## In the 

# United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit

____________

No. 06-4039

J UANA R. L EGUIZAMO -M EDINA , Petitioner

, v.

ALBERTO R. G ONZALES , Attorney General of the United States, Respondent

.

____________ Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

____________ A RGUED M AY 30, 2007—D ECIDED J UNE 27, 2007

____________

Before E ASTERBROOK , Chief Judge , and R IPPLE and E VANS , Circuit Judges

. E ASTERBROOK , Chief Judge . Juana Leguizamo-Medina, a citizen of Mexico, lacks permission to be in the United States. She applied for adjustme nt of status as the spouse of a citizen, Florencio Yba rra, and swore that she was living with him. At the hearing, however, she gave a different address—and the agen cy produced an affidavit from Ybarra that the “marriage” was a sham, for which he had been paid. Ybarra with drew the immediate-relative petition he had filed on beha lf of Leguizamo-Medina, who nonetheless pressed on, this ti me with an application for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. §1229b. By the time a hearing was held on that application, Ybarra had2 No. 06-4039

recanted and submitted an affidavit stating that themarriage was real—although this second affidavit contradicted Leguizamo-Medina’s own description of the marriage. (The affidavit, signed in February 1998, asserted that the couple had lived together since the marriage in January 1997; Leguizamo-Medina testified, however, that she moved out after four months and has not reconciled with Ybarra.) After finding that Leguizamo-Medina is living with and has had a child by a man other thanYbarra, the immigration judge concluded that the marriage was bogus. This meant that Leguizamo-Medina had given false testimony in order to obtain a benefit to which she is not entitled, a disqua lifying event because “goodmoral character” is a statutory requirement for cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C. §1229b(b)(1)(B). (The definition of “good moral character” is in 8 U.S.C. §1101(f), and §1101(f)(6) specifies that fa lse testimony negates good moral character.) The Board of Immigration Appeals agreed.

Leguizamo-Medina argues in this court that the IJ should have believed her story (and Ybarra’s second affidavit) that the marriag e was genuine. There is, however, a jurisdictional problem. Section 242(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §1252(a)(2)(B)(i), provides: Notwithstanding any other provision of law . . . and except as provided in subparagraph (D), and regardless of whether the judgment, decision, or action is made in removal proceedings, no court shall have jurisdiction to review—(i) any judgment regarding the granting of relief under section 1182(h), 1182(i), 1 229b, 1229c, or 1255 of this title . . . [.] Leguizamo-Medina wants relief under §1229b, so we must turn to the “except” clause, pointing to subsection (D), which reads:No. 06-4039 3

Nothing in subparagraph (B) or (C), or in any other provision of this chapter (other than this section) which limits or eliminates judicial review, shall be construed as precludin g review of constitutional claims or question s of law raised upon a petition for review filed with an appropriate court of appeals in accordance with this section. This tells us that “questions of law” may be reviewed. But Leguizamo-Medina’s brief does not present any question of law. There is no dispute abo ut the meaning of §1101(f)(6), §1229b(b)(1)(B), or any other legal rule.

Instead Leguizamo-Medina makes two factual arguments: first, that the IJ should have believed her testimony rather than Ybarra’s and should not have drawn inferences from her living a rrangements or the fact that Ybarra is not the father of atleast one child born after the marriage; second, that the IJ abused his discretion by declining to grant a continuance so that Ybarra’s sister could testify. Neither of these arguments comes within the scope of §242(a)(2)(D), which reserves only pure questions of law. See, e.g., Cevilla v. Gonzales , 446 F.3d 658 (7th Cir. 2006). Cevillaobserves that there is a conflict among the circuits on the qu estion whether factual or discretionary decisions some times may be classified as questions of “law”; we held that they may not be, and that only “pure” legal questions (a s opposed to characterizations or “mixed” questions) are cove red by subsection (D). See also, e.g., Skorusa v. Gonzales , 482 F.3d 939 (7th Cir. 2007); Mireles v. Gonzales , 433 F.3d 965, 968 (7th Cir. 2006).
Leguizamo-Medina does not address either the statutory language or this court’s de cisions interpreting it. Her entire argument with respect to jurisdiction reads: Notwithstanding section 242(a)(2)(B)(i) of the [Act], this Court has jurisdiction to review the4 No. 06-4039

decision because it involv es findings of fact and questions of law regarding good moral character, and not discretionary issues. Morales-Morales v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 418, 422 (7th Cir. 2004).

Morales-Morales dealt with the statute as it was in 2004, before the Real ID Act of 2005, 119 Stat. 231, 305 (May 11, 2005), substantially amended §242 (8 U.S.C. §1252). The panel inMorales-Morales expressed concern that, without some opportunity for judicial review of legal questions, the Atto rney General could defy both the statute and the Constitution, an d it treated pure questions of law as implied exceptions to the version of §242(a)(2)(B) that preceded the Real ID Act. The 2005 amendments made subsection (a)(2)(B) more comprehensive than it was in 2004 but added subsection (D), which directly addresses the concerns stated inMorales-Morales . We must apply the statute now inforce, rather than the pre2005 version, and the existing statute blocks review of arguments such as those that Leguizamo-Medina presents. (For what it is worth, Morales-Morales itself noted that the court would not review arguments that immigration judges erred in making findings of fact or managing hearings.)

For reasons that the brief d oes not disclose, the Attorney General concedes that the argument about thedenial of a continuance is within our jurisdiction notwithstanding §242(a)(2)(B)(i). The brief actually says that “Respondent declines to a ssert that the Court lacks jurisdiction over this issue”, as if subject-matter jurisdiction were something that li tigants may waive or forfeit when they think that it woul d be easier to decide the merits. That’s not right. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Environment , 523 U.S. 83 (1998). Subject-matter jurisdiction always comes ahead of the merits.
Perhaps the agency’s lawyer has confused §242(a)(2)(B)(i) with §242(a)(2)(B)(ii), which says (againNo. 06-4039 5

subject to the proviso in subs ection (D)) that there is no judicial review ofany other decision or action of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security the authority for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, other than the granting of relief under section 1158(a) of this title.
The agency’s lawyer refers to opinions such as Ahmed v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2006), and Subhan v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 591 (7th Cir. 2004), which hold that when the relief the alien wants is a continuance—for example, deferral of final decision until the Department of Labor decides whether to issue a certification that the alien has skills justifying a long-term stay in this country—an IJ’s decision to enter a removal order without waiting is not the sort of discretion of which §242(a)(2)(B)(ii) speaks.

What §242(a)(2)(B)(ii) means is a difficult question thatanother panel has under advisement following the submission of supplemental briefs that were invited so that the court may clear up any confusion and inconsistency in our decisions. See Ali v. Gonzales , No. 06-3240 (argued Feb. 22, 2007). The agency’s current understanding is that §242(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not bar review of continuances because the discretion to grant or deny such motions is not a product of “this subcha pter”, a phrase that the agency now submits limits §242(a)(2)(B)(ii) to statutory grants of discretion. That subject need not detain us, however, because it is §242(a)(2)(B)(i) rather than §242(a)(2)(B)(ii) that applies to Leguizamo-Medina’s situation. The effect of §242(a)(2)(B)(i) does not depend on whether discretion has been delegated by a particular statute (or whether any discre tion at all has been exer-6 No. 06-4039

cised); it forecloses allreview of decisions denying requests for cancellation of removal.

When an alien seeks not defe rral of final decision, butjust an opportunity to present more evidence, it is difficult to see how one could “review the denial of a continuance” at all. The thing being reviewed (when review is authorized) is the ag ency’s final decision (here, a decision not to cancel the petitioner’s removal). In an appeal from a district court, we don’t “affirm the order sustaining the hearsay objection” or anything similar; we review the final decision (see 28 U.S.C. §1291) to determine whether the steps leading to that de cision were erroneous (and, if erroneous, whethe r they were harmless). Just so here— with the difference that §242(a)(2)(B)(i) puts the decision beyond review, and thus insu lates the choices leading to that decision. When a decision is unreviewable, any opinion one way or the other on the propriety of the steps that led to that decision would be an advisory opinion. See, e.g., Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services, Inc ., No. 05-85 (S. Ct. June 18, 2007), slip op. 11; Daniels v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co ., No. 06-3508 (7th Cir. Apr. 19, 2007), slip op. 5-6.

That would be clear enough if the agency’s decision were unreviewable because Leguizamo-Medina had neglected to file a timely petition for review. She could not ask us to “review the denial of a continuance” anyway, even though our views about the continuance could not affect the agency’s order. What is true about a decision that cannot be reviewed because the petition is untimely is equally true about a decision that cannot be reviewed because of a statute such as §242(a)(2)(B)(i). Subsection (D) could in principle allow review of a final order to determine whether procedural errors along theway to decision violated the alien’s constitutional or statutory rights. After all, it preserves review of “questions ofNo. 06-4039 7

law,” and one applicable law is 8 U.S.C. §1229a(b)(4)(B), which entitles an alien to a “reasonable opportunity . . . to present evidence” at the hearing. An immigration judge who thought that continuances are never appropriate, or who scheduled the hearing knowing that the date would make vital evidence unavailabl e, would deny the alien areasonable opportunity to present evidence. LeguizamoMedina does not contend, however, that the immigration judge managed the hearing in a way that deprived her of the required “reaso nable opportunity.” The date was set well in advance, and the immigration court regularly grants motions to reset the date for the convenience of counsel and witnesse s. It requires, however, that such motions be presented 14 days in advance—a prudentstep that allows the court to use all available time efficiently rather than be left wi th nothing to do if a hearing is cancelled at the last minut e. Other aliens are waiting in a long queue for hearings, and adhering to schedules enables the IJ to use available time to maximum effect. When a hearing is postponed at the last minute, the slot cannot be filled with another alien’s case.
Leguizamo-Medina does not contend that the 14-daynotice rule violates §1229a(b)(4)(B). She simply ignores the rule, in this court as inthe immigration court. Her motion was made on the day of the hearing, and she has never explained why it could not have been made earlier. Faced with this last-mi nute motion, which may have been a stalling tactic, the IJ did the sensible thing and asked for an offer of proof. Counsel related what the missing witness would have said ; the IJ then held that this evidence, if received in person and fully credited, would not affect the outcome. Ther e’s nothing remotely unreasonable about that procedure.

The petition for review is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.8 No. 06-4039

A true Copy:

Teste:

________________________________ Clerk of the United States Court of

Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

USCA-02-C-0072—6-27-07