# Patent

## Title
Processor for implementing reinforcement learning operations

## Abstract

A reinforcement learning processor specifically configured to execute reinforcement learning operations by the way of implementing an application-specific instruction set is envisaged. The application-specific instruction set incorporates ‘Single Instruction Multiple Agents (SIMA)’ instructions. SIMA type instructions are specifically designed to be implemented simultaneously on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents which interact with corresponding reinforcement learning environments. The SIMA type instructions are specifically configured to receive either a reinforcement learning agent ID or a reinforcement learning environment ID as the operand. The reinforcement learning processor uses neural network data paths to communicate with a neural network which in turn uses the actions, state-value functions, Q-values and reward values generated by the reinforcement learning processor to approximate an optimal state-value function as well as an optimal reward function.

## Background
BACKGROUND
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of reinforcement learning. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a processor specifically programmed for implementing reinforcement learning operations, and to an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI) comprising instructions specifically designed for implementing reinforcement learning operations.
Decryption of the Related Art
Artificial Intelligence (AI) aims to make a computer/computer-controlled robot/computer implemented software program mimic the thought process of a human brain. Artificial Intelligence is utilized in various computer implemented applications including gaming, natural language processing, creation and implementation of expert systems, creation and implementation of vision systems, speech recognition, handwriting recognition, and robotics. A computer/computer controlled robot/computer implemented software program achieves or implements Artificial Intelligence through iterative learning, reasoning, perception, problem-solving and linguistic intelligence.
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that provides computers the ability to learn without necessitating explicit functional programming. Machine learning emphasizes on the development of (artificially intelligent) learning agents that could tweak their actions and states dynamically and appropriately when exposed to a new set of data. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where a reinforcement learning agent learns by utilizing the feedback received from a surrounding environment in each entered state. The reinforcement learning agent traverses from one state to another by the way of performing an appropriate action at every state, thereby receiving an observation/feedback and a reward from the environment. The objective of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) system is to maximize the reinforcement learning agent's total rewards in an unknown environment through a learning process that warrants the reinforcement learning agent to traverse between multiple states while receiving feedback and reward at every state, in response to an action performed at every state.
Further, essential elements of a reinforcement learning system include a ‘policy’, ‘reward functions’, action-value functions’ and ‘state-value functions’. Typically, a ‘policy’ is defined as a framework for interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and a corresponding reinforcement learning environment. Typically, the actions undertaken by the reinforcement learning agent and the states traversed by the reinforcement learning agent during an interaction with a reinforcement learning environment are governed by the policy. When an action is undertaken, the reinforcement learning agent moves within the environment from one state to another and the quality of a state-action combination defines an action-value function. The action-value function (Qπ) determines expected utility of a (selected) action. The reward function is representative of the rewards received by the reinforcement learning agent at every state in response to performing a predetermined action. Even though rewards are provided directly by the environment after the reinforcement learning agent performs specific actions, the ‘rewards’ are estimated and re-estimated (approximated/forecasted) from the sequences of observations a reinforcement learning agent makes over its entire lifetime. Thus, a reinforcement learning algorithm aims to estimate state-value function and an action-value function that helps approximate/forecast the maximum possible reward to the reinforcement learning agent.
Q-learning is one of the techniques employed to perform reinforcement learning. In Q-learning, the reinforcement teaming agent attempts to learn an optimal policy based on the historic information corresponding to the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment. The reinforcement learning agent learns to carry out actions in the reinforcement learning environment to maximize the rewards achieved or to minimize the costs incurred. Q-learning estimates the action-value function that further provides the expected utility of performing a given action in a given state and following the optimal policy thereafter. Thus, by finding the optimal policy, the agents can perform actions to achieve maximum rewards.
Existing methods disclose the use of neural networks (by the reinforcement learning agents) to determine the action to be performed in response to the observation/feedback. Neural networks are machine learning models that employ one or more layers of nonlinear units to predict an output for a received input. Each layer of the network generates an output from a received input in accordance with current values of a respective set of parameters. However, existing methods do not disclose processor architectures specifically configured to perform reinforcement learning operations. Furthermore, existing methods that promote the use of neural networks do not support reward function approximation.
To implement the function of deep reinforcement learning, and AI application, existing systems typically use GPUs. GPUs typically incorporate Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architecture to execute reinforcement learning operations. In SIMD, all the GPUs share the same instruction but perform operations on different data elements. However, the GPUs require a large amount of processing time to extract actionable data. Further, GPUs are unsuitable for sequential decision-making tasks and are hindered by a lack of efficiency as far as processing the memory access of reinforcement learning tasks is concerned.
Therefore, in order to overcome the drawbacks discussed hitherto, there is felt a need for a processor architecture specifically designed for implementing reinforcement learning operations/tasks. Further, there was also felt a need for a processor architecture that renders rich actionable data for effective and efficient implementation of reinforcement learning operations. Further, there is also felt a need for a processor architecture that incorporates an application-domain specific instruction set, a memory architecture and a multi-core processor specifically designed for performing reinforcement learning tasks/operations.
OBJECTS
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a processor architecture that enables extraction and collection of rich actionable data best suited for reinforcement learning operations.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide an effective alternative to general purpose processor architecture such as Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) and Single Instruction Multiple threads (SIMT).
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a processor architecture (processor) that is tailor made for effective and efficient implementation of reinforcement learning tasks/operations.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an instruction set which is specifically designed for executing tasks/operations pertinent to reinforcement learning.
One more object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set that could be simultaneously executed across multiple reinforcement learning agents and reinforcement learning environments (Single Instruction Multiple Agents (SIMA)).
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set capable of performing value function approximation and reward function approximation, by the way of training a neural network.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set and a processor architecture optimized for implementation of reinforcement learning tasks/operations.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set and a processor architecture that creates an effective balance between exploration and exploitation of a reinforcement learning environment.
Still a further object of the present disclosure is to provide an effective solution to the ‘curse of dimensionality’ typically witnessed in high-dimensional data analysis scenarios.
One more object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set and a processor architecture that enable parallel learning and effective sharing of learning, amongst a plurality of reinforcement learning agents.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a processor architecture that necessitates fewer clock cycles in comparison to the conventional CPU/GPU, to implement reinforcement learning operations/tasks.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an application domain specific instruction set and a processor architecture that renders comparatively larger levels of abstraction, during the implementation of reinforcement learning operations/tasks.
SUMMARY
In order to overcome the drawbacks discussed hitherto, the present disclosure envisages processor architecture specifically designed to implement reinforcement learning operations. The processor architecture provides rich actionable data for scientific computing, cloud computing, robots, and IOT computing inter-alia. The processor architecture includes a first processor (host processor), a first memory module (IRAM), a Complex Instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit, a second processor (Reinforcement learning processor), and a second memory module. The host processor is configured to create at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one reinforcement learning environment. Further, the host processor assigns an agent ID and environment ID to the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment respectively.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the IRAM is coupled to the reinforcement learning processor and is configured to store an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI). The application-domain specific instruction set (ASI) includes instructions optimized for performing reinforcement learning operations. The instructions incorporate at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID and the reinforcement learning environment ID as an operand. The CISFD unit is configured to fetch up to ‘N’ instructions simultaneously for decoding. The CISFD unit generates a plurality of threads, for example, an r-thread, a v-thread, a q-thread, and an a-thread corresponding to a decoded instruction. Each of the threads are embedded with either the reinforcement learning agent ID or reinforcement learning environment ID (depending upon the corresponding instruction). The threads corresponding to the decoded instruction are transmitted to the reinforcement learning processor. The threads are executed in parallel using a plurality of processing cores of the reinforcement learning processor. In an example, if ‘N’ is the number of processor cores, then ‘N’ instructions are fetched by CISFD for simultaneous execution.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the reinforcement learning processor is a multi-core processor. Each processor core of the reinforcement learning processor includes a plurality of execution units. Further, each execution unit 14 includes a fetch/decode unit 14A, dispatch/collect unit 14B, and a plurality of registers for storing learning context and inferencing context corresponding to a reinforcement learning agent. The fetch/decode unit 14A is configured to fetch the threads corresponding to the decoded instruction. Subsequently, the execution unit performs ALU operations corresponding to the threads, on the registers storing the learning context and the inferencing context. The results (of the execution of threads) are generated based on the learning context and inferencing context stored in the registers. Subsequently, the results are transmitted to the collect/dispatch unit 14B which stores the results (of the execution of threads) in predetermined partitions of a second memory module.
In accordance with the present disclosure, subsequent to the execution of threads corresponding to a decoded instruction, an action (performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every state), at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value, and at least one reward function are determined. The action, state-value function. Q-value, and reward function thus generated represent the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the corresponding reinforcement learning environment (either of which was specified as an operand in the instruction executed by the reinforcement learning processor).
In accordance with the present disclosure, the second memory module is partitioned into an ‘a-memory module’, a ‘v-memory module’, a ‘q-memory module’, and an ‘r-memory module’. The ‘a-memory module’ stores information corresponding to the action(s) performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every state, during an interaction with the reinforcement learning environment. Further, the ‘v-memory module’ stores the ‘state-value functions’ which represent the value associated with the reinforcement learning agent at every state thereof. Further, the ‘q-memory module’ stores ‘Q-values’ which are generated using a state-action function indicative of the action(s) performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every corresponding state. Further, the ‘r-memory module’ stores the information corresponding to the ‘rewards’ (also referred to as reward values) obtained by the reinforcement learning agent in return for performing a specific action while being in a specific state.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the reinforcement learning processor uses neural network data paths to communicate with a neural network which in turn uses the actions, state-value functions, Q-values and reward values generated by the reinforcement learning processor to approximate an optimal state-value function as well as an optimal reward function. Further, the neural network also programs the reinforcement learning agent with a specific reward function, which dictates the actions to be performed by the reinforcement learning agent to obtain the maximum possible reward.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The other objects, features and advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and the accompanying drawings. In the accompanying drawings, like numerals are used to represent/designate the same components previously described.
FIG. 1 is a block-diagram illustrating the components of the system for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a processor core of the reinforcement learning processor, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating an execution unit of the processor core, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1C is a block diagram illustrating the format of ‘threadID’, in accordance with the present disclosure:
FIG. 1D is a block diagram illustrating the format for addressing the memory partitions of the second memory module, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1E is a block diagram illustrating the memory banks corresponding to the v-memory module, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1F is a block diagram illustrating the memory banks corresponding to the q-memory module, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 1G is a block diagram illustrating the memory banks corresponding to the r-memory module, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating the agent context corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating the environment context corresponding to the reinforcement learning environment, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the multi-processor configuration of the reinforcement learning processor, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a System on Chip (SoC) incorporating the reinforcement learning processor, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) incorporating the reinforcement learning processor, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B in combination illustrate a flow-diagram explaining the steps involved in a method for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning using the reinforcement learning processor, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a reward function approximator, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 7B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary deep neural network implementing the reward function approximator described in FIG. 7A and
FIG. 7C is a flow chart illustrating the use of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), used for reward function approximation in accordance with the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In view of the drawbacks discussed hitherto, there was felt a need for a processor specifically designed for and specialized in executing reinforcement learning operations. In order to address the aforementioned need, the present disclosure envisages a processor that has been specifically configured (programmed) to execute reinforcement learning operations by the way of implementing an instruction set (an application-specific instruction set) which incorporates instructions specifically designed for the implementation of reinforcement learning tasks/operations.
The present disclosure envisages a processor (termed as ‘reinforcement learning processor’ hereafter) specifically configured to implement reinforcement teaming tasks/operations. In accordance with the present disclosure, the application-specific instruction set executed by the reinforcement learning processor incorporates ‘Single Instruction Multiple Agents (SIMA)’ type instructions. SIMA type instructions are specifically designed to be implemented simultaneously on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents which in turn are interacting with corresponding reinforcement learning environments.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the SIMA type instructions are specifically configured to receive either a reinforcement learning agent ID or a reinforcement learning environment ID as the operand. The reinforcement learning agent ID (RL agent ID) corresponds to a reinforcement learning agent, while the reinforcement learning environment ID (RL environment ID) corresponds to a reinforcement learning environment (with which the reinforcement learning agent represented by reinforcement learning agent ID interacts). The SIMA type instructions envisaged by the present disclosure, when executed by the reinforcement learning processor perform predetermined reinforcement learning activities directed onto either a reinforcement learning agent or a corresponding reinforcement learning environment specified as a part (operand) of the SIMA type instructions.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the SIMA type instructions when executed by the reinforcement processor, trigger a reinforcement learning agent to interact with a corresponding reinforcement learning environment and further enable the reinforcement learning agent to explore the reinforcement learning environment and deduce relevant learnings from the reinforcement learning environment. Additionally, SIMA type instructions also provide for the deduced learnings to be iteratively applied onto the reinforcement learning environment to deduce furthermore learnings therefrom.
Further, the SIMA type instructions when executed by the reinforcement learning processor, also enable the reinforcement learning agent to exploit the learnings deduced from any previous interactions between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment. Further, the SIMA type instructions also enable the reinforcement learning agent to iteratively exploit the learnings deduced from the previous interactions, in any of the subsequent interactions with the reinforcement learning environment. Further, the SIMA type instructions also provide for construction of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and a Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) based on the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the corresponding reinforcement learning environment.
Further, the SIMA type instructions also enable selective updating of the MDP and SMDP, based on the interactions between the reinforcement learning agent and the corresponding reinforcement learning environment. The SIMA type instructions, when executed by the reinforcement learning processor, also backup the MDP and SMDP. Further, the SIMA type instructions when executed on the reinforcement learning agent, enable the reinforcement learning agent to initiate a Q-teaming procedure, and a deep-learning procedure and also to associate a reward function in return for the Q-learning and the deep-learning performed by the reinforcement learning agent.
Further, the SIMA type instructions, upon execution by the reinforcement learning processor, read and analyze the ‘learning context’ corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment. Further, the SIMA type instructions determine an optimal Q-value corresponding to a current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and trigger the reinforcement learning agent to perform generalized policy iteration, and on-policy and off-policy learning methods. Further, the SIMA type instructions, upon execution, approximate a state-value function and a reward function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent. Further, the SIMA type instructions, when executed by the reinforcement learning processor, train at least one of a deep neural network (DNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) using a predetermined learning context, and further trigger the deep neural network or the recurrent neural network for approximating at least one of a reward function and state-value function corresponding to the current state of the reinforcement learning agent.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram illustrating the components of the system 100 for implementing the tasks/operations pertinent to reinforcement learning. The system 100, as shown in FIG. 1 includes a first memory module 10 (preferably an IRAM). The first memory module stores the application-specific instruction set (ASI), which incorporates the SIMA instructions (referred to as ‘instructions’ hereafter) for performing predetermined reinforcement learning tasks. The instructions, as described in the above paragraphs, are configured to incorporate either a reinforcement learning agent ID or a reinforcement learning environment ID as the operand. The reinforcement learning agent ID represents a reinforcement learning agent (not shown in figures) trying to achieve a predetermined goal in an optimal manner by the way of interacting with a reinforcement learning environment (represented by reinforcement learning environment ID). Each of the instructions stored in the first memory module 10 are linked to corresponding ‘opcodes’. The ‘opcodes’ corresponding to each of the instructions are also stored in the first memory module 10. Further, the first memory module 10 also stores the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID corresponding to each of the reinforcement learning agents and the reinforcement learning environments upon which the instructions (of the application-specific instruction set) are to be implemented.
The system 100 further includes a Complex Instruction Fetch and Decode (CISFD) unit 12 communicably coupled to the first memory module 10. The CISFD unit 12 fetches from the first memory unit 10, an instruction to be applied to a reinforcement learning agent or a reinforcement learning environment. Subsequently, the CISFD retrieves the ‘opcode’ corresponding to the fetched instruction, from the first memory module 10. As explained earlier, the instruction fetched by the CISFD unit 12 incorporates at least one of a reinforcement learning agent ID and a reinforcement learning environment ID as the operand. Depending upon the value of the operand, the CISFD unit 12 determines the reinforcement learning agent/reinforcement learning environment on which the fetched instruction is to be implemented.
Subsequently, the CISFD unit 12, based on the ‘opcode’ and ‘operand’ corresponding to the fetched instruction, generates a plurality of predetermined threads, namely a ‘v-thread’, ‘a-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and an ‘r-thread’, corresponding to the fetched instruction. The threads generated by the CISFD unit 12 are representative of the characteristics of either the reinforcement learning agent or the reinforcement learning environment or both, upon which the fetched instruction is executed. The characteristics represented by the predetermined threads include at least the action(s) performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every state, value associated with each state of the reinforcement learning agent, reward(s) gained by the reinforcement learning agent during the interaction with the reinforcement learning environment. In order to associate each of the threads with the corresponding reinforcement learning agent/reinforcement learning environment, the operand of the instruction (the instruction for which the threads are created) is embedded into the v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the ‘v-thread’ upon execution determines the ‘state-value functions’ corresponding to each state of the reinforcement learning agent. The ‘state-value functions’ indicate the ‘value’ associated with each of the states of the reinforcement learning agent. Similarly, the ‘a-thread’ upon execution determines the ‘actions’ performed by the reinforcement learning agent in every state thereof, and subsequently generates ‘control signals’, for implementing the ‘actions’ associated with the reinforcement learning agent. Similarly, the ‘q-thread’ upon execution determines ‘Q-values’ which are generated using a state-action function representing the actions performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every corresponding state. Similarly, the ‘r-thread’ on execution determines the rewards obtained by the reinforcement learning agent for performing a specific action while being in a specific state.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the system 100 further includes a second processor 14 (referred to as ‘reinforcement learning processor’ hereafter) specifically configured for executing the instructions embodied in the application-specific instruction set (ASI), and for implementing the reinforcement tasks represented by the said instructions. The reinforcement learning processor 14 executes the instruction fetched by the CISFD unit 12, by the way of executing the corresponding v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread. The reinforcement learning processor 14 is preferably a multi-core processor comprising a plurality of processor cores.
In accordance with the present disclosure, each of the processor cores of the reinforcement learning processor 14 incorporate at least ‘four’ execution units (FIG. 1A describes a processor core 140 having ‘four’ execution units 140A, 140B, 140C and 140D). The threads, i.e., v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread are preferably assigned to individual execution units of a processor core respectively, thereby causing the threads (v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread) to be executed in parallel (simultaneously). The reinforcement learning processor 14, based on the operand associated with the fetched instruction, determines the reinforcement learning agent or the reinforcement learning environment upon which the threads (i.e., v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread) are to be executed. In an example, the reinforcement learning processor 14 executes the v-thread, a-thread, q-thread and r-thread on a reinforcement learning agent identified by corresponding reinforcement learning agent ID, and determines at least one ‘state-value function’, at least one ‘action’, at least one ‘Q-value’, and at least one ‘rewards corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID.
The ‘state-value function’, ‘action’, ‘Q-value’ and ‘reward’ thus determined by the reinforcement learning processor 14 are stored in a second memory module 16. In accordance with the present disclosure, the second memory module 16 is preferably bifurcated into at least ‘four’ memory partitions, namely, an ‘a-memory module’ 16A, a ‘v-memory module’ 16B, a ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and an ‘r-memory module’ 16D. The ‘a-memory module’ 16A stores the information corresponding to the actions performed by the reinforcement learning agent (identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID) at every state. The actions are stored on the ‘a-memory module’ 16A in a binary encoded format.
The ‘v-memory module’ 16B stores the ‘state-value functions’ indicative of the value associated with every state of the reinforcement learning agent (identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID) while the reinforcement learning agent follows a predetermined policy. The ‘v-memory module’ 16B also stores the ‘optimal state-value functions’ indicative of an optimal state-value associated with the reinforcement learning agent under an optimal policy. Further, the ‘q-memory module’ 16C stores ‘Q-values’ which are generated using a state-action function representative of a correlation between the actions performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every state and under a predetermined policy. The ‘q-memory module’ 16C also stores the ‘optimal Q-value’ for every state-action pair associated with the reinforcement learning agent, and adhering to an optimal policy. The term ‘state-action function’ denotes the action performed by the reinforcement learning agent at a specific state. Further, the ‘r-memory module’ 16D stores the ‘rewards’ (reward values) obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a specific action while being in a specific state.
Subsequently, the reinforcement learning processor 14 selectively retrieves the ‘state-value functions’, ‘actions’, ‘Q-values’ and ‘rewards’ corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent (and indicative of the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment) from the ‘a-memory module’ 16A, ‘v-memory module’ 16B, ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and ‘r-memory module’ 16D respectively, and transmits the retrieved ‘state-value functions’, ‘actions’, ‘Q-values’ and ‘rewards’ to a neural network (illustrated in FIG. 7A) via a corresponding neural network data path 18. Subsequently, the reinforcement learning processor 14 trains the neural network to approximate reward functions that in turn associate a probable reward with the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and also with the probable future states and future actions of the reinforcement learning agent. Further, the reinforcement learning processor 14 also trains the neural network to approximate state-value functions that in turn approximate a probable value for all the probable future states of the reinforcement learning agent.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the CISFD unit 12 is configured to receive the SIMA type instructions fetched from the first memory module 10 and identify the ‘opcode’ corresponding to the received instruction. Subsequently, the CISFD unit 12 determines and analyzes the ‘operand’ (either the reinforcement learning agent ID or the reinforcement learning environment ID) and identifies the corresponding reinforcement learning agent or the reinforcement learning environment upon which the instruction is to be executed. Subsequently, the CISFD unit 12 converts the instruction into ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ (collectively referred to as a ‘thread block’). The CISFD unit 12 also embeds the corresponding reinforcement learning agent ID or the reinforcement learning environment ID, so as to associate the instruction (received from the first memory module 10) with the corresponding thread block and the corresponding reinforcement learning agent/reinforcement learning environment. Subsequently, each of the threads, i.e., the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ are assigned to respective execution units of a processor core of the reinforcement learning processor 14. In this case, each of the threads are simultaneously executed by ‘four’ execution units of the processor core.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, if the CISFD unit 12 fetches the instruction ‘optval agent ID’, then the CISFD unit 12 decodes the instruction to determine the ‘opcode’ corresponding to the instruction, and subsequently determines the function to be performed in response to the said instruction, based on the ‘opcode’. Subsequently, the CISFD unit 12 triggers the creation of the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ corresponding to the instruction ‘optval’, and triggers the reinforcement learning processor 14 to execute the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ as predetermined Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operations. The CISFD unit 12 instructs the reinforcement learning processor 14 to execute the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ on the reinforcement learning agent/reinforcement learning environment identified by the ‘operand’ (reinforcement learning agent ID/reinforcement learning environment ID). The resultant of the execution of the threads are stored in ‘a-memory module’ 16A, ‘v-memory module’ 16B, ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and ‘r-memory module’ 16D respectively.
In accordance with the present disclosure, during the execution of the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ by the reinforcement learning processor 14, if the instruction corresponding to the aforementioned threads includes a reinforcement learning agent ID as an operand, then in such a case, the reinforcement learning processor 14 accesses the ‘agent context’ (described in FIG. 2A) corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID. Subsequently, the reinforcement learning processor 14, by the way of executing the predetermined ALU operations (on the context register storing the ‘agent context’) determines the states associated with the reinforcement learning agent, actions to be performed by the reinforcement learning agent, rewards accrued by the reinforcement learning agent, and the policy to be followed by the reinforcement learning agent. By using the information corresponding to the ‘states’, ‘actions’, ‘rewards’ and ‘policy’ associated with the reinforcement learning agent, the reinforcement learning processor 14 determines ‘state-value functions’, ‘actions’, ‘Q-values’ and ‘rewards’ corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent. Subsequently, the ‘state-value functions’, ‘actions’, ‘Q-values’ and ‘rewards’ are transmitted by the reinforcement learning processor 14 to the second memory module 16 for storage.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the CISFD unit 12 could be conceptualized either as a fixed hardware implementation or as a programmable thread generator. In the event that the CISFD unit 12 is conceptualized as a fixed hardware implementation, then each of the instructions is decoded and subsequently executed by dedicated hardware. Alternatively, if the CISFD unit 12 is conceptualized as a programmable thread generator, then each instruction is mapped to output threads (‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’). The output threads are preferably sequence of ‘Read Modify Write (RMW)’ operations performed on respective memory modules (‘a-memory module’ 16A, ‘v-memory module’ 16B, ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and ‘r-memory module’ 16D), with the ‘Modify (M)’ operation being performed as an ALU operation.
In accordance with the present disclosure, each of the processor cores (a processor core 140 illustrated in FIG. 1A) of the reinforcement learning processor 14 incorporate predetermined number of execution units (execution units 140A. 140B, 140C and 140D illustrated in FIG. 1A). Each of the execution units execute the threads corresponding to the SIMA instruction fetched from the first memory module 10. As shown in FIG. 1B, an execution unit 140A incorporates a fetch/decode unit 14A and a dispatch/collection unit 14B. The fetch/decode unit 14A is configured to fetch the ALU instructions from the CISFD unit 12 for execution. The dispatch/collection unit 14B accesses the ‘a-memory module’ 16A, ‘v-memory module’ 16B, ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and ‘r-memory module’ 16D to complete the execution of the threads (‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’). Further, the execution unit 140A also stores the ‘learning context’ and the ‘inferencing context’ corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent/reinforcement learning environment represented by the operand of the SIMA instruction. The ‘learning context’ and the ‘inferencing context’ are stored across a plurality of status registers, constant registers and configuration registers (not shown in figures).
The term ‘learning context’ represents the characteristics associated with a reinforcement learning environment with which the reinforcement learning agent interacts, and learns from. Further, the term ‘leaning context’ also represents a series of observations and actions which the reinforcement learning agent has obtained as a result of the interaction with the reinforcement learning environment. The term ‘inferencing context’ represents the manner in which the reinforcement learning agent behaves (i.e., performs actions) subsequent to learning from the interaction with the reinforcement learning environment.
In accordance with the present disclosure, execution of each of the SIMA instructions is denoted using a ‘coreID’. The ‘coreID’ is determined based on the processor core executing the SIMA instruction. Further, each of the learning contexts stored in the corresponding execution unit of the processor core (executing the SIMA instruction) are identified using a ‘contextID’. Further, each of the threads (i.e., ‘a-thread’. ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’) corresponding to the said SIMA instruction are identified by a combination of a ‘threadID’ and the ‘coreID’ and the ‘contextID’. The combination of ‘threadID’, ‘coreID’ and the ‘contextID’ is illustrated in FIG. 1C.
In accordance with the present disclosure, ‘learning context’ is associated with the ‘exploration’ activities performed by a particular reinforcement learning agent within a corresponding reinforcement learning environment. The term ‘exploration’ characterizes the activities in which the reinforcement learning agent interacts with the reinforcement learning environment by the way of performing predetermined actions, and learns from the interactions with the reinforcement learning environment. Further, ‘inferencing context’ is associated with the ‘exploitation’ activities performed by the reinforcement learning agent within the corresponding reinforcement learning environment. The term ‘exploitation’ characterizes the activities in which the reinforcement learning agent decides upon the actions to be performed, based on the learnings gathered from the previous interactions with the reinforcement learning environment. Any of the well known algorithms such as epsilon-greedy algorithm, Boltzmann sweep algorithm, epsilon-soft policy, softmax action selection policy are utilized for the purpose of ‘exploitation’, depending upon the suitability of the algorithm to the reinforcement learning environment.
Referring to the block diagram illustrated in FIG. 1D, the term ‘agentID’ denotes the reinforcement learning agent performing either exploitation of exploration activity. The term ‘envID’ denotes the reinforcement learning environment within which the reinforcement learning agent is performing either the exploration or exploitation activity. A particular reinforcement learning environment (denoted by ‘envID’) could interact with multiple reinforcement learning agents (denoted by respective agentIDs). Therefore, ‘agentID’ represents the specific reinforcement learning agent interacting with the reinforcement learning environment. Further, ‘coreID’ represents the processor core (of the reinforcement learning processor 14) executing the SIMA instruction applied upon either the reinforcement learning agent identified by ‘agentID’ or the reinforcement learning environment represented by ‘envID’. Further, ‘contextID’ represents the context (exploitation or exploration) of the activity performed by the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) by the way of interaction with the reinforcement learning environment (represented by ‘envID’), as a part of the execution of the SIMA instruction. Every processor core (represented by ‘coreID’) is configured to simultaneously implement multiple contexts (represented by respective contextIDs). Further, ‘threadID’ represents the threads (i.e., ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’) corresponding to the SIMA instruction applied onto either the reinforcement learning agent identified by ‘agentID’ or the reinforcement learning environment represented by ‘envID’.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the system 100 further includes a (scalable) scheduler module 20 that provides the second processor 14 with selective access to the neural network data paths 18. The scheduler module 20 also controls the operations of a Digital Signal Processing (DSP) unit 26, a Memory Management Unit (MMU) 28, and the software driver modules (‘Hostif’ drivers) 30 that facilitates communication between the reinforcement learning processor 14 and a first processor 24 (referred to as ‘host processor’ hereafter). Further, the scheduler module 20 allocates memory space in each of the aforementioned memory modules (i.e., ‘a-memory module’ 16A, ‘v-memory module’ 16B, ‘q-memory module’ 16C, and ‘r-memory module’ 16D) for the results of the execution of the ‘a-thread’, ‘v-thread’, ‘q-thread’ and ‘r-thread’ to be written thereto. Additionally, the scheduler module 20 is also configured to selectively prioritize the activities (exploration and exploitation) of predetermined reinforcement learning agents. Further, the scheduler module 20 also prioritizes the activities (exploration and exploitation) performed upon predetermined reinforcement learning environments. Additionally, the scheduler module 20 selectively prioritizes the interaction between the reinforcement learning processor 14 and the host processor 24.
Referring to FIG. 1 again, the ‘a-memory module’ 16A stores information corresponding to the actions performed by the reinforcement learning agent. The ‘v-memory module’ 16B stores the ‘state-value functions’ indicative of the value associated with every state of the reinforcement learning agent, under a predetermined policy. The ‘v-memory module’ 16B also stores the ‘optimal state-value function’ indicative of an optimal value associated with every state of the reinforcement learning agent under an optimal policy. Further, the ‘q-memory module’ 16C stores ‘Q-values’ which are generated using a state-action function which represents a correlation between the actions performed by the reinforcement learning agent at every state and under a predetermined policy. The ‘q-memory module’ 16C also stores the ‘optimal Q-values’ for every state-action pair associated with the reinforcement learning agent, and adhering to an optimal policy. The term ‘state-action pair’ denotes the action performed by the reinforcement learning agent at a specific state. Further, the ‘r-memory module’ 16D stores the ‘rewards’ (reward values) obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a specific action while being in a specific state.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the ‘v-memory module’ 16B is bifurcated into a plurality of memory banks as shown in FIG. 1E, with each memory bank of the ‘v-memory module’ 16B storing ‘state-value function Va(S)’ indicative of the value of a specific state of the reinforcement learning agent under a predetermined policy. As shown in FIG. 1E, the ‘v-memory module’ 16B is bifurcated into ‘four’ exemplary memory banks 160B, 161B, 162B and 163B. For example, memory bank 160B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘first’ value corresponding to a ‘first’ state of the reinforcement learning agent under a predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 161B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘second’ value corresponding to a ‘second’ state of the reinforcement learning agent under the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 162B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘third’ value corresponding to a ‘third’ state of the reinforcement learning agent under the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 163B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘forth’ value corresponding to a ‘forth’ state of the reinforcement learning agent under the predetermined policy.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the ‘q-memory module’ 16C is bifurcated into a plurality of memory banks as shown in FIG. 1F. As shown in FIG. 1F, the ‘q-memory module’ 16A is bifurcated into ‘four’ exemplary memory banks 160C, 161C, 162C and 163C. Each memory bank of the ‘q-memory module’ 16C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to an action performed by the reinforcement learning agent, at a particular state and under the predetermined policy. For example, memory bank 160C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘first’ action performed by the reinforcement agent while being at a ‘first’ state and following a predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 161C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘second’ action performed by the reinforcement agent while being at a ‘second’ state and following the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 162C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘third’ action performed by the reinforcement agent while being at a ‘third’ state and following the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 163C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘forth’ action performed by the reinforcement agent while being at a ‘forth’ state and following the predetermined policy.
Similarly, the ‘r-memory module’ 16D is bifurcated into a plurality of memory banks as shown in FIG. 1G, with each memory bank of the ‘r-memory module’ 16D storing a ‘reward value’ indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a specific action (while being) in a specific state, and under the predetermined policy. As shown in FIG. 1G, the ‘r-memory module’ 16D is bifurcated into ‘four’ exemplary memory banks 160D, 161D, 162D and 163D. The memory bank 160D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a ‘first’ action (while being) in a ‘first’ state, under a predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 161D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a ‘second’ action in a ‘second’ state under the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 162D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a ‘third’ action in a ‘third’ state under the predetermined policy. Further, memory bank 163D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent, in return for performing a ‘forth’ action in a ‘forth’ state under the predetermined policy.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the ‘v-memory module’ 16B, the ‘q-memory module’ 16C and the ‘r-memory module’ 16D are accessed by the CISFD unit 12 and the reinforcement learning processor 14 by using a combinational sequence of ‘envID’. ‘agentID’, ‘stateID’, and ‘actionID’. As explained in the aforementioned paragraphs, the term ‘envID’ denotes the reinforcement learning environment within which the reinforcement learning agent is performing either the exploration or exploitation activity, and the term ‘agentID’ denotes the reinforcement learning agent performing either the exploration or exploitation activity. Further, ‘stateID’ denotes the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and the term ‘actionID’ denotes the action undertaken (performed) by the reinforcement learning agent while being in a specific state which is denoted by ‘stateID’.
In the case of ‘v-memory module’ 16B which is bifurcated into memory banks 160B, 161B, 162B and 163B, memory bank 160B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘first’ value corresponding to a ‘first’ state (represented by stateID) of the reinforcement learning agent (represented by agentID) under the predetermined policy. The ‘envID’ representing the reinforcement learning environment remains unchanged for the ‘four’ exemplary memory banks 160B, 161B, 162B and 163B since the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) interacts with only one reinforcement learning environment at a given point of time. Similarly, the memory bank 161B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘second’ value corresponding to a ‘second’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) of a reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) under the predetermined policy. Similarly, the memory bank 162B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘third’ value corresponding to a ‘third’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) of a reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) under the predetermined policy. Similarly, the memory bank 163B stores the ‘state-value function’ indicative of a ‘forth’ value corresponding to a ‘forth’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) of a reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) under the predetermined policy.
In the case of ‘q-memory module’ 16C which is bifurcated into memory banks 160C, 161C, 162C and 163C, memory bank 160C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘first’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) performed by the reinforcement agent (represented by ‘agentID’) while being at a ‘first’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) and following the predetermined policy. Similarly, memory bank 161C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘second’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) performed by the reinforcement agent (represented by the ‘agentID’) while being at a ‘second’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) and following the predetermined policy. Similarly, memory bank 162C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘third’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) performed by the reinforcement agent (represented by the ‘agentID’) while being at a ‘third’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) and following the predetermined policy. Similarly, memory bank 163C stores the ‘Q-value’ corresponding to a ‘forth’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) performed by the reinforcement agent (represented by the ‘agentID’) while being at a ‘forth’ state (represented by ‘stateID’) and following the predetermined policy.
In the case of ‘r-memory module’ 16D which is bifurcated into memory banks 160D, 161D, 162D and 163D, the memory bank 160D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’), in return for performing a ‘first’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) in a ‘first’ state (represented by ‘stateID’), under the predetermined policy. The ‘envID’ representing the reinforcement learning environment remains unchanged for the ‘four’ exemplary memory banks 160D, 161D, 162D and 163D since the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’) interacts with only one reinforcement learning environment at a given point of time. Similarly, memory bank 161D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’), in return for performing a ‘second’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) in a ‘second’ state (represented by ‘stateID’), under the predetermined policy. Similarly, memory bank 162D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’), in return for performing a ‘third’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) in a ‘third’ state (represented by ‘stateID’), under the predetermined policy. Similarly, memory bank 163D stores a reward value indicative of the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent (represented by ‘agentID’), in return for performing a ‘forth’ action (represented by ‘actionID’) in a ‘forth’ state (represented by ‘stateID’), under the predetermined policy.
In accordance with the present disclosure, for the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment, the ‘Q-values’ are segregated based on the corresponding action and corresponding state, and subsequently stored in the memory banks 160C, 161C, 162C and 163C. Similarly, the ‘state-value functions’ are segregated based on the value of the reinforcement learning agent at every specific state, and stored on the memory banks 160B, 161B, 162B and 163B. Similarly, the rewards are segregated based on the action, and the state and the corresponding action, and stored in the memory banks 160D, 161D, 162D and 163D.
In order to obtain an optimal Q-value, the ‘Q-values’ stored on the memory banks 160C, 161C, 162C and 163C are extracted serially (i.e., beginning with the first bank 160C and moving to the last bank 163C), and the highest of the ‘Q-values’ extracted from the memory banks 160C, 161C, 162C and 163C is determined and considered as the optimal Q-value. The state-action pair corresponding to the highest of the Q-values is identified. The optimal Q-value and the corresponding state-action pair are utilized as a benchmark for iteratively approximating the actions, rewards and an optimal policy for any new states of the reinforcement learning agent.
Similarly, state-value functions stored on the memory banks 160B, 161B, 162B and 163B are retrieved serially (i.e., beginning with the first bank 160B and moving to the last bank 163B), and the highest value of the reinforcement learning agent across the various states (in this case, the first state, second state, third state and forth state) is identified, and is considered as the optimal state-value function. The optimal state-value function could be utilized to estimate an optimal policy that is considered to be better than any other policies available for the reinforcement learning agent.
Similarly, rewards stored on the memory banks 160D, 161D, 162D and 163D are retrieved serially (i.e., beginning with the first bank 160D and moving to the last bank 163D), and the highest of the retrieved rewards is determined, and the corresponding state-action pair is identified. The highest of the retrieved rewards is used as a benchmark for approximating a reward function, and for determining the manner in which the reward obtained by the reinforcement learning agent during the course of interaction with the reinforcement learning environment could be maximized.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the system 100 further includes a first processor 24 (referred to as ‘host processor’ hereafter) configured to create at least one reinforcement learning agent and a corresponding reinforcement learning environment, thereby initiating a computational approach for implementing reinforcement learning operations. The first processor 24 creates at least one reinforcement learning agent and a corresponding reinforcement learning environment by the way of programming predetermined, common memory mapped configuration registers. The reinforcement learning agent is represented by a 1-bit wide ‘agent register’, while the reinforcement learning environment is represented by a 1-bit wide ‘environment register’. The reinforcement learning agent is represented by ‘agentID’, and the reinforcement learning agent is mapped to the reinforcement learning environment by 32-bit ‘envID’. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, when the host processor writes the value ‘1’ or any other predetermined signature on to the predetermined configuration registers, the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment are created. Further, the host processor 24 preferably loads the application-specific instruction set comprising the instructions for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations, onto the first memory module 10. Subsequently, the host processor 24 triggers the reinforcement learning processor 14 to execute the instructions corresponding to the reinforcement learning operations.
In accordance with the present disclosure, each of the reinforcement learning agents are associated with an ‘agent context’, and each of the reinforcement learning environments are associated with an ‘environment context’. The ‘agent context’ as shown in FIG. 2A is a collection of configuration registers and host registers, which store information pertaining to the status of the reinforcement learning agent, actions to be performed by the reinforcement learning agent, reward function associated with the agent, policy to be followed by the reinforcement learning agent, and the like. The ‘environment context’ as shown in FIG. 2B is also a collection of configuration registers and host registers, which store the information including ‘agentID’ corresponding to each of the reinforcement learning agents interacting with the reinforcement learning environment, and ‘experimentID’ corresponding to the reinforcement learning experiments performed by each of the reinforcement learning agents.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a block diagram illustrating a multi-processor configuration of the reinforcement learning processor 14, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The multi-processor configuration of the reinforcement learning processor 14 (all the reinforcement learning processors collectively represented by reference numeral 14) is conceptualized using an inter-core connection of the reinforcement learning processor 14. The reinforcement learning processor 14 incorporates ‘4’ ports to form a communication link (connection) with ‘4’ reinforcement learning processors as exemplified in FIG. 3. The reinforcement learning processor 14 incorporates a scalable architecture which provides for the number of processing cores to be scaled in line with the complexity of reinforcement learning operations/tasks. The scheduler module 20 (described in FIG. 1) of the reinforcement learning processor 14 is configured to be implemented on a multi-chip mode and provide the reinforcement learning processor 14 with required internal memory access and external memory access. Further, the scheduler module 20 also provides for intercommunication between the reinforcement learning processors assembled using the multi-processor configuration. The first memory module 10 (described in FIG. 1) and the second memory module 16 (described in FIG. 1) are not hierarchical, and are configured to be accessed based on the synchronization between the processing cores of the reinforcement learning processor 14. Therefore, the first memory module 10 and the second memory module 16 provide for a consistent implementation of reinforcement learning tasks, even on the multi-chip mode. The reinforcement learning processor 14 when implemented in a multi-processor configuration provides for comparatively higher levels of parallelism as far as the interaction between a plurality of reinforcement learning agents and corresponding reinforcement learning environments is concerned.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic representation of the system 100 as a System on Chip (SOC). The SOC architecture as illustrated in FIG. 4 includes a host processor 24, reinforcement learning processor 14, sensor controllers 42, DRAM controller, and first memory module 10 communicably coupled through a Network on Chip (NOC) architecture. The host processor 24 executes a predetermined host application which communicates with the reinforcement learning processor 14 through a mailbox interrupt. The reinforcement learning processor 14 is preferably programmed via a host memory map of the host processor 24. Further, the reinforcement learning processor 14 includes a slave/configuration interface and a master interface. The reinforcement learning processor 14 receives sensory inputs from the sensor controllers. The reinforcement learning processor 14 converts the sensory inputs into rewards via at least one of reward function approximation, supervisory training and exploitation & exploration of reinforcement learning environment. The reinforcement learning processor 14 samples rewards via at least one of on-chip Input/output (I/O), sensor I/Os (for example I2C, I3C, I2S), and sensor specific ADC (analog to digital converter).
In accordance with the present disclosure, the reinforcement learning processor 14 communicates with the host processor 24 communicate through Mailbox interrupts. A Time series database (TSD) stores the time series of mailbox interrupts generated by the host processor 24 and the reinforcement learning processor 14. TSD typically includes arrays of numbers indexed by time. Typically, a mailbox interrupt generated by the host processor 24 (host interrupt) is mapped to a mailbox interrupt generated by the reinforcement learning processor 14. Further, all the mailbox interrupts generated by the reinforcement learning processor 14 are mapped to the mailbox interrupts generated by the host processor 24. Interrupts are either vectored interrupts or nested interrupts. The interrupt messages are generated from a dedicated mailbox implemented via an on-chip S-RAM (static RAM).
The host processor 24 configures the reinforcement learning processor 14 to create reinforcement learning environments and reinforcement learning agents. The host processor 24 is configured to access the memory mapped registers of the reinforcement learning processor 14. The host processor 24 is configured to program the first memory module 10 with the application-specific instruction set (ASI) comprising instructions for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations. The host processor 24 further programs the memory mapped registers to configure neural networks, recurrent neural networks and the like. The host processor 24 reads the status of each of the memory mapped registers and the execution contexts stored therein. The reinforcement learning processor 14 is powered, collapsed, clock gated and executed at suitable clock frequencies by the host processor 24.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a schematic representation of the reinforcement learning processor 14 integrated on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The host processor 24 and the reinforcement learning processor 14 are integrated onto on the printed circuit board (a single Die). The host processor 24 and the reinforcement learning processor 14 interact via a chip to chip connectivity (52). The chip to chip connectivity is mapped to one of a high-speed SERDES serial interface or to GPIOs (General Purpose I/Os). The GPIOs are also mapped to host interrupts (generated byte host processor 24) and RLP interrupts (generated by the reinforcement learning processor).
Referring to FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B in combination, there is shown a flowchart illustrating the steps involved in the computer-implemented method for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations. At step 600, a first processor (referred to as host processor hereafter) creates at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one corresponding reinforcement learning environment. Subsequently, the host processor assigns a reinforcement learning agent ID to the reinforcement learning agent, and a reinforcement learning environment ID to the reinforcement learning environment. At step 602, an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI) comprising instructions for implementing predetermined reinforcement teaming operations is created. Further, at step 604, each of the instructions are configured to incorporate at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID and the reinforcement learning environment ID as an operand.
At step 606, the application-domain specific instruction set comprising instructions for implementing the predetermined reinforcement learning operations is stored in a first memory module. At step 608, at least one of the instructions is selectively fetched by a complex instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit. Subsequently, the CISFD unit decodes the instruction and generates a plurality of predetermined threads representative of the decoded instruction. Further at step 608, the plurality of predetermined threads representing the decoded instruction are embedded with at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID corresponding to the decoded instruction.
At step 610, each of the predetermined threads is processed in parallel by a second processor having multiple processing cores (referred to as reinforcement learning processor hereafter). During the execution of the threads, the instruction corresponding to the threads is applied onto one of the reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in the predetermined threads. The reinforcement learning processor is configured to implement the instructions simultaneously on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents and a plurality of reinforcement learning environments. At step 612, based on the execution of the threads, action(s) associated with the reinforcement learning agent at every state thereof, at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value and at least one reward value are determined by the reinforcement learning processor. At step 614, the determined actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value are stored in predetermined memory partitions of a second memory module.
At step 616, a neural network is triggered via a corresponding neural network data path, and the determined actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value are transferred to the neural network for analysis. Subsequently, the neural network is trained using the determined actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value, to approximate a value-function and a reward function corresponding to either a current state or a future state of the reinforcement learning agent.
Shown herein below is a table incorporating a non-exhaustive, exemplary list of instructions for performing predetermined reinforcement learning operations.







TABLE 1







list of instructions for implementing reinforcement learning operations










Instruction
Opcode
Operand
Description





vapproxlin
00000010
AgentID
Perform value function





approximation on a 





reinforcement learning





agent represented by





‘agent ID’.


extoptk
00001010
AgentID
Trigger a reinforcement 





learning agent represented





by ‘agentID’ to enter into





an exploitation mode


optval
00001100
AgentID
Optimal value function for 





current state of MDP of 





reinforcement learning agent





specified by ‘agent ID’.


explrk
00001101
AgentID
Trigger a reinforcement 





learning agent specified by 





‘agentID’ to enter into an 





exploration mode.


explrall
00001110
EnvID
Trigger all the reinforcement





learning agents interacting 





with a reinforcement 





learning environment 





represented by ‘envID’, to 





enter into exploration mode.


vapproxgd
00001111
AgentID
Approximate a value 





function for





reinforcement learning 





agent represented by 





‘agent ID’


dwnctxk
00010110
CoreID
Download 





learning/inferencing





context to a processor core





identified by coreID.


policygradk
00011001
AgentID
Perform Policy gradient on a





reinforcement learning agent





represented by ‘agent ID’.


bkpk
00011010
AgentID
Perform a ‘backup’ operation 





on a reinforcement learning 





agent represented by





‘agent ID’.


politerk
00011101
AgentID
Perform Policy iteration on a





reinforcement learning agent





represented by ‘agent ID’.


fetchq
00011111
AgentID
Fetch Q-values for 





reinforcement learning agent 





represented by ‘agent ID’,





from Q-memory module.





Q-value for the last state of 





the reinforcement learning





agent is fetched, by the way 





of a stack based access.


fetchv
00100000
AgentID
Fetch value functions for





reinforcement learning agent





represented by ‘agent ID’, 





from V-memory





module. Value function





for the last state of the





reinforcement learning agent 





is fetched, by the way 





of a stack based access.


dmar
00100001
DMA length
Perform a Direct Memory 




(16 bit), DMA
Access (DMA) on the 




start offset (15
R-memory module.




bit), direction





(1 bit.)



dmaa
00100010
DMA length
Perform a Direct Memory 




(16 bit), DMA
Access (DMA) on the 




start offset 15
A-memory module.




bit), direction





(1 bit)



dmav
00100111
DMA length
Perform a Direct 




(16 bit), DMA
Memory Access




start offset (15
(DMA) on the V-memory




bit), direction
module.




(1 bit)



dmaq
00101000
DMA length
Perform a Direct Memory 




(16 bit), DMA
Access (DMA) 




start ofikt (15
on the Q-memory




bit), direction
module.




(1 bit)



ql
00101001
AgentID
Initiate Q learning on a





reinforcement learning 





agent represented





by ‘agent ID’.


gpi
00101100
AgentID
Perform a Generic Policy





Iteration (GPI) on a 





reinforcement learning 





agent represented by





‘agent ID’


gpiall
00101101
EnvID
Perform a Generic Policy





Iteration (GPI) on all





reinforcement learning 





agents interacting with the 





reinforcement





learning environment 





represented by ‘envID’.


modelenv
00101110
AgentID
Model the reinforcement





learning environment





for a reinforcement





learning agent represented 





by ‘agent ID’.


modelenvall
00101111
EnvID
Model the reinforcement 





learning environment





represented by ‘envID’





for interaction with





corresponding reinforcement





learning agents.


fetchr
00110100
AgentID
Fetch reward values for





reinforcement learning agent





represented by ‘agent ID’, 





from R-memory module. 





Reward value for the





last state of the 





reinforcement learning agent 





is fetched, by the way of a 





stack based access.


optq
00110101
Age ID
Determine the optimal





Q-value for the current state 





of MDP of a reinforcement





learning agent represented





by ‘agent ID’.


crtenv
00110110
EnvID
Create a reinforcement 





learning environment with a





corresponding ‘envID’.


crtagent
00110111
EnvID
Create a reinforcement 





learning agent in a 





reinforcement learning





environment specified by





‘envID’, and assign a 





‘agentID’ to the newly 





created reinforcement 





learning agent.


assocrewardk
00110111
AgentID,
Associate a reward function 




reward
with a reinforcement 




functionID 
learning agent represented 




(8 bit)
by ‘agent ID’.


intrctenvk
00111000
AgentID, N
Trigger a reinforcement 





learning agent represented 





by ‘agent ID’to interact with 





reinforcement learning 





environment for ‘N’





times and update the Q, V, A





and R memory modules, 





based on the interaction.


rdagentctx
00111001
EnvID,
Read the agent context




AgentID
corresponding to a 





reinforcement learning





agent represented 





by ‘agent ID’, and store 





the agent context into an 





external memory module.


rdenvctx
00111010
EnvID
Read the environment 





context corresponding to a 





reinforcement





learning environment





represented by ‘envID’, 





and store the environment 





context into an external 





memory module.









The instructions exemplified in ‘Table 1’ form a part of the application-domain specific instruction set (ASI) envisaged by the present disclosure.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the Q-values are determined based on the execution of the q-thread. Further, the actions are determined based on the execution of the a-thread. Further, the state-value functions are determined based on the execution of the v-thread. Further, the reward values are determined based on the execution of the r-thread.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the Q-values are generated using a state-action function representative of each state of the reinforcement learning agent, and an action performed by the reinforcement learning agent in the said state. Further, the Q-values are stored on the plurality of memory banks (160B, 161B, 162B and 163B) of the q-memory module 16B. Every memory bank of the q-memory module stores a Q-value corresponding to ‘one’ state-action pair representative of an interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment. Subsequently, the Q-values are extracted from the respective memory banks, and compared for identification of the highest Q-value amongst the extracted Q-values. Further, the highest Q-value is considered as an optimal Q-value.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the action-values are determined by taking into consideration an action performed by the reinforcement learning agent in a predetermined state, and under a predetermined policy. Further, for determining state-value functions, a value associated with each state of the reinforcement learning agent is determined, and represented as a state-value function. Further, for determining the reward values, the rewards obtained by the reinforcement learning agent for performing a predetermined action in a predetermined state are determined, and represented as reward values.
Referring to FIG. 7A, there is shown a reward function approximator denoted by the reference numeral 32. The reward function approximator 32 receives high-dimension sensory input training data (denoted by reference numeral 34) and reward labels (denoted by reference numeral 36). High dimension sensory input training data typically includes sensory data received from the environment in which the reinforcement learning processor 14 is installed. For example, if the reinforcement learning processor 14 is installed in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), then the sensory data obtained from the environment described by the PCB includes images, videos, acoustics, audio, speech, temperature, pressure, digitized analog signals and the like. The sensory input training data is considered to be either favorable or non-favorable, and accordingly corresponding reward is calculated. The reward labels typically indicate the nature of the reward associated with the sensory input training data. For example, the rewards associated with the sensory input data could either be positive or negative or neutral (zero). In accordance with the present disclosure, the reward function approximator 32 is configured to be implemented in ‘two’ predetermined modes, namely, training mode and inference mode. When implemented in training mode, the reward function approximator 32 is trained to approximate a reward function. When implemented in inference mode, the reward function approximator 32 provides rewards 38 to the reinforcement learning processor 14. The reinforcement learning processor 14 stores the rewards thus obtained in the ‘r-memory module’ 16D.
Referring to FIG. 7B, there is shown an exemplary deep neural network 700 for implementing the reward function approximator described in FIG. 7A. Reference numerals 44 and 46 denote high-dimension sensory input training data and reward labels respectively. Reference numeral 48A represents a connection between high-dimension sensory input training data 44, reward labels 46 and neurons of the input layer 48 of the deep neural network 700. Reference numeral 50 represents the phase of ‘feature extraction’ from the high-dimension sensory input training data 44 and reward labels 46. Reference numeral 52 represents multiple hidden layers of the deep neural network 700 located in between the input layer 48 and the output layer 54. At the output layer 54, error correction (for the features extracted at the input layer 48) is performed. After the aforementioned process is iteratively executed for a predetermined number of times, the deep neural network 700 is executed in an inference mode to generate rewards that are transmitted to the reinforcement learning processor 14. The reinforcement learning processor 14 stores the rewards thus obtained in the ‘r-memory module’ 16D.
Under certain circumstances enough data might not be available for training a convolutional neural network or a recursive neural network. In such scenarios, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is utilized for reward function approximation. As shown in FIG. 7C, a GAN is communicably coupled with a first database 56 storing the features of rewards generated thus far (also referred to as ‘latent reward space’). A reward signal is generated based on the analysis of the databases 56 storing the features of rewards generated thus far. The reward signal is subsequently fed to a reward generator 58. The reward generator 58 outputs a reward (referred to as ‘generated reward’ hereafter) that is generated based on the latent reward space. Subsequently, a discriminator 60 compares the generated reward with ‘real rewards’ stored in a second database 56A. The discriminator 60 compares the generated rewards with the real rewards, and generates a function representative of an error rate between the generated rewards and real rewards. The error rate thus obtained is fed back to the reward generator 58 for error correction, via a feedback loop (shown in dotted lines in FIG. 7C). The function representing the error rate is iteratively determined until the error rate reduces to a value lesser than a predetermined threshold (the threshold calculated based on error type and error quantity), the training of the GAN is temporarily suspended. Subsequently, the output provided by the GAN is treated as reward signal, and is transmitted to the reinforcement learning processor 14. The reinforcement learning processor 14 stores the rewards represented by the reward signal, in the ‘r-memory module’ 16D.
The present disclosure envisages a computer readable non-transitory storage medium having computer readable instructions stored thereupon. The computer readable instructions when executed by a computer processor, cause the computer processor to perform the following steps:

    
    
        create at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one corresponding reinforcement learning environment, and assign a reinforcement learning agent ID to the reinforcement learning agent, and assign a reinforcement learning environment ID to the reinforcement learning environment;
        create an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), the application-domain specific instruction set comprising instructions for implementing the predetermined reinforcement learning operations;
        create each of the instructions by incorporating at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID (RL agent ID) and the reinforcement learning environment ID (RL environment ID) therein, as an operand;
        configure each of the instructions to be simultaneously implemented on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents and a plurality of reinforcement learning environments;
        selectively fetch at least one of the instructions by using a complex instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit, and decode the instruction, and generate a plurality of predetermined threads corresponding to decoded instruction;
        embed into the predetermined threads, at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID associated with corresponding instruction;
        process each of the predetermined threads in parallel, and apply the corresponding instruction onto at least one of a reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in the predetermined threads;
        determine at least one action, at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value and at least one reward value corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, based on execution of the instruction corresponding to the predetermined threads;
        store determined actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value in predetermined memory partitions of a second memory module; and
        access a neural network via a corresponding neural network data path, and train the neural network to perform at least one of value-function approximation and reward function approximation, based on the actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value.
    
    


The computer readable instructions contained in the computer readable non-transitory storage medium, when executed by the computer processor, further cause the computer processor to:

    
    
        trigger the reinforcement learning agent to interact with the reinforcement learning environment and enable the reinforcement learning agent to:
        explore the reinforcement learning environment to deduce relevant learning therefrom; and
        apply deduced relevant learning onto the reinforcement learning environment;
        trigger the reinforcement learning agent to exploit gathered learning by further interacting with the reinforcement learning environment;
        construct at least one of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) based on interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment;
        selectively update the MDP and SMDP, based on learning achieved from the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment;
        selectively create a backup of the MDP representative of the interaction between the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment;
        initiate a q-learning procedure on the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID;
        associate a reward function with the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID;
        perform generalized policy iteration (GPI);
        implement on-policy and off-policy learning methods on the reinforcement learning agent;
        enable the reinforcement learning agent to interact with the reinforcement learning environment for a predetermined time period;
        read a context corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID, and read the context corresponding to the reinforcement learning environment represented by the reinforcement learning environment ID, and store the read context;
        initiate a predetermined deep-learning operation on the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID;
        determine the optimal Q-value corresponding to a current state of the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID;
        approximate a state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and determine an optimal state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent; and
        fetch Q-values, state-value functions and reward values corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID, from the corresponding memory partitions of the second memory module;
        feed training data into the neural network through the neural network data path, and initiating training of the neural network;
        download weights corresponding to the neural network;
        communicate with a predetermined deep neural network;
        selectively clear the weights assigned to the neural network;
        perform the value-function approximation using the deep neural network, for the reinforcement learning agent represented by the reinforcement learning agent ID; and
        train the deep neural network using a predetermined learning context.
    
    


The computer readable instructions contained in the computer readable non-transitory storage medium, when executed by the computer processor, further cause the computer processor to:

    
    
        generate the predetermined threads, the predetermined threads including at least an r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and a-thread, the threads identifiable via corresponding thread ID;
        execute the r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and a-thread, and generate the reward value, Q-value, state-value function and actions respectively;
        create corresponding thread blocks, in the event that the instructions are simultaneously applied to the plurality of reinforcement learning agents and plurality of reinforcement learning environments;
        partition the second memory module into an r-memory module, q-memory module, v-memory module and a-memory module;
        map the reinforcement learning agent and the reinforcement learning environment to an execution context during execution of corresponding predetermined threads, the execution context identified using a contextID;
        bifurcate the q-memory module into a plurality of corresponding memory banks;
        generate Q-values using a state-action function representative of each state of the reinforcement learning agent and an action performed by the reinforcement learning agent in the state;
        store Q-values within each of the memory banks, and segregate the Q-values amongst the plurality of corresponding memory banks based on corresponding states and actions;
        extract the Q-values from the memory banks based on the corresponding state and action, and mutually compare the Q-values corresponding to every state and every action, to determine an optimal Q-value of the reinforcement learning agent;
        configure the r-memory module to store reward values, the reward values indicative of rewards obtained by the reinforcement learning agent for performing a predetermined action in a predetermined state, within the reinforcement learning environment;
        configure the v-memory module to store state-value functions corresponding to each state of the reinforcement learning agent, the state-value function indicative of a value associated with each state of the reinforcement learning agent, and
        configure the a-memory module to store an action performed by the reinforcement learning agent in a predetermined state, and under a predetermined policy.
    
    


TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES
The technical advantages envisaged by the present disclosure include the realization of a processor architecture that enables extraction and collection of rich actionable data best suited for reinforcement learning operations. Further, the present disclosure envisages an effective alternative to general purpose processor architecture such as Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) and Single Instruction Multiple threads (SIMT). The processor architecture envisaged by the present disclosure is tailor made for effective and efficient implementation of reinforcement learning tasks/operations. The present disclosure also envisages an application domain specific instruction set designed for executing tasks/operations pertinent to reinforcement learning. The application domain specific instruction set is simultaneously executed across multiple reinforcement learning agents and reinforcement learning environments (Single Instruction Multiple Agents (SIMA)). Further, the application domain specific instruction set is capable of performing value function approximation and reward function approximation, by the way of training a neural network. The application domain specific instruction set and the processor architecture provide for an effective balance to be maintained between exploration and exploitation activities of a reinforcement learning environment. Further, the present disclosure provides an effective solution to the ‘curse of dimensionality’ typically witnessed in high-dimensional data analysis scenarios. The application domain specific instruction set and the processor architecture envisaged by the present disclosure enable parallel learning and effective sharing of learning, amongst a plurality of reinforcement learning agents. The processor architecture envisaged by the present disclosure necessitates fewer clock cycles in comparison to the conventional CPU/GPU, to implement reinforcement learning operations/tasks. Further, the application domain specific instruction set and the processor architecture envisaged by the present disclosure render comparatively larger levels of abstraction, during the implementation of reinforcement learning operations/tasks.

## Claims

1. A computer-implemented system for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations, said system comprising:
a first processor configured to create at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one corresponding reinforcement learning environment, said first processor further configured to assign a reinforcement learning agent ID to said reinforcement learning agent, and a reinforcement learning environment ID to said reinforcement learning environment;
a first memory module communicably coupled to said first processor, said first memory module configured to store an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), said application-domain specific instruction set comprising instructions for implementing said predetermined reinforcement learning operations, each of said instructions incorporating at least one of said reinforcement learning agent ID and said reinforcement learning environment ID as an operand;
a complex instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit communicably coupled to said memory module, said CISFD unit configured to decode at least one of said instructions, and generate a plurality of predetermined threads corresponding to decoded instruction, said CISFD unit still further configured to embed into the predetermined threads, at least one of said reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID associated with the decoded instruction;
a second processor configured to execute said predetermined reinforcement learning operations, said second processor comprising a plurality of cores, said second processor configured to process each of said predetermined threads in parallel using said plurality of cores, and apply a corresponding instruction onto at least one of a reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in said predetermined threads, said second processor further configured to determine at least one action, at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value and at least one reward value corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, based on execution of the instruction corresponding to said predetermined threads;
a second memory module cooperating with said second processor and partitioned into a plurality of memory partitions, each of said memory partitions respectively storing said actions, state-value function, Q-value and reward value; and
wherein said second processor is communicably coupled to a neural network via a corresponding neural network data path, said second processor further configured to train said neural network to approximate at least one of a reward function and a state-value function, based on said action, state-value function, Q-value and reward value.

2. The instructions corresponding to reinforcement learning operations, as claimed in claim 1, when executed by said second processor, cause the second processor to:
trigger said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment and enable said reinforcement learning agent to:
explore said reinforcement learning environment to deduce relevant learning therefrom; and
apply deduced relevant learning onto said reinforcement learning environment;

trigger said reinforcement learning agent to exploit gathered learnings by further interacting with said reinforcement learning environment;
construct at least one of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) based on an interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively update said MDP and SMDP, based on learning achieved from the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively create a backup of the MDP representative of the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
initiate a q-learning procedure on the reinforcement learning agent;
associate a reward function with said reinforcement learning agent;
enable said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment for a predetermined time period;
read a context corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, and read the context corresponding to the reinforcement learning environment, and store the read context;
initiate a predetermined deep-learning operation on the reinforcement learning agent;
determine the optimal Q-value corresponding to a current state of the reinforcement learning agent;
implement generalized policy iteration (GPI);
implement on-policy and off-policy learning methods on said reinforcement learning agent;
approximate a state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and determine an optimal state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent; and
fetch Q-values, state-value functions and reward values corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, from the corresponding memory partitions of the second memory module.

3. The instructions corresponding to reinforcement learning operations, as claimed in claim 1, when executed by said second processor, further cause the second processor to:
feed training data into the neural network through the neural network data path, and initiate training of the neural network;
download weights corresponding to the neural network;
communicate with a predetermined deep neural network;
selectively clear the weights assigned to the neural network;
perform value-function approximation using said deep neural network, for the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID; and
train the deep neural network using a predetermined learning context.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said instructions are configured to be simultaneously implemented on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents and a plurality of reinforcement learning environments; and wherein said CISFD unit is further configured to create said predetermined threads corresponding to each of said plurality of reinforcement learning agents and plurality of reinforcement learning environments, said CISFD unit still further configured to group said predetermined threads into a thread block.

5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said plurality of predetermined threads generated by said CISFD are indicative of the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment, said plurality of predetermined threads including at least an r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and an a-thread, each of said predetermined threads identifiable via corresponding thread ID;
said second memory module is partitioned into a plurality of memory partitions, said memory partitions including an r-memory module, q-memory module, v-memory module and a-memory module;
said second processor is further configured to execute said r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and a-thread, and generate said reward value, Q-value, state-value function and actions respectively; and
wherein, said q-memory module is further bifurcated into a plurality of corresponding memory banks, and wherein each of said memory banks store Q-values, said Q-values generated using a state-action function representative of each state of said reinforcement learning agent and an action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in said state, said Q-values segregated amongst said plurality of corresponding memory banks based on corresponding states and actions.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment are mapped to an execution context, during execution of corresponding predetermined threads, said execution context identified using a contextID.

7. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein:
said r-memory module is configured to store reward values, said reward values indicative of rewards obtained by said reinforcement learning agent for performing a predetermined action in a predetermined state, within said reinforcement learning environment;
said v-memory module is configured to store state-value functions corresponding to each state of said reinforcement learning agent, said state-value function indicative of a value associated with each state of the reinforcement learning agent;
said a-memory module is configured to store an action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in a predetermined state, and under a predetermined policy; and
and wherein said second processor extracts the Q-values from the plurality of corresponding memory banks based on the corresponding state and action, and compares the Q-values corresponding to every state and every action, to determine an optimal Q-value of said reinforcement learning agent.

8. A method for implementing predetermined reinforcement learning operations, said method comprising following computer-implemented steps:
creating at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one corresponding reinforcement learning environment using a first processor, and assigning a reinforcement learning agent ID to said reinforcement learning agent, and assigning a reinforcement learning environment ID to said reinforcement learning environment;
creating an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), said application-domain specific instruction set comprising instructions for implementing said predetermined reinforcement learning operations;
creating each of said instructions by incorporating at least one of the reinforcement learning agent ID and the reinforcement learning environment ID therein, as an operand;
storing said application-domain specific instruction set in a first memory module;
selectively fetching at least one of said instructions, using a complex instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit, and decoding said instruction, and generating a plurality of predetermined threads corresponding to decoded instruction;
embedding into the predetermined threads, at least one of said reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID associated with the decoded instruction;
executing each of said predetermined threads in parallel using a second processor, and applying the corresponding instruction onto at least one of a reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified respectively by said reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in said predetermined threads, and determining at least one action, at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value and at least one reward value corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, based on execution of the instruction corresponding to said predetermined threads;
storing said action, state-value function, Q-value and reward value in predetermined memory partitions of a second memory module;
accessing a neural network via a corresponding neural network data path, and training said neural network to perform at least one of a value-function approximation and a reward function approximation, based on said action, state-value function, Q-value and reward value.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the step of creating an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), further includes the step of incorporating into the ASI, the instructions for:
triggering said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment and enabling said reinforcement learning agent to:
explore said reinforcement learning environment to deduce relevant learning there from; and
apply deduced relevant learning onto said reinforcement learning environment;

triggering said reinforcement learning agent to exploit gathered learning by further interacting with said reinforcement learning environment;
constructing at least one of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) based on interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively updating said MDP and SMDP, based on learning achieved from the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively creating a backup of the MDP representative of the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
initiating a q-learning procedure on the reinforcement learning agent;
associating a reward function with said reinforcement learning agent;
performing generalized policy iteration (GPI);
implementing on-policy and off-policy learning methods on said reinforcement learning agent;
enabling said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment for a predetermined time period;
reading a context corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, and reading the context corresponding to the reinforcement learning environment, and storing the read context;
initiating a predetermined deep-learning operation on the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID;
determining the optimal Q-value corresponding to a current state of the reinforcement learning agent;
fetching the Q-values, state-value functions, actions and reward values corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, from the corresponding memory partitions of the second memory module; and
approximating a state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and determining an optimal state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent.

10. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the step of creating an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), further includes the step of incorporating into the ASI the instructions for:
feeding training data into the neural network through the neural network data path, and initiating training of the neural network;
downloading weights corresponding to the neural network;
communicating with a predetermined deep neural network;
selectively clearing the weights assigned to the neural network;
performing the value-function approximation using said deep neural network, for the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID; and
training the deep neural network using a predetermined learning context.

11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the step of executing each of said predetermined threads in parallel using a second processor, and applying the corresponding instruction onto at least one of a reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified respectively by the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in said predetermined threads, and determining an action, a state-value function, a Q-value and a reward value, based on execution of the instruction corresponding to said predetermined threads, further includes the following steps:
determining the Q-values based on the execution of a q-thread;
determining actions to be performed by the reinforcement learning processor, based on the execution of an a-thread;
determining the state-value functions based on the execution of a v-thread; and
determining the reward values based on the execution of an r-thread.

12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of determining the Q-values based on the execution of a q-thread, further includes the following steps:
generating Q-values using a state-action function representative of each state of said reinforcement learning agent, and an action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in said state;
segregating said Q-values within a plurality of memory banks of the q-memory module, based on corresponding states and actions;
extracting the Q-values from the plurality of corresponding memory banks based on the corresponding state and action, and comparing the Q-values corresponding to every state and every action, to determine an optimal Q-value of said reinforcement learning agent.

13. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of determining an action based on the execution of an a-thread, further includes the step of determining the action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in a predetermined state, and under a predetermined policy.

14. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of determining the state-value functions based on the execution of a v-thread, further includes the step of determining a value associated with each state of said reinforcement learning agent, and representing said value as a state-value function.

15. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of determining the reward values based on the execution of an r-thread, further includes the step of determining rewards obtained by said reinforcement learning agent for performing a predetermined action in a predetermined state, within said reinforcement learning environment, and storing said rewards as reward values.

16. A computer readable non-transitory storage medium having computer readable instructions stored thereupon, said computer readable instructions when executed by a computer processor, cause the computer processor to:
create at least one reinforcement learning agent and at least one corresponding reinforcement learning environment, and assign a reinforcement learning agent ID to said reinforcement learning agent, and assign a reinforcement learning environment ID to said reinforcement learning environment;
create an application-domain specific instruction set (ASI), said application-domain specific instruction set comprising instructions for implementing said predetermined reinforcement learning operations;
create each of said instructions by incorporating at least one of said reinforcement learning agent ID and said reinforcement learning environment ID therein, as an operand;
configure each of said instructions to be simultaneously implemented on a plurality of reinforcement learning agents and a plurality of reinforcement learning environments;
selectively fetch at least one of said instructions by using a complex instruction fetch and decode (CISFD) unit, and decode said instruction, and generate a plurality of predetermined threads corresponding to decoded instruction;
embed into the predetermined threads, at least one of said reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID associated with corresponding instruction;
process each of said predetermined threads in parallel, and apply the corresponding instruction onto at least one of a reinforcement learning agent and reinforcement learning environment identified by the reinforcement learning agent ID and reinforcement learning environment ID embedded in said predetermined threads;
determine at least one action, at least one state-value function, at least one Q-value and at least one reward value corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent, based on execution of the instruction corresponding to said predetermined threads;
store said action, state-value function, Q-value and reward value in predetermined memory partitions of a second memory module; and
access a neural network via a corresponding neural network data path, and train said neural network to perform at least one of value-function approximation and reward function approximation, based on said action, state-value function, Q-value and reward value.

17. The computer readable non-transitory storage medium as claimed in claim 16, wherein said computer readable instructions, when executed by the computer processor, further cause the computer processor to:
trigger said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment and enable said reinforcement learning agent to:
explore said reinforcement learning environment to deduce relevant learning therefrom; and
apply deduced relevant learning onto said reinforcement learning environment;

trigger said reinforcement learning agent to exploit gathered learning by further interacting with said reinforcement learning environment;
construct at least one of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) based on interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively update said MDP and SMDP, based on learning achieved from the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
selectively create a backup of the MDP representative of the interaction between said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment;
initiate a q-learning procedure on the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID;
associate a reward function with said reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID;
perform generalized policy iteration (GPI);
implement on-policy and off-policy learning methods on said reinforcement learning agent;
enable said reinforcement learning agent to interact with said reinforcement learning environment for a predetermined time period;
read a context corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID, and read the context corresponding to the reinforcement learning environment represented by said reinforcement learning environment ID, and store the read context;
initiate a predetermined deep-learning operation on the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID;
determine the optimal Q-value corresponding to a current state of the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID;
approximate a state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent, and determine an optimal state-value function for the current state of the reinforcement learning agent; and
fetch Q-values, state-value functions and reward values corresponding to the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID, from the corresponding memory partitions of the second memory module.

18. The computer readable non-transitory storage medium as claimed in claim 16, wherein said computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the computer enabled device to:
feed training data into the neural network through the neural network data path, and initiating training of the neural network;
download weights corresponding to the neural network;
communicate with a predetermined deep neural network;
selectively clear the weights assigned to the neural network;
perform the value-function approximation using said deep neural network, for the reinforcement learning agent represented by said reinforcement learning agent ID; and
train the deep neural network using a predetermined learning context.

19. The computer readable non-transitory medium as claimed in claim 16, wherein said computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the computer enabled device to:
generate the predetermined threads, said predetermined threads including at least an r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and a-thread, said threads identifiable via corresponding thread ID;
execute said r-thread, q-thread, v-thread and a-thread, and generate said reward value, Q-value, state-value function and actions respectively;
create corresponding thread blocks, in the event that the instructions are simultaneously applied to the plurality of reinforcement learning agents and plurality of reinforcement learning environments;
partition said second memory module into an r-memory module, q-memory module, v-memory module and a-memory module;
map said reinforcement learning agent and said reinforcement learning environment to an execution context during execution of corresponding predetermined threads, said execution context identified using a contextID;
bifurcate said q-memory module into a plurality of corresponding memory banks;
generate Q-values using a state-action function representative of each state of said reinforcement learning agent and an action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in said state;
store Q-values within each of said memory banks, and segregate said Q-values amongst said plurality of corresponding memory banks based on corresponding states and actions;
extract said Q-values from said memory banks based on the corresponding state and action, and mutually compare the Q-values corresponding to every state and every action, to determine an optimal Q-value of said reinforcement learning agent;
configure said r-memory module to store reward values, said reward values indicative of rewards obtained by said reinforcement learning agent for performing a predetermined action in a predetermined state, within said reinforcement learning environment;
configure said v-memory module to store state-value functions corresponding to each state of said reinforcement learning agent, said state-value function indicative of a value associated with each state of the reinforcement learning agent; and
configure said a-memory module to store an action performed by said reinforcement learning agent in a predetermined state and under a predetermined policy.