J-A32028-17

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

RAY M. BOURGEOIS AND MARY ANN 

I. BOURGEOIS 

Appellants

v.

SNOW TIME, INC. AND SKI 

ROUNDTOP OPERATING 

CORPORATION

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1086 MDA 2017

Appeal from the Order Entered June 19, 2017

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s): 

2015-SU-001900-71

BEFORE: OTT, J., DUBOW, J., and STRASSBURGER,* J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED AUGUST 14, 2018

Appellants, Ray M. Bourgeois and Mary Ann I. Bourgeois, appeal from 

the Order entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas granting the 

Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Appellees, Snow Time, Inc. and Ski 

Roundtop Operating Corporation.

1

 Appellants challenge the trial court’s 

finding that Appellants could not establish that Appellees acted recklessly or 

with gross negligence. After careful review, we agree with the trial court that

Appellants failed to provide an expert report that articulated a relevant 

standard of care. As a result, Appellants failed to establish that Appellees had 

a duty to Appellants and, thus, acted recklessly or were grossly negligent in 

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1 Appellee Ski Roundtop Operating Corporation is a wholly-owned subsidiary 

of Appellee Snow Time, Inc.
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placing deceleration mats at the end of the tubing run. We affirm the Order 

of the trial court.

In the instant matter, Appellant Ray Bourgeois was seriously injured 

while snow tubing when his tube crossed folded anti-fatigue rubber kitchen 

mats which Appellees had placed in the deceleration area of the snow tubing 

run. Appellants’ theory of the case is that Appellees acted recklessly and with 

gross negligence by placing the mats at the end of the tubing run to aid in 

tube deceleration. 

Appellants filed a Complaint against Appellees on July 24, 2015, 

asserting claims for negligence, gross negligence, recklessness, and loss of 

consortium. 

On February 14, 2017, Appellees filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, 

which the trial court granted on June 19, 2017. 

This timely appeal followed. Appellants filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(b) Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal. The trial court filed a 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, incorporating its Opinion in Support of the Order 

granting the Motion for Summary Judgment. 

Appellants raise the following issues for our review:

1. Did the trial court err in granting [Appellees’] Motion for 

Summary Judgment when it disregarded [Appellants’] liability 

expert reports, which support the conclusion that, based on the 

evidence of record, that in placing large rubber kitchen mats, 

folded in half, on the snow and in the path of its patrons who were 

traveling at high speeds, [Appellees] acted recklessly and/or with 

gross negligence?
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2. Did the trial court err in granting [Appellees’] Motion for 

Summary Judgment, by holding that, as a matter of law, 

[Appellees] were not reckless and/or grossly negligent, in that the 

trial court disregarded genuine issues of material fact showing 

recklessness and/or gross negligence, including but not limited to 

the following:

(a) the manufacturer of the inner tube [Appellees] provided 

Mr. Bourgeois specifically warned [Appellees] not to place 

obstacles, such as large folded rubber kitchen mats, in the 

path of tubing participants;

(b) [Appellees] deliberately placed obstacles─large, heavy, 

folded kitchen mats that [Appellees] knew were not 

designed for snow tubing and which would cause tubing 

participants to come to an abrupt stop during high-speed 

conditions─directly in Mr. Bourgeois’s path;

(c) [Appellees] knew that folding the large mats made them 

obstacles as the mats were fixed heavy masses that 

protruded high off the surface of the snow;

(d) [Appellees] had actual and/or constructive knowledge of 

similar incidents involving the folded kitchen mats prior to 

Mr. Bourgeois’s catastrophic accident;

(e) [Appellees] acknowledged in their written warnings that 

their tubing runs─including their use of large rubber mats to 

stop speeding tubing patrons─posed a risk of grievous injury 

or death to its patrons; and

(f) the risk of grave harm posed by the folded rubber kitchen 

mats to [Appellees’] snow tubing patrons was obvious and 

readily apparent to a reasonable person?

3. Did the trial court err in granting [Appellees’] Motion for 

Summary Judgment, in that the trial court relied upon the 

testimony of [Appellees’] own employees─in contravention of the 

Nanty-Glo[][2] holding─to conclude as a matter of law that 

[Appellees] did not know or have reason to know that using folded

kitchen mats to bring its fast-moving snow-tubing patrons to an 

abrupt stop did not pose a risk of serious bodily harm or death to 

its patrons?

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2 Borough of Nanty-Glo v. Am. Surety Co. of N.Y., 163 A. 523 (Pa. 1932).
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4. Did the trial court err in granting [Appellees’] Motion for 

Summary Judgment as to [Appellee] Snow Time, Inc., when (a) 

the Release signed by Mr. Bourgeois did not name Snow Time as 

a signatory, and (b) there were genuine issues of fact that 

[Appellee] Snow Time directly participated and acted negligently 

with regard to Mr. Bourgeois?

Appellants’ Brief at 6-7.

Issues 1 and 2 - Summary Judgment

In their first two issues, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in 

granting Appellees’ Motion for Summary Judgment by disregarding the 

conclusions of their experts that Appellees’ conduct was reckless and grossly 

negligent. Appellants’ Brief at 35, 42. In support, Appellants emphasize 

certain evidence and argue that the record contains genuine issues of material 

fact that make the grant of summary judgment inappropriate. Based on the 

following discussion, however, we find that Appellants did not establish a 

prima facie claim for recklessness or gross negligence and thus, the trial court 

did not err in granting summary judgment on these issues.

Our standard of review of the grant of a Motion for Summary Judgment 

is as follows. We “may reverse a grant of summary judgment if there has 

been an error of law or an abuse of discretion.” Summers v. Certainteed 

Corp., 997 A.2d 1152, 1159 (Pa. 2010). However, when there are no genuine 

issues as to any material fact and the only issue on appeal is a question of 

law, our standard of review is de novo.” Id.

In order to survive a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving 

party “must adduce sufficient evidence on an issue essential to his case and 

on which he bears the burden of proof such that a jury could return a verdict 
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in his favor.” Washington v. Baxter, 719 A.2d 733, 737 (Pa. 1998) (citation 

omitted). If the non-moving party fails to establish one of the essential 

elements of her claim, the movant has valid grounds for summary judgment. 

Babb v. Centre Community Hosp., 47 A.3d 1214, 1223 (Pa. Super. 2012) 

(citation omitted).

It is well-established that when a trial court considers a motion for 

summary judgment that includes an expert report, the trial court must 

determine, inter alia, whether the expert sufficiently supports his conclusions

in his expert report: 

At the summary judgment stage, a trial court is required to take 

all facts of record, and all reasonable inferences therefrom, in a 

light most favorable to the non-moving party. This clearly 

includes all expert testimony and reports submitted by the nonmoving party or provided during discovery; and, so long as the 

conclusions contained within those reports are sufficiently 

supported, the trial judge cannot sua sponte assail them in an 

order and opinion granting summary judgment. Contrarily, the 

trial judge must defer to those conclusions, and should those 

conclusions be disputed, resolution of that dispute must be left to 

the trier of fact. 

Summers, supra at 1161 (citations omitted). 

In this case, the trial court concluded as a matter of law that Appellants 

could not establish a claim for recklessness or gross negligence. The trial 

court reasoned that since Appellants’ experts had not articulated the standard 

of care that Appellees failed to meet, a factfinder could not conclude that 

Appellees were aware of that standard of care and disregarded it and, thus, 

acted recklessly or with grossly negligence:
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[Appellants] have not produced sufficient evidence to show that 

an industry standard exists for placing the mats at the bottom of 

hills for snow tubers. . . . The absence of any standard on the 

record makes it difficult for the [c]ourt to find that [Appellees] 

knew that their conduct of using deceleration mats to stop snow

tubers in the runout area would be placing [Appellant] at a higher 

unreasonable risk of harm than if [Appellees] had placed mats in 

a different manner, selected to purchase a different kind of mat, 

or used a different method for stopping the snow tubers.

Trial Ct. Op., 7/19/17, at 18-19. The trial court similarly found no evidence 

that Appellees “knew or had reason to know that folding the mats created an 

unreasonable risk of physical harm.” Id. Appellants challenge these 

conclusions.

We first turn to the definitions of recklessness and gross negligence. 

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, citing the Restatement (Second) of Torts, 

found that a defendant acts recklessly, when, inter alia, he owes a duty to the 

plaintiff and fails to meet that duty. That is, a defendant is reckless when:

he does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is 

his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know 

of facts which would lead a reasonable man to realize, not only 

that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of physical harm to 

another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that 

which is necessary to make his conduct negligent.

Tayar v. Camelback Ski Corp., 47 A.3d 1190, 1200 (Pa. 2012), citing

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 500 (emphasis added). Therefore, an 

element of recklessness is the failure of the defendant to do any act that he 

has a duty to do for the plaintiff.

That failure, however, must be an intentional failure. In other words, a 

plaintiff must establish that a defendant consciously acted or failed to act. 
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Thus, recklessness is more closely aligned with intentional conduct than with 

negligence, which suggests “unconscious inadvertence.” Id. 

Similarly, an element of gross negligence is the deviation from a 

standard of care. More precisely, a plaintiff must establish that a defendant’s 

conduct grossly and flagrantly deviated from “the ordinary standard of care.” 

Bloom v. Dubois Regional Medical Center, 597 A.2d 671, 679 (Pa. Super. 

1991). 

Generally, it is for the jury to determine whether a party acted grossly 

negligent. Colloi v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 481 A.2d 616, 621 (Pa. 

Super. 1984). However, a court may decide this question as a matter of law 

where the case is entirely free from doubt and there is no possibility that a 

reasonable jury could find gross negligence. Id.

Expert testimony is often required to opine about a defendant’s duty to 

the plaintiff, i.e., the standard of care that defendant failed to meet. In

particular, an expert must opine about the relevant standard of care, the 

manner in which defendant’s actions deviated from the standard, and the 

manner in which that deviation caused the plaintiff’s harm. See Toogood v. 

Owen J. Rogal, D.D.S., P.C., 824 A.2d 1140, 1145 (Pa. 2003) (medical 

expert report must describe standard of care so as to establish duty, breach 

of duty, and causation). See also Zokaites Contracting Inc. v. Trant 

Corp., 968 A.2d 1282, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2009) (in a professional negligence 

action, expert testimony is required to establish the “relevant standard of care 

applicable to the rendition of the professional services” and that the 
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defendant’s conduct fell below that standard); Truax v. Roulhac, 126 A.3d 

991, 997-99 (Pa. Super. 2015) (discussing plaintiff’s use of an engineer’s 

expert testimony to establish the elements of negligence in a premises liability 

action).

3

 If the expert fails to provide the required information, a trial court 

may conclude that the report is insufficient as a matter of law. Id. 

We now turn to the theory of Appellants’ case. Appellants allege in their 

Complaint, inter alia, that Appellees’ use of folded deceleration mats at the 

base of its tubing run was reckless and grossly negligent because the use of

the mats caused Appellant’s snow tube to stop suddenly and unexpectedly, 

resulting in the serious injuries that Appellant sustained. Appellants assert 

the same theory on appeal by arguing that Appellees engaged in reckless and 

grossly negligent conduct when they placed “large, heavy rubber mats in 

[Appellant’s] path ... and that the mats could bring [Appellant] to an abrupt, 

immediate stop.”

4

 See Appellants’ Brief at 36. 

In support of Appellants’ response to Appellees’ Motion for Summary 

Judgment, Appellants presented two expert reports that concluded that 

Appellees engaged in reckless and grossly negligent conduct. Neither expert, 

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3

In this case, the parties do not dispute that Appellants needed an expert 

opinion to establish a standard of care.

4 Although Appellants allege in their Complaint that Appellees were also 

reckless and grossly negligent by failing “to provide adequate stopping or 

deceleration distance,” Appellants, on appeal, narrowed their focus to 

Appellees’ use of the “large, heavy rubber mats.” Thus, for appellate review 

purposes, we will only consider Appellants’ theory that Appellees engaged in 

reckless and grossly negligent conduct by placing folded mats at the end of 

the tubing run-out area.
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however, set forth a relevant standard of care and, thus, the duty that 

Appellees failed to meet.

Appellants’ first expert, Mark DiNola, is an expert in the field of ski and 

snow tubing risk management. When addressing Appellees’ standard of care, 

he did so generally and failed to articulate a specific standard of care or 

industry standard for the use of deceleration mats in a tubing run-out area. 

In particular, DiNola first concluded generally that Appellees’ “decision to use 

deliberately deployed folded anti-fatigue rubber mats as a deceleration device 

constitutes an extreme departure from the ordinary standards of conduct 

for a tubing park operator.” DiNola Report, 3/15/17, at 40 (emphasis 

added). DiNola, however, did not cite or explain the “ordinary standards of 

conduct for a tubing park operator” from which Appellees’ conduct had 

departed. He just baldly opined that the use of the mats departs from ordinary 

standards of conduct.

In another portion of the report, however, DiNola discusses a standard 

of care set forth in National Ski Areas Association’s “Tubing and Operations 

Resource Guide.”

5 That “standard of care,” however, addresses the length of 

a tubing run-out, not a standard of care for the use of mats as deceleration 

devices. Thus, this portion of the expert report does not sufficiently articulate 

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5

It is unclear if DiNola is even setting forth a standard of care. The report 

addresses “best practices,” which DiNola concedes are simply guidelines. 

DiNola Report, 3/15/17, at 26. Since the guidelines do not even address the 

use of mats as deceleration devices, we need not address whether the “best 

practices” are sufficiently standardized to establish a “standard of care.”
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the applicable standard of care or conduct to support Appellants’ theory of this 

case.

The second expert report, written by Gordon Moskowitz, Ph.D., a 

mechanical and biomechanical engineering expert, does not set forth any

standards of care for tubing operators. Thus, this report is not relevant to the 

determination of whether Appellees engaged in reckless or grossly negligent

conduct in failing to meet a standard of care by using folded rubber mats in 

the deceleration area.

Therefore, we are constrained to agree with the trial court that 

Appellants failed to articulate the appropriate standard of care for the use of 

deceleration mats. Without such a standard of care, Appellants, as a matter 

of law, cannot establish Appellees’ duty to Appellants and that Appellees knew 

or should have known about the standard of care. Since Appellants failed to 

meet this element of recklessness and gross negligence, the trial court 

properly granted Appellees’ Motion for Summary Judgment on this issue. 

Issue 3 - Nanty-Glo Rule

In their third issue, Appellants claim that the trial court erred in 

concluding, solely based on Appellees’ employees’ testimony, that Appellees 

were not aware of the risk of harm posed by their use of anti-fatigue mats in 

the deceleration areas of the tubing run. Appellants’ Brief at 55.

The Nanty–Glo Rule limits the trial court’s use of affidavits or 

depositions to decide motions for summary judgment. The Rule provides that 
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a trial court, when ruling on a motion for summary judgment, may not rely 

solely upon the moving party’s own testimonial affidavits or depositions, or 

those of its witnesses, to determine that no genuine issue of material fact 

exists. Dudley v. USX Corp., 606 A.2d 916, 918 (Pa. Super. 1992) (citation 

and footnote omitted). 

Before applying the Nanty–Glo Rule, however, the trial court must first 

determine whether the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to establish a prima 

facie case:

Initially, it must be determined whether the plaintiff has 

alleged facts sufficient to establish a prima facie case. If so, 

the second step is to determine whether there is any discrepancy 

as to any facts material to the case. Finally, it must be determined 

whether, in granting summary judgment, the trial court has 

usurped improperly the role of the fact-finder by resolving any 

material issues of fact. It is only when the third stage is reached 

that Nanty–Glo comes into play. 

DeArmitt v. New York Life Ins. Co., 73 A.3d 578, 594–95 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

(citation omitted and emphasis added). 

As discussed above, the trial court properly found as a matter of law 

that Appellants’ experts had not opined about a relevant standard of care and,

thus, Appellants could not establish facts sufficient to make out a prima facie

case of recklessness or gross negligence. Accordingly, Appellants have not 

demonstrated the applicability of the Nanty-Glo Rule. This third issue, thus, 

warrants no relief.
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Issue 4 - The Release of Snow Time, Inc.

Lastly, Appellants contend that the trial court erred in dismissing the 

negligence claim against Snow Time, Inc. because the Release at issue did not 

specifically name or identify Snow Time, Inc. Appellants’ Brief at 61. We 

disagree.

The Release at issue states, in pertinent part, that Appellants release 

from negligence claims Appellee Ski Liberty Operating Corporation and its 

owners: 

In consideration of being allowed to use the tubing area at 

Liberty, Whitetail or Roundtop, I HEREBY AGREE NOT TO 

SUE AND TO RELEASE, SKI LIBERTY OPERATING CORP., 

WHITETAIL MOUNTAIN OPERATING CORP. AND SKI 

ROUNDTOP OPERATING CORP., AS WELL AS THEIR 

OWNERS, AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES FROM ANY AND ALL 

LIABILITY RELATED TO INJURY, PROPERTY LOSS OR 

OTHERWISE RELATED TO MY USE OF THE TUBING 

FACILITY, REGARDLESS OF ANY NEGLIGENCE ON THE PART 

OF THE SAME. I FURTHER AGREE TO INDEMNIFY AND 

DEFEND THE SAME, FROM ANY CLAIM FOR LIABILITY 

RELATED TO INJURY AS A RESULT OF MY OR MY CHILD’S 

USE OF THE FACILITIES, REGARDLESS OF ANY 

NEGLIGENCE, RECKLESSNESS OR IMPROPER CONDUCT. 

Release (emphasis added).

It is undisputed that Appellee Snow Time, Inc. owns Appellee Ski 

Roundtop Operating Corporation. Although the Release does not specifically 

name Appellee Snow Time, Inc., the Release still covers Appellee Snow Time, 

Inc. because the Release clearly and unambiguously covers the owner of Ski 

Roundtop Operating Corporation. 
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Moreover, Appellants do not otherwise contend that the Release is 

ambiguous. They raise no claims as to the Release’s general validity, 

conspicuity, or enforceability. Further, Appellants cite no authority to support 

their implication that unless the Release specifically names an owner, the term 

“owner” does not apply to it. 

We agree with the trial court that the Release applied to Appellee Snow 

Time, Inc., as the owner of Ski Roundtop Operating Corporation. Therefore, 

the Release applied to general negligence claims against Appellee Snow Time, 

Inc. and Appellants’ claim to the contrary is without merit.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm. 

Order affirmed. 

Judge Ott joins the memorandum.

Judge Strassburger files a dissenting memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 8/14/18