FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 23, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

KATHY L. POPPA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, in his

capacity as Commissioner of the

Social Security Administration,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 08-4209

(D.C. No. 1:08-CV-00037-DAK)

(D. Utah)

ORDER

Before KELLY, McKAY and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.

The Commissioner has requested that we publish our order and judgment

filed in this case on May 27, 2009. Upon consideration, the motion is granted.

The attached opinion is substituted for the order and judgment previously

filed on May 27, 2009.

Entered for the Court,

ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

May 27, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

KATHY L. POPPA,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, in his

capacity as Commissioner of the

Social Security Administration,

 Defendant-Appellee.

No. 08-4209

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

(D.C. No. 1:08-CV-00037-DAK)

Submitted on the briefs:*

Michael E. Bulson, Wendy Fenton, Utah Legal Services, Inc., Salt Lake City,

Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Brett L. Tolman, United States Attorney, Alexess D. Rea, Special Assistant

United States Attorney, Deana R. Ertl-Lombardi, of Counsel and Regional Chief

Counsel, Social Security Administration, Office of the General Counsel, Region

VIII, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee.
1 Ms. Poppa filed four prior applications for benefits in 1994, 1996, 1997,

and 2002. All of her prior applications were denied and are not at issue in this

appeal.

-2-

Before KELLY, McKAY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

Kathy L. Poppa appeals from an order of the district court affirming the

Commissioner’s decision denying her application for supplemental security

income (SSI) benefits. The claim at issue in this appeal was filed on January 20,

2004, alleging disability since June 1, 2002.1

 The agency denied Ms. Poppa’s

application initially and on reconsideration. Ms. Poppa received a de novo

hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ). Because the ALJ concluded

that Ms. Poppa had the residual functional capacity (RFC) for sedentary work and

that she could perform a significant number of jobs in the national economy, he

denied her claim for SSI benefits. The Appeals Council denied review and

Ms. Poppa appealed to the district court. The district court reversed and

remanded for further findings.

On remand, Ms. Poppa had another hearing before a different ALJ. 

Ms. Poppa submitted additional evidence at the hearing. The second ALJ

determined that Ms. Poppa had severe impairments from spine and knee arthritis,

mental disorders, fibromyalgia, and carpal tunnel but he concluded that none of
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the impairments or combination of impairments met or equaled any of the listed

impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. The ALJ found that

Ms. Poppa had the RFC to perform a limited range of light exertional work. He

denied Ms. Poppa’s application for benefits, concluding that she was not disabled

at step five of the analysis because she could perform a significant number of jobs

in the national economy. See Williams v. Bowen, 844 F.2d 748, 750-52 (10th Cir.

1988) (explaining five-step process for evaluating claims for disability benefits). 

The Appeals Council denied review. Ms. Poppa sought further review in the

district court and that court affirmed the ALJ’s decision. This appeal followed. 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 

Because the Appeals Council declined to review Ms. Poppa’s appeal after the

second ALJ denied her claim for benefits, that ALJ’s decision is the

Commissioner’s final decision for purposes of our review. See Doyal v.

Barnhart, 331 F.3d 758, 759 (10th Cir. 2003). “We review the Commissioner’s

decision to determine whether the factual findings are supported by substantial

evidence in the record and whether the correct legal standards were applied.” Id.

at 760. On appeal, Ms. Poppa argues: (1) the ALJ violated res judicata or the law

of the case doctrine by changing her RFC from sedentary to light; (2) the ALJ’s

finding that she could perform light work is not supported by substantial

evidence; and (3) the ALJ erred in not complying with Social Security Ruling

(SSR) 00-4p. We affirm.
-4-

Res Judicata and the Law of the Case Doctrine

Ms. Poppa contends that the second ALJ’s decision violated either res

judicata or the law of the case doctrine because those doctrines precluded the

second ALJ from relitigating the issue of her RFC after it was established in the

first ALJ’s decision. We disagree with Ms. Poppa’s contention. 

Res judicata applies in the social security context when there has been a

“previous determination or decision . . . about [the claimaint’s] rights on the same

facts and on the same issue or issues, and this previous determination has become

final by either administrative or judicial action.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.1457(c)(1)

(emphasis added). Here the first ALJ’s decision does not constitute a final

decision for the purposes of res judicata because Ms. Poppa sought review of the

first ALJ’s decision from the Appeals Council and then the district court. See id.

§ 416.1455(b) (explaining that an ALJ’s decision is binding on all parties to the

hearing unless the claimant requests review of the decision by the Appeals

Council, the Appeals Council denies review, and the claimant seeks judicial

review in district court). 

Our conclusion that administrative res judicata does not apply in this case

is consistent with our precedent. See Hamlin v. Barnhart, 365 F.3d 1208, 1223-

24 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting that after remand from the Appeals Council, “[i]t was

certainly within the ALJ’s province, upon reexamining [claimant’s] record, to

revise his RFC category”); Campbell v. Bowen, 822 F.2d 1518, 1521-22
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(10th Cir. 1987) (holding that the ALJ did not err in changing claimant’s RFC

from sedentary to light after remand from the Appeals Council). The Sixth

Circuit case cited by Ms. Poppa is distinguishable because that case involved two

separate applications for benefits and a final decision had been issued on the

earlier application, see Drummond v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 126 F.3d 837, 838-39,

841 (6th Cir. 1997). In contrast, this case involves one application for benefits

and the first ALJ’s decision did not constitute a final decision. 

The second ALJ’s RFC determination likewise does not violate the

principles of the law of the case doctrine. Under that doctrine, an “administrative

agency, on remand from a court, [must] conform its further proceedings in the

case to the principles set forth in the judicial decision . . . .” Copart, Inc. v. 

Admin. Review Bd., U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 495 F.3d 1197, 1201 (10th Cir. 2007)

(quotation omitted). The law of the case doctrine only “applies to issues

previously decided, either explicitly or by necessary implication.” Id. (quotation

omitted). Here, the district court’s decision reversing and remanding the ALJ’s

first decision did not make any determinations, explicitly or implicitly, regarding

the first ALJ’s assessment of Ms. Poppa’s RFC. 

On remand, the district court instructed the ALJ to reconsider Ms. Poppa’s

credibility applying the relevant factors from SSR 96-7p and to make findings
2 The district court also instructed the ALJ to reconsider and make specific

findings about (1) Ms. Poppa’s mental impairment, (2) her claim that she was

disabled by a combination of impairments, and (3) whether she met Listing 1.04

for disorders of the spine. Ms. Poppa does not challenge the second ALJ’s

decision on these issues. 

-6-

linked to evidence in the record.2

 The regulations require that an ALJ’s RFC be

based on the entire case record, including the objective medical findings and the

credibility of the claimant’s subjective complaints. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.929,

416.945. Since the purpose of the credibility evaluation is to help the ALJ assess

a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ’s credibility and RFC determinations are inherently

intertwined. A new determination on Ms. Poppa’s credibility necessarily required

reassessment of the RFC. Because there was no explicit or implicit decision by

the district court on the validity of the first ALJ’s RFC determination, the second

ALJ was free to reassess the RFC on remand without violating the law of the case

doctrine. Cf. Campbell, 822 F.3d at 1521-22 (concluding that redetermination of

RFC on remand from Appeals Council was not inconsistent with the Appeals

Council’s remand order and that the remand order did not bind the ALJ to the

earlier decision).

The RFC Assessment

Ms. Poppa argues that substantial evidence does not support the second

ALJ’s RFC finding because (1) no exceptions to the law of the case doctrine

apply and the second ALJ was bound by the first ALJ’s RFC finding; (2) the
3 The ALJ discussed Ms. Poppa’s daily activities, see Aplt. App., Vol. II at

402; her pain and other symptoms, see id. at 400-02; the factors that aggravate her

symptoms, see id. at 401-02; the type, dosage and effectiveness of her

medications, see id. at 400-01; other measures that provide relief from her

symptoms, see id. at 401; and other factors concerning her functional limitations

and restrictions due to pain, see, e.g., at 400 (noting that Ms. Poppa’s straight leg

raising was positive before surgery and has been negative since the surgery); id.

(noting nurse practitioner’s statement that Ms. Poppa “had a longstanding history

of pain medication seeking as well as Soma seeking requests”); id. at 402 (noting

that physician did not give full weight to Ms. Poppa’s reported pain symptoms).

-7-

ALJ’s assessment of her credibility was flawed; and (3) the opinion evidence

considered by the ALJ does not support an RFC for light work.

We note initially that we will not address Ms. Poppa’s first issue. Because

we conclude that the second ALJ’s decision did not violate the law of the case

doctrine, we do not need to address whether an exception to that doctrine applies. 

Credibility Determination

Ms. Poppa argues that the ALJ’s crediblity determination was flawed.

Ms. Poppa asserts that the ALJ erred because he did not consider the relevant

factors as required by SSR 96-7p. Our precedent “does not require a formalistic

factor-by-factor recitation of the evidence . . . [s]o long as the ALJ sets forth the

specific evidence he relies on in evaluating the claimant’s credibility.” Qualls v.

Apfel, 206 F.3d 1368, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000). The ALJ set forth the factors from

SSR 96-7p and then spent the next several pages identifying evidence from the

record that related to the factors and supported his credibility determination.3

 See
4 There are additional references in the record that support the ALJ’s

conclusion that Ms. Poppa was exhibiting drug-seeking behavior. See Aplt. App.,

Vol. II at 539-40 (noting that Ms. Poppa came to the clinic “requesting pain

medication as well as [S]oma” because she “lost” her prescription; the clinic

(continued...)

-8-

Aplt. App., Vol. II at 400-03. The ALJ properly considered the relevant factors

and the evidence in the record in making his credibility determination.

Ms. Poppa also disputes the ALJ’s conclusion that Ms. Poppa has shown 

drug-seeking behavior and that this impacted her credibility. She argues that

“[i]n the entire record there is only one reference to possible inappropriate use of

pain medications–a single entry on July 26, 2005 that Poppa had a history of

“‘pain medication seeking as well as Soma seeking requests.’” Aplt. Br. at 28

(quoting Aplt. App., Vol. II at 533). Ms. Poppa’s statement is not accurate

because the ALJ referenced other record evidence to support his conclusion about

Ms. Poppa’s drug-seeking behavior. For example, in discussing an August 19,

2005 doctor’s visit, the ALJ noted that Ms. Poppa

wanted to increase her Oxycontin to three times a day, which was

against clinic policy and against recommended dosing. She also said

she was going on vacation and wanted Lortab to use when her

Oxycontin ran out. She was vague about how long she would be

gone on vacation (2-3 weeks). [The doctor] refused to prescribe the

Lortab and also refused her request to post date the prescription.

Aplt. App., Vol. II at 401. The ALJ noted also that on February 23, 2006,

Ms. Poppa “initiated [a] higher dose of Oxycontin on her own,” and that on

December 29, 2006, “she again asked for a post dated narcotic prescription.” Id.

4
4

(...continued)

refused to provide her with any more pain medication until they heard back from

her doctor); id. at 526 (noting that it appeared as though Ms. Poppa was in

compliance with her pain contract, but that they would continue to monitor her

“because in the recent past [she] has requested extra medication for traveling

and/or losing it so we just want to make sure that we are on top of the situation

here”); id. at 499 (noting that Ms. Poppa requested additional pain medication–

“Percocet or something for breakthrough pain,” even though she was already

taking OxyContin; she was informed that she would not be getting any other

narcotics or muscle relaxants); and id. at 476 (noting that Ms. Poppa “has tried

many, many medications and it appears from communication with Utah Medicaid

that despite the fact that some of the medications are not being used that the

patient is getting them filled” and that Ms. Poppa’s current medication plan would

be communicated to the pharmacy so that her medications “are dispensed

appropriately and correctly”). 

-9-

Contrary to Ms. Poppa’s assertion that the only evidence of drug-seeking behavior

is a “single, isolated remark in the record,” Aplt. Br. at 29, there is sufficient

evidence in the record to support the ALJ’s determination that Ms. Poppa’s

credibility about her pain and limitations was compromised by her drug-seeking

behavior. 

Opinion Evidence

Ms. Poppa asserts that the opinion evidence considered by the ALJ does not

support a light RFC. The ALJ noted that the most recent agency experts to

review the evidence found Ms. Poppa able to perform light work with certain

limitations. That evaluation took place in April 2004. Ms. Poppa argues that the

ALJ’s reliance on this evaluation is misplaced because the evaluation occurred

before the first ALJ found Ms. Poppa limited to sedentary work. She continues to
5 The ALJ incorrectly stated that the surgeries took place in “early 2004,”

Aplt. App., Vol. II at 403-04, but we agree with the Commissioner that this was a

mere scrivener’s error and did not affect the outcome of the case. The ALJ had

noted the correct date of the surgeries earlier in his decision. See id. at 402.

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argue that the second ALJ was bound by the first ALJ’s decision. As we have

discussed previously, we are not persuaded by this argument. 

Ms. Poppa argues also that the ALJ improperly dismissed a January 2003

opinion of a state agency evaluator in which the evaluator determined that

Ms. Poppa had an RFC for sedentary work. The ALJ appeared to give diminished

weight to the earlier opinion because the evaluation was performed before

Ms. Poppa completed her current application and did not take into account the

subsequent evidence that showed improvement in her condition after her two back

surgeries in early 2005.5

 Without citing to specific record evidence, Ms. Poppa

argues generally that the evidence does not show that her condition improved

significantly after her 2005 surgeries.

The ALJ’s discussion, however, includes references to record evidence that

supports his conclusion that Ms. Poppa’s condition improved after the surgeries in

early 2005 and that therefore the January 2003 opinion was entitled to less

weight. For example, the ALJ noted that at Ms. Poppa’s July 12, 2005 visit to the

clinic, the nurse practitioner stated that Ms. Poppa “appeared to be without

significant pain.” Aplt. App., Vol. II at 402. The ALJ noted further that at her
6 The ruling at issue states:

When a VE . . . provides evidence about the requirements of a job or

occupation, the adjudicator has an affirmative responsibility to ask

about any possible conflict between that VE . . . evidence and

information provided in the DOT. In these situations, the adjudicator

will:

Ask the VE . . . if the evidence he or she has provided

conflicts with information provided in the DOT; and 

If the VE’s . . . evidence appears to conflict with the

DOT, the adjudicator will obtain a reasonable

explanation for the apparent conflict.

(continued...)

-11-

November 1, 2005 visit, Ms. Poppa “had relatively full range of motion in her

upper extremity neck and shoulder area and minimal decrease in range of motion

in the lower back area” and that “[d]espite increasing complaints of chronic pain

in connection with her requests for continuing medication, the leg lift tests were

all negative after surgery.” Id. at 403. Finally, at her July 11, 2006 visit, the ALJ

noted that Ms. Poppa “was able to function fairly well with pain management.” 

Id. 

The ALJ did not err in his consideration of the opinion evidence. 

Social Security Ruling 00-4p

Ms. Poppa argues that the ALJ erred in not complying with SSR 00-4p,

which requires that an ALJ must inquire about and resolve any conflicts between

a Vocational Expert’s (VE) testimony regarding a job and the description of that

job in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (4th ed. 1991) (DOT).6

 Although we
6

(...continued)

SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *4 (emphasis added). Our precedent is

consistent with this ruling. See Haddock v. Apfel, 196 F.3d 1084, 1087 (10th Cir.

1999) (“[B]efore an ALJ may rely on expert vocational evidence as substantial

evidence to support a determination of nondisability, the ALJ must ask the expert

how his or her testimony as to the exertional requirement of identified jobs

corresponds with the [DOT], and elicit a reasonable explanation for any

discrepancy on this point.” (emphasis added)). 

-12-

agree that the ALJ erred by not inquiring about whether there were any conflicts

between the VE’s testimony about the job requirements for the jobs identified and

the job descriptions in the DOT, we conclude that this error was harmless because

there were no conflicts.

Ms. Poppa asserts that there were two conflicts between the VE’s testimony

and the DOT and that the ALJ erred by not having the VE give a reasonable

explanation for these apparent conflicts. After the ALJ gave the VE a

hypothetical with all of the limitations that were ultimately included in

Ms. Poppa’s RFC, the VE came up with two jobs: “Cleaner, Housekeeping”

(DOT 323.687-014), and “Mail Clerk” (DOT 209.687-026). 

Ms. Poppa notes that in the job description for “Cleaner, Housekeeping,” it

states: “‘Performs other duties as described under CLEANER (any industry) I

Master Title.’” Aplt. Br. at 33 (quoting DOT 323.687-014, 1991 WL 672783). 

She contends that “[t]he ALJ never asked the VE what those other duties were

and whether a claimant with the RFC stated in the hypothetical would be able to

perform them.” Id. The maximum exertional and non-exertional demands of the
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“CLEANER, HOUSEKEEPING” job are detailed in that specific job description. 

See DOT 323.687-014, 1991 WL 672783. The DOT explains that: “Master

definitions describe work duties that are common or potentially common to a

number of jobs. Jobs in which the common duties are an essential part refer to

the Master definition title as a device to save space and to avoid repetition of the

common duties.” DOT, CLEANER I, 1991 WL 645969, at n.a. The Master

definition does not change the maximum exertional and non-exertional demands

of the individual cleaner jobs within that category, see id., so there is no apparent

conflict here between the DOT and the VE’s testimony. 

Ms. Poppa notes that the second job identified by the VE, “Mail Clerk,”

requires frequent reaching, handling, and fingering. See DOT 209.687-026, 1991

WL 671813. In the ALJ’s hypothetical to the VE, he noted that the person had

normal grip strength for the right hand, but “slightly below normal” fine and

manual dexterity for that hand. Aplt. App., Vol. II at 606. Ms. Poppa argues that

the ALJ failed to ask the VE whether a person with those characteristics could

perform the job consistent with the DOT requirement for frequent reaching,

handling, and fingering. Again, we conclude that there was no conflict that

required an explanation from the VE. First, the ALJ’s hypothetical to the VE

noted that the person could “reach above the shoulders frequently,” and “use

hands and fingers frequently.” Id. at 605. These characteristics are consistent

with the requirements for frequent reaching, handling and fingering in the Mail
-14-

Clerk position. Second, the DOT description notes that the requirements for

finger dexterity and manual dexterity are designated a “Level 4,” which is

appropriate for those with dexterity in the “Lowest 1/3 [of the Population,]

Excluding Bottom 10%,” and reflects a “Low Degree of Aptitude Ability.” DOT

209.687-026, 1991 WL 671813. There is no conflict between these requirements

and Ms. Poppa’s “slightly below normal” fine and manual dexterity for her right

hand. 

Because there were no conflicts between the VE’s testimony and the DOT’s

job descriptions, the ALJ’s error in not inquiring about potential conflicts was

harmless. See Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1153-54, 1154 n.19 (9th Cir.

2007) (noting that ALJ did not ask the VE whether her testimony conflicted with

the DOT and that “[t]his procedural error could have been harmless, were there

no conflict”); see also Glass v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1392, 1396-97 (10th Cir. 1994)

(noting that ALJ’s failure to allow claimant to cross-examine the VE was

“improper” but did not constitute reversible error because there was no showing

that “cross-examination would have altered the evidence before the ALJ”). 

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.