## TAB L E OF CONTENTS 4

. D R I N KI N GW A T E R I

N G E S T I O N

........................................... 4-1 4

. 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

............................................... 4-1 4.2 DRI NKI NG WATER I NGESTI ON STUDI ES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4

. 2

. 1 U

. S

. E P A , 2 0 0 4

........................................... 4-2 4.2.2. EPA Analy sis of CSFI I(USDA, 1998)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4

. 3 RE C O M M EN D A T I O N S

.......................................... 4-4 4

. 4 RE F E R EN C E S F O R C H A P T E R 4

.................................. 4-6

## L I ST OF TAB L ES Table 4- 1. Estimated Direc t and Indirec t Water Ing estion for Selec ted Ag e Categ ories De rived f r o mC S F I ID at a ....................................................... 4-7 Ta ble 4- 2. Es tim ate d D ir e c t and Ind ir e c t Co mmunit y

Wat e r I ng e sti on B y Sourc e fo r E nti re U. S. Ta ble 4- 3. Es tim ate d D ir e c t and Ind ir e c t Wate r I ng e sti on , A ll So ur c e s B y Ag e Cate g or y

fo r U .S. Ta ble 4- 4. Es tim ate d D ir e c t and Ind ir e c t Co mmunit y

Wat e r I ng e sti on B y Ag e Cate g or y

fo r U .S. Ta ble 4- 5. Es tim ate d D ir e c t and Ind ir e c t B ott le d Wate r I ng e sti on B y Ag e Cate g or y

fo r U .S. Ta ble 4- 6 E sti mate d D ir e c t and Ind ir e c t O the r Wate r I ng e sti on B y Ag e Cate g or y

fo r U .S. P o p u l at i o n( A l l A g e s ) a



## .................................................. 4-8 C h i l dr e n ............................................................. 4-9 C h i l dr e n ............................................................ 4-10 C h i l dr e n ............................................................ 4-11 C h i l dr e n ............................................................ 4-12 Table 4- 7. Summary of Recommende d Communi ty DrinkingWater Ing estion Rates

. . . . . 4-13 Table 4- 8. Confidence in Water Ing estion Recommendations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4 . DR I NK I NG W AT E R I NG E S T I ON

4 . 1 I NT RO DU CT I ON Drinkingwater is a potential source of human e x posure to toxi c substance s among children. Contamination of drinkingwater may occur at the water supply source (ground water or surfa ce w ater); duringtreatment ( for e x ample toxi c by-produc ts may be for med during chlorination); or post-tre atment (such a s leac hing of lead or other mate rials from plumbing sy stems). Estimating the ma gnitude of the potential dose of tox ics from drinkingwater require s information on the quantity of water c onsumed. The pur pose of this section is to describe key published studies that provide information on drinkingwater inge stion among c hildren (Sec tion 4.2) and to provide rec ommendations of ing estion rate va lues that should be used in exposure assessments (Sec tion 4.3). Currently , the U.S. EPA uses the quantity 1 Lper da y

for infa nts (individuals of 10 kg body mass or less) a nd children a s a def ault drinkingwater inge stion rate (U .S. EPA, 1980; 1991). This rate includes drinkingwater consumed in the for m of juices re constituted in the home and other bever ag es conta ining tapw ater
. The National Acade my of Scienc es (NA S, 1977) estimated that daily consumption of water may vary with levels of phy sical ac tivity and fl uc tuatio ns in t e mpe ratur e and humid ity

. It is re a so na ble to a ssume tha t c hil dr e n e ng a g ingin phy sically -dema nding a ctivities or living in war mer re g ions may have higher le vels of water inge stion. Two studies cited in this chapter (US EPA, 2004 and EPA Ana ly sis of CSFI I ) have g ener ated data on drinkingwater inge stion rates. In g ener al, these sour ces suppor t EPA's use of 1 L/day as an uppe r-pe rce ntile tapwater inge stion rate for children unde r 10 year s of ag e. The responde nts recor ded the sourc e and ty pe of w ater inge sted at home a nd awa y

from home. The responde nts had sever al choice s for the sour ce of water inge sted at home. The se included community water supply , household well or r ain cistern, house hold or public spring , bottled water and other

. Simi larly , the re spondents had seve ral c hoices for the source of water ing ested
awa y

from home. The choice s included tap/fountain, bottled, other , don’t know, and not
as ce rt ai n . Va l u es as s o ci at edwi th“d o n ’tkn o w” an d “n o tas ce rt ai n ” w er e r ef erre d t o as “m i s s i n g” in Table 4-2. U .S. EPA 2004 and the subsequent a naly sis by EPA of the CSFI Idata c lassified water inge stion rates as dire ct and indire ct. Direct ingestion is defined a s direct c onsumption of 4-1

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 pla in w ate r a s a be ve ra g e at ho me and awa y

fr om h ome fr om a ll s ourc e s in c lud ingta p/f ounta in
wa t er fr o mco mmun i ty wa t er s u p p l y , h o u s eh o l d we l l o r r ai nci s t ern , h o u s eh o l d o r p ub l i c s p ri n g, and bottled. It does not include water used f or pre paringbever ag es such a s coff ee or tea. Indirect ingestion inc lud e s w ate r a dd e d d uringfo od pr e pa ratio n, but no t w ate r i ntrins ic to purcha sed foods. Indirec t water includes for example, water used to prepa re ba by formulas, c ake mix , and conc entrated ora ng e juice. I n addition to presentingdata on dire ct and indire ct wate r i n g e s t i o n , d at a f

o r

c o n s ump t i o no f w at e r f

r o mv ar i o u s s o ur c e s ( i

. e . , th e c o m mun i ty w at e r s u p p l y, bo ttl e d w ate r, and oth e r s ourc e s) are a lso pr e se nte d. F or the purp os e s o f e xpos ur e a sse ssm e nts inv olv ingsit e -s pe c if ic c ontamin ate d d ri nk ingwate r, ing e sti on rate s b a se d o n th e c ommun ity supply are most appropriate

. Given the a ssumption that bottled water , and other purcha sed foods and beve rag es ar e widely distributed and less likely to contain source -spec ific water, the use of total water inge stion rates may overe stimate the potential exposure to tox ic substance s prese nt only in local wate r supplies; theref ore, ta pwater inge stion of community water , rathe r than total water inge stion, is emphasiz ed in this section.

Th e stu die s o n d ri nk ingwate r i ng e sti on tha t a re c ur re ntl y ava ila ble are ba se d o n s ho rt
term surve y data ( two day s). Although short-term data may be suitable for obtaining me an or median ing estion values that ar e re prese ntative of both short- a nd long- term ing estion distributions , upper a nd lower - perc entile values ma y

be diffe rent for short-term a nd long- term data. It should also be noted that most drinking water surve y s curr ently available are based on
rec all. This may be a sour ce of uncer tainty in the estimated ing estion rates be cause of the subjective nature of this ty pe of sur vey technique. The a ctual per centile distributions for water ing estion are prese nted in this handbook, wher e suff icient data a re a vailable. To f acilitate c omparisons betwe en studies, the mea n and the 90th perc entiles are g iven for a ll studi es. Other drinking water studies base d on older data wer e pre sented in the Ex po su reFa c tor s Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997a).

4 . 2 DRI NK I NG W ATER I NG ES TI ON S TUDI ES 4.2.1 U.S. EPA, 2004 The U.S. EPA ana ly zed the combined 1994-96 a nd 1998 Continui ngSurvey of F ood Intake by Individuals (CSFI I ) data sets to examine the inge stion of water by various segments of 4-2

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 th e U

. S

. p o p u l at i o n . T h e C S F II i s a c o nt i nu i n gs ur v e y o f f

o o d c o n s ump t i o nh a b i t s i nth e U

. S

. In the initial 1994-96 survey , over 15,000 r espondents provide d data on what they ate a nd drank over two non- consec utive day s; a 1998 supplement usingthe same me thodology added se vera l tho us and c hil dr e n to the data ba se . T he 19 94 -9 6 s ur ve y and 19 98 su pp le me nt a re re fe rr e d to collectively as CSFI I1994-96, 1998. Eac h individual in the survey was a ssigne d a sample w eight based on his or he r demographic data; these weights were taken into ac count when c alculating
mean a nd perc entile wate r ing estion from various sources. The U.S. EPA used the drinkingwater i n ges t i o nd at a i nth e C S FI I1 9 9 4 -9 6 , 1 9 9 8 t o d er i v e e s t i m at es o f c o n s ump t i o nrat es b y age groups. The ing estion rates a re e x presse d in both mil lilit ers pe r day (mL/day ) and millilit ers pe r th th 

## kilogr am body weight per da y

(mL/kg/da y

). Table 4-1 pre sents the estimated mea n, 90 , and 95 perc entile ing estion of wate r, includingboth direct a nd indirect sourc es. The princ ipal advanta g es of this study are (1) that the sur vey was de signe d to obtain a statistically valid sample of the e ntire United States population that included c hildren and low income groups ; (2) sample weights were provided that fa cilitated prope r ana ly sis of the data a nd
acc ounted for non- response ; and (3) that the sample size (more than 20,000 pe rsons) is sufficie nt to allow cate g orization withi n narr owly define d ag e categ ories. Howe ver, the design of the survey has some we aknesse s, including the prac tice of sur veying e ach pa rticipant on only two da y s; this re du c e s th e pr e c isi on of the me a sure me nt f or

e a c h in div idu a l and ma y

te nd to exagg erate the ef fec ts of persons on both extremes of the distribution of ing estion, although the de gre e to whic h th is m ay ha pp e n is unkn own. Al so , th e de sign o f t he stu dy , whil e be ingwe llta ilo re d f or

the ov e ra ll p op ulatio n o f t he Un ite d St ate s a nd c on du c te d thro ugho ut t he ye ar t o a c c ount f or

se a so na l va ri atio n, is o f l imi te d util ity fo r a sse ssi ngsma ll a nd po te nti a lly at- ri sk
su bp op ulatio ns ba se d o n e thn ic ity , me dic a l st atus , g e ogra phy , o r o the r f a c tor s su c h a s a c tiv ity le ve l.

4.2.2. EPAAnalysis of CSF II (USDA, 1998) The water ing estion study described in the pre vious section yielded usef ul results for direc t and indirec t water inge stion (Table 4-1) . Howeve r, the a g e categ ories used by the investigators wer e not compatible with the standa rdized ag e categ ories used in this Handbook. Water ing estion for the ta rg et ag e groups of this Handbook we re de rived fr om the CSFI I

.

4-3

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 In the ana ly sis of the CSFI I1994-96, 1998, data (US EPA, 2004) total wate r ing estion was de fined a s consisting of c ommunity water supply , bottled water , other sourc es, and missing
so ur c e s. Mis sin gso ur c e s r e pr e se nt w ate r s ourc e s th at th e surv e y re sp on de nt w a s una ble to identify

. In addition to these source s, the data a lso disti nguish betwee n direc t and indirec t water consumption. Direct c onsumption i s water consumed dire ctly from the tap while indirect consumption is water a dded duringfinal food or bever ag e preparation in the home or food establishment (e.g ., restaur ants, school ca fete rias). I n this Handbook, indirect a nd direc t water use we re not distinguishe d. Table 4- 2 provides the e stimates for the mea n direc t and indirec t wate r c on sumpt ion , b ro ke n d own b y wate r s ourc e , f or

the e nti re U. S. p op ulatio n, inc lud ingbo th
c hil dr e n a nd a du lts

. A lso inc lud e d a re e sti mate s o f t he 90 th 

## pe rc e nti le and the 95 th 

## pe rc e nti le inge stion rates. Table s 4-3 through 4-6 show mea n and per centile c onsumption, ex presse d as mL/day and ml/kg/da y , of all water, c ommunity water , bottled water , and other water , respe ctively , for e ach of the targ et ag e categ ories. Th e data sh owthat th e qu anti ty of wate r i ng e ste d p e r u nit ma ss o f b od y

we ight i s at a maxi mum in the first month of life and dec rea ses with incre asingag e (Ta ble 4-3). T he signif ic anc e of thi s f ind ing is that th e young e r, vu lne ra ble a g e s ( i.e ., inf ants ) h ave highe r d os e rate s per unit of body weight. The patter n of higher dose rate per unit of body weight is sim ilar for individual source s of wate r (e .g ., community water , bottled water , and other water (Table s, 4­ 4, 4-5, and 4- 6.) Th e CSF I I19 94 -9 6, 19 98 data have bo th s tr e ngths and lim itatio ns wi th r e g ard to estimating w ater inge stion. These ar e discussed in some de tail in Chapter 8 of US EPA (2004). Th e str e ngths lie in t he de sign o f t he surv e y in t hat it wa s c on str uc te d to c oll e c t a statis tic a lly repr esentative sample of the U .S. population (i.e., obtain data fr om a suffic iently larg e and va ried sample set) a nd the survey was spec ific in detailingty pes and c ompositi on with respec t to water of food a nd drink. The larg e size of the sample population (> 20,000) total and ove r samplingof
c hil dr e n e nh anc e s th e pr e c isi on and a c c ur a c y of the e sti mate s f or

the ov e ra ll p op ula tio n a nd c hil d population subsets. Data we re c ollected f or only 2day s and does not nec essarily repr esent “ usual int ake .” “ Us ua l di e tary int ake ” re fe rs to t he lon g -r un ave ra g e of da ily int ake s b y an in div idu a l. Thus , u pp e r p e rc e nti le e sti mate s ma y

dif fe r b e tw e e n s ho rt te rm and lon g -t e rm data be c a us e sh ortte rm fo od c on sumpt ion data te nd to b e inh e re ntl y mor e va ri a ble . H ow e ve r, tha t va ri a bil ity du e to short term duration of the survey does not result in bias of e stimates of overa ll mean 4-4

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 c on sumpt ion le ve ls ( U. S. 2 00 4) . In a dd iti on , th e surv e y wa s c on du c te d o n n on -c on se c uti ve da y s, which improves the va rianc e over consec utive day s of consumption. The surve y was administered suc h that an intervie wer went through the data c ollection proce ss for the initial day to show the participa nts the proper response methodology

. The sec ond day of the surve y was repor ted by the par ticipant. The two non-c onsecutive da y s of data c ollection, although an advanta g e over two consec utive day s, provides limited information on individual respondents. The two-da y

mean f or an individual ca n easily be skew ed for numerous re asons. Estimation at the ind ivi du a l r e sp on de nt l e ve l w a s n ot, ho we ve r, an o bje c tiv e of the surv e y . T he larg e sampl e does provide use ful information on the ove rall distribution of inge stion by the population and sh ou ld r e fl e c t a de qu ate ly the ra ng e amon gre sp on de nt v ari a bil ity . Ano the r l imi tatio n o f t he se data is that the surve y design does not support g ener atingwater consumption estimates for
cer tain populations of interest, includingNative Ame rica ns with traditional lifestyles, people who may consume larg e amounts live in hot climates, people who consume larg e amounts of water beca use of phy sical ac tivity , and people with medical conditions nec essitating inc rea sed water intake. While these individuals were participa nts in the survey , they arenot present in suff icient
numbe rs to s up po rt se pa rate wate r i ng e sti on e sti mate s.

4 . 3 RE COM M EN DAT I ONS The studies desc ribed in this section wer e used in sele ctingrec ommended drinkingwater inge stion rates for children. Asummary of the re commended va lues for drinking water ing estion
rate s is pr e se nte d in Ta ble 4- 7. Th e ing e sti on rate s, a s e xpre sse d a s mL /kg/da y , g e ne ra lly decr ease with ag e. A cha rac terization of the over all confide nce in the a ccur acy and appr opriatene ss of the
rec ommendations for drinkingwater is presente d in Table 4-8. T he Exposure Fa ctors Ha ndbook (U.S. EPA, 1997a) g ave this fa ctor a medium confidenc e rating. How ever , the conf idence score of the ove rall re commendations has be en incr ease d to high f or this report be cause of the a ddition of new er data from the CSFI I1994-96, 1998.

4-5

## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 4 . 4 RE F ER EN CE S F OR CHAP TE R 4

N at i onal Academ y of Sci enc es ( N A S). ( 19 77 ) D r i nk i ng wat er an d hea l t h. V ol

. 1. W as hi ng t on, D C : N at i onal A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s-N a tio n a l R e se a rc h C o u n c il. U SD A

. ( 19 98 ) Co nt i nu i ng s ur vey of f

oo d i nt ake s by i ndi vi dual s : 199 4- 96 , 199 8. U

. S. D epar t ment of Agr i cul t ur e, A gr i cul t ur al Rese ar ch Ser vi ce. U

. S. E P A

. ( 19 80 ) U

. S. E nv i r onment al P r ot ect i on Agenc y . W at er qual i t y cr i t er i a document s ; av ai l abi l i t y . Feder al Reg i s t er , ( N ov embe r 28) 45( 231) : 79318- 79379. U .S

. E P A

. (1 9 9 1 ) N a tio n a l p rim a ry d rin k ing w a te r re g u la tio n s; fi n a l ru le

. F e d e ra l R e g ister

. 5 6 (2 0 ):3 5 2 6 -3 5 9 7

. Ja n u ar y 30, 1991. U .S

. E P A

. (1 9 9 7 a ) E x p o su re F a c to rs H a n d b o o k

. W a sh ing to n , D C : O ff ic e o f R e se a rc h a n d D e v e lo p m e n t, (E P A / 6 0 0 / P

- 9 5 / 0 0 2 F). U

. S. E P A

. ( 20 04 ) E s t i mat ed P er Cap i t a W at er I ng es t i on an d B od y W ei gh t i n t he U ni t ed St at es

— an U pd at e: B as ed on D at a Col l ec t ed by t h e U n i t ed St at es D epa r t men t of Ag r i cu l t u r e’ s 1994- 96 a n d 1998 Con t i n u i n g Su r v ey of Food I n t ak es by I n di v i du al s . EP A O f f i ce of W at er . EP A- 822- R- 00- 001. O ct ober 2004.



## 4-6T a b le 4 -1 . E stim a te d D ire c t an d In d ire c t W a te r In g e stio n fo r S e le c te d A g e C a te g o rie s D e riv e d fro m C S F II D a ta

A ge Ca tegory

l e s s th an 6 m o nth s Samp le Si ze (N)

772 mL /day
448 M ean

mL /kg/day
77 mL /day 957 90 th Percenti leI ngesti on

mL /kg/day mL /day 174 1154 95 th mL /kg/day 216
6 m o nth s to <1 y e ar 714 530 59 1029 118 1278 148

bir

th to <2 y e ar s 2526 420 49 900 117 1079 150
1 t o <4 y e ar s 3855 424 31 823 60 1029 75
4 t o <7 y e ar s 3202 545 27 1053 53 1303 68
bir

th to <6 y e ar s 7973 470 36 937 76 1132 104
7 t o <1 1 y e ar s 1100 607 20 1129 36 1418 45
11 t o <1 5 y e ar s 816 811 16 1622 32 1961 40
15 t o <2 0 y e ar s 825 991 15 1894 29 2385 38 20 ye ar s an d o l de r 9323 1460 20 2549 35 3194 44

Sou r ce : U

. S. EP A, 2004



## 4-7T ab l e 4

- 2

. E st i m ated D i rec t an d Ind i rec t C o m m un i t y W ater In ge st i o n B y So urc e fo r E nti re U .S. P o p ulati o n (A l l A ge s) a



### W a t e rSo ur c e Sa mpl e Si ze Me an b 

### 90 P er ce nt il e th b 

### 95 P er ce nt il e th b


### mL/day mL/kg/day mL/day mL/kg/day mL/day mL/kg/day Com m

unity Water S upply 20, 607 927 15 2,0 16 32 2,5 45 42 Bottled Water 20, 607 163 3 473 11 911 22 Othe r So urces 20, 607 128 2 296 7 947 18 MissingSo urces c 

### 20, 607 16 0.3 0 0 0 0 All S ources 20, 607 1, 233 20 2, 141 48 2, 707 65

a Estimate s ar e base d on 2- day av e rag e s f or

non- cons e cutiveday s. b “Al l S ou r c es ” m ay n ot b e ex a c t ly th e s u mof th e o th er s ou r c es i n th e t ab le du e t o we i gh t i n g f a c t or s ap p li ed t o e a c h i n d i vi du a l i n th e s u rve y. c M i s s i n g s ou r c es ar e t h os e s ou r c es of wa t er th a tth e s u rve y re s p on d en twa s u n ab le t o i d en t i f y. S o ur ce : U .S . E P A A

naly s is o f CS F I I 199 4- 96, 199 8



## 4-8T abl e 4- 3. Est i mat ed D i r ect an d In di r ect W at er I ng es t i on, Al l Sour ces B y Age Cat egor y f or U

. S. Chi l dren

A g e (y ea rs ) Sam ple Size Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml / p e r s o n - d ay) Mean Min 1 st 2 nd 5 th 10 th 25 th 5 0 th 75 th 9 0 th 95 th 98 th 99 th Max birt h to <1 m onth 91 301 0 0 0 0 0 0 163 544 855 974 1076 1541 1541 1 to <3 m onths 253 368 0 0 0 0 0 0 268 696 891 1022 1177 1276 1941 3 to <6 m onths 428 528 0 0 0 0 0 89 550 812 1026 1303 1458 1516 2686 6 to <12 m onths 714 530 0 0 0 0 37 182 506 771 1032 1282 1523 1695 2034

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 358 0 0 0 30 68 148 286 479 735 985 1188 1281 2008 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 437 0 11 20 53 104 211 372 588 828 1008 1334 1681 2884 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 514 0 4 22 67 126 251 439 682 980 1206 1535 1798 4081 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 600 0 8 35 111 170 305 503 802 1132 1409 1704 2171 4281 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 835 0 12 65 140 225 401 667 1100 1649 1962 2561 3194 6105 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 1027 0 0 6 104 207 403 770 1341 2014 2599 3860 4943 13358 Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml /k g - d ay) birt h to <1 m onth 91 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 171 236 269 332 485 485 1 to <3 m onths 253 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 134 172 247 298 375 534 3 to <6 m onths 428 72 0 0 0 0 0 7 70 117 149 187 214 224 288 6 to <12 m onths 714 56 0 0 0 0 0 15 50 84 117 145 171 195 254

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 30 0 0 0 0 4 12 24 39 62 84 105 121 201 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 30 0 0 0 0 4 13 25 40 59 72 94 129 173 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 27 0 0 0 0 3 12 23 37 54 68 85 101 213 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 20 0 0 0 0 3 9 17 26 38 48 63 75 110 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 16 0 0 0 2 4 7 13 20 31 39 52 61 96 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 15 0 0 0 1 3 6 12 20 32 43 75 0 161
Sou r ce of D at a: U SD A Cont i n u i n g Su r v ey of Food I n t ak es by I n di v i du al s ( CSFI I ) , 1994- 96, 1998



## 4-9T abl e 4- 4. Est i mat ed D i r ect an d In di r ect Co mm un i t y W at er I ng es t i on B y Age Cat egor y f or U

. S. Chi l dren

A g e (y ea rs ) Sam ple Size Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml / p e r s o n - d ay) Mean a Min 1 st 2 nd 5 th 10 th 25 th 5 0 th 75 th 9 0 th 95 th 98 th 99 th Max birt h to <1 m onth 91 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 353 709 856 859 957 957 1 to <3 m onths 253 359 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 459 815 918 1124 1177 1525 3 to <6 m onths 428 464 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 696 930 1056 1351 1443 2104 6 to <12 m onths 714 436 0 0 0 0 0 17 220 628 886 1056 1385 1523 2034

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 303 0 0 0 0 0 60 188 404 632 842 1076 1216 2008 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 351 0 0 0 0 0 79 246 480 684 879 1075 1393 2884 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 409 0 0 0 0 4 98 291 548 834 1078 1387 1682 2963 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 475 0 0 0 0 22 133 352 649 980 1237 1557 1974 2691 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 656 0 0 0 0 31 182 473 829 1344 1619 2104 2589 6105 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 819 0 0 0 0 21 219 591 1049 1716 2299 3397 3883 13358 Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml /k g - d ay) birt h to <1 m onth 91 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 198 234 269 269 269 1 to <3 m onths 253 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 150 205 289 316 375 3 to <6 m onths 428 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 95 134 159 203 216 288 6 to <12 m onths 714 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 68 101 125 170 185 254

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 26 0 0 0 0 0 4 16 34 52 70 96 107 177 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 25 0 0 0 0 0 4 16 32 48 59 82 111 162 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 24 0 0 0 0 0 4 15 30 46 60 79 93 213 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 18 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 21 33 43 58 71 110 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 13 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 16 25 33 42 54 96 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 12 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 16 25 33 45 63 161
Sou r ce of D at a: U SD A Cont i n u i n g Su r v ey of Food I n t ak es by I n di v i du al s ( CSFI I ) , 1994- 96, 1998
a 

### The m ean v alues are for consum ers on ly ; while the perc entiles re ferred to the who le po pulation

.



## 4- 10T abl e 4- 5. Est i mat ed D i r ect an d In di r ect B ot t l ed W at er I ng es t i on B y Age Cat egor y f or U

. S. Chi l dren

A g e (y ea rs ) Sam ple Size Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml / p e r s o n - d ay) Mean a Min 1 st 2 nd 5 th 10 th 25 th 50 t0h 75 th 9 0 th 95 th 98 th 99 th Max birt h to <1 m onth 91 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 460 576 993 1541 1541 1 to <3 m onths 253 331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 579 790 896 1070 1941 3 to <6 m onths 428 415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 585 774 1164 1458 1516 6 to <12 m onths 714 355 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 506 762 1051 1338 1736

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 246 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 216 355 635 810 1834 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 319 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 281 495 750 1006 2737 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 361 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 532 828 1045 2917 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 425 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 340 532 850 1079 3808 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 542 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 384 710 1183 1431 3135 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 473 946 1710 2366 4880 Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml /k g - d ay) birt h to <1 m onth 91 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 134 268 317 485 485 1 to <3 m onths 253 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 164 175 295 534 3 to <6 m onths 428 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 114 150 197 220 6 to <12 m onths 714 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 50 86 112 140 225

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 28 55 67 184 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 36 55 83 140 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 29 45 58 147 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 28 38 94 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 13 22 33 54 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 27 30 63
Sou r ce of D at a: U SD A Cont i n u i n g Su r v ey of Food I n t ak es by I n di v i du al s ( CSFI I ) , 1994- 96, 1998
a 

### The m ean v alues are for consum ers on ly ; while the perc entiles re ferred to the who le po pulation

.



## 4- 11T abl e 4- 6 E s t i mat ed D i r ect an d In di r ect O t her W at er I ng es t i on B y Age Cat egor y f or U

. S. Chi l dren

A ge (y ears) Sam ple Size Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml / p e r s o n - d ay) Mean a Min 1 st 2 nd 5 th 10 th 25 th 5 0 th 75 th 9 0 th 95 th 98 th 99 th Max birt h to <1 m onth 91 166 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 353 422 550 1 to <3 m onths 253 276 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 397 560 691 1183 3 to <6 m onths 428 431 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 386 740 941 2597 6 to <12 m onths 714 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 411 720 963 1478

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 253 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 412 482 1495 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 347 587 739 1652 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 396 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 345 660 831 4052 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 181 470 843 1049 2015 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 640 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 346 794 1183 1726 3244 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 598 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 446 857 1658 2729 Q u an t i ty, P e r c e n t i l e s ( ml /k g - d ay) birt h to <1 m onth 91 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 130 173 1 to <3 m onths 253 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 110 149 237 3 to <6 m onths 428 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 106 170 260 6 to <12 m onths 714 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 79 95 171

1 to <2 y ea rs 1040 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 45 150 2 to <3 y ea rs 1056 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 22 39 60 173 3 to <6 y ea rs 4391 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 35 47 133 6 to <11 y ea rs 1670 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 29 36 73 11 to <16 y ea rs 1005 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 14 25 35 65 16 to <21 y ea rs 752 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 14 27 46 

### Source o f D ata: U SD A ContinuingSurv ey of Foo d Intak es b y Indiv iduals (CS FI I ), 1 994- 96, 19 98
a 

### The m ean v alues are for consum ers on ly ; while the perc entiles re ferred to the who le po pulation

.



## 4- 12T abl e 4- 7. Summary of Recom mended C om muni t y D r i nk i ng W at er I ng es t i on Rat es a

M ean Per c en t i les b A ge Ca tegory Re fe re nce 50 th 90 th 95 th mL /day mL /kg- day mL /day mL /kg- day mL /day mL /kg- day mL /day mL /kg- day bi rth to <1 mont h 29 7 86 0 0 70 9 19 8 85 6 23 4 Table 4-4

1 t o <3 mont hs 35 9 74 0 0 81 5 15 0 91 8 20 5 Table 4-4
3 t o <6 mont hs 46 4 67 14 8 12 93 0 13 4 10 56 15 9 Table 4-4
6 t o <1 2 m ont hs 43 6 49 22 0 19 88 6 10 1 10 56 12 5 Table 4-4

1 t o <2 y ears 30 3 46 18 8 16 63 2 52 84 2 70 Table 4-4
2 t o <3 y ears 35 1 25 24 6 16 68 4 48 87 9 59 Table 4-4
3 t o <6 y ears 40 9 24 29 1 15 83 4 46 10 78 60 Table 4-4
6 t o <1 1 ye ars 47 5 18 35 2 11 98 0 33 12 37 43 Table 4-4
11 to <1 6 ye ars 65 6 13 47 3 9 13 44 25 16 19 33 Table 4-4
16 to <2 1 ye ars 81 9 12 59 1 9 17 16 25 22 99 33 Table 4-4

a Community w ate r includes both dir e ct and indire ct w ate r co nsumption ( e .g ., pl ain w ate r, w ate r us e d to pr e parefo ods and bev e rag e s) b L o w e r pe r ce nti l e s ar e s ho wn i n T abl e 4- 4.



## 4- 13T abl e 4- 8. Co nf idenceinW at e r I

ng e s ti o n Re co mm e ndati o ns Co ns ider at io ns Rati o nal e Rati ng Study E le m ents
• L e ve lo f pe e r r e view T he CSF I I 1994 -96, 1998 had thor ough SAB e xpe rt pane lre view . , T he EP A an aly s is o f th e CS F I I dataus e d t o e s ti mateth e recommend ed values in th is Ha nd bookusedth e same method olo gy a s wa s r evi ewed a n dap p rov edb y th e SAB , b u tth e p a rt i c u la r va lu es havenot be e n pee r r e vie w e d. Me dium

• A cc essib ilit y The source da ta are availab lefrom the sp onsorin g agency. High

• Reprodu ci bi lity M ethod s are w el l-describ ed. High
• F ocus o n facto r o f inte re st T he studie s ar e dire ctl y re l e vant totapw ate r, and data of simil ar qu a li ty were p rov i d edfor o th er wat er so u rc es High

• Data perti nen t t o U.S. See“represent at iveness” b el ow . NA
• Primary da ta The CSF I I 19 94 -96 , 1 99 8 c ont ai ns pri mary dat a on recall of ing e s ti o n. High

• Cur r e ncy D at a w e r e co l l e ct e d be tw e e n 19 94 and 1 998. Me dium
• A deq ua cy of dat a coll ecti on period These are two -da y averagein gestion da ta
. How ever, long term varia bi lity may be small. Their u se as a ch roni c in gestion measu re can beas s um e d. Me dium

• Validi ty of app roach The app roach w as c ompeten tly ex ecut ed. High
• Study siz e T he CSF I I 1994 -96, 1998 had suf ficie nt sampl e popul ations (i. e ., 1 1 , 0 0 0 ) fo r th e s tu dy. High

• Repr e s e ntati v e ne s s o f th e pop ulat ion The CSF I I 19 94 -96 , 1 99 8 was valid at ed as d emogr ap hi ca lly represe nt at ive of th e U.S. pop ulat ion , b ut may not b e represent at ive of

spe cific s e gm e nts o f thepopul ation that may be o f inte re st. Me dium

• Ch arac terizati on of v ariabil ity The fulldi stri bu ti ons we re g iven i n t he ma in stu dy. High

• L ac k of b ia s in stu dy design (h i gh ra t i n g i s d esi rab le) Bi as was notap pa rent. High

• Me as ur e ment e r r o r N o phy s ic alm e as ur e me nts w e r e take n. T he m e tho d r e l ie d o n r e ce nt r e ca l lo f s tandar diz e d v o lum e s o f drink ingw at e r co nta ine r s , and w as no t v al idated. Me dium

Other El em ents
• Numb er o f stu di es Therew as on e key stu dy fo r th e re commen da ti ons. High
• Agreemen tb etween re search ers N/A L ow Ov erall Ratin g The dat a are excel le nt an d a cc epta bly cu rrent. Howe ver , ma y not be r e pr e s e ntati v e o f s pe ci f ic s e g ments o f th e po pul at io n. Hi gh


## 4- 14

## 4- 15