FILED

February 13, 1998

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

KEVIN SANDERS and wife, )

PATRICIA SANDERS, Property )

Owners and Citizens of Lincoln )

County, Tennessee, )

)

Plaintiffs/Appellants, ) Appeal No.

) 01-A-01-9705-CH-00222

VS. )

) Lincoln Chancery

JERRY MANSFIELD, County ) No. 10,743

Executive, and DONNY RAY HUDSON, )

Road Superintendent, Both of )

Lincoln County, Tennessee, )

)

Defendants/Appellees. )

COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE

APPEALED FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY

AT FAYETTEVILLE, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE LEE RUSSELL, SITTING BY INTERCHANGE

WILLIAM W. BURTON

P. O Box 960

401 West Main Street

Murfreesboro, TN 37133-0960

Attorney for Plaintiffs/Appellants

ROBERT W. SIMMS

P. O. Box 53

104 North Main Street

Fayetteville, Tennessee 37334

Attorney for Defendants/Appellees

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

TODD, P.J., M.S.

KOCH, J.

O P I N I O N
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The primary question in this appeal is whether a road that splits the

appellants’ farm is a public road. Kevin Sanders and his wife filed suit against two

Lincoln County officials, to enjoin enforcement of a county resolution that required

them to remove stock gaps on a road that crossed their farm. The trial court

dismissed the complaint and granted the defendants’ counterclaim to enjoin the

plaintiffs from willfully allowing their cattle to roam at large along the road. We affirm

the trial court.

I. 

Mr. and Mrs. Sanders own a 316 acre farm in Lincoln County. According

to Mr. Sanders’ testimony, he and his family have had a cattle-raising operation on the

land for 25-30 years. Martin Hollow Road, which crosses their property, provides the

sole access to the Sanders’ home and to a trailer for their tenant, as well as to the five

homes currently beyond the farm. The testimony of seventy-seven year old Howard

Martin, who has lived in the area all his life, was that the road was named for his

great-grandfather, and that it had always been a public road for as long as he could

remember. 

Lincoln County has maintained Martin Hollow Road at least since 1975.

The County brought in gravel as needed, graded the road on a monthly basis, and

built culverts and a twelve foot concrete bridge over a creek on the Sanders’ land.

According to the testimony of defendant Donny Hudson, Martin Hollow Road was

included on the county list as a “4th Class County Road” when Mr. Hudson acquired

the list, upon becoming Lincoln County Road Superintendent in 1982.

At the time this suit was filed, the plaintiffs maintained stock gaps (or

cattle guards as they are also known) at the two points where Martin Hollow Road

crossed their property lines. The stock gaps and the fencing around the property

prevented Mr. Sanders’ cattle from wandering onto his neighbors’ land. But because
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the pastures on both sides of the road were unfenced, the cattle crossed the road at

will, especially when they were fed near the road. This situation led to many

complaints by the other users of Martin Hollow Road, and to several accidents and

near-accidents with schoolbuses and private automobiles using the road.

The problem of cattle roaming on Lincoln County roads because of

inadequate fencing is apparently not confined to Martin Hollow Road. On July 22,

1996, the County Highway Committee, under the leadership of Donny Ray Hudson,

recommended the removal of stock gaps on all county roads as a way to deal with the

problem. The Lincoln County Board of Commissioners did not adopt the Committee’s

recommendation at that time, but apparently agreed with the need to address the

problem. The Board instructed Jerry Mansfield, the defendant County Executive, to

send letters asking landowners who allowed their livestock to run at large to properly

fence their property.

Such letters were sent to Mr. Sanders and to three other landowners.

Mr. Hudson followed-up by talking to the recipients of the letters. The other

landowners agreed to comply, by fencing their land, or by otherwise taking steps to

keep their cattle off the roads. Mr. Sanders was not willing or able to fence his

property off from Martin Hollow Road because of the considerable expense involved,

and he was unwilling to remove his stock gaps. After consulting with the Office of the

Attorney General about the County’s authority to remove stock gaps from its roads,

the Legislative Body of Lincoln County passed a resolution on March 17, 1997 to have

the stock gaps on Martin Hollow Road removed. 

On April 4, 1997, the plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Chancery Court

of Lincoln County to enjoin enforcement of the County’s resolution. The defendants

filed an answer and counterclaim, in which they stated that Martin Hollow Road was

a public road, and they asked the court to order Mr. Sanders to erect fences on both
1W e have noted that the appellants admitted in their answer to the coun tercla im that the road

was a public road. While that would ordinarily conclude the inquiry, we think the proof also shows it was

a public road.

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sides of the road, and/or to take other necessary steps to prevent his cattle from

roaming at large on the road. The Sanders’ response to the counterclaim admitted

that the road was public, but denied that they allowed their cattle to “roam at large” or

that the presence of the stock gaps had ever been the source of any problems. 

After an extensive hearing, involving the testimony of eighteen

witnesses, the court found there to be a dangerous situation on Martin Hollow Road,

and dismissed the plaintiffs’ suit. The court further found that it did not have the

power to order a mandatory injunction to compel Mr. Sanders to erect fences on his

land, but it did order him to refrain from willfully allowing his cattle to roam at large on

or across Martin Hollow Road. This appeal followed.

II. County Road or Private Road?

As the trial court noted, there was very little dispute as to the facts of this

case. There is also very little dispute as to the county’s right to remove obstructions

from its roads, including gates and cattle guards. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 54-10-

108, 110 and AG Opinion U97-003 (January 27, 1997). The court also has the right

to enjoin owners of livestock from willfully allowing their animals to run at large. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 44-8-401. 

The appellants’ chief argument on appeal is that Martin Hollow Road is

a private road, and that the County therefore has no right to order them to remove

stock gaps from their own property.1

 They also argue that the Board’s resolution of

March 17, 1997 was unconstitutional, and therefore void, because it was directed

against them personally in violation of the equal protection clause. We will examine

the question of the status of the road first. 
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The appellants note that they have a good title deed to all the acreage

within their boundaries, and that there is no record of them (or their predecessors in

interest) ever explicitly dedicating a portion of their land for a public road. They also

contend that the other inhabitants of Martin Hollow Road cross their land by

permission, thereby excluding the possibility of a claim based upon any adverse rights

whatsoever. 

A public road may be created “. . . by an act of the public authorities, or

the express dedication by the owner, or an implied dedication by means of the use by

the public and acceptance by them with the intention of the owner that the use

become public, or by adverse user for a period of 20 years continuously creating a

prescriptive right . . .” Standard Life Insurance Co. v. Hughes, 315 S.W.2d 239 at 242

(Tenn. 1958). There is no proof in this case that the county condemned a right of way

across the appellants’ farm or that the appellants expressly dedicated the road to

public use. We do think, however, that the facts support an implied dedication and

acceptance by the county and/or a prescriptive right obtained by adverse use for more

than twenty years.

a. Dedication

To establish a dedication by implication “there must be proof of facts

from which it positively and unequivocally appears that the owner intended to

permanently part with his property and vest it in the public, and that there can be no

other reasonable explanation of his conduct.” McKinney v. Duncan, 118 S.W. 683 at

684, 121 Tenn. 265 at 271 (Tenn. 1908). The Supreme Court relied on this rule in

Cole v. Dych, 535 S.W.2d 315 (Tenn. 1976), and added the following quote from
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Woolard v. Clymer, 35 S.W. 1086 (Tenn. Ch. App. 1895): “[W]hen a road runs across

private property, and is used by the public as a common road, without interruption for

50 years, the owner acquiescing in such use, the law will presume a dedication for

such purpose.” 35 S.W. at 1088. “Indeed, from long use, without objection of the

owner, it may be inferred or presumed that such use and enjoyment had a legal

origin.” Cole v. Dych, 535 S.W.2d at 319 (Tenn. 1976). An implied dedication does

not depend on use by the public for any definite period of time; “but it ought to be for

such a length of time that the public accommodation and private rights might be

materially affected by an interruption of the enjoyment.” Scott v. State, 33 Tenn. 629

at 633 (1854).

The Sanders acquired their farm in 1989. Although the record is not

clear on this point, the farm had apparently been in the Sanders family since the

1960s; therefore Mr. and Mrs. Sanders were aware when they acquired the property

that the road had been used by the public for many years. As we have pointed out

a seventy-seven year old man, who grew up in the area and at one time owned one

of the farms beyond the Sanders place, testified that the public had used the road for

as long as he could remember. The road has been carried on the Lincoln County

records as a county road at least since 1982. The County has for many years

maintained the road, graveled it, and built culverts and a bridge on the portion of the

road crossing the Sanders’ land.

We think the record shows that the road had become a public road by

implied dedication and acceptance by the public.

b. Prescriptive Easement

The requirements for establishing a prescriptive easement are

substantially the same as those required to establish title to real estate by adverse
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possession. House v. Close, 346 S.W.2d 445 (Tenn. App. 1961). The adverse

possessor must carry the burden of establishing adverse possession by clear and

positive proof. McCammon v. Meredith, 830 S.W.2d 577 (Tenn. App. 1991). The

elements required to establish a prescriptive easement have been stated by this court

as follows: “[t]o create a prescriptive easement, the use and enjoyment of the

property must be adverse, under a claim of right, continuous, uninterrupted, open,

visible, exclusive, with the knowledge and acquiescence of the owner of the servient

tenement, and must continue for the full prescriptive period.” Pevear v. Hunt, 924

S.W.2d 114, 116 (Tenn. App. 1996). Twenty years of adverse use is the prescriptive

period required to establish a right-of-way in either the public or in private persons.

German v. Graham, 497 S.W.2d 245 (Tenn. App. 1972). Town of Benton v. People’s

Bank, 904 S.W.2d 598 (Tenn. App. 1995).

The record contains ample evidence of twenty years of continuous,

open, visible and uninterrupted use of Martin Hollow Road by the public and by the

employees and agents of Lincoln County. Since the term “exclusive” in the context

of adverse possession means that the use must be exclusive as against the

community or the public at large, see House v. Close, 346 S.W.2d at 448, we believe

the requirement of exclusive use to be either meaningless or in need of some sort of

fresh definition when we are speaking of an easement of way claimed by the County

on behalf of the general public.

Finally, we believe that the requirement that possession be adverse and

the requirement that the owner of the servient tenement know and acquiesce to the

use of easement do not contradict each other. Rather, it directs us to the true

meaning of adverse in this context -- it is sufficient if the claim of right under which the

complainant operates is adverse to the title or interest of the owner of the servient

tenement. The owner is not required to actively resist the use of the easement in
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order for the use to be adverse. See 4 Words and Phrases Adverse pp. 157-161

(1955).

 

The case of German v. Graham, supra, is very instructive on the issues

raised by the plaintiff in the case at bar. Mr. and Mrs. German and their tenant had

used a right-of-way over the land of Mr. Graham and his predecessors in title for well

over twenty years, though they had no deed or other official title to the easement.

When Mr. Graham blocked the road, the Germans brought suit to enjoin him from

doing so. The chancellor held that the court had no right to enjoin Mr. Graham in the

use of his own land, because the Germans’ use of the road was permissive rather

than adverse. 

This court reversed the chancellor. We held that to claim adverse use,

it was not necessary to show actual hostility between the adverse user and the owner

of the servient estate. All that was necessary was for the use to be under a claim of

right inconsistent with or contrary to the interest of the owner.

The evidence showed that when Mr. Graham bought his property, he

had actual knowledge that the Germans were using the road for access to their farm.

He never asked them by what authority they were using the road, and never made any

complaints or objections to that use. The court found that such conduct indicated that

Mr. Graham understood the Germans to be using the road under a claim of right, and

it held that their long usage under such a claim entitled them to a prescriptive

easement in the right of way. 

In the present case, Mr. Sanders purchased his property with the

knowledge that Martin Hollow Road had long been freely used by his neighbors to

access their land. But even if we consider that use to be permissive only, we believe

the expenditure of public monies on the maintenance of Martin Hollow Road for over
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twenty years should have alerted Mr. Sanders that the County was operating under

a claim of right. The fact that Mr. Sanders acquiesced to the improvements on the

road does not eliminate the adverse nature of the claim, any more than Mr. Graham’s

failure to make any complaints or objections to the Germans made their use merely

permissive. 

III. The Extent of the Right

The fact that the public has acquired an easement across the Sanders’

property does not necessarily mean that the public may require the Sanders to keep

their cattle off the road. An easement may be for many purposes, but it usually

involves only a right to ingress and egress and, in the absence of a provision to the

contrary, the owner of the servient tenement may install gates or stock gaps to suit his

own convenience. Luster v. Garner, 128 Tenn. 160, 159 S.W. 604 (1913); Long v.

Garrison, 1 Tenn. App. 211 (1925). The owner of the right-of-way “may use it for any

purpose that does not interfere with the easement.” Luster v. Garner, 128 Tenn. at

162, 159 S.W. at 604.

A similar rule has been recognized in the case of a common law

dedication. See Cole v. Dych, 535 S.W.2d 315 (Tenn. 1976). In Burkitt v. Battle, 59

S.W. 429 (Tenn. Ch. App. 1900), the Court of Chancery Appeals recognized that

there may be a restricted dedication, as where the owner dedicates a pathway to the

public for “foot passengers.” The court, however, concluded that the way in question

was a public road and issued an injunction against the defendants to “remove and

abate the obstruction now on the road.” 59 S.W. at 438.

We think that, nothing else appearing, once an implied or common law

dedication has taken place and has been accepted by the public, the statutes giving

the county certain authority over public roads come into full force and effect. These
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statutes give the county officials the power to prevent obstruction of the road, Tenn.

Code Ann. § 54-10-110, or to allow gates across roads of the third and fourth class

when it will not materially prejudice the public. Tenn. Code Ann. § 54-10-108. Implicit

in this scheme is the power to prevent the use of gates if they would materially

prejudice the public. Our Supreme Court has said, “we are of the opinion that this

statute is the only method by which a gate or obstruction may be erected or placed

on a public road.” Harkins v. Ramsey, 273 S.W.2d 1 at 2 (Tenn. 1954). Therefore,

we hold that the County may prevent an abutting landowner from allowing his cattle

to obstruct the road.

IV. Equal Protection

The appellants also argue that the Board’s resolution of March 17 was

unconstitutional and void because it was partial in its operation, and was only intended

to affect them. If the Board were applying a different standard or a different policy to

them than to other residents of the county, then they might be correct. But we think

the chancellor got it right when he wrote the following in his Memorandum Opinion:

“If the resolution of March 17, 1997, were viewed in

isolation, it might appear to single out and discriminate

against the Plaintiffs. The evidence in the case, however,

makes it clear that the actual situation was that the Plaintiffs

were the lone offenders against a more general policy of the

county. Other stock gaps which still exist elsewhere in the

county are either in the process of being removed, are at

points beyond which no one lives, or no one other than the

party who maintains the gaps, or in areas where there is no

problem with cattle having access to the road. The Plaintiffs’

situation is unique in that removing the stock gaps on Martin

Hollow Road will discourage the running of cattle on a

publicly maintained road which is used by the general public.

The policy is not discriminatory and is imminently (sic)

reasonable. Removal of the stock gaps will not be enjoined.”

V.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Remand this cause to the

Chancery Court of Lincoln County for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tax the costs on appeal to the appellant.

________________________________

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________

HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE

MIDDLE SECTION

_______________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE