UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

AMY ARTIBEE,

Plaintiff, No. 14-cv-14266

vs. Hon. Gerald E. Rosen

OFFICER CHAD MILLER, in his

individual capacity,

Defendant.

___________________________/

OPINION AND ORDER REGARDING

DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

At a session of said Court, held in

the U.S. Courthouse, Detroit, Michigan

on November 12, 2015

PRESENT: Honorable Gerald E. Rosen

United States District Chief Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

This Section 1983 civil rights action is presently before the Court on Defendant’s

April 10, 2015 Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiff has responded to Defendant’s

Motion and Defendant has replied. Having reviewed and considered the parties’ briefs

and supporting evidence, the Court has determined that the relevant allegations, facts and

legal arguments are adequately presented in these submissions, and that oral argument

would not aid the decisional process. Therefore, the Court will decide this matter “on the

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briefs.” See Eastern District of Michigan Local Rule 7.1(f)(2). This Opinion and Order

sets forth the Court’s ruling.

II. PERTINENT FACTS

On October 1, 2013, Flint Township Police Officer Chad Miller, who had more

than 15 years law enforcement experience, was on routine patrol when he was dispatched

to Bollinger Appraisal and Investment Company, a real estate appraisal and investment

firm located on Miller Road in Flint Township, to meet with Mark Bollinger, the owner

of the company. Bollinger Appraisal and Investment is a small operation; only Bollinger

and his (former) assistant, Plaintiff Amy Artibee, worked in the office. [See Plaintiff’s

Brief, p. 1.] Bollinger had made a complaint that Artibee had embezzled and stole from

the company, forged Bollinger’s signature on checks, and had downloaded and

sabotaged electronically-stored files, and damaged the company’s computers. Miller had

never met Bollinger prior to meeting him on October 1.

Upon arriving at Bollinger Appraisal and Investment, Officer Miller spoke with

Mr. Bollinger about the details of his complaint. According to Bollinger, Artibee had

been employed by his company from 2005 until she abruptly resigned on September 4,

2013. Bollinger stated that it was shortly before that date that he discovered irregularities

in his books and bank statements, and that on further investigation of company records

dating back to January 2012, he subsequently discovered that Artibee had embezzled

over $100,000. According to Bollinger, Artibee had taken certain investments, placed

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them into an account, and then, based on those investments, wrote checks on which she

had forged Bollinger’s signature and cashed them at the Dort Federal Credit Union in

Grand Blanc, Michigan. Bollinger further told Miller that he also discovered that on

September 4, 2013, Artibee’s last day at work, she had downloaded confidential

company and personal files from his computer and then sabotaged the computer, deleted

files, and damaged the company’s computer system, all of which resulted in him having

to hire a computer technician to restore deleted files and ultimately to replace his entire

computer system.

Bollinger told Officer Miller that he wanted to press charges and he provided

Miller with copies of the records, bank statements and forged checks evidencing

Artibee’s fraudulent activities. Miller testified that he accepted as true Bollinger’s

statement that the signatures on the checks were not his. [Miller Dep., Plaintiff’s Ex. 3,

p. 10.]

Bollinger also provided Officer Miller with a copy of Artibee’s resignation letter,

which Bollinger had found when he got to work on September 5, 2013. In that letter,

Artibee had stated that she was quitting because she no longer could tolerate the hostile

work environment at the company. Among the reasons for her resignation, she listed

verbal abuse, sexual harassment, accusations and threats about running the business into

the ground, telephone calls from Bollinger during the night, on weekends and when she

was on vacation, and his drinking at his desk. Bollinger told Officer Miller that he

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believed that Artibee’s letter was an “ill-attempt for Amy to hide her embezzlement and

fraud.” [See Police Report, Miller Narrative, Plaintiff’s Ex. 2]

After meeting with Bollinger for approximately one hour and ten minutes, Officer

Miller returned to the station where he reviewed the documents Bollinger had given him

and wrote his report about the meeting. [Miller Dep., pp. 8, 19.]

Miller was off work on October 2nd and 3rd; he returned to work on October 4. 

On October 4th, Miller further reviewed the documents Bollinger had given him and

then he met with Sergeant Salter and notified him of Bollinger’s complaint. Id. p. 9. 

Based on what Bollinger had told him and everything Bollinger had given him, Miller

had made the determination by the time he met with Sgt. Salter that he had probable

cause to arrest Amy Artibee. Id.

After discussing the matter with Sgt. Salter, Miller told Salter that he wanted to go

out and speak to Amy Artibee and probably arrest her. Sergeant Salter agreed to

accompany Miller to make the arrest. As Artibee lived in Clayton Township, they

requested a jurisdictional car. Accordingly, jurisdiction officer Lacey Lopez of the

Clayton Township Police Department accompanied them.

Miller and Salter arrived at Artibee’s residence at approximately 12:20 p.m. on

October 4, 2013. [Police Report, p. 3] They were met by Corey Artibee, Plaintiff’s

husband who informed the officers that Amy was at her mother’s house. Id. Corey

called Amy on her cell phone and handed the phone to Officer Miller. Id. Miller told

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Amy that he needed to talk to her about Bollinger’s complaint, and Amy told him to

come to her mother’s house. Id.

Miller and Slater proceeded to the address that Corey Artibee had given them

where they identified Amy Artibee from her driver’s license. Id. Amy invited Officer

Miller into the residence. Id. Once inside, Miller told Artibee the nature of Bollinger’s

complaint and advised her that she was under arrest for embezzlement, fraud, forgery and

computer sabotage. Id. Artibee told Miller that she was an employee but then invoked

her right to remain silent until she had spoken with an attorney. Id. Miller then placed

Artibee in handcuffs and he and Salter transported her to the Flint Township Police

Department for processing. Id.

Once at the Police Department, Officer Miller turned Artibee over to Detective

Sabo and notified him that Artibee had invoked her right to remain silent until she could

speak to an attorney. Id. at p. 4. Artibee’s attorney arrived on the scene a short while

later and met with Detective Sabo before speaking with Artibee. Id. Detective Sabo met

with Lieutenant Battinkoff and advised that Amy could be processed and then released

pending further investigation. Id. Miller had no further dealings with Artibee or the

Bollinger complaint thereafter. He testified in his deposition that a patrol officer takes an

initial complaint, makes a determination as to whether he has probable cause, and makes

an arrest. But, “[o]nce that person is either released pending further investigation or

disposition is to take them to jail and lodge them, it’s pretty much hands off to the patrol

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officer. At that point it’s assigned to a detective -- and they take it from there.” [Miller

Dep., pp. 11-12.]

Subsequently, Mr. Bollinger was not cooperative with the prosecution of the case

and on July 29, 2014, the case against Amy Artibee was closed.

On November 5, 2014, Amy Artibee filed the instant one-count Section 1983

action for violation of her Fourth Amendment rights claiming that Officer Miller arrested

her without probable cause as he did not have reasonably trustworthy information that

would cause a prudent person to believe that Artibee had committed the crimes that

Bollinger accused her of committing.

On April 10, 2015, Defendant Miller filed the instant Motion for Summary

Judgment arguing that he is shielded from liability in this action by qualified immunity.

III. DISCUSSION

A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS

Summary judgment is proper if the moving party “shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). As the Supreme Court has explained, “the plain language of Rule

56[] mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and

upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the

existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the

burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548,

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2552 (1986). 

In deciding a motion brought under Rule 56, the Court must view the evidence in a

light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Pack v. Damon Corp., 434 F.3d 810, 813

(6th Cir. 2006). Yet, the nonmoving party may not rely on mere allegations or denials,

but must “cit[e] to particular parts of materials in the record” as establishing that one or

more material facts are “genuinely disputed.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Moreover, any

supporting or opposing affidavits or declarations “must be made on personal knowledge,

set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant

is competent to testify on the matters stated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). Finally, “the mere

existence of a scintilla of evidence that supports the nonmoving party’s claims is

insufficient to defeat summary judgment.” Pack, 434 F.3d at 814 (alteration, internal

quotation marks, and citation omitted).

B. QUALIFIED IMMUNITY

In civil suits pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for money damages, qualified

immunity shields public officials who perform discretionary functions from the necessity

of defending against tort liability so long as their conduct does not violate clearly

established rights of which a reasonable official would have known. Harlow v.

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727 (1982); Fisher v. Harden, 398 F.3d 837,

842 (6th Cir. 2005). The doctrine is designed to avoid excessive disruption of

government and permit the resolution of many insubstantial claims on a motion to

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dismiss or for summary judgment. Harlow, supra, 452 U.S. at 818; Crockett v.

Cumberland College, 316 F.3d 571, 579 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Qualified immunity is

intended to serve the public interest by permitting officials to take action with

independence and without fear of consequences.” Id. (citations and internal punctuation

omitted).) It protects “all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the

law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 353, 341 (1986). Qualified immunity is an affirmative

defense; once asserted, the “burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that the defendant

is not entitled to qualified immunity.” Armstrong v. City of Melvindale, 432 F.3d 695,

699 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Sheets v. Mullins, 287 F.3d 581, 586 (6th cir. 2002)).

Whether qualified immunity applies turns on the “objective legal reasonableness”

of the official’s action, viewed on a fact-specific, case-by-case basis. Id. (citing O’Brien

v. City of Grand Rapids, 23 F.3d 990, 999 (6th Cir. 1994)). To assess whether a public

official is entitled to qualified immunity, the Supreme Court has established a two-part

test. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200, 121 S.Ct. 2151 (2001). First, the Court

must determine whether, considering the facts alleged in a light most favorable to the

party injured, a constitutional right has been violated. Id.; Crockett, 316 F.3d at 579. 

The second prong of the analysis asks whether the right was so clearly established that a

reasonable official would understand that the particular conduct at issue violated that

right. Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034 (1987); Estate of

Carter v. City of Detroit, 408 F.3d 305, 310-11 (6th Cir. 2005). Courts have discretion

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in deciding the order of consideration of these two prongs. Person v. Callahan, 129

S.Ct. 808, 818 (2009).

1. Whether Officer Miller Deprived Amy Artibee of a Constitutional Right

The Court first addresses whether Plaintiff has alleged facts that, viewed in the

light most favorable to her, demonstrate that Defendant’s conduct violated her

constitutional rights. The constitutional right implicated here is the Fourth Amendment

right to be arrested only with probable cause. Crockett, 316 F.3d at 580. Thus, the Court

must determine whether the evidence, when construed most favorably to Artibee, states a

claim that Defendant Miller arrested her without probable cause. See Pyles v. Raisor, 60

F.3d 1211, 1213 (6th Cir. 1995) (explaining that a § 1983 claim for wrongful arrest turns

on whether the officer had probable cause under the Fourth Amendment); Fridley v.

Horrighs, 291 F.3d 867, 872 (6th Cir.2002) (“In order for a wrongful arrest claim to

succeed under § 1983, a plaintiff must prove that the police lacked probable

cause.”(citing Painter v. Robertson, 185 F.3d 557, 569 (6th Cir.1999)).).

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that “[t]he

right of people to be secure in their persons. . . against unreasonable seizures. . . shall not

be violated.” U.S. Const., amend. IV. “Today it is well established that any arrest

without probable cause violates the Fourth Amendment.” Crockett, 316 F.3d at 580; see

also Klein v. Long, 275 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir. 2001); Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d

303, 315 (6th Cir. 2000); Ahlers v. Scheibl, 188 F.3d 365, 370 (6th Cir. 1999); cf., Baker

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v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 142-43, 99 S.Ct. 2689 (1979) (“By virtue of its

‘incorporation’ into the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fourth Amendment requires the

States to provide a fair and reliable determination of probable cause as a condition for

any significant pretrial restraint of liberty.” (citing Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103

(1975)).

For a police officer to have probable cause for arrest, there must be “facts and

circumstances within the officer’s knowledge that are sufficient to warrant a prudent

person, or one of reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the

suspect has committed, is committing or is about to commit an offense.” Michigan v.

DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 37, 99 S.Ct. 2627, 61 L.Ed.2d 343 (1979); see also Beck v.

Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964); Fridley, 291 F.3d at 872;

Klein, 275 F.3d at 550; Donovan v. Thames, 105 F.3d 291, 298 (6th Cir. 1997).

“Probable cause requires only the probability of criminal activity not some type of ‘prima

facie’ showing.” Criss v. City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 262 (6th Cir.1988); see also United

States v. Strickland, 144 F.3d 412, 415 (6th Cir.1998) (“The Fourth Amendment, after

all, necessitates an inquiry into probabilities, not certainty.”).

The probability of criminal activity is assessed under a reasonableness standard

based on “an examination of all facts and circumstances within an officer’s knowledge at

the time of an arrest.” Crockett, 316 F.3d at 580 (quoting Estate of Dietrich v. Burrows,

167 F.3d 1007, 1012 (6th Cir.1999)); see also Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 228, 112

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S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (“[T]he court should ask whether the agents acted

reasonably under settled law in the circumstances, not whether another reasonable, or

more reasonable, interpretation of the events can be constructed ... after the fact.”); Klein,

275 F.3d at 550 (“Probable cause is assessed ‘from the perspective of a reasonable

officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight [.]’ ”); Gardenhire,

205 F.3d at 315; Strickland, 144 F.3d at 415 (“[T]he Fourth Amendment does not require

that a police officer know a crime occurred at the time the officer arrests or searches a

suspect.”).

Once an officer establishes probable cause, he or she is under no obligation to

continue investigating and may instead pursue the arrest of a suspect. Crockett, 316 F.3d

at 580; Klein, 275 F.3d at 551 (“[O]nce a police officer has sufficient probable cause to

arrest, he need not investigate further.”); Ahlers, 188 F.3d at 371 (“Once probable cause

is established, an officer is under no duty to investigate further or to look for additional

evidence which may exculpate the accused.”); Criss, 867 F.2d at 263 (“A policeman,

however, is under no obligation to give any credence to a suspect’s story nor should a

plausible explanation in any sense require the officer to forego arrest pending further

investigation if the facts as initially discovered provide probable cause.”).

In this case, Officer Miller relied upon the statement of the victim of the crime,

Mr. Bollinger, and the documents Bollinger provided Miller, to establish probable cause. 

Bollinger told Miller that Amy Artibee had embezzled funds, forged checks and

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damaged his computers. Additionally, Bollinger produced documentation supporting his

complaint which included bank records and checks identified by Bollinger as having

been signed by Artibee using his name, without authorization. Bollinger pointed out the

pertinent evidence contained in these documents to Officer Miller. No one else worked

in Bollinger’s office besides Bollinger and Artibee. See Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 1.

The Sixth Circuit has held that “statements of victims and eyewitnesses of crimes

are entitled to a presumption of reliability and veracity without independent

corroboration.” United States v. Ingram, 985 F.2d 562 (6th Cir.1993). See also Ahlers v.

Schebil, supra, 188 F.3d at 370 (A victim’s eyewitness statements “based on firsthand

observations . . . are generally entitled to a presumption of reliability and veracity,” and

law enforcement officers are “entitled to rely on an eyewitness identification to establish

adequate probable cause with which to sustain an arrest.”); Peet v. City of Detroit, 502

F.3d 557, 564-65 (6th Cir. 2007); Franklin v. Miami University, 214 F. App’x 509, 512

(6th Cir. 2007).

Accordingly, when probable cause is established from a statement by a victim or

an eyewitness, the individual attacking probable cause must provide evidence that the

law enforcement officers had reason to believe the testimony of the witness was

untruthful or unreliable. Molnar v. Care House, 574 F. Supp. 2d 772,792 (E.D. Mich.

2008), aff’d, 359 F. App’x 623 (6th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 839 (2010); see

also Ahlers, supra.

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In Ahlers, a female prisoner accused a police officer of sexual misconduct. The

investigating officers relied on the alleged victim’s testimony to establish probable cause

and obtained a warrant to arrest Officer Ahlers. After charges were dropped, Ahlers

sought damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and argued that he had been charged and

arrested without sufficient probable cause. Id. at 369. In that case, the court found that

law enforcement officers may properly rely on firsthand testimony from a victim to

establish probable cause. The court stated that Ahlers was required to provide evidence

that the defendants had reason to believe the victim’s testimony was untruthful or

unreliable in order to sustain a claim that there were genuine issues of fact regarding the

existence of probable cause. Id. at 370–371 (“An eyewitness identification will constitute

sufficient probable cause unless, at the time of the arrest, there is an apparent reason for

the officer to believe that the eyewitness was lying, [or] did not accurately describe what

he had seen ....”) (internal quotations omitted; emphasis added). Because Ahlers

submitted no evidence to support a claim that the victim’s testimony was untruthful or

unreliable, the court found that there was probable cause. Id. at 371.

The same is true in this case. Although Plaintiff attempts to demonstrate

unreliability by pointing to Bollinger’s indebtedness, alcohol and substance abuse, and

the complaints Amy Artibee made in her resignation letter, she has failed to establish that

this was information of which Officer Miller was aware at the time of Artibee’s arrest. 

Officer Miller testified that he had never even met Bollinger prior to taking is complaint

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on October 1, 2013. He further testified that he knew nothing of Bollinger’s

indebtedness, alcohol or substance abuse, his marital status, the condition of his business

or anything else about him. As set forth above, the probable cause determination turns

on what a reasonable officer would conclude based on the facts and circumstances

known to him at the time of the arrest. The Sixth Circuit has repeatedly admonished

courts to “assess the existence of probable cause from the perspective of a reasonable

officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Radvansky v. City of

Olmsted Falls, 395 F.3d 291, 302 (6th Cir.2005) (citations omitted).

Plaintiff appears to be arguing that had Officer Miller investigated the allegations

she made in her resignation letter he would have determined that Bollinger had a reason

to fabricate his complaint about her forging his signature and embezzling funds, thereby

negating the probable cause determination. Plaintiff, however, ignores that “[o]nce a law

enforcement officer has “probable cause” he is under no duty to continue the

investigation to determine whether exculpatory evidence existed, and is under no

obligation to investigate, or give credence to, a suspect’s story or alibi.” Molnar v. Care

House, 574 F. Supp. 2d at 793 (citing Ahlers, 188 F.3d at 371). See also Logsdon v.

Hains, 492 F.3d 334 (6th Cir. 2007) (“After a law enforcement officer determines, on the

basis of the facts and circumstances known to him, that probable cause exists to support

an arrest, the officer has no further duty to investigate or to search for exculpatory

evidence.”).

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The question for a court reviewing a question of probable cause is not whether the

law enforcement officers conducted a thorough investigation, but whether the totality of

evidence actually in the possession of the officers would lead an objectively reasonable

officer to conclude the individual committed a crime. Molnar at 794. Moreover, the

mere fact an investigation is not “thorough” does not mean that an individual’s

constitutional rights have been violated. Id.

In sum, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to carry her burden of

showing that, at the time of the arrest, Officer Miller had reason to believe that Mark

Bollinger, or any of the evidence he provided the officer, was untruthful or unreliable. 

Based upon the statements and evidence Bollinger supplied, Officer Miller had probable

cause to arrest Amy Artibee on October 4, 2013. Because there was probable cause for

Artibee’s arrest, there was no constitutional violation. Therefore, there is no need for the

Court to analyze the second prong of the qualified immunity test. Saucier, 533 U.S. at

201, 121 S.Ct. 2151.

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IV. CONCLUSION

For all of the reasons set forth above in this Opinion and Order,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment

[Dkt. # 9] is GRANTED. Accordingly,

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Complaint be, and hereby is,

DISMISSED, in its entirety, with prejudice..

Let Judgment be entered accordingly.

s/Gerald E. Rosen 

Chief Judge, United States District Court

Dated: November 12, 2015

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon the parties and/or

counsel of record on November 12, 2015, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

s/Julie Owens 

Case Manager, (313) 234-5135

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