UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

RONALD MILFORD DIXON, 

 Petitioner, 

 CASE NO. 15-11977 

v. HONORABLE NANCY G. EDMUNDS 

PAUL KLEE, 

 Respondent. 

____________________________/ 

OPINION AND ORDER 

DENYING THE PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, 

DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY, BUT 

GRANTING LEAVE TO APPEAL IN FORMA PAUPERIS

 Petitioner Ronald Milford Dixon (“Petitioner”) has filed a pro se habeas corpus 

petition challenging a state court’s determination that he violated the terms of probation. 

Respondent Paul Klee urges the Court through counsel to deny relief on the basis that 

the state court’s decision was objectively reasonable. Having reviewed the record, the 

Court agrees that Petitioner’s claim does not warrant habeas relief. Accordingly, the 

habeas petition will be denied. 

I. Background

 On January 15, 2013, Petitioner pleaded guilty in Saginaw County Circuit Court 

to possession of less than twenty-five grams of cocaine. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 

333.7403(2)(a)(v). On February 28, 2013, the trial court sentenced Petitioner to sixty 

days in jail (with credit for forty-seven days) and three years on probation. As a 

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condition of probation, Petitioner was expected to successfully complete an intensive 

substance-abuse program offered by an agency known as Tri-CAP. 

 Petitioner subsequently was charged with violating the terms of probation by not 

completing the Tri-CAP program. At an evidentiary hearing on the charge, Janet 

Cochran testified that she was employed as a senior case manager at the Tri-CAP 

residential probation center in Saginaw County. She stated that Petitioner entered the 

Tri-CAP program on April 1, 2013, and that he was asked to leave about sixty days later 

on June 5, 2013, due to his unwillingness to comply with program rules. The length of 

the program was supposed to be 150 days. (Probation Violation Hr’g Tr. at 8-9, 12, 

Aug. 15, 2013, ECF No. 9-8, Pg ID 163-64.) 

 According to Ms. Cochran, Petitioner filed grievances, returned late from 

appointments on three occasions, and did not follow the rules. Ms. Cochran explained 

that, although Petitioner had permission to go to appointments and to obtain insurance, 

he went other places, which did not involve his care or treatment, nor applications for 

insurance. (Id. at 9-10, Pg ID 163.) 

 Continuing, Ms. Cochran stated that Petitioner was cited for manipulation and for 

being outside the building without authorization. (Id. at 11-12, Pg ID 164.) He also filed 

grievances. Tri-CAP staff denied some of the grievances, such as the requests for legal 

forms and access to the library, because the agency did not have the forms and 

Petitioner’s program did not permit library visits. After staff responded to Petitioner’s 

grievances, he wrote more grievances. Staff interpreted the grievances as Petitioner’s 

unwillingness to accept the fact that he was in the program. (Id. at 15-16, Pg ID 165.) 

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 Petitioner testified at the hearing that Ms. Cochran’s testimony was incorrect. He 

claimed that he was late returning from the hospital one time because he had trouble 

getting a ride back to Tri-CAP. He stated that he contacted Tri-CAP upon his discharge 

from the hospital, but he admitted that he did not subsequently notify staff that his 

brother-in-law would be bringing him back to Tri-CAP. He also conceded that he 

violated the rules by looking down the hallway at the women’s side of the facility and by 

possessing roll-your-own cigarettes. Petitioner stated that he tried to comply with the 

rules and get to and from his appointments, but that sometimes he had to take the bus 

or walk. (Id. at 19-23, Pg ID 166-67.) 

 Following the evidentiary hearing, the trial court determined that the prosecution 

had satisfied its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Petitioner 

failed to complete the Tri-CAP program. The court took the witnesses’ credibility into 

consideration and concluded that terminating Petitioner from Tri-CAP was justified. On 

September 16, 2013, the trial court revoked Petitioner’s probation and sentenced 

Petitioner to prison for a minimum of two and a half years and a maximum of fifteen 

years with credit for 121 days. 

 Petitioner moved to set aside his conviction for violating probation on grounds 

that: (1) his attorney at the probation-violation hearing was ineffective; (2) the 

sentencing guidelines were miscalculated, and defense counsel was ineffective for 

failing to challenge the scoring of the guidelines; and (3) there were inaccuracies in his 

pre-sentence information report. The trial court ruled that defense counsel was not 

ineffective, but that Petitioner’s sentencing guidelines were incorrectly scored. The trial 

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court then re-sentenced Petitioner to prison for a minimum of twenty-four months and a 

maximum of fifteen years with credit for 382 days. 

 Petitioner appealed the trial court’s decision on his ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claim. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal for lack of merit 

in the ground presented. See People v. Dixon, No. 322051 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 6, 

2014). On February 3, 2015, the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal 

because it was not persuaded to review the issue. See People v. Dixon, 858 N.W.2d 

444 (Mich. 2015). 

 On June 1, 2015, Petitioner filed his habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 

2254. He is currently on parole. 

II. Standard of Review

 “The statutory authority of federal courts to issue habeas corpus relief for 

persons in state custody is provided by 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the 

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA).” Harrington v. Richter, 

562 U.S. 86, 97 (2011). Pursuant to § 2254, the Court may not grant a state prisoner’s 

application for the writ of habeas corpus unless the state court’s adjudication of the 

prisoner’s claims on the merits 

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, 

as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented 

in the State court proceeding. 

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 

Under the “contrary to” clause [of § 2254(d)(1)], a federal habeas court 

may grant the writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that 

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reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court 

decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of 

materially indistinguishable facts. Under the “unreasonable application” 

clause [of § 2254(d)(1)], a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the 

state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the 

Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the 

facts of the prisoner’s case. 

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000) (O’Connor, J., opinion of the Court for 

Part II). “[A] federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court 

concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied 

clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must 

also be unreasonable.” Id. at 411. 

 “AEDPA thus imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court 

rulings,’ Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333, n. 7 (1997), and ‘demands that state-court 

decisions be given the benefit of the doubt,’ Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 

(2002) (per curiam).” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010). “A state court’s 

determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as 

‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” 

Richter, 562 U.S. at 101 (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). 

To obtain a writ of habeas corpus from a federal court, a state prisoner must show that 

the state court’s ruling on his or her claim “was so lacking in justification that there was 

an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for 

fairminded disagreement.” Id. at 103. 

III. Analysis

 Petitioner’s sole ground for relief is that his attorney at the probation-violation 

hearing was ineffective because the attorney failed to investigate the evidence, failed to 

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subpoena witnesses, and assured Petitioner that he would prevail at the hearing without 

producing any witnesses. 

A. Strickland v. Washington

 Clearly established federal law for purposes of Petitioner’s claim is Strickland, v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland, “the defendant must show that 

counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the deficient performance prejudiced the 

defense.” Id. at 687. “Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that 

the conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the 

result unreliable.” Id. 

 The “deficient performance” prong “requires showing that counsel made errors so 

serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by 

the Sixth Amendment.” Id. “Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly 

deferential.” Id. at 689. 

 The “prejudice” prong of the Strickland test “requires showing that counsel’s 

errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is 

reliable.” Id. at 687. The defendant must show “a reasonable probability that, but for 

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

Id. at 694. “This does not require a showing that counsel’s actions ‘more likely than not 

altered the outcome,’” but “[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not 

just conceivable.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 111-12 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693). 

 Review under AEDPA, moreover, is “doubly deferential” when the claim at issue 

is one for ineffective assistance of counsel, 

because counsel is “strongly presumed to have rendered adequate 

assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable 

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professional judgment,” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. ––––, ––––, 134 S.Ct. 10, 

17, 187 L.Ed.2d 348 (2013) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 690, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); internal quotation marks 

omitted). In such circumstances, federal courts are to afford “both the 

state court and the defense attorney the benefit of the doubt.” Burt, supra, 

at ––––, 134 S. Ct., at 13. 

Woods v. Etherton, 136 S. Ct. 1149, 1151 (2016) (per curiam). 

B. Application

1. Failure to Investigate

 Petitioner contends that his hearing attorney should have investigated the 

evidence and placed matters on the record to show that he did not violate any rules, 

that his grievances were valid, and that he did not write as many grievances as Ms. 

Cochran claimed. According to Petitioner, the evidence would establish that he tried to 

comply with Tri-CAP’s program and rules and that he returned from appointments in a 

timely manner. 

 Defense attorneys have “a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a 

reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 691. In this case, however, Petitioner admitted to engaging in some of the 

misconduct for which he was cited. For example, he conceded at the evidentiary 

hearing that he returned late to Tri-CAP when he went to the hospital for treatment. He 

also admitted that he filed grievances and that he violated the rules by looking at the 

women’s side of the Tri-CAP facility and by possessing roll-your-own cigarettes. 

(Probation Violation Hr’g Tr. at 20-24, Aug. 15, 2013, ECF No. 9-8, Pg ID 166-67.) 

 In light of Petitioner’s admissions at the evidentiary hearing, it does not appear 

that drawing attention to Tri-CAP records would have helped him. The records may 

have corroborated Ms. Cochran’s testimony, rather than contradicted it, and been more 

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harmful than helpful to Petitioner’s defense. The grievances, in particular, would have 

been harmful because, according to Ms. Cochran, staff at Tri-CAP interpreted the 

grievances to mean that Petitioner was not accepting the program. It was also her 

opinion that Petitioner would not be a successful resident if he went back to Tri-CAP. 

(Id. at 16-17, Pg ID 165.) 

 Furthermore, Petitioner was able to provide a defense to the charge against him 

by testifying at the hearing. He explained to the trial court that he followed orders and 

complied with the rules to the best of his ability, but that he experienced difficulties 

getting to and from appointments. (Id. at 22-23, Pg ID 166-67.) As for his grievances, 

he explained that he filed one grievance because he wanted to file a motion in one of 

his criminal cases; he filed a second grievance, requesting use of a library, when TriCAP staff informed him that they could not provide him with legal materials. (Id. at 23, 

Pg ID 167.) 

 The Court concludes that, even if defense counsel failed to make a reasonable 

investigation, the deficient performance did not prejudice the defense, given Petitioner’s 

admissions and explanations at the evidentiary hearing. The Court therefore rejects 

Petitioner’s claim about defense counsel’s alleged failure to investigate and to establish 

certain matters on the record. 

2. Failure to Subpoena Tri-CAP Staff

 Petitioner argues next that his attorney should have subpoenaed the staff 

member who reported his violations of Tri-CAP rules. 

 A defense attorney’s duty to investigate “includes the obligation to investigate all 

witnesses who may have information concerning his or her client’s guilt or innocence.” 

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Towns v. Smith, 395 F.3d 251, 258 (6th Cir. 2005). An attorney’s failure to conduct a 

reasonable investigation into a known and potentially important witness violates the 

Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel. Id. at 259; see also 

Pillette v. Berghuis, 408 F. App’x 873, 884 (6th Cir. 2010) (stating that “[t]he failure to 

call favorable witnesses can amount to ineffective assistance where it results in 

prejudice to the defense”). 

 Ms. Cochran testified at the state evidentiary hearing that, when rules are 

violated, the Tri-CAP person on duty prepares a “write-up,” which goes to the residential 

manager, who evaluates the write-up, talks to the resident, and makes a determination 

as to whether the write-up is legitimate. According to Ms. Cochran, all three of the 

write-ups about Petitioner were allowed to proceed. (Probation Violation Hr’g Tr. at 14-

15, Aug. 15, 2013, ECF No. 9-8, Pg ID 164-65.) 

 As for the decision to terminate Petitioner from Tri-CAP, Ms. Cochran explained 

that Petitioner’s case manager, Josh Renckly, was the person who had immediate 

contact with Petitioner and that Renckly reported Petitioner’s violation of rules to her. 

She then communicated with the executive director, who made the final decision to 

terminate Petitioner. (Id. at 13-14, Pg ID 164.) 

 In light of Ms. Cochran’s testimony, it is unlikely that any of the staff at Tri-CAP 

would have provided testimony favorable to the defense. Therefore, Petitioner’s 

attorney was not ineffective for failing to subpoena staff from Tri-CAP to testify at the 

hearing. 

 

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 3. Defense Counsel’s Advice

 Petitioner’s final claim about his hearing attorney is that the attorney assured him 

he would prevail at the probation-violation hearing and, therefore, he did not have to 

subpoena any witnesses in his defense. Defense counsel obviously was mistaken 

about Petitioner’s chances of success at the hearing. Nevertheless, as noted in the 

previous section, it is unlikely that anyone from Tri-CAP would have testified in 

Petitioner’s favor, and Petitioner has not named anyone else whom defense counsel 

could have called as a witness. Consequently, the allegedly deficient advice about not 

needing any witnesses at the hearing did not prejudice Petitioner. 

IV. Conclusion

 The state trial court concluded on review of Petitioner’s claim that defense 

counsel was not ineffective, and the Michigan Court of Appeals rejected Petitioner’s 

claim for lack of merit. These decisions were not contrary to, or an unreasonable 

application of, Strickland. They also were not “so lacking in justification that there was 

an error . . . beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 

103. The Court therefore denies the petition for writ of habeas corpus. 

V. Denial of a Certificate of Appealability

 Before Petitioner may appeal this Court’s decision, a certificate of appealability 

must issue. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(1). A certificate of 

appealability may issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the 

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “A petitioner satisfies this 

standard by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court’s 

resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented 

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are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 

U.S. 322, 327 (2003). 

 Reasonable jurists could not disagree with the Court’s assessment of Petitioner’s 

claim, nor conclude that the issue deserves encouragement to proceed further. The 

Court therefore declines to issue a certificate of appealability. Petitioner nevertheless 

may apply to the Court of Appeals for a certificate of appealability, and he may proceed 

in forma pauperis on appeal if he appeals this decision, because he was granted in 

forma pauperis status in this Court, and an appeal could be taken in good faith. Fed. R. 

App. P. 24(a)(3)(A). 

 s/ Nancy G. Edmunds 

 NANCY G. EDMUNDS 

Dated: August 1, 2016 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

 

 CERTIFICATION 

I hereby certify that a copy of this order was served upon counsel and/or the parties 

On this lst day of August, 2016 by regular mail and/or CM/ECF notification. 

 

 s/ Carol J Bethel 

 Case Manager

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