NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-119

This series represents a secondary level of scientific publishing. All issues employ thorough internal scientific

review; some issues employ external scientific review. Reviews are -- by design -- transparent collegial

reviews, not anonymous peer reviews. All issues may be cited in formal scientific communications.

Data Needs for Economic Analysis

of Fishery Management Regulations

Andrew W. Kitts and Scott R. Steinback

National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

William Daley, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

D. James Baker, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

Penelope D. Dalton, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

Northeast Region

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

August 1999
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Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Justification ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Goals ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Analytical Tools ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Data Collection Deficiencies ............................................................................................................................................................... 2

Data Collection Prospects .................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Data Identification Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Data Categories, Elements, and Collection Schedules ................................................................................................................................ 3

Seafood Production from Commercial Harvesting .............................................................................................................................. 3

Seafood Production from Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Recreation ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Non-consumptive Uses of Living Marine Resources ................................................................................................................................. 7

Subsistence and Traditional Uses of Living Marine Resources .................................................................................................................. 8

Endnotes ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

References Cited ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Tables

Table 1. Organization of the data elements needed to analyze economic effects of fishery management regulations ...................... 13

Table 2. Definition of data categories to be used to analyze economic effects of fishery management regulations ......................... 14

Table 3. Annual data needed on commercial harvesters .................................................................................................................... 15

Table 4. Trip data needed on commercial harvesters ........................................................................................................................ 17

Table 5. Annual data needed on processors and wholesalers ............................................................................................................ 19

Table 6. Monthly data needed on processors ................................................................................................................................... 20

Table 7. Annual data needed on retailers ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Table 8. Monthly data needed on retailers ........................................................................................................................................ 22

Table 9. Annual data needed on seafood consumers ......................................................................................................................... 23

Table 10. Daily data needed on seafood consumers ............................................................................................................................ 24

Table 11. Annual data needed on aquacultural producers ................................................................................................................... 25

Table 12. Monthly data needed on aquacultural producers ................................................................................................................ 26

Table 13. Annual data needed on recreation providers ....................................................................................................................... 27

Table 14. Trip data needed on recreation providers ............................................................................................................................ 29

Table 15. Annual data needed on party or charter boat anglers .......................................................................................................... 31

Table 16. Trip data needed on party or charter boat anglers .............................................................................................................. 32

Table 17. Annual data needed on onshore, boat-renting, or boat-owning anglers ............................................................................... 33

Table 18. Trip data needed on onshore, boat-renting, or boat-owning anglers ................................................................................... 34

Table 19. Annual data needed on ecotourists ...................................................................................................................................... 35

Table 20. Trip data needed on ecotourists .......................................................................................................................................... 36

Table 21. Annual data needed on U.S. citizens ................................................................................................................................... 37

Table 22. Additional questions to be asked of subsistence and traditional users ............................................................................... 38

Figures

Figure 1. Flow of renewable marine resources through various uses ................................................................................................. 39

Figure 2. Composition of data elements associated with commercial harvesters ............................................................................... 40

Figure 3. Composition of data elements associated with processors and wholesalers ...................................................................... 41

Figure 4. Composition of data elements associated with retail markets ............................................................................................ 42

Figure 5. Composition of data elements associated with seafood consumers .................................................................................... 43

Figure 6. Composition of data elements associated with aquacultural producers .............................................................................. 44

Figure 7. Composition of data elements associated with recreation providers .................................................................................. 45
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Figure 8. Composition of data elements associated with recreation anglers ...................................................................................... 46

Figure 9. Composition of data elements associated with ecotourists ................................................................................................ 47

Figure 10. Composition of data elements associated with existence values for U.S. citizens .............................................................. 48

Acronyms

CBA = cost-benefit analysis

FMP = fishery management plan

IOA = input-output analysis

NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service

RIR = regulatory impact review
Page 1

INTRODUCTION

JUSTIFICATION

Executive Order 12866 signed by President Clinton on

September 30, 1993, directs regulatory agencies to evaluate, among other things, economic consequences of proposed fishery management regulations and to choose regulatory measures that maximize net national benefits1

:

In deciding whether and how to regulate, agencies

should assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives, including the alternative of not

regulating. Costs and benefits shall be understood

to include both quantifiable measures (to the fullest

extent that these can be usefully estimated) and qualitative measures of costs and benefits that are difficult to quantify, but nevertheless essential to consider. Further, in choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, agencies should select those approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and

safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts;

and equity), unless a statute requires another regulatory approach (President 1993).

The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976

(also referred to as the Magnuson Act) also calls for managers to “promote efficiency in the utilization of fishery

resources” (Fishery Conservation and Management Act of

1976), where efficiency is viewed by economists to mean

economic efficiency, i.e., maximizing the net national benefits or net economic value from a fish resource2

. At a

minimum, the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS)

“Guidelines on Regulatory Analysis of Fishery Management Actions” (NMFS 1995), which guides the regulatory

impact review (RIR) process of fishery management plans

(FMP), calls for “a full qualitative analysis of expected incremental benefits and costs” from a management alternative.

While all of these regulatory actions focus on evaluating economic consequences of fishery management alternatives, specific economic data needed to meet national

efficiency goals have not been identified3

. This document

identifies and delineates the overall economic data needed

for management of living marine resources; it is intended to

help achieve an understanding and coordination of the economic data necessary to capture immediate and long-term

consequences of management actions. This document does

not suggest an implementation strategy for data collection,

prioritize data needs, or account for the cost of data collection. While these are topics worthy of discussion, our efforts focus exclusively on identifying economic data needs.

GOALS

Collection of the data items illustrated in this document

are required to achieve three fundamental goals:

1. To understand the value of the resource and to recognize its importance to the economy and users. This

involves describing and enumerating ways in which

benefits are derived from the resource, measuring capital and labor devoted to those uses, determining the

importance of resource use to various users, and describing institutions surrounding those uses.

2. To measure the flow of net benefits derived from various uses and to understand how those benefits are generated. This entails technically describing productive

activities (i.e., inputs, processes, outputs) in their temporal and spatial setting, measuring costs and benefits

(e.g., consumer benefits, industry income) in each transformation, and determining the decision processes of

producers.

3. To preserve, conserve, enhance, and improve the flow

of net benefits from the endowment. This requires utilizing information derived from the above efforts and other

information to seek ways to improve the flow of net

benefits by reducing costs, defining constraints on use,

evaluating tradeoffs among uses, designing improved

allocations (or establishing systems that will, e.g., markets), defining minimal acceptable conditions, and exploring and enhancing demand through trade.

ANALYTICAL TOOLS

To achieve these goals, economists rely on economic

tools such as cost-benefit, input-output, financial, and trade

analyses, as well as descriptive statistics on various economic facets of the resource and those who use it. Costbenefit analysis (CBA) is the comparison of gains and losses

in net economic value from a regulatory action, where net

economic value is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. These surpluses are measured by estimating demand and supply functions for various users of the

resource.

Demand functions are estimated using information such

as prices and quantities4

 of the good under examination, as

well as factors that influence demand for a good such as the

price of substitutes and available incomes. Supply functions require information on quantities supplied (again using the appropriate units, e.g., pounds of fish or number of

recreational trips), output prices, and factor prices and quantities, or on production costs. Once market models are esti-
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mated, net economic values can be measured by summing

the surpluses. Regulatory alternatives are evaluated by

comparing the expected net economic value under existing

conditions with that expected under a new regulatory framework.

The majority of data elements listed in this document

are used in CBA. However, we also include information

useful for descriptive purposes and for input-output, financial, and trade analyses.

Input-output analysis (IOA) is used to assess changes

in income, revenues, expenditures, and employment, usually on a regional basis rather than at the national perspective of CBA. IOA is most often used by manufacturers and

industries, and by local and state governments, to determine changes in their market share or tax base, respectively

(Edwards 1990). IOA is not used to address issues of net

economic value. For instance, changes in employment predicted from an IOA are sometimes mistakenly used to argue

for changes in net economic value, when, in fact, there may

be no relationship. The kinds of data required for IOA are

incomes and expenditures of various economic sectors.

Although some of the data illustrated in this document,

such as information concerning dependent industries, could

be used to estimate economic impact, IOA and related analyses require substantially more information than is listed

herein to describe the technical interactions among the industry, households, and export markets.

Financial analysis takes a closer look at individual players to determine how their behavior is shaped by financial

constraints. Cash flow analysis is one kind of financial

analysis that looks at the ability of firms to meet obligations

given the amount and timing of cash inflows. Financial

ratios are used to evaluate the financial performance of

firms. In order to facilitate these kinds of analyses, some

financial data, such as amounts of assets and liabilities, are

needed.

Trade analysis is concerned with how the structure of

international markets affects the utilization of domestic resources. Aspects of trade such as imports and exports can

be part of CBA and IOA. Therefore, trade activity is listed

as a data requirement in this document. To do a complete

trade analysis, however, detailed information on tariffs and

trade sanctions is required.

DATA COLLECTION DEFICIENCIES

At present, many of the economic data needed to analyze economic effects of fishery management regulations

are not being collected by government agencies with fisheries responsibilities. Most data collection systems are

almost completely lacking in economic considerations beyond landings and prices. As a result, economic analyses

in RIRs, environmental impact statements, and environmental assessments are generally limited. Quite often, economists are forced to analyze critical aspects of fishery management decisions with insufficient data or to apply fairly

specialized private-sector data and analyses developed

under disparate viewpoints and guidelines.

For instance, the sole source of cost data on otter trawl

vessels used in the analysis of Amendment 5 of the Northeast Multispecies FMP was tax returns of 51 trawl vessels

out of 2,049 vessels holding multispecies permits (Groundfish Plan Development Team 1993). This small and nonrandom sample provided the basis for examining fleetwide

differences in profits, variable costs, and labor and fixed

costs associated with alternative regulatory actions. Similarly, limited industry data were used to estimate product

mixes, prices, and input costs for evaluation of the inshore/

offshore allocation decision in the Alaskan Groundfish FMP.

A CBA was required despite limited availability of publicsector industry data. All offshore cost data were obtained

from the American Factory Trawlers Association, a trade

group representing the offshore sector (Milon 1993; Herrick

et al. 1994).

Another result of insufficient data is that economists

are often forced to choose methods that use the available

data rather than use a preferred method, because the requisite data have not been collected. The data needs identified in this document should permit most foreseeable economic analyses. However, there are methods that require

fewer data. Some of these methods include duality theory5

,

general equilibrium welfare analysis6, almost ideal demand

systems7, and benefits transfer8. In certain cases, these

methods are apropos, and a subset of the listed data could

be collected to perform these analyses. But, in order to

establish a long-term, comprehensive system for economically evaluating fisheries, the collection of all data listed

herein is essential.

DATA COLLECTION PROSPECTS

Imminent changes in the way the NMFS collects fisheries statistics have prompted a reevaluation of economic

data requirements. Events such as the shift from voluntary

to mandatory reporting systems, and national initiatives

such as the National Fisheries Statistics Strategic Planning

Process, offer an opportunity to assess what information is

required by economists to evaluate regulatory alternatives

correctly.

Fisheries regulations are continually in a state of flux.

Therefore, it is important to establish baseline economic

statistics to evaluate fully the economic effects of management changes.

DATA IDENTIFICATION METHODS

Renewable marine resources (i.e., wild finfish and shellfish resources, marine mammals, and other aquatic life) are

used in different ways and by various user groups. Figure
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1 depicts the utilization of living marine resources by various resource uses and the interactions among user groups.

The first level in the figure divides resource use into five

use categories: 1) seafood production from commercial

harvesting, 2) seafood production from aquaculture, 3) recreation, 4) non-consumptive uses of living marine resources,

and 5) subsistence and traditional uses of living marine

resources.

Below each resource use category in Figure 1 are various user groups. User groups classified under seafood

production from commercial harvesting are commercial harvesters (including at-sea processors), processors and

wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The seafood-production-from-aquaculture user groups are identical to those

delineated under seafood production from commercial harvesting, except that commercial harvesters are replaced by

aquacultural producers9

. Recreation user groups are the

provider (e.g., party or charter boat operator) and angler.

Under non-consumptive uses, user groups are the provider

(e.g., whale-watching boat operator or diving-boat operator) and ecotourist. Lastly, subsistence and traditional uses

include groups of commercial-type and recreational-type

harvesters, including entities with treaty rights.

This section of the document is organized by resource

use, user group, and entities of interest. Each resource use

is introduced with a brief discussion of the benefits derived

from the resource. User groups are similarly introduced.

The term “benefits” is defined here as the gross benefits

that user groups derive from the resource, not the net benefits that are determined from a CBA in which opportunity

costs are considered.

Within each user group there are particular entities for

which information needs to be obtained. For example, in

the anglers user group of the recreation use category, there

are two kinds of entities: 1) party and charter boat anglers,

and 2) “other” anglers (i.e., private boat anglers and onshore anglers). In addition, for each entity, certain data are

needed that represent annual or other periods, such as a

trip or a month (i.e., the data period). Data can be collected

every such period, every other period, or within some other

interval of periods (i.e., the collection frequency). For each

entity, data can be censused or sampled (i.e., the data coverage). For example, a sample (data coverage) of economic

and related data on individual anglers gathered from daily

trip (data period) surveys is needed every 3-5 yr (collection

frequency). Table 1 shows how the data are organized and

presented in the “Data Categories, Elements, and Collection Schedules” section by resource use, user groups, and

entities of interest.

Data elements are specific pieces of information needed

to answer economic questions. Table 2 lists and defines

data elements within the annual data and other-period data

subsections. In general, annual and other-period data elements are presented similarly across user groups. In some

cases, this strict categorization does not make sense; some

deletions and/or additions have been made based on what

is sensible for an entity within a particular user group. Some

data elements, mostly identification data, are repeated in an

entity’s annual and other-period data because these sets of

data need to be linked together.

DATA CATEGORIES, ELEMENTS, AND

COLLECTION SCHEDULES

SEAFOOD PRODUCTION FROM COMMERCIAL

HARVESTING10

Economic benefits derived from seafood production

from commercial harvesting are: 1) harvest-sector employee

incomes and vessel revenues; 2) value added and employee

incomes realized in processing, wholesaling, transport, and

retailing; 3) consumer surplus11 realized by consumers; and

4) support and supply industry incomes and revenues derived from seafood production from commercial harvesting.

These benefits are augmented at various points by exporting and importing activities. Additional vessel profits and

crew incomes are earned by providing harvesting services

in joint venture arrangements and by adding value through

on-board processing.

Commercial Harvesters

Benefits derived from commercial fisheries consist of

vessel revenues and crew incomes derived from commercial harvesting of living marine resources (including incomes

and profits derived from joint venture arrangements), and

of support and supply industry revenues and incomes derived from such harvesting.

Figure 2 illustrates the composition of data elements

for commercial harvesters.

Vessel and Related Onshore Facilities

Annual Data

Annual data elements enumerated in Table 3 provide a

picture of the financial status of fishing firms and are critical

in evaluating how regulations affect investments and fixed

costs. Specifically, this information is needed to: 1) identify producing units and inventory capital, 2) describe benefits, 3) establish financial condition of firms, and 4) identify and describe the support industries related to the productive activity. The completeness of the description of

each firm, the degree to which all firms and vessels involved

in the industry are included, and the ability to distinguish

vessels in a given fishery are fundamental for evaluating

regulations effectively.

There is no substitute for a census of this information

every year. A series of tailored questionnaires could elicit

the required degree of detail without unnecessarily burden-
Page 4

ing any of the firms. Sufficient information should be obtained to develop representative groups of vessels whose

performance can be used in assessing regulatory change.

Cooperative panels (i.e., a representative group of vessel

owners willing to provide information) could be developed

on the basis of the census data.

Trip Data

Table 4 lists the detailed trip-level data which provide

information needed for: 1) measuring major costs of regulations, and 2) describing technical interactions and production relationships. In addition, the trip-level data provide

important daily and set (tow) information (e.g., catch/

bycatch by gear, area(s) fished, disposition of landings)

required for quota and effort monitoring and in bioeconomic

modeling to link catch/bycatch levels to supply-and-demand relationships.

Initially, it is crucial to census fishing activity for every

trip in order to design reasonable strata (by time and vessel

type) from which subsequent detailed sampling can be conducted.

Processors and Wholesalers

Ideally, one would like to trace the flow of product from

the harvest sector to the point of final sale. Fish are imported or sold from vessels to processors and wholesalers

(including truckers) who then process or deliver the product in final form to restaurants, retail outlets, other institutions, and international markets. Processors and wholesalers are heterogeneous, ranging from large multinational

corporations to small cottage-industry firms (such as crab

picking). Information currently available on some of these

user groups is sparse.

 Processor and wholesaler benefits include plant (firm)

revenues and employee incomes derived from transforming

the raw product into final form, and revenues and incomes

derived from delivery of product (in raw form, processed

form, and final product) to retail institutions (both domestic

and foreign). To the extent that support and supply industries are variously related to the supply of specialized inputs to the processing and wholesaling sector (including

transportation of product), then revenues and incomes of

these industries are appropriately counted in the benefits

of resource use.

Figure 3 illustrates the composition of data elements

for processors and wholesalers.

Plants (Firms)

Annual Data

The annual data elements presented in Table 5 provide

information to characterize the industry and to examine how

its structure and organization change through time. In particular, these data are needed to: 1) identify firms in the

industry, their investments, and their capacities; 2) examine

benefits; 3) assess the financial impact of harvest-sector

management measures; and 4) assess the importance of

international trade.

A complete census of firms, using processor and wholesaler permit applications, is desirable every year in order to

identify the population of firms. Then, the annual data

needs could be achieved by either: 1) adding appropriate

questions to the applications, or 2) conducting a follow-up

survey of the identified population.

Monthly Data

Table 6 presents monthly production and variable cost

data which provide the basis for evaluating how costs, profits, employment, and production are affected by management regulations. This information is used in value-added

studies, CBA, and for assessing the financial health of firms.

Production and variable cost information are also important

for tracing the flow of product between ports to assess port

dependencies and transportation industries.

A census should be conducted every month until a

sampling scheme is designed.

Retailers

Retail markets are a final point of sale for fishery products. Data on seafood purchased from restaurants are difficult to characterize because prices are often for a whole

meal, not just a fish product. Additionally, there is usually

no choice of quantity, and a visit to a restaurant is made for

many reasons unrelated to the price or quantity of fish.

Notwithstanding, benefits consist of revenues and employee incomes derived from the purchase of seafood (in

raw, processed, or final form) by consumers, and of revenues and incomes of the support and supply industries

providing specialized inputs used in the production of seafood to restaurants and retail markets.

Figure 4 shows the composition of data elements for

restaurants and retail markets.

Annual Data

The annual data elements illustrated in Table 7 characterize the retail market in terms of number and type of firms,

fixed costs, and investments. These data are needed to

assess the financial impact of changes in: 1) supply-anddemand relationships caused by management regulations,

including trade policies; and 2) final demand (consumer

demand) resulting from changes in seafood preferences.

Initially, a complete census of the retail market is important to identify subgroups for sampling. Thereafter, sampling should be conducted every 3-5 yr.
Page 5

Monthly Data

Table 8 illustrates monthly production and cost data

which provide the basis for evaluating how changes in supply-and-demand relationships affect the number of customers served, employment, and prices and quantities of transactions by seafood species (including imports). This information is used in CBA to examine production relationships,

and in value-added studies and IOA to trace the quantity

and value of fish sales by product form.

A monthly data census should be conducted for 1 yr,

followed by sampling every 3-5 yr.

Seafood Consumers

Benefits derived from consumption of U.S. seafood

consist of consumer surplus realized by consumers in both

the United States and in key foreign countries which import

substantial quantities of U.S. harvests (e.g., Japan, although

Japan’s consumer surplus would not be counted in a CBA

of U.S. fisheries). When total benefits of seafood production from commercial harvesting are measured (i.e., the

summed benefits of harvesting, processing & wholesaling,

retailing, and consumption) it is important to include consumer benefits because these constitute an essential component of the value that consumers receive from fishery

resources.

Figure 5 shows the composition of data elements for

seafood consumers.

Households

Annual Data

Table 9 presents the annual data items needed to identify consumers of seafood, their household characteristics,

and their consumer preferences. This information is useful

to: 1) estimate demand models for marketing studies, 2)

examine economic effects of seafood contamination on consumers, 3) estimate consumer surplus (consumer benefits)

derived from seafood consumption, 4) estimate economic

effects of regulations on consumer demand, and 5) estimate

economic effects of trade policies.

Stratified sampling, based on census data, at the national level would provide the requisite data. Surveys should

then be conducted every 3-5 yr to capture changes in preferences and international demand.

Daily Data

Table 10 presents daily consumption data which enable

researchers to understand the factors that influence the

household consumption mix. These data provide the basis

for analyzing how demand relationships are affected by regulations, seafood contamination, trade policies, and tastes

and preferences. Additionally, daily data provide information on direct effects used in IOAs of local or regional income and employment.

To understand daily choices made by seafood consumers, logbook-based studies should be undertaken every 3-

5 yr. Such studies ask participants to record on a daily

basis their eating and shopping habits.

SEAFOOD PRODUCTION FROM AQUACULTURE

Economic benefits derived from the aquacultural industry are: 1) employee incomes and producer revenues derived from the sale of aquacultural products; 2) value added

and employee incomes realized in processing, wholesaling,

transporting, and retailing; and 3) consumer surplus realized by consumers. These benefits are augmented by international trade, through either exporting final products or

importing inputs to production. Additionally, aquacultural

products provide benefits to the processing, wholesaling,

and retail sectors.

Since processors, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers all utilize aquacultural products, data on the use of these

products by each of these user groups need to be collected.

Data elements for the user groups in the seafood-production-from-commercial-harvesting resource use category also

apply here, but are not repeated.

Aquacultural Producers

This group covers all types of marine aquacultural operations, irrespective of the production method used or the

items cultivated (i.e., fish food, finfish, shellfish, aquatic

plants). It also includes operations such as egg production, smolt production, and fish feed production.

Benefits derived from aquacultural production are revenues and employee incomes from growing, storing, and

harvesting finfish or shellfish grown in a controlled environment, and the revenues and incomes of support and

supply industries derived from aquacultural production.

Figure 6 illustrates the composition of data elements

for aquacultural producers.

Production Facilities

Annual Data

Table 11 illustrates the annual descriptive, fixed-cost,

and financial status information needed to develop aquacultural industry profiles, to perform financial analyses of

firms, and to conduct CBA and IOA.

Since aquaculture is becoming increasingly important,

a census each year of all aquacultural facilities is required.
Page 6

Monthly Data

Table 12 illustrates monthly production activity and

variable-cost data needs. This information contributes to

the description of the aquacultural industry, helps in financial analysis of firms, is useful in CBA, and provides information on direct effects for use in IOA.

Initially, a monthly census should be undertaken; thereafter, representative firms might be sampled every 3-5 yr.

Processors and Wholesalers

See data elements for “Seafood Production from Commercial Harvesting - Processors and Wholesalers.”

Retailers

See data elements for “Seafood Production from Commercial Harvesting - Retailers.”

Seafood Consumers

See data elements for “Seafood Production from Commercial Harvesting - Seafood Consumers.”

RECREATION

Benefits derived from marine recreational fishing are:

1) crew incomes and producer revenues earned from party

boat and charter boat activities; 2) consumer surplus realized by fishermen (anglers); and 3) income, employment,

and production by support and supply industries generated from party and charter boat companies (recreational

fishing providers), and from boat-owning, boat-renting, or

onshore anglers.

Providers

Benefits derived from recreational providers (party boat

and charter boat companies) consist of vessel revenues

and captain and crew incomes earned from providing recreational fishing trips, including revenues earned from sale of

fish and consumer goods (food, drink, tackle, T-shirts, etc.)

while on board . These providers comprise part of the demand for goods and services produced by support and

supply industries, thereby generating incomes and revenues

in local and regional economies.

Figure 7 illustrates the composition of data elements

for recreational providers.

Vessel and Related Onshore Facilities

Annual Data

The annual data elements in Table 13 represent the types

of information needed to characterize the industry and to

examine how regulations of fishing gear or fishing practices

affect the economic value of production. In particular, data

are needed to: 1) examine industry profiles to understand

the constituency and organization of economic activity, 2)

identify fleet size and inventory capital, 3) conduct financial analyses of firms to predict effects of regulations on

solvency, and 4) assess the direct effects of regulations for

use in IOAs of local or regional income and employment.

A one-time annual census of charter and party boats is

needed. Subsequently, sampling should be conducted every 3-5 yr to capture entry/exit behavior.

Trip Data

Table 14 presents trip-level data needed in describing

and evaluating the effects of management regulations on

revenues, variable costs, and angler participation. Triplevel harvest data are essential in quota and effort monitoring, and in bioeconomic modeling to link harvest levels to

supply-and-demand relationships (i.e., supply of trips by

providers and demand for trips by anglers). This information is used in CBA to examine changes in production relationships, and in input-output models to estimate changes

in income and employment.

Initially, a 1-yr census of each vessel’s trip activity

should be conducted to gain baseline knowledge on the

fleet of vessels. Thereafter, annual sampling of homogenous subgroups of vessels (e.g., by type of operation,

target species, and geographic area) would be adequate.

Anglers

Angler benefits consist of consumer surplus derived

from the marine recreational fishing experience. Anglers

patronize support and supply industries, thereby generating incomes and revenues in local and regional economies.

Figure 8 shows the composition of data elements for

marine recreational anglers.

Party or Charter Boat Anglers

Annual Data

Table 15 presents the annual data elements needed to

examine profiles of marine anglers. This information is nec-
Page 7

essary to: 1) identify the population of anglers, 2) identify

subsistence fishermen for sociocultural studies, and 3) enumerate and describe the support and supply industries directly related to party or charter boat angler activities.

A census of charter boat and party boat anglers is impractical; instead, a census every 3-5 yr of vessels and trips

could be used to estimate relevant economic relationships.

Trip Data

Table 16 presents angler trip data needed to understand

the effects of regulations (e.g., participation and access

limits, creel limits, size limits) on the net economic value of

recreational fishing. Data on harvest, preferences, and variable costs of fishing are used in demand analyses and in

CBA to assess how catch rates, fish size, etc., affect demand for charter boat and party boat services.

Economic and related trip data on individual anglers

should be acquired every 3-5 yr to determine structural

changes or changes in preferences and demand. Daily intercepts of anglers’ trips on charter boats and party boats

would have to be accomplished to obtain trip-level data.

Onshore, Boat-Renting, or Boat-Owning Anglers

Annual Data

Table 17 presents the annual data elements necessary

to examine profiles of marine anglers. This information is

needed to: 1) identify the population of anglers, 2) identify

subsistence fishermen for sociocultural studies, and 3) enumerate and describe the support and supply industries directly related to fishing from shore or boats (private/rental).

Data should be sampled every 3-5 yr using intercept

surveys to examine changes in angler profiles and to estimate relevant economic relationships.

Trip Data

Table 18 presents angler trip data needed to understand

the effects of management regulations (e.g., participation

and access limits, creel limits, size limits) on the net economic value of recreational fishing. Data on harvest, preferences, and costs of fishing (including boat operating

costs) are used in demand analyses and in CBA to assess

how catch rates, fish size, etc., affect demand for marine

recreational fishing.

Economic and related data on individual anglers could

be sampled every 3-5 yr using intercept surveys. Intercepts of anglers’ trips would also allow estimation of total

catch and effort, and an evaluation of structural changes or

changes in preferences and demand.

NON-CONSUMPTIVE USES OF LIVING MARINE

RESOURCES12

Benefits derived from non-consumptive use are: 1) crew

incomes and provider revenues earned from providing nonconsumptive activities, 2) ecotourist surplus (i.e., benefits

received in excess of viewing costs), 3) support and supply

industry incomes and revenues derived from non-consumptive activities, and 4) existence values that may arise independent of use.

Providers

Benefits derived from non-consumptive providers (e.g.,

whale-watching boats, sightseeing boats, diving boats)

consist of vessel revenues and captain and crew incomes

earned from providing non-consumptive trips, including

revenues earned from sale of consumer goods (e.g., food,

drink, binoculars, T-shirts) while on board. Non-consumptive providers comprise part of the demand for goods and

services produced by support and supply industries, thereby

generating income and employment in local and regional

economies.

Vessel and Related Onshore Facilities

The annual and trip data required for economic analysis of non-consumptive providers and related activities--

both supply and demand--would be identical to those already listed for charter and party boat operations, with the

obvious omission of fishing gear and harvest information,

and a change in emphasis from fishing trips to wildlife observation trips.

An annual census of non-consumptive providers would

initially be necessary to enumerate the population of providers and to form a basis for subsequent sampling every 3-

5 yr.

Ecotourists

Individuals who receive benefits from their non-consumptive use of ocean resources are defined to be

ecotourists in this document. Ecotourists either rent services of non-consumptive providers, or engage in nonconsumptive activities by themselves (i.e., view or enjoy

some aspect(s) of the ocean environment from private boats,

personal rental boats, or from shore).

Benefits consist of ecotourist surplus (i.e., non-consumptive consumer surplus) derived from non-consumptive trips, and the incomes and revenues of support and

supply industries generated from ecotourist activities.
Page 8

Figure 9 illustrates the composition of data elements

for ecotourists.

Annual Data

Table 19 presents the annual data elements needed to

examine profiles of ecotourists. Individual and household

information is needed to: 1) identify the ecotourist population, 2) provide descriptive data for CBA to estimate effects

of regulations on net economic value of ecotourism, and 3)

enumerate the support and supply industries for use in IOAs

of local or regional income and employment.

Total aggregate participation should be estimated each

year from a survey of non-consumptive vessels. A census

of non-consumptive vessel ecotourists is impractical; instead, the census of vessels and trips could be used to

conduct a stratified sampling program of ecotourists every

3-5 yr.

Trip Data

Table 20 presents trip data needed to develop a basic

understanding of ecotourism. Data on ecotourists’

sightings, costs, and preferences can be used in demand

analyses to determine how marine animal abundance may

affect demand for non-consumptive vessel services, and in

CBA to estimate effects of regulations on the economic

value of ecotourism.

Economic and related data on individual ecotourists

might be acquired every 3-5 yr to evaluate possible structural changes or changes in preferences and demand. Economic data could be collected from add-on questionnaires

or from follow-up telephone contacts of surveyed

ecotourists.

Existence Values for U.S. Citizens

Ecotourists, anglers, and even non-users might value

the mere existence of living ocean resources and be willing

to pay to protect, preserve, or restore them. In economic

circles, natural resource values of this kind are known as

existence values, and are wholly independent of use of the

resource, whether current or future, potential or actual.

Users of the ocean environment may hold both use and

existence values, but non-users by definition can only hold

existence values, if any (M.A. Freeman 1993).

Existence value benefits consist of the maximum willingness to pay to protect, preserve, restore, or prevent losses

of living ocean resources (e.g., takings of harbor porpoises

in gillnet fisheries). There are no markets for existence values, so valuation techniques such as contingent valuation

are typically employed to simulate market bids for preservation, protection, and restoration.

Figure 10 illustrates the composition of data elements

for estimating existence values of U.S. citizens.

U.S. Citizens

Table 21 identifies the annual data elements needed to

estimate U.S. existence values associated with preservation, protection, and restoration. Estimating existence values is typically based on attitudinal and preference surveys.

On a need-to-know basis, households would have to

be surveyed randomly by mail or telephone to collect information on existence values.

SUBSISTENCE AND TRADITIONAL USES OF

LIVING MARINE RESOURCES13

Economic benefits derived from this user group are: 1)

employee incomes and vessel revenues from occasional

sales of marine finfish and shellfish, 2) value of the resources

consumed by the harvester, and 3) consumer surplus realized by consumers who buy from subsistence and traditional users.

Subsistence, as used by social scientists, can have two

meanings: 1) activities by which people acquire the food

(and other culturally defined necessities) needed to sustain

themselves whether through growing, gathering, catching,

bartering, or purchasing (Howard 1989); and 2) a system in

which people grow, gather, or catch all food (and obtain all

other necessities) solely for their own use and never for

sale (Beals et al. 1977; Schultz and Lavenda 1990; Stearman

and Redford 1992). By the first definition, we are all engaged in subsistence; by the second definition, few are.

In general, individuals or households are engaged in

subsistence if: 1) they cannot afford to buy equivalent

protein and other nutritional needs in the market, or 2) the

taking of certain organisms is vital to their spiritual or

cultural life. Primarily, subsistence fishing consists of catching fish as part of a pattern of resource exploitation that

includes fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants.

All of these activities are used to obtain household protein,

and/or to acquire species not commonly found at the retail

level, but which may be important to traditional meals or

holidays of a particular culture.

In this document, subsistence harvesters are defined

as those people who either: 1) rely on fishing to supply

directly at least part of their dietary needs, and who may or

may not also sell small amounts of finfish or shellfish as a

vital supplement to their income; or 2) conduct traditional

practices under treaty rights.

Those attempting initially to locate and identify subsistence harvesters have a variety of possible sources of

information, presumably from the group itself. Those who
Page 9

fish from party or charter boats can be identified through

port surveys of party/charter boat captains, and through

questions added to surveys regarding size of catch, species, disposition of catch, income levels, and frequency of

outings. Local conservation law officers can provide additional information, as can federal and state personnel from

fisheries agencies and social science researchers familiar

with different sections of the coastline.

Commercial-Type Harvesters with Treaty Rights

Technically, those who fish commercially under treaty

rights are defined as engaging in a subsistence use, and

therefore are discussed in this section.

All of the data elements associated with the commercial

harvesters user group of the seafood-production-from-commercial-harvesting use category apply to commercial-type

harvesters with treaty rights. In addition, the questions in

Table 22 are germane in order to assess benefits derived

from resources not sold.

Recreational-Type Harvesters with Treaty Rights

While some treaty rights involve commercial fisheries,

others involve low harvest levels and non-intensive harvesting techniques. These harvesters may fall under the

small-scale, food-oriented definition.

All of the data elements associated with the anglers

user group of the recreation use category apply to recreational-type harvesters with treaty rights, as do the incremental questions listed in Table 22.

Non-Treaty-Right Harvesters

A third group of subsistence harvesters, which overlaps to some degree the recreational fishery, is composed of

those people who catch some fish for recreation, but also

some for food and/or income. Some of this third group may

fish from party boats. Many will fish only from shore. Some

may be children or the elderly. Others will be low-income

single adults or heads of low-income households. Some

subsistence harvesters will be members of established ethnic/cultural enclaves, recent immigrants, or minorities. As

noted above, these latter two groups (low-income and ethnic/cultural groups) may include crew members of commercial vessels and their families. Often, even when they constitute important populations, these non-treaty-right subsistence harvesters are not recognized by policy and regulatory bodies (Fortmann 1990; M. Freeman 1993).

All of the data elements associated with the anglers

user group of the recreation use category, as well as the

incremental questions listed in Table 22, apply to non-treatyright subsistence harvesters.

 Members of ethnic/cultural groups who are commercial harvesters without treaty rights are generally indistinguishable from other commercial harvesters, and are therefore not discussed here. They are not subsistence harvesters by our definitions. However, some may still consider

themselves to be following a traditional lifestyle. The questions listed in Table 22 are thus applicable to this group as

well.

ENDNOTES

1. The glossary serves as a reference for all key economic

concepts, principles, and analyses identified in bold

italics.

2. See Edwards (1990) for a thorough discussion of economic efficiency, cost-benefit analysis, and input-output analysis as they relate to fisheries resources.

3. Guides have been developed to assist policymakers in

designing and executing economic data collection programs, but most of these efforts describe needs based

on only a portion of the entire fishery system -- the

harvest sector -- and are generally geared towards smallscale fishery administrators. See Stevenson et al. (1982),

Sutinen and Pollnac (1980), Smith (1979), and Smith

(1975).

4. Prices and quantities should be measured in units appropriate for the particular user group (i.e., fishing trips

for recreational fishers, pounds of fish for seafood production, or sightseeing trips for non-consumptive users), or, if measuring derived demand, in units appropriate for the inputs being measured.

5. For a discussion of duality theory, see Beattie and Taylor (1985) or Chambers (1988). For examples of duality

theory applied to fisheries, see Ward (1991) or Kirkley

(1986).

6. See Thurman and Easley (1992).

7. See Cheng and Capps (1987).

8. See USEPA (1993) and Krupnick (1993).

9. To limit redundancy, the processors and wholesalers,

retailers, and consumers user groups are only depicted

under the seafood-production-from-commercial-harvesting use category; as shown in Figure 1, these user

groups are associated with seafood production from

aquaculture as well.

10. Includes at-sea processors, joint ventures, and directed

foreign fishing.
Page 10

11. In contrast to other gross benefits illustrated in this

document, consumer surplus (defined in the glossary)

is a measure of net economic value (i.e., a benefit in

excess of costs). Due to the confusion often associated with the total economic value of consumer benefits (i.e., gross benefits measured by maximum willingness to pay) and the importance of consumer surplus in CBA, we have chosen to use consumer surplus

when referring to consumer benefits from consumption or use of a good or service.

12. See the glossary for definition.

13. For detailed case studies on managing subsistence fisheries in an industrial context, see Feldman (1981), Hanna

and Smith (1993), and Pinkerton and Keitlah (1990).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In preparation for a March 1993 Fisheries Data Needs

Workshop, the Economics Investigation at the NMFS’s

Northeast Fisheries Science Center identified data needed

to carry out various economic analyses of fisheries regulations. Results of that group effort formed the substance of

this document. The members of the Economics Investigation at that time were: Patricia Clay, Steven Edwards, Andrew Kitts, Philip Logan, Barbara Pollard-Rountree, Scott

Steinback, and John Walden.

We appreciate the helpful Center reviews of Steve

Edwards, Jon Gibson, Fred Serchuk, Terry Smith, and Eric

Thunberg.

REFERENCES CITED

Beals, R.L.; Hoijer, H.; Beals, A.R. 1977. An introduction to

anthropology. 5th ed. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Beattie, B.R.; Taylor, C.R. 1985. The economics of production.

New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Chambers, R.G. 1988. Applied production analysis: a dual

approach. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University

Press.

Cheng, H.-T.; Capps, O. 1987. Demand for disaggregate fish

and shellfish species in the United States. Va. Agric. Exp.

Stn. Bull. 87-2.

Edwards, S.F. 1990. An economics guide to allocation of fish

stocks between commercial and recreational fisheries.

NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 94.

Feldman, K.D. 1981. Anthropology and public policy in Alaska:

recent policy related to legal systems, Native subsistence,

and commercial fisheries. Policy Stud. Rev. 1(1):87-110.

Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. 1976.

U.S. Code. Vol. 16, secs. 1801-82.

Fortmann, L. 1990. Locality and custom: non-aboriginal claims

to customary usufructuary rights as a source of rural protest. J. Rural Stud. 6(2):195-208.

Freeman, M. 1993. The International Whaling Commission,

small-type whaling, and coming to terms with subsistence.

Hum. Organ. 52(3):243-251.

Freeman, M.A. 1993. The measurement of environmental and

resource values: theory and methods. Washington, DC:

Resources for the Future.

Groundfish Plan Development Team. 1993. Bioeconomic evaluations of the impacts of Amendment #5 alternatives.

Saugus, MA: New England Fishery Management Council.

Hanna, S.; Smith, C. 1993. Resolving allocation conflicts in

fishery management. Soc. Nat. Resour. 6:55-69.

Herrick, S.F., Jr.; Strand, I.; Squires, D.; Miller, M.; Lipton, D.;

Walden, J; Freese, S. 1994. Application of benefit-cost

analysis to fisheries allocation decisions: the case of

Alaska walleye pollock and Pacific cod. N. Am. J. Fish.

Manage. 14:726-741.

Howard, M.C. 1989. Contemporary cultural anthropology. 3rd

ed. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Co.

Kirkley, J.E. 1986. The relationship between management and

the technology in a multi-species fishery: the New England, Georges Bank, multi-species fishery. College Park,

MD: Univ. of Maryland. Ph.D. Dissertation.

Krupnick, A.J. 1993. Benefit transfers and valuation of environmental improvements. Resources 110:1-7.

Milon, J.W. 1993. U.S. fisheries management and economic

analysis: implications of the Alaskan groundfish controversy. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 75:1177-1182.

NMFS [National Marine Fisheries Service]. 1995. Guidelines

on regulatory analysis of fishery management actions.

App. 2.d. In: Operational guidelines for the fishery management plan process. Silver Spring, MD: National Marine Fisheries Service.

Pinkerton, E.; Keitlah, N. 1990. The Point No Point Treaty

Council: innovations by an inter-tribal fisheries management cooperative. Univ. Br. Colum. Plan. Pap. DP #26.

Vancouver, BC: Univ. of British Columbia, School of Community and Regional Planning.

President. 1993. Executive Order 12866 of September 30, 1993.

Fed. Regist. 58, no. 2. (4 October 1993).

Schultz, E.A.; Lavenda, R.H. 1990. Cultural anthropology: a

perspective on the human condition. 2nd ed. St. Paul,

MN: West.

Smith, F.J. 1975. The fisherman's business guide. Camden,

ME: International Marine Publishing Co.

Smith, I.R. 1979. A research framework for traditional fisheries.

Int. Cent. Living Aquat. Resour. Manage. Stud. Rev. 2.

Stearman, A.M.; Redford, K. 1992. Commercial hunting by

subsistence hunters: Sirionó Indians and Paraguayan

Caiman in lowland Bolivia. Hum. Organ. 51(3):235-244.

Stevenson, D.; Pollnac, R.; Logan, P. 1982. A guide for the

small-scale fishery administrator: information from the
Page 11

harvest sector. Kingston, RI: Univ. of Rhode Island, International Center for Marine Resource Development.

Sutinen, J.; Pollnac, R.; Logan, P., editors. 1982. Small-scale

fisheries in Central America: acquiring information for

decision making. Kingston, RI: Univ. of Rhode Island,

International Center for Marine Resource Development.

Thurman, W.N.; Easley, J.E., Jr. 1992. Valuing changes in

commercial fishery harvests: a general equilibrium derived

demand analysis. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 22:226-240.

USEPA [U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]. 1993. Benefits transfer: procedures, problems, and research needs.

In: Proceedings of the 1992 Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Workshop, Snowbird, Utah.

Available from: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Washington, DC (EPA 230-R-93-018).

Ward, J.M. 1991. Modelling vessel mobility: The Gulf of Mexico

shrimp fleet. Kingston, RI: Univ. of Rhode Island. Ph.D.

Dissertation.

GLOSSARY

benefits -- here defined as gross economic benefits derived

from use of a resource. Not to be confused with net benefits where opportunity costs are subtracted from gross

benefits.

bioeconomic modeling -- mathematical formulae that simulate the interaction between biological behavior of fish

stocks and human behavior of users of the resource as it is

shaped by economic factors.

cash flow analysis -- a type of financial analysis that compares the timing and amount of cash inflows with the timing

and amount of cash outflows. A firm’s cash flow position

can greatly affect its ability to remain in business. These

effects may not be apparent from a cost-benefit analysis.

charter boat -- any vessel-for-hire engaged in recreational

fishing and hired for a charter fee by an individual or a

group of individuals (for the exclusive use of that individual

or group of individuals), which results in that vessel being

unavailable for hire to any other individual or group of individuals during the period of the charter.

consumer surplus -- net economic value from consumption or use of a good or service. It is the difference between

the maximum that a person is willing to pay for the good or

service rather than do without it, and what he/she actually

spends. The adjective, “consumer” is misleading because

this category of value also applies to non-consumptive uses

(e.g., observing salmon runs) and to non-use benefits (e.g.,

protecting marine mammals from exploitation).

contingent valuation -- a method which uses survey questions to elicit people’s preferences for public goods by asking what they would be willing to pay or receive for specified increments or decrements in the public good.

cost-benefit analysis -- a comparison of the economic value

of using a productive resource with the opportunity cost of

using the resource. Projects or regulations are evaluated

based on how they change net economic value.

demand function -- a behavioral relationship between quantity consumed and a person’s maximum willingness to pay

for incremental increases in quantity. It is usually an inverse relationship where at higher (lower) prices, less (more)

quantity is consumed. Other factors which influence willingness-to-pay are income, tastes and preferences, and price

of substitutes.

economic efficiency -- a measure of the size of consumer

surplus and producer surplus. An increase in the combined surpluses is an increase in economic efficiency.

ecotourists -- individuals who rent services of non-consumptive providers or produce non-consumptive trips themselves.

existence value -- value that individuals place on the existence of living ocean resources.

financial analysis -- cost accounting based on market prices

as opposed to opportunity costs.

financial ratio -- a method of evaluating a firm’s financial

position. An example is the “current ratio” which is equal

to current assets divided by current liabilities.

fixed costs -- costs that do not vary with the level of output.

input-output analysis -- a systematic method that both describes the financial linkages and network of input supplies

and production which connect industries in a regional

economy (however defined), and predicts the changes in

regional output, income, and employment. Input-output

analysis generally focuses on economic activity and the

self-sufficiency of an economy, unlike cost-benefit analysis which focuses on changes in net national benefits from

use of a productive resource.

maximum willingness to pay -- maximum valuation placed

by an individual on a good or service in terms of money.

The summation of individuals’ maximum willingness to pay

is tantamount to the total economic value of consumer benefits (i.e., gross benefits).

net economic value (alternate term for net national benefits)

-- sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.

net national benefits (alternate term for net economic value)

-- sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.
Page 12

non-consumptive users -- individuals may use (i.e., observe), yet not consume, certain living ocean resources,

like whale watching, sightseeing, or scuba diving. Additionally, individuals might value the mere existence of living

ocean resources without actually observing them. In this

document, uses of this kind are defined as non-consumptive. Some argue that certain non-consumptive uses disrupt habitats, breeding patterns, or feeding patterns and

should therefore not be considered non-consumptive. Our

use of the term is for classification purposes only and not

for descriptive purposes.

non-users -- individuals who obtain value from a resource,

but do not use the resource.

opportunity cost -- generally intended to refer to foregone

economic value when a productive resource, such as labor,

capital, land, or fish, is used to produce one good or service

instead of something else.

party boat (also called a head boat) -- any vessel-for-hire engaged in recreational fishing and hired (or leased, in whole or

part) for a per-capita fee on a first-come, first-served basis.

producer surplus -- the total revenue obtained from using a

productive resource minus all opportunity costs of production (opportunity costs of entrepreneurs’ skills, labor, capital, and ownership of natural resources).

supply function -- shows the quantities of goods and services a producer would provide at various prices.

trade analysis -- economic analysis of the trade of goods

and services between countries.

value added -- the dollar value of a firm’s output (i.e., harvest) minus the dollar value of the inputs it purchases from

other firms.

variable costs -- cost that vary with the level of output.
Page 13

Table 1. Organization of the data elements needed to analyze economic effects of fishery management regulations

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Data Coverage & Collection Frequency

 by Data Period

Resource Use User Group Entity of Interest Annual Period Other Period

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Seafood production Commercial Vessel and related Census every year Census every trip

from commercial harvesters onshore facilities

harvesting

Processors & Plants Census every year Census then design

wholesalers sampling scheme

Retailers Retailers Census then sample Census then sample

every 3-5 yr every 3-5 yr

Seafood consumers Households Sample every 3-5 yr Sample every 3-5 yr

Seafood production Producers Production facilities Census every year Census then sample

from aquaculture every month

Recreation Providers Vessel and related Census then sample Census every trip then

onshore facilities every 3-5 yr stratified sampling

Anglers Party or charter Stratified samples Stratified samples

boat anglers every year every 3-5 yr

Onshore, boat- Stratified samples Stratified samples

renting, or boat- every year every 3-5 yr

owning anglers

Non-consumptive Providers Vessel and related Census then sample Census then sample

use of living onshore facilities every 3-5 yr every 3-5 yr

marine resources

Ecotourists Ecotourists Stratified samples Stratified samples

every 3-5 yr every 3-5 yr

All U.S. citizens U.S. citizens Periodic samples No data collected

Subsistence & Commercial-type Vessel and related Census every year Census every trip

traditional uses harvesters with onshore facilities

of living marine treaty rights

resources

Recreational-type Party or charter Stratified samples Stratified samples

harvesters with boat harvesters every year every 3-5 yr

treaty rights

Onshore, boat- Stratified samples Stratified samples

renting, or boat- every year every 3-5 yr

owning harvesters

Non-treaty-right Party or charter Stratified samples Stratified samples

harvesters boat harvesters every year every 3-5 yr

On-shore, boat- Stratified samples Stratified samples

renting, or boat- every year every 3-5 yr

owning harvesters

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 14

Table 2. Definition of data categories to be used to analyze economic effects of fishery management regulations

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Category Definition

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Annual Data

Identification and ownership Information that allows one to identify and classify vessels, firms, and individuals

within a user group

Descriptive Information that describes and delineates a firm’s and/or vessel’s activities, inventories, and capacities

Fixed (or indivisible) cost Vessel, firm, or plant costs that do not vary with production

Financial position Asset and liability information that allows one to enumerate and assess a firm’s

financial status

Other Generally, information that portrays income sources and other information not

directly associated with the user group, e.g., profits from use of a commercial fishing

vessel for whale watching

Dependent industry Identifying and descriptive information pertaining to industries or firms that depend

on the user group, e.g., marine bait-and-tackle shops depend on recreational anglers

Other-Period Data

Descriptive and identification Information that describes and identifies the type of commercial or recreational trip

and delineates a firm’s or market’s/restaurant’s activities, inventories, and capacities

Activity Data at the daily, trip, or tow level that allow one to enumerate and quantify activities

of a user group

Variable cost Vessel, firm, or market/restaurant costs which vary with level of output

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 15

Table 3. Annual data needed on commercial harvesters

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification and ownership

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- Owner(s) (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Ownership type (sole proprietor, partnership, owner-operator, etc.)

- Corporation name (if incorporated)

- Names and numbers of other vessels in organization (if partnership)

- Permits held

- Port of registry

Description of vessel and equipment

- Type of vessel (principal gear)

- Length

- Gross tons

- Net tons

- Hull construction material

- Hold capacity

- Engine(s) descriptors (brand, age, horsepower, fuel type)

- Harvest gear (number and description)

- Deck gear (number and description)

- Wheelhouse electronics (number and description)

- Gear-mounted electronics (number and description)

- On-board processing/refrigeration (equipment list, descriptions, capacities)

- Year built

- Purchase year and price

- Estimated market value fully equipped

- Market value of permits owned

Onshore facilities

- Facilities (list, descriptors, capacities)

- Equipment (list, descriptors, capacities)

- Estimated market value of onshore investment

- Names and numbers of other vessels within organization that also use same onshore facilities

Fixed costs

- Annual insurance costs (hull, health, protection and indemnity, mortgage, etc.)

- Annual haulout/overhaul

- Dockage

- Professional fees (accounting, legal, bookkeeping, tax filing, etc.)

- Loan payments (principal and interest)

- Vessel depreciation

- All other gear depreciation (fishing gear, electronics, etc.)

- New gear acquired list, cost (for replacement or addition)

- Repairs

- Maintenance

- Crew salary (for those crew not paid on a trip basis)

- Crew benefits (all crew)

- Taxes (income, property, etc.)

- Vessel improvement cost

- Value of catch in storage

- Vessel permit fees

- Auto/trailer

- Office
Page 16

Table 3. Cont.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

- Association(s) fees

- Onshore permits/export/import/license/etc. fees

- Cold storage rental

- Onshore (non-owned) processing/holding costs, leases

- Advertising

- Lease or mortgage of onshore facilities

- Onshore employee salaries and benefits

Firm financial status

- Current assets (list and value)

- Long-term assets (list and estimated market value)

- Current liabilities (list and amount)

- Long-term liabilities (list and amount)

- Monthly income all sources

- Monthly cash outflow all destinations

Other

- Total other annual revenue from use of vessel (e.g., recreational fishing trips, sightseeing, whale watching, fireworks, transport of goods and people, SCUBA)

- Vessel-owner-owned onshore business revenue

- Amount and value of quota bought or sold

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, other)

- Product list (quantities and prices by product type)

- Net income derived from commercial harvesters

- Number of employees per firm

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 17

Table 4. Trip data needed on commercial harvesters

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Vessel identification and trip descriptors

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- Port of departure

- Departure date and time

- Return date and time

- Hours fished

- Fishing/hauling time lost (by cause, by day)

Crew status

- Captain and crew identifiers

- Captain’s experience as captain in target fishery

Daily activities (within trip)

Mobile-gear tow activities (repeat for each tow type)

- Date

- Tow number or other demarcation of effort

- Gear electronics in operation (Y/N)

- Location (statistical area and Loran bearings)

- Gear type

- Target species

- Time tow started

- Time tow ended

- Pounds of catch kept (by species and market category)

- Pounds of catch discarded (by species and market category)

Mobile-gear mammal incidents

- Location (statistical area and Loran bearings)

- Gear deployment specifics

- Species and numbers encountered

- Disposition by code by animal

Fixed gear

- Gear type

- Location (statistical area and Loran bearings)

- Gear hauled (number of units by statistical area) this day

- Gear deployment descriptors

- Average soak time of hauled gear

- Pounds of catch kept (by species and market category)

- Pounds of catch discarded (by species and market category)

Fixed-gear mammal incidents

- Location (statistical area and Loran bearings)

- Gear deployment specifics

- Species and numbers encountered

- Disposition by code by animal
Page 18

Table 4. Cont.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

At-sea transfer

- Pounds and price per pound of fish off-loaded (unprocessed) (by species and market category)

- Pounds and price per pound of fish on-loaded (unprocessed) (by species and market category)

- Pounds and price per pound of fish off-loaded (processed) (by species and processing code)

- Pounds and price per pound of fish on-loaded (processed) (by species and processing code)

Disposition of (unprocessed) landings

- Port(s) landed

- Buyer(s)

- Pounds sold and price per pound (by port, buyer, species, and market category)

Disposition of processed landings

- Port(s) landed

- Buyer(s)

- Pounds sold and price per pound (by port, buyer, species, and processing code)

Variable costs

Trip costs

- Replacement or repair cost of gear and equipment lost or damaged

- Fuel

- Quantity

- Cost

- Oil

- Quantity

- Cost

- Bait (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost

- Ice

- Quantity

- Cost

- Water

- Quantity

- Cost

- Total food cost

- Trip grading/handling/unloading

- On-board processing costs

- Local transport costs

- Supplies

Labor costs

- Crew

- Number

- Crew share formula

- Total crew cost

- Total captain cost

- Shack estimated value

- Shack distribution formula

- Captain and crew bonuses

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 19

Table 5. Annual data needed on processors and wholesalers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Descriptive and firm identification

- Plant identification

- Plant activities (processing, wholesaling, packing, etc.)

- Primary markets (restaurants, institutions, retail outlets, export)

- Ownership type (sole proprietorship, partnership, etc.)

- Plant capacity (metric tons of fish per year which the plant could process)

- Degree of vertical integration (this should include vessels and aquacultural facilities)

- Degree of horizontal integration

- Plant identifications of other plants owned by same firm

- Equipment inventory

Fixed costs

- Insurance (property and casualty, business interruption, workers compensation, other)

- Professional fees (accounting, legal, bookkeeping, tax filing, etc.)

- Loan payments (principal and interest)

- Finance/service charge

- Depreciation

- Administrative salaries and benefits

- Taxes (income, property, etc.)

- Plant improvement costs

- Advertising

- Permits, licenses, and fees

- Bad debt allowance

- Storage

- Leases

- Repairs

- Maintenance

- Office

- Miscellaneous/other

Financial status

- Current assets (list and value)

- Long-term assets (list and estimated market value)

- Current liabilities (list and amount)

- Long-term liabilities (list and amount)

- Monthly income all sources

- Monthly cash outflow all destinations

- Market value of plant, land, and equipment

Other

- Other income sources not related to commercial fishing

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities and prices by product type)

- Net income derived from commercial harvesters

- Number of employees per firm

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 20

Table 6. Monthly data needed on processors and wholesalers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Production and plant identification

- Plant identification

- Total number of production workers

- Total number of support staff

- Domestic fish purchased: pounds and price per pound (by seller, species, and market category)

- Imports: pounds and price per pound (by country, species, and market category)

- Inventories (species/pounds/market category)

- Production hours

- Quantity and value by product form and by customer

Variable costs

- Income taxes (state and federal)

- Labor (number of full- and part- time employees and cost)

- Utilities

- Transportation

- Raw product cost

- Packaging material

- Additives used in the production process

- Waste amelioration

- Other

International trade activities

- Quantity and value of exports by product form by country to which exported; for those countries to which exported,

the quantity and value of imports by product form from non-U.S. sources

- Quantity and value of imports by product form and country of import

- Exchange rates

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 21

Table 7. Annual data needed on retailers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Descriptive and market/restaurant identification

- Market or restaurant identification

- Retail market type (fish market, supermarket, restaurant, etc.)

- Ownership type (sole proprietorship, partnership, etc.)

- Seafood retail space if market

- Seating capacity if restaurant

- Degree of vertical integration (fish market owner also owns fish farm or vessel)

- Identification of other markets/restaurants owned by same firm

Fixed costs

- Insurance (property and casualty, business interruption, workers’ compensation, etc.)

- Professional fees (accounting, bookkeeping, tax filing, etc.)

- Loan payments (principal and interest)

- Finance or service charge

- Depreciation

- Administrative salaries and benefits

- Taxes (income, property, etc.)

- Improvement costs

- Advertising

- Permits, licenses, and fees

- Bad debt allowance

- Miscellaneous/other

Financial status

- Current assets (list and value)

- Long-term assets (list and estimated market value)

- Current liabilities (list and amount)

- Long-term liabilities (list and amount)

- Monthly income all sources

- Monthly cash outflow all destinations

- Market value of buildings, land, and equipment

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities and prices by product type)

- Net income derived from seafood products

- Number of employees per firm

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 22

Table 8. Monthly data needed on retailers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Retail activity

- Market/restaurant identification

- Employment by outlet by month

- Customers (volume) per month

- Prices, quantities of transactions from retail markets by species, by product type (fresh/frozen/canned/smoked,

dressed/fillets, prepared/unprepared, cooked/uncooked), by type of outlet, by month

- Prices, quantities of imports to retail markets by species, by product type (fresh/frozen/canned/smoked, dressed/

fillets, prepared/unprepared, cooked/uncooked), by type of outlet, by month

- Percent of total revenue earned from fish products

Operating costs

- Utilities

- Labor

- Rent or mortgage

- Transportation

- Cost of goods sold by product

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 23

Table 9. Annual data needed on seafood consumers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

Tastes and preferences

- Household experience with seafood poisoning or other illnesses

- General knowledge of seafood poisoning or other illnesses

- Preference scale by type of seafood

- Strength of preferences

- Other indicators of preferences (health consciousness, exercise, etc.)

- List of substitutes

Households

- Number adults and children in household

- Employment status of adults (e.g., employed, unemployed, retired, student, full-time, part-time, self-employed, any

combination)

- Occupation

- Education

- Marital/cohabitational status

- Age

- Sex

- Race/ethnic identity

- General health

- Annual household income (or total food budget)

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 24

Table 10. Daily data needed on seafood consumers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

Daily consumption by product type and outlet

- Quantity

- Cost

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 25

Table 11. Annual data needed on aquacultural producers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Descriptive and firm identification

- Facility identification

- Type of facility (technique used, e.g., net pen, sea ranching, hatcheries)

- Location

- Primary outlet (wholesaler, processor, retailer, etc.)

- Ownership type (joint venture, corporation, sole owner, etc)

- Owner name

- Species type (e.g., salmon, shrimp, mussels, aquatic plants)

- Growth stage (e.g., egg, smolt, post-larvae)

- Production capacity

- Degree of vertical integration

- Degree of horizontal integration

- Facility identifications of other aquacultural operations owned by same firm

- Equipment inventory

Fixed costs

- Insurance (property and casualty, business interruption, workers’ compensation, other)

- Professional fees (accounting, legal, bookkeeping, tax filing, etc.)

- Loan payments (principal and interest)

- Finance/service charges

- Depreciation

- Administrative salaries and benefits

- Taxes (income, property, etc.)

- Facility improvement costs

- Advertising

- Permits, licenses, and fees

- Bad debt allowance

- Storage

- Leases

- Repairs

- Maintenance

- Office

- Waste amelioration

- Dock fees

- Miscellaneous/other

Financial status

- Current assets (list and value)

- Long-term assets (list and estimated market value)

- Current liabilities (list and amount)

- Long-term liabilities (list and amount)

- Monthly income all sources

- Monthly cash outflow all destinations

- Market value of facility

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities and prices by product type)

- Net income derived from aquacultural industry

- Number of employees per firm

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 26

Table 12. Monthly data needed on aquacultural producers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Production information

- Facility identification

- Total number of production workers

- Total number of support staff

- Type of input product (eggs, larvae, fry, juveniles, smolts, seed, etc.) and origin

- Description of products

- Quantity, value, and destination of output product sold per month by product type

- Quantity, value, and final product type inventoried (kept in its aquacultural site) per month by product type

- Quantity and value of product exported per month by product type

- Capacity measurement per month (percent utilization of facility)

- Pounds of feed used per month

- Quantity and value of product lost in mortality per month by product type by type of loss (e.g., poaching, weather,

disease, predation)

Variable costs

- Income taxes (state and federal)

- Labor (number of full- and part-time employees and cost)

- Utilities

- Transportation

- Input to production (egg, smolt, seed, post-larvae, etc.)

- Feed (quantity and costs)

- Heating

- Disease prevention and control

- Fuel

- Handling expenses (ice, refrigeration, etc.)

- Customs if export

- Equipment rental

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 27

Table 13. Annual data needed on recreation providers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification and ownership

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- Owner(s) (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Ownership type (sole proprietorship, partnership, owner operator, etc.)

- Corporation name (if incorporated)

- Names and numbers of other vessels in organization (if partnership)

- Permits held

- Port of registry

Description of vessel and equipment

- Type of vessel (party or charter)

- Length

- Gross tons

- Net tons

- Hull construction material

- Passenger capacity

- Engine(s) descriptors (brand, age, horsepower, fuel type)

- Harvest gear (number and description)

- Wheelhouse electronics (number and description)

- On-board processing/refrigeration (equipment list, descriptions, capacities)

- Year built

- Purchase year and price

- Estimated market value fully equipped

Onshore facilities

- Facility type (restaurant, tackle shop, etc.)

- Estimated market value of onshore investment

- Names and numbers of other vessels within organization that also use same onshore facilities

Fixed costs

- Annual insurance (hull, health, protection and indemnity, mortgage, etc.)

- Annual haulout/overhaul

- Dockage

- Professional fees (accounting, legal, bookkeeping, tax filing, etc.)

- Loan payments (principal and interest)

- Vessel depreciation

- All other depreciation (fishing gear, electronics, etc.)

- New gear acquired list, cost (for replacement or addition)

- Repairs

- Maintenance

- Crew salary (for those not paid on a trip basis)

- Crew benefits (all crew)

- Taxes (income, property, etc.)

- Vessel improvement cost

- Vessel permit fees

- Auto/trailer

- Office

- Association(s) fees

- Onshore permit fees

- Cold storage rental

- Advertising

- Lease or mortgage of onshore facilities

- Onshore employee salaries and benefits
Page 28

Table 13. Cont.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Firm financial status

- Current assets (list and value)

- Long-term assets (list and estimated market value)

- Current liabilities (list and amount)

- Long-term liabilities (list and amount)

- Monthly income all sources

- Monthly cash outflow all destinations

Other

- Total other annual revenue from use of vessel (e.g., sightseeing, whale watching, fireworks, transport of goods and

people, SCUBA).

- Owner-owned onshore business revenue (restaurant, tackle shop, etc.)

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities and prices by product type)

- Net income derived from charter and party boats

- Number of employees per firm

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 29

Table 14. Trip data needed on recreation providers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Vessel identification and trip descriptors

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- Port of departure

- Departure date and time

- Return date and time

- Gear(s) used

- Hours fished

- Area(s) fished

- Target species

Crew status

- Captain and crew identifiers (social security numbers)

- Captain, number of years in business (experience)

Catch by species

- Number and size and total weight of catch

- Number and size and total weight returned

- Number and size and total weight taken by captain

- Number and size and total weight taken by mates

- Number and size and total weight taken by anglers

Revenues

- Number of customers

- Fee schedule

- Total revenues from fees

- Gear rental

- Tackle

- Sale by species by captain (number, size, and total weight)

- Sale by species by mate (number, size, and total weight)

- Revenue from filleting (captain and mate)

- Tips (captain and mate)

- Consumer goods (food, drink, tackle, T-shirts, etc.)

Variable costs

Trip costs

- Replacement or repair cost of gear and equipment lost or damaged

- Fuel

- Quantity

- Cost

- Oil

- Quantity

- Cost

- Bait (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost

- Tackle and gear (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost
Page 30

Table 14. Cont.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

- Ice

- Quantity

- Cost

- Rental equipment (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost

- Total consumer goods (e.g., food, drink)

Labor costs

- Crew

- Number

- Crew share formula

- Total crew cost

- Total captain cost (if not salaried)

- Captain and crew bonuses

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 31

Table 15. Annual data needed on party or charter boat anglers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Age

- Gender

- Race/ethnic identity

- Employment status (e.g., employed, unemployed, retired, student, full-time, part-time, self-employed, any combination)

- Annual household income (or total leisure budget)

- Hourly wage (if not salaried)

- Days worked per week

- Hours worked per week

- Annual number of vacation days

- Annual number of holidays

- Marital status

- Education

- Household size (number of children)

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities by product type)

- Net income from sale to anglers

- Number of employees

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 32

Table 16. Trip data needed on party or charter boat anglers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Name and social security number

- Number in party and relationship to them

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- Port of departure

- Departure date and time

- Return date and time

Harvest

- Target species

- Catch by species (number and possibly weight)

- Number released by species

- Number given to friends, relatives, mate, or captain

- Number and cash from sale and identity of purchaser

Preferences

- Reason(s) for fishing (e.g., enjoyment, food, income) and relative importance

- Satisfaction with trip

- Maximum willingness to pay for this trip (fee) (e.g., if your costs for fishing on this day had increased by $X, would

you still have gone fishing on that day?)

- Experience (number of years)

- Subscription to fishing periodicals?

- Own motor boat?

- Part of a vacation? Fishing vacation?

- Alternative use of this time (e.g., how much money could you have earned if you hadn’t taken this trip?)

Money costs (expenses of only the person interviewed)

- Fee paid for self plus others in party (number and relationship of others paid for)

- Gear rental

- Tackle

- Bait

- License

- Filleting service

- Goods on board (food, drink, tackle, T-shirts, etc.)

- Travel activities

- Miles (one way)

- Time (one way)

- Travel expenses by category (gas, oil, lodging, food, etc.)

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 33

Table 17. Annual data needed on onshore, boat-renting, or boat-owning anglers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Age

- Gender

- Race/ethnic identity

- Employment status (e.g., employed, unemployed, retired, student, full-time, part-time, self-employed, any combination)

- Annual household income (or total leisure budget)

- Hourly wage (if not salaried)

- Days worked per week

- Hours worked per week

- Annual number of vacation days

- Annual number of holidays

- Marital status

- Education

- Household size (number of children)

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities by product type)

- Net income from sale to anglers

- Number of employees

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 34

Table 18. Trip data needed on onshore, boat-renting, or boat owning anglers

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Trip identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Number in party and relationship to them

- Departure date and time

- Port of departure

- Location(s) fished

- Hours fished (time gear is in water)

- Fishing mode(s) (boat, pier, jetty, shore)

- If boat:

- Owned or leased

- Registration number

- If owned:

- Type

- Length

- Engine horsepower

Harvest

- Target species

- Catch by species (number and weight)

- Number released by species

- Number given to friends or relatives

- Number and cash from sale, and identity of purchaser

Preferences

- Reason(s) for fishing (e.g., enjoyment, food, income) and relative importance

- Satisfaction with trip

- Maximum willingness to pay for this trip (fee) (e.g., if your costs for fishing on this day had increased by $X, would

you still have gone fishing on that day?)

- Experience (number of years)

- Subscription to fishing periodicals?

- Part of a vacation? Fishing vacation?

- Alternative use of this time (e.g., how much money could you have earned if you hadn’t taken this trip?)

Money costs (expenses of only the person interviewed)

- Fuel cost

- Oil cost

- Bait (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Cost

- Tackle and gear (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost

- Ice cost

- Rental equipment (repeat for each type)

- Description

- Quantity

- Cost

- Mooring/dockage fees

- License

- Travel activities

- Miles (one way)

- Time (one way)

- Travel expenses by category (gas, oil, lodging, food, etc.)

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 35

Table 19. Annual data needed on ecotourists

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Age

- Gender

- Race/ethnic identity

- Employment status (e.g., employed, unemployed, retired, student, full-time, part-time, self-employed, any combination)

- Annual household income (or total leisure budget)

- Hourly wage (if not salaried)

- Days worked per week

- Hours worked per week

- Annual number of vacation days

- Annual number of holidays

- Marital status

- Education

- Household size (number of children)

Dependent industries

- Firm identifiers (name, address, telephone number, owner, etc.)

- Product list (quantities by product type)

- Net income from sale to anglers

- Number of employees

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 36

Table 20. Trip data needed on ecotourists

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Trip identification

- Name and social security number

- Number in party and relationship to them

- Vessel identification (name, Coast Guard number, or state registration number)

- If boat owned or leased:

- Registration number

- Type

- Length

- Engine horsepower

- Port of departure

- Departure date and time

- Return date and time

Sightings

- Species sought

- Species sighted and quantities

Preferences

- Reason(s) for viewing and relative importance

- Satisfaction with trip

- Maximum willingness to pay for this trip (fee) (e.g., if your costs for this day had increased by $X, would you still

have gone viewing on that day?)

- Experience (number of years)

- Subscription to related periodicals?

- Own motor boat?

- Part of a vacation? Fishing vacation?

- Alternative use of this time (e.g., how much money could you have earned if you hadn’t taken this trip?)

Money costs (expenses of only the person interviewed)

- Fee paid for self plus others in party (number and relationship of others paid for)

- Goods on board (food, drink, T-shirts, etc.)

- Travel activities

- Miles (one way)

- Time (one way)

- Travel expenses by category (gas, oil, lodging, food, etc.)

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 37

Table 21. Annual data needed on U.S. citizens

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification

- Identification (name, address, telephone, social security number)

- Age

- Gender

- Race/ethnic identity

- Employment status (e.g., employed, unemployed, retired, student, full-time, part-time, self-employed, any combination)

- Annual household income (or total leisure budget)

- Hourly wage (if not salaried)

- Days worked per week

- Hours worked per week

- Annual number of vacation days

- Annual number of holidays

- Marital status

- Education

- Household size (number of children)

Valuation

- Annual willingness to pay to protect/restore/prevent losses from a species’ population (e.g., takings of harbor

porpoises in Gulf of Maine gillnet fishery); requires discrete-choice format and careful experimental design to

control treatments and sources of bias

- Reasons for $0 bids

Preferences

- Awareness of species

- Number of encounters with species

- Memberships in conservation organizations

- Donations to protect species

- Preference-scale evaluation of strength of feelings regarding protection

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 38

Table 22. Additional questions to be asked of subsistence and traditional users

____________________________________________________________________________________________

- Besides finfish, what other marine resources (e.g., shellfish, seaweed, kelp) do you harvest or another member of

your household catch or gather?

- How often do you eat marine resources (including finfish, shellfish, squid, seaweed or kelp) that you or another

member of your household catch or gather?

- Does your household ever give finfish, shellfish, or other marine resources (such as seaweed or kelp, octopus or

squid) that it harvested to members of other households?

- If so, to whom do you give them (e.g., affinal relatives, consanguineal relatives, fictive kin, friends, neighbors, elderly, infirm, unemployed)?

- To what extent would you characterize your household’s fishing and gathering of marine resources as recreation or

subsistence?

- Have you ever fished or gathered marine resources from a location with a posted health advisory or that you

suspected to be polluted?

- If so, why did you fish there?

- Approximately what percent of all the food (domestic meat and wild game, fish and shellfish, fowl, garden vegetables or other plants including domestic or wild fruits, nuts, berries, mushrooms, etc.), that is eaten by members of

your household comes from resources harvested by your own household?

- What is the significance of the resource harvested to your cultural/spiritual life?

- What is the significance of your methods/styles of fishing to your cultural/spiritual life?

- To what extent and in what way are the distribution network or the specific resources distributed defined by

cultural/religious tenets or traditions?

- To what extent are resources and profits communal versus individual?

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 39 Figure 1. Flow of renewable marine resources through various uses.
Page 40

Figure 2. Composition of data elements associated with commercial harvesters.

HARVESTING &

AT-SEA

PROCESSING

JOINT-VENTURE

SERVICES

VESSEL (FIRM)

DATA

DIRECTED

FOREIGN

FISHING

ANNUAL DATA

Identification

&

Ownership

Description of

Vessel

On-Shore

Facilities

Fixed Costs

Firm Financial

Standing

Other Annual

Data

Dependent

Industries

TRIP DATA

Vessel

Identification

&

Trip

Descriptors

Daily Activity

Data

Variable Costs
Page 41

Figure 3. Composition of data elements associated with processors and wholesalers.

PROCESSORS

&

WHOLESALERS

PLANT (FIRM)

DATA

ANNUAL DATA

Descriptive

&

Firm

Identifying

Fixed Costs

Financial

Status

International

Trade

Other Annual

Information

Dependent

Industries

MONTHLY

DATA

Production

Information

Variable Costs
Page 42

Figure 4. Composition of data elements associated with retail markets.

RETAILERS

RETAIL

MARKET/

RESTAURANT

ANNUAL DATA

Descriptive

& Market/

Restaurant

Identifying

Data

Fixed Costs

Financial

Status

Dependent

Industries

MONTHLY

DATA

Retail

Activity

Operating

Costs
Page 43

Figure 5. Composition of data elements associated with seafood consumers.

CONSUMERS

HOUSEHOLDS

ANNUAL

DATA

Identification

Tastes and

Preferences

Household

Data

DAILY

DATA

Identification

Daily

Consumption
Page 44

Figure 6. Composition of data elements associated with aquacultural producers.

PRODUCERS

PRODUCTION

FACILITIES

ANNUAL

DATA

Descriptive

&

Firm

Identifying

Fixed Costs

Financial

Status

MONTHLY

DATA

Production

Information

Variable

Costs

Dependent

Industries
Page 45

Figure 7. Composition of data elements associated with recreation providers.

PROVIDERS

VESSEL &

RELATED

ON-SHORE

FACILITIES

ANNUAL DATA

Identification

&

Ownership

Description of

Vessel & Equip.

On-Shore

Facilities

Fixed Costs

Firm Financial

Standing

Other Annual

Data

TRIP DATA

Vessel

Identification

&

Trip

Descriptors

Crew Status

Catch By

Species

Revenues

Variable

Costs

Dependent

Industries
Page 46

Figure 8. Composition of data elements associated with recreation anglers.

ANGLERS

PARTY/

CHARTER

Identification

Dependent

Industries

ON-SHORE

OR BOATOWNING

(RENTING)

ANGLER

Identification

Harvest

Preferences

Money Costs

ANNUAL

DATA

TRIP

DATA
Page 47

Figure 9. Composition of data elements associated with ecotourists.

ECOTOURISTS

THE

ECOTOURIST

ANNUAL

DATA

Identification

Sightings

Preferences

TRIP

DATA

Identification

Dependent

Industries

Money Costs
Page 48

Figure 10. Composition of data elements associated with existence values for U.S. citizens.

U.S. CITIZENS

(THE HOUSEHOLD)

ANNUAL

DATA

Identification

Valuation

Preferences