### Q **ualitative Pathway**

**- Initiated Risk**  **Assessment for**  **the Movement of**  **Mature Green ‘S**  **ha rwil’**  **A vocado,**  **Persea am ericana**  **Mill. from Hawaii into** 

**Continental United States**

**A Pa**  **thway**

**- Initiated Risk Assessment** 

**August, 2011**

**Agency Contact:**
Nicanor J. Liquido United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory

- Pacific 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI96850Rev 1 20110830 Page 2 o f 92

**Executive Summary** This risk assessment examines the risks associated with the movement of avocado (Persea americana cv. S harwil) into the continental United States. A list of avocado pests in Hawaii was prepared based on (1) documents submitted by the Hawaiian Department of Agriculture (HDOA) (2) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) records of interc epted pests, and (3) scientific literature. The commodity was not found to be a potential weed. Quarantine pests that were identified to the species level, and found likely

to follow the pathway , were qualitatively anal yz ed using the methodology describe d in the USDA

- APHIS Guidelines 5.02

. Th e information allowed APHIS to determine the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction, in addition to estimating the Baseline Pest Risk Potential of each pest before mitigation.
In formation on pests associated with avocado in Hawaii revealed that eleven quarantine insect pests could be introduced into the continental United States via this pathway ; one species is rated High risk , and the remaining ten rated M edium risk

. **Insect Pest with High unmitigated risk potential:**  Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
**Insect Pests with Medium unmitigated risk potential**  **:** Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera : Coccidae) Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera : Coccidae) Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

All of these quarantine pests pose phy tosanitary risks to American agriculture. Port

- of

- entry inspections, as a sole mitigative measure, are considered insufficient to safeguard U.S. agriculture from the pest given High risk rating ; additional phytosanitary measures are necessary in order to reduce risks to acceptable levels.Rev 1 20110830 Page 3 o f 92

**Table of Content s**  **Executive Summary**

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 2
**I. Introduction**

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 4
**II. Risk Asses sment** 

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 4 **2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action**

................................ ................................ .................... 4 **2.2 Assessment of Weediness Potential of Persea americana** 

................................ ................ 5 **2.3 Previous Risk Assessment, Current Status and Pest Interceptions, and Decision History for**  **Persea americana from Hawaii** 

................................ ................................ ........ 5 **2.4 Pest Categorization**

**– Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests**  **likely to Follow the Pathway**

................................ ................................ ................................ 9 **2.5 Consequences of Introduction**

................................ ................................ .......................... 33 **2.6 Introduction Potential**

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 65 **2.7 Conclusion**

**– Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures** 

....... 70 **III. Authors , Reviewers**  **and Contributors**

................................ ................................ .............. 72
**IV. Literature Cited**

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 73Rev 1 20110830 Page 4 o f 92

**I . Introduction**  This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is L aboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , in response to a request to evaluate the risks as sociated with the importation of commercially produced mature green ‘Sharwil’ (hereinafter, Sharwil) avocado, Persea americana Mill from Hawaii into the continental United States

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide s guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IP PC , specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #11) . The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘ Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary T erms ’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #5)

. Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards : Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stage s 1 and 2

. This is a qualitative risk anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing this commodity from Hawaii. For the purposes of this assessment H igh, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: Less likel y to occur than not to occur The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the p ests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document.
**II . Risk Assessment** 
**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  This commodity

-based, pathway

- initiated risk assessment is in response to a request for USDA authorization to allow movement of mature green Sharwil avocado, Persea Americana , from Hawaii into northern

- tier states of the continental United States during winter months. The movement of mature green Sharwil avocado grown in the Hawaiian Islands is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 318, Part 13 (7CFR § 318.13) provides regulatory authority for the movement of fruits and vegetables from Hawaii into the continental United States.Rev 1 20110830 Page 5 o f 92

**2. 2**  **Assessment of Weediness Potential of Persea americana**  This step is important to the initiation phase of the assessment process because if the species considered for importation poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest

- initiated” pest risk assessment may

be initiated. If the species to be imported passes the weediness screening, the pathway

- initiated pest risk assessment continues. The results of the weediness screening for Persea americana did not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessment , because it is not considered a weed in the continental United States.
**Table 1. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Avocado Commodity:**  Fruits of Persea americana Mill. cv. Sharwil
**Phase 1:** Consider whether the genus is new to or not widely prevalent in the United States (exclude plants grown under USDA permit in approved containment facilities). Persea americana is grown in California and Florida in the continental United States (USDA NRCS, 2005).
**Phase 2:** Answer Yes or No to the following questions: No Geographic Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al. , 1979) No World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al ., 1977) or World Weeds: Natural

Histories and Distribution (Holm et al. , 1997) No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds: Exotic

weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982). No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) No Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989) No Are there any literature references indicating weediness ( e.g. ,

AGRI COLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRI S; search on “species name” combined with “weed”)
**Phase 3: Conclusion** Persea species are not listed as common weeds any where in the world. There are no other plants in this genus that are important weeds that already occur in the United States ; as a result , the risk assessment proceeds (PPQ , 2000).
**2.3 Previous Risk Assessment, Current Status and Pest Intercep**  **tions, and Decision History for**  **Pe rsea americana**  **fr om Hawaii**  Hawaiian avocado growers have long maintained a strong interest in gaining access to mainland U.S. markets. The major difficulty in this strategy has been overcoming the quarantine restrictions that require phy tosanitary treatment of fruit against potential infestations by fruit flies. The fruit flies of concern are established in Hawaii but not on the mainland , and would be serious pests of significant economic consequences if they were to be introduced. In 1985, when regulatory initiatives were initially undertaken b y APHI S for shipping Sharwil to the mainland, the fruit flies of concern were the so

- called “Trifl y complex”: the Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ), the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis ), and the melon flyRev 1 20110830 Page 6 o f 92

( Bactrocera curcubitae). The Malaysian fruit fly (Bactrocera latifrons ), with established populations in Hawaii, has not been recorded to infest avocado. Prior to 1985, APHI S allowed the export of avocado f rom Hawaii to the mainland under two quarantine treatment options. The first option was fumigation with methylbromide for fruit flies and inspection for other pests (T

- 101

- c - 1 ; https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/index.cfm) . The treatment with methyl brom ide gas was problematic because it caused fruit pitting and discoloration and 3

- 4 day reduction in shelf

- life. The second option was fumigation at a lower dose combined with refrigeration for seven days ( T

- 108

- a ; https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/index.cfm)

. The combined fumigation and refrigeration proved less damaging to the fruit, but resulted in significant reduction of shelf

- life due to days held in refrigeration. Growers judged both treatments impractical. ARS Research in 1983 (Armstrong et al ., 198 3) showed that Sharwil avocado was resistant to infestation by

the Trifl y complex when harvested, handled, packed, and shipped under specific conditions. Based on this research conclusion, APHI S proposed a program in 1985 that would allow Sharwil export to the mainland U.S. without any conventional quarantine treatment, following specific harvesting, handling, and shipping requirements. The proposal met serious criticism and negative feedback from stakeholders on the mainland, mainly due to the absence of precedent and the general lack of regulatory experience with such a program. As a result, APHI S revised the proposal to allow shipment only to Alaska (7 CFR 318

- FR Doc. 86

- 27875); the idea was to develop regulatory experience and to demonstrate the pro gram’s effectiveness to further justify

the movement of Sharwil to the contiguous 48 States. Shipments to Alaska began in 1987. The regulations were adjusted slightly in 1988 to reflect certain changes in procedures based on the initial experiences. A fter two shipping seasons and total movement of 35 metric tons of fresh fruit to Alaska, APHIS, with supporting data from ARS (Armstrong, 1991), again proposed allowing movement of Sharwil to the mainland in 1989 (7 CFR 318

- FR Doc. 89

- 5192).
The initiative again met strong opposition, but was ultimately finalized in September 1990 (7 CFR 318

- FR Doc. 90

- 22571). By February 1992, APHI S inspectors found oriental fruit fl y larvae in mature green Sharwil avocados attached to the tree. Subsequent investig ations revealed additional infestations in fruit that would have met the requirements specified in the regulations for interstate shipment (Liquido et al ., 1995). APHI S responded with an interim rule that immediately revoked the Sharwil program (7 CFR 318

- FR Doc. 93

- 26570), and reverted back to only allowing shipment without treatment to Alaska and requiring fumigation or fumigation with refrigeration for fruit de stined to the mainland. Currently , commercial shipments of avocado from Hawaii , including Sharwil , may be shipped to Alaska without treatment if harvested, handled, and shipped according to the conditions specified in 7 CFR 318.13

- 21

. Commercial shipments of avocado from Hawaii (including Sharwil) may be shipped to the contiguous 48 States, Guam, and Puerto Rico if treated b y either one of the following treatmentRev 1 20110830 Page 7 o f 92

schedules in the APHIS Treatment Manual: T

- 101

- c - 1 fumigation treatment; T

- 108

- a combined f umigation and cold treatment; and T

- 107

- a cold treatment (https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/index.cfm).Rev 1 20110830 Page 8 o f 92

Table 2. Interception on Persea americana from Hawaii, as reported in the AQAS Pest ID database from 1985 to August 2011 (PestID, 2011 ).
Organism Host County Im ported As Where

Intercepted Number of

Interceptions Acarina Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 1 Aley rodidae Persea

americana Hawaii Leaf Baggage 1 Bactrocera cucurbitae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 11
Bactrocera dorsalis Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 221
Bactrocera dorsalis Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Permit Cargo 3
Bactrocera spp. Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 40
Bactrocera spp. Persea

americana Hawaii Plant Mail 1 Ceratitis capitata Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 4 Ceratitis capitata Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Mail 1
Dacinae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 1
Dacinae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Permit Cargo 1 Diaspididae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 3 Diaspididae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Mail 3 Diptera Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 3 Margarodidae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Mail 1 Sphaceloma spp. Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 1 Tephritidae Persea

americana Hawaii Fruit Baggage 203
Tortricidae Persea

americana Hawaii Leaf Baggage 1Rev 1 20110830 Page 9 o f 92

**2.4 Pest Categorization** 

**– Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests likely to**  **Follow the Pathway** PPQ adheres to the accept ed international definition of quarantine pest: a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being of ficially controlled (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996). The first step in identifying quarantine pests is to present a comprehensive pest list of potential quarantine pests known to occur in the country and region from which the commodity is to be exported. The list includes all pests in the exporting country /region known to be associated with the parent species of the proposed export commodity . Because all pests on the list are associated with the plant species, they

are considered to be “of potential economic importance” (IPPC, 1996). The listed pests may

or may not occur in the United States. There are two primary

components to the definition of quarantine pest (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996). First, a pest must be “of potential economic importance.” To be included on the comprehensive list of potential quarantine pests, an organism is considered to be of potential economic importance if scientific evidence, through the literature , demonstrates that an organism has an association with the plant species being ass essed. Thus, all of the listed organisms are potential quarantine pests. Second, to be considered a quarantine pest, an organism must satisfy geographic and regulatory criteria, specificall y , the pest must be “not yet present there or present but not widely

distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996). A quarantine p est is “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widel y distributed and being officially controlled ” ( ISPM #5; IPPC, 2009 )

. The information collected and provided in the risk assessment documents shows how each organism satisfies these criteria. Pertinent geographic and regulatory information, i.e ., with respect to the exporting country and the United States, will be provided on the comprehensive pest list. I f none of the potential quarantine pests satisfy the geographic and regulatory criteria as a quarantine pest, the PRA stops. Table 3 shows the pest list for avocado, Persea americana , from Hawaii. This pest list identifies: (1) the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States, (2) the generall y affected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the continental United States, (4) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

to enter the continental United States on commerciall y exported avocado, and (5) pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. A pest is considered to follow the pathway

if it is associated with the fruit. **Step 4b. Identify Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow the Pathway** Quarantine pests identified as likely to be associated with the potential export commodity are subject to S tep s 5

- 7. The biology and pest potential for these pests are documented as possible. It is reasonable to assume that these quarantine pest will b e present in the exporting region ; b e associated with the commodity at the time of harvest ; and remain with the commodity in viable form during harvesting, packing, and shipping procedures.
There are some quarantine pests listed that are not expected to follow the pathway ; f or example , a pest may

be onl y associated with plant parts other than the commodity or a pest may not reasonabl y be expected to remain with the commodity during harvest and packing

.Rev 1 20110830 Page 10 o f 92

Pest s not expected to follow the pathway were not considered further . Supporting information was documented on the pest list or in the text. The decision not to further analyze a particular pest applies only

to the current PRA; a pest may pose a different level of risk for the same commodity

from a different country or from a different commodity from the same host plant species. Should any of the pests be intercepted in shipments of the commodity , quarantine action may be taken at the port

- of

- entry , and additional risk analyses may be conducted.

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **Arthropods Acari**  **Tarsonemidae** Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Jeppson, et al. 1975; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus californicus= Brevipalpus australis HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes CABI, 2011; Ebeling, 1959

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Childers et al., 2003 ; CABI, 2011 **Tetranychidae** Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) HI , US leaf No No Jeppson, et al. 1975; Bolland, et al. 1998; Wysoki, et al. 2002; UH

CTAHR 2005a Oligonychus biharensis Hirst HI leaf 3 Yes No Bolland, et al. 1998; Bishop Museum 2004

1 1 Distribution (specific states are listed only if distribution is limited): AL = Alabama; CA = California; FL = Florida; GA = Georgia; HI = Hawaii; LA = Louisiana; MS = Mississippi; TX = Texas; PR= Puerto Rico VI=Virgin Islands; US = continental United States

. 2 Brackets [ ] around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control. 3 Oligonychus biharensis: Although no information could be found on the feeding behavior of this specific mite on avocado, it is assumed that it would be similar to mites in the genus Oligonychus, such as: O. coffeae, O. punicae, O. persea, and O. yothersi. Eac h of these mites are found on the dorsal surface of the avocado leaves, first along the midrib, then along secondary vein leaves (Crane, et al . 2002; Wysoki, et al . 2002 ).Rev 1 20110830 Page 11 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004 Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra) HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998; Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004 Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello HI , US leaf No No SBC 1997; Muthukrishna n, et al. 2001; Tanako

- Lee and Hoddle 2002; Wysoki, et al. 2002; HDOA 2005 Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) HI , US leaf No No Jeppson, et al. 1975; McMurtry 1985; Bolland, et al. 1998; Crane, et al. 2002; Wysoki, et al. 2002 Panonychus citri (McGregor) HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Tetranychus gloveri (Banks) HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998 Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998; Bishop Museum 2004 Tetranychus tumidus Banks HI , US leaf No No Jeppson, et al. 1975; Bishop Museum 2004 Tetranychus urticae Koch HI , US leaf No No Bolland, et al. 1998; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **COLEOPTERA Anthribidae**  Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) HI , US fruit, root, seed, stem No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **Bostrichidae**Rev 1 20110830 Page 12 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Sinoxylon conigerum Gerstaeker HI Stem, twig, branch No 4 No 5 Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; Halbert 1996 (in SWPM) **Cerambycidae** Lagocheirus araneiformis (L.) HI , US stem No No Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **Chrysomelidae** Diabrotica balteata Leconte 6 **HI, US** flower, leaf, root No No Ebeling, 1959 , HDOA, 2010 **Curculionidae** Araecerus fasciculatus (Degeer) HI , US fruit, root, seed, stem No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal) HI , US seed No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005 Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fairmaire HI seed , stem Yes No 7 Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992a; Bishop Museum 2004; HDOA 2005 Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) Syn: Asynonychus godmanni HI , US leaf, root, fruit No Yes CABI 2004

**Nitidulidae** Carpophilus marginellus (Motschulsky.) HI , US fruit No Yes Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004 **Platypodidae**

4 Action only required for Peurto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands (PestID, 2011). 5 The beetl e, S inoxylon conigerum , mainly feed s on woody trunk s and branches. Although Sharwil avocados can be im ported with intact stem end or pedicel , this beetle is not likely to feed on the fresh, green wood ; therefore , it can reasonably be excluded from the pathway. Additionally, there has never been any instance of this insect being intercepted on avocado at any U.S. port from anywhere in the world. 6 Diabrotica balteata wa s first detected in Hawaii in 2008 (HDOA, 2010). It is unclear whether a sustaining population still occurs in Hawaii, as there is no reported evidence that D

. balteata no longer occurs in Hawaii, it was included on this pest list. 7 Elytroteinus subtruncatus , Fijian ginger weevil, is primarily a root p est. It has been found on seeds of avocados on the ground, but it does not attack or bore into fruit (Mau and Martin

- Kessing, 1992a). Thus, this species is not expected to follow

the pathway.Rev 1 20110830 Page 13 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire) HI , US leaf, twig, branch No No Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004 Platypus cupulatus Chapuis HI twig, branch, wood Yes No Wood and Bright 1992; Malaysia Dept. Agric. [durian trunk borer] **Scarabidae** Adoretus sinicus HI leaf, flower Yes No Mau and Martin

Kessing 1991a; CABI 2004; UH

CTAHR 2005a Protaetia fusca HI leaf, flower Yes No CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005b **Scolytidae** Coccotrypes cyperi (Beeson) HI , US fruit No Yes Atkinson & Peck 1994; Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004 Coccotrypes dactyliperda (F.) HI , US fruit No yes Wood and Bright 1992; Atkinson & Peck, 1994 Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) HI twig, branch, Yes No 8 Hill 1983; Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; UPASI 2003

8 The beetl e Euwallacea fornicatus , ma inly feed s on woody trunk s and branches. Although Sharwil avocados can be imported with intact stem end or pedicel , this beetle is not likely to feed on the fresh, green wood ; therefore , it can reasonably be excluded from the pathway. Additionally, there has never been any inst ance of this insect being intercepted on avocado at any U.S. port from anywhere in the world.Rev 1 20110830 Page 14 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood HI , US twig, branch, fruit No Yes Wood and Bright 1992; Wood 1982 (wide range of plant parts); USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (fruits not avocado) Hypothenemus seriatus (Eichhoff) HI , US fruit, seed, twig No Yes Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004 Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) HI , US twig, branch, stem, trunk No No Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; Wood 1982 (damaged wood >4 mm diam .) Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) HI , US twig, branch, trunk No No Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; Atkinson & Peck, 1994 Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston) HI twig, branch, fruit Yes No 9 Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop ; Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (mango fruit) Xyleborus volvulus (F.) HI , US twig, branch, trunk No No Wood and Bright 1992; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004

9 The beetl e, Xyleborus perforans, mainly feed s on woody trunk s and branches. Although Sharwil avocados can be im ported with intact stem end or pedicel , this beetle is not likely to feed on the fresh, green wood ; therefore , it can reasonably be excluded from the pathway. Additionally, there has never been any instance of this insect being intercepted on avocado at any U.S. port from anywhere in the world.Rev 1 20110830 Page 15 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) HI , US twig, branch No No Hill 1983; Wood and Bright 1992; Tenbrink and Hara 1994; Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; Wood 1982 Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) HI , US fruit No Yes Mau and Martin

Kessing 1991c; Wood and Bright 1992; Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; Halbert 1996 (fruit); Wood 1982 Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) HI twig, branch Yes No 10 Wood and Bright 1992; CABI 2004 **DIPTERA Muscidae**  Atherigona orientalis Schiner HI , US Ebeling, 1959 No Yes Ebeling, 1959 ; CABI, 2011

10 Th e beetl e Xylosandrus morigerus , mainly feed s on woody trunk s and branches. Although Sharwil avocados can be imported with intact stem end or pedicel , this beetle is not likely to feed on the fresh, green wood ; therefore , it can reasonably be excluded from the pathway. Additionally, there has never been any instance of this insect being intercepted on avocado at any U.S. port from anywhere in the world.Rev 1 20110830 Page 16 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 

**Tephritidae 11**  Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett HI fruit Yes No All wo od et al. , 199 1 (not on host list); Armstrong et al. , 1983 Harris et al. 1986 (HI survey not found in avocado); White and Elson

- Harris 1992 (secondary source, lists avocado); Bishop Museum 2004 (present in HI); CABI 2004 (secondary source, lists avocado); HDOA 2005 (present in HI) Bishop_Muse um , 2004; CABI, 2004; HDOA, 2005; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 (12 of 300 int. from HI 1985

- 2005 on avocado)

11 The fruit fly infestation

- free quarantine procedure approved for the movement of mature green Sharwil avocado from Hawaii into the mainland United States was approved in September 1990 and suspended in February 1992, because of the discovery of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis , larval infestation in fruits on trees in certified orchards. However, the integrity of infestation

- free quarantine procedure for melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae , and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata , was supported by Liquido et al . (1995). Armstrong (1991) and Armstrong et al . (1983) concluded that mature green S harwil avocado fruits attached on trees are resistant to infestation by oriental, melon, and Mediterranean fruit flies. Data gathered by Liquido et al. (1995) concurred with the findings of Armstrong (1991) and Armstrong et al . (1983) on melon and Mediterranean fruit flies, but disputed the latter’s conclusion on oriental fruit fly. Liquido et al. (1995) concluded that mature green Sharwil avocado fruits are suitable hosts of oriental fruit fly, albeit, poor hosts. Bactrocera dorsalis follows the pathway of moving mature green Sharwil avocado from Hawaii into the mainland United States, and is analyzed in this document. Bactrocera cucurbitae and Ceratitis capitata do not follow the pathway based on Armstrong (1991), Armstrong et al . (1983), and Liquido et al . (1995).Rev 1 20110830 Page 17 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) HI fruit Yes Yes Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992b; White and Elson

- Harris 1992; Drew

and Hancock 1994; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) HI fruit Yes No Liquido, et al. 1991; Mau and Martin

- Kessing 1992c; White and Elson

- Harris 1992; Metcalf and Metcalf 1993; Liquido, et al. 1998; Hancock, et al. 2000; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 **HEMIPTERA Aleyrodidae**  Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby HI , US (FL) leaf, stem [ Yes ] No Hill 1983; Nguyen, Hamon et al. 1998; Wysoki, van den Berg et al. 2002; Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (on citrus, other fruit)Rev 1 20110830 Page 18 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Aleurodicus dispersus Russell HI , US leaf, fruit No 12 Yes Martin

Kessing and Mau 1993a; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Bishop_Muse um , 2004; CABI, 2004; Martin

Kessing and Mau, 1993; UH

- CTAHR, 2005 ; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 (on many fruits) Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell HI , US (FL, CA) leaf, fruit No No Ebeling 1959; Wysoki, et al. 2002; HDOA 2005; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (no fruit interceptions) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (int. on banana, citrus fruit) Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) HI , US leaf Evans, 2008 Evans , 2008 No No Evans, 2008

Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) HI , US Evans, 2008 No No Evans, 2008 Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No No Mau and Lee 1992; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

CTAHR 2005a; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (no fruit int., only leaf)

12 Action on required on propagative material (PestID, 2011), therefore, this pest was not examined further in this assessment as the subject of this PRA is fruit for consumption.Rev 1 20110830 Page 19 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) HI , US leaf No No Evans, 2008 ; Vasquez et al., undated ; CABI, 2011 Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) HI , US fruit, flower, leaf, stem No Yes CABI, 2011; Evans, 2008 Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) HI , US leaf, flower, stem No No Evans, 2008

Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) HI , US (FL, CA) leaf, stem, [ Yes ] No Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (no fruit int.) Paraleyrodes persea (Quaintance) HI , US leaf, No No UH

- CTAHR 2005a; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (no fruit int.) Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Evans, 2008

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) HI , US (FL) fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Wysoki, van den Berg et al. 2002; Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (few fruir int., mo stly leaf) **Aphididae** Aphis craccivora Koch HI , US leaf, stem No No Hill 1983; Blackman and Eastop 1994; Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004Rev 1 20110830 Page 20 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Aphis gossypii HI , US leaf, flower, stem No No Hill 1983; Martin

Kessing and Mau 1991; Blackman and Eastop 1994; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Aphis spiraecola Patch HI , US fruit, flower, leaf, stem No Yes CABI, 2011 ; Ebeling, 1959 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) HI , US flower, leaf, stem, growing points No No Hill 1983; Blackman and Eastop 1994; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) HI , US flower, leaf No No Blackman and Eastop 1994; Bishop Museum 2004 **Asterolecaniidae** Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell) HI , US leaf, stem No No CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a CABI, 2004; UH

CTAHR, 2005 Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) HI , US leaf, stem No No Ben

- Dov et al., 201 0 Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) HI , US leaf Ebeling

, 1959 Ebelin g, 1959 No No Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2010

Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) HI , US leaf, stem No No Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ; CABI, 2011 **Cicidellidae** Empoasca stevensi Young HI , US leaf, stem, twig (egg) No No Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992d; HDOA 2005; UH

CTAHR 2005aRev 1 20110830 Page 21 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Sophonia rufofascia HI , US leaf, stem, twig (egg) No No Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; Jones, et al. 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

CTAHR 2005a **Coccidae** Ceroplastes ceriferus HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Hill 1983; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Ebeling 1959; Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004 Ceroplastes floridensis HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Hill 1983; Crane, et al. 2002; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell HI , US (FL) fruit, leaf, stem [ Yes ] Yes Ebeling 1959; Hill 1983; Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004;USDA ARS SEL, 2005; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 (reportable, APHIS program being considered) Coccus hesperidum (L.) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Ebeling 1959; Williams and Watson 1990; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Coccus longulus HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005Rev 1 20110830 Page 22 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Coccus viridis (Green) HI , US (FL) fruit, leaf, stem [ Yes ] Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 (reportable, APHIS program being considered) Kilifia acuminate (Signoret) Coccus acutissimus HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Parthenolecanium persicae ssp. persicae (Fabricius) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SEL, 2005

Prococcus acutissimus (Green) HI , US leaf, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Pulvinaria mammeae ( Maskell) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992e; HDOA 2005; UH

CTAHR 2005aRev 1 20110830 Page 23 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992f; Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a ; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Williams and Watson 1990; Metcalf and Metcalf 1993; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Saissetia olea (Bernard) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Bishop_Muse um 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 **Diaspididae** Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Martin

Kessing and Mau 1993b; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Abgrallaspis palmae (Cockerell) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes HDOA 2005 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; HDOA 2005Rev 1 20110830 Page 24 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Aspidiotus nerii HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; HDOA 2005 Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Metcalf and Metcalf 1993; Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris HI , US leaf No No Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 201 0 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Crane, et al. 2002; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes CABI, 2011 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret HI , US leaf No No Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Nakahara 1982; Hill 1983; Tenbrink and Hara 1992a; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005aRev 1 20110830 Page 25 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) HI , US leaf No N/A Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Ebeling 1959; Nakahara 1982; Tenbrink and Hara 1992b; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Howardia biclavis (Comstock) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; Tenbrink & Hara, 1992c Morganella longispina (Morgan) HI , US flower, stem, fruit No Yes Crane, et al. 2002; HDOA 2005 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) HI , US leaf, fruit No Yes Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) = Chrysomphalus rossi HI , US leaf No No Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ; Ebeling, 1959 Lopholeucaspis cockerelli HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Bishop_Muse um 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) HI , US leaf, bark, fruit No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) HI , US leaf, No No Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- D ov et al., 2010 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Watson, undated ; Ben

Dov et al., 2010Rev 1 20110830 Page 26 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Tenbrink and Hara 1992d; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) HI , US fruit, leaf, stem No Yes Ebeling, 1959 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 201 0
Unaspis citri (Comstock) HI , US stem, leaf, fruit No Yes Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 **Miridae** Hyalopeplus pellucidus (Stal) HI flower, leaf, fruit Yes No 13 Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992g; HDOA 2005; UH

CTAHR 2005a; Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 **Margarodidae** Icerya purchasi Maskell HI , US leaf, stem No No Ebeling 1959; Nakahara 1982; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **Pentatomidae** Brochymena quadripustulata F. HI , US leaf, stem No No Alvarz, M. et al. 1967; Henry and Froeschner 1988; Bishop Museum 2004

13 Hyalopeplus pellucidus is in the family Miridae , which fee d and insert their eggs on opening buds, leaves, flowers, and small fruit. Attacks seem to mainly affect flowers and recently set fruit, causing them to prematurely drop ( Mau and Martin

- Kessing 1992 g) . Since only mature green Sharwil avocados will be harv ested, this pest is unlikely to be introduced into the United States via this pathway.Rev 1 20110830 Page 27 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) HI , US leaf, stem, growing points, flower, fruit No No Hill 1983; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005 **Pseudococcidae** Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) HI , US leaf, stem, root, fruit No Yes Hill 1983; Martin

Kessing and Mau 1992; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley HI leaf, stem, fruit Yes Yes Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) HI , US leaf, fruit, stem, growing points No Yes Hill 1983; Arnett 1985; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) HI , US (CA, FL) leaf, stem,

fruit, root, flower [ Yes ] Yes USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005; Hill 1983; Persad 1995; Hoy , et al. 2003; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 (APHIS Program pest) Ben

- Dov et al., 2005a, 2005b; Bishop_Muse um , 2004; Hill, 1983; Hoy et al., 2003; Persad, 1995Rev 1 20110830 Page 28 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Nipaecoccus nipae (Newstead) HI , US leaf, flower, fruit No Yes Ebeling 1959; Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; HDOA 2005 Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) HI , US (CA) fruit, leaf, flower, stem [ Yes ] Yes USDA ARS SEL, 2005 (reportable, APHIS program being considered) Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink HI , US (FL) leaf, stem, fruit [ Yes ] Yes CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005; Walker & Hoy , 2003 (reportable, APHIS program being considered) Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell HI , US fruit, leaf, root, flower, stem No Yes CABI, 2011; Ebeling, 1959

Planococcus citri (Risso) HI , US fruit, leaf, root, flower, stem No Yes Ebeling 1959; Williams and Watson 1988; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Planococcus minor (Maskell) HI , US (FL) fruit, flower, leaf, root, stem [Yes] Yes Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ; Buss, 2006 ; NAPIS, 2011 Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel HI fruit, leaf, flower, stem Yes Yes Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Hill 1983; CABI 2004Rev 1 20110830 Page 29 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni

Tozzetti) HI , US fruit, leaf, flower, stem No Yes Ebeling 1959; Hill 1983; Tenbrink and Hara 1993; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA ARS SEL, 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a **HYMENOPTERA Formicidae**  Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) HI , US fruit, seed, stem No Yes Ebeling, 1959 ; CABI, 2011 **LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae**  Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) [= C. chalcites (Esper) according to some authorities] HI fruit, leaf Yes No 14 Zhang, 1994 (secondary source, avocado not listed); Zimmerman 1958 (primary source, avocado not listed); CABI 2004 (secondary source, avocado listed); USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (only i n fruits tomato and pepper [18 int.], mostly on leaves [260 int.] 1985

- 2005) Peridroma saucia (Hübner) HI , US fruit flower, leaves, seed, stem No No 15 CABI, 2011

14 Although CABI (2011) lists avocados as a host of this pest, after a thorough search of the scientific literature, no corroborative information could be found regarding avocado as a host. Additionally, Chrysodeixis eriosoma is mainly a leaf feeder (CABI, 2011). Larvae may feed externally on fruit (CABI, 2011), and unlikely to remain on the commodity through harvest and processing.Rev 1 20110830 Page 30 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Spodoptera exempta (Walker) HI , US leaf, stem No No PNKTO; CABI 2004 **Pyralidae** Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) HI fruit Yes Yes 16 Carter 1984; Zhang 1994 (HI but avocado not listed); McQuate, et al. 2000; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; Wysoki 1999 **Tortricidiae** Amorbia emigratella Busck HI , US leaf, fruit No Yes Ebeling 1959; Zhang 1994; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a

15 Peridroma saucia feeds externally on fruit (CABI, 2011), and is unlikely to remain with avaocado fruit through harvest. 16 Cryptoblabes gnidiella is considered a major pest of avocados in Israel (Wysoki, 1999). It is occasionally a secondary feeder and generally lays its eggs on wounds made by the feeding of other insects, such as fruit flies (Liquido, personal observation). In citrus, Cryptoblabes gnidiella is known to also be a ss ociated with mealybug infestation , specifically Planococcus citri (Silva & Mexica, 1999) which occurs in Hawaii

. It is assumed that Cryptoblables gnidiella may follow the pathway of

unmitigated fruit infested with fruit flies and/or Planococcus citri

. Additionally, Cryptoblabes spp. has been intercepted on various fruit at U.S. ports of entry over 50 times, which supports their ability to follow the fruit pathway even as a secondary feeder (USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005).Rev 1 20110830 Page 31 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) HI , US (CA) fruit, leaf [ Yes ] Yes 17 Ebeling 1959; Zhang 1994; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005; PNKTO

INKTO; USDA APHIS PPQ 2005 (1985

- 2005 20 of 21 ints. in apple, peach, blueberry, blackberry, nectarine, and straw berry , but not avocado); Stevens et al. 1995 (major NZ avocado pest) Platynota stultana Walsingham HI , US leaf, flower, fruit No Yes Zhang 1994; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 **ORTHOPTERA Gryllotalpidae**  Gryllotalpa africana HI root, seed, stem Yes No PNKTO; CABI 2004 **Tettigoniidae** Elimaea punctifera (Walker) HI leaf, flower Yes No Martin

Kessing and Mau 1993c; UH

- CTAHR 2005a **THYSANOPTERA Thripidae** 

17 Epiphya postvittana is a major pest of avocado in Australia and New Zealand, and has been intercepted several times at U.S. Ports of entry in avocado and other fruit commodities from these countries (USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005). The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Tortricidae), is a native pest of Australia and is now widely dis tributed New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and New Caledonia. Although it was reported in Hawaii in the late 1800s, a recent LBAM detection in California is the first on the United States mainland. USDA confirmed the detection of LBAM in Alameda Co unty, California on March 22, 2007. Epiphyas postvittana is currently under official control in the U.S.It has been reported to cause internal fruit damage by entering through the calyx ( M eijerman & Ulenberg, 2000)

.Rev 1 20110830 Page 32 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) HI , US flower, leaf No No Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) HI , US flower, leaf No No Hoddle et al., 2002 ; Hoddle et al., 2008 Frankliniella minuta (Moulton) HI , US flower No No Johansen

Nai me et al., 2003 ; Hoddle et al., 2008 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) HI , US flower, leaf No No Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) HI , US fruit, leaf No Yes Ebeling 1959; Muthukrishna n, et al. 2001; Wysoki, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) HI , US fruit, leaf No for US
Yes for HI Yes Zimmerman, 1948 ; Hoddle et al., 2008 ; Hoddle et al., 2002 ; CABI, 2007 Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara HI , US fruit No Yes Whiley et al., 2002 ; CABI, 2011 Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) HI , US fruit, flower, leaf No Yes Ebeling 1959; Hill 1983; Muthukrishna n, et al. 2001; Crane, et al. 2002; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; UH

- CTAHR 2005bRev 1 20110830 Page 33 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) HI , US leaf, stem, flower No No Mau and Martin

Kessing 1992h; Muthukrishna n, et al. 2001; CABI 2004; HDOA 2005; UH

- CTAHR 2005a Thrips palmi Karny HI , US ( CA, FL , TX ) leaf,

growing point, fruit [ Yes ] No 18 Nakahara 1982; Hill 1983; Bishop Museum 2004; CABI 2004; USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005 (reportable, APHIS considering program) Thrips tabaci Lindeman HI , US flower, leaf No No CABI, 2011 ; Peña et al., 2002 **Plant Pathogens Bacteria**  Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae HI , US root, stem No No CABI, 2004

Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. ) Young et al. Rhizobiales : Rhizobiaceae HI , US root, stem No No CABI, 2004

**Fungi** Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. HI , US fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce in N. Pierce HI , US fruit, leaf No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI , 2004

18 If avocado fruit will be exported without leaf and peduncle and fruits are washed and sorted before the ship ment then is expected that external feed ers in general including thrips wo uld be unlikely to follow the pathway with fruit. Thrips are likely to be present on the fruit surface, especially during the first stage of fruit development, producing scraping and deformities; however this insect is not likely to remain on the surface of developed fruit, because they prefer to stay under leaves (Duran et al ., 1999). The smooth skin of this fruit without leaf and stem and does not provide opportunity for thrips to remain with the fruit.Rev 1 20110830 Page 34 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Armillaria mellea (Vahl: Fr.) P. Kumm. Agaricales : Tricholomataceae HI , US root, stem (lower) No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UCIMP, 2003 Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr. Polyporales: Corticiaceae Pellicularia rolfsii Sclerotium rolfsii HI , US fruit, flower, leaf, root, seed, stem No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2003

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. Dothideales: Botryosphaeriaceae HI , US fruit, leaf No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996; CSREES, 2004 Botryosphaeria obtusa (Romagn.) Herink Dothideales: Botryosphaeriaceae Physalospora obtusa HI , US fruit, stem No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004; Killgore, 2005; UH

CTAHR, 2005 Botryosphaeria parva Dothideales: Botryosphaeriaceae Post harvest stem end rot HI , US fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996 Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schwein.) Shoem. Dothideales : Botryosphaeriaceae HI , US wood No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar Dothideales : Botryosphaeriaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, flower, leaf, stem No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI , 2004 Botryosphaeria ribis f. chromogena Dothideales : Botryosphaeriaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, flower, leaf, stem 19 No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena Dothideales : Botryosphaeriaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, flower, leaf, stem No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. Helotiales : Sclerotiniaceae HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004

19 No biological information is available on Botryosphaeria ribis f

. chromogena and Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena . Plant parts affected by Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena are assumed to be the same as Botryosphaeria ribis

.Rev 1 20110830 Page 35 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Calonectria insularis Hypocreales : Nectriaceae HI leaf, shoot, stem20 Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Calonectria pauciramosa Hypocreales : Nectriaceae HI , US ( FL ) leaf, shoot, stem [ Yes ] No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Polizzi & Catara, 2001 Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. Microascales : Ceratocystidaceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004 Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton Sy

nony m: Cercospora purpurea Cooke HI , US wood, leaf, fruit, stem No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Morton, 1987; Crane, et al. , 2001; Killgore, 2005 Cercospora spp. HI wood, leaf, fruit Yes Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UH

- CTAHR, 2005 Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Link HI , US fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Colletotrichum crassipes (Spegazzini) von Arx HI , US leaf, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. HI , US leaf, twig, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Everett, 1996; Crane, et al. , 2001; Killgore, 2005 Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesewinkel HI , US seedling, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg. Hypocreales : Hypocreaceae HI , US root, leaf, stem No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

20 There is no published biological information on plant parts affected by Calonectria insularis . The closely related species Calonectria pauciramosa , avocado pest occurring in Hawaii, attacks leaves, shoots, and stems. It is assumed that C. insularis also feeds on leaves, shoot, and stems.Rev 1 20110830 Page 36 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Cylindrocladium spp. HI root Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Killgore, 2005; UH

CTAHR, 2005 Diplodia natalensis HI , US wood, fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Discosia spp. HI leaf Yes No CSREES, 2004 Dothiorella spp. HI , US stem, fruit, branch No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Everett, 1996; Crane, et al. , 2001; Killgore, 2005; CSREES, 2004 Flavodon cervino

-gilvus HI wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CSREES. 2004; Rahgukumar & Rivonkar, 2001; Gilbertson & Adaskaveg, 1993; Gilbertson, et al. , 2002 Fomitopsis nivosa Polyporales: Fomitopsidaceae HI , US ( SC, FL ) wood [ Yes ] No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gilbertson & Adaskaveg, 1993; Gilbertson, et al. , 2002 Fusarium javanicum Koord. Hypocreales Alternaria brassicicola HI , US root No No Killgore, 2005; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Hypocreales : Hypocreaceae HI , US root, stem No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis:Fr.) P. Karst. Ganodermatales : Ganodermataceae HI , US stem No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005Rev 1 20110830 Page 37 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Gloeosporium spp. Coelomycetes: Melanconiales HI leaf Yes No UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994b Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk Phyllachorales : Phyllachoraceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, flower No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994c Lasiodiplodia theobromae Xylariales : Hyponectriaceae Botryodiplodia theobromae Botryosphaeria rhodina HI , US fruit, root No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996; CSREES, 2004
Microporus flabelliformis (Fr.) Kuntze Polyporales : Polyporaceae HI wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Mycoacia kurilensis Polyporales : Meruliaceae HI wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gilbertson, et al. , 1976; Hjortstam & Ryvanrden, 1996; Gilbertson, et al. , 2002 Mycosphaerella tassiana (de Not.) Johanson Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae HI , US leaf, stem, bark, branch No No CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Nectria haematococca (Wollenw.) Gerlach Hypocreales : Nectriaceae HI , US leaf, stem, root No No CABI, 2004

Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A. Curtis Hypocreales : Nectriaceae HI , US bark, wood No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Nectria rugulosa Pat. & Gaillard Hypocreales : Nectriaceae HI Bark, wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005Rev 1 20110830 Page 38 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Nitschkia broomeiana (Berk.) Nannf. Sordariales : Nitschkiaceae Fracchiaea heterogenea HI , US bark, wood21 No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Bianchinotti, 2004 Penicillium expansum Link HI , US fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996 Phanerochaete australis Polyporales : Phanerochaetaceae HI wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gilbertson & Adaskaveg, 1993 Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.:Fr.) Pat. Hymenochaetales : Hymenochaetaceae HI , US wood No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Martens, et al. , 1996; Gilbertson & Adaskaveg, 1993 Phellinus grenadensis (Murrill) Ryvarden Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae HI , US ( LA) wood [ Yes ] No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Phlebia acanthocystis Polyporales : Meruliaceae HI wood Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gilbertson & Adaskaveg, 1993; Gilbertson, et al. , 2002 Phlebiella tulasnelloidea (Höhn. & Litsch.) Oberw. HI , US wood, bark Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Phomopsis spp. HI stem, fruit Yes Yes UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Everett, 1996 Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröter Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, root No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994d Phytophthora cambivora (Petri) Buisman Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

21 There is no published biological information on plant parts affected by Nitschkia broomeiana

. Nitschkia species ( N. campylospora and N. pilosa ) have been collected from the bark and wood of leguminous shrub in Argentina (Bianchinotti, 2004). Most Nitschkia species are saprophytic on branches or decorticated wood (Bianchinotti, 2004); it is therefore assumed that N. broomeiana infests bark and woods.Rev 1 20110830 Page 39 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Phytophthora capsici Leonian Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994d Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US root, leaf, fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UCIPM, 2003 ; UH

- CTAHR, 2005; Crane, et al. , 2001 ; Killgore, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994d Phytophthora citricola Sawada Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US trunk, root, bark, fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UCIPM, 2003; Everett, 1996 Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian Pythiales: Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994d Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff Pythiales: Pythiaceae HI , US leaf, stem, root, fruit No Yes CABI, 2004

Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler Pythiales: Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, leaf, stem, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004 Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de hann var. parasitica (Dastur) Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, leaf, stem, root No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterhouse Pythiales: Pythiaceae Phytophthora parasitica HI , US leaf, fruit, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994d Phytophthora palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler Pythiales : Pythiaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, flower, leaf, stem, root No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004Rev 1 20110830 Page 40 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Pythium coloratum Vaartaja Saprolegniales HI , US root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; El

- Tarabily, et al. , 1997 Pythium debaryanum Hesse Saprolegniales HI , US root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994e Pythium irregulare Buisman Saprolegniales HI , US root, stem No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994e Pythium oligandrum Drechsler Saprolegniales HI , US biological fungicide seedling, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005

Pythium rostratum E.J. Butler Saprolegniales HI , US seedling, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994e Pythium splendens Braun Saprolegniales HI , US leaf, stem, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994e Pythium spp. Saprolegniales HI , US root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Killgore, 2005 Pythium torulosum Coker & Patt. Saprolegniales HI , US leaf, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Pythium ultimum Trow Saprolegniales HI , US root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Univ. of Illinois, 2002; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994e Pythium vexans de Bary Saprolegniales HI , US leaf, root No No CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994eRev 1 20110830 Page 41 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Ceratobasidiales : Ceratobasidiaceae Thanatephorus cucumeris HI , US leaf, stem, root, shoot, flower, fruit, seed No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004; Gonsalves & Ferreira, 1994f Rhizoctonia spp. Ceratobasidiales : Ceratobasidiaceae HI root Yes No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Killgore, 2005 Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. Mucorales : Mucoraceae Rhizopus nigricans HI , US fruit No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996 Rigidoporus microporus (Fr.) Overeem Polyporales : Meripilaceae HI wood, flower, leaf, stem, root No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. Xylariales : Xylariaceae HI , US root, leaf, stem No No CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Helotiales : Sclerotiniaceae HI , US fruit, flower, leaf, stem, root, seed No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges Lecanorales : Acarosporaceae HI , US ( FL ) stem, branch, shoot No No CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Strandberg, 2002 Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Ceratobasidiales : Ceratobasidiaceae HI , US fruit, shoot, flower, leaf, root, seed, stem No Yes USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004

Trametes versicolor Hymenochaetal es: Hymenochaetaceae HI , US (dead) wood No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai HI , US biological control of soil inhabiting fungi No No USDA ARS SBML, 2005; CABI, 2004

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link HI , US fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; Everett, 1996 Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthier HI , US leaf, branch, root, fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005; UCIMP, 2003Rev 1 20110830 Page 42 o f 92

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii Associated with Avocado (**  **Persea americana) Pest Scientific Name**  **Geographic Distribution**  **1 Plant**  **Part**

**Affected Quarantine** 

**Pest 2**  **Follow**

**Pathway References** 
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. HI , US leaf, stem, fruit No Yes CABI, 2004; USDA ARS SBML, 2005 **Bacteria and Phytoplasmas** Agrobacteriurn tumefaciens (Smith & Town.) Conn HI , US stem, leaf No No Teliz, 2000 ; UGA, 2010

Erwinia carotovora subsp. c arotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. Synonym: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones) Hauben et al. emend. Gardan et al. HI , US leaf, root, stem No No Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2011 ; HEAR, 2005

Erwinia herbicola (Lijhnis) Dye Synonym: Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife) Gavini HI , US fruit No Yes Fucikovsky, 1987 ; HEAR, 2005 ; CABI, 2011 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall HI , US leaf, fruit, stem No Yes HEAR, 2005 ; C.M.I., 1988 ; Bradbury, 1986

**Nematodes** Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne HI , US (CA, FL, TX) root [Yes] No Ferris, 2011 ; NGDC, 1984
Quarantine pests that could reasonabl y be expected to follow the pathway , i.e ., be included in commercial shipments of avocado were anal yz ed in detail (Step 5

- 7, PPQ , 2000). Other plant pests in this assessment, not chosen for further scrutiny , may be potentiall y detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States; however, there were a variety of reasons for not subjecting them to further analysis. For example, they were mainly

associated with plant parts other than the commodity ; they may be associated with the commodity , but it was not considered reasonable to expect these pests to remain with the commodity during processing; or they have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during inspection by Plant Protection and Quarantine Officers , but would not be expected to be present with every shipment. In addition, the biological hazard of organisms identified onl y t o the genus level is not assessed due to the lack of adequate biological taxonomic information. This lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should no t be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest assessments focus on those organisms for which biological information is available. ByRev 1 20110830 Page 43 o f 92

developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent species, e.g ., on the surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, etc ., effective mitigation measures may

be developed to eliminate the known organism and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. The organisms in this risk assessment that were identified only to genus level were Cercospora species, Dothiorella species, Phomopsis species, and Pythium species. The quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of the movement o f Sharwil avocado ( Persea americana ) from Hawaii into the continental U. S. are furth er anal yz ed in this risk assessment and, are summarized in Table 4. **Table 4. Quarantine Pests likely to be associated with avocado imported from Hawaii**  **Arthropoda:** Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Homiptera: Coccidae) Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera : Coccidae) Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae ) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Planococcus minor (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) **2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests** For the quarantine pests selected for further analysis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from their introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments , Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or Pest Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk elem ent values. Below we summarize the values for each pest (Table 7). The major sources of uncertainty present in this risk assessment include the use of a developing or evolving process (Orr et al., 1993; PPQ, 2000), the approach used to combine risk elements (Bier, 1999; Morgan and Henrion, 1990), and the evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of factors within the guidelines (Kaplan, 1992; Orr et al., 1993). To address this last source of uncertainty, the lists of factors were interpreted as illustrative and not exhaustive, implying that additional biological information, even if not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when relevant to a rating. Other sources of uncertainty include the quality of the biological information and the amount of inf

ormation available on the regional flora and fauna. Inherent biological variation within a population of organisms introduces uncertainty as well (Morgan and Henrion, 1990).
**2.5 .1**  **Consequences of Introduction**Rev 1 20110830 Page 44 o f 92

For the quarantine pests listed in Table 4, we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction using five Risk Elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology , host ranges, and climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each Risk Element, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000). We then calculated a Cumulative Risk Rating by summing the Risk Element values. We summarized the ratings for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below (Table 5).

**Consequences of Introduction: Bactrocera dorsalis**  **(Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Except for adventive populations in Guam and Hawaii, B

. dorsalis is restricted to subtropical and tropical Asia (White & Elson

- Harris, 1992). It is estimated that this species could become established in the continental United States in areas corresponding to Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** The o riental fruit fly , B. dorsalis , is a serious pest of a wide range of plant species (CABI, 2003). It s host species include Moraceae ( Artocarpus altilis , Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ficus racemosa ), Rutaceae ( Aegle marmelos, Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus , Citrus maxima , Citrus reticulata ), Anacardiaceae ( Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera foetida, Spondias purpurea, Mangifera indica ), Arecaceae (

Areca catechu ), Rubiaceae ( Coffea Arabica ), Sapotaceae ( Chrysophyllu m cainito, Mimusops elengi, Manilkara zapota ), Cucurbitaceae ( Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Momordica charantia ), Sapindaceae ( Dimocarpus longan , Nephelium lappaceum, Litchi chinensis ), Ebenaceae ( Diospyros kaki), Flacourtiaceae ( Flacourtia indica ), Rosac eae ( Prunus avium , Prunus cerasus , Prunus mume, Prunus persica , Malus pumila, Pyrus communis, Prunus armeniaca , Prunus domestica ), Punicaceae ( Punica granatum ), My rtaceae (Syzygium aromaticum , Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Syzygium aqueum , Syzygium jam bos , Syzygium malaccense , Syzygium samarangense ), Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus jujuba , Ziziphus mauritiana ), Annonaceae ( Annona reticulata , Annona squamosa ), Oxalidaceae ( Averrhoa carambola ), Caricaceae ( Carica papaya ), Solanaceae ( Capsicum annuum ), Malpighiaceae ( Malpighia glabra ), Musaceae (

Musa ), Tiliaceae (

Muntingia calabura ), Lauraceae (Persea americana ), and Combretaceae (Terminalia catappa) (CABI, 200 4, White & Elson

- Harris, 1992 )

. High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 45 o f 92

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The l ife

- cycle of B. dorsalis varies with seasons and locations (CABI, 2003); however, the oriental fruit fly completes one generation in about 30 days (Capinera, 2001). In Hawaii, the average life

- cycle takes about 16 days (Mau & Martin, 1992). Female deposits eggs under the skin o f fruit in cluster s of 10

- 50 eggs ; their total fecundity per female is approximately 1200 to 1500 eggs , but can be more than 3000 eggs under optimum conditions (Mau & Martin, 1992). Eggs hatch within a day

(CABI, 2003; Mau & Martin, 1992), and the larva stage ty picall y last s for 11

- 15 days in Hawaii (Mau & Martin, 1992). Pupation is in the soil for 10

- 12 days (CABI, 2003; Mau & Martin, 1992). Females deposit 3

- 30 eggs per host fruit with a total fecundity (per female) that may exceed 1000 eggs (Fletcher, 1989b). There are several generations per y ear. B

. dorsalis is capable of flying distances up to 65 km (Fletcher, 1989a) and the transport of infested fruit are the major means of movement and dispersal to previously

uninfested areas (CABI , 2002). Like other dacine tephritids, B

. dorsalis exhibits high reproductive and dispersal potentials. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Bactrocera dorsalis is a serious pest of a wide range of fruits and vegetables ; it can damage up to 100% of plants when not protected (CABI, 2003). Economic losses resulting from the attack of this pest are: 1) downgrading of quality caused by oviposition “stings,” which spoil the appearance of fruits, including those unfavorable for larval survival; 2) fruit spoilage caused by larval tunneling and the entry of organisms of decay; and 3) indirect damage in the form of lost markets resulting from the imposition of quarantine restrictions (Harris, 1989). I n Hawaii, annual losses in major fruit crops caused by B

. dorsali s may exceed 13% or $3 million (Culliney et al. , 200 3 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Because of its wide host range, B. dorsalis has a high threat potential to threatened and endangered species. Scrub plum ( Prunus geniculata ) and Flori da ziziphus (Ziziphus celata ) , which are listed as Endangered species have the potential to be attacked by B. dorsalis (USFWS, 2002). The oriental fruit fly is a major pest of crops of economic significance in the continental United States (e.g. , apple, p each, pear, citrus); its entry and establishment could stimulate the initiation of chemical or biological control programs similar to programs that have been established in Hawaii. High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 46 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Ceroplastes rubens**  **Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Ceroplastes rubens is widely distributed throughout the Orient, s outhern Asia, Australia, India, the South Pacific, e ast Africa, and the West Indies . This insect has become established in Florida and Hawaii; it has potential to establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Primary host species include citrus ( Citrus , Citrus deliciosa , Citrus limon , Citrus reticulata , Citrus sinensis , Citrus unshiu ) (Rutaceae) and mango ( Mangifera indica ) (Anacardiaceae) (CABI, 2003). Other host species of C. rubens are Moraceae (

Artocarpus , Ficus , Morus alba , Artocarpus altilis ), Zingiberaceae ( Alpinia purpurata ), Annonaceae ( Annona ), Asteraceae (

Artemisia , Chrysanthemum , Helianthus ), Theaceae ( Camellia sinensis ), Arecaceae ( Cocos nucifera ), Lauraceae, ( Cinnamomum , Cinnamomum verum , Laurus nobilis , Persea , Persea americana ), Rubiaceae ( Coffea , Eugenia ), Malvaceae ( Hibiscus ), Sapindaceae (

Litchi chinensis ), Rosaceae ( Malus , Prunus , Prunus domestica , Prunus mume , Pyrus , Pyrus communis ), Musaceae ( Musa ), M yristicaceae ( Myristica , Myristica fragrans ), Apocy naceae ( Nerium ), Oleaceae ( Olea ), Piperaceae (

Piper) , Pinaceae (Pinus , Pinus thunbergii , Pinus caribaea ), My rtaceae ( Pimenta dioica , Psidium , Psidium guajava , Syzygium ), and Zingiberaceae (Zingiber officinale) (CABI, 2003). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** In Australia, where Ceroplastes rubens was accidentally introduced, this species has two generations per year (CABI, 2003). Oviposition begins in mid

September and ends in early December; it then begins again in mid

- February, lasting until June (CABI, 2003). Females, on average, lay around 300 eggs, but can lay as little as five or as much as 1178 eggs (CABI, 2003). The mortality of C. rubens is related to the quality of the food source rather than natural enemies (CABI, 2003). In Australian studies, the mortality rate was highest in the first 24 hours after hatching, when approximately 50% of the hatchings were lost (CABI, 2003). Primary

dispersal is accomplished via infected plant parts, which is facilitated b y a wide range of host species for this pest (CABI, 2003). Onl y first

in star Co cco idea insects are dispersed b y wind, but the distances carried by wind can be several kilometers to hundreds of kilometers, although mortality rates are high er at longer distances (Gullan & Kosztarab, 1997). Medium (2)Rev 1 20110830 Page 47 o f 92

**Risk Element #4: Economic Im** **pact** This is a serious pest of citrus species and mango. In 2002, CA, TX, and FL produced over $2250 million worth of citrus (USDA NASS, 2004b). Hawaii produced $7 million of banana and $2 million of guava in 2002 (USDA NASS, 2004a). Ceroplastes rubens is a widespread pest of citrus, coffee, tea, Cinnamomum , mango, avocado, and litchi (CABI, 2003). It is a major pest of citrus in Australia, Hawaii, Korea, China, and Japan; direct economic damage is caused through phloem feeding and indirectly through th e promotion of sooty mold growth (CABI, 2003). As the species appears to be established in parts of the United States, and under no apparent official control, further introductions are unlikely to result in the loss of foreign markets for domestically prod uced commodities. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** This insect is already established in Hawaii and Florida (CABI, 2003). It has limited potential to destabilize the ecosystem, reduce the biodiversity , or eliminate threatened and endang ered species. Furthermore, many closely related species of C. rubens are pests of many agricultural crops grown in the U.S. that are managed using pest control programs that include calendar insecticide sprayings, which are also expected to be effective against C. rubens infestations. Low ( 1 )

**Consequences of Introduction: Coccus viridis**  **(Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae) Risk Value**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  This species is pantropical in distribution. I t has been reported from I ndia through Indo

- China, Malaysia, to the Philippines , and I ndonesia, throughout much of Oceania and sub

- Saharan Africa (CABI , 2004). I n the New World, it is present in Florida and ranges from Central America to the northern part of South America and throughout the Caribbean. I

t is estimated that it could become established in additional areas of the continental United States corresponding to Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11. Survival outside of these areas would be limited to greenhouse or other artificial situations

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** This pest is often associated with citrus species ( Citrus deliciosa , Citrus limon , Citrus reticulata , Citrus sinensis ) in the family Rutaceae; however, it has wide host range. Potential hosts include Moraceae ( Artocarpus ), Theaceae ( Camellia sinensis ), Rubiaceae ( Coffea , Coffea a rabica, Ixora ), Euphorbiaceae ( Manihot esculenta ), Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica ), M yrtaceae ( Psidium guajava ), Sterculiaceae ( Theobroma cacao ), Zingiberaceae ( Alpinia purpurata ), Asterac eae ( Chrysanthemum ), Sapotaceae ( Manilkara zapota ), Apocy naceae ( Nerium oleander , Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia ), and Lauraceae ( Persea americana ) (CABI , 2004)

. High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 48 o f 92

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** F emales can lay

up to 500 eggs, which can hatch within a few hours (CABI, 2004). Life

- cycle generations vary from one month to several, depending on temperatures and available food supplies (CABI, 2003). There may be several generations per year ( Gullian and Kosztarab, 1997). Although it has a high reproductive rate, there is no evidence of natural long range dispersal b y C. viridis (CABI, 2004; Tandon & Veeresh, 1988 ). The scale can, and has, spread quickly and widely via the transport of infested plant materials and has been intercepted numerous times by

PPQ on a variety

of plants from many

countries (USDA APHI S PPQ, 2005). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Coccus viridis is a major pest of coffee in Haiti (Aitken

- Soux, 1985) and I ndia (Narasimham, 1987). I

n Brazil, infestations of 5 0 scales per plant caused significant damage to coffee seedlings, reducing leaf area and plant growth rate (Silva & Parra, 1982). This insect is a major cause of y ield loss in coffee in New Guinea (Williams, 1986). I n I ndia, citrus fruit quality

was signif

icantly lower on trees following C

. viridis infestation and the sooty mold ( Capnodium citri) contamination that accompanied it (Haleem, 1984). This scale insect is a quarantine pest for Korea, New Zealand, and Venezuela (PRF, 2004); however, as it is estab lished in parts of the continental United States, and under no apparent official control, additional introductions of the scale are considered unlikely to result in the further loss of foreign markets. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The extreme poly

phagy of C

. viridis predisposes it to attack vulnerable , native plants in the continental United States ( e.g. , Manihot walkerae). Additional introductions of this species could have a negative impact on the citrus industry in areas, such as Arizona and Texas, and could stimulate the initiation of chemical or biological control programs, as has occurred in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (e.g. , Bartlett, 1978a). Coccus viridis already exists in Hawaii and Florida (CABI, 2004) and appears to have limited potential to destabilize the ecos ys tem, reduce the biodiversity , or eliminate threatened and endangered species. Furthermore, closely related species of C. viridis are pests of many agricultural crops grown in the U.S. These pests are managed using pest control programs including calendar insecticide sprayings; these chemical applications are also expected to be effective against C. viridis infestations. Low ( 1 )Rev 1 20110830 Page 49 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Cryptoblabes**  **gnidiella Millière (Lepidoptera:**  **Pyralidae) Risk Value** 
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Cryptoblabes gnidiella is a cosmopolitan species in warm climates ; however, it is unable to survive winters in the cooler temperate areas it may be imported into new areas along with produce (CABI, 2003). Cryptoblabes gnidiella is found in Europe (Austria, Cy

prus, France, Greece, Italy , Malta, Portugal, and Spain), Asia (India, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Thailand, and Turkey), Africa (Egy pt, Liberia, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra L eone, and South Africa), the Caribbean (Bermuda), North America (United States

-- Hawaii), South America (Argentina, Uruguay), and Oceania (New Zealand) ( CABI, 2003 ) . Its distribution corresponds to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Cryptoblabes gnidiella is poly phagous and able to use almost any plant, but it is most often encountered on commercial crops. Host species include Rutaceae (Citrus spp.), Lauraceae (Persea americana) (W ys oki 1999) , Punicaceae (Punica granatum), Vitaceae (Vitis spp.), Liliaceae (Allium sativum), Annonaceae (Annona muricata), Rubiaceae (Coffea spp.), Moraceae (Ficus spp., Morus alba), Malvaceae (Gossy

pium spp.), Anacardiaceae (Mangifera indica , Schinus terebinthifolius), Rosaceae (Mespilus spp.), Poaceae (Ory za sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum spp., Zea may s), Oleaceae (Osmanthus spp.), Fabaceae (Phaseolus spp.), Araceae (Philodendron spp.), Euphorbiaceae (Ricinus communis), Meliaceae (Sw ietenia spp.) , and Sapindaceae ( Nephelium lappaceum )

. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** About 100 eggs per female are laid on the fruit or foliage and hatch in 4

- 7 days; pupation takes place on the food plant or on the ground (CABI, 2003). There are three or four generations per year in Southern Europe and up to five in North Africa (CABI, 2003). The egg stage lasts about 3

- 4 days; larval stage is 9

- 10 days; pupal stage is 4

- 6 days; and the adult stage is 5

- 6 days (van den B erg et al. , 2001). Cryptoblabes gnidiella is frequently moved between countries in fruit commerce (USDA APHIS PPQ 2005). Although there is evidence that C. gnidiella can infest fruits as a secondary pest associated with Homoptera, it can also be a primary pest on some fruits Mau and Martin

- Kessing, 1992; McQuate et al., 2000 . It is known to be moved in commerce on imported fruit (CABI, 2004). For example, it was most likely spread through Europe on transported fruit Mau and Martin

- Kessing, 1992 . It has also been frequentl y intercepted at U.S. ports on a variety of fruit, including several shipments of fruit that originated in Hawaii (USDA APHI S PPQ, 2005). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 50 o f 92

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Cryptoblabes gnidiella is an important pest of citrus, grapes, and pomegranates in the Mediterranean area (CABI, 2 003). It is most noted as a major pest of avocado in Israel (W ys oki 1999); azolla, sorghum and rice in India; and sporadicall y of corn or other crops in warm parts of the world (CABI, 2003). Corn is one of the crops with the biggest production in the United States. Corn, sorghum, and rice combined value was more than $27 billion in 2003 (USDA NASS, 2004c). The United States also produced more than $2.2 billion of citrus and $2.5 billion of grapes in 2003 (USDA NASS, 2004a). The losses caused by this p est are not quantified in literature, although in I srael, combined losses of macadamia nuts , as a result of C. gnidiella , Ectomyelois ceratoniae [ Apomyelois ceratoniae ] and the tortricid Cryptophlebia leucotreta, amounted to 30% (Wysoki, 1986). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Chemical and biological control are likel y to be implemented upon introduction of Cryptoblabes gnidiella . As a poly phagous insect, it is potentially capable of attacking threatened and endangered Allium species. High (3)

**Consequences of Introduction: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes**  **Beardsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Dysmicoccus neobrevipes occurs throughout Central America, northern South America, the Caribbean, Indo

- China, the Philippines, and in parts of Oceania (Miller & Miller, 2002; USDA ARS SEL, 2005 ; CABI , 2004). Outside of greenhouse or other artificial situations, this species should be able to survive in the warmer, southern parts of the United States (Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11) (USDA ARS, 1990). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these Zones USDA NRCS, 2002

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is highly poly phagous. Hosts include Bromeliaceae ( Ananas comosus ), Rosaceae ( Malus domestica ) (CABI, 2003), Araceae ( Colocasia esculenta, Pritchardia sp.), Moraceae ( Ficus sp.), Musaceae (

Musa paradisiaca ), Cactaceae ( Opuntia ficus

- indica ), Fabaceae ( Acacia koa , Samanea saman ), Asteraceae (

Helianthus annuus ) (Nakahara, 1981); Agavaceae ( Agave sisalana ), Cucurbitaceae ( Cucurbita maxima ), Poaceae ( Zea mays ), Heliconiaceae ( Heliconia latispatha ), Lauracea (

Persea americana ), Rutaceae ( Citrus spp.), and Solanaceae ( Lycopersicon e

sculentum ) (USDA ARS SEL, 2005). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 51 o f 92

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The life span of D. neobrevipes varies from 59

- 117 days, averaging at 90 d ays (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1992 ). This mealy bug is ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs hatch within the female; female produces about 350 larvae for 30 days, but some produce up to 1000 larvae (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1992). There are three instars for female and four instars for male. The t otal larval period for female varies from 26

- 52 days, averaging at 3 5 days, whereas the total larval period for male last s from 22

- 53 days. There may be several generations per year. As in all Coccoidea (Gullan & Kosztarab, 1997), the main dispersal stage of mealy bugs is the first

- instar crawler, which may be transported l ocally b y wind or other animals. Dispersal over longer distances is accomplished through the movement of infested plant materials in commerce (CABI , 2004). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Dysmicoccus neobrevipes attacks a number of valuable commercial crops, and is a particularly

serious pest of pineapple, Ananas comosus (Rohrbach et al ., 1988). Like D

. brevipes , it is a vector of the virus causing pineapple wilt disease. Feeding by large mealy

bug populations may

cause a loss of host plant vigor. Also, honeydew deposited on leaves and fruit by mealy bugs serves as a medium for the growth of black sooty

molds, which interfere with photosy nthesis and reduce the market value of the crop. I

nsecticides are often applied to control these mealy bugs or the attending ants that aid in their spread and interfere with biological control (Jahn et al ., 2003). Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a quarantine pest for Korea and New Zealand. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The species is poly

phagous and may infest plants listed as t hreatened or endangered. Further introductions of D

. neobrevipes would likely result in the initiation of chemical or biological control programs, as has occurred in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (Bartlett, 1978). However, closel y relat ed species of D

. neobrevipes are pests of many agricultural crops grown in the U.S. that are managed using pest control programs including calendar spraying of insecticides; these chemical applications are also expected to be effective against D

. neobrevi pes infestations. Medium (2 )Rev 1 20110830 Page 52 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Epiphyas postvittana**  **(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidiae)**  Risk Value
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  This species is found throughout Australia, New Zealand , and is also found in Hawaii. Based on this host range it is believed that the pest would only be capable of living in the Southern and southeastern United States, a distribution that corresponds to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). Mediu m (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Hosts include: Actinidiaceae ( Actinidia chinensis ), Asteraceae ( Chrysanthemum x morifolium ), Rutaceae ( Citrus ), Rosaceae ( Cotoneaster, Malus pumila, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Pyrus, Rosa, Crataegus, Rubus ), Ebenaceae ( Diospyros ), M yrtaceae (Eucalyptus, Feijoa sellowiana ), Cannabaceae ( Humulus lupulus ), Oleaceae (

Jasminum, Ligustrum vulgare), Sapindaceae ( Litchi chinensis ), Fabaceae (

Medicago sativa ), Lauraceae ( Persea americana ) Pinaceae ( Pinus, Pinus radiata ), Salicaceae ( Populus ), Grossulariaceae (Ribes ), Solanaceae (Solanum tuberosum ), Fabaceae ( Trifolium, Vicia faba ), Ericaceae ( Vaccinium ), Vitaceae ( Vitis vinifera ) (Stevens et al. 1995; CABI, 2004

. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The light brown apple moth has a relativel y high biotic potiential. The number of annual generations varies with latitude within its range , but in general, there is considerable overlap between generations, with development driven b y temperature and larval host plant. There is no winter resting stage, although overwintering larvae tend to develop slowly , with a lower threshold of development for all stages of 7.5°C and an upper threshold of 31°C (Danthanarayana, 1975). In Australia, the number of generations varies from three to four, with three in most areas (Wearing et al., 1991). In New Zealand, three to four overlapping generations are completed annually (CABI, 2004). Long distance dispersal is typically achieved b y adults (CABI, 2004), although larval dispersal occurs over a short range. Internationally , it can be spread in frui t in commerce and has been intercepted at U.S. ports of entry on various fruits (including avocado) at least 45 times since 1985 (USDA APHI S PPQ 2005). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Losses in Australia are estimated to be of the order of AU$21M per annum from a range of industries but there has been no similar estimation in other countries (CABI, 2004). The list of agricultural crops that could be damaged b y this pest includes grapes , citrus, stone fruit (peaches, plums, nectarines, cherries, apricots) and many others. USDA confirmed the detection of E.postvittana in Alameda County , California on March 22, 2007. Intense control activities have contained E. postvittana

. Medium (2)Rev 1 20110830 Page 53 o f 92

**R isk Element #5: Environmental Impact**  Epiphyas postvittana may impact threatened and endangered species listed in Title 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12), such as Prunus geniculata (endangered species in FL), Ribes echinellum (threatened species in FL and SC), Solanum species, Trifolium amoenum (endangered species in CA), Trifolium stoloniferum (endangered species in AR, IL, IN, KS, KY, MO, OH, and WV), Trifolium trichocal yx(endang ered species in CA), and Vicia species (USFWS, 2002). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 54 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Maconellicoccus hirsutus**  **(Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Maconellicoccus hirsutus is native to southern Asia (CABI , 2002). It is reported in
northern and sub

- Saharan Africa, the Middle East, s outh and s outheast Asia, the Far East, Central America, Australia , and Oceania (CABI 2003). This pest currently has a limited distribution in the U.S. , Hawaii, California, and Florida (Hoy et al., 2003 ; Capinera, 2001). I

t is estimated that it could potentially become established in the United States Plant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (USDA NRCS 2002). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** This species is extremely

poly phagous. It has been recorded on plants in over 200 genera from 73 families, showing some preference for hosts in the Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Moraceae (CABI , 200 2). Hosts include: Acanthaceae ( Acanthus ilicifolius , Eranthemum pulchellum, Pachystachys lutea, Thumbergia erecta ), Amaranthaceae (

Achyranthes indica, Amaranthus spp., Celosia cristata ), Amary llidaceae ( Calostemma spp.) Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica, Schinus spp., Spondias spp.), Annonaceae ( Annona spp., Canaga odorata ), Apiaceae ( Daucus carota ), Apocy

naceae ( Allamanda spp., Carissa spp., Catharanthus roseus, Ervatamia coronaria, Nerium spp., Tabernamontana divaricata, Vinca minor ), Araceae ( Aglaonema spp., Alocasia cucullata, Anthurium andraeanum, Colocasia esculenta, Dieffenbachia spp., Philodendron spp., Scindapsus aureus, Syngonium podophyllum, Xanthosoma spp.), Araliaceae ( Aralia spp., Brassaia actinophylla, Schefflera spp., Sciadophyllum pulchrum ), Basellaceae ( Basella alba ), Begoniaceae ( Begonia spp.), Bignoniaceae ( Bignonia spp., Crescentia cujete, Jacaranda mimusifolia, Kigelia spp., Tabebuia spp., Tecoma spp., ), Bombacaceae ( Ceiba pentandra ), Boraginaceae ( Cordia curssavica ), Cactaceae ( Opuntia spp., Pereskia bleo ), Caricaceae ( Carica papaya ), Casuarinaceae ( Casuarina spp.), Chenopodiaceae ( Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium, album ), Combretaceae ( Quisqualis sp., Rhoeo sp., Terminalia spp.), Compositae ( Bidens pilesa, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Cosmos spp., Dahlia spp., Emilia sp., Gerbera spp., Helicanthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Mikania cordata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Symedrella nodifloa, Tithonia urticifolia ), Convolvulaceae ( Ipomoea spp.), Crassulaceae ( Kalanchoe sp.), Cucurbitaceae ( Cucumis spp ., Cucurbita spp.), Cy peraceae ( Cyperus spp.), Dilleniaceae ( Tetracera spp.), Dioscoraceae ( Dioscorea spp.), Ebenaceae ( Diospyros kaki), Euphorbiaceae (

Acalypha spp., Codiaeum sp., Croton spp., Euphorbia spp., Hevea spp., Macarangua sp., Manihot esculenta ., Ohyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus spp., Ricinus communis ), Fabaceae ( Acacia arabica, Albizia spp., Arachis hypogaea, Bauhinia spp., Caesalpinia spp., Cajanus spp., Calliandra spp., Cassia spp., Ceratonia siliqua, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria sp., Erythrina spp., Gliricidium sepium, Glycine max, Grewia sp., Inga sp., Leucaena glauca, Medicago sativa, mimosa pudica, Parkinsonia aculeate, Phaseolus mungo, Phaseolus vulgaris, Poinciana regia, Robinia pseudacacia, Samanea saman, Sena spp., Sesbania aegyptiaca, Tamarindus indica, Templetonia sp., Tephrosia sp., Vigna unguiculata ), Fagaceae (

Pasania spp., Quercus spp.) Flacourtiaceae ( Flacourtis indica ), Gesneriacae ( Chrysothemis pulchella ), Gramineae (Saccharum officinarum, Zea High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 55 o f 92

mays ), Lamiaceae ( Clerodendrum acu leatum, Leonotis nepetifolia ), Lauraceae ( Persea americana ), Lec ythidaceae ( Courouptia guianensis ), Liliaceae ( Asparagus spp., Cordyline terminalis, Dracaena spp.), Lythraceae ( Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lawsonia spp.), Malvaceae ( Abelmoschus esculentus, Abutilon indicum, Gossypium spp., Hibiscus spp., Holmskia sanguinea , Malvaviscus arboreus , Paritium spp., Pavonia spp., Thespesia spp.), Melastomataceae ( Miconia cornifolia ), Meliaceae ( Azadirachta indica, Ficus spp., Morus spp.), Moraceae ( Heliconia spp., Musda sp ), My rtaceae ( Callistemon spp., Eugenia spp., Myrtus communis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium spp.), Nyctaginaceae ( Bougainvillea spp.), Oleaceae ( Jasminum spp.), Orchidaceae (

Dendrobium spp.), Oxalidaceae ( Averrhoa carambola ), Palmae ( Cocos nucifera, Phoenix spp.), Passifloraceae ( Passiflora spp.), Phy

tolacaceae (

Rivina humilis, Petiveria alliacea ), Piperaceae ( Peperomia pellucida, Piper tuberculatum ), Plumbaginaceae (

Plumbago auriculata ), Polygonaceae ( Cocoloba uvifera, Nephro lepis spp.), Portulacaceae ( Portulaca spp.), Proteaceae ( Grevillea robusta ), Rhamnaceae ( Colubrina arborescens, Ziziphus spp.), Rosaceae ( Crataegus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Eriobotra japonica, Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Rosa sp.), Rubiaceae ( Coffea spp., Haldina cordifolia, Hamelia spp., Ixora spp.), Rutaceae ( Aegle marmelos, Citrus spp., Murraya spp., Mussaenda sp.), Salicaceae (Salix spp.), Sapindaceae (

Blighia sapida, Dodonaea viscose, Melicocca spp.), Sapotaceae ( Manilkara zapota ), Scrophulariaceae ( Russelia equisetifolia, Scoparia dulcis), Solnaceae ( Capsicum spp., Cestrum nocturnum, Datura spp., Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum spp.), Sterculiaceae ( Theobroma cacao ), Tiliaceae ( Corchorus olitorius ), Urticaceae (

Boehmeria nivea, Laportea aestuans), Verbenaceae ( Tectona grandis ), Vitaceae ( Cissus verticillata, Vitis vinifera ), and Zigiberaceae ( Alpinia spp

. ) (USDA ARS SEL, 2005). **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Each adult female can lay from 80

- 600 eggs over a one week period (Meyerdir k et al, 1996; CABI , 2004). Hatching occurs in 609 days (CABI , 2004). I n warm conditions, a generation is completed in five weeks; in colder climates, the species survives cold conditions as eggs or other stages, on the host plant or in the soil. There
may be as many

as 15 generations per year. Local dispersal is accomplished by the first

- instar crawler, most efficiently via air or water, or on animals (CABI , 2004). All stages may

be dispersed over longer distances through the transport of infested plant materials. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Maconellicoccus hirsutus attacks a wide range of (usually woody ) plants, including agricultural, horticultural, and forest species (CABI , 204). Feeding on y oung growth causes severe stunting and distortion of leaves, thickening of stems, and a bunchy

- top appearance of shoots; in severe cases the leaves may fall prematurely. Honeydew and sooty mold contamination of fruit may reduce its value. I

n Grenada, estimated annual losses to crops and the environment from this mealy bug were $3.5 million before biological controls were implemented (CABI, 2004). Other crops seriously damaged by M

. hirsutus include cotton in Egy pt, with growth sometimes virtually halted; tree cotton in I

ndia, with reduction in y

ield; t he fiber crop Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima (roselle) in India and Bangladesh, with reduction in y ields of between 21 and 40%; and grapes in I ndia, with up to 90% of bunches destroyed. It is a High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 56 o f 92

quarantine pest for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Korea, New Zealand, Panama, and Uruguay

(PRF, 2004), suggesting that its widespread establishment in the United States could result in a loss of foreign markets for various commodities. This species is an actual or potential pest of a wide range of economic ally important plants ; risk associated with its economic impact is estimated to be high. EPPO (2004c) records this as an A1 pest ; thus, its establishment in the U

. S

. may lead to the loss of export markets. It is currentl y a program pest under official control. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Because of its extreme poly phagy, this pest poses a threat to plants in the continental United States listed as Threatened or Endangered , including Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. Okeechobeensis (FL), Helianthus eggertii (AL,KY, TN), H. paradoxus (TX), H. schweinitzii (NC, SC), Manihot walkerae (TX), Opuntia treleasei (CA) , Rhododendron chapmanii (FL), Amaranthus pumilus (DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY , RI, SC, VA), Euporbia telephiodes (FL), Prunus geniculata (FL ), and others (USFWS, 2002). It is also a potential threat to a number of crops of considerable economic value in the United States ( e.g. , soy bean, cotton, corn, citrus, grapes ) ( CABI , 2002)

. Its introduction into additional mainland states would lead to the initiation of chemical or biological control programs. This species is currently the target of an official program of biological control throughout its present range in the U.S. (Meyerdick et al, 1996) . It has been targeted for biological control in other countries, such as Egypt and I ndia (Bartlett, 1978b). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 57 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Nipaecoccus viridis**  **(Newstead) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  This species is widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia, occurs throughout Africa and parts of Oceania, but has limited distribution in North America (CABI , 2003). It can survive in the warmer, southern parts of the United States (Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Nipaecoccus viridis has been recorded on host plants in more than 18 families (CABI, 2003). The primary host species are Rutaceae ( Citrus spp.), Rubiaceae ( Coffea spp.), and Malvaceae ( Gossypium spp). However, this species is poly phagous and the following species are listed as host plants: Fabaceae ( Acacia karroo , Leucaena leucocephala , Leucaena spp., Albizia lebbeck, Glycine max), Lamiaceae ( Clerodendrum infortunatum ), Rutaceae ( Citrus limon , Citrus aurantiifolia , Citrus aurantium , Citrus maxima , Citrus x paradisi , Citrus sinensis ), Apocy naceae ( Nerium oleander), Punicaceae ( Punica granatum ), Lauraceae ( Per s ea americana), Moraceae ( Artocarpus heterophyllus , Ficus carica , Morus nigra ), Tiliaceae ( Corchorus capsularis ), Malvaceae ( Alcea rosea , Gossypium hirsutum , Hibiscus manihot), Liliaceae ( Asparagus officinalis ), Faboideae ( Cajanus spp., Tamarindus spp., Tamarindus indica ), Rubiaceae ( Coffea arabica ), Rosaceae (

Eriobotrya japonica ), Euphorbiacea e (Euphorbia hirta , Phyllanthus niruri), Proteaceae ( Grevillea robusta ), Bignoniaceae ( Jacaranda mimosifolia , Spathodea campanulata ), Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica ), M yrtaceae (Psidium guajava ), Asteraceae (

Parthenium hysterophorus ), Solanaceae (Solanum tuberosum ), Tamaricaceae ( Tamarix spp.), Vitaceae ( Vitis vinifera ), and Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus mauritiana , Ziziphus spina

- christi) (CABI, 2003). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The l ife

- cycle of N. viridis is about 68 days under optimum condition (Bedford et al. , 1998). In South Africa, there are three generations per year (CABI, 2004). A female lays 90

- 138 eggs, and the egg and ny mphal stages last 10

- 13 and 31

- 43 days, respectively

(CABI, 2004). Long dis tance dispersal method s are via infe s ted plant materials (CABI, 2004). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 58 o f 92

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Feeding on y

oung twigs causes bulbous outgrowths, and heavy infestations may severely stunt the growth of y

oung trees (CABI , 2003). Citrus fruits infested with N

. viridis may

develop lumpy outgrowths or raised shoulders near the stem end. Frequently, fruits turn yellow and then partly black around the stem end, finally dropping off the tree. Late infestations on large green fruits result in congregations of young mealy

bugs in clumps over the face of the fruit. Copious quantities of honey dew may contaminate fruit and other plant parts, serving as a medium for the growth of sooty

molds. This mealy

bug was responsible for losses up to 5% in vineyards in I

ndia (CABI , 2003). Losses in citrus orchards are due to fruit drop caused by large infestations of mealy bugs; in South Africa, 50% or more of the navel orange crop has been lost in this way. Second, fruits with deformities caused by mealy bug feeding , are culled in the packing

-house, and result in the further los s of production (CABI , 2004). As this pest is already established in parts of the continental United Sates, further introductions of the mealy bug are considered unlikely to result in a loss of foreign markets bey ond those that may

be closed at present. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** This pest represents a potential threat to vulnerable native plants (e.g. , Euphorbia, Hibiscus spp., Solanum spp., and Ziziphus celata ) (USFWS, 2002) in the United States. Its status as a citrus pest could lead to the initiation of chemical or biological control programs , if it was to become more widely established in the United States. However, closel y related species of N. viridis are pests of many agricultural crops grown in the U.S. that are managed using pest control programs including calendar spraying of insecticides; these chemical applications are also expected to be effective against N. viridis infestations. Medium (2 )Rev 1 20110830 Page 59 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Paracoccus marginatus**  **(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)**  **Risk Value**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Paracoccus marginatus is a native species of Mexico andCentral America (CABI , 2004; Walker & Hoy, 2003). It is distributed in Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean countries (CABI , 2004). It was first discovered in Manatee and Palm Beach counties in Florida in 1998. I ts distribution corresponds to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). Medium (2)

**Risk Ele ment #2: Host Range**  Paracoccus marginatus is poly phagous and attacks economicall y important tropical fruits and ornamentals (Walker & Ho y, 2003). Its host species includes Annonaceae (

Annona squamosa , Annona ), Caricaceae ( Carica papaya ), Malvaceae (Hibiscus , Hibiscus rosa

-sinensis , Hibiscus sabdariffa , Gossypium hirsutum , Malvaviscus arboreus , Sida ), Euphorbiaceae ( Manihot esculenta , Acalypha ), Lauraceae (

Persea americana ), Apocynaceae ( Plumeria ), Solanaceae (Solanum melongena , Capsicum annuum , Lycop ersicon esculentum , Solanum nigrum , Solanum torvum , Cestrum nocturnum ), Bromeliaceae ( Ananas comosus ), Asteraceae (

Bidens , Dahlia pinnata , Parthenium hysterophorus ), Fabaceae ( Cajanus cajan , Erythrina spp., Lablab purpureus , Phaseolus , Vigna , Acacia , Mimos a pigra ), Rutaceae ( Citrus sinensis ), My rtaceae (Eugenia uniflora ), Convolvulaceae (

Ipomoea ), Oleaceae (

Ligustrum ), Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica ), Rubiaceae (

Mussaenda ), Punicaceae ( Punica granatum ), Rosaceae ( Rosa ), Sterculiaceae ( Theobroma cacao , Guazuma ulmifolia ), Malpighiaceae ( Malpighia glabra ), and Acanthaceae ( Pachystachys lutea ) (CABI, 2004) High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The biology

of Paracoccus marginatus has not been studied in detail (CABI , 2004; Walker & Hoy, 2003). It has been estimated to have as many as 15 generations per ye ar (CABI, 2004). I

n general, females lay

100

- 600 eggs in an ovisac (Walker & Hoy, 2003). Eggs hatch in about 10 days. Females have four instars, males have five instars.
The natural dispersal means of P. marginatus are crawling and fly ing. First instar crawlers are capable of crawling, and the fifth instar of the males have a winged form that is capable of flight (CABI , 2004; Walker & Hoy, 2003). I t can also be dispersed wit h the aid of wind (CABI , 2004). Long distance dispersal is via infested plants (CABI , 2004). Paracoccus marginatus has been intercepted on plant materials at the port

- of

- entry more than 380 times since 1985 (USDA APHI S PPQ, 2005). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Paracoccus marginatus is capable of causing significant damage to economically important plants, such as papaya, hibiscus, avocado, citrus, cotton, tomato, eggplant, peppers, beans, peas, sweet potato, mango, cherry, and pomegranate (W alker & Hoy, 2003). Walker & Hoy

(2003) stated that the papaya mealy bug could rapidly

establish through Florida and the Gulf states to California. I t is already

established in parts of Florida and is not under any official control; it is unlikely that the further establishment of this pest would result in the loss of foreign markets bey ond those that may be closed at present. Medium (2)Rev 1 20110830 Page 60 o f 92

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Paracoccus marginatus may impact threatened and endangered species listed in Title 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12) , such as Hibiscus species, Manihot walkerae (endangered species in TX), Solanum species, Bidens species, Vigna species, and Eugenia species (USFWS, 2002).
USDA APHI S and ARS initiated a classical biological control program to manage the papaya meal ybug in 1999 (Walker & Ho y, 2003). Four biological control agents, Acerophagus papayae , Anagyrus loecki , Anagyrus californicus , and Pseudleptomastix mexicana , were experimentally released in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic (Walker & Ho y, 2003). These four parasitoids successfully reduced meal ybug population by 99.7% in the Dominican Republic and 97% in Puerto Rico, with parasitism levels between 35.5% and 58.3% (Walker & Hoy , 2003). The first release of those biological agents was made in Florida in October, 2000 (Walker & Ho y, 2003). The establishment and introduction of P. marginatus in other parts of continental United States would stimulate biolog ical and chemical controls. High (3)

**Consequences of Introduction: Planococcus minor**  **(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)**  **Risk Value**Rev 1 20110830 Page 61 o f 92

**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Planococcus minor is distributed in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Granara and Claps, 2003; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992; Williams and Watson, 1988). It is reported in south Asia (Bangladesh, Brit. Indian Ocean Terr., Burma, India, Indonesi a, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand), Australia and islands of the South Pacific (American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon I slands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa), Africa (Madagascar, Rodriques Island, Seychelles), tropical areas of the New World (Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Galapagos Islands, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyan a, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay), and tropical areas of Mexico (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 20 10 ; CABI, 20 11 ). Based on this geographical distribution, we estimate this species could est ablish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 in the continental United States (Magarey

et al., 2008). Many

of its potential hosts occurs in these Zones (NRCS, 20 11 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Planococcus minor (Maskell) is reported on more than 250 host plants in nearl y 80 families (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989; Venette and Davis, 2004; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992; Williams and Watson, 1988). It shows some preference for hosts such as avocado ( Persea americana ), banana ( Musa ), beans (

Phaseolus spp., P. vulgaris , P. lunatus ), cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ), cantaloupe ( Cucumis melo ), citrus ( Citrus spp.), cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ), coffee ( Coffea ), corn (Zea mays ), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ), grapes ( Vitis spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), soy bean ( Glycine max), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ). Most of these species are widel y cultivated in the United States (CABI, 20 11 ; NRCS, 20 11 ; Venette and Davis, 2004). Planococcus minor attacks multiple species among multiple plant families. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Planococcus minor completes ten generations in a year and fecundity ranges from 200 to over 400 eggs per female, depending on the host plant and between 65

- 425 eggs under laboratory

conditions (Martínez and Surís, 1998; Sahoo et al., 1999 Venette and Davis, 2004). Preoviposition period ranged from 8

- 12 days, incubation period lasted approximately 3 days. The time to complete 1 generation ranged from 31

- 50 days (Venette and Davis, 2004). Planococ cus minor is likely introduced to the Neotropics by trade (Cox, 1989). The insect can be transported long distances in fruit shipments (Sugimoto, 1994). Ants may also play a role in mealy bug dispersal. Mealy

bug populations closely

associated with ants tend to be larger than non

- tended populations of the same species (Venette and Davis, 2004). High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 62 o f 92

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Planococcus minor is a common pest species of many economically important plants, particularl y cocoa, throughout its geographical range (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989). Planococcus minor is a phloem feeder, and, in general, this may cause reduced yi eld, reduced plant or fruit quality , stunting, discoloration, and defoliation. Indirect or secondary damage is caused by

sooty mold growth on honeydew produced by

the meal ybug (Venette and Davis, 2004). Planococcus minor is a quarantine pest that could cause the loss of foreign or domestic markets High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**  Based on the broad P. minor host range (see above), it may negativel y impact Federal Threatened and Endangered plants species in the continental United States, particularl y congeners of current hosts: Amaranthus pumilus (DE , MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, RI , SC, VA), Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp . okeechobeensis (FL), Euphorbia telephioides (FL), Helianthus paradoxus (NM, TX), H. schweinitzii (NC, SC), Manihot walkerae (TX), Rhus michauxii (GA, NC, SC, VA), and Verbena californica (CA) (USFWS, 201 1 ). The control strategies used for P. minor include chemical and biological control (CABI, 20 11 ; Cunningham and Harden, 1999; Paul and Ghosh, 2004; Shukla and Tandon, 1984; Williams and Watson, 1988). The introduction of P. minor into the continental United States would likely

stimulate chemical and biological control programs. High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 63 o f 92

**Consequences of Introduction: Pseudococcus cryptus**  **Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** **) Risk Value** 
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Pseudococcus cryptus is widely distributed in s outh e ast Asia, tropical Africa, the mideastern Mediterranean and South America (USDA ARS SEL , 2005 ). Its distribution corresponds to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (USDA ARS, 1990). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**  Host species of P. cryptus include Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica ), Apocy naceae ( Plumeria spp.), Compositae ( Dahlia spp.), Dilleniaceae ( Dillenia indica ), Euphorbiaceae (Hevea brasiliensis ), Guttiferae ( Calophyllum inophyllum ), Heliconiace ae (

Heliconia spp.), Lauraceae ( Ocotea pedalifolia , Persea americana ), Leguminosae ( Erythrina spp.), Liliaceae ( Crinum asiaticum ), Moraceae (

Artocarpus altilis , Artocarpus incisa , Artocarpus odoratissimus ), Musaceae (

Musa spp.), My

rtaceae ( Osbornia ocdonta , Psidium guajava ), Palmae ( Cocos nucifera , Elaeis guineensis ), Pandanaceae ( Pandanus spp., Pandanus upoluensis ), Passifloraceae ( Passiflora foetida ), Piperaceae ( Piper methysticum ), Rubiaceae ( Coffea arabica , Coffea liberica , Gardenia spp., Ixora spp.), R utaceae ( Citrus spp., Citrus aurantifolia , Citrus aurantium , Citrus grandis , Citrus limon , Citrus paradisi , Citrus reticulata , Citrus sinensis ), Selaginellaceae (Selaginella spp.) (USDA ARS SEL , 2004). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The number of eggs produced b y female s vary with the seasons; the greatest number in summer and the smallest number in winter. Female typicall y lay groups of 30

- 50 eggs , a total of 200

- 500 eggs (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). This mealy bug is able to have six generations per year (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). The insect is only capable of limited dispersal under its own power. Lo ng distance dispersal could be accomplished via the movement of infected plant materials. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Pseudococcus cryptus is considered a major pest of citrus (Hill, 1983). The insect produces copious quantities of honey dew, on which sooty

molds develop, sometimes reaching a thickness of 5

- 8 mm (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). I n heavy infestations, entire trees may

be contaminated, and leaves and fruit prematurely shed. High population densities on coconut palm may cause the dry

ing of inflorescence and button shedding (Moore, 2001). I n I srael, both biological and chemical controls have succeeded in maintaining populations below economically damaging densities (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Blumberg et al ., 2001). Citrus are commerciall y produced in AZ, CA, FL, and TX in the continental United States, and are worth more than $ 2.3 billion (US DA NASS, 2004b ). This mealy bug may have a high potential to damage the citrus industry in the continental United States. High (3)Rev 1 20110830 Page 64 o f 92

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Pseudococcus cryptus has the potential to damage threatened and endangered species that are listed in Title 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12), such as Gardenis species (USFWS, 2002). I n Israel, where P. cryptus was introduced, it was successfully controlled by

its natural enemy, Clausenia purpurea (US DA ARS SEL , 2005). Chemical treatment is used to control P. cryptus in Israel. The introduction and establishment would stimulate biological and chemical controls in the continental United States. However, closely related species of P. cryptus are pests of many agricultural crops grown in the U.S. that are managed using pest control programs including calendar spraying of insecticides; these chemical applications are also expected to be effective against P. cryptus infestations. Medium ( 2 )Rev 1 20110830 Page 65 o f 92

For each pest, the sum of the five Risk Elements gives a Cumulative Risk Rating. This Cumulative Risk Rating is considered to be a biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts. The summ ary of risk rating for Consequences of Introduction is shown in Table 5.
Low: 5

– 8 points Medium: 9

– 12 points High: 13

– 15 points **Table 5. Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction ( Persea americana**  **cv. Sharwil)**  **from Hawaii**

**Pest Risk** 

**Element 1**  **Climate/ Host**  **Interaction Risk** 

**Element 2**  **Host Range**  **Risk**

**Element 3**  **Dispersal Potential**  **Risk**

**Element 4**  **Economic Impact**  **Risk**

**Element 5 Environ** 

**** **mental Impact**  **Cumulative**

**Risk Rating**

Bactrocera dorsalis Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(14) Ceroplastes rubens Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Medium

(2) Low

( 1 ) Medium

(1 0 ) Coccus viridis Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) Medium

(2) Low

( 1 ) Medium

(1 1 ) Cryptoblabes gnidiella High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(15) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) High

( 3 ) Medium

( 2 ) High

(13) Epiphyas postvittana Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(13) Maconellicocc us hirsutus Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(1) Nipaecoccus viridis Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) Medium

(2) Medium

( 2 ) High

(1 2 ) Paracoccus marginatus Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(13) Planococcus minor Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) High

(14 ) Pseudococcus cryptus Medium

(2) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) Medium

( 2 ) High

(1 3 )

**2. 6 Introduction Potential**  We based this section on 1) an estimate of the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub

element#1), and 2) pest opportunity estimated using five biological features (sub

- elements #2).Rev 1 20110830 Page 66 o f 92

Details of the rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest RiskAssessments , Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). These sub

- element ratings, along with the values for theLikelihood of Introduction, are summarized below (Table 6). **Risk Element # 1**  **: Quantity of commodity imported annually** The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commodity

that is imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity

imported is estimated in units of standard 40

- foot long shipping containers. In those cases where the quantity

of a commodity

imported is provided in terms of kilograms, pounds, number of items, etc. , the number of units is converted into terms of 40

- foot shipping containers. Low (1 point): < 10 containers/year Medium (2 points ): 10

– 100 containers/ye ar High (3 points): > 100 containers/year The anticipated volume of avocado to be moved from Hawaii into the Continental United States is unknown. Given current production leveles, it is very likely that <10 containers of Sharwil would be exported in most years; thus the quantity of avocado imported annually is estimated to be Low (1). Should Hawaii wish to send more than 10 containers/ye ar, this risk element will need to be re

- evaluated. 22

**Risk Element # 2**  **: Pest Opportunity (S urvival and Access to Suitable Habitat and Hosts)** 
**1 . Survive post** 

**- harvest treatment:**  The industry

accepted post

- harvest treatments for mature green Sharwil avocados include culling, inspection, and packing within 12 hours of harvest. Fruit with skin damage, oviposition marks, and morphological aberrations associated with fruit fly infestation would be culled. However, tephritid fruit flies being internal feeders are ranked High risk. Sharwil avocado has smooth skin without any crevice for external f

eeding insects to hide; the short woody

pedicel offers a limited but not preferred space of refuge. Thus, all hemipterous quarantine pests are ranked Medium risk. C. gnidiella has not been observed infesting mature green avocado fruit in Hawaii. Based on its feeding behavior, if earl y instars are found feeding on hard mature green fruit, they would be on the fruit surface, and would be culled during postharvest inspection. Full grown larvae are ty pical of py

ralids

—large, excrete noticeable frass, make evident circular entry hole into the fruit. Thus, larvae of C. gnidiella are detectable with ease during postharvest culling and inspection; this pest is ranked L ow (1) risk. E. postvittana has neither been observed infesting avocados in Hawaii nor dete cted in traps in avocado orchards. The general feeding behavior of this pest on hard mature green fruit would be by scraping the surface, thus, allowing detection during postharvest culling and inspection. It is

22 The total avocado production in Hawaii (all varieties) in the growing season of 2003 to 2004 was 380 tons (USDA NASS, 2005b). Sea shipping containers, which are 40

- foot in length, hold approximately 40,000 pounds (20 U.S. tons). Thus, 380 tons of avocados would be 19 containers per year.Rev 1 20110830 Page 67 o f 92

unlikely that this pest will bore through the woody tissue of the pedicel of mature green Sharwil avocado. E. postvittana is ranked Low (1) risk.
**2 . Survive**  **s hipment:**  Depending on the variety, avocados are shipped at temperatures ranging from 4oC (40oF) to 13oC (55oF) and humidity

between 85% and 95% (McGregor, 1999). Fruits can be safel y held for at least two weeks under these conditions (Morton, 1987). Avocados are subject to chilling injury in refrigerated storage; the degree of susceptibility to this injury varies with the cultivar and the stage at which harvesting took place and the length of time in storage (Morton, 1987). It is expected that most of the quarantine pests anal yz ed in the risk assessment would be able to survive shipment if the commodity is shipped under optimal conditions. Additionally , all specieshave been intercepted at ports

- of

- entry (USDA APHI S PPQ, 2005). This evidence suggests that all species are capable of surviving shipment; all species were ranked High (3) in this sub

- element.
**3 . Not be detected at the port** 

**- of** 

**- entry:** 
Bactrocera dorsalis is rated High (3) risk because its eggs and larvae have the potential of escaping detection at the port

- of

- entry

. Coccus viridis , Dysmicoccus neobrevipes , Maconellicoccus hirsutus , Nipaecoccus viridis , Paracoccus marginatus , Planococcus minor , and Pseudococcus cryptus are external feeders and visible with the naked eye. Sharwil avocado has smooth skin without any crevice for external feeding insects to hide; the short woody pedicel offers a limited but not preferred area of refuge. Thus, all hemipterous quarantine pests are ranked Medium (2) risk. If C ryptoblabes gnidiella is found feeding on mature green fruit, it would be on the fruit surface, and would be detected during inspection at the port

- of

- entry . Similarly , internal feeding larvae, unlikely occurrence in mature green Sharwil avocado, leave indices of infestation that are evident and higly

detectable. Furthermore, feeding larvae are gregarious and move in and out of the fruit (Liquido, personal observation on the feeding behavior of C. gnidiella in lychee) . This pest is ranked Low (1) risk. IfE piphyas postvittana is found feeding on hard mature green avocado fruit, it would be on the fruit surface, thus, allowing detection during inspection. It is unlikel y that this pest will bore through the woody tissue of the pedicel of mature green Sharwil avocado. E. postvittana is ranked Lo w (1) risk.
**4 . Imported or move subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival:**  Consider the geographic location of likely markets and the proportion of the commodity that is likely to move to locations suitable for pest survival. Even if infested commodities enter the country , not all final destinations will have suitable climatic conditions for pest survival.Rev 1 20110830 Page 68 o f 92

Bactrocera dorsalis , Ceroplastes rubens , Coccus viridis , Dysmicoccus neobrevipes , Maconellicoccus hirsutus , Nipaecoccus viridis , Paracoccus marginatus , Planococcus minor , Pseudococcus cryptus , and Epiphyas postvittana occur in tropical and subtropical regions. In the continental United States, tropical and subtropical climate zones are limited to the South and the West Coa st, which comprise an estimated 10

- 12% of the total land area of the continental United States. This PRA is for the limited movement of mature green Sharwil avocado from Hawaii to northern

- tier states during winter months; thus, these pests are rated Low (1) risk. Cryptoblabes gnidiella has a potential to move and survive in a wide range of climate zones; however, it has been reported to have the poor ability to survive winters of cooler temperate areas. The proposed limited movement of mature green Shar wil avocado from Hawaii to northern

- tier states during winter months would constitute low volume shipments; thus this pest is rated Medium (2) risk for the likelihood to move to suitable habitat.
**5 . Come into contact with host material suitable for repro**  **duction:**
Bactrocera dorsalis has a wide range of recognized host species that inhabit tropical, subtropical, tropical and temperate zones. The proposed low volume movement of Sharwil avocado during winter months to northern

- tier states warrant Medium ris k rating.
Scales and meal ybugs ( Ceroplastes rubens , Coccus viridis , Dysmicoccus neobrevipes , Maconellicoccus hirsutus , Nipaecoccus viridis , Paracoccus marginatus , Planococcus minor , and Pseudococcus cryptus ) have limited powers of natural dispersal due to lack of wings or other means to achieve flight (Gullan & Kosztarab, 1997). For these insects, successful establishment in a new environment is contingent on the likelihood of at least two necessary conditions occurring: close proximity of susceptible h osts and presence on the imported fruit of crawlers (or other mobile forms) to transfer to new hosts (Miller, 1985; Blank et al. , 1993), circumstances that are highl y unlikely to occur. Several aleyrodid, scale and mealybug species have become permanentl y or sporadically established in the continental United States, including Ceroplastes rubens (Florida), Coccus viridis (Florida), Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Florida), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (California and Florida), Nipaecoccus viridis (California), Planococcus minor (Florida), and Paracoccus marginatus (Florida). The proposed low volume movement of Sharwil avocado during winter months to northern

- tier states significantly reduced the likelihood of coming into contact with host material. All these p ests are Low (1). Pseudococcus cryptus has not been found in the continental United States. Like other scales and mealy bugs, P. cryptus has a wide range of host species and has been intercepted several times at the port

- of

- entry since 1985 (USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005). There is no record of P. cryptus establishment in the continental United States, which suggests that this species has a low probability

of coming into contact with host material suitable for reproduction. Pseudococcus cryptus is rated Low (1)

. Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Epiphyas postvittana have a wide range of host species that occur in tropical to temperate zones in the continental United States. Few host plants may be grown yearround, but not necessarily fruiting or fruiting in abundance during winter months in the northern

tier states. These two pests are rated Medium risk.Rev 1 20110830 Page 69 o f 92

Summary of the ratings for Likelihood of Introduction is depicted in Table 6.
Low: 6

– 9 points Medium: 10

– 14 points High: 15

– 18 points
**Table 6. Risk Rati ng for Likelihood of Introduction** 

**Pest Quantity** 

**Imported Annually**  **Survive**

**Post**

  ** harvest** **Treatment Survive** 

**Shipment Not** 

**Detected at Port** 

**** **of Entry Move to** 

**Suitable Habitat**  **Contact**

**with Host**  **Material Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating**

Bactrocera dorsalis Low

(1) High

(3) High

(3) High

(3) Lo w

(1) Medium

(2) Medium

(1 3 ) Ceroplastes rubens Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 )
Coccus viridis Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 ) Cryptoblabes gnidiella Low

(1) Lo w

(1) High

(3) Low

(1) Medium

(2) Medium

(2) Medium

(1 0 ) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medum

(1 0 ) Epiphyas postvittana Low

(1) Lo w

(1) High

(3) Low

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(2) Low

( 9 ) Maconellicocc us hirsutus Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 ) Nipaecoccus viridis Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 ) Paracoccus marginatus Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 ) Planococcus minor Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Low

(1) Low

(1) Medium

(1 0 ) Pseudococcus cryptus Low

(1) Medium

(2) High

(3) Medium

(2) Lo w

(1) Lo w

(1) Medium

(1 0 )

**2. 7 Conclusion** 

**– Pest**  **Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures** To estimate the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the Cumulative Risk Rating for the Consequence s of Introduction and the Cumulative Risk Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction are summed in Table 7. The Pest Potential rating is as follows:Rev 1 20110830 Page 70 o f 92

Low: 11

– 18 points Medium: 19

– 26 points High: 27

– 33 points
**Table 7. Pest Risk Potential**
**Pest Co**  **nsequences**

**of Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk** 

**Potential Risk** 

**Rating** Bactrocera dorsalis High (14) Medium

(1 3 ) 27 High Ceroplastes rubens Medium (1 0 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 0 Medium
Coccus viridis Medium (1 1 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 1 Medium Cryptoblabes gnidiella High (15) Medium

(1 0 ) 25 Medium Dysmicoccus neobrevipes High (13) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 3 Medium Epiphyas postvittana High (13) Lo w

( 9 ) 2 2 Medium Maconellicoccus hirsutus High (1 4 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 4 Medium Nipaecoccus viridis Medium (1 2 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 2 Medium
Paracoccus marginatus High (1 3 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 3 Medium Planococcus minor High (1 4 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 24 Medium Pseudococcus cryptus High (1 3 ) Medium

(1 0 ) 2 3 Medium
Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the risk assessor may briefl y comment on risk management options associated with the requested commodity importations. The following guidelines are offered as an interpretation of the Low, Medium, and High Pest Risk Potential Ratings:
Low: Pest will ty

pically not require specific mitigation measures; the port of entry inspection to which all imported commodities are subjected can be expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security

. Medium: Specific phytosanitary measure may

be necessary

. High: Specific phytos anitary measures are strongl y recommended. Port of entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security. Id entification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pest with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk managementRev 1 20110830 Page 71 o f 92

phase and is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed b y that pest. APHI S risk management programs ar e risk

-based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. Details of APHI S risk management programs are published, primarily , in the Federal Register as quarantine notices.

**III . Authors**  **, Reviewers and Contributors**
**Authors:** Alison Neeley , Entomologist, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ Yu Takeuchi, Ecologist, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ Nicanor J. Liquido, Interdisciplinary (Lead Scientist), PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ
**Reviewers:** Hennessey , Michael K., Entomologist, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ Imai, Edwin, Plant Pathologist, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ Scott Redlin, Plant Pathologist, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ
**Contributors:** Griffin, Robert L ., Director, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- AP HI S

- PPQ Sequeira, Ron, National Science Program Leader, CPHST, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ Hotz, Tara, Risk Analyst, PERAL , CPHST, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ
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. Martin

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- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

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- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

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- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

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- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawai i Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

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- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

- Kessing 1992 e . Crop Knowledge Master: Pulvinaria mammeae (Maskell). Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Res ources (UH

- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

- Kessing 1992 f . Crop Knowledge Master: Pulvinaria psiddi (Maskell). Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (UH

- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

- Kessing 1992 g . Crop Knowledge Master: Hyalopeplus pellucidus (Stal). Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (UH

- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. L. and J. L . Martin

- Kessing 1992 h . Crop Knowledge Master: Thrips hawaiiensis

. Honolulu, HI , University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (UH

- CTAHR), Department of Entomology and Hawaii Department of Agriculture Extension Entomology

. Mau, R. F. and J. L . Martin

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