MATTER OF L— 

In DEPORTATION Proceedings 

A-4226313 

Decided by Board August 8, 1960 

Deportability—Section 241(a)(6) of 1952 Act—Membership in Finnish Workers 

Federatiow—Affiliation with Communist Party—Distribution of proscribed 

literature. 

Evidence—Jencks rule—Recall of Government witnesses after completion of 

cross-examination. 

(1) Membership in Finnish Workers Federation supports deportation charges 

under section 241(a) (6) of Immigration and Nationality Act upon evidence 

establishing that. Finnish Workers Federation was an "affiliate" of the Communist Party of the United States within meaning of subparagraph (C) (v) ; 

or Finnish Workers Federation was an organization that distributed material advocating doctrines of world 'communism within meaning of subparagraph (H). 

(2) Consistent support of Communist Party by Finnish Workers Federation 

establishes "affiliation" within definition of section 101(e) (2); unnecessary 

to show that Finnish Workers Federation was an "integral part" of the 

Communist Party. 

(3) Respondent not entitled under Jencks rule to demand recall of Government witnesses for further cross-examination where witnesses were dismissed and respondent made no request for production of their pre-hearing 

statements prior to completion of cross-examination. 

CHARGES : 

Order: Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (6) [8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (6)1—After entry, 

member of or affiliated with organization that distributes or publishes written or printed matter advocating doctrines of world 

communism. 

Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (6) [8 U.S.C. 1251 (a) (6) ]—After entry, 

member of or affiliated with affiliate of Communist Party of United 

States. 

BEFORE THE BOARD 

DISCUSSION: This case is before us on appeal from a decision 

of a special inquiry officer directing the respondent's deportation. 

The respondent is a 58-year-old married male, native and citizen 

of Finland, who last entered the United States on June 5, 1914, at 

which time he ■ N iLS admitted for permanent residence. The special 

inquiry officer concluded that the two charges stated above were 

14 
sustained. The sole issue to be determined is whether the respondent 

is deportable on either or both of these charges. For the reasons 

hereinafter stated, we hold that both charges are sustained. 

We have carefully review the entire record. The respondent conceded that he is an alien but disputed the fourth, fifth and sixth 

allegations of the order to show cause. These were to the effect that 

the respondent w us a member of the Finnish Workers Federation of 

the United States; that this organization was a section, branch, 

affiliate or subdivision of the Communist Party of the United States; 

and that the Finnish Workers Federation of the United States has 

published or distributed printed Darter advocating the economic, 

international and governmental doctrines of world communism. 

"World communism" and the advocating of its doctrines are defined 

in 8 U.S.C. 1101(a) (40) and 1101(e) (3). In his decision, the special 

inquiry officer stated that the respondent's membership in the Finnish 'Workers Federation' of the United States encompassed at least 

the period from March 1930 to 1940. The organization will ordinarily be referred to hereinafter as Finnish Workers Federation 

except where other names used by it become relevant. 

In Matter of D—, 9 578, 585-586 (1951), we held that the 

International Workers Order was affiliated with the Communist Party 

and that by virtue of that alien's membership in the IWO he 

was affiliated with the Communist Party. Relying on that case, the 

special inquiry officer found that the respondent, during the period 

of his membership in the Finnish' Workers Federation, was affiliated 

with the Communist Party and was affiliated with an organization 

(the Communist Party) that distributed printed matter advocating 

the doctrines of world communism. The second charge against this 

respondent is not that he was affiliated with the Communist Party 

but that he was "a member of an affiliate of the Party, and the factual 

allegations in the order to show cause make it clear that both charges 

are predicated on his membership in the Finnish Workers Federation. Under the circumstances, we do not consider that there is 

properly before us the question of whether the respondent was affiliated with the Communist Party and iwe decline to express an opinion 

on that point. 

In tracing the history of the Finnish Workers Federation, the 

Service in-its brief (Point II) has commenced with the founding of 

the Finnish. Socialist Federation at Hibbing, Minnesota, in August 

1966 and has made the following assertions. The left -wing branCh 

of the Finnish Socialist Federation seceded from the Socialist Party 

about January 1, 1921. About 1922 or 1923 the leftists joined the 

Workers (Communist) Party en masse and became known as the 

Finnish Federation of that Party. Early in 1925 the Executive 

Comyriittee of the Comintern ordered the' Communist parties of the 
world to dissolve and to reorganize on a shop-and-street-nuclei basis. 

The Workers (Communist) Party in August 1925 passed a resolution to dissolve itself and its language federations. Subsequently 

the Finnish Federation dissolved but an Interim Committee was 

established to look after the affairs of its locals. Thereafter, the 

Interim Committee, took steps to lay the foundation for a new Finnish mass organization, and a new federation came into existence in 

January 1927 as Shown by the report of proceedings of the Finnish 

Workers Federation of the United States at the founding delegate 

convention at Chicago, Illinois (exh. 13). 

Evidence was introduced for the purpose of establishing the matters set forth in the previous paragraph. In his decision, the special 

inquiry officer stated that since there was a dissolution of the Finnish 

Federation in 1025, the Government must establish the existence of 

an organization subsequent to 1925, and he specifically held that the 

Finish Workers Federation of the United States was organized in 

1027. It appears, therefore, that the special inquiry officer did not 

regard the events preceding 1927 as having any direct bearing on the 

respondent's case. Although most of the material antedating 1927 

need not be considered, we will comment on two matters which do 

have significance. 

First, the 1925 report of the Central Executive Committee to the 

Fourth National Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party, at 

which time the Finnish Federation was actually a section of the 

Party, contained the statement that the Party published 27 periodical publications in 19 languages. Included were the Finnish daily 

papers—"Tyomies and Eteenpain," and it was stated that the Federation controlled the majority of membership or stock in its publishing concerns--Tyomies Society and Eteenpain Cooperative 

Society (exh. 12). In this connection, the testimony of witness 

E---S---- is to the effect that the left or Communist element in the 

Finnish Federation established "Eteenpain" in 1921, and that he 

(the witness) was the first editor and remained such until 1925. The 

Executive Committee of the Finnish Workers Federation stated that 

"Eteenpain" was directly owned and published by the Federation 

("Eteenpain," issue of May 23, 1941, exh. 37). J—W— testified 

that "Eteenpain" and "Tyomies" were official organs of the Finnish 

Workers Federation. Commencing about 1931 and for some years 

thereafter, "Eteenpain" was published at 35 East 12th Street, New 

York City, which was also the address of the Communist Party National Headquarters and the Finnish Workers Federation. The two 

daily papers were merged in 1950 under the name of "TyomiesEteenpain." 

The second matter -elates to exhibit 7 which shows that the Finnish Socialist Federation, Inc., was organized under the law of Illi16 
nois on October 31, 1921, and that on Augast 22, 1927, its name was 

changed to Finnish Federation, Inc. It appears from the testimony 

of witness J-W-, who also used the name H-P-, that he signed 

a document relating to the corporation's change of name and that 

Finnish Federation, Inc., was the Illinois corporation which was 

identical with the unincorporated Finnish Workers Federation of 

the United States that had been founded in January 1927. Exhibit 

7 also shows that on March 19, 1930, this Illinois corporation was 

authorized to de business in New York; that as of April 2, 1956, 

there was no record of a surrender of authority; and that a suit 

filed by Illinois against the corporation resulted in its dissolution 

on May 26, 1938. 

During the period that the Illinois corporation was authorized to 

do business in New York, the Finnish Workers Federation created 

two corporations under the law of New York-Finnish Workers 

Federation of the United States, Inc., on January 8, 1932 (exh. 6), 

and F-A Printing Corporation on May 29, 1936 (exh. 5). The 

relationship between these various Finnish organizations is established by exhibit 29 relating to Viesti, which was-a monthly publication of the Finnish Workers Federation. This exhibit contains 

copies of the statements filed under the Act of August 24, 1912, during the years from 1931 to 1936, inclusive. From 1931 to 1935, the 

publisher and the owner were shown as Finnish Federation, Inc., 

and in 1936 as F-A Printing Corporation. The stockholders of 

Finnish Federation, Inc., from 1931 to 1935 were shown as certain 

individuals and Finnish Workers Federation, except that "Inc." was 

added on March 29, 1932, and it was referred to as Finnish Workers 

Federation of United States, Inc., commencing on September 29, 

1933. 

The certifications dated September 28, 1934, and September 27, 

1935, which are part of exhibit 29, supra, show that one of the trustees under a trust chattel mortgage was "W. L-." The certification 

of September 29, 1936, indicates that the respondent was one of the 

stockholders of F-A Printing Corporation and also one of the trustees under a trust chattel mortgage. W-L-- was one of the subscribers of the certificate of incorporation (exh. 5) filed by the F-A 

Printing Corporation on May 29, 1936, and was named as one of the 

dircetera. The respondent admitted that he was the W -L- referred to in exhibit 5. 

The respondent identified his signature on his 1940 Alien Registration Form (exh. 3) and on his preliminary form for petition for 

naturalization (exh. 4) which was submitted to the Service in 1940. 

The respondent also made statements (part of exh. 2) before officers 

of the Service on May 30, 1944, and May 11, 1945. These three exhibits contain the respondent's admission that he was a member of 

17 
the Finnish Workers Society of Brooklyn from 1932 to 1940; that 

he was its Recording Secretary from 1935 to 1938; and that he was 

farm editor of a Finnish daily called "Eteenpain" which was published by Finnish American Printing Corporation or F–A Printing 

Corporation. The issues of "Eteenpain" dated March 16, 1930, and 

September 19, 1946, disclose the respondent as one of the four editors 

and he is also shown as being one of the editors in the issue of September 30, 1939 (exhs. 14, 57 and 51). Witness J—W-- testified 

that the Brooklyn Finnish Workers Club was a member of the Finnish Workers Federation. 

From statements made by counsel at pages 20 and 24 of his brief, 

it appears that he concedes that the respondent was a member of 

Finnish Workers Federation of the linked States, Inc., the New 

York Corporation which was created on January 8, 1932. He contends that the special inquiry officer held that the respondent was a 

member in 1930, two years before the New York corporation was 

chartered. Actually, the order to show cause does not contain the 

word "Inc." and, since the special inquiry officer adopted its allegations as his findings of fact, he found the respondent to have been a 

member of the Finnish Workers Federation of the United States 

which is the precise name of the organization which was founded 

at Chicago in January 1927. We do not I consider that it is of any 

particular legal significance that this organization employed the 

device of an Illinois corporation and later a New York corporation 

inasmuch as 8 U.S.C. 1101(a) (28) specifically defines the term 

"organization" as including a group of persons associated together 

whether or not incorporated. This contention of counsel is, therefore, overruled. 

In his brief (Point II), counsel assumes that the first charge in the 

order to show cause is based on subparagraph (D) of paragraph (6) 

of section 241(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 

1251(a)]. The order to show cause, the brief filed by the Service, 

and the special inquiry officer's decision merely refer to section 

241(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act without specifying 

the paragraph and subparagraph involved. Actually, the language 

which appears in the order to show cause indicates that the first 

charge is predicated on subparagraph (H) which incorporates 

printed matter of the character described in subparagraph (G). The 

language of these two subparagraphs which is pertinent to the respondent's case is as follows: "Aliens who are members of * * * any 

organization that writes, circulates, distributes, prints, publilies, or 

displays, * * * any written or printed matter * * * advocating or 

teaching * *.* (v) the economic, international, and governmental 

doctrines of wofild communism * *." Since counsel's argument on 

this point would be equally applicable to subparagraphs (G) and 

18 
(H), we will consider it as being addressed to the statutory language 

we have quoted. 

In Point II of his brief, counsel contended that the statute authorized deportation only for membership in a continuing organization. 

He asserted that the Finnish Workers Federation ceased to exist in 

1940 or 1941, but this is disputed by the Service. The Finnish Workers Federation became a section of the International Workers Order 

in June 1941 (exh. 35), and at a later date became known as Finnish 

American Mutual Aid Society. Even the book edited by the respondent in 1953 (exh. 39, p. 230) quoted a 40th anniversary proclamation (1946) which indicated that the Finnish Workers Federation 

was then in existence although its official name was Finnish American Mutual Aid Society. The 1946 proclamation was published in 

the September 19, 1946, issue of "Eteenpain" (exh. 65). As we will 

indicate, however, it is actually immaterial whether this organiza 

tion ceased to exist about 1941. 

Counsel's argument that the statutory language does not apply to 

defunct organizations is predicated on the fact that subparagraph 

(D) of 8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (6) employs the present tense. That is 

also true with respect to all the other subparagraphs of 8 U.S.C. 

1251 (a) (6). However, the opening sentence of that statutory provision makes it applicable to any alien who "is or at any time has 

been, after entry, a member of any of the following classes of aliens." 

Hence, it is immaterial that the present tense was used in the subparagraphs because the respondent was a member from 1930 to 1940 

of the classes of aliens mentioned in subparagraphs (C), (G) and 

(H). 

In his argument under Point II, counsel contends that-the provisions of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 (Title I of 

the Internal Security Act of 1950; 64 Stat. 987) show that 8 U.S.C. 

1251(a) (6) does not relate to defunct organizations which would be 

unable to defend themeslves against the charge of being subversive. 

Section 22 of the Internal Security Act amended the Act of October 

16, 1918, as amended [8 U.S.C. 137, 1946 ed.], and counsel is correct 

in his statement that much of the language was later incorporated 

in the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (28) and 

1251(a) (6)1 Seetion 402(0(16) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [66 Stat. 279] repealed the 1918 Act and all amendments 

thereto, thus effecting the repeal of section 22 of the Internal Security Act. Other provisions of the Subversive Activities Control 

Act requiring communist organizations to register were not affected 

by the repeal of section 22, thus indicating that the provisions relat 

ing to registration of subversive organizations do not have any direct 

bearing on the provisions relating to deportation. 

Counsel stated that a question had been raised during the oral 

19 
argument as to whether the organization committed fraud by concealing its true purposes. We do not think there was such concealment but, on the contrary, as will hereinafter appear, we believe the 

organization actually revealed its affiliation with the Communist 

Party. 

Under 8 U.S.C. 1251 (a) the delegated officers of the Attorney General must determine whether an alien is deportable. In the respondent's cam, this require a determination of whether the Finnish Workers Federation was an affiliate of the Communist Party and whether 

it published the proscribed literature. The proceeding is not against 

the organization, and there is no merit in counsel's argument that 

the organization is defunct and cannot defend itself. The questinn 

of whether the Finnish Workers Federation could have been required to register under the Subversive Activities Control Act is 

entirely irrelevant.. 

Counsel stated that he has been unable to find any deportation 

case based on membership in the Finnish Workers Federation. However, it is immaterial whether deportation has previously been 

predicated on that fact, the only issue being whether this respondent 

is deportable under the statute. 

Counsel also stated that the decision in United States, ex rel. Kettunon v. Reimer, '79 F.2d 315 (C.C.A. 2, 1935), shows that the Service during 1935 did not consider that membership in the Finnish 

Workers Federation was a basis for deportation. The statute then 

in existence did not authorize the deportation of a member of an 

organization which was an affiliate of a proscribed organization, and 

the question in that case was whether the alien himself was affiliated 

with the Communist Party. However, it is clear from the opinion 

that the charge of affiliation was based on acts entirely unrelated to 

his admitted membership in a Finnish Workers Club. The court 

merely stated that the Government did not claim that Kettunen's 

membership in the Finnish Workers Club made him liable to deportation. There is nothing to indicate that the Government was 

aware at that time that the Finnish Workers Federation was an 

affiliate of the Communist Party and, as we have indicated, such 

affiliation between the organization would not have rendered Kettunen deportable although he would have been deportable if he had 

been affiliated with the Communist Party itself. For the reasons 

mentioned, that case is of no assistance in determining the question 

involved here. In view of the foregoing, we dismiss the various 

contentions set forth in Point II of counsel's brief. 

As we have indicated above, counsel evidently concedes that the 

respondent was a member of the Finnish Workers Federation of 

the United States, Inc., but he states that his sole activity in the 

Federation was membership in a Brooklyn local. However, he eon20 
tends that such membership was not meaningful. We will defer 

discussion of this contention of counsel until later herein and will 

first discuss the evidence relating to the affiliation between the Finnish Workers Federation and the Communist Party and the evidence which establishes that the Finnish Workers Federation dis -

tributed and published printed matter advocating the doctrines of 

world communism. The evidence as to these two matters is interrelated and much of it also has a bearing on whether the respondent's membership was meaningful. 

In the fifth allegation of the order to show cause it was stated that 

the Finnish Workers Federation was a "section, branch, affiliate or 

subdivision" of the Communist Party of the United States. The 

quoted words appear in 8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (6) (C) (v). In its brief 

(Point II), the Service does not claim that the Finnish Workers 

Federation was a section, branch or subdivision of tho Communist 

Party but relies solely on the word "affiliate." This was also the 

finding of the special inquiry officer. 

Counsel contends in his brief (Point I, pp. 64) that 8 U.S.C. 

1251(a) (6) does not include front organizations of the Communist 

Party. He did not specifically concede or assert that the Finnish 

Workers Federation was a Communist front organization. In any 

event, the term "Communist front organization" does not appear in 

8 U.S.C. 1251 (a) (6), and the issue in the respondent's case must be 

determined, not on the basis of whether the Finnish Workers Federation was a Communist front organization, but whether it was an 

affiliate of the Communist Party. 

In this connection, counsel also asserts that the Service did not 

prove that the Finnish Workers Federation was an integral part of 

the Communist Party and he contends that the word "affiliate" must 

be so limited under the rule of ejusdem, generis since he claims that 

all the other words appearing in 8 U.S.C. 1251 (a)(6)(C) (v) plainly 

refer to integral parts of the Communist Party. The International 

Workers Order was apparently not an integral part of the Communist Party but we have previously held that it was an affiliate of the 

Party (Matter of D—, ,supra,, 4-578, 580; rlfutGer of C—, 6-20, 21 

(Atty. Gen., 1955). Furthermore, the doctrine of ejusdem, generis is 

to the effect that, where general words in a statute follow the enumeration of particular classes of persons 01' things, the general words will 

be construed as applicable only to persons or things of the same general 

nature or class as those enumerated. In other words, this rule may be 

utilized where there is an enumeration of particular classes followed by 

a term such as "other." Here, only specific terms were used and they 

are not followed by any general term. Accordingly, the doctrine of 

21 
ejusdem generi8 has no application to the respondent's case and we 

reject this contention of counsel. 

The words appearing in a statute are to be given their ordinary 

and commonly understood meaning (Addison v. Holly Hill Fruit 

Products, 322 U.S. 607, 618 (1944)). In addition to the commonly 

understood meaning of "affiliate" as an organization created by or associated with another organization, we have also the specific definition 

in 8 U.S.C. 1101(e) (2) that the giving or promising of support or of 

money for any purpose to any organization shall be presumed to constitute affiliation therewith. The question of whether the Finnish 

Workers Federation was an affiliate of the Communist Party is to be 

determined in accordance with these criteria. 

The report of proceedings of the Finnish Workers Federation of 

the United States at the founding delegate convention in January 

1927 (exh. 13) and the report of the second convention in 1929 (exh. 

28) were identified by witness J-17— as being oficial printed oopies f

of the minutes of the two conventions. The 1927 report shows that 

the last convention of the former federation in 1925 empowered the 

Finnish Bureau of the Workers (Communist) Party to take steps 

toward founding a new Finnish workers' organization and to supervise its activities. The report contains the specific statement that 

the new organization was being established along those lines laid 

down by the Finnish Bureau of the Party. 

The report of proceedings of the 1929 convention of the Finnish 

Workers Federation (exh. 28, English translation at the page numbers indicated) discloses the following information. There are such 

statements as "Long live the Communist Party of America" and 

"Long live the Communist Internationale" (pp. 32, 35, 43). It was 

stated that the Federation's purpose was to follow the ideals of the 

Workers (Communist) Party and of the Communist Internationale 

(p. 28), and that "Eteenpain," from the ideological standpoint, had 

represented the correct Workers (Communist) Party political line 

(p. 40). The 1929 convention decided that the Federation offices 

should be moved to New York in order that the Federation might 

have daily contact with the Central Office of the Executive Committee of the American Communist Party and might be drawn 

closer to the Party (pp. 4- 1-42). All members of the Federation 

were urged to join the Communist Party and to become active in it 

(pp. 14, 16). 

In If jar v. Doak, 61 F.2d 566, 569 (C.C.A_ '7, 1982), it was stated 

that in the absence of evidence to the contrary it would be presumed 

that the organizations continued to advocate and teach the same 

principles as were set forth in the documents produced. No evidence 

was offered in the respondent's case to show that the Finnish Workers Federation ever ceased its support of the Communist Party. On 

22 
the contrary, there is specific evidence of the continuation of such 

support. 

Exhibit 14 consists of those pages of the March 16, 1930, issue of 

"Eteenpain" which contained the February 1930 open letter of the 

Comintern to the Central Executive Committee of the Communist 

Party of America. The letter discussed the Finnish mass organizations, the Finnish Workers Clubs and the three Finnish daily papers, 

and it was specifically addressed to the Finnish members of the 

Communist Party and contained instructions to them. These Finnish members constituted Communist fractions in the Finnish Workers Federation and in its local clubs. Exhibit 14 contains statements that the newspapers of the Finnish Workers Federation had 

been brought more clOsely under the influence of the leadership of 

the Communist Party; that friction between the Finnish Workers 

Clubs and the Communist Party should cease; and that all activity 

in the Finnish Workers Clubs must be under the direction of the 

Party and under the guidance and leadership of the Communist 

fractions. The letter shows the attitude of the Comintern and of 

the Communist Party of America toward the Finnish Workers Federation and does not, of course, disclose the Federation's attitude 

toward the former. Nevertheless, when "Eteenpain," an official 

organ of the Finnish Workers Federation, published this letter, we 

believe the conclusion is inescapable that the Finnish Workers Federation was openly admitting its connection and affiliation with the 

Communist Party and indicating approval of the statements in the 

letter. 

Exhibit 19 is a copy of the magazine Punataltti (Red Star). On 

its first page appears the statement that it was published in New 

York City in 1934 by the Finnish Federation, Inc. Commencing on 

page 30 is an article by Hans Johnson, Secretary of the Finnish 

Workers Federation, in which readers were urged to join the Finnish Workers Federation and the Communist Party of the United 

States. The article concludes with the statement that this will help 

the workers to gain victory in overthrowing the whole capitalist system and establishing a Soviet America. In an article commencing 

on page 48, a number of publications were listed including the "Communist Manifesto," "Lenin and Leninism," and "State and Revolution," and it was stated that these could be purchased from the Finnish Federation, Inc. The same magazine contains a poem by the 

respondent which refers to the example of the men and women of 

Moscow and the ultimate victory of the sickle and hammer people. 

Exhibits 71 and 72 are English documents with Finnish translations which were published by Finnish Workers Federation and 

Finnish Federation, Inc., respectively. Exhibit 71 contains the report of the Central Committee to the Eighth Convention of the 

23 
Communist Party of the United States in 1934 as delivered by Earl 

Browder. Exhibit 72 is a pamphlet entitled "Toward Revolutionary 

Mass Work" which was issued by the Central Committee of the 

Communist Party in 1932. Exhibit 25 is a document published by 

Finnish Federation, Inc., about 1935 containing the Finnish version 

of Dimitrov's closing speech to the Seventh Congress of the Third 

Internationale in 1935 and including also the resolution adopted by 

the Congress. 

A pamphlet (exh. 26) was published by "Eteenpain" at Worcester, 

Massachusetts, about April 1930 to commemorate its tenth anniversary. It contains two poems by the respondent and an article by 

him entitled "The Eteenpain on the Cooperative Front." In this 

article it was stated that the newspaper "stands for an ironclad and 

uncompromising class struggle viewpoint, the Marxist-Lenin cooperative line * *" ; that the paper bears witness to the truth of 

the teachings "of our great leader, Lenin"; and that, after the revolution of the proletariat, workers' cooperatives shall be the first 

socialist institutions. The same exhibit also contains an article by 

Richard Pesola, then editor of "Eteenpain," in which he referred to 

the dismissal of two "Eteenpain" officials on December 30, 1928, 

and said: "Since then there has been but one staff on the 'Eteenpain,' 

whose highest ambition has been to advance the principles and 

wishes of the Commtmist Party among the Finnish workers_" 

Exhibit 24 is a magazine celebrating the 15th anniversary of Soviet Karelia. It was published in 1935 by the Finnish Federation, 

Inc. On page 96 of the magazine appears an advertisement concerning the Finnish Workers Federation's newspapers and literature 

which reads, in part, as follows: "It has fallen to the lot of our 

Federation's newspaper businesses to provide our Finnish American 

people with Marxist-Lenin literature * * *. Our newspaper publishing activity is widespread. We distribute from 100,000 to 200,000 

books and articles annually. * * * Books by Marx, Engels, Lenin, 

Stalin, Kuusiuen, Browder, and by our other great leaders for 

worker reading and study clubs." The advertisement also contains 

the statement that "Eteenpain" and "Tyomies" are its newspapers 

and that "Eteenpain" is the chief spokesman for the Finnish Workers Federation. 

As we indicated above, the two remaining daily papers of the Finnish Workers Federation were merged in 1950 under the name of 

"Tyymies-Eteenpain." A 60-year-history of the "Tyomies" was published in 1953. The title page shows that it 'was edited by W—L 

and his photographs on pages 222 and 240 indicate that he was then 

one of the editors of "Tyomies-Eteenpain." The special inquiry officer identified these photographs as relating to the respondent, and 

counsel also refers to the fact that this book was edited by the re24 
spondent (brief, p. 17). This book, in Finnish, and an English 

translation comprise exhibit 39. 

In his brief, counsel quoted parts of two paragraphs from the book 

mentioned above, and counsel claims that this shows the respondent's 

understanding of the democratic character of the Finnish Workers 

Federation and "Eteenpain." The quotation begins with the statement: "One of the guiding principles of our paper and our Federation along its 50-year journey has been and will continue to be the 

fight in behalf of democracy." Between the two excerpts quoted by 

counsel, there appears the statement that while the Federation was 

part of the Socialist Party the leadership represented a typically 

middle-class form of democracy; that the Federation's papers published many articles on Lenin's theoretical articles; and that from 

the days of the Russian October Revolution an internal dispute 

commenced in the Socialist Party and the Federation "which confirmed our membership and our papers' reading public in their conception of Marxist democracy." Hence, we are satisfied that, when 

the respondent speaks of democracy, he refers to that which Soviet 

Russia regards as democracy. and not to democracy as it is understood in this country or other countries of the Free World. 

From a consideration of exhibit 39 in its entirety, we believe the 

conclusion is inescapable that "Eteenpain," "Tyomies," the merged 

paper, and the Finnish Workers Federation have consistently supported the Communist Party and that they have published printed 

matter advocating the doctrines of world communism. For example, 

on pages 236 and 237 it was stated that after World War II a new 

force appeared whose objective was the downfall of the Soviet 

Union; that the World was divided into two camps, on one side 

being the Soviet Union, "the people's democracy countries" and 

independence-seeking colonies, and on the other side being the "Wall 

Street-led imperialists"; and that "Tyomies" held fast to the principles of the international labor movement. At pages 251-252 there 

is a reference to the books which the Federation and its newspapers 

had published, including the "Communist Manifesto" and classics 

on the fundamentals of Marxism. On pages 253 to 255 it was stated 

that those who dared to hold that the Korean war was unnecessary 

were taken to a place of deportation, and that speaking in behalf 

of peace and presentation of true facts was "working in behalf of 

the enemy." The following statement (p. 255) is also significant: 

"During the election campaign [presumably the campaign in the 

fall of 1962J, both major party presidential candidates ---ied with 

each other as to who could best assure reactionaries that he was the 

better opponent of comunism—in other words, the better qualified 

to defeat democracy and to destroy our Constitution." 

In his brief, counsel contended that the respondent's membership 

25 
in the Finnish Workers Federation was not a "meaningful association" under the decision in Rowoldt v. Perfetto, 355 U.S. 115 (1957), 

and that he was not aware of the alleged affiliation between the Federation and the Communist Party. Counsel stated that the special 

inquiry officer, in his opinion, conceded in effect that there is only 

circumstantial evidence that the respondent was aware of the alleged 

affiliation between the Finnish Workers Federation and the Communist Party. We have found no basis for this assertion; on the 

contrary, the special inquiry officer specifically found that the 

respondent's knowledge of the affiliation had been established. 

Counsel asserts that the local clubs of the Finnish Workers Federation were engaged in such activities as sports, drama and social 

affairs and he has referred to the testimony of Government witness 

J—W— who stated that the majority of the local club members were 

interested in such activities. Counsel also cited our decision in 

Mattar of C ,6 oupra. There it was held that an alien charged 

with membership in a Communist front organization (the International Workers Order) was not deportable if he, in fact, did not have 

knowledge of the relationship of the organization to the Communist 

Party, and the respondent's case must, of course, be decided in accordance with that principle. 

The respondent failed to testify during the immigration hearing 

as to whether he did or did not have knowledge of the affiliation between the Finnish Workers Federation and the Communist Party, 

and we will later discuss his reasons for not testifying. Counsel's 

claim that the respondent had denied the affiliation was apparently 

predicated on information appearing in the respondent's 1944 and 

1945 statements (part of exh. 2). It is true that at that time the 

respondent had testified that the organizations of which he was a 

member were not affiliated in any way with the communist movement. Counsel says that this testimony is entitled to great weight 

because it was given long before the immigration proceeding was 

instituted. However, the respondent was then an applicant for 

naturalization and section 305 of the Nationality Act of 1940 [8 

U.S.C. 705, 1946 ed.] provided for the denial of a naturalization 

petition if the alien had been a member of a subversive organization 

during the preceding ten years. Under these circumstances, we believe it would be extremely naive to assume that the respondent 

would have disclosed that he was a member of an organization affiliated with the Communist Party. 

The respondent was one of the editors of "Eteenpain," an official 

organ of the Finnish Workers Federation, as early as 1930. We 

have previously mentioned a document published by "Eteenpain" 

about April 1930 which contains an article by the respondent showing that he was already aware that, in the cooperative field, "Eteen26 
pain" "stands for an ironclad and uncompromising class struggle 

viewpoint, the Marxist-Lenin cooperative line." As late as 1952, 

he was a member of the editorial staff of the Federation's piper, 

"Tyomies-Eteenpain." The book edited by him in 1953 (exh. 39) 

also shows that he had full knowledge of the affiliation between the 

Finnish Workers Federation and the Communist Party and that he 

was aware that the Finnish Workers Federation distributed and 

published printed matter advocating the doctrines of world communism. In view of the respondent's employment with the Federation's newspapers in an editorial capacity for many years, and taking 

cognizance of his writings previously referred to in this decision, it 

is our considered opinion that the Government has established by 

reasonable, substantial and probative evidence that the respondent's 

membership in the Finnish Workers Federation was a "meaningful 

association"; that he was a "member" of that organization as the 

term "member" has been judicially defined; and that this organization was an affiliate of the Communist Party. Upon the basis of 

the various documents previously mentioned which were disseminated by the Finnish Workers Federation, we also conclude that 

this organization printed, published, circulated and distributed 

printed matter advocating and teaching the economic, international 

and governmental doctrines of world communism. 

In Point V of his brief, counsel asserts that the respondent's heart 

condition would maim it hazardous for him to testify. At the beginning of the hearing, the respondent was sworn and gave some 

testimony but he refused to answer when asked whether he had ever 

been a member of the Finnish Workers Federation. During that 

part of the hearing which took place from June 5 to June 17, 1958, 

the respondent was asked many questions but he refused to answer 

theni at that time on the ground that the Government had the burden 

of establishing its case. On June 17, 1958, the examining officer 

stated that the Government rested and there was an adjournment of 

the hearing to permit translation of various exhibits. 

Before the hearing reconvened on October 9, 1958, the respondent 

had suffered a heart attack. A letter dated July 10, 1959 (exh. 76), 

by the respondent's physician is to the effect that the strain of testifying might bring on another heart attack. Counsel took exception 

to a statement of the Special inquiry officer (decision, p. 18) reading 

as follows : "Assuming arguendo, that an act of God thereafter prevented him from fully testifying, the respondent - Must nevertheless 

be held responsible for whatever consequence flow from the fact that 

he failed to answer questions which he should have answered." The 

special inquiry officer steed that he had not drawn any aaverse 

inferences from the respondent's silence although he indicated that 

he would have done so if there had been a failure of proof in any 

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element of the Government's case. We disapprove the special inquiry officer's statement as to the conditions under which he might 

have drawn an inference. Under the circumstances of this case, we 

do not believe that any unfavorable inference should be drawn because of the respondent's refusal to testify and no such inference 

has been drawn by this Board. 

In Point VII of his brief, counsel urges that the hearing should 

be reopened to permit further cross-examination of the Government 

witnesses although he did not indicate what facts he would expect 

to establish if he were permitted additional cross-examination. He 

relied on Jencks. v. United States, 353 U.S. 657, decided June 3, 1957, 

and Carlisle v. Rogers, 262 F.2d 19 (C.A. D.C., 1958). The Jencks 

case was decided long before the commencement of the respondent's 

immigration hearing and any request for production of previous 

statements of the witnesses should have been made prior to the completion of counsel's cross-examination of them. As a matter of fact, 

this procedure was followed with respect to witness E—S— who 

was examined on March 26, 1958. Counsel requested a statement the 

witness had made in 1954; it was furnished to him by the examining 

officer at that time and counsel used it in cross-examining the witness. 

While counsel's brief does not show the names of the witnesses he 

desires to have recalled, it appears from the record that he refers 

to witnesses H—M— and W— who had made previous statements 

to officers of the Service. When these witnesses appeared at the 

hearing during March and April 1958, they disclosed the fact that 

they had previously been questioned by officers of the Service but 

counsel made no request that their prior statements be produced. 

The witnesses were then dismissed after counsel stated that he had 

no further cross-examination. 

On June 10, 1959, over one year later, counsel requested that the 

previous statements made by H—M-- and W— be produced and that 

these witnesses be recalled. Thereafter, without conceding that counsel was entitled to these statements, they were submitted to him and 

he offered in evidence four statements of W—M— and H—'s statement which were made part of the record as exhibits 77 and 79. The 

Government offered the remaining M— statement which was admitted in evidence without objection as exhibit 78. The special 

inquiry officer denied counsel's motion for the recall of these witnesses. Counsel takes the position that when these statements were 

admitted in evidence he then acquired the right to cross-examine 

the witnesses again. We do not perceive that the admission of these 

exhibits served any useful purpose.. It any event, we have disregarded them and we hold that counsel was not entitled to again 

cross-examine the witnesses merely because their statements were 

introduced in evidence, particularly in view of the fact that it was 

28 
counsel himself who had requested the production of the statements 

and who offered all but one in evidence. 

Counsel also asserts that the exhibits of the Service commencing 

with exhibit 34 were introduced after the witnesses of the Service 

had completed their testimony and he contends that he should have 

the right to cross-examine the witnesses on these exhibits since they 

contain various references to the witnesses. It is obvious that there 

could have been no direct examination of the witnesses on these 

exhibits and it follows that counsel was not entitled to cross-examination of the witnesses on the exhibits introduced subsequent to the 

completion of their testimony. If counsel desired the opportunity 

to examine the witnesses concerning such exhibits, his remedy would 

have been to call these persons as his own witnesses or request that 

they be subpoenaed. Accordingly, we reject counsel's contentions 

contained in Point VII. 

The remaining contentions of counsel are without merit and do not 

require specific discussion. Counsel stated that an application for 

discretionary relief would not be made at the hearing. For the 

reasons stated above, both charges are sustained and the respondent's 

appeal will be dismissed. 

ORDER: It is ordered that the appeal be and the same is hereby 

dismissed. 

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