No. 3--08-0051

______________________________________________________________________________

Filed November 18, 2009

IN THE 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

A.D., 2009

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

OF ILLINOIS, ) of the 10th Judicial Circuit, 

) Peoria County, Illinois,

 Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

v. ) No. 06–CF–1579

 )

VICTOR RUSSELL, ) Honorable

 ) Stuart P. Borden,

 Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE WRIGHT delivered the opinion of the court: 

______________________________________________________________________________

On December 19, 2006, the State charged defendant Victor Russell by indictment with

four alternate counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/ 9-1(a)(2) (West 2004)) alleging

defendant, without legal justification, knowingly did acts that caused the death of Carla Spires. 

A jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder. On January 11, 2008, the court sentenced

defendant to 50 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC) after denying defendant’s

motion for new trial. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. 

On appeal, defendant argues that the State did not prove that he committed the murder

beyond a reasonable doubt. Additionally, defendant contends that the trial court committed

reversible error when it failed to individually question the jurors regarding the principals required

by Supreme Court Rule 431(b). Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431,
2

eff. May 1, 2007.

We affirm.

FACTS

On December 8, 2006, the State filed an information, followed by a subsequent

indictment on December 19, 2006, charging defendant Victor Russell with four alternate counts

of first degree murder. Count I alleged defendant, without lawful justification and with intent to 

kill Carla Spires, knowingly cut Carla Spires on the neck with a sharp object thereby causing the

death of Carla Spires pursuant to section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-

1(a)(1) (West 2004)). Count II alleged defendant, without lawful justification and with the intent

to do great bodily harm to Carla Spires, cut Carla Spires on the neck with a sharp object thereby

causing the death of Carla Spires pursuant to section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720

ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2004)). Count III alleged defendant, without lawful justification,

knowingly cut Carla Spires on the neck with a sharp object knowing said act created a strong

probability of death to Carla Spires thereby causing the death of Carla Spires pursuant to section

9-1(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2004)). Count IV alleged

defendant, without lawful justification, knowingly cut Carla Spires on the neck with a sharp

object knowing said act would create a strong probability of great bodily harm to Carla Spires

thereby causing the death of Carla Spires pursuant to section 9-1(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of

1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2004)). Defendant demanded a trial by jury, which began on

October 22, 2007.

Only those portions of voir dire relevant to the issues at bar are included in this statement

of facts. The court’s introductory statement to the entire potential jury panel included:

“The defendant is to be presumed innocent of the charge in the
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indictment, and this presumption remains throughout the trial with the

defendant until you’ve been satisfied by the evidence beyond a reasonable

doubt as to the guilt of the defendant, and the burden of proving the guilt of the

defendant beyond a reasonable doubt is on the State. The law does not require

the defendant to prove his innocence. The defendant is not required to present

any evidence or testify. If he chooses not to testify in this case, it cannot be

held against him.”

The judge also informed the jurors that he would give written instructions to them at the close of

the case. The judge stated that it would be their “absolute duty to accept the law as defined in

these instructions and to follow the court’s instructions of law.”

During the individual questioning of the jurors, the court asked each potential juror, in

part, the following questions with minor variations from juror to juror: whether the juror had any

bias against a person simply because he has been charged; whether the juror would follow the

court’s instructions regarding the law; whether the juror would decide the case without sympathy

and prejudice; whether the juror would be able to give both the State and the defendant a fair

trial; and whether the juror would wait until the end of the entire case before forming a final

opinion about the verdict. During questioning of the various potential jurors, the court also

randomly asked additional questions. 

When questioning the first impaneled juror, after the court asked the question about

waiting until the end of the entire case before forming a final opinion, the court also explained: 

“The reason I ask that is you will find out the State has a burden of proof. 

They always have the burden of proof. They will put on evidence. The defendant

may put on evidence. If the defendant does put on evidence, there could be
4

rebuttal evidence. It could go back and forth a little bit. What I’m asking you to

do is to withhold any opinion about the verdict until the case is completely over

and you are back deliberating with your fellow jurors, and you indicated you

would do that?” 

The court expounded on some similar issues while questioning other potential jurors. 

During voir dire, the prosecutor asked some, but not all, of the potential jurors whether

they would be able to sign a guilty verdict if they found the State had proven its case beyond a

reasonable doubt and, likewise, whether they would be able to sign a not guilty verdict if they

found the State had not proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant’s attorney did not

ask any questions of the jurors relevant to Supreme Court Rule 431(b). 

After opening statements, the State called Samuel Stevens as its first witness. He

testified that he was an emergency medical technician on December 5, 2006, and responded to a

call at 1321 Martin Luther King Drive in Peoria, Illinois. He stated, when he arrived at the scene

and walked around the front of a car, he located a female, later identified as Carla Spires (Spires),

located between the “stairs coming down” and the car. Upon further observation, he stated he

observed several deep lacerations to her neck, her body was cold, and he determined that she was

dead. 

Kelly Williams, Spires’ niece, stated Spires dated defendant “off and on approximately

two to three years.” Williams testified that she called defendant’s cell phone at approximately

7:22 p.m. on December 5, 2006, and spoke to defendant and then spoke to Spires. On that

evening, she said Spires’ 12-year-old daughter, Rosaliyn Artis-Spires (Rosaliyn), was helping her

move. At approximately 10 p.m. on that evening, Williams drove Rosaliyn back to the Spires’

residence and, when Rosaliyn got to the steps of the residence, she ran back to Williams’ car
5

screaming that something was wrong with her mom. When Williams got out of her car, she saw

Spires and called 911. 

The next witness, 15-year-old Secura Rutherford (Secura), testified that on December 5,

2006, she lived across the street from Spires’ house. She stated, between 7 and 8 p.m. on that

date, she heard screaming and looked out her window and saw a black man and a Caucasian lady

on the stairs across the street. She said the man wore a “tannish” coat, a “skullcap,” and dark

jeans. She said she recognized the man and the woman because they lived across the street and

she saw them come and go. She said she had seen both of them outside shoveling at their

residence the day before the incident, and she recognized them as the same male and female. 

Secura said the man and woman were “kind of wrestling” and he was pulling her

downstairs with his back to her window. She testified he “kind of lost [his] grip and he fell down

the stairs, got back up and pulled her down.” She said when the man pulled the woman down,

they were on the other side of the car for a while, but she could not see them because the car

blocked her vision. At that point, she said she closed her window. After about 10 or 15 minutes,

she testified, she looked outside again. Then, she saw the man walk toward the car, pick

something up, walk away from the car, and then, in an underhand motion, throw what “looked

like it was a knife or something” near the woods by the garbage cans. She testified that the man

then walked up the street to where she could no longer see him, toward “Western” (Avenue). 

She said she did not see the woman again after the man pulled her down and out of her view by

the side of the car. 

Secura said she went to the police station on that evening around 1 a.m. and looked at a

photo lineup. She testified that she was unable to identify anyone in that photo lineup. When

shown the lineup photographs in court, Secura said she now saw defendant’s photo in the lineup. 
6

Secura stated that she usually sees defendant in a skullcap or an “afro” and the photo lineup

showed defendant wearing braids. Secura also testified that she gave a videotaped statement to

the police at that time. Secura said the next day she again went to the police station and looked at

an “in-person” lineup and she identified defendant as the man struggling with the Caucasian

woman the previous night. She testified that she had no doubt in her mind that the man in the inperson lineup was the same man she saw pull the woman down the stairs on December 5, 2006. 

She testified that she could see the two people clearly on December 5 because Spires had a light

shining outside. She clarified that defendant was wearing the same jacket and hat on December 5

that he wore the previous day when he shoveled snow. Secura then identified defendant, in

court, as the man she saw struggling with the female on the night of December 5.

The next witness, Becky Rutherford (Becky), testified that on December 5, 2006, she and

her daughter, Secura, had been living with her mother at 1322 Martin Luther King Drive for a

couple of weeks. On December 5, 2006, Becky noticed a black man walk past her window

around 7 or 8 p.m. while she was watching television. She said he was 5 feet 5 inches or 5 feet 6

inches tall, stocky, and wearing a brown jacket, a dark skullcap, and jeans. She observed him

walk by heading “toward Western” (Avenue) patting the pockets of his pants. She then observed

him turn around and walk back “toward MacArthur” (Highway) which was toward the Spires’

house. Becky stated the man walked out of her view from the window, he then reentered her

view and was again heading toward Western Avenue, where he walked down a side street several

blocks away and out of her view. The witness testified that she had previously seen this man a

couple of days earlier shoveling snow with a Caucasian female at the house across the street from

her residence. She said she had a conversation with him on that date and recognized him. 

Later that evening, Becky said, she and her daughter went to the police station to give a
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statement. She said the police separated her from her daughter and took a videotaped statement

from her that evening. The police also showed her a photo lineup and she could not identify

anyone in the photographs. She said she and Secura returned to the police station the next day to

look at an “in-person” lineup. During the in-person lineup, Becky said, she identified defendant

as the man who walked past her window the previous evening. While testifying, Becky stated

that she had only seen defendant three times prior to that evening and, each time, he always had

the skullcap on his head. She said she did not recognize him in the photo lineup because his hair

was different. Becky identified defendant, while in the courtroom, as the same person she

observed walking past her window on December 5, 2006. Becky stated that she did not see

defendant’s van on December 5, 2006. 

Police officer Kenneth Snow testified that he was the crime scene technician assigned to

the Spires case. He stated that he was called to the Spires’ residence on December 14, 2006,

where he recovered a folding box cutter approximately 20 feet into the wooded area behind the

house and about 180 feet west of the staircase leading from the house to the garage. He said the

box cutter had a folding blade and some visible hairs and blood on it. 

Detective Shannon Walden testified she conducted the in-person lineup at the police

station on December 6, 2006, regarding the Spires murder investigation. During this lineup,

Walden said, she took Becky, individually, into the viewing room, and Becky identified

defendant out of the lineup. Next, she took Secura separately into the viewing room, and Secura

identified defendant out of the lineup. 

The State then called Rosaliyn Spires, the victim’s 12-year-old daughter, to testify. 

Rosaliyn stated that approximately a month before her mother died, she woke up from sleeping

and heard defendant and her mother arguing. She went downstairs and saw her mother on the
8

floor between the doorway and “he was like pulling her outside.” She further explained that her

mom was in the living room on the floor and defendant was dragging her outside by the arms. 

Rosaliyn stated that she told defendant to let go of her mother, and he released her. She said she

observed scrapes on her mother’s knees after that incident.

John Peters testified that he knew Spires because they worked at the Caterpillar facility,

and they occasionally socialized together. Peters recalled an incident that occurred on June 3,

2006, outside his parents’ house in the early morning hours after Spires, defendant and Peters had

been out drinking that evening. Around 1 to 2 a.m., defendant took out a pocketknife to clean his

fingernails. Peters mentioned that his son collected knives, and defendant handed the folding

pocket knife to Peters. After returning the knife to defendant, Peters said defendant stood up,

looked at Spires, and while putting the knife in his pocket said, “If I can’t have you nobody will.” 

Dr. Violette Hnilica, a forensic pathologist, testified she performed an autopsy on Spires

on December 6, 2006. Hnilica stated that she examined Spires’ body and concluded the fatal

wounds were the slash marks to the neck. Specifically, she described the uppermost slash,

running 10 1⁄2 inches long and 4 1⁄2 inches deep, from the left neck to the right side, cutting

through the carotid artery, the jugular vein, the larynx cartilage and the right ear, and stated it was

the cause of death. There were at least three other slash marks on the neck, measuring 5 3/8

inches, 5 3/8 inches, and 5 inches in lengths, and all starting on the left side and ending on the

right side of the neck. Dr. Hnilica stated she also observed other cuts, contusions and abrasions,

including: a contusion on the left side of the face; a contusion on the left side of the scalp where

hair had been pulled out; a two-inch long cut on the left shoulder; tiny scrapes on both elbows;

bruises on the hands; and several scrapes in several different directions on the back side of the

body. She concluded all of these injuries occurred before death. There were 12 different
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bruising sites, scattered all over the head, involving the scalp and the fascia tissue under the

scalp. 

The State then showed Dr. Hnilica a utility knife belonging to Spires, and the witness

stated, in her expert opinion, that the knife possibly could have caused all of the wounds,

including the deepest wound, if Spires’ head was forcefully pulled back by grabbing her hair,

consistent with some of Spires’ hair being pulled out, and then forcefully using the utility knife

across her neck. During cross-examination, though, the doctor testified that Spires’ utility knife

was not typically “the kind of knife that would cause a ten-inch, four and a half inch deep

wound.” The State then showed Dr. Hnilica the knife recovered from defendant’s person at the

time he was arrested, and she determined that that knife could have made the wounds, but most

likely did not cause the injuries because the serrated edge would have left some serration patterns

in the cuts, which were not present. The doctor opined that neither of those knives was the likely

cause of Spires’ fatal injuries.

Gail Jackson testified that she was working at a bar called “Slickers” on December 5,

2006. She said she had known defendant as an acquaintance for years. She said she also knew

Spires because they both were bartenders at different bars and occasionally ran into each other. 

She said she saw defendant and Spires walk into Slickers on December 5, 2006, sometime

between 6:30 and 8:30 p.m. She recalled they walked into the bar separately, about five minutes

apart. She said Spires ordered a drink and stood and watched a game of pool. When defendant

arrived, he ordered a drink and stood by the dart machine. After a short time, she saw defendant

approach Spires and it looked “like there was little altercation” between them. She explained

that defendant got a little loud when talking with Spires, and she walked away from him. 

A little later, Spires approached the bar to order a drink. About five minutes later,
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defendant came over near Spires and also ordered a drink. Jackson testified that she overheard

defendant say loudly to Spires, “If you don’t want me just tell me.” Jackson stated Spires just sat

there and was very quiet. The next thing Jackson noted was that both defendant’s and Spires’

seats were empty, and she did not see them again that evening. 

Jackson said they looked like they had just gotten off of work at Caterpillar because they

were wearing their Caterpillar name tags around their necks. Jackson said defendant wore a dark

jacket that evening but was not certain about the color. She said he did not wear a hat, and his

hair was braided. 

The parties stipulated Laciya Spires would testify that she is Spires’ daughter. On

December 14, 2006, she walked in the wood line near the residence on Martin Luther King Drive

when she noticed a red-colored knife at the base of a tree. When she looked more closely at the

knife, she noticed the blade was partially open and there was some type of substance on the

blade. She said she did not touch the knife and immediately ran back to the house and called the

police. Laciya would testify that she called defendant’s cell phone on December 5, 2006, at 7:50

p.m. and spoke to both defendant and Spires, and they told her they were at Slicker’s bar.

The parties stipulated that if Detective Katie Baer testified, she would state that when she

and Detective Ron Gibbons interviewed Secura and Becky Rutherford at the police station on

December 6, 2006, Secura and Becky were both present together during the interviews. Baer

would testify that they were not together when police showed them the photo lineup. 

Finally, the State called Officer Eric Ellis, who testified he acted as a crime scene

technician at the 1321 Martin Luther King Drive residence on December 5, 2006. He stated he

took photos of the scene from across the street near the Rutherford residence, which showed

floodlighting outside the 1321 Martin Luther King Drive address. On December 6, 2006, he
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photographed defendant at the police station and observed vertical scratch marks located on

defendant’s lower left leg. He said he examined all of the clothing taken from defendant on

December 6, 2006, and found no evidence of blood on those items. The State rested after this

witness, and the court denied defendant’s motion for directed verdict. 

Phyllis Russell, defendant’s mother, testified that defendant lived with her and her exmother-in-law on December 5, 2006. On that date, Russell stated that she saw defendant

between 2:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. at the Peoria post office on State Street. At that time, Ms.

Russell said defendant wore a black hat with a brim and his steel-toed work shoes. She stated

she did not see defendant again on December 5. 

She testified that at approximately 9:30 p.m. on December 5, she woke up and noticed

that the van, driven primarily by defendant, was parked in the driveway at her residence. Russell

stated that, around 9:30 to 9:45 p.m. on December 5, 2006, the police came to the house looking

for defendant but did not locate him. Ms. Russell testified that the van was no longer in the

driveway around 6 or 7 a.m. on December 6 when she woke up. 

Catherine Jones testified that defendant was the father of her two children. On December

5, 2006, she attempted to call defendant around 5 p.m. and 8 p.m. but did not reach him. She

said defendant returned her call “a little before 9:00 p.m.” from his house phone. During that

conversation, defendant asked her if she would call him early on December 6 to make sure he

woke up for work. She said, after that phone call, she drove over to his residence to pick him up

around 9:10 p.m. on December 5. At that time, defendant was wearing dark, faded black jeans, a

black or blue shirt, and brown or tan casual shoes, and he did not wear a jacket or coat that

evening. She did not recall whether defendant wore a cap at that time. She stated she took him

back to her residence, where he stayed the entire night until she left for work on December 6,
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2006, around 3:45 a.m. At that time, she took defendant back to his vehicle at 1914 Broadway. 

Jones testified that defendant paid her $100 to $200 for child support every Friday to

every other Friday. The parties presented a stipulation that defendant’s cell phone records

verified that Jones made a cell phone call to defendant’s cell phone at 8:55 p.m. that lasted 26

seconds. 

The parties rested and counsel presented their closing arguments. The court then

instructed the jury as to the law, including the required jury instructions as set forth under the

pattern jury instructions pertaining to Rule 431(b) principles. After deliberation, the jury found

defendant guilty of first degree murder. Defendant did not file a posttrial motion. On January

11, 2008, the court sentenced defendant to a 50-year commitment to the Illinois Department of

Corrections. Defendant appealed his conviction. 

ANALYSIS 

Defendant raises two issues on appeal. First, defendant contends that the State provided

insufficient evidence to prove that defendant murdered Spires beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Second, defendant contends that the trial court failed to comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) 

(Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431, eff. May 1, 2007), resulting in

prejudice and asks that defendant be granted a new trial. 

The State asserts the evidence established defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Additionally, the State argues that defendant has forfeited the court’s noncompliance with

Supreme Court Rule 431(b) because defendant did not object during the course of voir dire and

did not include the issue in a posttrial motion. The State also argues, in the alternative, that the

judge did not commit reversible error under the plain error doctrine. 

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
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The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment requires the State must prove,

beyond a reasonable doubt, every element necessary to constitute the crime with which a

defendant is charged. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004), citing In re Winship,

397 U.S. 358, 364, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368, 375, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1073 (1970). When considering a

challenge to the sufficiency of the State's evidence, the reviewing court’s function is to determine

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 278. This standard of review requires the reviewing court to allow all

reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the prosecution. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at

280. However, it is not the province of the reviewing court to retry a defendant but to determine

“‘whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 278, quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318, 61 L.

Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979); People v. Newborn, 379 Ill. App. 3d 240, 247

(2008). The reviewing court will reverse a conviction only where “the evidence is so

unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of defendant's guilt.” 

People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 542 (1999). 

In this case, defendant only challenges the sufficiency of the State’s evidence regarding

the element of identification that he, in fact, was the individual who caused the death of Spires. 

To support this argument, defendant stresses that he did not confess to killing Spires nor did he

make any statements connecting him to this crime. Further, defendant points out that the police

did not find Spires’ blood on defendant’s clothing or in defendant’s van, and did not recover any

fingerprints from the box cutter knife. 

Although there was no physical evidence linking defendant to the crime scene, the State
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presented eyewitness testimony and circumstantial evidence to prove its case. First, the State

produced Secura Rutherford, who testified that she heard screaming on December 5, 2006,

“sometime between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m.” According to Secura, when she looked out of her

bedroom window, she observed defendant “wrestling” with Spires on the steps and then he

“kind of lost grip and he fell down the stairs, got back up and pulled her down.” Secura said she

recognized defendant because she had seen him shoveling snow at Spire’s residence a day or two

earlier. She said he was wearing a “tannish” coat, a “skull cap,” and dark jeans. Secura said she

lost sight of what was happening when Spires and defendant fell to the side of the car because the

car blocked her vision. Consequently, she stopped looking out the window. Several minutes

later, Secura returned to the window and observed defendant pick something up, which looked

like a “knife or something,” near the car and throw it near the woods by the garbage cans. 

Another witness, Becky Rutherford, also placed defendant at the scene of the crime on the

evening of December 5, 2006. Becky testified she noticed a black man, whom she identified as

defendant, walk back and forth past her window around 7 or 8 p.m. while she was watching

television. She also described his clothing as a brown jacket, a dark skullcap, and jeans. 

Although neither witness could identify defendant from a photo lineup, the next day they both

separately and positively identified defendant during an in-person lineup as the person they saw

the evening before at the Spires’ residence.

Additionally, the jury heard Rosaliyn Spires testify that she witnessed a physical

altercation between defendant and Spires one month prior to Spires’ death. During this incident,

Spires was on the floor and defendant was trying to drag Spires out the front door by grabbing

her arms. Another witness, John Peters, testified that he, Spires, and Jackson socialized together

on June 3, 2006. On that date, Peters overheard defendant tell Spires, “If I can’t have you,
1

Initially, the State contends that defendant waived or forfeited this issue on appeal

because defendant failed to discuss plain error in his appellate brief. Defendant’s initial appellate

brief argues that the trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431 is “reversible error.” 

Additionally, defendant argued in his brief that the State’s “case against defendant was not

strong” and the court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b) in this case “was particularly

prejudicial.”Although not specifically called “plain error” in his brief, we conclude defendant

sufficiently argued the elements of the plain error doctrine so as not to forfeit the argument on

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nobody will.” Peters testified that defendant was putting away a pocket knife at the time he made

this statement to the victim on June 3, 2006. Further, Gail Jackson, the bartender at Slickers bar,

testified that she saw defendant and Spires separately enter the bar around 6:30 p.m. on

December 5, 2006, and she noticed defendant speak loudly to Spires before Spires walked away

from him. A little later, Spires approached the bar to order a drink, defendant then also

approached the bar, and Jackson heard defendant loudly say, “If you don’t want me, just tell me.” 

After considering all of the evidence in the record in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we conclude that the jury could reasonably find beyond a reasonable doubt that

defendant killed Spires on the evening of December 5, 2006. Accordingly, we hold that the

evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction in this case. 

B. Forfeiture of Issue - Supreme Court Rule 431(b)

 Defendant claims the trial court committed a per se reversible error that denied his right

to a trial by an impartial jury because the trial court failed to strictly comply with Supreme Court

Rule 431(b) (Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431, eff. May 1, 2007).

1

 At trial, defendant did not object to the sufficiency of the court’s inquiry of each juror during
appeal. 

16

voir dire. Similarly, defense counsel did not offer questions that the court refused. Nonetheless,

defendant claims that reversible error arose when the trial judge failed to strictly comply with the

mandates of Supreme Court Rule 431(b), as amended. Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 8 

(April 11, 2007), R. 431, eff. May 1, 2007. 

The State claims defendant has forfeited the error by failing to object during the process

of voir dire and by failing to include it in a posttrial motion. Additionally, the State submits that

plain error does not exist in this case because the error did not deny defendant a fair trial. We

review de novo issues concerning the application of a supreme court rule. People v. Reed, 376

Ill. App. 3d 121, 125 (2007). 

The amendment to Rule 431(b) became effective on May 1, 2007, and the jury trial in this

case began on October 22, 2007. Prior to the amendment, the trial court was not required to

individually question each juror unless requested to do so by defendant or defense counsel. 

Although our supreme court elected to place the duty squarely on the shoulders of the court to

comply with the directive contained in the current Supreme Court Rule 431(b), the amended rule

does not alleviate either counsel for the State or counsel for the defense of an obligation to object

when a trial judge inadvertently overlooks the applicability of Rule 431(b). 

There are significant and serious potential consequences for a failure to bring issues

arising under Rule 431(b) to the attention of the trial judge. The failure to object in the lower

court may result in waiver of the error by the defense under certain circumstances. Equally

serious, the State’s failure to object to the court’s inadequate voir dire procedures may result in a

reversal of a conviction on review when the evidence below was closely balanced. Thus, all

parties and the judge must take care to insure the rule is followed. 
17

1. Per se Violation

Defendant argues that failure to comply with the amended rule constitutes a per se

violation requiring a reversal. Recently, in People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173 (2009), our

supreme court held:

“Defendants do not have a right to Rule 431(b)(4) questioning under either the

United States or the Illinois Constitution. A defendant's ‘right’ to such questioning

in Illinois courts is the product of this court's inherent power to make rules

regulating the conduct of the circuit courts. See People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 475. 

While the rule is designed to help ensure that defendants are tried before a fair jury,

we cannot say that Rule 431(b)(4) questioning is indispensable to a fair trial. This

point is inherent in the rule itself, which originally required the questioning only if

the defendant requested it. It would be inconsistent to conclude that the failure to

question the venire in compliance with Rule 431(b)(4) ensures that biased jurors

will be impaneled when a defendant can choose to forgo such questioning,

apparently without such concerns.

* * *

*** It would be inconsistent for this court to hold that a trial court's failure

to question a venire regarding a defendant's decision not to testify in violation of

Rule 431(b)(4) requires automatic reversal, when we have repeatedly held that

automatic reversal is not required [even] when a prosecutor mentions a defendant's

post- Miranda silence and commits a Doyle violation. See People v. Dameron,

196 Ill. 2d 156, 164-66 (2001).” Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 196-98. 

 The court recognized that there are many procedures and methods to insure the
18

fundamental right to a fair and impartial jury. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 201. The court

unequivocally stated that the questioning required under Rule 431(b) involves a process

developed by supreme court rule to insure that an impartial jury is selected. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d

at 195. However, the Glasper court refused to declare a violation of Supreme Court Rule 431(b),

prior to the amendment, to constitute an error requiring automatic reversal. Instead, the court in

Glasper considered whether the error in that case was harmless in light of the overwhelming

evidence of guilt. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 202. 

Consequently, after a careful analysis, the court concluded the error in Glasper to be

harmless. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 202-03. We recognize that our supreme court did not consider

whether the amended version of the rule would have affected the outcome of Glasper. However,

 in light of the harmless error analysis employed by the supreme court in Glasper, we conclude

that the application of either version of the rule would not affect the outcome of this appeal for

the reasons discussed below. 

Significantly, in Glasper, defense counsel requested the court to make certain inquiries as

contemplated by the less stringent, pre-amended Rule 431(b), but the court refused defense

counsel’s the request. With great clarity, our supreme court stated: 

“We reiterate that, under the rule applicable at the time, once a defendant

makes the request, the decision to question the venire in accordance with Rule

431(b) is not discretionary - it is a requirement.” Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 189. 

Hence, the obligation of the trial court to comply with the mandates of pre-amended Supreme

Court Rule 431(b) in Glasper was a mandatory obligation and no longer an optional

consideration. 

Similarly in this case, the court’s obligation to address certain issues during voir dire was
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equally mandatory, due to the amendment of the rule and the clear directives of our supreme

court. In both Glasper and this case, the court’s inquiry was compulsory. This similarity in the

compulsory obligations of the court in both Glasper and this case, triggered by the circumstances

applied to the separate versions of Rule 431(b) applicable in each case, renders the holding in

Glasper applicable in this case due to the closely analogous circumstances. Consequently, we

apply the holding in Glasper when evaluating the magnitude of the court’s undeniable error in

this case.

2. Plain Error

Clearly, defendant forfeited strict compliance with the amended Rule 431(b) by allowing

the court to complete voir dire without objection and, thereafter, failed to bring the Rule 431(b)

error to the court’s attention in a posttrial motion. Since neither the State nor defense counsel

objected to the procedures employed by the court in this case, the viability of the jury’s verdict

will be determined by a plain error analysis.

Plain error applies to a forfeited error affecting the substantial rights of a defendant under

two circumstances: (1) "where the evidence in a case is so closely balanced that the jury's guilty

verdict may have resulted from the error and not the evidence"; and (2) "where the error is so

serious that the defendant was denied a substantial right, and thus a fair trial." People v. Herron,

215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-79 (2005); People v. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d 340, 350 (2006). The doctrine of

plain error is not “‘a general saving clause preserving for review all errors affecting substantial

rights whether or not they have been brought to the attention of the trial court.’” Herron, 215 Ill.

2d at 177, quoting People v. Precup, 73 Ill. 2d 7, 16 (1978). Further, our supreme court has

determined that even constitutional errors can be forfeited by a failure to address the errors in the

trial court. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 360. 
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a. Plain Error – First Prong

We begin by examining the first prong considerations of the plain error analysis, which

requires us to first decide whether the evidence was closely balanced in the case at bar. Like the

evidence in Glasper, the evidence in this case was overwhelming. In the instant case, two nonrelated, independent witnesses placed defendant at the scene of the crime, which involved a

violent struggle with the victim. One eyewitness described hearing screams on the night in

question and watching defendant, from a window across the street, pulling the victim down an

outdoor stairway, then both falling to the ground together, but ultimately out of the eyewitness’s

sight behind a vehicle. This was the precise location where the victim was later discovered. 

Several minutes later, this witness observed defendant pick up a knife-like object from near the

vehicle and throw it in the woods by the garbage cans. 

A second witness testified that she observed defendant walk back and forth past her

window, immediately across the street from the scene of the crime, around 7 or 8 p.m. while she

was watching television. A third witness, the victim’s niece, testified that she called defendant’s

cell phone at approximately 7:22 p.m. on December 5, 2006, and spoke to both defendant and

the victim on the evening the victim’s body was discovered. The victim’s 12-year-old daughter

testified that, at approximately 10 p.m. on that evening, she arrived home and, when she reached

the steps of the residence, she found her mother on the ground, and ran back to the car screaming,

“Something is wrong with my mom.”

When police arrived, they observed the victim’s body where the eyewitness last saw

defendant struggling with Spires. On December 14, 2006, police officers also recovered a

folding box cutter, containing some visible hairs and blood, in a wooded area behind the house. 

This discovery was consistent with the eyewitness’s account describing where she saw defendant
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walking and then observed him discard something into the woods. Consequently, we conclude

the evidence in this case was overwhelming and not closely balanced.

b. Plain Error - Second Prong

Next, we must examine the second prong of the plain error analysis by considering

whether defendant has demonstrated the error “was so serious that it affected the fairness of the

defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process.” Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187;

Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 213. Again, our supreme court has provided instructive guidance by

acknowledging that, although the right to an impartial jury is fundamental and constitutionally

guaranteed by the sixth amendment, the court’s violation of rules in questioning the jurors does

not automatically require reversal, but requires balancing the unique circumstances of each case

using the principles of harmless and/or plain error. 

Under both versions of Rule 431(b), there are four principles a judge must address during

voir dire questioning to insure every juror understands and accepts the fundamental principles

delineated in the supreme court rule. These principles include: (1) the presumption of innocence;

(2) the State’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) the fact that defendant need not

present any evidence; and (4) the principle that defendant’s failure to testify cannot be considered

by the jury. In this case, the judge thoroughly discussed these propositions with the jury during

the selection process. Consequently, we have carefully examined the record in this case to

determine if the topics required under Rule 431(b) were addressed by the court or counsel during

the course of jury selection. 

The record shows the judge specifically covered each of these principles in an

introductory explanation to the entire jury panel by stating:

“The defendant is to be presumed innocent of the charge in the indictment,
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and this presumption remains throughout the trial with the defendant until you’ve

been satisfied by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the

defendant, and the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant beyond a

reasonable doubt is on the State. The law does not require the defendant to prove

his innocence. The defendant is not required to present any evidence or testify. If

he chooses not to testify in this case, it cannot be held against him.” (Emphasis

added).

The judge also informed the entire jury panel that he would give written instructions to them at

the close of the case and it would be their absolute duty to accept the law as defined in these

instructions and to follow the court’s instructions of law.

Also during the individual questioning of the jurors, the judge went above and beyond the

considerations outlined in Rule 431(b) by asking each potential juror the following questions

with minor variations from juror to juror: (1) whether the juror had any bias against a person

simply because he has been charged; (2) whether the juror would follow the court’s instructions

regarding the law; (3) whether the juror would decide the case without sympathy and prejudice;

(4) whether the juror would be able to give both the State and the defendant a fair trial; and (5)

whether the juror would wait until the end of the entire case before forming a final opinion about

the verdict. 

In the presence of the entire jury panel, the judge discussed the importance of waiting

until the end of the trial to form an opinion with the first impaneled juror subject to the voir dire

inquiries. The court carefully explained to this juror: 

“The reason I ask that is you will find out the State has a burden of proof. 

They always have the burden of proof. They will put on evidence. The defendant
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may put on evidence. If the defendant does put on evidence, there could be

rebuttal evidence. It could go back and forth a little bit. What I’m asking you to

do is to withhold any opinion about the verdict until the case is completely over

and you are back deliberating with your fellow jurors, and you indicated you

would do that?” 

Additionally, the prosecution touched upon the burden of proof, which is a topic required

for the judge to address by Rule 431(b). For example, the prosecutor asked some, but not all, of

the potential jurors whether they would be able to sign a guilty verdict if they found the State 

proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt and, likewise, whether they would be able to sign a not

guilty verdict if they found the State did not prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. It seems

rational to conclude that, if the goal of the rule is to impanel an informed and impartial jury, any

deficiency in the court’s inquiries should be subject to repair by the subsequent questioning by

the attorneys following the court’s initial inquiries. Defendant’s attorney did not ask any

questions of the jurors relevant to Supreme Court Rule 431(b). 

Since each one of these Rule 431(b) principles was touched upon by either the judge or

the prosecutor during voir dire, we conclude that the judge’s failure to strictly comply with this

rule was not so serious that it “affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the

integrity of the judicial process.” Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187. Therefore, we conclude that the

court’s error did not render the defendant's trial per se fundamentally unfair. 

After considering the cumulative effect of the circumstances attendant to the selection of

the jury in this case, we conclude that the trial court’s undeniable error did not rise to the level

required under the second prong of the plain error doctrine causing defendant’s trial to be

fundamentally unfair and warranting reversal of defendant’s conviction. For these reasons, we
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affirm defendant’s conviction. 

CONCLUSION

We find that the State presented sufficient evidence to prove defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. Further, although the trial court erred by failing to strictly follow the mandates

of Rule 431(b), that failure did not render the defendant's trial fundamentally unfair. Accordingly,

the judgment of the Peoria County circuit court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

O’BRIEN, P.J. and HOLDRIDGE, J. concur.