4:203-215. 

Keywords: chlorophyll/ community/ composition/ concentration/ effects/ effluent/ experiment/ growth/ 

marine plant/ nutrients/ Osix/ petroleum/ photosynthesis/ phytoplankton/ refinery/ salt water 

Notes: Seawater phytoplankton were used to test the effects of a cresol mixture on photosynthesis, 

growth, and community composition. For photosynthesis, phytoplankton were incubated for 48 hrs in 

seawater containing 12 concentrations of cresol and a 14C compound. The experiment was repeated for 

a comparison of two classes of phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates). For growth and community 

composition, phytoplankton were incubated for 10 da in seawater containing five concentrations of cresol, 

with or without supplemental nutrients. Measured 14C counts, chlorophyll concentration, and taxonomic 

identification of dominant phytoplankton. 

Thompson, H. C., Jr., R. N. Farragut, M. H. Thompson, 1977. Relationship of scarlet prawns 

(Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus) to a benthic oil deposit off the north-west coast of Aruba, Dutch West 

Indies. Environmental Pollution 13:239-253. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Aruba/ benthic/ coast/ concentration/ crustacean/ evaluation/ 

hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ prawn/ salt water 

Notes: Evaluation of the relation between benthic oil deposits and associated crustaceans in an area of 

the Dutch West Indies. Eleven bottom samples from oily areas were compared to 10 bottom samples 

from non-oiled areas. Catch results for total crustaceans and for scarlet prawns in particular are 

presented. Scarlet prawns were analyzed for concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

324 
Thompson, S., G. Eglinton, 1976. The presence of pollutant hydrocarbons in estuarine epipelic diatom 

populations. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 4:417-425. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ ecosystem/ England/ estuarine/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ 

marine plant/ movement/ Osix/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Epipelic (sediment surface) diatoms and underlying sediment were collected from the Severn 

Estuary, England and analyzed for alkanes and aromatics. Results were interpreted in an effort to 

determine the potential for movement of petroleum hydrocarbons from the sediment into other parts of the 

marine ecosystem. 

Thorhaug, A. and J. Marcus 1985. Effects of dispersant and oil on subtropical and tropical seagrasses. 

Pages 497-501 in Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4385. American Petroleum 

Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ grass/ growth/ leaves/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude 

oil/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ ratio/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: Laboratory exposure of three species of sea grasses to Louisiana crude oil and Corexit 9527 

dispersant. All species exposed to 0, 75, 750, 1,250, or 5,000 ppm crude oil, with or without dispersant in 

a 10:1 ratio, for either 5, 10, or 100 hrs. After exposure, the grasses were transferred to clean water and 

monitored for survival and leaf growth. 

Thorhaug, A., J. Marcus, F. Booker, 1986. Oil and dispersed oil on subtropical and tropical seagrasses 

in laboratory studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17:357-361. 

Keywords: concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ growth/ leaves/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude 

oil/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ ratio/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ survival 

Notes: Leaves of three species of seagrasses were exposed to crude oils and dispersant in outdoor 

aquaria. Murban crude oil was used in concentrations of 75, 750, and 1,250 ppm with or without Corexit 

9527 dispersant in ratios of 1:10, 1:20, or 1:30. Louisiana crude oil was used in concentrations of 75, 

750, 1,250, and 5,000 ppm with or without Corexit 9527 dispersant in ratios of 1:10, 1:20, or 1:30. 

Duration of exposure was 5, 10, or 100 hrs. After exposure, the leaves were transferred to clean water 

and monitored for 14 da. Measured survival and leaf growth. 

Thorhaug, A. and J. H. Marcus 1987. Preliminary mortality effects of seven dispersants on 

subtropical/tropical seagrasses. Pages 223-224 in Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4452. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ 

ratio/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: Three species of seagrasses were exposed for 100 hrs to either 750 or 1,250 ppm Louisiana 

crude oil combined with one of seven chemical dispersants (10:1 ratio). After exposure, the seagrasses 

were transferred to clean water for a 14-da assessment of survival. 

Thorhaug, A., J. Marcus, 1987. Oil spill clean-up: the effect of three dispersants on three 

subtropical/tropical seagrasses. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:124-126. 

Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ oil spill/ salt 

water/ seagrass/ species/ spill/ sunlight/ survival/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Three species of seagrasses were placed in outdoor aquaria and exposed to crude oil mixed with 

chemical dispersant. The crude oil was weathered in sunlight for 24 hrs prior to use. Seagrasses were 

exposed for 5 hrs to either 750 or 1,250 ppm Louisiana crude oil or Murban crude oil mixed 10:1 with one 

of three chemical dispersants, or for 100 hrs to 750 ppm of either crude oil mixed with one of three 

chemical dispersants. After exposure, the seagrasses were transferred to clean water and monitored for 

survival during a 14-da period. 

Thorhaug, A., J. McFarlane, B. Carby, F. McDonald, M. Anderson, B. Miller, V. Gordon, and P. 

Gayle 1989. Dispersed oil effects on tropical habitats: preliminary laboratory results of dispersed oil 

testing on Jamaica corals and seagrass. Pages 455-458 in 1989 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 

4479. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: Bunker C/ coral/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ habitat/ health/ 

marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODeight/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ spill/ 

325 
static/ survival/ toxicity/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Laboratory experiments (static) were used to determine the toxicity of chemically-dispersed 

Venezuelan crude oil or Bunker C fuel oil. Used two species of Jamaican seagrasses and three species 

of Jamaican coral and exposed them for either 6 hr or 10 hrs to either petroleum product alone or 

petroleum product dispersed with one of the dispersants. After exposure, the seagrasses were monitored 

for 10 da and the corals for 14 da. Measured survival, growth, and general health of seagrass blades and 

corals. 

Thorhaug, A. 1989. Dispersed oil effects on tropical nearshore ecosystems. Pages 257-273 in L. M. 

Flaherty, editor. Oil dispersants: new ecological approaches. ASTM Special Technical Publication. 

American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

Keywords: concentration/ coral/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ evaluation/ mangrove/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ ODsix/ oil/ petroleum/ review/ salt water/ seagrass/ species/ spill/ time/ toxicity/ 

technical 

Notes: A review and evaluation of the effects of chemical oil dispersants on tropical nearshore 

ecosystems, particularly seagrasses, mangroves, and corals. Author discusses differences in toxic 

sensitivity among species, toxic consequences of different concentrations of dispersants, toxicity 

differences among dispersants, differences in toxicity of oils, and the differential effects of exposure time 

and seasonality. 

Throndsen, J., 1982. Oil pollution and plankton dynamics III. Effects on flagellate communities in 

controlled ecosystem experiments in Lindaspollene, Norway, June 1980 and 1981. Sarsia 67 :163-169. 

Keywords: abundance/ community/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depth/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ 

Ekofisk crude oil/ evaluation/ experiment/ marine invertebrate/ Norway/ ODfour/ oil/ phytoplankton/ 

plankton/ pollution/ salt water/ species/ water column 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of crude oil and chemical dispersant on a marine phytoplankton 

community. Enclosed natural water columns were exposed to Ekofisk crude oil for 12 da (1980) or 14 da 

(1981). One column received Corexit 9527 24 hrs after application of the oil. Water columns were 

sampled at five depths before the addition of crude oil and at the end of the experiment. Phytoplankton 

species were identified and their abundance was estimated. 

Tilseth, S., T. S. Solberg, K. Westrheim, 1984. Sublethal effects of the water-soluble fraction of Ekofisk 

crude oil on the early larval stages of cod (Gadus morhua L.). Marine Environmental Research 11:1-16. 

Keywords: behavior/ cod/ concentration/ crude oil/ effects/ Ekofisk crude oil/ embryo/ feeding/ fish/ 

growth/ larvae/ malformation/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ sublethal/ survival/ swimming 

Notes: Effects of exposure of cod embryos (1 wk) and larvae (2 wk) to two concentrations of the watersoluble fraction of Ekofisk crude oil; survival, growth, malformations, swimming and feeding behavior. 

Tkalich, P., E. S. Chan, 2002. Vertical mixing of oil droplets by breaking waves. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

44 :1219-1229. 

Keywords: degradation/ development/ mixing/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ salt water/ spill/ technical/ water 

column 

Notes: Development of a mathematical model to describe the vertical mixing of oil by breaking waves. 

Results are to be used in a future 3-D oil spill model. 

Tollefsen, K.-E., E. F. Finne, R. Romstad, C. Sandberg, 2006. Effluents from oil production activities 

contain chemicals that interfere with normal function of intra- and extra-cellular estrogen binding proteins. 

Marine Environmental Research 62:S191-S194. 

Keywords: activity/ assay/ effluent/ endocrine/ endocrine disruption/ fish/ male/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

offshore/ oil/ produced water/ protein/ rainbow trout/ refinery/ toxicity/ water 

Notes: Sea water, offshore oil and gas well produced water, untreated refinery process water, and 

treated refinery process water were subjected to solid phase extraction. The extracts were used in an 

assay of toxicity and estrogenic activity in cultures of male rainbow trout hepatocytes. Measured 

production of vitellogenin. 

326 
Townsend, G. T., R. C. Prince, J. M. Suflita, 2003. Anaerobic oxidation of crude oil hydrocarbons by the 

resident microorganisms of a contaminated anoxic aquifer. Environmental Science and Technology 

37:5213-5218. 

Keywords: Alaska/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ anaerobic/ crude oil/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ 

microbes/ naphthalene/ natural gas/ North Sea/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ Oten/ reduction/ sediment/ 

sulfate/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Sediment and aquifer water from a contaminated natural gas field were combined to form a slurry 

used in an anaerobic laboratory incubation experiment. Slurry mixtures were amended with either 

weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil or fresh Alba (North Sea) crude oil. The incubation period was 

475 da. Measured methane production and sulfate reduction 16 times during the study. Also measured 

aliphatic hydrocarbons and naphthalenes. 

Trail, P. W., 2006. Avian mortality at oil pits in the United States: a review of the problem and efforts for 

its solution. Environmental Management 38:532-544. 

Keywords: bird/ legal/ oil/ oil field/ Oone/ petroleum/ review/ waste oil/ waste water 

Notes: A review of the problem of avian deaths at waste oil and wastewater pits in oil production areas of 

the United States. A complete explanation of the historical, legal, inspection, and forensics aspects. 

Results of identification of bird remains from oil pits during the period 1992 to 2005 are presented. 

Travers, W. B., P. R. Luney, 1976. Drilling, tankers, and oil spills on the Atlantic outer continental shelf. 

Science 194:791-796. 

Keywords: activity/ Atlantic/ coast/ condition/ discharges/ evaluation/ Gulf of Mexico/ Mexico/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ oil spill/ petroleum/ risk/ salt water/ spill/ tanker/ transport 

Notes: An evaluation of the geological conditions affecting the risk of offshore drilling accidents on the 

Atlantic outer continental shelf. The authors contrast the Atlantic coast with the Gulf of Mexico and the 

west coast of the U.S., and relate oil discharges from drilling to spillage from petroleum transport 

activities. 

Trindade, P. V. O., L. G. Sobral, A. C. L. Rizzo, S. G. F. Leite, A. U. Soriano, 2005. Bioremediation of a 

weathered and a recently oil-contaminated soils from Brazil: a comparison study. Chemosphere 58:515-

522. 

Keywords: bacteria/ bioremediation/ Brazil/ crude oil/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ incubation/ inorganic/ 

microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ soil/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Contaminated (4 yrs old, crude oil, 5.4% petroleum hydrocarbons) and uncontaminated soil from 

the same location was used in an assessment of weathered soil bioremediation. The experiment 

included a non-contaminated sample, a sterilized freshly-contaminated sample, a freshly-contaminated 

sample, a freshly-contaminated sample with inorganic nutrient addition and bacteria added, a weathered 

contaminated sample, and a weathered contaminated sample with inorganic nutrient addition and 

bacteria added. Incubation was for 41 da. Measured CO2 production during the experiment and total 

petroleum hydrocarbon content plus total heterotrophic and petroleum degrading bacteria at the 

beginning and end of the study. 

Trivelpiece, W. Z., R. G. Butler, D. S. Miller, D. B. Peakall, 1984. Reduced survival of chicks of oildosed adult Leach's storm-petrels. Condor 86:81-82. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ chicks/ crude oil/ effects/ growth/ nestling/ oil/ Oone/ organ/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ storm-petrel/ survival/ weight 

Notes: Effects on adult and nestling Leach's storm petrels of dosing with Prudhoe Bay crude oil; growth 

and organ weights measured in nestlings. 

Trivelpiece, W. Z., D. G. Ainley, W. R. Frazer, S. G. Trivelpiece, 1990. Skua survival. Nature 345:211-

212. 

Keywords: behavior/ bird/ oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ salt water/ skuas/ South Pole/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Response to a report of oil spill-induced reproductive failure among South Polar skuas in 1989. 

Followed by a rebuttal from the authors of the report. 

327 
Trucco, R. G., F. R. Engelhardt, B. Stacey, 1983. Toxicity, accumulation and clearance of aromatic 

hydrocarbons in Daphnia pulex. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 31:191-202. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ assay/ benzene/ benzo(a)anthracene/ 

benzo[a]pyrene/ bioassay/ clearance/ daphnia/ depuration/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

hydrocarbons/ naphthalene/ Ofive/ phenanthrene/ static/ toxicity/ uptake 

Notes: Determination of toxicity, uptake, and clearance by D. pulex of five aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Daphnia were exposed in a static bioassay to either benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, 

benzo(a)pyrene, or benzo(a)anthracene for 96 hrs; an LC50 was calculated. Daphnia were then exposed 

to the same aromatics (14C-labelled) for 24 hrs in an accumulation assay followed by 72 hrs in clean 

water for a depuration determination. 

Truett, J. C., M. E. Miller, K. Kertell, 1997. Effects of arctic Alaska oil development on brant and snow 

geese. Arctic 50:138-146. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ Arctic/ bird/ brant/ development/ distribution/ effects/ fresh water/ humans/ oil/ 

oil field/ Oone/ population/ predation/ Prudhoe Bay/ release/ reproduction/ review/ snow goose/ structure/ 

tundra 

Notes: A review of the effects of oil development activities and structures in the Prudhoe Bay area on 

local brant and snow goose populations. Authors make use of studies addressing contaminant release, 

alteration of tundra surface, creation of impoundments, and human activities, and predation. 

Truscott, B., D. R. Idler, G. L. Fletcher, 1992. Alteration of reproductive steroids of male winter flounder 

(Pleuronectes americanus) chronically exposed to low levels of crude oil in sediments. Canadian Journal 

of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:2190-2195. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ flounder/ liver/ male/ oil/ Othree/ salt water/ 

sediment/ steroid/ testes/ Venezuelan crude oil/ weight/ winter flounder 

Notes: Male winter flounder were exposed to five concentrations of Venezuelan crude oil in sediment for 

4 mos; reproductive steroids, liver weight, body weight, testes weight, biochemistry. 

Trust, K. A., D. Esler, B. R. Woodin, J. J. Stegeman, 2000. Cytochrome P450 1A induction in the sea 

ducks inhabiting nearshore areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:397-403. 

Keywords: activity/ Alaska/ bird/ blood/ crude oil/ duck/ harlequin duck/ liver/ monooxygenase/ oiled/ 

Oone/ PCB/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill/ tissue 

Notes: Barrow's goldeneye and harlequin ducks were sampled from oiled and unoiled portions of Prince 

William Sound, Alaska in 1996 and 1997. Goldeneyes were shot and the liver removed; harlequins were 

captured in mist nets, blood collected, and a liver biopsy produced a liver sample. Liver tissue was 

analyzed for EROD activity and the harlequin blood was analyzed for PCBs. 

Tseng, F. S. 1993. Care of oiled seabirds: a veterinary perspective. Pages 421-424 in Proceedings 1993 

International Oil Spill Conference, 4580. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ methods/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ petroleum/ physiology/ rehabilitation/ salt 

water/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: A discussion of the primary and secondary direct effects on seabirds of exposure to petroleum, 

and the adverse effects of prolonged rehabilitation. Methods of treatment are presented for each type of 

effect. 

Tsutsumi, H., M. Kono, K. Takai, T. Manabe, M. Haraguchi, I. Yamamoto, C. Oppenheimer, 2000. 

Bioremediation on the shore after an oil spill from the Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan. III. Field tests of a 

bioremediation agent with microbiological cultures for the treatment of an oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

40:320-324. 

Keywords: bacteria/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ effectiveness/ estimate/ Japan/ microbes/ 

oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ photograph/ residual oil/ salt water/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: The effectiveness of a bacterial culture in increasing the biodegradation of heavy crude oil on 

rocks and concrete blocks was tested for 8 wk. Naturally-oiled rocks and artificially-oiled concrete blocks 

were placed in wire cages and treated with the bacterial culture once a week. Photographs were taken of 

each treated and untreated rock once a week before bacterial supplementation. The photos were 

converted to digital images in black and white and used to estimate the amount of oil left on the surface. 

328 
Tsutsumi, H., Y. Hirota, A. Hirashima, 2000. Bioremediation on the shore after an oil spill from the 

Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan. II. Toxicity of a bioremediation agent with microbiological cultures in 

aquatic organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:315-319. 

Keywords: bacteria/ bioassay/ bioremediation/ concentration/ detergent/ dispersant/ eggs/ fertilization/ 

fish/ food/ Japan/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ microbes/ ODten/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ rate/ salt water/ sea 

urchin/ shoreline/ species/ sperm/ spill/ static/ survival/ toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of a bacterial culture used on oiled shorelines. Sea urchin eggs and 

sperm were exposed, in a 5-min static bioassay, to five concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ppm) of either 

bacteria culture, oil dispersant, or a domestic neutral detergent. One fish species was exposed for 1 wk 

to a 0.1% concentration in water of a concentrated version of the bacterial culture. A second fish species 

was exposed to a 0.1% concentration in food of the concentrated version for 1 wk and for 1 mo. 

Measured fertilization rate and short- and long-term survival. 

Tsvetnenko, Y., L. Evans, 2002. Improved approaches to ecotoxicity testing of petroleum products. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 45:148-156. 

Keywords: algae/ Australia/ concentration/ crude oil/ density/ evaluation/ microalgae/ mixing/ oil/ Onine/ 

petroleum/ petroleum products/ procedure/ salt water/ species/ static/ technical/ toxicity 

Notes: Three species of tropical marine unicellular algae were used in 96 hr static flask tests of the 

toxicity of four crude oils from the northwest shelf of Western Australia. Water-soluble fractions of each 

were prepared and quantified during the mixing process. Algal density was measured every 24 hrs. 

Procedures of WSF preparation were evaluated. Advocated use of a weighted average concentration 

instead of the nominal concentration because of the volatile nature of these oils. 

Tuvikene, A., S. Huuskonen, K. Koponen, O. Ritola, U. Mauer, P. Lindstrom-Seppa, 1999. Oil shale 

processing as a source of aquatic pollution: monitoring of the biologic effects in caged and feral 

freshwater fish. Environmental Health Perspectives 107:745-752. 

Keywords: activity/ blood/ cell/ concentration/ condition/ effects/ enzyme/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ 

index/ liver/ metabolism/ metals/ micronuclei/ monitoring/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ PAH/ pollution/ rainbow 

trout/ red blood cell/ tissue 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the oil shale industry on fish at a site in Estonia. Caged rainbow trout 

and feral perch and roach were sampled from two exposed and one control location. Measured 

metabolic enzyme activity, determined micropathology of several tissues, and measured incidence of 

micronuclei in red blood cells. Also measured the concentration of several metals and PAHs in muscle 

and liver and calculated a condition factor and a liver somatic index. 

Ullrich, S. O., Jr., R. E. Millemann, 1983. Survival, respiration, and food assimilation of Daphnia magna

exposed to petroleum- and coal-derived oils at three temperatures. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences 40:17-26. 

Keywords: assimilation/ bioassay/ coal oil/ concentration/ consumption/ daphnia/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ food/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ Ofive/ oil/ oxygen/ petroleum/ respiration/ static/ survival/ 

temperature 

Notes: Determination of the effect of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of diesel fuel or coal-derived oil on D. 

magna. Daphnia exposed by static bioassay to varying concentrations of the WSF at water temperatures 

of 10, 20, or 25 C for 48 hrs; a 48-hr LC50 was calculated for each temperature. Simultaneously 

measured were oxygen consumption and food consumption. 

Underhill, L. G., P. A. Bartlett, L. Baumann, R. J. M. Crawford, B. M. Dyer, A. Gildenhuys, D. C. Nel, 

T. B. Oatley, M. Thornton, L. Upfold, A. J. Williams, P. A. Whittington, A. C. Wolfaardt, 1999. 

Mortality and survival of African penguins Spheniscus demersus involved in the Apollo Sea oil spill: an 

evaluation of rehabilitation efforts. Ibis 141:29-37. 

Keywords: Africa/ bird/ coast/ evaluation/ fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ 

rehabilitation/ release/ salt water/ South Africa/ spill/ survival/ time 

Notes: An assessment of the results of the rehabilitation and release of 4,076 marked African penguins 

on the coast of South Africa. The penguins were oiled with 'fuel oil' after the sinking of the Apolo Sea in 

1994. Several intensive searches were maintained for 2 years to document survival of the released 

penguins. 

329 
Upshall, C., J. F. Payne, J. Hellou, 1993. Induction of MFO enzymes and production of bile metabolites 

in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to waste crankcase oil. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 12:2105-2112. 

Keywords: bile/ biochemistry/ concentration/ crankcase oil/ dosed/ enzyme/ fish/ fresh water/ injection/ 

juvenile/ metabolite/ mixed-function oxidase/ oil/ Othree/ rainbow trout 

Notes: Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to waste crankcase oil (injection) for 3 da in a dose- response 

study (three concentrations) and for 12 da in a time-response study; mixed-function oxidase induction, 

bile metabolites, biochemistry. 

Urum, K., T. Pekdemir, D. Ross, S. Grigson, 2005. Crude oil contaminated soil washing in air sparging 

assisted stirred tank reactor using biosurfactants. Chemosphere 60:334-343. 

Keywords: air/ concentration/ crude oil/ Ekofisk crude oil/ experiment/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ ratio/ 

remediation/ soil/ surfactant/ temperature/ time/ washing/ weathered 

Notes: An experiment to test soil washing methodology. Ekofisk crude oil was added to soil and half was 

weathered in a warm oven for 14 d. The weathered and unweathered soil were then washed in a stirred 

and aerated reactor at four washing termperatures, four surfactant solution volume/soil mass ratios , four 

surfactant concentrations, four washing times, and two surfactants. Measured crude oil concentrations in 

the soil at the beginning and during the study. 

Urum, K., S. Grigson, T. Pekdemir, S. McMenamy, 2006. A comparison of the efficiency of different 

surfactants for removal of crude oil from contaminated soils. Chemosphere 62:1403-1410. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ 

Ekofisk crude oil/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ ODeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ remediation/ soil/ 

sulphate/ surfactant/ washing/ weathered 

Notes: Soil was mixed with Ekofisk crude oil, artificially weathered for 14 d in an oven, and washed with 

either of three surfactants. The experiment employed two biosurfactants (rhamnolipid and saponin) and a 

synthetic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate). Soil was analyzed for total petroleum and aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons before and after the washing. 

Utvik, T. I. R., 1999. Chemical characterisation of produced water from four offshore oil production 

platforms in the North Sea. Chemosphere 39:2593-2606. 

Keywords: analysis/ BTEX/ metals/ miscellaneous/ North Sea/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ oil field/ organic/ 

organic acid/ PAH/ phenol/ produced water/ radionuclide/ salt water/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: Samples of the produced water from four offshore Norwegian oil fields were collected once a day 

for five consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for BTEX, PAHs, phenols, organic acids, metals, 

and radionuclides. Results were compared to those from other offshore oil fields in the Norwegian North 

Sea and subjected to a principal components analysis. 

Uysal, Z., C. Saydam, K. Yilmaz, 1997. Impact of the recent oil spill (Nassia) in Bosphorus (Turkey) on 

developmental stages of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lam., eggs. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 

6:584-588. 

Keywords: assay/ concentration/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ eggs/ evaluation/ marine invertebrate/ 

Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ sea urchin/ spill/ temperature/ urchin 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects on various developmental stages sea urchin of varying concentrations of 

the water-soluble fraction of crude oil collected from the water surface of the Bosphorus after a recent oil 

spill. Laboratory assays performed at two water temperatures. 

Vaishnav, D. D., L. R. Brown, 1977. The effects of biocides on the microbial degradation of crude oil. 

Developments in Industrial Microbiology 18:697-704. 

Keywords: bacteria/ carbamates/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ estuarine/ evaluation/ growth/ mercury/ 

microbes/ oil/ organochlorines/ organophosphates/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of 112 biocides on a mixed culture of oil-degrading bacteria isolated from 

estuarine sediments. Forty-six pure cultures isolated from estuarine ponds contaminated with crude oil 

were used to test 18 selected biocides. Measured growth inhibition of cultures, ability of crude oil to 

concentrate biocides, and the effect of mercurials, organochlorines, carbamates, and organophosphates 

on the bacterial degradation of oil. 

330 
Valk, G., E. Hartwig, B. Reineking, E. Schrey, and E. Vauk-Hentzelt 1990. Extensive investigations 

into the effects on seabirds of the oil pollution on the German North Sea coast. Pages 288-291 in Svein. 

Myrberget, editor. Transactions of the XIXth IUGB Congress the International Union of Game Biologists, 

September 1989, Trondheim, Norway. NINA Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, 

Norway. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ coast/ effects/ history/ North Sea/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ region/ 

salt water/ species/ Norway 

Notes: Report of the counts of oiled seabirds found on beaches of the German North Sea coast during 

1983-88; species identified and regional differences determined. 

Van Colen, C., M. Vincx, S. Degraer, 2006. Does medium-term emersion cause a mass extinction of 

tidal flat macrobenthos? -- The case of the Tricolor oil pollution prevention in the Zwin nature reserve 

(Belgium and The Netherlands). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 68:343-347. 

Keywords: benthic/ bivalve/ fuel oil/ marine invertebrate/ Netherlands/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ plant/ pollution/ 

salt marsh/ salt water/ sand/ spill/ tidal flat/ time/ water 

Notes: Sand barriers were used to prevent a marine fuel oil spill from entering coastal inlets and polluting 

salt marshes. Tidal flow was restricted for 27 days (Feb-March), after which the barriers were removed. 

Marsh plants and macrobenthos were emersed in sea water during this time . Samples of macrobenthos 

were collected before, at 12 and 21 da of emersion, and 26 da after emersion. 

van den Heuvel, M. R., M. Power, M. D. MacKinnon, D. G. Dixon, 1999. Effects of oil sands related 

aquatic reclamation on yellow perch (Perca flavescens). II. Chemical and biochemical indicators of 

exposure to oil sands related waters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:1226-1233. 

Keywords: activity/ Alberta/ bile/ biochemical/ Canada/ effects/ enzyme/ fish/ fresh water/ gonads/ 

hormone/ indicator/ oil/ oil sands/ Othree/ PAH/ produced water/ reproduction/ sand/ size/ steroid 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of produced water and drainage water from the oil sands area of 

Alberta, Canada. Yellow perch were sampled in seven natural or man-made ponds or lakes over a 19 mo 

period. Measured hepatic enzyme activity, bile PAHs, steroid hormones, gonad size, and fecundity. 

van den Heuvel, M. R., M. Power, J. Richards, M. MacKinnon, D. G. Dixon, 2000. Disease and gill 

lesions in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands mining-associated waters. Ecotoxicology 

and Environmental Safety 46:334-341. 

Keywords: blood/ chloride/ disease/ evaluation/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ health/ lesions/ naphthene/ oil/ oil 

sands/ Othree/ pathology/ physiology/ plasma/ sand/ tissue 

Notes: Evaluation of the health of yellow perch in two oil sands impoundments and one oil sands lake, 

and three reference lakes removed from the oil sands deposits. Fish were transplanted from the oil 

sands lake to the two oil sands impoundments and sampled 3 or 10 mos later. Measured water 

characteristics and total napthenates in water. Fish blood plasma was analyzed for Na, chloride, and Ca. 

Fish were externally examined for signs of disease and gill tissue was examined for lesions. 

Van Gestel, C. A. M., J. J. Van Der Waarde, J. G. M. Derksen, E. E. Van Der Hoek, M. F. X. W. Veul, 

S. Bouwens, B. Rusch, R. Kronenburg, G. N. M. Stokman, 2001. The use of acute and chronic 

bioassays to determine the ecological risk and bioremediation efficiency of oil-polluted soils. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1438-1449. 

Keywords: acute/ bacteria/ bioassay/ bioremediation/ chronic/ fresh water/ harbour/ history/ invertebrate/ 

microbes/ Netherlands/ Oten/ petroleum/ plant/ pollution/ risk/ soil 

Notes: A set of chronic and acute bioassays were employed to determine the ecological risk and 

bioremediation potential of soils from a harbour facility in The Netherlands with a history of petroleum 

pollution. Soils were analyzed for a variety of contaminants. Seven acute tests using aquatic (bacteria, 

invertebrates) and terrestrial (plants, bacteria, invertebrate) organisms were performed with a soil extract. 

Four chronic tests (4 wks), using a plant and two invertebrates, were performed with the soil. Also 

performed an assessment of the bacteria in the soil and conducted a pilot bioremediation study for 12 

wks. 

Van Gestel, K., J. Mergaert, J. Swings, J. Coosemans, J. Ryckeboer, 2003. Bioremediation of diesel 

oil-contaminated soil by composting with biowaste. Environmental Pollution 125:361-368. 

331 
Keywords: bioremediation/ compost/ concentration/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ incubation/ 

microbes/ oil/ Oten/ oxygen/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ seed/ soil/ temperature/ time/ toxicity 

Notes: Two composting bins containing biowaste (one waste only, one with diesel oil contaminated soil) 

were monitored for 12 wks. A second smaller pair of composting bins were filled with diesel oil 

contaminated soil; one was maintained at room temperature and the other at composting temperature. 

Bins were sampled on days 1, 6, 9, 13, 21,27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76, and 85. Measured temperature, 

oxygen concentrations of gases, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dry matter content, and diesel fuel 

concentration. Also identified microbes during sequential phases of incubation and determined the 

toxicity of the compost mixture to seeds of two plants after 12 wks. 

Van Gundy, J. J. 1969. The effect of oilfield wastewaters upon the diversity and abundance of 

macroinvertebrates in a woodland stream. Pennsylvania State University. MS thesis. i-48 leaves. 

Keywords: abundance/ brine water/ chemical characteristics/ community/ discharges/ diversity/ effects/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ index/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Ofive/ oil field/ Pennsylvania/ 

sampling/ species/ species diversity/ stream/ waste water 

Notes: Study of the effects of oilfield wastewater discharges on the aquatic invertebrates of Lewis Run, 

Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania. Author sampled water at five stations on nine dates during a 1 

yr period and took four samples of wastewater discharges; provides physical and chemical 

characteristics. Sampled macroinvertebrates at the five sampling sites; identified species and counted 

individuals. Calculated species diversity index. 

Van Pelt, T. I., J. F. Piatt, 1995. Deposition and persistence of beachcast seabird carcasses. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 30:794-802. 

Keywords: beach/ bird/ carcass/ development/ estimate/ methods/ Oone/ persistence/ population/ rate/ 

salt water 

Notes: Development of a method to analyze deposition rates and persistence of beached seabird 

carcasses so as to provide for estimates of total losses. 

Van Veld, P. A., D. J. Westbrook, B. R. Woodin, R. C. Hale, C. L. Smith, R. J. Huggett, J. J. 

Stegeman, 1990. Induced cytochrome P-450 in intestine and liver of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) from a 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environment. Aquatic Toxicology 17:119-132. 

Keywords: activity/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Chesapeake/ concentration/ environment/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ intestine/ liver/ metabolism/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment/ spot 

Notes: Spot were collected at four sites in the Elizabeth River, one site at the mouth of the York River, 

and one site in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Sediments contained PAH concentrations ranging from 9 to 

96,000 ppb; cytochrome P-450 and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in liver and intestine, sediment 

PAH concentration. 

Van Vleet, E. S., J. G. Quinn, 1977. Input and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons entering the Providence 

River and Upper Narragansett Bay from wastewater effluents. Environmental Science and Technology 

11:1086-1092. 

Keywords: effluent/ fate/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

plant/ salt water/ sediment/ total hydrocarbons/ treatment 

Notes: Assessment of the input and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay from 

wastewater treatment plants. Sampled effluent from a large treatment plant as composite 6-da samples 

every other week for a year. Sampled surface water and sediments at four locations within the Bay. 

Analyzed all samples for total hydrocarbons and analyzed the fate of petroleum hydrocarbon input to the 

Bay. 

Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I. Gibson, L. J. Moore, 1976. The role of dispersion in fuel oil bioassay. Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15:98-100. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ dispersal/ experiment/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ 

mixing/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ salt water/ shrimp/ survival/ technical/ total hydrocarbons 

Notes: An experiment demonstrating the significance of mechanical dispersion in petroleum bioassays. 

Coon stripe shrimp were subjected to a 24-hr bioassay employing five nominal quantities of No. 2 fuel oil, 

three methods of water delivery (subsurface delivery of water and no oil premixing, initial mixing of oil and 

332 
water prior to delivery at 1 cm above the surface, initial mixing of oil and water prior to delivery at 20 cm 

above the surface), and six replicates. Bioassay water was sampled and analyzed for total hydrocarbons 

at 1, 4, 6, and 24 hrs. Measured survival of shrimp and several water-soluble aromatics in the most 

'dispersed' group. 

Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I. Gibson, L. J. Moore, 1976. Toxicity of No. 2 fuel oil to coon stripe shrimp. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:106-108. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ depth/ effects/ experiment/ flow-through/ fuel oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ shrimp/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of oil-in-water dispersions of No. 2 fuel oil on coon stripe shrimp. A 

flow-through bioassay system was used to determine the 96 hr LC50 of the fuel oil dispersion. Oil 

concentrations at various depths were monitored throughout the experiments. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., D. C. Gordon, Jr., 1976. Reentry of 5-year-old stranded Bunker C fuel oil from a 

low-energy beach into the water, sediments, and biota of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Journal of the 

Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:2002-2010. 

Keywords: algae/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Arrow/ beach/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ degradation/ eelgrass/ 

evaluation/ fate/ fuel oil/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ macroalgae/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ 

Nova Scotia/ Oeight/ oil/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ subtidal/ tanker/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of the fate of Bunker C fuel oil 5 yrs after the grounding of the tanker Arrow in 

Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Established a 12 m2

 sampling grid from high tide to subtidal beyond the 

low tide line on a sheltered beach. Sampled water, sediment, eelgrass, and macroalgae. Analyzed all 

samples for aromatic hydrocarbons. Also conducted a beach inspection at 12 locations in the vicinity of 

the study site. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., 1977. The Chedabucto Bay spill -- Arrow 1970. Oceanus 20:31-39. 

Keywords: Arrow/ bivalve/ Bunker C/ cleaning/ degradation/ fuel oil/ general effect/ long-term/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ Oeight/ oil/ recovery/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ time 

 Notes: An assessment of the biological recovery following the spill of Bunker C fuel oil from the Arrow in 

1970. Sections presented on natural cleaning processes on shorelines, recovery of fauna and flora, 

shoreline erosion, biological implications, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and short- and long-term 

concerns. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., D. E. Buckley, E. M. Levy, B. F. N. Long, P. McLaren, P. G. Wells, 1979. 

Sediment penetration of Amoco Cadiz oil, potential for future release, and toxicity. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 10:222-227. 

Keywords: algae/ Amoco Cadiz/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ evaluation/ France/ fuel oil/ general effect/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ marine plant/ mousse/ Oeight/ oil/ release/ salt water/ sediment/ species/ tanker/ toxicity 

Notes: An evaluation of the ability of oil from the tanker Amoco Cadiz to penetrate coastal sediments in 

Brittany, France. Authors discuss both sheen oils and mousse. An aqueous extract of freshly stranded 

oil was used in a 2-hr laboratory toxicity test (test tubes) with an algal species. Results of the toxicity test 

(LC50s) were compared with those for Kuwait crude oil and Bunker C fuel oil. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., 1986. Altered grazing patterns in an experimental copepod-alga ecosystem 

exposed to naphthalene and Kuwait crude oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

36:260-266. 

Keywords: algae/ bioassay/ concentration/ copepod/ crude oil/ dissolved/ ecosystem/ grazing/ Kuwait/ 

Kuwait crude oil/ marine invertebrate/ naphthalene/ Ofour/ oil/ predation/ salt water/ static 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of naphthalene on the algal grazing patterns of a copepod. Naphthalene 

and Kuwait crude oil were dissolved in water to produce nominal concentrations of naphthalene of 0.1, 

0.5, or 1.0 ppm. A static bioassay was used for 48 or 120 hrs of exposure. Measured grazing pressure 

at 24, 48, and 120 hrs. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., J. W. Thorpe, K. E. Hellenbrand, 1994. Short-term weathering rates of buried oils 

in experimental sand columns over north-temperate temperature range. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 53:46-53. 

333 
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ beach/ Bunker C/ crude oil/ degradation/ experiment/ fuel 

oil/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ rate/ salt water/ sand/ short-term/ temperature/ 

Venezuelan crude oil/ washing/ weathered 

Notes: Three test oils (Venezuelan crude oil, Bunker C fuel oil, and a petroleum condensate) were mixed 

with beach sand and placed in mesh bags which were buried in experimental sand columns. Columns 

were set up to simulate periodic tidal washing. Environmental temperatures were either 5, 10, or 15 C. 

Experiment duration was 9-11 mo and mesh bags were sampled periodically (text description is 

confusing) for hydrocarbon analysis. Sand was analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., J. G. Singh, 1994. ARROW oil spill, 1970-90: persistence of 20-yr weathered 

Bunker C fuel oil. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:845-855. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Arrow/ Bunker C/ clam/ composition/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ salt water/ shoreline/ spill/ time/ 

weathered 

Notes: A variety of types of residual Bunker C fuel oil were sampled from the shoreline of two sites in 

Chedabucto Bay, NS. Clams and mussels were also collected at one of the sites. All samples were 

analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and asphaltines. Results were compared to the 

composition of stored reference Bunker C from the spill. 

Vandermeulen, J. H., C. W. Ross, 1995. Oil spill response in freshwater assessment of the impact of 

cleanup as a management tool. Journal of Environmental Management 44:297-308. 

Keywords: effectiveness/ environment/ fresh water/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ 

petroleum/ review/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: A review and assessment of methods used to respond to petroleum spills in freshwater 

environments. Emphasis is on determining the environmental consequences of the methods rather than 

their effectiveness. 

Vandermuelen, J. H., J. Hanrahan, T. Hemsworth, 1980. Respiratory changes and stability of 

haemocyanin-O2 binding capacity in the crab Cancer irroratus exposed to Kuwait crude oil in sea water. 

Marine Environmental Research 3:161-170. 

Keywords: bioassay/ crab/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ marine 

invertebrate/ movement/ Ofour/ oil/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ respiration/ salt water/ static/ uptake 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect on mature crabs of exposure to an oil-in-water mixure of Kuwait crude oil. 

A static bioassay consisting of 2 hrs of exposure to 11 ppm aqueous phase Kuwait crude oil was 

performed. Measured respiration, movement of hydrocarbons into haemolymph, and hemocyanin-O2

binding. 

Vangilder, L. D., T. J. Peterle, 1980. South Louisiana crude oil and DDE in the diet of mallard hens: 

effects on reproduction and duckling survival. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

25:23-28. 

Keywords: bird/ consumption/ crude oil/ DDE/ diet/ duckling/ effects/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ 

mallard/ oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil/ survival 

Notes: Effects on mallard reproduction and duckling survival following consumption of diets containing 

either South Louisiana crude oil or DDE. 

Vangilder, L. D., T. J. Peterle, 1981. South Louisiana crude oil or DDE in the diet of mallard hens: 

effects on egg quality. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26:328-336. 

Keywords: bird/ consumption/ crude oil/ DDE/ diet/ effects/ eggs/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ 

oil/ Oone/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

Notes: Effects on mallard egg quality of consumption of diets containing either South Louisiana crude oil 

or DDE. 

Vangilder, L. D., T. J. Peterle, 1983. Mallard egg quality: enhancement by low levels of petroleum and 

chlorinated hydrocarbons. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30:17-23. 

Keywords: bird/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ DDE/ effects/ eggs/ hydrocarbons/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ mallard/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ reproduction/ South Louisiana crude oil 

334 
Notes: Effects on egg quality of mallards fed low concentrations of South Louisiana crude oil and DDE 

alone or in combination. 

Varadaraj, R., M. L. Robbins, J. Bock, S. Pace, and D. MacDonald 1995. Dispersion and 

biodegradation of oil spills on water. Pages 101-106 in 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API 

Publication 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ biodegradation/ crude oil/ degradation/ dispersant/ evaluation/ experiment/ length/ 

microbes/ North Slope crude oil/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ ratio/ salt water/ spill/ technical/ time 

Notes: An evaluation of the relation between petroleum dispersion with chemical dispersants and 

microbial degradation. Used Alaska North Slope crude oil and a blend of dispersants Span 80 and 

Tween 80 in a parafinic solvent. Experiment had three levels of hydrophile-lipophile balance, ratio of 

dispersant to oil, and length of time of the experiment. Measured percent of oil dispersed, surface area of 

dispersed oil, and percent of oil degraded. 

Varanasi, U., D. J. Gmur, 1981. Hydrocarbons and metabolites in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) 

exposed simultaneously to [3

H] benzo[a]pyrene and [14C] naphthalene in oil-contaminated sediment. 

Aquatic Toxicology 1:49-67. 

Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ benzo[a]pyrene/ bile/ biochemistry/ blood/ 

concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ intestine/ liver/ metabolism/ metabolite/ muscle/ 

naphthalene/ oil/ Othree/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ skin/ sole/ stomach 

Notes: English sole exposed for 168 hrs to sediments containing [3

H] benzo[a]pyrene and [14C] 

naphthalene in Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Accumulation and metabolism of hydrocarbons measured; 

sediment concentration, sediment associated water concentration, radioactive concentrations in gill, skin, 

muscle, blood, liver, bile, stomach, and intestine. 

Vargo, G. A., M. Hutchins, G. Almquist, 1982. The effect of low, chronic levels of No. 2 fuel oil on 

natural phytoplankton assemblages in microcosms: 1. Species composition and seasonal succession. 

Marine Environmental Research 6:245-264. 

Keywords: abundance/ chlorophyll/ chronic/ community/ composition/ concentration/ effects/ experiment/ 

fuel oil/ index/ marine plant/ microcosm/ No.2 fuel oil/ nutrients/ oil/ Osix/ phytoplankton/ population/ salt 

water/ seasonal/ species/ time/ treatment 

Notes: Large indoor microcosms stocked with natural phytoplankton assemblages were used to assess 

the effects of No. 2 fuel oil mechanically dispersed in sea water. Two experiments were performed; 

dispersions were added twice weekly for 5.5 mos in one experiment and for 4 mos in the other. Water 

was sampled weekly for phytoplankton counts, chlorophyll concentration; seasonal variation in 

abundance of single diatom species, groups of species, or species in a genera; species richness, and 

seasonal nutrient fluctuations. Water from Narragansett Bay was also collected weekly and assessed in 

comparison to the laboratory control and treatment microcosms. Also calculated a species similarity 

index for comparison among all experimental units. 

Vargo, S. L., P. L. Lutz, D. K. Odell, E. S. Van Vleet, and G. D. Bossart. 1986. Effects of oil on marine 

turtles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, DC. MMS 86-0070. 12 pp. 

Keywords: avoidance/ behavior/ biochemistry/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ green turtle/ Louisiana/ 

Louisiana crude oil/ marine turtle/ mitigation/ oil/ OthreeR/ pathology/ physiology/ reptile/ review/ salt 

water/ South Louisiana crude oil/ turtle 

Notes: Exposure of young loggerhead and green turtles to South Louisiana crude oil under experimental 

conditions, literature review, and examination of a few stranded turtles; behavior, avoidance of oil, 

physiology, biochemistry, pathology, suggested mitigation actions. 

Vasudevan, N., P. Rajaram, 2001. Bioremediation of oil sludge-contaminated soil. Environment 

International 26:409-411. 

Keywords: bacteria/ bioremediation/ combination/ composition/ compost/ concentration/ degradation/ 

density/ experiment/ India/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ refinery/ soil/ time 

Notes: An experiment with enhanced bioremediation of refinery sludge. Sludge from a petroleum refinery 

in India was mixed with soil and enhancements in a variety of combinations (sterilized soil plus oil sludge, 

soil plus oil sludge, soil plus oil sludge and compost, soil plus sludge and bacteria addition, soil plus oil 

335 
sludge and bacteria and inorganic nutrient addition). The mixtures were incubated for 90 da and 

evaluated every 15 da. Determined the sludge composition and measured the petroleum concentration 

and density of bacteria. 

Vauk, G., 1984. Oil pollution dangers on the German coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:89-93. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ commentary/ effects/ Germany/ history/ North Sea/ oil/ oiled/ Oone/ pollution/ 

population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Historical account and commentary of seabirds and oil pollution on the North Sea coast of 

Germany; covers 1960-83 and includes discussion on general ecological effects and oiled bird 

rehabilitation. 

Vazquez-Duhalt, R., 1989. Environmental impact of used motor oil. Science of the Total Environment 

79:1-23. 

Keywords: biodegradation/ burning/ composition/ environment/ fate/ lubricating oil/ microbes/ 

miscellaneous/ motor oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ review/ soil/ toxicity/ used motor oil 

Notes: A review of the global production, use, and environmental impact of lubricating oils as of the late 

1980s. Sections on production, fate, composition of used motor oil, spillage into soil and water, burning 

of used oil, toxicity, and biodegradation. 

Vazquez, M. A., K. W. Allen, Y. M. Kattan, 2000. Long-term effects of the 1991 Gulf War on the 

hydrocarbon levels in clams at selected areas of the Saudi Arabian Gulf coastline. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 40:440-448. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ clam/ concentration/ effects/ Gulf of Oman/ 

hydrocarbons/ long-term/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ Saudi 

Arabia/ war 

Notes: The clam Meretrix meretrix was sampled at nine sites along the Gulf coastline of Saudi Arabia 

from 1981 to 1997. Samples were collected quarterly from 1981 to 1993 and then twice a year thereafter. 

Five of the sites were exposed to oil from the 1991 Gulf War. Clams were analyzed for saturated and 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Vermeer, K., R. Vermeer, 1975. Oil threat to birds on the Canadian west coast. Canadian FieldNaturalist 89:278-298. 

Keywords: bird/ Canada/ coast/ concentration/ fresh water/ history/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pipeline/ 

population/ salt water/ species/ spill/ survey 

Notes: Survey and assessment of the threat to aquatic birds along the west coast of Canada from oil 

spills, especially from the impending completion of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline; much detail on species 

concentrations and some historical information on world-wide oil spills. 

Vermeer, K., G. G. Anweiler, 1975. Oil threat to aquatic birds along the Yukon coast. Wilson Bulletin 

87:467-480. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ development/ fresh water/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ salt water/ species/ spill/ 

survey/ Yukon 

Notes: Survey of aquatic birds along the Yukon coast in preparation for impending oil exploration; 

species accounts and statements of likely consequences of oil spills. 

Vermeer, K., 1976. Colonial auks and eiders as potential indicators of oil pollution. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 7:165-167. 

Keywords: auks/ bird/ Canada/ effects/ eiders/ indicator/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ 

species/ spill 

Notes: Discussion of the seabird species to be of most use as indicators of the effects of oil pollution in 

Canadian waters. 

Verriopoulos, G., M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, A. Xatzispirou, 1986. Evaluation of metabolic 

responses of Artemia salina to oil and oil dispersant as a potential indicator of toxicant stress. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:444-451. 

Keywords: adult/ bioassay/ concentration/ crude oil/ dispersant/ evaluation/ indicator/ marine 

336 
invertebrate/ metabolism/ ODfour/ oil/ rate/ respiration/ salt water/ shrimp/ size/ static/ stress/ survival 

Notes: Evaluation of the effect of Tunesian crude oil, Finasol-OSR2 dispersant, and a mixture of the two 

on metabolism of adult brine shrimp. Shrimp were exposed to test materials for 96 hrs in a static 

bioassay. Crude oil was in the form of an oil-in-water dispersion; concentrations of oil, dispersant, or oil 

plus dispersant ranged from 0 to 800 ppm. Test solutions were evaluated as freshly mixed, 48 hrs old, 

and 96 hrs old, except for the oil plus dispersant, which was only tested as freshly mixed. Measured 

survival, respiration rates, and calculated LD50s. Respiration rates of two size classes were also 

compared. 

Vignier, V., J. H. Vandermeulen, A. J. Fraser, 1992. Growth and food conversion by Atlantic salmon 

parr during 40 days' exposure to crude oil. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121:322-332. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ biochemistry/ concentration/ crude oil/ feeding/ fish/ food/ fresh 

water/ growth/ Hibernia crude oil/ juvenile/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ petroleum/ physiology/ rate/ salmon 

Notes: Juvenile Atlantic salmon were exposed to two concentrations of water-accomodated Hibernia 

crude oil for up to 40 da. Measured petroleum concentrations in water, feeding rates, food conversion 

and growth, plus characteristics of physiology and biochemistry in muscle, gut, and liver. 

Vitaliano, J. J., R. N. Reid, A. B. Frame, D. B. Packer, L. Arlen, J. N. Sacco, 2002. Comparison of 

benthic invertebrate assemblages at Spartina alterniflora marshes reestablished after an oil spill and 

existing marshes in the Arthur Kill (NY/NJ). Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1100-1108. 

Keywords: benthic/ estuary/ fuel oil/ invertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ No.2 fuel oil/ Ofour/ oil/ oil spill/ 

oiled/ recovery/ remediation/ salt water/ Spartina/ spill 

Notes: Six sites along the Arthur Kill were compared in an effort to determine recovery of invertebrates 

from a 1990 spill of No. 2 fuel oil. Two sites were oiled but not planted, two were oiled and planted, and 

two sites were established marshes that were only slightly affected by the spilled oil. Benthic 

invertebrates were sampled in 9/96 and 5/97, identified, and compared among sites. 

Vlasopoulos, N., F. A. Memon, D. Butler, R. Murphy, 2006. Life cycle assessment of wastewater 

treatment technologies treating petroleum process waters. Science of the Total Environment 367:58-70. 

Keywords: combination/ life cycle/ methods/ oil/ oil field/ Onine/ petroleum/ pollution/ technical/ time/ 

treatment/ waste water/ water 

Notes: Application of a life cycle assessement to determine the environmental impact of 20 technologies 

capable of treating waste water produced by oil and gas extraction operations over a 15 year time 

horizon. A decision support system was then used to identify combinations of methods that would 

produce water sufficiently clean for nine industrial and agricultural uses. Finally, a total of 618 suitable 

combinations were evaluated for their environmental impacts. 

Volkman, J. K., D. G. Holdsworth, G. P. Neill, H. J. Bavor, Jr., 1992. Identification of natural 

anthropogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments. Science of the Total Environment 

112:203-219. 

Keywords: analysis/ Australia/ hydrocarbons/ methods/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ sediment/ sources/ technical 

Notes: A detailed assessment of methods used to distinguish the sources of environmental hydrocarbons 

in sediments. The authors employ these methods on sediments collected from unpolluted and polluted 

sites along coastal Australia. 

Wade, T. L., J. G. Quinn, 1980. Incorporation, distribution and fate of saturated petroleum hydrocarbons 

in sediments from a controlled marine ecosystem. Marine Environmental Research 3:15-33. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ degradation/ distribution/ ecosystem/ fate/ flow-through/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ mesocosm/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ time 

Notes: Four indoor mesocosm water tanks were set up to mimic the dynamics of Narragansett Bay. 

Each tank contained sea water and sediment and operated in a flow-through mode. An oil-water 

dispersion of No. 2 fuel oil was added to three of the tanks twice weekly for 24 wk. Water and sediments 

were sampled periodically during the period of fuel oil addition and for about 9 wk beyond. Water and 

sediment were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

337 
Wade, T. L., M. C. Kennicutt, II, J. M. Brooks, 1989. Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities: 

part III. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in organisms, sediments and water. Marine Environmental 

Research 27:19-30. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/ carbon/ clam/ community/ concentration/ crab/ fish/ Gulf of 

Mexico/ hydrocarbons/ isotope/ marine invertebrate/ Mexico/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ mussel/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ oil seep/ salt water/ scallop/ sediment/ shrimp/ snail 

Notes: Organisms, sediment, and water were collected from the vicinity of a large natural oil seep in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico and analyzed for a subset of aromatic hydrocarbons. Also subjected the samples 

to a stable carbon isotope anslysis. Collected mussels, tube worms, snails, fish, crabs, scallops, clams, 

and shrimp. 

Wakeham, S. G., 1976. A comparative survey of petroleum hydrocarbons in lake sediments. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 7:206-211. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ sediment/ survey/ Washington 

Notes: Sediment samples were collected from three lakes in the state of Washington; an urbanized lake, 

a lake with moderate population in the watershed, and a lake with few people in the watershed. 

Sediments were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and the results evaluated for their resemblance to 

the array of aliphatics found in petroleum. 

Wakeham, S. G., 1977. A characterization of the sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in Lake 

Washington. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 49:1680-1687. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ creek/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ river/ sampling/ sediment/ sources/ stormwater/ stream/ 

urban/ Washington 

Notes: The source of hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Lake Washington, WA were sought by 

sampling water from streams, urban stormwater, bridge stormwater, rainfall, and dry particulate 

deposition over a 15 mo period. A total of 45 river and creek, 50 stormwater, 13 rainfall, and six dust 

samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and the results compared to 

the analysis of sediment hydrocarbons. 

Waldichuk, M., 1990. Sea otters and oil pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:10-15. 

Keywords: coast/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ history/ mammal/ North America/ oil/ oil spill/ Otwo/ pollution/ 

population/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill 

Notes: A historical and status report on sea otters of the the west coast of North America with particular 

reference to the significance of oil spills, including the Exxon Valdez spill. 

Walker, A. H., J. H. Kucklick, J. Michel, D. K. Scholz, and T. Reilly 1995. Chemical treating agents: 

response niches and research and development needs. Pages 211-217 in 1995 International Oil Spill 

Conference, API 4620. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ burning/ chemical agent/ development/ dispersant/ evaluation/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ spill/ spill response 

Notes: An evaluation of the worldwide use of chemical treating agents, excluding dispersants, burning 

agents, and bioremediation agents. Categorizes agents into classes, potential uses, use by oil type and 

weathering, use by spill response stage, and proposed research and development needs. 

Walker, D. A., P. J. Webber, E. F. Binnian, K. R. Everett, N. D. Lederer, E. A. Nordstrand, M. D. 

Walker, 1987. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes. Science 238:757-761. 

Keywords: Alaska/ development/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ gravel/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ Prudhoe Bay/ time/ vegetation 

Notes: An evaluation of the physical and botanical effects of oil field development in the Prudhoe Bay oil 

fields using three 22 km2

 areas. Originally mapped in 1949, each area was re-mapped (aerial photos) on 

an annual basis from 1968 to 1983. Authors address the warming effect of gravel roads, gravel 

construction pads, and excavations; and the disturbance to natural vegetation. 

338 
Walker, H. A., E. Lorda, S. B. Saila, 1981. A comparison of the incidence of five pathological conditions 

in soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, from environments with various pollution histories. Marine 

Environmental Research 5:109-123. 

Keywords: analysis/ bivalve/ Chesapeake/ clam/ condition/ environment/ evaluation/ history/ marine 

invertebrate/ Nova Scotia/ Ofour/ pathology/ pollution/ salt water/ shell/ statistics 

Notes: Statistical evaluation of five pathological conditions found in soft shell clams collected from 17 

sites between Nova Scotia and the Chesapeake Bay. Results of the analysis were related to the pollution 

history of the collection site. 

Walker, J. D., P. A. Seesman, T. L. Herbert, R. R. Colwell, 1976. Petroleum hydrocarbons: degradation 

and growth potential of deep-sea sediment bacteria. Environmental Pollution 10:89-99. 

Keywords: assay/ bacteria/ concentration/ degradation/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ microbes/ 

nutrients/ oil/ organic/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ static/ substrate 

Notes: Assessed and compared the ability of coastal and deep-sea sediment bacteria to degrade 

petroleum hydrocarbons. Performed static laboratory assays for 7 wk periods. Measured concentrations 

of inorganic and organic compounds and microbes in water before autoclaving the water samples and 

measured inorganic nutrients after autoclaving and addition of sediment. Measured growth of sediment 

bacteria in oil salts and in autoclaved and non-autoclaved water after addition of a mixed hydrocarbon 

substrate. 

Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, 1977. Effect of petroleum hydrocarbons in growth and activity of marine 

bacteria isolated from open ocean water. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 18:655-660. 

Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ Bunker C/ Caribbean/ condition/ crude oil/ depth/ experiment/ fuel oil/ 

glucose/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ Louisiana/ Louisiana crude oil/ microbes/ No.2 

fuel oil/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ population/ salt water/ sampling/ South Louisiana 

crude oil/ static 

Notes: Microbes from surface and subsurface water samples collected in the Caribbean Sea were 

exposed to surface applications of South Louisiana crude oil or mixtures of hydrocarbons, or watersoluble fractions (WSF) of South Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil, or Bunker C. 

Measured the growth of microbe populations during a 6 wk experiment (static) with surface applications 

and during a 6 da experiment with WSFs. Also compared the growth and glucose utilization of microbes 

from the two sampling depths under control conditions. 

Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, 1977. Role of autochthonous bacteria in the removal of spilled oil from 

sediment. Environmental Pollution 12:51-56. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ Bunker C/ concentration/ creek/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

evaluation/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt 

water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ weight 

Notes: Evaluation of the degradation of petroleum in sediments of a tributary of Baltimore (MD) Harbor. 

Oil spills periodically affect the creek. Monthly samples of water and sediment were collected for 9 mos, 

during which there occurred spills of crude oil, fuel oil, and Bunker C oil. Hydrocarbons were analyzed by 

mass spectrometry and water-sediment mixtures were cultured for bacteria. Estimated degradation as 

percent decrease in the presence, by weight, of 12 classes of saturated and non-saturated hydrocarbons 

1 mo after the spill increased the hydrocarbon concentrations in water and sediment. 

Walters, P., S. Khan, P. J. O'Brien, J. F. Payne, A. D. Rahimtula, 1987. Effectiveness of a Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil and its aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic fractions in inducing mortality and aryl 

hydrocarbon hydroxylase in chick embryo in ovo. Archives of Toxicology 60:454-459. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bird/ chicken/ chicks/ crude oil/ effectiveness/ 

embryo/ metabolism/ nonhydrocarbon/ oil/ Oone/ physiology/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Toxicity of the aliphatic, aromatic, and non-hydrocarbon fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil to 

chicken embryos; survival and physiological measures. 

Walton, D. G., W. R. Penrose, J. M. Green, 1978. The petroleum-inducible mixed-function oxidase of 

cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus Walbaum 1792): some characteristics relevant to hydrocarbon 

339 
monitoring. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:1547-1552. 

Keywords: crude oil/ cunner/ dosed/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ liver/ mixed-function oxidase/ monitoring/ 

mussel/ oil/ Othree/ pollution/ salt water/ species/ tissue 

Notes: Exposure of the cunner to crude oil in water (15 da), force-fed crude oil (one dose, followed for 1 

wk), or force-fed mussel tissue containing crude oil (every 2 da for 2 wk). Measured hepatic aryl 

hydrocarbon hydroxylase in an effort to confirm its usefulness as a monitoring species for oil pollution. 

Walton, P., C. M. R. Turner, G. Austin, M. D. Burns, P. Monaghan, 1997. Sub-lethal effects of an oil 

pollution incident on breeding kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Marine Ecology Progress Series 155:261-268. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ blood/ colony/ effects/ foraging/ kittiwake/ nest/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ rate/ 

reproduction/ salt water/ Shetland/ sublethal/ survival/ tanker 

Notes: Assessment of the breeding success of kittiwakes at the closest colony breeding site to the 

January, 1993 wreck of the 'Braer' oil tanker in Shetland. Measured breeding timing and performance, 

foraging behaviour, return rates and survival of adults, fidelity in nest site and mate, and several blood 

characteristics during the years 1990-95. All measures were not performed all years. 

Wang, R. T., J. A. C. Nicol, 1977. Effects of fuel oil on sea catfish: feeding activity and cardiac 

responses. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:170-176. 

Keywords: activity/ catfish/ concentration/ effects/ emulsion/ experiment/ feeding/ fish/ fuel oil/ heart/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ physiology/ salt water/ sea catfish/ survival 

Notes: Sea catfish exposed to several concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil (oil-water emulsion) in laboratory 

experiments of 4 and 11 da duration. Activity, survival, feeding response, and cardiac function were 

measured; also some pathology. 

Wang, S. Y., J. L. Lum, M. G. Carls, S. D. Rice, 1993. Relationship between growth and total nucleic 

acids in juvenile pink salmon, Onchrhynchus gorbuscha, fed crude oil contaminated food. Canadian 

Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:996-1001. 

Keywords: concentration/ crude oil/ fish/ food/ growth/ juvenile/ North Slope/ North Slope crude oil/ 

nucleic acid/ oil/ Othree/ pink salmon/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of juvenile pink salmon to North Slope crude oil in food for 6 wks. Measured nucleic 

acid concentrations and growth of fish to see if the former could be used to evaluate the latter. 

Wang, X., J. Zhang, X. Shi, C. Zhu, Y. An, S. Jun, R. Li, M. Zhu, S. Chen, 2002. Determination of 

toxicokinetic parameters for bioconcentration of water-soluble fraction of petroleum hydrocarbon 

associated with No. 0 diesel in Changjiang Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay: model versus mesocosm 

experiments. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:272-279. 

Keywords: biomass/ diesel/ elimination/ estuary/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ kinetic/ 

mesocosm/ model/ oil/ Onine/ parameters/ petroleum/ phytoplankton/ salt water/ technical/ uptake 

Notes: Laboratory and mesocosm experiments were used to determine kinetic parameters for uptake 

and elimination of water-soluble hydrocarbons (No. 0 fuel oil) by phytoplankton, and the resultant growth 

in phytoplankton biomass. 

Wang, X., Y. An, J. Zhang, X. Shi, C. Zhu, R. Li, M. Zhu, S. Chen, 2002. Contribution of biological 

processes to self-purification of water with respect to petroleum hydrocarbon associated with No. 0 diesel 

in Changjiang Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay, China. Hydrobiologia 469:179-191. 

Keywords: China/ coast/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ estuary/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ mesocosm/ 

model/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ remediation/ salt water/ sediment/ suspended 

sediment/ technical 

Notes: Mesocosms were situated in two estuaries in coastal China and contaminated with the watersoluble fraction of No. 0 fuel oil. Water was sampled periodically and relational values were calculated for 

natural degradation (chemical, physical, biological) of the hydrocarbons. Also performed a laboratory 

assessment of the sorption characteristics of suspended sediment. Results were used to create a model 

descriptive of the natural remediation process for this type of petroleum product in coast waters. 

Wang, X.-C., S. Sun, H.-Q. Ma, Y. Liu, 2006. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic 

hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:129-138. 

340 
Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ China/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ nitrogen/ Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ salt water/ sediment/ sources 

Notes: Surface sediments were sampled at 25 sites in and at the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay. Samples were 

analyzed for total organic carbon, total nitrogen, 21 n-alkanes, and 16 PAHs. Classified the sites 

according to the dominant source of hydrocarbons (petrogenic, pyrolitic, mixed). 

Wang, Z., M. Fingas, 1996. Separation and characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactant in 

Orimulsion dispersion samples. Environmental Science and Technology 30:3351-3361. 

Keywords: hydrocarbons/ Onine/ Orimulsion/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ surfactant/ technical 

Notes: Characterization of components of Orimulsion. 

Wang, Z., M. Fingas, S. Blenkinsopp, G. Sergy, M. Landriault, L. Sigouin, P. Lambert, 1998. Study of 

the 25-year-old Nipisi oil spill: persistence of oil residues and comparisons between surface and 

subsurface sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 32:2222-2232. 

Keywords: Alberta/ analysis/ crude oil/ degradation/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ 

oil/ oil spill/ persistence/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pipeline/ ratio/ sediment/ soil/ spill/ 

weathered 

Notes: Presentation of the chemical results of a 1995 follow-up study of three pipeline ruptures that 

occurred in northern Alberta during 1970-72. Soil samples were in three groups; reference, 0-4 cm, 10-

40 cm, and 80-100 cm. Measured total solvent-extractable material, total petroleum hydrocarbons, total 

n-alkanes, diagnostic weathering ratios, and other results from a detailed GC/MS analysis. 

Wang, Z., M. Fingas, M. Landriault, L. Sigouin, S. Grenon, D. Zhang, 1999. Source identification of an 

unknown spilled oil from Quebec (1998) by unique biomarkers and diagnostic ratios of "source-specific 

marker" compounds. Environmental Technology 20:851-862. 

Keywords: biomarker/ Canada/ chemical analysis/ distribution/ fingerprinting/ fresh water/ oil/ Onine/ 

PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ ratio/ release/ sources/ spill/ technical 

Notes: Forensic investigation into the release of an unknown oil from a factory fire in Quebec, Canada. 

Samples were collected of oil from the suspected source and the receiving river. Source identification 

involved hydrocarbon groups and oil type identification, distribution of petroleum alkylated PAH 

homologues, unique biomarker compounds, and stable carbon-isotopic ratios. 

Wang, Z., C. Yang, B. Hollebone, M. Fingas, 2006. Forensic fingerprinting of diamondoids for 

correlation and differentiation of spilled oil and petroleum products. Environmental Science and 

Technology 40:5636-5646. 

Keywords: analysis/ crude oil/ distribution/ fingerprinting/ GC-MS/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum 

products/ refined oil/ technical 

Notes: A discussion of the utility of using diamondoids (adamantanes and diamantanes) as identification 

markers for petroleum products. A GC-MS analytical method is described and the results of an analysis 

of the distributions of diamondoids in over 100 crude and refined oils are presented. 

Ward, D. M., R. M. Atlas, P. D. Boehm, J. A. Calder, 1980. Microbial biodegradation and chemical 

evolution of oil from the Amoco spill. Ambio 9:277-283. 

Keywords: aerobic/ Amoco Cadiz/ anaerobic/ biodegradation/ coast/ combination/ composition/ 

degradation/ experiment/ France/ incubation/ microbes/ oil/ oiled/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment/ spill 

Notes: Assessment of the role of microbial degradation in the removal of oil spilled by the wreck of the 

Amoco Cadiz off the coast of France in 1978. Sediment samples were collected from three oiled and two 

unoiled locations. Employed a combination of field collections and laboratory incubation experiments. 

Examined aerobic and anaerobic degradation potential. Reports the qualitative and quantitative changes 

in composition of the spilled oil during the first year after the spill. 

Wardrop, J. A., A. J. Butler, J. E. Johnson, 1987. A field study of the toxicity of two oils and a 

dispersant to the mangrove Avicennia marina. Marine Biology 96 :151-156. 

Keywords: adult/ Australia/ crude oil/ dispersant/ growth/ leaves/ mangrove/ marina/ marine plant/ ODsix/ 

oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ spill/ toxicity/ treatment 

Notes: Adult mangroves in coastal Australia were sprayed with either crude oil (two kinds), chemical 

341 
dispersant, or crude oil plus dispersant (1:1) to the approximate height expected in an actual spill. 

Assessed leaf growth and damage during a 72-wk period after treatment. Monitored flower and fruit 

production for 157 wks after treatment. 

Warrick, G. D., T. T. Kato, M. V. Phillips, and H. J. Hill 1997. Assessment of impacts and evaluation of 

restoration methods on areas affected by a well blowout, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, California. 

Pages 53-66 in Effects of Oil on Wildlife. Bay Publishing Company, Monterey Bay, California. 

Keywords: alkane/ bioremediation/ California/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ fresh water/ general effect/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ liver/ mammal/ methods/ Oeight/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ rat/ recovery/ 

restoration/ sampling/ soil/ sterane/ terpane/ vegetation 

Notes: A broad spectrum description of the consequences of an oil well blowout at an arid grassland site 

in California. During the 12 mos after the blowout, the authors established sampling grids within areas 

that were subjected to natural recovery, bioremediation, surface modification, or served as an unaffected 

control. Collected soil, described vegetative cover, trapped small mammals, and made observations on 

presence of ants and beetles. Analyzed samples of crude oil, soil, and kangaroo rat livers for PAHs, 

alkanes, steranes, terpanes, or total 'extracted hydrocarbons'. 

Watt, I., T. Woodhouse, D. A. Jones, 1993. Intertidal clean-up activities and natural regeneration on the 

Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia from 1991 to 1992 after the 1991 Gulf oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

27:325-331. 

Keywords: abundance/ activity/ cleaning/ coast/ degradation/ epifauna/ Gulf oil spill/ infauna/ intertidal/ 

marine invertebrate/ oil/ oil spill/ Onine/ procedure/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ sediment/ spill/ technical/ 

temperature/ time/ weathered 

Notes: From 3/91 to 2/92, five clean-up procedures were used at four locations on the Gulf coastline of 

Saudi Arabia. Biological response to clean-up or absence of clean-up (control) was measured with 

abundance of epifauna and infauna through 11/92. Also measured sediment temperature. Visual 

characteristics of each site are presented. Fig. 1 is missing some information. 

Webb, J. W., S. K. Alexander, J. K. Winters, 1985. Effects of autumn application of oil on Spartina 

alterniflora in a Texas salt marsh. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 38:321-337. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ crude oil/ density/ 

effects/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ No.6 fuel oil/ oil/ Osix/ plant/ regrowth/ salt 

marsh/ salt water/ sediment/ Spartina/ Texas/ time/ treatment/ vegetation 

Notes: Plots of Spartina alterniflora were treated with one of four oils (Libyan and Arabian crude oil; No. 2 

and No. 6 fuel oil) in the manner of sediment only, sediment and lower 30 cm of the vegetation, or 

sediment and all the vegetation. Plant density and biomass were measured after treatment at 3 wks, 5 

mos, and 1yr; No. 2 fuel oil plots were also assessed after 2 yrs. Regeneration of new plants was 

evaluated at 5 mos. Sediments (at 4 mos and 1 yr) and parent oils were analyzed for aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Weber, D. D., D. J. Maynard, W. D. Gronlund, V. Konchin, 1981. Avoidance reactions of migrating 

adult salmon to petroleum hydrocarbons. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:779-

781. 

Keywords: adult/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ avoidance/ behavior/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ 

monoaromatic/ numbers/ Othree/ Pacific/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salmon/ salt water 

Notes: Migrating Pacific salmon were offered a fish ladder spiked with a mixture of monoaromatic 

hydrocarbons and an alternate that was not treated. Numbers of fish using the two ladder were counted 

to determine if avoidance occurred; regression of concentrations and numbers of fish. 

Weiner, A., C. Berg, T. Gerlach, J. Grunblatt, K. Holbrook, M. Kuwada, 1997. The Exxon Valdez oil 

spill: habitat protection as a restoration strategy. Restoration Ecology 5:44-55. 

Keywords: crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ habitat protection/ injury/ miscellaneous/ natural resource/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ procedure/ protection/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ recovery/ restoration/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Description of the habitat protection aspect of the Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration process. 

Procedures and rational for the acquisition of land parcels as compensation for the natural resource 

injuries caused by the spill. 

342 
Weir, D. N., R. Y. McGowan, A. C. Kitchener, S. McOrist, B. Zonfrillo, M. Heubeck, 1995. Iceland 

gulls from the 'Braer' disaster, Shetland 1993. British Birds 88:15-25. 

Keywords: bird/ gull/ necropsy/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ pathology/ salt water/ Shetland/ species/ spill/ United 

Kingdom 

Notes: Necropsy results of 15 Iceland gulls that died during the 'Braer' oil spill in Shetland in 1993. The 

rare invasion of this species coincided with the oil spill. Necropsy results compared to those of other gull 

species. 

Weller, G., D. W. Norton, 1977. Oil in the Arctic. 2. The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental 

Assessment Program. Interdisciplinary Science Review 2:214-226. 

Keywords: Arctic/ crude oil/ environment/ hazard/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ petroleum/ 

pollution/ salt water 

Notes: Environmental concerns about large-scale petroleum exploration and production in the Arctic 

began to be addressed by NOAA's Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program 

(OCSEAP) in 1975. Authors present the background to the formation of the OCSEAP and discuss 

hazards to Arctic fauna, chemical baselines, the physical environment of the Arctic, hydrocarbon and 

metal pollution, and hazards for oil exploration and production. 

Wells, P. G., P. D. Keizer, 1975. Effectiveness and toxicity of an oil dispersant in large outdoor salt water 

tanks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 6:153-157. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ experiment/ marine invertebrate/ 

ODnine/ oil/ PAH/ ratio/ salt water/ sea urchin/ survival/ technical/ toxicity/ Venezuelan crude oil 

Notes: Outdoor tanks were used in an assessment of the effectiveness of a chemical dispersant 

(Oilsperse 43) on Venezuelan crude oil. One tank received crude oil alone and the other tank received 

crude oil plus dispersant (1:1 ratio). Duration of the experiment was 31 da. Water was sampled and 

analyzed for PAHs at 0-2 hrs and 96-98 hrs. At 2, 7, 14, and 27 da water was collected for a 96 hr 

bioassay with sea urchins. Measured percentage of dead and moribund sea urchins and described their 

behavior. Determined crude oil 'budget' of each tank on da 32. Fig. 2 is confusing. 

Wells, P. G., J. B. Sprague, 1976. Effects of crude oil on American lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae 

in the laboratory. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:1604-1614. 

Keywords: behavior/ bioassay/ crude oil/ development/ effects/ growth/ larvae/ lobster/ marine 

invertebrate/ molt/ Ofour/ oil/ oiled/ procedure/ salt water/ sediment/ static/ survival/ time/ Venezuelan 

crude oil/ weathered 

Notes: A laboratory assessment of the effects of a dispersion of Venezuelan crude oil on lobster larvae. 

Exposures ranged from 24 hrs through 30 da. A static bioassay procedure was employed with periodic 

replacement of the exposure solution in the 30 da exposures. Measured survival (ET50s and LC50s), effect 

of moult on survival, development times, effects of aging (24 and 48 hrs) on the toxic effects of dispered 

oil solutions, and the response of post-larval lobsters to oiled sediment. 

Wells, P. G., G. W. Harris, 1979. Dispersing effectiveness of some oil spill dispersants: tests with the 

'Mackay apparatus' and Venezuelan Lago Medio crude oil. Spill Technology Newsletter 4 :232-241. 

Keywords: Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effectiveness/ fresh water/ ODnine/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ 

salt water/ spill/ technical 

Notes: An early report of effectiveness testing of five chemical dispersants (BP1100X, Corexit 8666, 

Corexit 9527, Drew O.S.E. 71, Oilsperse 43). Dispersants were ranked according to effectiveness in 

fresh and salt water. 

Wells, P. G., S. Abernethy, D. Mackay, 1982. Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant 

using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans. Chemosphere 11:1071-1086. 

Keywords: acute/ adult/ bioassay/ combination/ concentration/ copepod/ Corexit 9527/ crustacean/ 

dispersant/ lethal/ marine invertebrate/ mineral oil/ ODnine/ oil/ procedure/ salt water/ shrimp/ static/ 

survival/ technical/ time 

Notes: Static bioassays with larval brine shrimp (2 da) and larval and adult copepods (4 da) were 

employed to determine the oil-water partititioning of the toxic constituents of a chemical oil dispersant 

(Corexit 9527). Test organisms were exposed to various concentrations of a commercial mineral oil, 

343 
Corexit 9527, or combinations of median lethal concentrations of Corexit 9527 and mineral oil. Variations 

in the pre-mixing procedure were also evaluated. Measured survival, incapacitation, and the time to 

occurrence of both. 

Werner, M. D., V. D. Adams, 1984. Consequences of oil pollution on the decomposition of vascular plant 

litter in freshwater lakes: Part 1 -- Decomposition rates and dissolved oxygen utilisation. Environmental 

Pollution (Series A) 34:83-100. 

Keywords: biomass/ consumption/ crude oil/ decomposition/ dissolved/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ 

litter/ Louisiana/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ oxygen/ petroleum/ plant/ pollution/ rate/ South Louisiana crude oil/ 

time/ vegetation 

Notes: The effect of petroleum pollution on litter decomposition in Rocky Mountain (U.S.) lakes was 

evaluated. Mesh bags of two types of aquatic vegetation were dipped in either of two crude oils (S. 

Louisiana, Western Wyoming) and placed on the nearshore lake bottom of an acidic and an alkaline lake. 

Bags were sampled nine times during the 365 da period of study. Oxygen consumption of the 

decomposing vegetation and loss of biomass were measured. 

Wernersson, A.-S., 2003. Predicting petroleum phototoxicity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 

54:355-365. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ crude oil/ daphnia/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ 

irradiance/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ phototoxicity/ refined oil/ 

toxicity 

Notes: A total of 22 crude and refined oil products and 14 pure PAHs were used in laboratory bioassays 

with Daphnia magna to determine their phototoxicity. Crude oils or petroleum products were prepared as 

either water-accomodated fractions or petroleum-dissolved slurries. All petroleum crudes or refined 

products were analyzed for a suite of individual PAHs plus total aromatics. Toxicity was measured as the 

ability to immobilize the Daphnia after a 24 hr period of exposure with or without irradiation. 

Wertheimer, A. C., R. A. Heintz, J. F. Thedinga, J. M. Maselko, S. D. Rice, 2001. Straying of adult pink 

salmon from their natal stream following embryonic exposure to weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil. 

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:989-1004. 

Keywords: adult/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ eggs/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ fry/ gravel/ hydrocarbons/ 

oil/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pink salmon/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ 

salmon/ salt water/ spawn/ stream/ substrate/ tissue/ weathered 

Notes: Pink salmon eggs were exposed to either 0, 5, or 19 ppm of aqueous total PAHs from gravel 

substrate treated with artificially-aged Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Fry from each group were marked with 

coded wire tags and released from the natal stream. Adult salmon were captured upon return to the natal 

stream, and several streams and hatcheries were surveyed for returning adults (strays) up to 100 km 

away. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (sum of 44 PAHs) were measured in experimental gravel, water, 

and fish tissue. 

Weslawski, J. M., J. Wiktor, M. Zajaczkowski, G. Futsaeter, K. A. Moe, 1997. Vulnerability 

assessment of Svalbard intertidal zone for oil spills. Estuarine and Coastal and Shelf Science 44:33-41. 

Keywords: bird/ coast/ intertidal/ mammal/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ miscellaneous/ Norway/ 

Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ salt water/ spill/ Svalbard/ vulnerability 

Notes: A system for estimating the vulnerability of a coastline to oil spills. Physical and biological 

characteristics of the intertidal zone on the Svalbard archipelago (Norway) were ranked as principal, 

important, or secondary and used to produce physical and biological indices. 

West, R. L. and E. Snyder-Conn. 1987. Effects of Prudhoe Bay reserve pit fluids on water quality and 

macroinvertebrates of Arctic tundra ponds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Biological 

Report 87(7). 48 pp. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ community/ diversity/ effects/ effluent/ 

hydrocarbons/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ marine invertebrate/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ 

oil field/ population/ Prudhoe Bay/ salt water/ tundra 

Notes: Effluent in six drill site fluid reserve pits in the Prudhoe Bay oil fields were sampled in June 1983. 

In July, water in the same pits plus an adjacent and a distant natural pond downflow from each reserve 

344 
pit, and three control ponds, were sampled. Additionally, aquatic invertebrates were sampled from each 

reserve pit, adjacent and distant pond, and control pond in July. The water was chemically-characterized 

and analyzed for metals and selected aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Invertebrates were identified, 

counted, and diversity indices calculated. 

Westernhagen, H. von, V. Dethlefsen, 1982. Effect of the surfactant Corexit 7664 on uptake of cadmium 

by organisms and biological matter in a closed circulated brackish-water system. Helgolander 

Meeresuntersuchungen 35:1-12. 

Keywords: accumulation/ bivalve/ combination/ concentration/ Corexit 7664/ digestive gland/ dispersant/ 

effects/ fish/ flounder/ growth/ juvenile/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ ODthree/ salt water/ species/ 

surfactant/ survival/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Effects on common mussels and juvenile flounder of experimental exposure to one concentration 

of Cd and Corexit 7664, singly or in combination, for 400 da. Accumulation of Cd was measured in 

digestive gland and soft tissue of mussels and liver of flounder; also survival of both species and growth 

of flounder. 

Whipple, W., Jr., J. V. Hunter, 1979. Petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff. Water Research Bulletin 

15:1096-1105. 

Keywords: fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ PAH/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ solubility/ stormwater/ urban 

Notes: Sampled stormwater runoff during storm events at two sites in Philadelphia, PA and two sites in 

Trenton, NJ during 1974-76. Sampled 2-5 storm events at each site and measured the total hydrocarbon 

content as particulate and soluble portions. Selected PAHs were identified. 

White, D. H., K. A. King, N. C. Coon, 1979. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil on hatchability of marine and 

estuarine bird eggs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:7-10. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ egg shell/ eggs/ embryo/ estuarine/ fuel oil/ gull/ hatchability/ heron/ Louisiana/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Oone/ salt water/ species/ tern 

Notes: Effects on embryos of Louisiana herons, laughing gulls, and sandwich terns of eggshell 

applications of No. 2 fuel oil; field and laboratory portions of the study. 

White, F. N., J. L. Kinney, 1974. Avian incubation. Science 186:107-115. 

Keywords: bird/ development/ embryo/ incubation/ insulation/ nest/ Oone/ temperature 

Notes: A detailed discussion of how birds maintain the appropriate temperature for development of the 

embryo. Sections on attentiveness and environmental temperature, nest insulation and attentiveness, 

embryonic heat production, adjustments in attentiveness with environmental temperature, and sensory 

receptors and attentiveness. 

White, I. C., J. A. Nichols, 1981. The cost of oil spills. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:363-367. 

Keywords: cost/ environment/ evaluation/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ pollution/ spill/ tanker 

Notes: An evaluation by two staff members of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. 

of the monetary cost of oil spills. Authors examine the details of the nature of the spill, the clean-up 

response, and calculations of environmental damage. 

White, P. M., Jr., D. C. Wolf, G. J. Thoma, C. M. Reynolds, 2006. Phytoremediation of alkylated 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a crude oil-contaminated soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution 169:207-

220. 

Keywords: aromatic/ aromatic hydrocarbon/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ 

fertilizer/ freshwater plant/ fungi/ growth/ hopane/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ PAH/ petroleum/ 

petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ remediation/ root/ soil/ time 

Notes: Soil contaminated with crude oil (9,175 ppm) was used in a phytoremediation study involving an 

untreated control, a fescue-ryegrass mixture plus fertilizer, and a fescue-bermudagrass mixture plus 

fertilizer. Duration was 21 mos. Soils were sampled at 0, 6, 17, and 21 mos and analyzed for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons, hopane, and selected PAHs. Also measured total bacteria, total fungi, total 

PAH degraders, and root growth at 6, 17, and 21 mos. 

345 
Whittaker, M., S. J. T. Pollard, T. E. Fallick, 1995. Characterisation of refractory wastes at heavy oilcontaminated sites: a review of conventional and novel analytical methods. Environmental Technology 

16:1009-1033. 

Keywords: analysis/ critique/ fresh water/ methods/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ review/ soil/ 

technical/ weathered 

Notes: Review and critique of analytical methods available for analysis of soil contaminanted with heavy 

petroleum products. 

Whittaker, M., S. J. T. Pollard, 1997. A performance assessment of source correlation and weathering 

indices for petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

16:1149-1158. 

Keywords: crude oil/ degradation/ environment/ hydrocarbons/ index/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ rate/ ratio/ refined oil/ technical/ weathered 

Notes: Petroleum source assessment and weathering indices; compound ratios, weathering rates. 

Whittaker, M., S. J. T. Pollard, G. Risden, 1999. The fate of heavy oil wastes in soil microcosms II: a 

performance assessment of source correlation indices. Science of the Total Environment 226:23-34. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ evaluation/ fate/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ microcosm/ No.6 

fuel oil/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ saturated hydrocarbons/ soil/ sources/ technical 

Notes: An evaluation of six petroleum source correlation indices employing a 9 mo microcosm study. A 

crude oil, a ballast oil, and No. 6 fuel oil were mixed with soil, incubated and sampled at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 

64, 128, and 256 days. Measured selected saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons and calculated the 

indicies. 

Wibbe, M. L., M. M. Blanke, 1999. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in an oil-contaminated soil. Carbon economy 

during microbiological decontamination. Soil Sciences 6:2-6. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ degradation/ economy/ emulsion/ hydrocarbons/ indicator/ 

microbes/ nutrients/ Oten/ plant/ remediation/ respiration/ soil/ time 

Notes: Description of the decontamination process used to reduce the aliphatic hydrocarbon content of 

1,500 tons of soil from a former linoleum plant in German. A nutrient emulsion was added and the soil 

was aerated for 13 mos. Measured soil respiration as an indicator of carbon efflux. 

Wicksten, M. K., 1984. Survival of sea anemones in Bunker C fuel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:28-33. 

Keywords: behavior/ Bunker C/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ oil/ salt water/ sea anemone/ survival 

Notes: Assessement of the effect of Bunker C oil on sea anemones. Applied Bunker C oil directly to 27 

sea anemones; some applications were to the oral field, others simply coated the entire body. Exposure 

duration ranged from 1 min to 1 hr. Observed survival and behavioral responses of sea anemones. 

Widdows, J., P. Donkin, S. V. Evans, 1987. Physiological responses of Mytilus edulis during chronic oil 

exposure and recovery. Marine Environmental Research 23:15-32. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ chronic/ concentration/ depuration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ flow-through/ 

growth/ length/ marine invertebrate/ mesocosm/ mussel/ Ofour/ oil/ physiology/ recovery/ salt water/ shell/ 

weight 

Notes: Assessment of the recovery of a mussel from chronic exposure to two concentrations of wateraccomodated fractions of diesel oil. Employed flow-through mesocosms and exposed mussels for 8 mos 

followed by depuration ranged from 5 da to 55 da. Measured five physiological responses, shell length 

and growth characteristics, four weight measurements, concentrations of two- and three-ring aromatics, 

and calculated scope for growth. 

Wiens, J. A., R. G. Glenn, D. Heinemann, 1984. Information needs and priorities for assessing the 

sensitivity of marine birds to oil spills. Biological Conservation 28:21-49. 

Keywords: bird/ effects/ foraging/ marine birds/ model/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ reproduction/ salt 

water/ spill/ survival 

Notes: Discussion of the problems associated with modelling the effects of oil spills on marine bird 

populations; prioritizes information needs and presents reasoning for each information need. 

346 
Wiens, J. A., 1996. Oil, seabirds, and science. The effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. BioScience 

46:587-597. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ commentary/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oone/ population/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ spill/ toxicity 

Notes: Overall evaluation of the results of scientific findings of the effects of the Exxon Valdez on bird 

species and a commentary on some of the effects of the spill on the scientific effort; direct toxicity, 

reproduction, population resiliency, and habitat. 

Wiens, J. A., T. O. Crist, R. H. Day, S. M. Murphy, G. D. Hayward, 1996. Effects of the Exxon Valdez

oil spill on marine bird communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Ecological Applications 6:828-841. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ community/ crude oil/ effects/ evaluation/ Exxon Valdez/ marine birds/ 

multivariate/ oil/ oil spill/ Oone/ population/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of the Exxon Valdez spill on marine bird communities of Prince William 

Sound, Alaska in 1989-91; use of multivariate analyses. 

Wiese, F. K., W. A. Montevecchi, G. K. Davoren, F. Huettmann, A. W. Diamond, J. Linke, 2001. 

Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the North-west Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1285-

1290. 

Keywords: Atlantic/ bird/ injury/ monitoring/ offshore/ oil/ oil platform/ oil spill/ Oone/ risk/ salt water/ spill 

Notes: Authors call for examination of the magnitude of bird losses at oil platforms, particularly in the 

northwest Atlantic. Documented losses from oil spills, impact injury, and incineration by gas flares merit 

more attention than they have received. 

Wiese, F. K., P. C. Ryan, 2003. The extent of chronic marine oil pollution in southeastern Newfoundland 

waters assessed through beached bird surveys 1984-1999. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1090-1101. 

Keywords: beached bird survey/ bird/ chronic/ evaluation/ harvest/ Newfoundland/ oil/ Oone/ pollution/ 

salt water/ seasonal/ species/ survey/ time/ vulnerability 

Notes: A very thorough evaluation of the results of 16 yrs (1984-1999) of beached bird surveys in 

southeastern Newfoundland. Considers factors such as weather, native bird harvests, ship traffic, 

seasonality, and oil vulnerability of species. 

Wiese, F. K., G. J. Robertson, 2004. Assessing seabird mortality from chronic oil discharges at sea. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 68:627-638. 

Keywords: bird/ chronic/ discharges/ Grand Banks/ model/ Newfoundland/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ 

population/ region/ salt water 

Notes: Authors present a model for estimating seabird losses due to chronic oil discharges at sea. The 

model has 'at-sea' and 'onshore' components and is applied to the Grand Banks region south of 

Newfoundland. 

Wiese, F. K., G. J. Robertson, A. J. Gaston, 2005. Impacts of chronic marine oil pollution and the murre 

hunt in Newfoundland on thick-billed murre Uria lomvia populations in the eastern Canadian Arctic. 

Biological Conservation 116:205-216. 

Keywords: Arctic/ bird/ Canada/ chronic/ hunting/ model/ Newfoundland/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ pollution/ 

population/ salt water 

Notes: Authors present a deterministic and stochastic population model that assesses the effects of 

losses from chronic oil pollution and annual subsistence hunting on populations of the thick-billed murre in 

the eastern Canadian Arctic. 

Wilhelm, S. M., 2001. Estimate of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from petroleum. Environmental 

Science and Technology 35:4704-4710. 

Keywords: crude oil/ estimate/ mercury/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum products/ 

refinery 

Notes: An assessment of the amount of mercury escaping to the atmosphere every year from petroleum. 

Discusses mercury in crude oil and condensate and refined products, and estimates mercury emissions 

from refineries and utilization of petroleum products. 

347 
Williams, J., C. Roderick, R. Alexander, 2003. Sublethal effects of Orimulsion-400R

 on eggs and larvae 

of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:3044-3048. 

Keywords: bioassay/ concentration/ depth/ effects/ eggs/ fish/ herring/ larvae/ length/ Orimulsion/ Othree/ 

salt water/ static/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Eggs of the Atlantic herring were exposed in a 24-hr static bioassay to varing concentrations of an 

oil-in-seawater dispersion of Orimulsion-400. Nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm 

were employed. Measured survival, larval and notocord length, yolk sac depth and length, head depth, 

and depth of myomeres adjacent to the pectoral buds. 

Williams, J. M., M. L. Tasker, I. C. Carter, A. Webb, 1995. A method of assessing seabird vulnerability 

to surface pollutants. Ibis 137:S147-S152. 

Keywords: bird/ combination/ density/ index/ methods/ North Sea/ oil/ Oone/ population/ risk/ salt water/ 

vulnerability 

Notes: Combination of an oil vulnerability index for seabirds with information on monthly site densities to 

produce 'potential risk' maps of the North Sea. 

Williams, T. M., R. A. Kastelein, R. W. Davis, J. A. Thomas, 1988. The effects of oil contamination and 

cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). I. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies. Canadian 

Journal of Zoology 66:2776-2781. 

Keywords: cleaning/ conductance/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ fur/ mammal/ ODtwo/ oil/ 

oiled/ sea otter/ weathered 

Notes: Effect on thermal conductance of sea otter pelts of oiling (fresh or weathered crude oil, or a crude 

oil -- dispersant mixture) and subsequent cleaning. 

Williams, T. M., 1990. Evaluating the long term effects of crude oil exposure in sea otters: laboratory and 

field observations. Wildlife Journal 13:42-48. 

Keywords: blood/ condition/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ habitat/ health/ long-term/ mammal/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water/ sea 

otter/ spill/ weight 

Notes: Observations on the health of 12 oiled sea otters held in captivity for 12 months after the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill; long-term changes in coat condition, physiology, weight, blood, and reproductive status. 

Further comments on habitat conditions in the formerly oiled areas of Prince William sound. 

Williams, T. M., D. J. O'Connor, and S. W. Nielsen 1995. The effects of oil on sea otters: 

histopathology, toxicology, and clinical history. Pages 3-22 in T. M. Williams, R. W. Davis, editors. 

Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: A Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing 

Marine Mammals. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. 

Keywords: Alaska/ crude oil/ effects/ Exxon Valdez/ mammal/ necropsy/ North Slope crude oil/ oil/ oil 

spill/ oiled/ organ/ Otwo/ pathology/ petroleum/ physiology/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ 

survey/ tissue/ toxicity/ otter 

Notes: A reference chapter for assessing the effects of spilled petroleum on sea otters. The authors use 

published literature and information derived from sea otter surveys and rehabilitation efforts during the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. Major chapter subheadings are (1) necropsy protocols and tissue 

collection, (2) mortality of oiled sea otters, (3) pathology and toxicology of individual organ systems, and 

(4) clinical, toxicological, and histopathologic profiles of oiled sea otters. 

Wilson, J. A., R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, R. L. Lochmiller, J. L. Schroder, N. T. Basta, 2003. 

Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes. III. Immune function and 

hematology of cotton rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 66:345-363. 

Keywords: blood/ cotton rat/ immune response/ mammal/ Otwo/ petroleum waste/ rat/ remediation/ risk/ 

seasonal/ spleen 

Notes: Cotton rats were collected from five petrochemical landfarms and five matched reference sites. 

Collections were made during summer and winter of two consecutive years (1998-00). Measured size of 

spleen and a set of blood characteristics and immunological parameters. 

348 
Wilson, J. A., R. L. Lochmiller, D. M. Janz, 2006. Population dynamics of cotton rats (Sigmodon 

hispidus) inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms in Oklahoma, USA. Ecotoxicology 15:19-30. 

Keywords: condition/ cotton rat/ fluoride/ land farming/ mammal/ metals/ Oklahoma/ organ/ Otwo/ PAH/ 

petroleum/ population/ rat/ remediation/ sex/ time/ weight 

Notes: Five paired sites (reference and abandoned petrochemical landfarm). Contaminants (PAHs, 

metals, fluoride) were quantified at all sites (previous studies). Live trapping was used to evaluate cotton 

rats (weight, sex, reproductive condition, toe clipped, population estimation). Twelve rats were collected 

from each site during summer and winter for 2 years and the reproductive organs were examined. 

Wilson, K. W., 1976. Effects of oil dispersants on the developing embryos of marine fish. Marine Biology 

36:259-268. 

Keywords: abnormalities/ concentration/ Corexit 7664/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ embryo/ 

eye/ eye pigmentation/ fertilization/ fish/ hatching/ heart rate/ herring/ length/ ODthree/ oil/ petroleum/ 

plaice/ rate/ salt water/ sole/ sperm/ time 

Notes: Exposure of eggs, sperm, and developing embyros of herring, plaice, and sole to varying 

concentrations of petroleum dispersants BP1002, Finasol ESK, and Corexit 7664. Measured effects on 

fertilization rate; heart-rate, length, and eye pigmentation during development; hatching rate, time to 

hatch, and larval abnormalities. 

Wilson, K. W., 1977. Acute toxicity of oil dispersants to marine fish larvae. Marine Biology 40:65-74. 

Keywords: acute/ age/ concentration/ development/ dispersant/ effects/ embryo/ fish/ haddock/ herring/ 

larvae/ lemon sole/ ODthree/ oil/ pilchard/ plaice/ salinity/ salt water/ sole/ starvation/ survival/ 

temperature/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of the larvae of haddock, herring, lemon sole, pilchard, plaice, and sole to varying 

concentrations of six oil dispersants. Measured survival, effects of temperature, salinity, stage of embryo 

development, age of stock solution, and starvation; and an assessment of the most toxic component of 

the dispersants. 

Wilson, R. K., P. Tuomi, J. P. Schroeder, and T. Williams 1990. Clinical treatment and rehabilitation of 

oiled sea otters. Pages 101-117 in T. M. Williams and R. W. Davis, editors. Sea Otter Rehabilitation 

Program: 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. International Wildlife Research. 

Keywords: clinical treatment/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fur/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ 

procedure/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ treatment 

Notes: Detailed description of the procedures and material used in the clinical treatment of sea otters 

admitted to rehabilitation centers following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Wilson, R. K., C. R. McCormick, T. D. Williams, and P. A. Tuomi 1990. Clinical treatment and 

rehabilitation of sea otters. Pages 326-334 in K. Bayha, J. Kormendy, editors. Sea Otter Symposium. 

Biological Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 

Keywords: clinical treatment/ crude oil/ Exxon Valdez/ fur/ mammal/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Otwo/ physiology/ 

procedure/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ sea otter/ spill/ treatment/ otter 

Notes: Description of the clinical aspects of the rehabilitation procedure used to treat oiled sea otters at 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Winfrey, M. R., E. Beck, P. Boehm, D. M. Ward, 1982. Impact of crude oil on sulphate reduction and 

methane production in sediments impacted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Environmental Research 

7:175-194. 

Keywords: Amoco Cadiz/ beach/ benzene/ combination/ concentration/ crude oil/ depth/ estuary/ 

experiment/ habitat/ hydrocarbons/ metabolism/ microbes/ mousse/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ Oten/ reduction/ salt 

marsh/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ sulphate/ toluene/ unsaturated 

hydrocarbons/ weathered 

 Notes: Assessment of the effect of crude oil from the Amoco Cadiz spill on the function of sediment 

microbes. Sampled sediment from oiled and unoiled beach, estuary, and salt marsh habitat. Performed 

a combination of on-site measurements and experiments. Measured sulphate and methane 

concentrations at depth (on site), concentration of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons at sampling 

349 
sites, and effect of mousse, fresh oil, weathered oil, toluene, and benzene on sulphate reduction and 

metabolism. 

Winters, K., R. O'Donnell, J. C. Batterton, C. Van Baalen, 1976. Water-soluble components of four fuel 

oils: chemical characterization and effects on growth of microalgae. Marine Biology 36:269-276. 

Keywords: chemical analysis/ concentration/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ marine plant/ 

microalgae/ oil/ Osix/ salt water/ species 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of four fuel oils (No. 2?) on growth of cultured microalgae; multiple 

experiments and chemical analyses. Water-soluble fractions (WSF) of the fuel oils were prepared in two 

concentrations and used with six species of microalgae. Single compounds (13) present in the WSF were 

used in four concentrations with three species of microalgae and two other compounds were used in five 

concentrations with three species of microalgae. WSF of all four fuel oils was analyzed in detail. 

Measured algal growth as generations/day. 

Winters, K., J. C. Batterton, C. Van Baalen, 1977. Phenalen-1-one: occurrence in a fuel oil and toxicity 

to microalgae. Environmental Science and Technology 11:270-272. 

Keywords: concentration/ effects/ experiment/ fuel oil/ growth/ light/ marine plant/ microalgae/ No.2 fuel 

oil/ oil/ Osix/ salt water/ species/ toxicity 

Notes: Assessment of the the effect of phenalen-1-one isolated from the water-soluble fraction of API fuel 

oil No. 2 on growth of microalgae. Six concentrations and a control were used on five species of 

microalgae and the results compared with the effects of seven other water-soluble compounds 

(previously reported) on one of the tested species. The experiment was performed under unfiltered white 

light and filtered (yellow) light. Growth was measured as generations/day. 

Witham, R. 1978. Does a problem exist relative to small sea turtles and oil spills? Pages 630-632 in

Conference on Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills. American Institute of Biological Sciences. 

Keywords: beach/ Florida/ green turtle/ oil/ oil spill/ OthreeR/ reptile/ salt water/ spill/ turtle/ vulnerability 

Notes: A report of three (two dead) young green turtles found on the beaches of Florida with evidence of 

oil exposure. Discussion of the vulnerability of young sea turtles to oil spills. 

Wolfe, D. A., M. J. Hameedi, J. A. Galt, G. Watabayashi, J. Short, C. O'Claire, S. Rice, J. Michel, J. 

R. Payne, J. Braddock, S. Hanna, D. Sale, 1994. The fate of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. 

Environmental Science and Technology 28:561A-568A. 

Keywords: Alaska/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ crude oil/ distribution/ evaporation/ Exxon Valdez/ 

fate/ Gulf of Alaska/ hydrocarbons/ mass balance/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ recovery/ salt water/ 

sediment/ shoreline/ spill/ subtidal/ time/ transport/ treatment/ water column 

Notes: Authors present a mass balance description of the fate of the crude oil spilled by the Exxon 

Valdez in the Gulf of Alaska in 1989. Sections on transport and transformation of the oil slick, 

evaporation, distribution of hydrocarbons in the air, recovery or destruction of floating oil, dispersion and 

dissolution, photolysis and biodegradation in the water column, transformation of beached oil, recovery 

and disposal of beached oily wastes; shoreline treatment, bioremediation, and biodegradation; and 

transport of oil to subtidal sediments. 

Wolfe, J. L., R. J. Esher, 1981. Effects of crude oil on swimming behavior and survival in the rice rat. 

Environmental Research 26:486-489. 

Keywords: behavior/ crude oil/ effects/ fresh water/ mammal/ oil/ Otwo/ rat/ rice rat/ salt water/ survival/ 

swimming/ Texas/ thermoregulation 

Notes: Effects on swimming behavior and thermoregulation of rice rats exposed to water contaminated 

with Empire and South Texas crude oils. 

Wolfe, M. F., G. J. B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E. E. Mielbrecht, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1998. 

Effects of salinity and temperature on the bioavailability of dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons to the 

golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 

35:268-273. 

Keywords: algae/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ hydrocarbons/ labelled/ 

marine plant/ metabolite/ naphthalene/ ODsix/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

350 
Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salinity/ salt water/ temperature 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of a dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the bioavailability of naphthalene to 

the golden-brown algae. In a laboratory study, algae were exposed to the water-accomodated fraction of 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil or a chemically dispersed oil mixture at two temperatures and two salinities; 14C 

naphthalene was added to both solutions. Measured naphthalene concentrations in solutions, 

concentrations of parent and labelled naphthalene in brown algae, and two naphthalene metabolites in 

solution and in algae. 

Wolfe, M. F., G. J. B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E. E. Mielbrecht, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1998. 

Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability of naphthalene from the water-accommodated fraction 

crude oil to the golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 35:274-280. 

Keywords: algae/ composition/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ dispersant/ hydrocarbons/ 

labelled/ marine plant/ naphthalene/ ODsix/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the influence of a dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the bioavailability of naphthalene to 

the golden-brown algae. In a laboratory study, algae were exposed to the water-accomodated fraction of 

Prudhoe Bay crude oil or a chemically dispersed oil mixture; 14C naphthalene was added to both 

solutions. Measured concentrations of naphthalene and total petroleum hydrocarbons in solution, 

hydrocarbon composition of both solutions, and uptake of labelled naphthalene by algae. 

Wolfe, M. F., J. A. Schlosser, G. J. B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E. E. Mielbrecht, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. 

L. Sowby, 1998. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum 

hydrocarbons to primary levels of a marine food chain. Aquatic Toxicology 42:211-227. 

Keywords: algae/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ food/ food chain/ hydrocarbons/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ metabolite/ movement/ naphthalene/ ODfour/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum 

hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rotifer/ salt water/ species/ toxicity/ transfer/ trophic 

transfer/ uptake 

Notes: Effect of a dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum 

hydrocarbons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. A species of algae and a species of rotifer were used to 

measure trophic movement of 14C-labelled naphthalene in the water-accomodated fraction of crude oil 

with or without dispersant present. Measured toxicity (96 hr) and hydrocarbon uptake and hydrocarbon 

and metabolite depuration (16 hr). 

Wolfe, M. F., G. J. B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E. E. Mielbrecht, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 1999. 

Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of phenanthrene to algae and rotifers. 

Aquatic Toxicology 48:13-24. 

Keywords: algae/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ labelled/ marine 

invertebrate/ marine plant/ metabolite/ ODfour/ oil/ phenanthrene/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ rotifer/ salt 

water/ trophic transfer/ uptake 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of a dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the availablility, uptake, and trophic 

transfer of phenanthrene (14C labelled). The water-accomodated fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil was 

compared to the dispersed crude oil in a 24-hr uptake study with algae. The algae were then fed to 

rotifers (in the same aqueous exposure medium) during an 8-hr exposure and 8-hr depuration study. 

Measured uptake by algae, uptake and depuration by rotifers, concentrations of phenanthrene in water, 

and concentrations of phenanthrene and metabolites in algae and rotifers. 

Wolfe, M. F., G. J. B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E. E. Mielbrecht, R. S. Tjeerdema, M. L. Sowby, 2001. 

Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons to larval 

topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Aquatic Toxicology 52:49-60. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ depuration/ dispersant/ evaluation/ fish/ flowthrough/ food/ food chain/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ marine plant/ metabolite/ naphthalene/ 

ODthree/ oil/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ transfer/ trophic 

transfer/ uptake 

Notes: An evaluation of the influence of a chemical dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the uptake and 

depuration of 14C-labelled naphthalene by a larval fish from the water-accomodated fraction of Prudhoe 

351 
Bay crude oil and from chemically-dispersed crude oil. Used flow-through chambers and compared 

uptake from water only with uptake from water with a microalgae-rotifer food chain. Exposure and 

depuration periods were 12 hrs each. Measured naphthalene and metabolites and calculated 

bioaccumulation factors. 

Wolff, G. A., M. R. Preston, G. Harriman, S. J. Rowland, 1993. Some preliminary observations after the 

wreck of the oil tanker Braer in Shetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:567-571. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ degradation/ fate/ grass/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ Shetland/ soil/ tanker 

Notes: Samples of water, soil, grass, and spilled oil were collected in the vicinity of the grounded oil 

tanker Braer on mainland Shetland 5 da after the grounding. The oil was analyzed for alkanes and 

selected aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Wong, C. K., F. R. Engelhardt, J. R. Strickler, 1981. Survival and fecundity of Daphnia pulex on 

exposure to particulate oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26:606-612. 

Keywords: activity/ concentration/ crude oil/ daphnia/ emulsion/ experiment/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ Norman Wells crude oil/ Ofive/ oil/ paraffin/ particulate/ recovery/ reproduction/ survival/ 

swimming/ weathered 

Notes: Assessment of the effect of emulsified Norman Wells crude oil on D. pulex. Exposed daphnia to 

nominal concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50, or 100 ppm crude oil, 24-hr weathered crude oil, or paraffin oil for 

192 hrs: emulsions were renewed every 72 hrs. Measured survival and number of young produced. In a 

second experiment, daphnia were exposed for 30 hrs to either 50 or 100 ppm crude oil, then transferred 

to clean water for 192 hrs. Measured survival and swimming activity after exposure, after 48 hrs recovery, 

and after 192 hrs recovery. Also measured number of young produced during the 30 hr exposure period 

and compared to the end of 192 hrs recovery. 

Wong, C. K., J. R. Strickler, F. R. Engelhardt, 1983. Feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex in crude oil 

dispersions. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:152-157. 

Keywords: behavior/ concentration/ crude oil/ daphnia/ effects/ feeding/ fresh water/ freshwater 

invertebrate/ Norman Wells crude oil/ Ofive/ oil/ paraffin 

Notes: Determination of the effects on feeding behavior of Daphnia p. to dispersions of Norman Wells 

crude oil and paraffin oil. Crude and paraffin oils were mechanically dispersed and allowed to stand for 1 

hr before being used. Daphnia were exposed to 50 ppm nominal concentrations of either oil for 3 hrs. 

Measured 5 characteristics of feeding behavior at 1 hr intervals. 

Wong, C. S., F. A. Whitney, W. J. Cretney, K. Lee, F. McLaughlin, 1984. An experimental marine 

ecosystem response to crude oil and Corexit 9527: part I -- fate of chemically dispersed crude oil. Marine 

Environmental Research 13:247-263. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ biomass/ carbon/ composition/ concentration/ Corexit 9527/ 

crude oil/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ effects/ fate/ general effect/ labelled/ marine plant/ nitrogen/ nutrients/ 

ODeight/ oil/ organic carbon/ particulate/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salinity/ salt water/ temperature/ time 

Notes: Three controlled ecosystem enclosures located in nearshore waters were used to determine the 

effects of either Prudhoe Bay crude oil or crude oil plus Corexit 9527 dispersant. The crude oil was 

labelled with 14C hexadecane. Samples of water and sedimented material were collected seven or eight 

times during the 24-da period of study. Measured changes in alkane composition, aromatic hydrocarbon 

concentration, concentration of 14C hexadecane in particles, bacterial biomass, concentration of 

chloraphyll a in sedimented material, quantity of sedimented material, salinity, temperature, particulate 

organic carbon, nitrogen, and nutrients. 

Wood, M. A. and N. Heaphy 1991. Rehabilitation of oiled seabirds and bald eagles following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Pages 235-239 in 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. 

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Keywords: Alaska/ bald eagle/ bird/ Exxon Valdez/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ 

rehabilitation/ salt water/ species/ spill 

Notes: A description of the oiled bird rehabilitation efforts spanning a 6-mo period following the Exxon 

352 
Valdez oil spill. Over 1600 birds representing 71 species were brought to four rehabilitation centers. 

Authors discuss details of the effort. 

Woodall, D. W., R. P. Gambrell, N. N. Rabalais, R. D. Delaune, 2001. Developing a method to track oil 

and gas produced water discharges in estuarine systems using salinity as a conservative tracer. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 42:1118-1127. 

Keywords: discharges/ estuarine/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ produced water/ salinity/ salt 

water 

Notes: Authors describe a method employing salinity probes that tracks the spread of produced water 

from oil production wells. A canal and a semi-enclosed bay site were used to field test the method. 

Woodin, B. R., R. M. Smolowitz, J. J. Stegeman, 1997. Induction of cytochrome P4501A in the intertidal 

fish Anoplarchus purpurescens by Prudhoe Bay crude oil and environmental induction in fish from Prince 

William Sound. Environmental Science and Technology 31:1198-1205. 

Keywords: crude oil/ effects/ experiment/ Exxon Valdez/ fish/ gill/ gonads/ intertidal/ intestine/ liver/ 

mesentery/ metabolism/ methods/ monooxygenase/ oil/ oil spill/ Othree/ Prince William Sound/ Prudhoe 

Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ salt water/ sediment/ spill/ stomach/ tissue 

Notes: Induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in tissues of an intertidal fish by residual Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil 15 mos after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Fish from field collections, caged fish experiments, and 

laboratory exposure experiments were used to assess the effects of oil remaining in sediments. 

Immunohistochemistry methods used on gill, liver, stomach, gastric cacae, intestine, mesentery, and 

gonad tissue. 

Woodward, D. F., P. M. Mehrle, Jr., W. L. Mauck, 1981. Accumulation and sublethal effects of a 

Wyoming crude oil in cutthroat trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:437-445. 

Keywords: accumulation/ analysis/ concentration/ crude oil/ cutthroat trout/ effects/ eye/ fin/ fish/ fresh 

water/ gill/ growth/ hydrocarbons/ juvenile/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ sublethal/ survival 

Notes: Exposure of juvenile cutthroat trout exposed for 90 da to four concentrations of the water-soluble 

fraction of a Wyoming crude oil. Measured survival, growth, pathology of caudal fin, gill, and eye; also, 

hydrocarbon analysis of water and fish muscle. 

Woodward, D. F., R. G. Riley, 1983. Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in a salmonid stream 

contaminated by oil field discharge water and effects on macrobenthos. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 12:327-334. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ concentration/ discharges/ diversity/ effects/ effluent/ evaluation/ fresh 

water/ freshwater invertebrate/ hydrocarbons/ index/ invertebrate/ metals/ naphthalene/ Ofive/ oil/ oil field/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phenanthrene/ sampling/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ 

species/ species diversity/ stream/ waste water 

Notes: Evaluation of the effects of oilfield waste water on a trout stream in Wyoming. Five sampling sites 

were located above, at (effluent), and at three locations below the water discharge. Water, sediment, and 

benthic invertebrates were collected at all sites except the discharge site, where only effluent water was 

sampled. Measured water chemistry, 19 saturated hydrocarbons, total naphthalene, total phenanthrenes, 

and concentrations of five metals, identified and counted invertebrates, and calculated an index of 

species diversity. 

Woodward, D. F., R. G. Riley, C. E. Smith, 1983. Accumulation, sublethal effects, and safe 

concentration of a refined oil as evaluated with cutthroat trout. Archives of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 12:455-464. 

Keywords: accumulation/ concentration/ cutthroat trout/ effects/ fin/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ growth/ liver/ 

muscle/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ refined oil/ refinery/ sublethal/ survival/ swimming 

Notes: Exposure of cutthroat trout for 90 da to five concentrations of an unidentified refined oil seeping 

from a refinery site. Measured survival, growth, gill pathology, liver pathology, caudal fin erosion, caudal 

fin pathology, swimming performance, and muscle concentration. 

Woodward, D. F., R. G. Riley, M. G. Henry, J. S. Meyer, T. R. Garland, 1985. Leaching of retorted oil 

shale: assessing the toxicity to Colorado squawfish, fathead minnows, and two food-chain organisms. 

353 
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114:887-894. 

Keywords: acute/ anion/ cations/ Colorado squawfish/ concentration/ daphnia/ fathead minnow/ fish/ 

food chain/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ growth/ larvae/ leachate/ mayfly/ metals/ neonate/ oil/ 

Othree/ reproduction/ species/ survival/ tissue/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of Colorado squawfish, fathead minnows, a daphnia species, and a mayfly species for 

30 da to varying concentrations of retorted shale leachate; also 96 hr acute toxicity tests for daphnia 

neonates and fathead minnow larvae. Measured survival, growth, reproduction of daphnia, anions and 

cations in leachate, and metals in fish tissue. 

Woodward, D. F., E. E. Little, L. M. Smith, 1987. Toxicity of five shale oils to fish and aquatic 

invertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:239-246. 

Keywords: behavior/ colony/ Colorado squawfish/ concentration/ cutthroat trout/ fathead minnow/ fish/ 

fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ invertebrate/ oil/ Othree/ shale oil/ survival/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of three native fish and colonies of aquatic invertebrates on plate samplers to varying 

concentrations of water-soluble fractions of three crude shale oils and two refined shale oils. Measured 

survival of fish and invertebrates; and the predator success of Colorado squawfish and the prey success 

of fathead minnows. 

Woodward, D. F., E. Snyder-Conn, R. G. Riley, T. R. Garland, 1988. Drilling fluids and the Arctic tundra 

of Alaska: assessing contamination of wetlands habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:683-697. 

Keywords: Alaska/ Arctic/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chemical characteristics/ chronic/ daphnia/ drilling 

fluids/ effluent/ experiment/ fish/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ fry/ growth/ habitat/ hydrocarbons/ 

invertebrate/ ions/ metals/ Ofive/ oil field/ reproduction/ sediment/ toxicity/ tundra/ wetland 

Notes: Assessment of the toxicity of oilfield drilling fluids from five sites in the Arctic tundra of Alaska. 

Sampled a drilling fluid reserve pit, a near pond, and a distant pond at four drilling sites, and reserve pit 

and a near pond at the fifth site; also three control ponds. Sampled water and sediment and measured 

water quality characteristics, metal ions, and selected aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. Performed 

96 hr toxicity tests on Arctic grayling fry and 48 hr toxicity tests on Daphnia magna. Also performed a 42 

da chronic test on daphnia wherein reproduction and growth were measured. Local Daphnia 

middendorffiana used for in situ whole effluent toxicity experiments. 

Wootton, T. A., C. R. Grau, T. E. Roudybush, M. E. Hahs, K. V. Hirsch, 1979. Reproductive responses 

of quail to Bunker C oil fractions. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8:457-463. 

Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ effects/ embryo/ fuel oil/ hatchability/ Japanese quail/ oil/ Oone/ quail/ 

reproduction/ solvent/ solvent extract/ toxicity 

Notes: Effects of single doses of solvent extracts of Bunker C fuel oil on reproduction of Japanese quail. 

The purpose of the research was to identify the toxic fractions of Bunker C responsible for observed toxic 

effects. 

Wormald, A. P., 1976. Effects of a spill of marine diesel oil on the meiofauna of a sandy beach at Picnic 

Bay, Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution 11:117-130. 

Keywords: abundance/ beach/ carbon/ diesel/ effects/ harpacticoid/ intertidal/ long-term/ marine 

invertebrate/ meiofauna/ nematode/ nutrients/ Ofour/ oil/ organic/ organic carbon/ particle size/ recovery/ 

salt water/ sampling/ sandy beach/ sediment/ size/ spill 

Notes: Report of the recovery of intertidal meiofauna of a Hong Kong sandy beach that was affected by 

an onshore spill of heavy marine diesel oil. Beach meiofauna (abundance of nematodes and 

harpacticoids) were monitored for 14 mos. Four sites were sampled for the immediate effects of the oil 

followed by long-term sampling at one site. Also evaluated particle size, moisture content, organic 

carbon, and nutrients in sediments. 

Wrabel, M. L., P. Peckol, 2000. Effects of bioremediation on toxicity and chemical composition of No. 2 

fuel oil: growth responses of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:135-139. 

Keywords: algae/ biomass/ bioremediation/ composition/ concentration/ effects/ experiment/ Exxon 

Valdez/ fuel oil/ growth/ intertidal/ macroalgae/ marine plant/ No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ salt water/ 

spill/ toxicity 

354 
Notes: The intertidal macroalgae Fucus vusiculosus was exposed to concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil 

ranging from 10 to 1,000 ppm for 1 da, then transferred to clean water for 2 more da; biomass was 

measure at the end of the experiment. Bioremediation effects were tested by exposing alga fronds for 6 

da to either 100 ppm fuel oil, 100 ppm fuel oil + enrichment with N & P supplements similar to those used 

at the Exxon Valdez oil spill, autoclaved water with 100 ppm fuel oil and enrichment, and autoclaved 

water with enrichment only; measured algal biomass at the end the experiment. 

Wright, A. L., R. W. Weaver, J. W. Webb, 1997. Oil bioremediation in salt marsh mesocosms as 

influenced by N and P fertilization, flooding, and season. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 95:179-191. 

Keywords: bioremediation/ crude oil/ fertilization/ marine plant/ mesocosm/ microbes/ nitrogen/ oil/ Oten/ 

petroleum/ phosphorus/ salt marsh/ salt water/ seasonal/ Spartina 

Notes: Crude oil bioremediation in salt marshes; salt water, fertilization. 

Wright, A. L., R. W. Weaver, 2004. Fertilization and bioaugmentation for oil biodegradation in salt marsh 

mesocosms. Water Air and Soil Pollution 156:229-240. 

Keywords: Arabian Light crude oil/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ community/ concentration/ condition/ 

crude oil/ effectiveness/ fertilization/ light/ mesocosm/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ petroleum/ population/ 

salt marsh/ salt water/ spill/ weathered 

Notes: Salt marsh mesocosms were established to test the effectiveness of oil spill bioremediation 

products. Arabian light crude oil was artificially weathered and applied to the surface of the mesocosms. 

Each mesocosm received an application of one of five bioremediation products, with or without 

supplemental N and P nutrient additions. One complete set of mesocosms were maintained in a 

constantly flooded condition (33 da) and another set was maintained on an alternately flooded-drained 

regime (41 da). Water samples were collected from the flooded mesocosms 9, 16, 22, and 29 da after oil 

application; nutrient concentrations were determined for all four collections and microbial populations 

(heterotroph and hydrocarbon degrading) were measured on days 16 and 29 only. The alternately 

flooded mesocosms were sampled after 16 and 31 da for nutrient concentrations and microbial 

populations. Remaining crude oil was quantitated at the end of each study; measured total crude oil and 

total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions remaining. 

Wu, R. S. S., 1981. Differences in the toxicities of an oil dispersant and a surface active agent to some 

marine animals, and their implications in the choice of species in toxicity testing. Marine Environmental 

Research 5:157-163. 

Keywords: assay/ barnacle/ bivalve/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ fish/ gastropod/ general effect/ 

marine invertebrate/ ODeight/ oil/ salt water/ shell/ shrimp/ species/ starfish/ survival/ toxicity/ urchin 

Notes: Comparison of an oil dispersant (BP 1100X) with a surface active agent (Shell Herder) in a 

laboratory assay. Eighteen species of fish, tunicate, urchin, starfish, barnacle, shrimp, bivalve, and 

gastropod were exposed for 100 min to 1000 ppm of diesel oil combined with an equal amount of either 

the dispersant or surface active agent. Survival was determined after removal of test animals to clean 

water for 24 hrs. 

Wu, R. S. S., P. K. S. Lam, B. S. Zhou, 1997. A settlement inhibition assay with a cyprid larvae of the 

barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Chemosphere 35:1867-1874. 

Keywords: assay/ barnacle/ behavior/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ larvae/ marine 

invertebrate/ ODfour/ salt water 

Notes: Exposure of cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite to various concentrations of the 

three dispersants, Vecom B-1425, Norchem OSD-570, and Corexit 9905, and diesel fuel for 6 da. 

Measured percentage settlement of larvae on an experimental surface. 

Wu, R. S. S., P. K. S. Lam, B. S. Zhou, 1997. Effects of two oil dispersants on phototaxis and swimming 

behaviour of barnacle larvae. Hydrobiologia 352:9-16. 

Keywords: barnacle/ behavior/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ dispersant/ effects/ larvae/ marine invertebrate/ nauplii/ 

ODfour/ oil/ phototaxis/ salt water/ static/ survival/ swimming/ toxicity 

Notes: Exposure of stage II nauplii of barnacle Balanus amphitrite to various mixtures of two dispersants, 

Vecom B-1425 GL and Norchem OSD-570, and diesel fuel. Measured survival, phototaxis, and 

swimming behavior during 24 and 48 hr static toxicity tests. 

355 
Xia, W-x., X-l. Zheng, J-c. Li, Z-w. Song, L. Zhou, H-f. Sun, 2005. Degradation of crude oil by 

indigenous microorganisms supplemented with nutrients. Journal of Environmental Science 17:659-661. 

Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ combination/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

hydrocarbons/ incubation/ microbes/ nitrate/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ 

phosphate/ salt water/ water/ weathered 

Notes: A study of biodegradation of crude oil in sea water supplemented with nutrients. Crude oil was 

artificially weathered and combined with four combinations of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium 

nutrients. Laboratory incubation continued for nine weeks. Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons 

weekly and heterotrophic and petroleum-degrading bacteria at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8. 

Xiong, Z.-T., H.-X. Hu, Y.-X. Wang, G.-H. Fu, Z.-Q. Tan, G.-A. Yan, 1997. Comparative analyses of soil 

contaminant levels and plant species diversity at developing and disused oil well sites in Qianjiang oilfield, 

China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:667-672. 

Keywords: China/ crude oil/ diversity/ fresh water/ freshwater plant/ oil/ oil field/ oiled/ Oseven/ plant/ soil/ 

species/ species diversity 

Notes: Plants growing on oiled soil at a Chinese oilfield. 

Xu, H., S. Lesage, S. Brown, 1994. Petroporphyrins as chemical indicators of soil contamination by 

crude oil. Chemosphere 28:1599-1609. 

Keywords: analysis/ BTEX/ crude oil/ fingerprinting/ indicator/ oil/ Onine/ PAH/ soil/ technical/ TPH 

Notes: Authors advocate the use of petroporphyrins for identification of crude oils and heavy residuals of 

refined crude. Soils contaminated by three crude oils are used to demonstrate the utility of this approach 

compared to the use of TPH profiles, BTEX analysis, and PAH analysis. 

Xu, R, N. L. A. Lau, K. L. Ng, J. P. Obbard, 2004. Application of a slow-release fertilizer for oil 

bioremediation in beach sediment. Journal of Environmental Quality 33:1210-1216. 

Keywords: activity/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ 

bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ fertilizer/ intertidal/ microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ 

pore water/ salt water/ sediment/ Singapore 

Notes: Sediments were placed in six microcosms located in the intertidal zone of a Singapore island. 

Arabian light crude oil was added to all batches of sediment and Osmocote added to three of the 

microcosms. Microcosms were sampled on days 0, 7, 15, 21, 28, 40, 56, 69, 77, and 105 of the 105-da 

study. Microbial activity was measured by determination of dehydrogenase activity, and the sediments 

were analyzed for several measures of aliphatic, aromatic, and total hydrocarbon presence. Pore water 

was also analyzed for concentration of nutrients. 

Xu, R., J. P. Obbard, E. T. C. Tay, 2003. Optimization of slow-release fertilizer dosage for bioremediation 

of oil-contaminated beach sediment in a tropical environment. World Journal of Microbiology & 

Biotechnology 19:719-725. 

Keywords: activity/ Arabian Light crude oil/ beach/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ 

experiment/ fertilizer/ leachate/ microbes/ microcosm/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ salt water/ sediment/ weight 

Notes: Beach sediment was mixed with Arabian light crude oil in concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.5, 2, and 

4 % (dry weight) and used in a microcosm experiment. The slow release fertilizer OsmocoteTM was used 

as a nutrient source. Duration of the experiment was 42 da and samples were collected on days 0, 2, 8, 

14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Measured metabolic activity (dehydrogenase activity), nutrients in leachate, nalkanes, pristane, and phytane. 

Xu, R., J. P. Obbard, 2004. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated 

beach sediments treated with nutrient amendments. Journal of Environmental Quality 33:861-867. 

Keywords: activity/ analysis/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ beach/ biodegradation/ 

combination/ crude oil/ microbes/ nutrients/ oil/ Oten/ sediment/ time/ weathered 

Notes: Sediment was mixed with Arabian light crude oil, weathered for 3 wks, and used in a 45-day test 

of the effects of three types of nutrient amendments on biodegradation of the crude oil. Amendments 

were soluble nutrients, Osmocote, Inipol, and combinations of the three. The treated sediment was 

sampled five times for hydrocarbon analysis and eight times for metabolic activity (dehydrogenase 

activity). Measured 22 two- to six-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. 

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Yamada, M., H. Takada, K. Toyoda, A. Yoshida, A. Shibata, H. Nomura, M. Wada, M. Nishimura, K. 

Okamoto, K. Ohwada, 2003. Study on the fate of petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs) and the effect of chemical dispersant using an enclosed ecosystem, mesocosm. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 47:105-113. 

Keywords: abundance/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ degradation/ dispersant/ ecosystem/ 

experiment/ fate/ hydrocarbons/ mesocosm/ microbes/ ODten/ oil/ PAH/ residual oil/ salt water/ sediment/ 

water column 

Notes: Large indoor mesocosms containing sea water and the water-soluble fraction of heavy residual oil 

were used to determine the effect on degradation of a chemical oil dispersant. Mesocosms contained 

either no oil, high oil, low oil, or high oil plus dispersant (Taiho Self Mixing S-7). All tanks received 

nutrient additions prior to the oil addition. Experiment duration was 9 da. Water samples were collected 

from the water column and sediment from a sediment trap on a daily basis. Water and sediment were 

analyzed for 38 PAHs and abundance of bacteria was determined. 

Yamamoto, T., M. Nakaoka, T. Komatsu, H. Kawai, Marine Life Research Group of Takeno, K. 

Ohwada, 2003. Impacts by heavy-oil spill from the Russian tanker Nakhodka on intertidal ecosystems: 

recovery of animal community. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:91-98. 

Keywords: benthic/ community/ distribution/ ecosystem/ intertidal/ invertebrate/ Japan/ length/ limpet/ 

marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ population/ recovery/ salt water/ shell/ shoreline/ snail/ species/ spill/ tanker/ 

time 

Notes: A spill of "heavy oil" from the tanker Nakhodka fouled shorlines of Japan. The authors monitored 

the recovery of benthic invertebrates along a 350 m length of shoreline with a series of 70 quadrats 

grouped into nine study areas. Samples were collected in May of 1998-2001. Invertebrates were 

identified and quantified. The size distribution of the two most common species (limpet and snail) was 

determined by measuring shell length. 

Yarbrough, J. D., J. R. Heitz, J. E. Chambers, 1976. Physiological effects of crude oil exposure in the 

striped mullet, Mugil cephalus. Life Sciences 19:755-760. 

Keywords: biochemistry/ crude oil/ ecosystem/ effects/ Empire Mix crude oil/ estuarine/ fish/ gill/ liver/ 

mullet/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ pathology/ salt water/ striped mullet/ weight 

Notes: Exposure of striped mullet for 20 da to Empire Mix crude oil spilled on the surface of a simulated 

estuarine ecosystem. Measured body and liver weight; gill, liver, and muscle biochemistry; and some 

pathology. 

Yassaa, N., A. Cecinato, 2005. Composition of torched crude oil organic particulate emitted by refinery 

and its similarity to atmospheric aerosol in the surrounding area. Chemosphere 60:1660-1666. 

Keywords: air/ aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ atmosphere/ composition/ crude oil/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ organic/ PAH/ particulate/ refinery 

Notes: Air samples were collected from two refinery areas (torched gasses) and one area inside a nearby 

city in the interior of Algeria. Air samples were analyzed for n-alkanes, n-alkanoic and n-alkenoic acids, 

ketones, and 23 PAHs. 

Youssef, T., A. Ghanem, 2002. Salt secretion and stomatal behaviour in Avicennia marina seedlings 

fumigated with the volatile fraction of light Arabian crude oil. Environmental Pollution 116:215-223. 

Keywords: Arabian crude oil/ Arabian Light crude oil/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ light/ mangrove/ marina/ marine plant/ oil/ Osix/ recovery/ salinity/ salt water/ seedling/ 

species/ toxicity 

Notes: Propagules of a mangrove species were experimentally fumigated with the volatile fraction of 

Arabian light crude oil. Exposure was for 0, 3, or 6 hrs followed by a 1-hr transition period and then 48 

hrs of recovery. Measured salt secretion at four salinities (10, 20, 30, 40 ppt) and stomatal behaviour at 

20 ppt after 48 hrs of recovery. Also measured concentrations of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

crude oil. 

Youssef, T., 2002. Evidence for reduced post-spill recovery by the halophyte Sporobolus iocladus (Nees 

ex Trin.) Nees in oil-contaminated sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:334-339. 

Keywords: anthracene/ Arabian crude oil/ crude oil/ germination/ incubation/ light/ marine plant/ 

357 
naphthalene/ oil/ Osix/ plant/ rate/ recovery/ salinity/ salt water/ sediment/ seed/ species 

Notes: Determination of the effect of Light Arabian crude oil, naphthalene, and anthracene on the seed 

germination of a species of salt-tolerant plant. Seeds were collected from coastal Abu Dhabi and used in 

a 2 wk laboratory seed germination study that employed six water salinities (0-350 mM) . Measured or 

calculated accumulated germination rate, average incubation period, and germination 'velocity'. 

Yu, Q., W-Y. Zheng, Y. Weng, C.-G. Wang, R. Chen, 2003. Response of antioxidase in viscera of 

Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No. 0 diesel oil. Journal of 

Environmental Science 15:47-54. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ bioassay/ biochemical/ China/ concentration/ diesel/ fish/ fuel oil/ 

hydrocarbons/ larvae/ oil/ Othree/ recovery/ salt water/ solubility/ species/ static/ viscera 

Notes: Larvae of a commercial fish species were exposed to four concentrations of the water-soluble 

component of diesel oil (equivalent to No. 2 fuel oil) for 15 da in a static bioassay with water replacement 

every other day. This was followed with a 9-da recovery period for a subset of the larvae. Larvae were 

sampled on days 9 and 15 and four biochemical measurements were made. 

Zachleder, V., Z. Tukaj, 1993. Effect of fuel oil and dispersant on cell cycle and macromolecular 

synthesis in the chlorococcal alga Scenedesmus armatus. Marine Biology 117:347-353. 

Keywords: biochemical/ cell/ chlorophyll/ condition/ dispersant/ DNA/ effects/ fuel oil/ light/ marine plant/ 

metabolism/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODsix/ oil/ protein/ ratio/ reproduction/ RNA/ salt water 

Notes: Assessment of the effects of No. 2 fuel oil and a chemical dispersant on reproductive and 

biochemical processes of a chlorococcal alga. Algal cultures were exposed to either 100 ppm dispersant, 

200 ppm dispersant, 100 ppm fuel oil, 100 ppm fuel oil plus 5 ppm dispersant, or 1000 ppm fuel oil plus 

50 ppm dispersant. Monitored nuclear and cellular division in both light and dark conditions. Measured 

DNA, RNA, protein, chlorophyll a + b synthesis, starch synthesis, and ratio of chlorophyll a to b. 

Zanadri, E., M. C. Bicego, L. B. De Miranda, R. Weber, 1999. Distribution and origin of hydrocarbons in 

water and sediment in Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:261-267. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Brazil/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ 

miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment 

Notes: Determined the distribution and origin of hydrocarbons in water and sediment near Sao Sebastiao 

Island, Brazil. Collected 20 samples of water and sediment in February 1994. Analyzed samples for 

aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and compared results according to three site groupings within the 

sample collection. 

Zarba, M. A., O. S. Mohammad, V. C. Anderlini, P. Literathy, F. Shunbo, 1985. Petroleum residues in 

surface sediments of Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:209-211. 

Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ concentration/ crude oil/ distribution/ 

hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ oil/ organic/ organic carbon/ 

petroleum/ sediment 

Notes: A total of 66 surface sediment samples were collected from the offshore waters of Kuwait in the 

Arabian Gulf during 1979-80. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and expressed as 

Kuwait crude oil equivalents. Sediment concentrations were then mapped. Also measured total organic 

carbon. 

Zengel, S. A., J. Michel, 1996. Vegetation cutting as a clean-up method for salt and brackish marshes 

impacted by oil spills: a review and case history of the effects on plant recovery. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

32:876-885. 

Keywords: crude oil/ Delaware/ Delaware River/ effects/ freshwater plant/ guidelines/ history/ marine 

plant/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ oiled/ plant/ procedure/ recovery/ remediation/ review/ river/ 

spill/ vegetation 

Notes: Authors reviewed 22 operational and experimental situations where oiled vegetation was cut as 

part of the clean-up procedure. Details of actions and consequences are discussed. Also present a case 

study involving a crude oil spill in the Delaware river. Guidelines for cutting of oiled marsh vegetation are 

offered. 

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Zhang, J. F., H. Shen, T. L. Xu, X. R. Wang, W. M. Li, Y. F. Gu, 2003. Effects of long-term exposure of 

low-level diesel oil on the antioxidant defense system of fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 71:234-239. 

Keywords: activity/ antioxidant/ bioassay/ biochemical/ concentration/ diesel/ experiment/ fish/ fresh 

water/ liver/ long-term/ oil/ Othree/ protein/ static/ time 

Notes: The water-soluble fraction of No. 20 diesel oil was used in a static aquaria with gold fish. 

Concentrations were 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 ppm and the duration of exposure was 40 da. 

At the end of the experiment the livers were analyzed for protein content, catalase activity, liver 

superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione, se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, and 

glutathione S-transferase. 

Zhang, J. F., X. R. Wang, H. Y. Guo, J. C. Wu, Y. Q. Xue , 2004. Effects of water-soluble fractions of 

diesel oil on the antioxidant defenses of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety 58:110-116. 

Keywords: antioxidant/ biochemical/ China/ depuration/ diesel fuel/ fish/ fresh water/ goldfish/ juvenile/ 

liver/ No.20 fuel oil/ Othree/ time 

Notes: Juvenile goldfish were exposed to either 0.05 or 0.1 ppm of No. 20 diesel fuel for 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 

25, or 40 days. After 25 days, some of the fish were transferred to clean water for a 15-da depuration 

period. Fish livers were removed and analyzed for a suite of biochemical measures. 

Zhang, X. H., Z. S. Wang, M. Lu, 1999. Control of ozonation for detoxification of petrochemicals in 

groundwater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A34:1745-1752. 

Keywords: carbon/ concentration/ evaluation/ fresh water/ ground water/ methods/ miscellaneous/ 

Oeleven/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ phenol/ toxicity 

Notes: Evaluation of an ozonation method for removing petrochemicals from ground water. Applied 

increasing amounts of ozone to ground water and measured the resulting concentrations of phenols. 

Toxicity of untreated ground water, ozonated ground water, and ozonated ground water filtered through 

activated granular carbon was determined with the Ames test. 

Zhijie, F., Y. F. Zhang, 1988. Levels and trends of oil pollution in the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

19:572-575. 

Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ kerosene/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil 

field/ pollution/ time/ trend 

Notes: A total of 24 samples of surface water were collected from the Bohai Sea. At five of the stations, 

water was collected at 1m, 10 m, and bottom. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and 

expressed as No. 20 kerosene. Results were compared to previous studies and interpreted as surface 

distribution, vertical distribution, and change over time. Results also were compared to oil pollution in 

surface waters at other global locations. 

Zhong, P., L. R. Kong, Z. F. Lin, G. M. Liu, 2003. Photodegradation of diesel oil in aqueous solutions. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:1128-1135. 

Keywords: concentration/ condition/ degradation/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ effects/ irradiance/ oil/ Onine/ 

photoenhanced/ technical/ waste water 

Notes: A laboratory determination of the effect of differing reaction conditions on the Fenton reagent for 

degradation of diesel oil in wastewater. Evaluated the effects of irradiation wavelength, H2

O2

concentration, direct photolysis and volatilization, Fe2+ concentration, differing Fe valence, and addition of 

differing Fe3+ complexing anions. 

Zhou, S., H. Heras, R. G. Ackman, 1997. Role of adipocytes in the muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon 

(Salmo salar) in the uptake, release and retention of water-soluble fraction of crude oil hydrocarbons. 

Marine Biology 127:545-553. 

Keywords: adipocytes/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Atlantic/ Atlantic salmon/ crude oil/ depuration/ fish/ 

hydrocarbons/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ release/ salmon/ salt water/ tissue/ uptake 

Notes: Uptake and depuration of WSF of crude oil by Atlantic salmon. 

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Zinjarde, S. S., A. A. Pant, 2002. Hydrocarbon degraders from tropical marine environments. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 44:118-121. 

Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ bacteria/ crude oil/ degradation/ environment/ experiment/ marine 

environment/ microbes/ oil/ Oten/ salt water/ yeast 

Notes: Bacteria and yeasts were isolated and identified from collections made in a coastal Indian harbor. 

Eleven bacteria and six yeasts were tested on three types of crude oil in a laboratory experiment. Most of 

the discussion is about the capability of the yeasts to degrade the aliphatic fraction of the crude oils. 

Zuberogoitia, I., J. A. Martinez, A. Iraeta, A. Azkona, J. Zabala, B. Jimenez, R. Merino, G. Gomez, 

2006. Short-term effects of the prestige oil spill on the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 52:1176-1181. 

Keywords: adult/ bird/ Bunker C/ coast/ concentration/ effects/ eggs/ fuel oil/ nest/ numbers/ oil/ oil spill/ 

Oone/ PAH/ population/ reproduction/ salt water/ short-term/ Spain/ spill 

Notes: An assessment of the impact of the Prestige Bunker C fuel oil spill off the northwest coast of 

Spain on the peregrine falcon of Biscay province. The provincial population was monitored since 1997 

and is reported for the first breeding year (2003) after the spill (November 2002). Data on numbers of 

breeding birds, adult turnover, reproductive success, and PAH concentrations in eggs from deserted 

nests are presented. 

Zurcher, F., M. Thuer, 1978. Rapid weathering processes of fuel oil in natural waters: analyses and 

interpretations. Environmental Science and Technology 12:838-843. 

Keywords: alkane/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ composition/ degradation/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ 

No.2 fuel oil/ oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ technical/ weathered 

Notes: An early investigation into the process of weathering by No. 2 fuel oil spilled on water. Authors 

analyzed (alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons) the original fuel oil and oil in water over the first 24 hrs 

after the fuel oil was poured on the water. Petroleum of unknown composition from subsurface water was 

also sampled for comparison purposes. Results are presented in terms of dissolution, adsorption, 

dispersion and agglomeration of the petroleum hydrocarbons. 

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