In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-14-00172-CR

GERALD MAC LOWREY, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 6th District Court

Lamar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 25492

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Moseley
2

O P I N I O N

A jury found Gerald Mac Lowrey guilty of theft of material (aluminum, copper, bronze, or 

brass) in an amount valued at less than $20,000.00.1 Following the jury’s verdict of guilty, the 

trial court assessed Lowrey’s punishment and sentenced him to two years’ confinement in the State 

Jail Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, but probated the sentence and placed 

Lowrey on community supervision for five years. 

On appeal, Lowrey contends (1) that the trial court erred when it refused to issue a writ of 

attachment for a defense witness, (2) that the trial court erred when it denied Lowrey’s motion for 

continuance, and (3) that there was insufficient evidence to prove the identity of the victim as 

alleged in the indictment, or in the alternative, that there was a material and fatal variance between 

the victim’s name as alleged in the indictment and the name proved at trial. 

For the reasons below, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied 

Lowrey’s request for a writ of attachment or his motion for a continuance and that the evidence 

was sufficient for the jury to find Lowrey guilty of the offense of theft of material valued at less 

than $20,000.00. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

I. Background

Joe Tex Express2is a Texas company located in Mount Vernon, Texas, which is engaged 

in the business of shipping metals, machinery, lumber, building materials, railroad materials, and 

 

1The State originally indicted Lowrey for two counts of theft. Prior to trial, the State abandoned count one of the 

indictment, and it was dismissed by the trial court on August 1, 2014. 

2The actual name is Joe Tex Xpress, Inc. The parties refer to the company as “Joe Tex Express,” “Joe Tex,” and “Joe 

Tex Xpress.” For purposes of this opinion, we will refer to the company as “Joe Tex Express.” 
3

various other things. Lowrey was an owner-operator working under contract with Joe Tex Express 

from 2010 until 2013, at which time the company terminated his employment.3 On or about May 1, 

2013, Lowrey transported a load of crates containing copper bars from Hussey Copper in Kentucky 

to Schneider Electric and Eaton Electric in El Paso, Texas. During the delivery, Joe Tex Express 

assumed the responsibility of “taking care of the copper.” Although Lowrey had the permission 

of Joe Tex Express to assume control over the shipment in order to haul it, he did not have the 

company’s permission to dispose of any part of the shipment or to sell it for his own use. 

Upon his arrival at Schneider Electric, Lowrey and a Schneider Electric employee 

discovered that a crate had been tampered with and was missing some copper. After making the 

discovery, Lowrey contacted a Joe Tex Express dispatcher to say his load had been “shorted.”4 

Presumably after receiving the information from the dispatcher, the chief financial officer for Joe 

Tex Express, Angela Dunavant, contacted Lowrey to discuss the situation. About May 2, 2013, 

Hussey Copper notified Dunavant that when Lowrey arrived at Schneider Electric, one of the 

crates it received had been opened and was missing copper bars. 

On May 4, 2013, Lowrey reported to Deputy Keith Draper, who worked for the Lamar 

County Sheriff’s Office, that someone had stolen “[f]orty-one sticks” of flat copper tubing from 

his load. While he was discussing the theft with Draper, Lowrey indicated that he had previously 

borrowed his daughter-in-law’s truck and had gone to Paris Iron and Metal to sell some “scrap.” 

 

3

Joe Tex Express terminated Lowrey’s employment due to the events leading up to his arrest. 

4

It is unclear from the record exactly when Lowrey contacted the dispatcher. 
4

After taking the report from Lowrey, Draper contacted Joel Chipman, an investigator for 

the Criminal Investigation Division (CID) of the Lamar County Sheriff’s Office. When Chipman 

began his investigation of the theft, he reviewed Draper’s report and found that Lowrey had 

described the stolen property as “copper bars being about a quarter inch thick, four-inches wide 

and twelve feet long” with a silver-colored coating believed to be aluminum. On May 15, 2013, 

Chipman went to Paris Iron and Metal and asked if they had received any copper bars. In response 

to his inquiry, he was told, “I know exactly what you’re talking about.” Chipman reported that the 

officials at Paris Iron and Metal revealed that it had received approximately twelve such bars, at 

least five of which were four-inch wide bars and looked like “they were kept very well” and had 

“no significant marring.” Chipman took photographs of the copper and obtained the receipt that 

had been issued to Lowrey on May 1, 2013, showing that Lowrey had received $1,896.00 for “790 

pounds of number two copper,” at $2.40 per pound. Chipman also obtained a photograph of 

Lowrey that was taken at Paris Iron and Metal on the day he sold the copper to the business. In 

the photograph, Lowrey was standing next to “some metal.” 

Soon afterwards, Chipman interviewed Lowrey and “asked him about the scrap” he had 

sold to Paris Iron and Metal. Lowrey explained to Chipman that he had a relative who worked for 

the telephone company and who had given Lowrey approximately 400 pounds of copper in the 

form of “old wire and scraps to sell.” Chipman showed Lowrey the photograph he had gotten 

from Paris Iron and Metal. When Chipman inquired as to why there was no “old wire” shown in 

the photograph, Lowrey responded, “[W]ell, they didn’t take a picture of it.” Chipman replied, 
5

“Nobody is going to believe that’s scrap. Why are you -- why are you -- you’re trying to pass this 

off as scrap when it’s the exact same stuff that you reported stolen.” 

Chipman also showed Lowrey the copy of the sales receipt he had gotten from Paris Iron 

and Metal, reflecting the sale of 790 pounds of copper. Chipman then questioned Lowrey about 

the difference in the amount of copper shown on the sales receipt and the fact that Lowrey had 

given him an explanation for where he had gotten only 400 pounds of copper and scraps.5 Lowrey 

explained to Chipman that he had also purchased copper “scraps” and extra bars from another 

truck driver in Kentucky who “wasn’t supposed to have any copper on his truck.” Lowrey 

informed Chipman that he did not know the identity of that truck driver or the truck driver’s 

employer. Lowrey stated that he paid the other truck driver $200.00 for “seven or eight sticks” of 

copper. Lowrey also told Chipman that some of the scraps came from underground cable from a 

mobile home. 

During his interview with Lowrey, Chipman also learned that Chad Lester and Chris 

Woodall accompanied Lowrey to Paris Iron and Metal. After they left the business, the three men 

picked up Lacrisha Lowrey (also called Lacrisha Woodall) and went to the casino in Grant, 

Oklahoma. At this point, Chipman made the determination that Lowrey was not a victim, but a 

suspect. 

 

5Eventually, Lowrey said that he had defrauded Paris Iron and Metal when he represented that he was selling them a 

larger amount of metal, by approximately 110 pounds, than he actually sold them. 
6

II. Lowrey’s Grounds of Error

A. Whether the Trial Court Erred When it Refused to Issue a Writ of Attachment

Lowrey contendsthat the trial court erred when it denied his request for a writ of attachment 

for Raul Bueno, who was an employee of Schneider Electric. An accused is guaranteed, under 

both the United States and Texas Constitutions, the right to compulsory process to compel the 

attendance of a witness at trial. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10. The Texas Code 

of Criminal Procedure, however, requires a defendant to file an application for a subpoena with 

the trial court’s clerk if the defendant wants to ensure the witness’ presence. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 24.03 (West 2009). The defendant must then cause the subpoena to be properly 

served on the witness. Ford v. State, 14 S.W.3d 382, 391–92 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2000, no pet.). 

When a witness who has been duly subpoenaed fails to appear, the State or the defendant 

shall be entitled to have an attachment issued forthwith for such witness. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 24.12 (West 2009); Sturgeon v. State, 106 S.W.3d 81, 90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (stating 

that Article 24.12’s plain language “makes it clear that attachment of a witness who has been duly 

served with a subpoena is a matter of right”). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has established 

a three-step procedure for determining whether an appellant has preserved error after a subpoenaed 

witness fails to appear. First, the party must request a writ of attachment from the trial court. 

Second, in making the request, the party must show what the witness’ testimony would have been 

had the witness testified. Finally, it must be shown in the request that “the testimony that the 

witness would have given [is] relevant and material.” Sturgeon, 106 S.W.3d at 85 (citing Erwin 
7

v. State, 729 S.W.2d 709, 714 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987), overruled on other grounds by Burk v. 

State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). 

Should the party requesting the attachment meet all three requirements, “reversible error 

will result unless the error made no contribution to the conviction or to the punishment.” Id.; see 

also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). When “the testimony of the missing witnesses [is] neither cumulative 

nor irrelevant,” the denial of the right to attach that witness is, in effect, the denial of the right to 

present a defense. Sturgeon, 106 S.W.3d at 89. We review the trial court’s decision to deny the 

writ of attachment using the abuse of discretion standard. Emenhiser v. State, 196 S.W.3d 915, 

921 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d).

In this case, when Lowrey made the delivery of copper to Schneider Electric and it was 

discovered that one crate had been tampered with, Lowrey and Bueno inspected the remaining 

crates to make sure there was no other missing copper. On July 29, 2014, Lowrey subpoenaed 

Bueno to testify about the inspection in order to show that only one crate was missing copper and 

that all of the missing copper was four inches wide. 

The trial began August 4, 2014. Following voir dire, and after receiving no response from 

Bueno, Lowrey asked for a writ of attachment to ensure his appearance at trial. Although Lowrey 

explained that he believed Bueno’s testimony was material to his defense, the trial court denied 

his request “at this time.” The trial court instructed Lowrey to speak to Bueno to determine the 

content of his testimony and informed Lowrey that he would consider his request for a writ of 

attachment once more the following day. Later that day, Lowrey received information that Bueno 

had agreed to appear in court. 
8

The next day, the State called Dunavant as a witness. Among other things, Dunavant 

testified that in addition to the crates of four-inch-wide copper bars, Lowrey’s load contained crates

(that were very easy to open and close) of copper bars of other widths. Following her direct 

examination, the trial court called a recess and allowed the jury to leave for lunch. During the 

break, Lowrey informed the trial court that he had just received an email from Bueno’s attorney

stating that Bueno would not honor the subpoena. Lowrey again emphasized the necessity of 

Bueno’s appearance, “particularly in light of testimony that [the State] elicited from [Dunavant] 

that create[d] the inference that there were other boxes opened on this shipment that were not 

reported and that -- what accounts for the nonconforming copper that show[ed] up in the pictures 

at Paris Iron and Metal would be from the boxes that were opened.”

6 Lowrey argued, 

What happened here is a Class A illustration of what amounts to an evidentiary 

harpoon. This evidence about the possibility, the inference, the suggestion that 

there were other open crates and other missing copper to account for the 

nonconforming copper that we see in the pictures, the not four-inches wide and 

144-inches long . . . .

. . . .

Nonetheless, [the State] consciously elicited that inference and that suspicion on 

direct examination. There’s no way to defend that other than to bring Mr. Bueno 

in here to say that that didn’t happen. We looked. There was nothing else missing.

The trial court denied Lowrey’s request for a writ of attachment for Bueno.7 

 

6The photographs contained various sizes of copper bars, including, but not limited to, copper bars that were four 

inches in width.

7Prior to the trial court’s denial of Lowrey’s request, the State considered entering into a stipulation with him regarding 

Bueno’s testimony. In doing so, the State informed the trial court, 

I was about to say I understood Ms. Dunavant to say that the only box opened was the one that was 

reported with the four-inch strips. But if [Lowrey’s trial counsel] will write out what [Lowrey] 
9

Upon completion of the State’s case, Lowrey asked for—and was denied—a directed 

verdict. Lowrey further requested the trial court to reconsider its denial of the request for an 

attachment of Bueno. Although the trial court listened to Lowrey’s reasoning once again, it refused 

the request on the basis that it was not warranted.

In this case, Lowrey repeatedly requested an attachment for Bueno and was denied each 

time. Accordingly, he complied with the initial requirement for preservation of his complaint. See 

Erwin, 729 S.W.2d at 714. Next, Lowrey was required to provide the trial court with the substance 

of Bueno’s testimony. See id. The State argues that Lowrey failed to provide the trial court with 

“sworn evidence or agreed facts” as to what Bueno’s testimony would be, but instead offered only 

his “belief” of what it might be. Although Lowrey did not produce any written request, he did 

articulate what he believed Bueno’s testimony would be, and the reason he felt it would be material 

to his defense. 

In addition to Lowrey’s summary of Bueno’s testimony above, when Lowrey asked the 

trial court to reconsider its denial of his request for a writ of attachment, Lowrey explained again 

the reasons he believed Bueno’s presence was necessary:

We continue to request the Court to reconsider having Mr. Bueno brought here. In 

light of this last testimony from yet another witness, Mr. Skidmore, about how 

possible it is that these crates could have shaken loose and Mr. Lowrey could have 

gotten into other crates to take other copper that didn’t match the copper that 

Schneider reported was the only one open, the State continues to urge this theory 

that other copper -- other crates undetected by Schneider Electric were broken into, 

a stick here, a stick there was taken out, too minimal amounts to be discerned by 

Schneider Electric and that was how -- the State would argue that the [j]ury should 

explain that there was non[-]conforming copper found here. 

 

would have [Bueno] testify to, I can -- if he’ll write it out, I can see if I can stipulate to it to avoid 

the need of a writ for somebody in El Paso. 
10

The only people that can testify that that’s not true, the only people that can 

testify, look, we were on alert, we looked in the other boxes, we looked. There was 

no other copper missing. That’s this guy that I have subpoenaed timely and filed a 

return for. 

. . . . . The person that is best situated to testify that that didn’t happen, that they 

looked in all the boxes because they were on alert, that one box had been broken

into, is this witness. 

. . . . 

I talked to him. I know that’s what he would say. But I can’t tell the jury that. 

They need to hear it. Because they’ve got the documents that the [c]ourt is saying 

are going to substitute for this testimony, and that is . . . the only thing that was 

missing was in that crate. 

The trial court denied Lowrey’s second request for an attachment.8

It is unnecessary for this Court to determine whether Lowrey adequately provided the trial 

court with Bueno’s intended testimony. Even assuming that he did, we find that Bueno’s testimony 

would have been cumulative and, as such, was not materially relevant to Lowrey’s defense. 

Lowrey’s contention is (1) that Dunavant’s testimony created an “implication” that there were 

other open crates on Lowrey’s load and that he took copper from the other open crates, not just 

from the crate containing the four-inch-wide copper bars, and (2) that Bueno’s testimony would 

contradict this. While Dunavant did testify that there were other crates containing different sizes 

of copper bars on Lowrey’s load and that the crates could be easily opened and closed, she also 

testified that she received notification from Schneider Electric that only one box had been opened 

in transit, this being the box containing the four-inch-wide bars. When asked if she got a 

 

8The trial court did, however, enter an order in limine prohibiting the State from arguing “during its closing that 

[Lowrey] removed some of the other widths [of copper] from the crates” on the load he was carrying on the day in 

question. 
11

notification from either Schneider Electric or Eaton Electric as to whether or not they found any 

other crates opened, Dunavant responded, “No.” Therefore, Bueno’s testimony would not have 

been helpful to rebut Dunavant’s testimony.

In addition, the State introduced a document which reflected that Schneider Electric 

received the shipment and that it included (1) order number “1443685-2,” (2) copper bars, 

(3) packaged as one “skid,” (4) with a gross weight of “2,225” pounds, (5) the net weight of 

“2,140,” and (6) the notation “[one] open pallet.”

9

 The same document reflected three very similar 

entries regarding the gross weight and net weight of three more “skid[s]” of copper on Lowrey’s 

load, along with the order numbers “1443685-1,” “1443685-3,” and “1443685-4.” However, there 

was no notation “[one] open pallet” next to those three order numbers. 

Another exhibit at trial was Hussey Copper’s “customer packing list,” with bill of lading 

number 1693432, which was supposed to be delivered to Schneider Electric. The packing list

contained the hand-written comment “open pallet missing material” next to the order number 

“1443685-2,” for an order of copper as “round edge,” approximately 4” x 144”, one case, fortyeight pieces, net weight of “2140.” The list was dated “29-Apr-2013.” There were also three

similar descriptions of copper which bore different order numbers. However, the notation “open 

pallet missing material” was not included beside any of those order numbers. 

Moreover, Lowrey’s own exhibit (which was a document from Schneider Electric) 

reflected that order number 1443685-2 was “non[-]conforming” because it was “incomplete.” The 

document also showed that the delivery quantity was intended to be forty-eight pieces and the 

 

9The copper is usually stored on a wooden pallet. 
12

“concerned quantity” was forty-one pieces, indicating that when the shipment arrived at Schneider 

Electric, that particular crate only contained seven bars of copper. Reflecting the description above 

of order number 1443685-2, the Schneider Electric document showed this specific order should 

have weighed “2140” pounds, but only weighed “1833.89” pounds, the shortage being apparently 

due to the forty-one pieces of missing copper. 

The State was proceeding against Lowrey for the theft of copper of an amount less than 

$20,000.00. The evidence at trial showed the load Lowrey was transporting contained crates of 

copper bars that were four inches in width along with additional crates containing various other 

sizes of copper bars. The evidence also showed that only one of the crates had been opened before 

its arrival at Schneider Electric, and that particular crate contained copper bars four inches in width. 

Lowrey’s contention that Dunavant’s testimony “implied” that there were other opened crates of 

copper and that Lowrey was responsible for having also pilfered some of the contents of those 

crates is contrary to what she stated at trial. Dunavant’s testimony, as well as the documentary 

evidence, made repeated reference to (1) one order number (1443685-2), (2) only one opened crate 

of copper, (3) the only opened crate containing four-inch-wide copper bars, and (4) the fact that 

the majority of the forty-eight bars originally in the crate were missing. Bueno’s testimony that 

he inspected the crates upon their arrival at Schneider Electric and that only one box was found 

opened and missing copper bars four inches in width would have added very little (if anything) to

Lowrey’s defense.

Further, nothing controverts the evidence that Lowrey sold copper bars to Paris Iron and 

Metal that varied in width, including four-inch-wide copper bars. At least five of the bars were 
13

four inches in width and fit the description of the copper bars contained in the crate that Schneider 

Electric found opened. The fact that the State introduced photographs of various sizes of copper 

bars (including four-inch-wide copper bars) is of little consequence to whether a jury could find 

Lowrey guilty of theft of copper from Joe Tex Express in the amount of $20,000.00 or less. The 

State was not required to prove that Lowrey sold all of the copper that was missing from the one 

opened box to any one particular business, only that he stole the copper from Joe Tex Express. 

Likewise, the State was not required to prove that all of the copper Lowrey sold to Paris Iron and 

Metal came from the same load he was transporting for Joe Tex Express on May 1, 2013. It was 

clear from the witnesses and the evidence that the only crate missing copper for which Schneider 

Electric could directly account was the one crate containing four-inch-wide copper bars. Thus, 

Bueno’s testimony as to what was missing from the shipment would have added little, if anything, 

to Lowrey’s defense. 

The trial court could have reasonably concluded that Lowrey failed to show that Bueno’s 

testimony was material to his defense. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when 

it denied Lowrey’s request for a writ of attachment for Bueno. Lowrey’s first point of error is 

overruled.

10

 

10The State also maintains that Lowrey failed to exercise diligence in subpoenaing Bueno. Because we overrule 

Lowrey’s first point of error for other reasons, we find it is unnecessary to address the State’s contention.
14

B. Did the Trial Court Err When it Denied Lowrey’s Motion for a Continuance?

When the trial court denied Lowrey’s writ of attachment for Bueno, Lowrey asked for a 

continuance to have time to secure Bueno’s presence at trial. Article 29.13 of the Texas Code of 

Criminal Procedure states, 

A continuance or postponement may be granted on the motion of the State or the 

defendant after the trial has begun, when it is made to appear to the satisfaction of 

the court that by some unexpected occurrence since the trial began, which no 

reasonable diligence could have anticipated, the applicant is so taken by surprise 

that a fair trial cannot be had.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 29.13 (West 2006). 

In the first motion by a defendant for a continuance based on the absence of a witness, it 

shall be necessary to state, among other things, “[t]he facts which are expected to be proved by the 

witness, and it must appear to the court that they are material.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

29.06(3) (West 2006). The motion must be sworn by someone possessing personal knowledge of 

the facts upon which the movant relies to justify the continuance. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 29.08 (West 2006). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a continuance for an abuse 

of discretion. Harrison v. State, 187 S.W.3d 429, 433–34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). To establish 

an abuse of discretion, an appellant must show that actual prejudice was produced by the trial 

court’s ruling. Janecka v. State, 937 S.W.2d 456, 468 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (per curiam).

Here, Lowrey’s motion contained a recitation of the events leading up to his request for a 

continuance and the reasons he believed Bueno’s testimony would be material; however, the 

motion was not sworn to by someone possessing personal knowledge of the facts relied upon for 

the continuance. Although we find that Lowrey’s motion sufficiently apprised the trial court of 
15

the nature of Bueno’s testimony, the statement was not sworn to, thus, Lowrey failed to preserve 

his complaint for our review. See Matamoros v. State, 901 S.W.2d 470, 478 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1995). Further, Bueno’s alleged testimony was not sufficiently relevant to impact Lowrey’s 

defense; therefore, even if the trial court had erred in overruling Lowrey’s motion for a 

continuance, any such error was harmless. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Lowrey’s motion for a continuance. We overrule Lowrey’s second point of error. 

C. Insufficient Evidence 

Lowrey contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction because (1) the 

State did not prove the identity of the victim as alleged in the indictment, or alternatively, (2) there 

was a material and fatal variance between the victim’s name contained in the indictment and the 

victim’s name proven at trial. Because these two points of error are intertwined, we will address 

them together.

Specifically, Lowrey maintains that the indictment alleged “Joe Tex Express” as the victim, 

but not as a corporation. As such, “[n]either ‘Joe Tex[,]’ nor ‘Joe Tex Express[,]’ nor anyone else 

testified as to ownership or lack of consent for [Lowrey] to take the copper.” Lowrey also contends 

that if the State adequately proved that Joe Tex Express was a corporation, then a “special owner” 

would need to be designated in the pleadings, and there was no such designation. In sum, Lowrey 

contends there was a variance in the name of the owner in the indictment (Joe Tex Express) and 

the proof at trial regarding the owner of the stolen property. 

At one time, Texas courts insisted that “an indictment should be so certain and definite in 

charging the offense that it leaves nothing to be supplied by intendment or inference.” Northern 
16

v. State, 203 S.W.2d 206, 207 (Tex. Crim. App. 1947). This requirement was so carried to the 

extreme that an indictment which stated that the defendant had stomped his victim to death was 

insufficient when it did not state that the stomping was done with the feet of the defendant. The 

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, stinging from the criticism of that ruling, withdrew that kind of 

requirement. Vaughn v. State, 607 S.W.2d 914, 916 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980).

Now, Texas courts hold that a “variance” occurs when there is a discrepancy between the 

allegations in the charging instrument and the proof at trial. Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 246 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). In Texas, variance claims have routinely been treated as insufficiency of 

the evidence issues,11 rather than as notice-related claims. Id. at 247. Regardless of how variances 

are treated, a variance is material only if it operates to the defendant’s surprise or otherwise 

prejudices him. Id. at 249 n.8; Human v. State, 749 S.W.2d 832, 837 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). 

When reviewing a variance claim, we must determine whether the charging instrument, as written, 

informed the defendant of the charge against him sufficiently to allow the defendant to prepare an 

adequate defense at trial and whether prosecution under the deficiently drafted instrument would 

subject the defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for the same crime. See, e.g., Traylor v. 

State, 561 S.W.2d 492, 494 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). “The Texas ‘immaterial variance’

law as set out in Gollihar does not apply to the specific statutory elements alleged in the 

 

11In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence supporting a conviction, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d 860, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see Brooks v. State, 323 

S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). We 

give deference to “‘the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, 

and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).
17

indictment.” Cada v. State, 334 S.W.3d 766, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In other words, when 

the State fails to prove “a statutorily-enumerated element pled in the indictment,” the variance

between the indictment and the proof “is always material.” Fuller v. State, 73 S.W.3d 250, 255–

56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Keller, P.J., concurring).

In charging Lowrey with theft12 under $20,000.00, the State’s indictment read that Lowrey, 

in Lamar County, Texas, on or about May 1, 2013, did then and there unlawfully 

appropriate, by acquiring or otherwise exercising control over property, to-wit: 

aluminum or bronze or copper or brass of the value of less than $20,000 from Joe 

Tex Express, the owner thereof, without the effective consent of the owner and with 

intent to deprive the owner of the property.

The State was required to allege the name of the owner of the stolen property in its 

indictment against Lowrey. See Byrd v. State, 336 S.W.3d 242, 251 n.48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) 

(citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.08 (West 2009)). “When an entity, such as a 

corporation, owns property, the traditionally preferable practice has been to allege ownership in a 

natural person acting for the corporation.” Id. at 252. “Although the name of the owner is not a 

substantial element of theft, the State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the 

person (or entity) alleged in the indictment as the owner is the same person (or entity)—regardless 

of the name—as shown by the evidence.” Id. It is the identity of the person (or entity), not the 

formal name, that guides and controls the sufficiency of the evidence on review. Id. at 253.

 

12A person commits the offense of theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of the 

property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2014). “Theft has three elements: (1) an appropriation of 

property (2) that is unlawful and (3) is committed with the intent to deprive the owner of the property.” Hawkins v. 

State, 214 S.W.3d 668, 670 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no pet.). “Appropriate” means “to acquire or otherwise exercise 

control over property other than real property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.01(4)(B) (West Supp. 2014). 

Appropriation is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective consent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(b)(1) (West 

Supp. 2014).
18

In support of his position, Lowrey points to Roberts v. State, 513 S.W.2d 870 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1974). In that case, law enforcement discovered appellants loading chain from the rack of a 

truck cab into the back seat of one of the cars belonging to appellant’s father. Officers arrested 

appellant for felony theft and, shortly after that, spoke with the driver of the truck. The driver 

identified the chains in the back seat of the car as the chains that had been on his truck. At trial, 

the driver testified that he worked for the Dahlstron Corporation, that Jack Dahlstron was his boss, 

and that Dahlstron Corporation was written on the side of the truck. The State also introduced 

photographs showing that “Dahlstron Corporation” was written on the side of the truck. The 

alleged owner of the chains, Jack Dahlstron, did not testify. The indictment read that appellant did 

“fraudulently take and steal certain property. . . , the same being the corporeal personal property 

of Jack Dahlstron.” Id. at 871. Appellant argued that the evidence was insufficient to show 

ownership of the chains in Dahlstron as alleged in the indictment against [him]. The Court of 

Criminal Appeals agreed. In a very brief opinion, the court found that the State failed to prove its 

allegations because it never proved that Dahlstron was either the actual owner or the “special

owner” of the chains. Id. at 872.

Another similar case is Easley v. State, 319 S.W.2d 325 (1959). In that case, the indictment

charged theft of $6,000.00 from “the corporeal personal property of H. E. Butt.” Id. However, 

the proof at trial showed that the owner of the stolen property was H.E. Butt Grocery Co. and not 

H.E. Butt, individually. Easley’s conviction was reversed because of this variance. Easley is 

easily distinguished from this case because its indictment alleged ownership in a person (H.E. 

Butt), while the evidence proved ownership in a corporation (H.E. Butt Grocery Co.). In the instant 
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case, although the name of the corporation which was the victim of the theft may not be precisely 

correct, the same corporation was alleged and proved to have been the victim of Lowrey’s theft. 

Although in the Easley case there was the possibility of confusion between the corporation (H.E. 

Butt Grocery Co.) and the individual (H.E. Butt), there is no such possibility here. 

Moreover, we do not believe the holding in Roberts is compelling and find Byrd to be much 

more instructive in the case before us. As stated in Byrd, under the current Penal Code, a 

corporation may both own and have actual possession of property. According to Byrd, it is 

permissible, and sometimes preferable, to allege an entity (such as a corporation or limited liability 

company) as the owner of the property from whom the property has been stolen and then call any 

agent or employee who holds a relevant position in the company to testify that it did not give 

effective consent for a person to steal or shoplift its property. Byrd, 336 S.W.3d at 252.

In this case, the trial court instructed the jury that “owner” means “a person who . . . has

. . . possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to possession of the property 

than the actor.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(35)(A) (West Supp. 2014). Although the 

indictment did not name Dunavant as a person acting on behalf of the corporation as the owner of 

the property, the State proved through her testimony that Joe Tex Express (the entity named in the 

indictment) was the “owner” of the property during its transport from Kentucky to El Paso, 

Texas.13 Her testimony also showed that Lowrey did not have the company’s consent to dispose 

of the copper. 

 

13When Joe Tex Express ships items from one company to another, Joe Tex Express contractually agrees with the 

other companies to take responsibility for the contents of the shipment while they are in transit. 
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Moreover, Lowrey can hardly claim that the alleged variance in the indictment deprived 

him of fair notice of the charge against him since he was employed by the same company whose 

name was alleged in the indictment. The indictment, as written, informed Lowrey of the charge 

against him and adequately afforded him the opportunity to prepare a defense. Likewise, it 

prohibited the State from proceeding with a second trial in the event the jury acquitted Lowrey. 

For these reasons, we overrule Lowrey’s remaining points of error.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: June 2, 2015

Date Decided: July 14, 2015

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