## Importation of Two Fresh Fruit Hybrids of Unshu , Sweet, and
Mandarin Orange s, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental
United States

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Analysis

May 14 , 2013

Version 1

Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606

### Executive Summary

This risk assessment was initially prepared by the staff at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST ), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis L aboratory (PERAL) for Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea for the importation into the continental United States of two hybrids of Unshu , sweet, and
mandarin orange s :

• Shiranuhi [ ( C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C

. × sinensis )) × C

. reticulata ]

• Setoka [( C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C.× sinensis )) × C. reticulata ] × C. reticulata ]

Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck is otherwise known as the sweet orange, while C. reticulata
Blanco is the mandarin orange. W e have previously assessed the pest risk for Unshu orange,
Citrus reticulata Blanco ssp. unsh i u Swingle

. Here, we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh fruit of these two Unshu

- sweet orange hybrids from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the continental United States . We analyzed pests using the methodology described in our pest risk assessments guidelines, examining pest biology related to the Likelihood and Consequences of Introduction.

W e identified Elsinoë australis and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway. These pests pose a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. We gave both a
Pest Risk Potential of Medium

. Specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for pests rated Medium, as port

- of

- entry inspection might not provide phytosanitary security.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 ii

### Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1
1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing Measures

................................ ................................ ... 1

2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ .................... 2
2.2. Assessment of Weed Risk Potential

................................ ................................ ................ 2 2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions

... 2 2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to
Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 5 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ........................ 44
2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................. 50
2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion

................................ ................................ .................... 55

3. Contributors & Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 56

4. Literature cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 56
5. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 72 Appendix A. Pe sts Intercepted on Citrus spp. from Korea.

................................ .................. 72 Appendix B. Reportable pests intercepted on Citrus × sinensis more than once from anywhere in the world.

................................ ................................ ................................ . 72

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 iii

### 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

W e have p reviously assessed the pest risk for Unshu orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco ssp. unsh i u Swingle

. Here we examined the pest risks associated with the importation into the continental
United States of fresh fruit of tw o hybrids of tangerine, Unshu , and sweet oranges from the Republic of Korea :

• Shiranuhi [ ( C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C

. × sinensis )) × C

. reticulata ]

• Setoka [( C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C.× sinensis ) ) × C. reticulata ] × C. reticulata ]

Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) is the sweet orange, while C. reticulata Blanco is the tangerine or mandarin orange. These commodities are proposed to come from Cheju Island of

Korea into the continental United States . In this analysis, we express risk ratings as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in numerical terms, such as probabilities or frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria can be found in Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

Internationa l plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide standards for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and repor t this assessment, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards (IPPC, 2011 ) . The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2, and provides mitigation options for Stage 3.

1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing Measures

The current regulations governing Korean Unshu oranges contain two parts that describe spe cific practices designed to remove pests from the pathway (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008). Currently, Unshu oranges are produced on Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea; we did not assess the pest risk posed by orange hybrids produced elsewhere in Korea.

First, t he protocol requires culling diseased or damaged fruit, and cleaning fruit with “high

pressure air or water spray in combination with brushing.”

Second, mandatory inspection is directed at the armored scale Unaspis yanonensis and the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. c itri ( citrus canker ) . Each shipment must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate stating that “These oranges were inspected and are considered to be free from citrus canker ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ) and arrowhead scale ( Unaspis

y anonensis ).” We note, however, that PPQ does not currently regulate armored scales on fruit for consumption (PPQ, 2008).

In addition, Korea is required to surface sterilize the fruit (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008) . Hence, in the packinghouse, fruit will be washed in detergent, and in disinfectant with one of the following:

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 1200 ppm chlorine (Cl) (2 minutes), sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP) (1 minute), or 85ppm peroxy acid (1 minute). Finally, the fruit is dried and waxed.



### 2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

In this commodity

- based, pathway

- initiated risk assessment we evaluate the pest risks associated with the commercial importation of fresh fruit of two tangerine, Unshu, and sweet orange hybrids from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the continental United States. In 2011, the National Plant Quarantine Service of the Republic of Korea requested market access for the
Shiranuhi and Setoka hybrid varieties (NPQS, 2011).

2.2. Assessment of Weed Risk Potential

We previously assessed the weed risk potential of Unshu oranges, C. reticulata ssp. unshiu (PPQ, 2009 ), conclud ing that the commodity had low potential to be a weed. The hybrids here are simply crosses with other common Citrus commodities, tangerines and sweet oranges, which also have low potential to be weeds. Therefore, we concluded that screening the hybrids further
would not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessment.

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Decision h istory In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Korean Unshu oranges produced only in Cheju I sland to any state in the United States. This was revoked in 2002 due to interceptions of citrus canker. In 2007, Korea Unshu oranges were again allowed in, but only to Alaska.

In 1995, the United States accepted Unshu oranges from Japan into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.

Table 1 . Prior decisions made by the United States about req uests to import Citrus spp. Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1932 Curacoa C. aurantium Denied No acceptable treatment available

1949 Turkey C. limon Approved North Atlantic/not in citrus

- growing states

1951 Liberia C. aurantifolia Approved

1961 Japan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1961 Japan Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Ceylon C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Chile C. limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Australia C. limon Denied No treatment available

1977 Niue Island C. aurantifolia Denied Exotic fruit flies attacking limes

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 2Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1977 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1982 Chile C. limon Approved Inspection and fumigation [T101 (a)]

1984 Turkey C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1988 Solomon
Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. limon Denied No treatment available

1988 Mexico C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1988 Jordan C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantifolia Approved Inspection and treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantium Approved All ports

1989 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1990 Cook Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment for Dacus
melanotus

1990 Sierra Leone C. aurantium Denied No approved treatment

1991 Mexico C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to inspection

1992 Chile C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to treatment T101 (a) at 50°C

1994 French Guyana C. aurantifolia Denied PPQ lacks approved treatment for Bactrocera tryoni

1994 Italy C. aurantium Approved All ports

1994 French Guyana C. limon Approved

1994 Korea C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, PR, CNMI, and U.S. VI

1995 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2001 Argentina C. limon Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2007 Korea C. reticulata Approved Alaska

2008 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2010 Korea C. reticulata Approved All ports in the c ontinental United States

2.3.2. Previous r isk a ssessments In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Unshu oranges

— Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu

, Swingle

— also known as Satsuma mandarin, grown in the Republic of Korea. They were subject to the safeguards outlined in 7 CFR §319.28(b), and could enter any area of the United States except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The 1994 assessment stated, “Permit entry of clean fruit subject to preclearance inspection and the safeguards [specified in an operational work plan].” Subsequent site visits by PPQ offi cials did not detect G. citricarpa on Cheju Island.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 3In 1995, USDA also approved entry of Unshu oranges from Japan into all States in the continental United States except A rizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (these States are hereby defined a s the citrus

- producing States) ( PPQ, 1995 ) (Fig. 1). The quarantine pests that
could follow the U nshu fruit pathway were Bactrocera tsuneonis Miyake, Candidatus “Liberobacter asiaticum,” Diaphorina citri Kuway, Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara, Eotetranychus a siaticus Ebara, Parlatoria cinerea Hadden, Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), P.
kraunhiae Kuwana, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempl., Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida, Toxoptera
citricida Kirkaldy, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

. The mitigation options recommended in the 1995 risk assessment for unshu oranges were: 1. Presented a work plan with mandatory treatments (methyl bromide) for microarthropods and with options for Bactrocera tsuneonis which include: a) mandatory treatment (methyl bromide), b) fruit fly free zone (by definition 319.562(f)), and c) systems approach. 2. Biometric sampling. 3. Full preclearance at origin. 4. Optional treatments such as oil soapy water dips.
5. Port

- of

- entry inspecti on.

Figure 1 . Citrus production in the continental United States [Source: NAPPFAST generated plant hardiness zone using climate data from 1997

- 2006 ].

2.3.3. Current s tatus and p est i nterceptions Pest interceptions on citrus (Citrus spp., C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu

, C. reticulata, and C

. × sinensis ) from the Republ ic of Korea from January 1985 through December 2012 are listed in Appendix A. During this time, inspectors intercepted actionable pests 556 times on Citrus spp. from Korea (PestID, 20 13 ). These include 98 interceptions of Xanthomonas citri subsp. ci tri ( citrus canker ) ; 34 interceptions of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely; 34 interceptions of Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas ; and 31 interceptions of Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana

.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 42.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

Below we list the pests associated with C

. reticulata

, C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu

, or C. × sinensis (in any country) that occur in Korea on any host (Table 2 ). We identify 1) the pest’s scientific name, 2) the presence of pests in Korea and in the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generally affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway. Each pest report has the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. Scientific
names in bol d text are currently accepted.

Many organisms are phytosanitary risks but they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007). When “Yes” appears in brackets i n the Quarantine Pest column, it indicates that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States.

Even if non

- q uarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the continental United States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non

- quarantine pests. For non

- quarantine pests in Table 2 , we put N/A (Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant part(s) affected” and “Follow pathway.”

Pest risk analyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quality of the specimen or the limits
of curren t taxonomic identification. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHIS may take action at the port

- of

- entry and we may reevaluate their risk.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 5Table 2

. Pests reported on Citrus reticulata ( tangerine or orange)

, C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu (Unshu orange), or C. × sinensis (sweet orange)

, in any country and present in Korea on any host. Pests in rows
shaded gray were selected for further analysis.

Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

ARTHROPODA Acari: Eriophyidae Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) KR (CABI,
20 13 ), US (Villanueva and Childers, 2007) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus
latus Banks KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Tarsonemus sp. KR (PestID,
20 13 ) PestID, 20 13 Yes F (PestID, 20 13 ) Yes

Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus obovatus
Donnadieu KR (Anonymous, 1986b), US (CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae Bryobia praetiosa Koch KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Bryobia rubrioculus
Scheuten KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Eotetranychus
sexmaculatus (Riley) KR (Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 ), US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

1 KR = Korea, US = United States, AL = Alabama, CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, WA = Washington. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States.

2 F or non

- quarantine pests , we used N/A (Not Applica ble) in the columns for “Plant p art(s) affected” and “Follow p athway.”

3 Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inf lorescence /Flower

, L = Leaf or foliage , R = Root, Sd = Seed ; S = Shoot or Stem, , Tr = Trunk, and WP = Whole plant.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 6Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Panonychus citri McGregor KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ; Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Panonychus elongatus

Manson KR (Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 ) Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 Yes F, L, S ( CABI,
20 13 ) 4 No 5

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ; Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Petrobia harti Ewing KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Petrobia latens Müller KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai
Kishida (Syn: T. hydrangea ) KR, US ( CABI, 2013; Migeon
and Dorkeld,
20 13 ) CABI, 2013; Migeon and Dorkeld, 20 13 ; No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Syn:
T.cinnabarinus ) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus
DeGeer (Syn: A. coffeae ) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Buprestidae Chalcophora japonica (Gory) KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Chrysochroa

fulgidissima
Sch öe nherr KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

4 Panonychus elongatus is commonly misidentified as P. citri (Manson, 1968). We found l imited information on plant part
association for P. elongatus . We assume that P. elongatus will affect hosts similarly to P. citri

. 5 Panonychus elongatus is an external feeder that is highly likely to be removed from the commodity during standard post

harvest procedures and washing of the fruit. Panonychus sp. has been intercepted four time s on permitted fruit from Mexico (1987) , Canada (2010), New Zealand (2011), and Australia (2012) (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 7Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Coleoptera: Cantharidae

Athemus suturellus Motschulsky KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I (Gillott, 1995) No

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) KR(CABI,
20 13 ), US (eradicated) (CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes L, R, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Anoplophora
macularia (Thomson) KR (FFTC, 2003) FFTC, 2003 Yes S/Tr (FFTC, 2003) No

Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson) KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) EPPO, n.d.

- a; Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S/Tr (EPPO,
n.d.

- a) No

Apriona germari Hope KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Chlorophorus
annularis (Fabricius) KR, (KES, 1994); US (HI) (CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 Yes ; except HI S (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Mesosa myops (Dalman) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S/Tr (Duffy, 1960) No

Pterolophia jugosa (Bates) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 1995) No

Pterolophia zonata

Bates KR ( KES , 1990; Anonymous, 1997) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 1995) No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky) (Syn: Rhaphidopalpa femoralis ) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Aulacophora nigripennis Motschulsky KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Exosoma flaviventre (Motschulsky) (Syn: Coptocephala flaviventre ) KR ( KES, 1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Luperomorpha funesta Baly KR ( KES, 1994 ) Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 8Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Physauchenia bifasciata Jacoby KR (Anonymous,
1990 Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Ornatalcides trifidus (Pascoe) (Syn: Mesalcidodes trifidus ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Frye et al., 2007) No

Scepticus insularis
Roelofs KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, R (NPQS, 1998) No

Sympiezomias lewisi
Roelofs (S yn. S. lewisii ) KR ( KES, 1994; Catling et al., 1977) Catling et al.,
1977 Yes L (Remadevi et al., 2005) No

Coleoptera: Dermestidae

Anthrenus verbasci (Linnaeus) KR ( KES , 1994),
US (AK only) (CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae Agrypnus binodulus Motschulsky (Syn: Lacon
binodulus ) KR ( KES, 1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Cardiophorus vulgaris Motschulsky KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Ectinus sericeus ( Candèze ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Melanotus annosus
Candèze KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous,
1997 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Melanotus legatus
Candèze KR ( KES, 1994 ; Shiraki, 1952a) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Paracardiophorus

pullatus (Candeze) KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae Epuraea domina Reitter KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes I, F (Ewing and Cline, 2005) No 6

6 Epuraea species are pests of stored products and may attack overripe or rotting fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2 005). They are

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 9Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Epuraea fallax
Grouvelle KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F (Ewing and Cline, 2005) No 6

Coleoptera: Oedemeridae

Xanthochroa
waterhousei Harold KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I (Anonymous, 1990) No

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus sinicus
Burmeister (Syn: A.
tenuimaculatus Waterhouse) KR ( KES , 199 4)

, US (HI) ( CABI,
2013 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Mau and Kessing, 1991) No

Anomala albopilosa Hope KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, R (Muraji et al., 2008) No

Anomala cuprea Hope KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008; Mitsuhashi, 2003) No

Anomala daimiana
Harold KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Anomala rufocuprea Motschulsky KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Ectinohoplia obducta Motschulsky KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

C

etonia pilifera (Motschulsky) (Syn:

Euc etonia pilifera ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

Exomala orientalis
Waterhouse (Syn: Anomala
orientalis ; Blitopertha
orientalis ) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Glycyphana

fulvistemma Motschulsky KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, R (Hill, 1987) No

un likely to be associated with harvestable fruit for consumption.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 10Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Holotrichia kiotoensis Brenske (Syn: H.
kiotonensis ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

Maladera orientalis Motschulsky KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Mimela flavilabris
Waterhouse KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Mimela splendens Gyllenhal KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Mimela testaceipes ( Motschulsky ) KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Miridiva coreana Mijima & Kinoshita [possible lapsus
calami ] KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Nipponovalgus angusticollis
Waterhouse KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Oxycetonia j a cunda
Faldermann (Syn: Gametis jucunda ) ; spelling jucunda lapsus
calami? KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, L, R (Umeya
and Okada, 2003) No

Poecilophilides
rusticola (Burmeister) KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Protaetia brevitarsis
Lewis KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L, R (Gillott, 1995; Hill, 1987) No 7

Protaetia orientalis Gory & Percheron KR ( KES, 1994 ; Lee et al., 1992) Anonymous, 1990; Lee et al.,
1992 Yes F, I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990; Lee et al., 1992; Wen et al., 2002) No 7

7 Bright

- colored adult shining leaf chafers (subfamily Rutelinae) frequently feed on foliage and fruits. Larvae feed on plant roots (Borror et al., 1989). Any adults present a t harvest are unlikely to remain with the commodity. Furthermore, no records of interception of Mimela sp., Miridiva sp., or Protaetia sp. on any kind of permitted fruit for consumption have been recorded since 1985 (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 11Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia okadai (Miyoshi) (Mispelled:
Contarnia okadai ) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) Kato, 1984;
NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes I, L (Kato, 1984) No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) KR (KES, 1994), US (HI) (CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Bemisia afer Priesner & Hosny KR (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 Yes L (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Bemisia tabaci
Gennadius KR, US ( CABI, 2013; Evans, 2008) Anonymous, 2009a; Hamon and Hodges,
2006 No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri
Ashmead KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Evans, 2008; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Westwood KR, (KES, 1994), US ( CABI, 2013; Evans, 2008) Hamon and Hodges, 2006 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes variabilis Quaintance KR, US (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Alydidae Megalotomus costalis
Stal KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch (Syn: A. citricola van der Goot) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 12Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Aulacorthum magnoliae Essig and

Kuwana (Syn: Acyrthosiphon magnoliae ) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) CABI, 20 13 Yes L (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) KR (Lee et al., 1992), US (Miller and Stoetzel, 1997) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum ibarae

Matsumura KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Sarucallis
kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Syn: Tinocallis
kahawaluckalani ) KR ( KES

, 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Sinomegoura citricola (van der Goot) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Tinocallis zelkowae (Takahashi) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987 ; Quednau, 2001 ) No

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricid us Kirkaldy (Syn: T. citricid a ) KR ( KES , 1994), US (FL, HI, PR) (CABI, 20 13 ; Michaud, 1999) CABI, 20 13 ; FFTC, 2003; Lee et al., 1992 [Yes] L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Hemiptera: Cercopidae Aphrophora intermedia
Uhler KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1994 Yes L, S (Thompson, 1999) No

Hemiptera: Cicadidae Cryptotympana atrata
Fabricius (Syn: C. dubia, C.

coreana ) KR ( KES , 1994; Catling et al., 1977) Anonymous, 1990; Catling et al., 1977 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 13Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Meimuna mongolica (Distant) KR ( KES , 1994; Lee, 2008) Anonymous,
1990 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Meimuna opalifer (Walker) (Syn: M. opalifera ) KR ( KES, 1994; An, 2000; Lee, 2008) An, 2000 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Platyp l eura kaempferi (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Bothrogonia japonica
Ishihara KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Cicadella viridis
Linnaeus KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) NPQS, 1998 Yes L, S (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca arborescens
Vilbaste KR ( KES , 1994) Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Empoasca vitis (Gothe) KR (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Epiacanthus
stramineus (Motschulsky) (Syn: Epicanthus

stramineus ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hishimonus sellatus
Uhler KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Kolla atramentaria (Motschulsky) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Ledra auditura Walker KR ( KES , 199 4;
Anon ymous , 1998a) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) KR (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Strongylocephalus agrestis (Fallen) KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Shiraki, 1952b No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 14Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Ceroplastes floridensis (Comstock) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes japonicus
Green KR (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No 8

Ceroplastes

pseudoceriferus
Green KR (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No 8

Ceroplastes rubens
Maskell KR (KES, 1994)

, US (FL, HI, TX) (Burke et al., 1994; CABI,
20 13 ; von Ellenrieder, 2003) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No 8

Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Coccus

pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Eucalymnatus
tessellatus (Signoret) KR, US (Ben

Dov, 1993) Ben

- Dov, 1993 No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Neitner) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium
corni (Bouché) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria sp. KR (Catling et al., 1977) Catling et al.,
1977 Yes L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Saissetia coffeae
Walker KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Takahashia japonica
Cockerell KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990, 1998a Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

8 Ceroplastes species ar e surface feeders that are occasionally associated with fruit, but more frequently feed on leaves or stems ( CABI, 2007 ). Those remaining on the fruit after harvest will be removed from the pathway by fruit immersion/wash/brush/pressure rinse. No Ceroplaste s species have been intercepted on permitted Citrus fruit for consumption (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 15Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Anacanthocoris
striicornis (Scott) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1994 Yes F, S (NPQS, 1998) No 9

Leptocorisa chinensis
Dallas KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, Sd (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii
Maskell KR, US (Watson, 2005) Umeya and Okada, 2003; Watson, 2005 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina Craw KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
2013 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus
aonidum Linnaeus KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous, 1994) No

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus

perniciosus (Comstock) (Syn: Comstockaspis perniciosa ) KR, US (Ben

Dov et al., 20 13 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes beckii

Newman KR (Catling et al., 1977), US (CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Catling et al.,
1977 No N/A N/A

9 These are large

- bodied true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts that feed on fruit. They are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit during harvest.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 16Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) KR ( KES , 199 4

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis

japonica Cockerell KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Octaspidiotus
stauntoniae (Takahashi) KR ( KES , 1994), US (HI) (Ben

Dov et al., 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1994 Yes L (Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) No

Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria theae
Cockerell KR, US ( KES

, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas KR, US (FL, HI, MS) (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) Yes 10

Pinnaspis aspidistrae Signoret KR (KES, 1994)

, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) KR ( KES , 1994), US (Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992; Ben

- Dov et al., 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

10 Armor ed scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see the discussion below Table 2 for a detailed explanation.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 17Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona (Targioni & Tozzetti) (Syn: Sasakiaspis
pentagona ) KR ( KES , 199 4 ), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Quadraspidiotus

perniciosus
Comstock KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Unaspis euonymi
Comstock (Syn: Chionaspis euonymi ) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Unaspis yanonensis
Kuwana KR ( KES , 199 4;
Anon ymous , 1997; CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 Yes F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) Yes 11

Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae Dictyophara patruelis (Stal) KR (CABI,
20 13; KES,
1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Dinidoridae Megymenum gracilicorne Dallas KR (KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F [cat

- facing] 11

, L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Geisha distinctissima
Walker KR ( KES , 199 4;
Anon ymous , 1998a) Anonymous, 1990, 1998a Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Largidae Physopelta gutta (Burmeister) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1994 Yes L (Montagnini and Jordan, 1983) No

Hemiptera: Margarodidae Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L (NPQS, 1998) No 12

11 “Cat

- facing” describes the results of feeding attempts by certain piercing/sucking insects. These insects leave blackened spots that may slightly sink into the fruit skin. They often make three feeding attempts, and someone called the resulting triangular sunken shape a “cat face.” Cat

- facing occurs most often on soft

- s kinned fruits such as peach.

12 Scale insects (Hemiptera: Margarodidae and Diaspididae ) are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export

- quality

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 18Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Drosicha howardii (Kuwana) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S/Tr (NPQS, 1998) No

Icerya purchasi
Maskell KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Meenoplidae

Nisia nervosa (Motschulsky) (Syn: N. atrovenosa Leithierry) KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Membracidae Gargara genistae
Fabricius KR ( KES

, 1994), US (Syrett et al., 1999) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Machaerotypus
sibiricus (Lethierry) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Orthobelus flavipes
Uhler (S yn. : Butragulus flavipes ) KR ( KES, 1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Miridae Lygocoris lucorum (Meyer) KR ( KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Carbula humerigera (Uhler) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1994 Yes F [cat

- facing] 11

, L (Borror et al., 1989) No 13

Dolycoris baccarum L. KR ( KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 1 3

Eucorysses grandis Thunberg KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1994 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 1 3

Citrus due to the washing and brushing as standard post

- harvest treatment ( 7 CFR § 319 , 2008 ). Furthermor e, Drosicha sp. has not been intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 20 13 ).

13 Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are large, active

, winged insects that may feed on fruit for sap, causing cat

- facing,
but are highly unlikely to be a ssociated with fruit at harvest. With the exception of N. antennata (see below), no interceptions of the quarantine Pentatomidae listed here have been recorded associated with permitted Citrus fruit for consumption in the United States since 1985 (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 19Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Glaucias subpunctatus
Walker KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990, 1997 Yes F [cat

- facing] (NPQS, 1998), L (Borror et al., 1989) No 1 3

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Homalogonia obtusa (Walker) KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes F , L (Funayama, 2002) No 1 3

Nezara antennata Scott KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

Nezara viridula
Linnaeus KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Palomena angulosa (Motschulsky) KR ( KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F, L, S (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000) No 1 3

Plautia stali Scott KR ( KES , 1994), US (HI) (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000) (Anonymous,
1994 Yes F (NPQS, 1998;
Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000) No 1 3

Hemiptera: Penthimiidae (recently elevated to family rank) (ZipCodeZoo, 2013)

Penthimia nitida Lithierry KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990, 1998a Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Antonina crawii
Cockerell KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous, 1994) No

Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus pergandei
Cockerell KR ( KES , 1994;

Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

14 A single N. antennata adult was intercepted with permitted Citrus reticulata from Korea in 1995 (PestID, 20 13 ) , but N.

antennata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. M andatory inspection and brushing/ washing is likely to remove any individual s from the fruit.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 20Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Planococcus citri (Risso) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CA) (Miller et al., 2005) Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous,
1997 [Yes] F, L, S (NPQS, 1998) No 15

Pseudococcus sp

. KR (PestID,
20 13 ) PestID, 2013 Yes I, F, L, S (PestID, 20 13 ) No 15

Pseudococcus
comstocki Kuwana KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Catling et al.,
1977 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel KR, US (HI) (Ben

- Dov et al.,
20 13 ; Kwon et al., 2002) Ben

- Dov et al.,
20 13 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes F, L, S (PestID,
20 13 ) No 15

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) KR, US (Ben

Dov et al., 20 13 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni Signoret KR, US Ben

Dov et al., 2013 Ben

- Dov et al.., 2013; CABI,
2013 No N/A N /A

Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Ricania japonica
Melichar KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Formica japonica Motschulsky KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes Predaceous on plant pests No 16

Hymenoptera: Vespidae Vespa crabro Linnaeus KR ( KES , 199 4 ),
US (Anonymous,
2009b ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

15 Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to remain with the commodity through standard pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. See text following the pest list for a detailed explanation.

16 Formicidae are generalist predat ors and protectors of honeydew

- secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than isolated (sterile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 21Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Vespa mandarina
Smith KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Yes (as of 12/05/12) F (Anonymous,
2009 b ),
Predaceous (Borror et al., 1989) No 17

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Amata germana (Felder & Felder) KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Sun et al., 2006) No

Amsacta lactinea (Cramer) KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes L (Hill, 1987 ; Hill, 2008 ) No

Hyphantria cunea (Drury) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cossus Linnaeus KR (Anonymous,
1986b ; KES,
1994 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes R, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Lepidoptera: Crambidae Glyphodes pyloalis
Walker (S yn. : Diaphania pyloalis ) KR (KES. 1994)

, US (MEM, 2012) Anonymous
1990 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Geometridae Apochima juglansiaria (Graeser) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) KR (Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990, 1997 Yes L (Borror et al.,
1989 ; Choi et al., 2011 ) No

Biston panterinaria (Bremer & Grey) KR ( Choi et al., 2011) Choi et al., 2011 Yes L ( Choi et al., 2011) No

Chariaspilates

formosaria (Eversmann) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

17 Vespa species are large, external ly

- feeding wasps that a re predaceous on other insects or animals (Borror et al., 1989). They are un likely to remain with the commodity through standard post

- harvest procedures.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 22Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Ectropis bistortata (Goetze) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ectropis excellens (Butler) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990; Shiraki,
1952d Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemithia aestivaria
Hübner KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hypomecis punctinalis (Scopoli) KR (Choi et al., 2011) Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 2011) No

Menophra senilis
Butler KR (Choi et al., 2011) Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 2011) No

Odontopera arida
Butler KR (Choi et al., 2011) Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 2011) No

Ophthalmitis
irrorataria Bremer & Grey KR ( KES , 199 4 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ourapteryx nivea
Butler KR (Choi et al., 2011) Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 2011) No

Pylargosceles steganioides (Butler) (Syn: Pylarge steganioides ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllocnistis citrella
Stainton KR (KES, 1994)

, US (AL, CA, FL, LA, TX) ( CABI, 2013 ; Guillen and Heraty, 2002; Lapointe and Leal, 2007) CABI, 20 13 ; Catling et al.,
1977 [Yes] L , F (CABI,
20 13 ; Catling et al., 1977 ; Kim et al., 2000 ) No

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Endoclita excrescens
Butler (Syn: Endoclyta

excrescens ) KR (CABI,
20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 1992) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 23Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae Parnara guttatus Bremer & Grey (Syn: P. guttata Bremer & Grey) KR (CABI,
20 13; KES,
1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Dendrolimus spectabilis (Butler) KR (CABI,
20 13; KES,
1994 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Monema flavescens
Walker (Syn: Cnidocampa flavescens Walker) KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992), US (Lammers and Stigter, 2004) Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Parasa consocia (Walker) (Syn: Latoia consocia (Walker) KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Parasa sinica Moore (Syn: Latoia sinica Moore) KR (CABI,
20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992; Shiraki, 1952c) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Thosea sinensis

coreana Okano &
Park KR ( KES

, 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Euproctis piperita
Oberthür KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Euproctis

pseudoconspersa
Strand KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Euproctis pulverea (Leech) KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997 ) No

Lymantria dispar
Linnaeus KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Zhang, 1994 Yes 18 S (CABI, 20 13 ) No

18 Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskij is reportable, according to PestID (2013). According to Program Manager A. Man

- Song

- Hing, Asian gypsy moth is not established anywhere in the United States and is under official

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 24Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Sphrageidus similis Fuessly (Syn: Euproctis
similis Fuessly) KR (CABI,
20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae 19
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Anomis mesogona (Walker) KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No

Apamea aquila Donzel KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Opler et al., 2009) No

Arcte coerula (Guenée) KR (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No 19

Artena dotata (Fabricius) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990; Poole, 1989) No

Bastilla maturata
Walker (Syn.: Dysgonia

maturata (Walker);
Parallelia maturata (Walker) ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F, L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No 19

Calyptra lata (Butler) (Syn: Calyptera lata ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F (CABI, 20 13 ) No 19

Calyptra thalictri (Borkhousen) (Syn: Calyptera
thalictri ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes F (CABI, 20 13 ) No 19

control and would be eradicated if discovered.

19 Fruit

- piercing mo ths typically do not present a phytosanitary risk themselves but rather increase the risk of secondary invasions (CABI, 20 13 )

. Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders that are not associated with fruit at harvest , and would likely be removed throug h pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989). S ince 1985 none of the quarantine significant Noctuid ae found associated with Citrus fruit and in Korea have been intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 25Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Chrysodeixis eriosoma Doubleday KR, US (HI, CA) (CABI,
20 13 ; L os A ngeles County, 2005; CDFA, 2008) Robinson et al.,
2009 [Yes] F, L (CABI,
20 13 ) No 19

Dysgonia arctotaenia (Guenée) (Syn: Ophiusa arctotaenia;
Parallelia arctotaenia (Guenée)) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990) No

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) (Syn: Othreis fullonia ) KR, US (HI) (CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Yes F (CABI, 20 13 ) No 19

Eudocima tyrannus
Guenée (Syn: Adrias tyrannus; Adris
tyrannus ) KR (KES , 199 4) Anonymous, 1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L, S ( Anonymous, 1990; Poole, 1989) No

Eudocima tyrannus
amurensis Staudinger (Syn: Adris tyrannus

amurensis ) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990) No

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, I, L (CABI,
20 13 ) No 19

Mocis undata (Fabricius) KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes F, L (Holloway, n.d.) No 19

Ophiusa tirhaca
Cramer KR ( KES , 1994) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, L (Walker, 2007) No 19

Oraesia emarginata
Fabricius KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No 19

Oraesia excavata (Butler) KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No 19

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 26Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) KR (Kim et al., 2000), US (MEM, 2012) Kim et al., 2000 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) KR, US ( KES, 1994; CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (HI) (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 Yes L (CABI, 20 13 ) No

Thyas juno (Dalman) (Syn: Dermaleipa juno; Lagoptera juno ) KR ( KES , 199 4 ; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L (Anonymous, 1990) No

Xestia c

- nigrum ( Linnaeus ) KR, US (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; CABI,
20 13 No N/A N/A

Xanthodes transversa
Guenée KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes L (Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2006) No

Xylena formosa Butler KR ( KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes S, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Phalera assimilis Bremer & Grey KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (EPPO, n.d.

- b; Lee et al., 1992) No

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Polygonia c

- aureum Linnaeus KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Psorosticha

m e lanocrepida
Clarke KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1986a) No

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae Papilio bianor Cramer KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986a; Shiraki, 1952c) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio helenus
Linnaeus KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous, 1990, 1997 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 27Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Papilio maackii
Menetries KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997 ) Robinson et al.,
2001 ; Anon ymous , 1990, 1997 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio macilentus

Janson KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio protenor (Cramer) KR (KES, 1994; Shiraki, 1952c) Robinson et al.,
2001 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989 No

Papilio sp. KR ( KES, 1994; Catling et al., 1977) Catling et al.,
1977 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio xuthus
Linnaeus KR ( KES, 1994; Lee et al., 1992), US (HI) (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Bambalina sp. KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S (Lee et al., 1992) No

Eumeta minuscula
Butler KR (Kim et al., 2000) Kim et al., 2000 Yes L, F (Kim et al., 2000) No 20

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) KR ( KES , 1994), US (CABI,
20 13 ) Robinson et al.,
2001 No N/A N/A

Conogethes

punctiferalis (Guenée) (Syn: Dichocrocis punctiferalis ) KR ( KES, 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No 21

20 Eu m eta minuscula is a minor pest on Citrus (Kim et al., 2000). Larvae of Psychidae construct a case, which they carry with them as they feed. Females are wingless and generally do not leave the bag (Borror et al., 1989). Psychidae are primarily defoliators (Hill, 1994), but may feed externally on fruit ( Kim et al., 2000 ). Such pests are likely to be removed during standard po st

- harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport E. minuscula

. 21 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae bore into the fruit, leaves, and stem of the host plant , and its presence in fruit can easily be
determined by t hese boreholes (CABI, 20 13 ). Since 1985, C. punctiferalis has not been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry except in baggage or on plants for propagation (PestID, 20 13 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 28Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae Dictyoploca japonica (Moore) KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 1992) No

Samia cynthia walkeri
C & R Felder KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Pittaway, 2009) No

Lepidoptera: Sesiidae Synanthedon hector
Butler KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes Tr (EPPO, n.d.

- b) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana
Fischer von

R ö eslerstamm (Syn: A. fasciata ) KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous, 1990; Robinson et al., 2001 Yes F, I, L (CABI,
20 13 ) No 22

Archips breviplicanus Walsingham (Syn: A. breviplicana ; Archippus breviplicanus ) KR ( KES , 199 4 ; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes I, F, L (NPQS, 1998) No 23

Archips crataeganus (H ü bner) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips

fuscocupreanus Walsingham KR ( KES , 1994),
US (CABI,
20 13 ) Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

Archips ingentana Christopher (Syn: Archippus ingentanus ) KR ( KES , 1994) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips xylosteana
Linnaeus KR ( KES, 1994; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 Yes L (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

22 Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders and are not associated with fruit at harvest. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989).
Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant Tortricidae listed in this document have been intercepted in the United
States associated with Citrus (PestID, 20 13 ).

23 The Asiatic leafroller, A

. breviplicanus, is a minor pest of Citrus and is un likely to be asso ciated with fruit (NPQS, 1998). Archips sp. primarily affect leaves, but may feed externally on fruit (Hill, 1987). Such pests are likely to be removed during standard post

- harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport A. breviplicanus ( CABI, 2013 ).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 29Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Homona magnanima
Diakonoff KR ( KES , 1994; Lee et al., 1992) CABI, 2013 ; Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S ( CABI,
2013 ) No

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea (De Geer) KR (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 Yes L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Oxya chinensis

formosana Shiraki (Syn: O. c. chinensis;
O. c. sinuosa ) KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Oxya yezoensis Shiraki (Syn: O. japonica Thunberg) KR (CABI,
20 13 ) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Atractomorpha lata
Bolivar (S yn. : Atractomorpha
bedeli Bolivar ) KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) Anonymous,
1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Gampsocleis sedakovi

o bscura Walker KR ( KES, 1994; Anonymous, 1990) (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) Yes L , B (Borror et al., 1989 ; Kim et al., 2000 ) No

Holochlora japonica

Brunner von Watten KR ( KES , 1994) (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips chinensis
Priesner KR ( KES , 1994) NPQS, 1998 Yes I (Ananthakrishna n, 1993) No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa Trybom KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella
occidentalis (Pergande) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009), US (CABI, 20 13 ) NISA

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis
Bouché KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; Hill, 1983 No N/A N/A

Megalurothrips distalis Karny KR ( KES , 1994; CABI, 20 13 ) Anonymous, 1997, 1998b Yes I, L (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 30Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Mycterothrips glycines (Okamoto) KR (Kim et al., 2000) Kim et al., 2000 Yes F, L (Kim et al., 2000) No 24

Scirtothrips dorsalis
Hood KR (KES, 1994)

, US(FL, GA, HI) (CABI, 20 13 ; Diffie et al., 2008) CABI, 20 13 ; FFTC, 2003 [Yes] I, F, L (CABI,
20 13 ) No 24

Thrips flavus Schrank KR (Kim et al., 2000) Kim et al., 2000 Yes I, F, L (CABI, 2013) No 24

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) KR (KES, 1994)

, US (CABI,
20 13 ) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Thrips nigropilosus
Uzel KR ( KES, 1994;
NISA

- KR, 2009), US (CABI, 20 13 ) NISA

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Thrips palmi Karny KR, US (FL, GA, HI, PR) (CABI, 20 13 ; Diffie et al, 2008) CABI, 20 13 ; NPQS, 2000 [Yes] I, F, L, S (CABI,
20 13 ) No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman KR ( KES, 1994; Catling et al., 1977), US (CABI, 20 13 ) Catling et al.,
1977 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Town.) Conn ( Syn.: Rhizobium
radiobacter (Beij. & v. Deld.) Pribam [ Alphaproteobacteria:
Rhizobia les] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

24 Thrips are highly unlikely to remain with the fruit after harvest. T hrips typically attack growing points of plants, which include leaves, shoots, and young fruits. Given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface, pressure washing and brushing of the fruit will remove active organisms. Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant thrips listed in this document have been intercepted at U.S ports

- of

- entry (PestID, 2009).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 31Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Pseudomonas syringae

pv. syringae van Hall (Gammaproteobacteri a: Pseudomoniales) KR, US ( Bradbury, 1986 ) Bradbury, 1986 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 25 (ex Hasse 1915) Gabriel
et al. 1989 [= X. axonopodis pv. citri (Vauterin et al.), X. campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye] (Citrus canker A) [ Gammaproteobac

teria: Xanthomoniales] KR (Bradbury, 1986) , US (FL) ( Citrus Canker;
Movement of
Fruit from Quarantined Areas, 2009) Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI/EPPO,
2006 Yes 26 F, L, S/Tr ( CABI, 2013 ) Yes

FUNGI

Aithaloderma citri (Briosi & Pass)
Woron 1926 ( Syn.: Capnodium
citri Berk. and Desm.) [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Alternaria alternata
Keisi [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] KR ( CABI,
2013 ) ; US (da Silva and Singh, 2012) Wang et al.,
2010 No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR ( Young and Kim, 1996 ) , US ( Ellis and Holliday, 1970 ) Ellis and Holliday, 1970 No N/A N/A

25 The classification of Xanth omonads was revised in 2006. T he proper taxonomic designation for the pathogen that causes

citrus canker is now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Euzeby, 2007; Schaad et al. , 2006).

26 T his is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States and is under official control (NIS, 2006) : § 301.75

- 1 through § 301.75

- 14.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 32Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Alternaria sp

. (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR ( CABI,
2013 ) Anonymous,
1986 , 1990 ; Knorr, 1973;
Reuther et al

., 1978; Timmer et al. , 2000 Yes F (Timmer et al.

, 2000) Yes

Antennella citrina Hara (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1986b ; WADAF, n.d. Yes L (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Armilla ria mellea (Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm KR ( C oetzee et al., 2001) , US ( Williams et al.,
1989 ) Smith et al., 1989 (citrus in general) No N/A N/A

Ascochyta pisi Lib. ( Syn.: Ascochyta pisicola (Berk.) Sacc. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CMI, 1985 a ; CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ; Timmer et al., 2000) Onions, 1966; Timmer et al.,
2000 No N/A N/A

Botryo s phaeria
dothidea (Moug.:Fr.)
Ces. & De Not. [Ascomycetes: Dothidiales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cook) Arx ( Syn.: Diplodia
natalensis ; Lasiodiplodia
theobromae (Pat.)
Griffiths & Maubl. ) (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US (An onymous, 1998b; Farr and Rossman, 2013 Anonymous, 1998b; Farr and Rossman, 20 13 ; Santacroce,
1993 No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 33Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar ( Syn.: Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Dothidiales] KR ( CABI/EPPO,
2011 ); US ( Anonymous,
1960 ) Peregrine and Siddiqi, 1972 No 27 N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel ( Syn.: Botrytis
cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) (Ascomycetes:Helotia les) KR ( Lee et al., 1991) , US ( Alfieri et al.,
1984 ) Alfieri et al.,
1984 No N/A N/A

Capnodium tanakae
Shirai & Hara ( Syn.: Neocapnodium
tanakae (Shirai & Hara) Yanamoto) [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] KR (Cho and Shin, 2004) Cho and Shin,
2004 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Capnophaeum

fuliginodes (Rehm)

Yamamoto (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1986b No 28 N/A N/A

Chaetothyrium spinigerum (Hohnel)

Yamamoto (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) Anonymous, 1986b, 1990 No 28 N/A N/A

Cladosporium
herbarum (Pers.:Fr)
Link. var. citricola
Farl. (Fungi imperfecti) KR, US (IA, WA) ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No 2 8 N/A N/A

27 Actionable only if commodity is destined to Puerto Rico (PestID, 2013).

28 This species is a non

- pathogenic sooty mold fungus, which grows superficially on plant sur faces on the exudates of aphids or other sucking insect infestations ( Crous et al., 2009 ) . Since sooty molds do not infect plants ( Nelson, 2008 ) , quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms, regardless of their absence in the United States. If the commodity is subject to routine washing as part of post

- harvest processing, then this organism is highly unlikely to follow the pathway
with commercial produce ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 )

.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 34Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Cladosporium sp

. (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR ( PestID,
2013 ) PestID, 2013 No 28 N/A N/A

Colletotrichum

acutatum (Simmonds ex Simmonds) [ Teleomorph : Glomerella acutata
Guerber & J.C. Correll] [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Colletotrichum
coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes. [ Syn.: Gloeosporium foliicola (Nishida)
Sawada (as

' foliicolum ')] [Ascomycetes:
Incertae sedis ] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 ; CMI, 1985 a No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 ) No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A Yes

Colletotrichum sp

. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR ( PestID,
2013 ) PestID, 2013 Yes F ( PestID, 2013 ) Yes

Coprinus micaceous (Bull.: Fr.) FR. 1838 KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii Curzi ( Syn.: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) (Basidiomycetes: Corticiaceae) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 35Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Diaporthe citri F. A.
Wolf (Pyrenomycetes: Diaporthales) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Diaporthe faginea (Curr.) Sacc. 1882 ( Syn.: Diaporthe
medusae a Nit.) [Ascomycetes: Diaportales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No 29 N/A N/A

Elsinoë australis Bit. &
Jenkins (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Hyun et al.

, 2001; Hyun et al. 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) 30
US: transient, actionable, under
surveillance (CABI, 2013) Hyun et al.

, 2001; Hyun et al. , 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) Yes F, L, S ( PestID,
2013 ; Hyun et al., 2001; Hyun et al., 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) Yes

Elsinoë fawcetti Bit. &
Jenkins (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Cho and Shin, 2004) , US ( Alfieri et al.,
1984 ) Alfieri et al.,
1984 No N/A N/A

Elsinoë sp. (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR ( Cho and Shin, 2004) PestID, 2013 Yes F, L, S ( PestID,
2013 ) Yes

29 Only actionable if commodity is destined to Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virg in Islands (PestID, 2013).

30 Hyun et al

. (2009) confirmed the occurrence of the natsudaidai pathotype of E. australis in Korea but found no new pathotypes or regions of occurrence for this species. The host range of E. australis has not been thoroughly investigated on fruit. A preliminary host range of E. australis can be ascertained by molecular means only. However, fruit inoculations will have to be performed to confirm the susceptibility of different species of citrus . Conseque ntly

, we will analyze this fungus in this assessment

.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 36Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Erythricium
salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall ( Syn.: Corticium
salmonicolor Berk. & Broome; anamorph:
Necator decret Massee) [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Geotrichum citri

aurantii ( Feiraris) E. E. Butler (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US ( Anonymous, 1986b; Farr and Rossman, 2013 ) Anonymous, 1986b; Farr and Rossman, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz [Anamorph: Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelm) Aa.] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 ; CMI, 1991 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Guignardia mangiferae (A. J. Roy) [Anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis ; Syn.: Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Guignardia sp. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR (Cho and Shin, 2004); US ( CABI, 2013 ) Simmonds, 1966 Yes F, L, S ( CABI,
2013 ) Yes

Helicobasidium mompa
Tanaka (Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiaceae) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,
1986b Yes R, S/Tr (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 37Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Hypocrea lixii ( Pat .) [Anamorph:
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Limacinia japonica

Hara [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990; PestID, 2013 ) Anonymous, 1986b, 1990; PestID, 2013 Yes F (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990; PestID, 2013 ) No 31

Macrophomina

phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 ; Farr and Rossman, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Microsphaeropsis sp. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR ( PestID,
2013 ) PestID, 2013 Yes F ( PestID, 2013 ) Yes

Mycosphaer e lla citri
Whiteside [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Nectria haematococca (Wollenw.) Gerlah ( Syn.: Fusarium
solani (Martius) Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

31 Limacinia japonica is a minor leaf pathogen known as a sooty mold fungus ( Agrios, 1997 )

. This non

- pathogenic species grows superficially on plant surfaces on the exudates of aphids or other sucking in sect infestations ( Crous et al., 2009 )

. Since sooty molds do not infect plants ( Nelson , 2008 ) , quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms, regardless of their absence in the United States. If the commodity is subject to routine washing as part of the post

- harvest processing, then this organism is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercial produce ( Menge and Ploetz,
2003 )

.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 38Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Nematospora coryli Peglion ( Syn.: Eremothecium coryli (Peglion)

Kurtzm an) [Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) KR ,US ( CABI,
2013 ) ( CABI, 2013 ) No 32 N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum
Wehmer (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) Anonymous,
1998 a ; Timmer
et al. , 2000; CABI, 2013 No 3 2 N/A N/A

Penicillium ulaiensi

. [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No 3 2 N/A N/A

Phaeopeltis japonica

Yamamoto (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) Anonymous, 1986b, 1990 No 33
( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Phyllosticta beltranii Penzig (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990, 1998b) Anonymous, 1986b, 1990,
1998b Yes L (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990, 1998b) No

Phyllosticta erratica
Ellis & Everh. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (Anonymous, 1986b; Farr et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1986b; Farr and Rossman, 2013 No N/A N/A

32 Non

- actionable at the level of order ( Chaetothyriales )

33 Phaeopeltis japonica is a minor leaf pathogen known as a sooty mold fungus ( Agrios, 1997 )

. This non

- pathogenic species grows superficially on plant surfaces on the exudates of aphids or other sucking insect infestations ( Crous et al., 2009 )

. Since sooty molds do not infect plants ( Nelson, 2008 ) , quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms, regardless of their absence in the United St ates. If the commodity is subject to routine washing as part of the post

- harvest processing, then the pathogen is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercial produce ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 )

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 39Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Phytophthora
boehmeriae (Sawada) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR (Hong et al., 1999) Ho and Lu,
1997 34 Yes L, S, R ( CABI,
2013 ; Hong et al., 1999); Fruit (Ho and Lu, 1997) Yes 34

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn)
Schröt. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E.
Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Oomycetes: Pythiaceae) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Phytophthora
cryptogea (Pethybr. & Laff.) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR (Jee et al., 1996); US (CMI, 1985b) CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Phyophthota nicotianae
Breda de Haan 1896 [ Syn.: Phytophthota parisitica Dastur (1913)] [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US ( Farr and Rossman,
2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009) Farr and Rossman, 2013 ; Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum (Auct. non.) R. Hesse [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum (Trow) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kuhn [Teleomorph: Thanatephorus

cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

34 This pathogen is only reported on “ Citrus spp.”; it may or may not have a host association with C. reticulata . Symptoms are readily visible; post

- harvest surface treatment of citrus is likely ro remove it from the pathway (CABI, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 40Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) KR, US (CMI, 1987) CABI, 2013 No N/A No

Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

NEMATODA

Criconematidae

Criconemoides informis (Micoltzdy) KR (Anonymous, 1984, 1990) Anonymous, 1984, 1990 No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No 35 N/A N/A

Longidoridae Xiphinema
americanum Cobb KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) Anonymous, 1984; CABI,
2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Xiphinema insigne Loos (Longidoridae) KR (Park et al., 2002); US ( Luc and Southey,
1980: in Robbins et al., 2000 ) CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchidae Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev &
Schuurmans
Stekhoven KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) Anonymous, 1984; CABI,
2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Trichordoridae

Paratrichodorus

porosus (Allen) Siddiqi KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

Tylenchidae Tylenchulus

semipenetrans Cobb KR, US ( CABI,
2013 ) CABI, 2013 No ( PestID,
2013 ) N/A N/A

35 Non

- actionable unless commodity is destined to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 41Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on C.
reticulata

, C.
reticulata ssp. unshiu
, or C. ×
sinensis Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)
affected 3 Follow pathway 2

VIRUSES

Citrus tatter leaf virus (Capillovirus) KR ( CABI,
2013 ), US (CA, FL) (Garnsey, 1964) Calavan et al.,
1963 No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus (Closteroviridae: Closterovirus) KR (CABI/EPPO,
2010 ), US (Bar

Joseph et al., 1989) Bar

- Joseph et al., 1989 No N/A N/A

MOLLUSCA Bradybaenidae Acusta despecta (Grey) KR (An, 2000) An, 2000 Yes L, S (An, 2000) No

2.4

. 1. Pests that are c andidates for m itigation The two quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway that we analyzed further were Elsinoë
australis ( sweet orange scab ) and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ( citrus canker )

.

2.4.2. Pests that are n ot c andidates for m itigation Following, we discuss some pests that were not further analyzed.

Mealybugs. The mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to be associated with commercial export

- quality U nshu oranges due to pressure washing and brushing of the fruit that will occur before export to the Un ited States. Any mealybugs on the fruit at harvest would likely be removed by this post

- harvest practice, given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface. Interception records for commercial shipments of Citrus fruit corroborate this.
Armore d scales . We identified three species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Octaspidiotus stauntoniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, and Unaspis yanonensis, as quarantine pests. We did not further analyze them because although armored scales may enter on comme rcial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007b ). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantit ies of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high

- level consequences, the specific pathway re presented by commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk ( PERAL, 2007a ). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption , and consequently, by their low probability of establishment. The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 42• Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings
but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

• Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can
be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted i n the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

• Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. Active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natal host is highly unlikely since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces

.

Organisms removed from the pathway. Organisms removed from the Unshu oranges pathway during standard post

- harvest processing do not require further analysis. The following quarantine significant species found associated with citrus and in Korea (Table 2 ) will be mitigated through culling, p ressure washing, and brushing of the fruit: Panonychus elongatus (Acari: Tetranychidae), Arcte coerula, Bastilla maturate, Calyptra lata, C. thalictri, Dysgonia stuposa, Eudocima fullonia , E. salaminia, Helicoverpa armigera, Ophiusa tirhaca

, Oraesia emarg inata, O. excavate, Serrodes campana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ceroplastes japonicus

, C. pseudoceriferus, C. rubens (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Drosicha corpulenta (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), Nezara antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Planococcus kraunhiae,

Pse udococcus cryptus, Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Scirtothrips dorsalis

, Thrips coloratus

, T. flavus, and T. palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Ascochyta citri. We did not list the fungus, A. citri Penz. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) , above for several reasons. First, the only evidence we found that it was present in Korea was a s ingle intercep tion at a U.S. port

- of

- entry in baggage ( PestID, 2013 ), which may not mean the produce was from Korea. Second, although reported on oranges (Viégas, 1945) the genus and species was not given (in the abstract available to us). C itrus reticulata is not a reported host, despite being identified a single time on C. reticulata from Mexico ( Farr and Rossman

, 201 3 ) . Because we are uncertain about both presence in t he exporting country, and a host association with oranges, we
did not list A. citri above. Guignardia citricarpa . This pathogen is the causal agent of citrus black spot disease (Sutton and Waterston, 1966), and is a quarantine pest (Sutton and Waterston, 1 996). The pest risk assessment conducted by PPQ in 1994 noted that Korean officials were unable to detect citrus black spot disease during several years of survey in the citrus

- growing areas in Korea. A list of
citrus pests submitted by Korea (Anonymous, 1 990) included Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var.
mikan Hara as a causal agent of storage rot of citrus. Phoma citricarpa McAlpine is an anamorph
of G. citricarpa (EPPO, 1997). The same situation was described in Japan, where a low percentage of stored Unshu fruit developed a decay caused by G. citricarpa var. mikan (anamorph: P. citricarpa var. mikan ) (McOnie, 1967). McOnie (1967) concluded that G. citricarpa var. mikan was actually the nonpathogenic strain of G. citricarpa , that small irregular markings on fruit thought to be caused by G. citricarpa were due to mechanical or insect injury,
and that the G. citricarpa isolated from those fruit was the nonpathogenic Guignardia sp. Based on this information, PPQ believes that the Guignardia present in Korea is nonpathogenic. This

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 43concurs with reports of G. citricarpa in Korea as being either doubtful or reports of the non

pathogenic Guignardia sp. ( CABI, 2013 ). Baldass ari et al. (2008) and Baayen et al. (2002) used symptomology, pathogen morphology, and molecular techniques to differentiate the non

pathogenic species from G. citricarpa . The “non

- pathogenic strain” is now designated G. mangiferae and the citrus black spo t pathogen is designated as G. citricarpa (Baayen et al., 2002; Baldassari et al., 2008). The non

- pathogenic Guignardia was reported in Florida (Alfieri et al., 1994) and Texas (Okamura and Davis, 1987). Based on this information, we believe that the Guign ardia present in Korea is G. mangiferae , which is not a quarantine pest. That is also why G. citricarpa does not appear above.

Satsuma dwarf virus. The Satsuma dwarf virus (Bromoviridae: Nepovirus) is present in Korea (CABI/EPPO, 2004), but we found no di rect evidence for a host association with C. reticulata

. Primarily it infects Satsuma ( Citrus unshiu ), and although most citrus varieties can be infected,
C. reticulata × C. paradisi cv. Orlando is symptomlessly infected (EPPO/CABI, n.d.), and C.
reticulat a is not listed as a host. For this reason, we did not list this pathogen above.

2.6. Consequences of I ntroduction

The negative impacts resulting from the introduction and establishment of quarantine pests are considered in this assessment. The potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk elements described in the Guidelines for the Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments
Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

For each risk element, we rated the pest Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 p oints). We summed all the risk element values to calculate a cumulative risk rating score, which is a biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts (PPQ, 2000) . We summarized the rating s for the Consequences of
Introduction in Table 3

.

Elsinoë australis, s weet orange scab Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction
S weet orange scab occurs in Italy, India, Ethiopia, the Dominican Republic, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa ( CABI, 2013 ), and Korea ( Hyun et al. , 2001; Hyun et al. , 2007; Hyun et al., 2009). Thayer et al. (2003) examined the likely areas that Elsinoë
australis could establish in the United States. T he pathogen requires moderately warm temperatures (4

- 25 °C) and a minimum wet period of 2.5

- 3.5 h ours for
infections to occur. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited
to the state s of Arizona, Florida , Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas , where there
are suitable hosts. “On July 23, 2010, APHIS confirmed the first United States detection of the fungal pathogen Elsinoë australis, causal agent of SOS, in Texas

. SOS was subsequently detected and confirmed in Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida

, and Arizona in August 2010, October 2010, December 2010, and January 2011, respectively (APHIS, 2011) .” “ Federal Orders have been issued to establish SOS

quarantine areas for the entire States of Texas, Louisiana, Mi ssissippi, Florida, Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 44Elsinoë australis, s weet orange scab Risk ratings

and Arizona ” ( APHIS, 2011 ). Th is area includes four plant hardiness zones

. T herefore the rating for Climate

- Host Interaction is Medium. Risk Element 2: Host Range
Elsinoë australis infects many species of citrus

, including sweet orange ( C. × sinensis ), lemon ( C. limon ), mandarin ( C. reticulata ), tangerine ( C. reticulata ), satsuma orange ( C. reticulata ), kumquat ( Fortunella margarita ), lime ( C. latifolia ), grapefruit ( C. paradisi ), and pointed leaf papeda ( C. hystrix ) (CMI, 1998). Sour orange, C. aurantium, is relatively resistant to E. australis (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). The host range of sweet orange scab includes multiple

genera within a single family , so the rating for this element is Medium

. Medium ( 2 )

Risk Element 3: Dispersal The primary window for infect ion is the early spring, when the tree puts out new shoot growth and “ petal fall ” commences (Timmer et al

. , 2000). Leaves are susceptible as they emerge from the bud; thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al., 2000)

. H owever, when lesions d evelop on leaves, they typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). During the six to eight weeks after “ petal fall, ” fruits are highly susceptible to E.
australis (Timmer et al., 2000).

Conidia dispersal depends on rain and/or irrigation (CMI, 1998; EPPO/CABI, 1997h; Timmer et al., 2000), and may disperse in the air over short distances (Chung and Timmer, 2005). The dispersal gradient is short and the e stimated spread rate in Florida groves ranged from 100 to 300 m per year (Whi teside, 1975).

Because the period of infectivity is limited and the maximum annual dispersal
distance is measured in meters , we rated sweet orange scab Low for Dispersal
Potential. Low ( 1 )

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
Elsinoë australis disfigures fruit and reduces fresh market value (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Culling diseased fruit increases handling costs and decreases export volume. Most oranges in Florida are grown for processing ; therefore finding sweet orange scab in an orange grove would likely not disrupt either the processed or fresh market. Elsinoë australis may also affect grapefruit, lime, or tangerine groves; a large portion of these crops goes to the fresh market (USDA, 2002 ). Expenses associated with sweet orange scab include field control (to reduce disease symptoms), post

- harvest treatments, grove surveys, and the loss in export market of fresh citrus from all states. The estimated cost of its permanent establishment in Florida

— not considering post

harvest treat ment costs

— about $55 million annually, which includes a loss in export revenue of $32 million annually (USDA, 2002). We rated E. australis
Medium for this element. Med ( 2 )

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
The introduction of E. australis into a new area may require specific chemical control programs, which can negatively impact non

- target pests and the Low (1)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 45Elsinoë australis, s weet orange scab Risk ratings environment. Copper oxychloride sprays during new spring growth and flowering protect the young leaves and fruit by preventing the spores from germinating and causing infection (Timmer et al., 2000; Whiteside, 1975). Three

sprays are recommended for areas highly infested with citrus scab (Timmer and Chung, 2007; Timmer et al., 2000). Growers in Florida are already employing
these chemicals t o control E. fawcettii ; therefore there would be little additional environmental impacts for controlling E. australis. No threatened or endangered species of citrus in the United States would be impacted by the pathogen (USFWS, 2008). We rated the pathogen Low for this element.

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
, c itrus canker Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Citrus canker disease occurs in Asia, Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and the United States (Florida). In Florida, citrus canker has successfully established several times. The last occurrence in Florida was in
Miami in 1995 . Citrus canker is now widespread throughout citrus

- producing areas in Florida. To date, citrus canker has not spread from Florida to other U.S.
citrus

- producing areas. Citrus is grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 10 ( Bright Leaf Citrus Nursery , 2008; W right, 2001). Citrus canker could establish in three Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) (Figure 2). Thus, our rating
for this element is Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range
Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance. Natural infections only

occur on Citrus spp., hybrids, and cultivars and on Aegle marmelos (golden apple), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), C. aurantium (sour orange), C. hystrix (mauritius bitter orange), C. junos (yuzu), C. limetta (sweet lemon tree), C. limon (lemon), C. madurensis (calamondin), C. maxima (pummelo), C. medica (citron), C. natsudaidai (natsudaidai), C. reshni (Cleopatra mandarin), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. ret iculata × Poncirus trifoliata (citrumelo), C. × sinensis (navel orange), C. sunki (sour mandarin), C. tankan (tankan mandarin), C. unshiu (satsuma), Citrus × paradisi (grapefruit), Eremocitrus glauca (Australian desert lime), Limonia acidissima (elephant apple), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat), and Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) (Pruvost et al., 2002; CABI,
2013 ). The degree of susceptibility of these citrus species to citrus canker varies

. M ost C. reticulata cultivars are moderately resistant to citrus canker (Gottwald et al., 1993; Graham et al., 1992; Canteros, 2004). The natural host range of citrus canker includes multiple species within one plant family, which means a risk rating of Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri can survive in diseased plant tissues, as an epiphyte on host and non

- host plants, and as a saprophyte on straw mulch or in soil (Goto, 1992). However, overwintering lesions, particular ly those formed on angular shoots, are the most important source of inoculum for the following Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 46Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
, c itrus canker Risk ratings season (Pruvost et al., 2002). Bacteria produced in leaf and twig lesions are significant for secondary infections. The amount of citrus canker bacteria present within active lesions decreases as the lesions age, and stem lesions can act as reservoirs of inoculum for longer periods than fruits and leaves (Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Verniere et al., 2003). In the first 48 hours of wetting, laboratory
studies demons trated that 4

- 6 week

- old lesions exuded 100 to 1000 times more cfu/ml (cfu = colony forming unit) than 4

- 6 month

- old lesions (Timmer et al. 1991). Viable bacteria have been isolated from 5

- 7 year

- old stem lesions (Schubert et al., 2001). Late

- season lesion s are capable of sustaining bacteria from one season into the next season, and asymptomatic citrus leaves still
attached to the tree are believed to harbor citrus canker bacteria for several
months.

Bacteria may also survive for a few weeks to several mon ths on decomposing plant litter (fallen fruit, leaves, and limbs), on the soil surface (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald et al., 2002; Graham et al., 1987; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Schubert et al., 2001), or on plant material in the soil for as long as four year s (Goto, 1992; Goto et al., 1975; Pereira et al., 1976). This allows citrus canker bacteria to persist, providing inoculum for further spread of the pathogen (Graham et al., 1987). Survival in decomposing leaves, both in and on the soil surface, depends

on moisture and temperature (Goto, 1992). Citrus canker bacteria do not survive for long periods in the soil in the absence of host material (Graham et al. , 1989; Graham et al., 1987 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1984).

In wind

- driven rain, bacteria dispersal can occur within trees and from tree to tree (Bock, 2005; Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Pathogen spread has been recorded from 32 meters to several miles (Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Gottwald et al., 1988; Gottwald et a l., 2002b; Stall et al., 1980). In Florida, pathogen spread was detected within 579 m (1900 ft) from the source 95 percent of the time (Compton and Fagan, 2000; Gottwald et al., 2002; Gottwald et al., 2001). Citrus canker spread from an initial 50 square m iles to 1,265 square miles area in the first five years following detection in Florida. Long

- distance spread of the pathogen can also occur via the movement of infected planting and propagating material, such as budwood, rootstock seedlings

, or budded tre es from nurseries (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham et al., 2004; Smith et al., 1997; Timmer et al., 2005). There is no confirmed record of seed transmission (Smith et al., 1997). Contaminated personnel, clothing, equipment, tools, field boxes, and other ite ms associated with harvesting and
post

- harvest handling of fruit may also provide a means of long

- distance dissemination, especially when trees are wet (Civerolo, 1984; Timmer et al., 2005). Bacteria can survive in plant debris in the soil for long periods (Goto et al., 1978; Graham et al., 1987); thus, the removal of leaves, fruit, and limbs from the grove floor and the removal of infected trees, help reduce inoculum and diminish spread potential.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 47Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
, c itrus canker Risk ratings

The movement of diseased fruit has often been considered a potential means of long

- distance pathogen spread, but despite a long global history of commercial trade in citrus fruit, no authenticated record exists of this (Smith et al., 1997). Likewise, infected culled fruit and processed fruit pulp possibly facilit ate long

distance pathogen spread, but the likelihood of this is unknown (Smith et al., 1997). We do not know if asymptomatic fruit or fruit with lesions are epidemiologically significant with respect to the initiation of new infections (Canteros, 2004; Je tter et al., 2000). Based on the above, we rated citrus canker
Medium for Dispersal Potential. Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
Severe infections by citrus canker bacteria can result in dieback, defoliation, fruit deformation, and premature fruit drop ( CABI, 2013 ; Civerolo, 1981; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Stall and Seymour, 1983). When the fruits and leaves of young, susceptible trees are infected, the development and the achievement of full growth may be delayed by several years in severely infected young trees ( CABI, 2013 ). The most significant effect of citrus canker is the loss of
commercial markets due to unmarketable fruit. Blemished fruit are still suitable for the juice market (Stall and Seymour, 1983), but do not meet the market

stan dard for fresh fruit (Gottwald et al., 2001; Muraro et al., 2001). We rated
citrus canker High for Economic Impacts. High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact The introduction of citrus canker in a new area may require specific control programs that could negatively impact non

- target pests and the environment. Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper

- containing compounds are commonly used to provide protection against initial infection in canker

endemic areas during growth flushes and fruit development (2

- 6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Koizumi, 1977 b ; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Medina

- Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985; Muraro et al., 2001; Stall et al., 1980; Timmer, 1988). Additional copper fungicide sprays ar e often necessary to avoid symptoms in generally infected areas because the initial spray usually wears off, reducing its efficacy in limiting pathogen spread potential (Gottwald et al., 2002; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Stall et al., 1980). In Japan, susce ptible hosts are often sprayed 5 to 7 times, while moderately susceptible cultivars are only sprayed four times throughout the growing season. Five to six copper sprays during the susceptible rainy season in Brazil result in a decreased disease
incidence o f 90 percent in moderately susceptible cultivars (Leite Jr. et al., 1987). In addition, the age of the citrus tree, environmental conditions, and the application of other control methods may alter the effectiveness of copper sprays (Leite Jr., 2000). Graha m and Gottwald (1991) stated that “in the absence of windbreaks, copper applied at 1

- month intervals slightly reduced canker spread during wind

- blown rain events.” However, they found that copper applications
did not affect disease incidence when used in c onjunction with windbreaks and applied at one

- month intervals (Graham and Gottwald, 1991). APHIS has considered the potential effects of citrus eradication program on endangered and threatened species and their habitats. Generally, the controlled nature of the citrus Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 48Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
, c itrus canker Risk ratings canker infestations and the program treatments preclude any effects on those species and their habitats (USDA, 1999). Overall, we rated c itrus canker
Medium for Environmental Impact.

Figure 2 . Plant hardiness zones for the continental United States ( Magarey et al., 2008).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 49Table 3

. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Risk rating a

Climate

- Host
Interaction Host Range Dispersal
Potential Economic Impact Environ

mental Impact

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Med ( 2 ) Low ( 1 ) Med ( 2 ) Low (1) Low ( 8 )

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

a Low = 5

- 8, Medium = 9

- 12, High = 13

- 15

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

This portion of the assessment considers two separate components. First, we estimate the amount of commodity likely to be imported, which is the same for all quarantine pests considered. Second, we consider five biological factors concerning the pest and i ts interactions with the commodity. The resulting risk ratings are specific to each pest. For each pest, the sum of the sub elements produces a cumulative risk rating for likelihood of introduction. The cumulative risk rating for introduction is considered to be an indicator of the likelihood that a particular pest would be introduced. These ratings and the value for the Likelihood of Introduction are
summarized in Table 5

.

2.7.1. Quantity i mported a nnually The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commodity imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is estimated in units of standard 40

- foot shipping containers.

Korea began exporting Unshu oranges to the United States in 1995, and that ended in 2002 (Table 4 ) (NASS, 2005). The annual number of 40

- foot shipping containers fell within the range of 10 to 100 containers. Given this, we assumed that less than 100 containers would be imported annually from Korea , so the rating was Medium

.

Table 4

. Shipping volumes of Korean Unshu fruit, in approximate number of 40

- foot containers (NASS, 2005).

Year Volume (metric tons) Containers (no.)

1995 50 2.5

1996 220 11

1997 1,190 59.5

1998 40 2

1999 380 19

2000 240 12

2001 1,434 71.7

2002 1,601 80

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 502.7.2. Harvested f ruit is i nfested/ i nfected and s urvives p ost

- h arvest t reatment Citrus canker . Standard post

- harvest treatments were summarized above ( section 1.2). The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphytic (contamination). A ten

- year research project in Argentina confirmed the very low susceptibility (zero percent) of Unshu mandarin fruit to c itrus canker, especially in comparison to grapefruit (Canteros, 2004). Disease incidence on vegetative plant parts was slightly above zero on fruit, with the Unshu mandarin the least susceptible to citrus canker of all cultivars that were tested under high inoculum pressure (Canteros, 2004). Small fruit (<20 mm) are not susceptible to infection as the stomata are not fully open at this stage. Above this size susceptibility is inversely related to fruit age: younger fruit are more susceptible (Graham et al., 1992).

Epiphytic populations of citrus canker on citrus tissue drop three to five orders of magnitude in 24 hours in experiments (Timmer et al., 1996). In Brazil, asymptomatic fruit were sprayed with a bacterial suspension, but after five days at room t emperature under laboratory conditions the bacteria could not be recovered (Belasque Jr. and Rodriguez Neto, 2000). Harsher environmental conditions outside the laboratory would likely further reduce the survival of epiphytic citrus canker populations on a symptomatic fruit.

This fruit will be washed, brushed, and dried as a normal part of the packing process ( s ection 1.2). Brushing increases the exposure of citrus canker to toxicants (Brown and Schubert, 1987). Drying further reduces epiphytic citrus cank er populations (Schubert et al., 1999). Disinfectants reduced populations of the closely related species, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, to undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987; Graham and Gottwald, 1991). Using 200 ppm
chlorine for two m inutes reduces natural bacterial populations on citrus fruits 77

- 99 percent (Stapleton, 1986). Similarly, exposing fruit from infected citrus trees to a prewash with SOPP detergent, followed by a chlorine wash reduced the survival of surface bacteria (Gott wald et al., 2009). A packinghouse wash with disinfectants can practically remove all epiphytic citrus canker from fruits without symptoms (Canteros, 2004.; Canteros et al., 2000). Post

- harvest treatment in Uruguay reduced bacterial populations on inoculat ed fruit by 99.5 percent, and by 99.8 percent on naturally infested fruit (Verdier et al., 2005, 2006). Finally, two different chlorine

- wash protocols reduced (by approximately 50 percent) the ability of lesions to produce viable bacteria (Gottwald et al., 2009).

If a small epiphytic population of citrus canker did survive post

- harvest treatments, it would not survive long on the surface of the fruit (Goto, 1969; Timmer et al., 1991). Under natural conditions, epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surf aces for only about three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009 ), and they do not multiply in water, on leaf surfaces, or on dry leaves (Timmer et al., 1991; Timmer et al., 1996). Because bacterial survival on non

- attached citrus fruit is significa ntly reduced (Koizumi, 1972), the likelihood of citrus canker spread via commercial fruit is very low, but not zero (Golmohammadi et al., 2007).

We can conclude that symptomatic fruit are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse procedures and t hat the post

- harvest treatments will likely remove and/or devitalize epiphytic populations of the pathogen to the extent that they become epidemiologically insignificant. For these reasons, we rated this risk element Low for c itrus canker.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 51Sweet orange sca b . Infection by E. australis can start in the early spring, when there is new shoot growth and “ petal fall ” commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection. Lesions on leaves typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit mature. Fruits become susceptible to E. australis six to eight weeks after petal fall (Timmer et al., 2000). Rind symptoms of initial infections typically display slightly raised and pink to light brown scab prostulates. As the scab or prostulates develop they become warty and cracked, and yellowish brow n to dark gray (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al., 2000). Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper

- containing compounds provided protection against
initial infection in canker

- endemic areas during growth flushes and fruit develop ment (2

- 6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Muraro et al., 2001). Well

- timed field treatments significantly reduce the incidence of disease, the level of inoculum, and the number of symptomatic fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic s prays and cultural control practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990).

As with citrus canker, symptomatic oranges infected by sweet ora nge scab are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse procedures and the post

- harvest treatments. Therefore, we
rated this risk element Low for sweet orange scab.

2.7.3. Quarantine p ests s urvive s hipment
This sub

- element evaluates the survival o f inoculum in fruit during shipping. Shipments of

U nshu oranges are likely to be refrigerated and spend several days in transit to the United States. Recommended shipping and storage temperatures for Unshu oranges are between 4 and 7°C for
two to four week s (Cantwell, 2002).

Citrus canker. Bacteria that survive the packing process on the surface of citrus fruit are unlikely to survive the shipping process. Bacterial populations in existing lesions decreased by several orders of magnitude when the average m aximum temperature was below 20°C and average minimum temperature was below 10°C (Koizumi, 1977a). Stall et al

. (1980) noted “the populations of viable cells in lesions decreased about 100

- fold during the winter months.” As mentioned above, under natural c onditions epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces only up to three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009 ). Therefore, epiphytic populations pose an epidemiological threat for only a very limited window of time.

After processing, bacteri a have not been shown to occur on the surface of citrus fruit or under the wax coating applied to the fruit, and are unlikely to cause disease development under these
circumstances. Fruit

- to

- fruit post

- harvest spread of bacteria has not been documented. Ci trus canker latent populations do not produce symptoms in harvested fruit (Civerolo, 1997), and there is no evidence of epiphytic growth by citrus canker (Brunings and Gabriel, 2003). Our rating for
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is Low for this risk eleme nt.

Sweet orange scab . Harvested fruit is visually inspected for s weet orange scab symptoms. Fruits are infected early in their development, grow misshapen, and can fall prematurely (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Lesions on young fruit are round to irregular, 2 to 6 mm in diameter, raised and slightly convex (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Rind symptoms of older scabs are warty and cracked and

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 52yellowish brown to dark gray in color (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al

. , 2000). Culling procedures used in Argenti na to remove symptomatic Xcc fruit (Ploper et al

. , 2004) should effectively remove fruit symptomatic for E. australis

.

Routine packinghouse treatments used to control c itrus black spot (CBS) such as chlorine dip, warm water bath, or chemical tank dip (10 00 μg ml
- 1 guazatine, 503 μg ml
- 1 imazalil sulphate, 500 μg ml
- 1 2,4

- D sodium salt) and combinations of these treatments (Korf et al., 2001), should reduce the viability of E. australis . Wax treatments used to reduce the viability of Guignardia citricarpa conidia (Korf et al., 2001; Seberry et al. , 1967) should also reduce the viability of E.
australis conidia . Due to the packing process, the rating is Medium for E. australis to survive packing and post

- harvest treatment.

2.7.4. Quarantine p est is not d ete cted at p ort

- of

- e ntry In this sub

- element we assess the likelihood of a pest not being detected during port inspections.

Citrus canker . Groves in infested areas may have citrus canker infected fruit at varying levels depending on the prevalence of inoculum, the susceptibility of the variety, and climatic, environmental, and cultural conditions. The presence of the organism on fruit may b e associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphytic (contamination). Epiphytic populations would be difficult to detect, but are much less likely to introduce the disease (above).
Lesions on infected fruit are distinctive and have bee n detected at ports multiple times (PestID, 2013) . Therefore, we rated this pest Low for this sub

- element.

Sweet orange scab . We found no information about the ability of E. australis to survive shipping. The fungus overwinters in the tree canopy on limbs and fruit that had been infected during the previous season. The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Citrus scab can generally survive for periods of time without susceptible tissue in pustules on old leaves and fruit (Timmer et al., 2000). Since E. australis can overwinter, it can likely survive low temperatures during shipment. Thus, we rated E. australis as H igh for this sub

- element

.

2.7.5. Infested/ i nfected f ruit is m oved to s uitable h abitat
This sub

- element involves shipment of infested/infected fruit to a suitable habitat for establishment/disease development; for this, we consider the geographic location of likely markets. Imported fruit normally arrive at multiple ports and are distributed according to market
demand.

Three of the four most populous states in the United States (Florida, Texas, and California; US Census Bureau, 2000) are in the southern U nited States, where the climate best matches the
native climates for c itrus canker and sweet orange scab. Assuming that citrus is distributed across the United States proportional to population, then fruit is likely to be shipped to these
states. Based on the above information, we rated this risk element Medium for both pests

.

2.7.6. Pests f ind s uitable h ost and e stablish or i ncite d isease
This sub

- element examines the risk that imported infested fruit will encounter a suitable host within the suitable habitat, and a viable reproductive unit of the insect pest or plant pathogen

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 53associated with the fruit is able to complete its life cycle. Th e following events must occur for the disease to develop:

• A susceptible host must be available

• The host must be exposed when infection can occur (varies with cultivar)

• Free water must be available on the surface of the citrus plants from rain

• Sufficient fo rce (i.e., wind) must be present to drive the bacteria into natural openings, or wounds must be present

• The causal organism must be in sufficient amount and at stage that can cause disease onset

• Enough time must elapse for key interactions to occur

Citrus canker . Viable bacteria from infected fruit are unlikely to encounter suitable hosts under the conditions required for disease development for several reasons. First, citrus canker has only
fifteen known hosts in Citrus spp. (see above). Second, hosts mus t be susceptible ; the susceptible period lasts 90

- 120 days after petal fall. Most leaf infections occur during enlargement (Civerolo, 1984), over a short interval, often within the first six weeks (Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Mature, unwounded fruit are no t susceptible to infection (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald and Graham, 2000), because they (and leaves) are protected by the buildup of a waxy cuticle (Albrigo, 1976; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Graham et al., 1992; NPB, 2002). Third, infiltration of bacteria int o stomata on unwounded fruit or leaves is aided by wind

- driven rain, with wind speeds exceeding 8 m/s (Gottwald et al., 2002; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004). Such weather conditions will be relatively rare. Finally, diseased fruit have not been shown to affec t epidemiology of citrus canker disease (Smith et al., 1997; Gottwald et al., 2009), whether with lesions or asymptomatic fruit (Anonymous, 2005; Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000; PERAL, 2007a ; Verdier et al., 2005).

Gottwald et al. (2009) demonstrated that actively growing citrus plants exposed to infected, packinghouse treated fruit did not become infected. Discarded canker

- infected fruit in cull piles were also not effective sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearby plants under natural
conditions. Overall, citrus fruit with canker lesions are an unlikely pathway through which citrus
canker inoculum might lead to infection and citrus canker establishment in new areas (Gottwald et al., 2009). We rated citrus canker Low for this sub

- element

.

Sweet orange scab

. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the state s of
Arizona

, Florida

, Mississippi, Louisiana

, and Texas (Source: DA

- 2011

- 50 (Thayer, 2003 ; DA

2011

- 50 ), where hosts of E. australis are present . Infection only occurs wh en there is new shoot growth and “ petal fall ” commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al

. , 2000). Tissue susceptibility
decreases as fruit mature. F ruits are suscept ible to E. australis six to eight weeks after petal fall (Timmer et al., 2000). The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Conidia are formed abundantly on wet scabs (CABI, 2006). Germination of conidia and infection do not require rainfall, but a m inimum wet period, via dew, fog, or other high moisture conditions of 2.5

- 3.5 hours, is necessary for conidial infection (CABI, 2006; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). When these favorable conditions are present, infection and further conidial production can occur within 4

- 6 hours (Whiteside, 1975). As the closely related species E. fawcetti is already established in Florida it is likely that E. australis

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 54encounter suitable conditions for disease development. The rating for sweet orange scab is High
for this sub

- element

.

Table 5

. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity imported annually Harvested
fruit is
infected Survive post

harvest

treatment Survive shipment Fruit

sent to
suitable
habitat Find
suitable
host/incite
disease Cumulative
risk ranking 1

Elsinoë
australis Med (2) Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium (13)

Xanthomonas

citri subsp. citri Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

1 Low = 6

- 9, Medium = 10

- 14, High = 15

- 18

2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion

The sum of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction equal the Pest Risk Potential ( Table 6 )

. Sweet orange scab and c itrus canker had Medium Pest
Risk Potential s (Table 6 ). A very low incidence of any symptoma tic fruit infested with citrus canker may enter on occasion

, but the pathogen is unlikely to establish in new area s via this fruit as a pathway. The same seems true for sweet orange sca b

.

Low risk pests typically do not require sp ecific mitigations measures beyond port

- of

- entry inspection. For m edium risk pests , specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary, and for
h igh risk pests, specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended, and port

- of

- entry inspection is not con sidered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security. Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest.

Table 6

. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of
Introduction Likelihood of
Introduction Pest Risk Potential a

Elsinoë australis Low ( 8 ) Medium (13) Medium (2 1 )

Xanthomonas citri subsp

. citri Medium (11) Low (8) Medium (19)

a Low = 11

- 18, Medium = 19

- 26, High = 27

- 33

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 55

### 3 . Contributors & Reviewers

Barney Caton

, Ecologist and Pest Risk Analyst a

James Smith , E ntomologist and Pest Risk Analyst a Kayimbi Tubajika , Plant Pathologist a Ignacio Baez , Entomologist a

a USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST PERAL



### 4

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### 5 . Appendices

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. from Korea

. Pest Type Total Acari, Species Of Mite 1

Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 1 Aonidiella comperei Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 1

Aonidiella s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 1 Archipini, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 1 Bradybaenidae, Species Of Mollusk 1 Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell) (Diaspididae) Insect 1 Cladosporium s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 1

Colletotrichum s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 1 Diaspididae, Species Of Insect 1

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) Disease 1

Elsinoe s p. (Elsinoaceae) Disease 3 Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 34 Insecta, Species Of Insect 1
Longitarsus s p. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 1 Meghimatium fruhstorferi (Collinge) (Philomycidae) Mollusk 1 Microsphaeropsis s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 1

Nezara antennata Scott (Pentatomidae) Insect 1

Parlatoria s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 1 Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) Insect 34 Phyllosticta citricarpa (Mcalpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) Disease 13 Pseudococcidae, Species Of Insect 6

Tarsonemus s p. (Tarsonemidae) Mite 2
Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 31 Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus) (Arctiidae) Insect 1 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 20

Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 98
Source : PestID, 2013. Pes ts intercepted from January, 1985, through December, 2012

.

Appendix B. Reportable P ests I ntercepted on Citrus × sinensis M ore T han O nce from
A nywhere in the W orld.

Pest Type Total

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) Disease 8503 Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) Insect 6224 Anastrepha s p. (Tephritidae) Insect 5292 Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 3011

Parlatoria cinerea Hadden (Diaspididae) Insect 2649 Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 1811

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 72Pest Type Total Pseudococcidae, Species Of Insect 470 Diaspididae, Species Of Insect 422 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) Insect 372

Elsinoe s p. (Elsinoaceae) Disease 367
Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 288 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 257

Phyllosticta citricarpa (Mcalpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) Disease 235 Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Aleyrodidae) Insect 126

Tarsonemus s p. (Tarsonemidae) Mite 102 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Tephritidae) Insect 98 Tephritidae, Species Of Insect 70 Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant) (Blissidae) Insect 62

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Tortricidae) Insect 59 Tortricidae, Species Of Insect 59 Cladosporium s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 54

Parlatoria s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 53

Aonidiella s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 50 Gryllus s p. (Gryllidae) Insect 49

Planococcus s p. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 47 Blapstinus s p. (Tenebrionidae) Insect 41 Coccidae, Species Of Insect 39

Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) (Coccidae) Insect 39

Aonidiella inornata Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 36

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Tephritidae) Insect 33 Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) (Pyralidae) Insect 33

Phoma s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 32 Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Apidae) Insect 32

Colletotrichum s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 29

Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 26 Phlaeothripidae, Species Of Insect 24 Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Tephritidae) Insect 23

Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 23 Tetranychus s p. (Tetranychidae) Mite 21 Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) Insect 20 Pseudaulacaspis s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 20

Pseudococcus s p. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 20 Brevipalpus s p. (Tenuipalpidae) Mite 19

Bactrocera s p. (Tephritidae) Insect 18 Tortricinae, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 17 Homoptera, Species Of Insect 16 Insecta, Species Of Insect 16 Aleyrodidae, Species Of Insect 15

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 73Pest Type Total Margarodidae, Species Of Insect 15 Cryptophlebia s p. (Tortricidae) Insect 14 Diptera, Species Of Insect 13

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 13 Ascochyta citri Penz. (Coelomycetes) Disease 12

Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Tephritidae) Insect 12
Dysmicoccus s p. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 11 Graphiola s p. (Graphiolaceae) Disease 10 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) Insect 10

Aleurotrachelus s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 10 Pyralidae, Species Of Insect 10

Tetraleurodes s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 10

Fusarium s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 9 Cicadellidae, Species Of Insect 9 Acari, Species Of Mite 9 Ascochyta s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 8 Coniothyrium s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 8 Acutaspis s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 8

Aleurocanthus husaini Corbett (Aleyrodidae) Insect 8 Aphididae, Species Of Insect 8 Cryptoblabes s p. (Pyralidae) Insect 8 Ecdytolopha s p. (Tortricidae) Insect 8 Gracillariidae, Species Of Insect 8 Lepidosaphes s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 8 Microsphaeropsis s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 7

Xanthomonas s p. (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 7 Archipini, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 7 Chrysomphalus s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 7 Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Psyllidae) Insect 7 Lepidoptera, Species Of Insect 7 Psyllidae, Species Of Insect 7
Microxeromagna lowei (Potiez & Michaud) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 7

Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 7

Amorbia s p. (Tortricidae) Insect 6 Coleoptera, Species Of Insect 6 Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Tortricidae) Insect 6 Curculionidae, Species Of Insect 6 Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae) Insect 6 Thripidae, Species Of Insect 6
Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Aphididae) Insect 6 Cilevirus Leprosis Virus Symptoms (Unassigned) Disease 5 Phomopsis s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 5

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 5

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 74Pest Type Total Ceroplastes s p. (Coccidae) Insect 5

Frankliniella s p. (Thripidae) Insect 5 Hesperiidae, Species Of Insect 5 Hypothenemus s p. (Scolytidae) Insect 5 Lonchaeidae, Species Of Insect 5 Noctuidae, Species Of Insect 5
Prays s p. (Plutellidae) Insect 5 Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green (Coccidae) Insect 5

Alternaria s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 4

Araecerus s p. (Anthribidae) Insect 4 Cecidomyiidae, Species Of Insect 4 Ceratitini, Species Of (Tephritidae) Insect 4 Crematogaster s p. (Formicidae) Insect 4

Fiorinia s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 4 Gelechiidae, Species Of Insect 4 Heteroptera, Species Of Insect 4
Nysius s p. (Lygaeidae) Insect 4 Olethreutinae, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 4 Paraleyrodes s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 4 Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thripidae) Insect 4
Pinnaspis s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 4

Puto s p. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 4
Microxeromagna vestita (Rambur) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 4 Camarosporium s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3 Cercospora s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 3

Fusicoccum s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3 Mycosphaerella s p. (Mycosphaerellaceae) Disease 3 Pleospora s p. (Pleosporaceae) Disease 3

Pseudorobillarda s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3 Septoria s p. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3 Agromyzidae, Species Of Insect 3

Altica s p. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 3 Aspidiotini, Species Of (Diaspididae) Insect 3
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Pseudococcidae) Insect 3

Hemiberlesia s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 3 Hymenoptera, Species Of Insect 3 Insect, Species Of Insect 3 Lygaeidae, Species Of Insect 3 Melanaspis s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Paratettix s p. (Tetrigidae) Insect 3

Parlatoria citri Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Pheidole s p. (Formicidae) Insect 3

Saissetia s p. (Coccidae) Insect 3

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 75Pest Type Total Thysanoptera, Species Of Insect 3

Trialeurodes s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 3

Trialeurodes vitrinellus Cockerell (Aleyrodidae) Insect 3 Tarsonemidae, Species Of Mite 3

Prietocella barbara (Linné) (Cochlicellidae) Mollusk 3

Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) Mollusk 3

Aureobasidium s p. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 2

Coccostroma s p. (Phyllachoraceae) Disease 2 Guignardia s p. (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 2 Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.) Mordue (Coelomycetes) Disease 2 Acaudaleyrodes rachipora Singh (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2 Acutaspis rhizophorae (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) Insect 2 Acyrthosiphon s p. (Aphididae) Insect 2

Aleurocanthus s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2 Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Aleurothrixus s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Aonidiella comperei Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 2 Arctiidae, Species Of Insect 2 Arhyssus s p. (Rhopalidae) Insect 2 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae) Insect 2 Chloropidae, Species Of Insect 2 Coccotrypes s p. (Scolytidae) Insect 2

Conotrachelus s p. (Curculionidae) Insect 2 Corythucha s p. (Tingidae) Insect 2

Dialeurodes s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2 Diplotaxis s p. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Dirioxa pornia (Walker) (Tephritidae) Insect 2
Dyscinetus s p. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Edessa s p. (Pentatomidae) Insect 2
Icerya s p. (Margarodidae) Insect 2 Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Metachroma s p. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 2 Miridae, Species Of Insect 2 Myochrous s p. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 2

Parlatoria crypta Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 2 Phycitinae, Species Of (Pyralidae) Insect 2 Phyllophaga s p. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 2

Pseudaonidia s p. (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Puto mexicanus (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 2 Rhagoletis s p. (Tephritidae) Insect 2 Scolytidae, Species Of Insect 2 Solenopsis s p. (Formicidae) Insect 2

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 76Pest Type Total Syrphidae, Species Of Insect 2

Tetralicia s p. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2 Thrips s p. (Thripidae) Insect 2 Helicidae, Species Of Mollusk 2

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 77