[Cite as State v. Parrish, 2020-Ohio-4807.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 vs. 

STACY PARRISH, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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: 

: 

APPEAL NO. C-190379 

TRIAL NO. 19CRB-8179 

O P I N I O N.

 

Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded 

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: October 7, 2020 

Paula Boggs Muething, City Solicitor, William T. Horsley, Chief Prosecuting 

Attorney, and Meagan D. Woodall, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for PlaintiffAppellee, 

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Krista Gieske, Assistant 

Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

 2

WINKLER, Judge.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Stacy Parrish was convicted of domestic violence in 

violation of R.C. 2919.25. We reverse her conviction and remand for further proceedings 

because the trial court failed to apply the new burden-shifting provision of the self-defense 

statute at her trial. 

Background Facts and Procedure 

{¶2} Parrish was charged with domestic violence for hitting her husband 

Franklin Howard on April 5, 2019. A bench trial was held in June 2019. Parrish did not 

testify, but she presented testimony from Grace Porter, Howard’s neighbor, to support a 

self-defense claim involving the justified use of nondeadly force. The trial court found 

Parrish guilty of the offense and told Parrish, “[Y]ou prove self-defense, not them. They 

don’t have to disprove it.” Parrish now appeals, raising four assignments of error. 

Change to Statute Governing Self-Defense Claims 

{¶3} In her first assignment of error, Parrish argues her conviction must be 

reversed because the trial court did not evaluate her self-defense claim under the amended 

version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), which changed Ohio’s treatment of self-defense claims. 

According to Parrish, the amendment both reduced the defendant’s burden to raise the 

issue of self-defense and placed a burden of disproving the defense on the prosecution. 

{¶4} The defense of self-defense may exonerate an accused’s admitted use of 

force. R.C. 2901.05(B)(1). Under the common law, a defendant was required to meet two 

burdens related to this affirmative defense: the burden of proof—establishing justification 

by a preponderance of the evidence—and the inherent procedural burden of going forward 

with evidence of justification. See State v. Crawford, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-790221, 

1981 WL 9909, *3 (July 15, 1981), cited in State v. Gloff, 2020-Ohio-3143, ___ N.E.3d 

___, ¶ 25 (12th Dist.). 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶5} Ohio followed the traditional common-law treatment until January 1974, 

the effective date of Ohio’s criminal code. Crawford at *3. From 1974 until November 

1978, Ohio statutory law separated the “burden of going forward with the evidence of an 

affirmative defense” from the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, and 

placed only the burden of going forward with evidence on the defendant. See former R.C. 

2901.05(A); Crawford at *3. 

{¶6} Ohio “re-established” the common-law treatment for affirmative 

defenses in 1978, when former R.C. 2901.05(A) was amended. Crawford at *4. Thus, for 

all affirmative defenses, including self-defense, the defendant shouldered the “burden of 

going forward with the evidence,” and the “burden of proof by a preponderance of the 

evidence.” Former R.C. 2901.05(A). 

{¶7} R.C. 2901.05 was again modified in late 2018 to change the treatment for 

the use of force in self-defense, defense of another, and defense of residence. R.C. 

2901.05(A) now contains the italicized portions: 

The burden of going forward with the evidence of an affirmative defense, 

and the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, for an 

affirmative defense other than self-defense, defense of another, or defense 

of the accused’s residence as described in division (B)(1) of this section, is 

upon the accused. 

 R.C. 2901.05(A), 2018 Ohio Laws File 159, 2017 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 228. 

{¶8} Additionally, former R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) was renumbered to (B)(2), and 

the following language was added in its place: 

If, at the trial of a person who is accused of an offense that involved the 

person’s use of force against another, there is evidence presented that tends 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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to support that the accused person used the force in self-defense, defense of 

another, or defense of that person’s residence, the prosecution must prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not use the force in 

self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence, as 

the case may be. 

R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), 2018 Ohio Laws File 159, 2017 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 228. The effective 

date of these amendments is March 28, 2019, after the commission of the domestic 

violence charged in this case. 

{¶9} The state concedes that the trial court erred by failing to apply the 

amended version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) in this case. The state argues, however, that the 

proper course is to remand the cause to permit the trial court to apply the amended 

version of the statute. According to the state, the trial court should determine in the first 

instance whether Parrish met her burden of presenting evidence that “tends to support” 

her claim of self-defense, and if so, whether the state disproved beyond a reasonable doubt 

that Parrish had acted in self-defense. 

Harmless-Error Standard 

{¶10} This court will not reverse a conviction where the trial court’s error was 

harmless. Crim.R. 52(A). Thus, contrary to the state’s position, this court must determine 

whether Parrish met her burden of production under the amended statute. If Parrish 

failed as a matter of law to meet her burden of production, then there is nothing to send 

back to the fact finder. See, e.g., State v. Cross, 58 Ohio St.2d 482, 485, 391 N.E.2d 319 

(1979); State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381 N.E.2d 195 (1978), paragraph two of the 

syllabus. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶11} Parrish contends that the defendant has a reduced burden to place at 

issue the use of force in self-defense. She argues the phrase “tends to support” in R.C. 

2901.05(B)(1) defining the defendant’s burden implies a lesser burden of production than 

under prior law. The state seems to agree with Parrish’s position, but other appellate 

districts have held otherwise. See State v. Jacinto, 2020-Ohio-3722, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 

49 (8th Dist.); State v. Petway, 2020-Ohio-3848, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 69 (11th Dist.); State 

v. Tolle, 4th Dist. Adams No. 19CA1095, 2020-Ohio-935, ¶ 24, appeal not accepted, 159 

Ohio St.3d 1437, 2020-Ohio-3634, 148 N.E.3d 593. 

{¶12} The Petway court noted that “tends to support” is a “legal term of art” 

with a qualitative component that “is not substantively different” than the defendant’s 

burden “of going forward with evidence” of the defense, the undisputable applicable 

standard before the 2018 amendment. Petway at ¶ 62-69. 

{¶13} We agree with the reasoning of the Petway court, and add that division 

(B)(1) of R.C. 2901.05 must be read in context with the entire statute, including division 

(A). See R.C. 1.42. The General Assembly amended the language of division (A) of R.C. 

2901.05 in Am.Sub.H.B. 228 to eliminate the defendant’s burden of proving by a 

preponderance of the evidence the substance of self-defense, defense of others, and 

defense of residence, but it did not alter a defendant’s procedural burden “of going 

forward with the evidence” with regard to those affirmative defenses or affirmative 

defenses in general. 

{¶14} Thus, the recent changes to R.C. 2901.05, including the addition of the 

“tends to support” language in division (B)(1), does not change the accused’s burden of 

production with respect to self-defense. The phrase “tends to support” in R.C. 

2901.05(B)(1) places a procedural burden on the defendant synonymous with the 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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defendant’s procedural burden set forth in R.C. 2901.05(A) and defined under prior case 

law. The defendant must adduce evidence from whatever source that, when viewed in the 

light most favorable to the defendant, is sufficient to cast a reasonable doubt as to guilt. 

See State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381 N.E.2d 195 (1978), paragraph one of the 

syllabus. (“The proper standard for determining in a criminal case whether a defendant 

has successfully raised an affirmative defense under R.C. 2901.05 is to inquire whether the 

defendant has introduced sufficient evidence, which, if believed, would raise a question in 

the minds of reasonable [fact finders] concerning the existence of such issue.”); State v. 

Robinson, 47 Ohio St.2d 103, 111, 351 N.E.2d 88 (1976) (“ ‘The trial court must first, 

viewing that evidence [from whatever source] in the light most favorable to the defendant, 

determine whether or not it is adequate to raise the self-defense issue, and, if believed, 

would under the legal tests applied to a claim of self-defense permit a reasonable doubt as 

to guilt, stemming from that claim, to arise.’ ”). 

{¶15} Here, the record contains evidence that, when considered in the light 

most favorable to Parrish, would have raised the question of self-defense in the mind of a 

reasonable fact finder. See Melchior; Robinson; see also State v. Salaam, 2015-Ohio4552, 47 N.E.3d 495, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.) (setting forth the elements of the use of nondeadly 

force in self-defense.). It is undisputed that Parrish and her husband were estranged and 

did not have a custody order in place when Parrish arrived at her husband’s apartment to 

pick up one of their daughters. The husband’s testimony concerning the daughter’s 

reaction to Parrish, Parrish’s actions before taking the child, and whether Parrish was the 

aggressor conflicted with the testimony of the husband’s neighbor. That neighbor also 

testified that Parrish’s husband “always wanna put his hands on her” when Parrish comes 

by the apartment. Finally, there is evidence that Parrish did not use more force than 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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necessary to end the threat of harm. Her husband testified that she left only a red mark on 

his face, and the responding police officer did not recall any sign of injury. 

{¶16} Thus, Parrish went forward with evidence “of a nature and quality 

sufficient to raise the defense” of self-defense. See Melchior, at paragraph two of the 

syllabus. The state had the burden of disproving beyond a reasonable doubt that Parrish 

had acted in self-defense. Consequently, we hold the error is not harmless and requires a 

reversal of Parrish’s conviction. Accordingly, we sustain the first assignment of error. Our 

disposition of the first assignment of error renders the remaining assignments of error 

moot, and we do not address them. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c). 

Proceedings on Remand 

{¶17} The state argues that the proper remedy is not a reversal and remand for 

a new trial. It takes the position that the proper remedy is for the trial court to apply the 

new standard using the facts already gleaned a trial. The state implicitly takes the position 

that the trial court can apply the new standard to the testimony and other evidence 

previously presented, using the transcripts from the previous proceeding. 

{¶18} Generally, in any criminal case where this court finds error prejudicial to 

the appellant not involving the manifest weight of the evidence, but the appellant is not 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, the court of appeals must reverse the judgment of 

the trial court and remand the cause for “further proceedings.” See App.R. 12(D); Painter 

and Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice, Section 7:23 (2019-2020). We typically do not specify 

the nature of the further proceeding, unless the trial court’s discretion to implement our 

mandate is limited. 

{¶19} Our practice of a general remand order is consistent with the practice of 

other appellate districts. See, e.g., State v. Chaffin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25220, 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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2014-Ohio-2671, ¶ 13 (7th Dist.); In re Contempt of Scaldini, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

94893, 2011-Ohio-822, ¶ 17; Lorain v. Pendergrass, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008437, 

2004-Ohio-5688, ¶ 10. 

{¶20} The burden of proof is a critical element of factfinding, but in this case, 

the trial court has discretion as to the nature of the further proceedings at which it must 

apply the burden of proof found in the amended version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1). A new trial 

proceeding would be required to preserve a defendant’s jury trial right, but here Parrish 

waived her right to a jury trial. Also, a new trial proceeding would be required to remedy 

error at a bench trial when there is a likelihood that the trial court’s application of an 

incorrect legal standard prevented the introduction of evidence of an affirmative defense. 

See State v. Pepin-McCaffrey, 186 Ohio App.3d 548, 2010-Ohio-617, 929 N.E.2d 476, ¶ 45 

(7th Dist.). In this case, there is no likelihood that the trial court’s error had that effect. 

Further, a new trial proceeding would necessarily be required if the case were assigned to 

a different judge, one that had not been able to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses 

during the prior trial proceeding. 

{¶21} In State v. Kerrigan, the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard to 

evaluate the evidence in a bench trial involving a prosecution for the illegal use of a minor 

in nudity-oriented material. State v. Kerrigan, 168 Ohio App.3d 455, 2006-Ohio-4279, 

860 N.E.2d 816 (2d Dist.). The appellate court held the error required a reversal of the 

conviction, but not necessarily a new trial proceeding, because the error involved the 

finding of guilt but not the trial proceedings before the guilty finding. Id. at ¶ 70. The 

appellate court instructed the trial court on remand to reconsider whether the defendant 

had violated the statute, applying the correct law, and added that “the trial court is not 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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required to retry this case, although the trial court is permitted to do so if it should find it 

necessary or desirable to retry the case.” Id. 

{¶22} This case is similar to Kerrigan, in that the error involved the finding of 

guilt in a bench trial but not the trial proceedings before the guilty finding. The trial court 

must consider the evidence presented at trial under the appropriate standard, 

determining whether the state proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Parrish did not use 

the admitted force in self-defense. The trial court may find it necessary or desirable to 

retry the case for various reasons, including the effect the passage of time has on one’s 

memory. Although we approve of the more specific remand language used in Kerrigan, 

we prefer to use the general “further proceedings” language of App.R. 12(D), consistent 

with our customary practice. 

Conclusion 

{¶23} We sustain Parrish’s first assignment of error, because the trial court 

failed to apply the amended version of the self-defense statute and that error was not 

harmless. Parrish’s conviction is reversed, and this cause is remanded to the trial court for 

further proceedings consistent with the law and this opinion. 

Judgment accordingly. 

MOCK, P.J., and BERGERON, J., concur. 

Please note: 

 The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.