Importation of Two Fresh Fruit Hybrids of Unshu, Sweet, and 

Mandarin Oranges, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental 

United States 

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis

May 14, 2013

Version 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Executive Summary

This risk assessment was initially prepared by the staff at the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and 

Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant 

Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) for Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea 

for the importation into the continental United States of two hybrids of Unshu, sweet, and 

mandarin oranges:

• Shiranuhi [(C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × (C. × sinensis)) × C. reticulata]

• Setoka [(C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × (C.× sinensis)) × C. reticulata] × C. reticulata]

Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck is otherwise known as the sweet orange, while C. reticulata

Blanco is the mandarin orange. We have previously assessed the pest risk for Unshu orange, 

Citrus reticulata Blanco ssp. unshiu Swingle. Here, we examined the risks associated with the 

importation of fresh fruit of these two Unshu-sweet orange hybrids from Cheju Island of the 

Republic of Korea into the continental United States. We analyzed pests using the methodology 

described in our pest risk assessments guidelines, examining pest biology related to the 

Likelihood and Consequences of Introduction.

We identified Elsinoë australis and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri as quarantine pests likely to 

follow the pathway. These pests pose a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. We gave both a 

Pest Risk Potential of Medium. Specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for pests 

rated Medium, as port-of-entry inspection might not provide phytosanitary security. 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 ii
Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background......................................................................................................................1

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing Measures...................................................................1

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action....................................................................................2

2.2. Assessment of Weed Risk Potential ................................................................................2

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions...2

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway........................................................................................................5

2.6. Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................44

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction.............................................................................................50

2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion....................................................................................55

3. Contributors & Reviewers..................................................................................................... 56

4. Literature cited........................................................................................................................ 56

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 72

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. from Korea...................................................72

Appendix B. Reportable pests intercepted on Citrus × sinensis more than once from 

anywhere in the world..................................................................................................72

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 iii
1. Introduction

1.1. Background

We have previously assessed the pest risk for Unshu orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco ssp. unshiu 

Swingle. Here we examined the pest risks associated with the importation into the continental 

United States of fresh fruit of two hybrids of tangerine, Unshu, and sweet oranges from the 

Republic of Korea:

• Shiranuhi [(C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × (C. × sinensis)) × C. reticulata]

• Setoka [(C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × (C.× sinensis)) × C. reticulata] × C. reticulata]

Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) is the sweet orange, while C. reticulata Blanco is the 

tangerine or mandarin orange. These commodities are proposed to come from Cheju Island of 

Korea into the continental United States. In this analysis, we express risk ratings as High, 

Medium, and Low, rather than in numerical terms, such as probabilities or frequencies. The 

details of the methodology and rating criteria can be found in Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated 

Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). 

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection 

Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide 

standards for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this 

assessment, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards 

(IPPC, 2011). The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; 

Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2, and provides mitigation options for Stage 3.

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing Measures

The current regulations governing Korean Unshu oranges contain two parts that describe specific 

practices designed to remove pests from the pathway (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008). Currently, Unshu 

oranges are produced on Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea; we did not assess the pest risk 

posed by orange hybrids produced elsewhere in Korea.

First, the protocol requires culling diseased or damaged fruit, and cleaning fruit with “highpressure air or water spray in combination with brushing.”

Second, mandatory inspection is directed at the armored scale Unaspis yanonensis and the 

pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker). Each shipment must be accompanied by 

a phytosanitary certificate stating that “These oranges were inspected and are considered to be 

free from citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) and arrowhead scale (Unaspis 

yanonensis).” We note, however, that PPQ does not currently regulate armored scales on fruit for 

consumption (PPQ, 2008).

In addition, Korea is required to surface sterilize the fruit (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008). Hence, in the 

packinghouse, fruit will be washed in detergent, and in disinfectant with one of the following: 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 1
200 ppm chlorine (Cl) (2 minutes), sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP) (1 minute), or 85ppm 

peroxy acid (1 minute). Finally, the fruit is dried and waxed.

2. Risk Assessment 

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

In this commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment we evaluate the pest risks associated 

with the commercial importation of fresh fruit of two tangerine, Unshu, and sweet orange 

hybrids from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the continental United States. In 2011, 

the National Plant Quarantine Service of the Republic of Korea requested market access for the 

Shiranuhi and Setoka hybrid varieties (NPQS, 2011).

2.2. Assessment of Weed Risk Potential 

We previously assessed the weed risk potential of Unshu oranges, C. reticulata ssp. unshiu

(PPQ, 2009), concluding that the commodity had low potential to be a weed. The hybrids here 

are simply crosses with other common Citrus commodities, tangerines and sweet oranges, which 

also have low potential to be weeds. Therefore, we concluded that screening the hybrids further 

would not prompt a pest-initiated risk assessment.

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Decision history

In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Korean Unshu oranges produced only in Cheju Island to 

any state in the United States. This was revoked in 2002 due to interceptions of citrus canker. In 

2007, Korea Unshu oranges were again allowed in, but only to Alaska.

In 1995, the United States accepted Unshu oranges from Japan into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.

Table 1. Prior decisions made by the United States about requests to import Citrus spp. 

Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1932 Curacoa C. aurantium Denied No acceptable treatment available

1949 Turkey C. limon Approved North Atlantic/not in citrus-growing states

1951 Liberia C. aurantifolia Approved

1961 Japan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1961 Japan Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Ceylon C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Chile C. limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Australia C. limon Denied No treatment available

1977 Niue Island C. aurantifolia Denied Exotic fruit flies attacking limes

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 2
Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1977 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1982 Chile C. limon Approved Inspection and fumigation [T101 (a)]

1984 Turkey C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1988 Solomon 

Island

C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. limon Denied No treatment available

1988 Mexico C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1988 Jordan C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantifolia Approved Inspection and treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantium Approved All ports

1989 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1990 Cook Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment for Dacus 

melanotus

1990 Sierra Leone C. aurantium Denied No approved treatment 

1991 Mexico C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to inspection

1992 Chile C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to treatment T101 (a) at 50°C

1994 French Guyana C. aurantifolia Denied PPQ lacks approved treatment for 

Bactrocera tryoni

1994 Italy C. aurantium Approved All ports

1994 French Guyana C. limon Approved

1994 Korea C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, PR, 

CNMI, and U.S. VI

1995 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2001 Argentina C. limon Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2007 Korea C. reticulata Approved Alaska

2008 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2010 Korea C. reticulata Approved All ports in the continental United States

2.3.2. Previous risk assessments 

In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Unshu oranges—Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu, 

Swingle—also known as Satsuma mandarin, grown in the Republic of Korea. They were subject 

to the safeguards outlined in 7 CFR §319.28(b), and could enter any area of the United States 

except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern 

Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The 1994 assessment stated, “Permit entry of clean 

fruit subject to preclearance inspection and the safeguards [specified in an operational work 

plan].” Subsequent site visits by PPQ officials did not detect G. citricarpa on Cheju Island. 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 3
In 1995, USDA also approved entry of Unshu oranges from Japan into all States in the 

continental United States except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (these States 

are hereby defined as the citrus-producing States) (PPQ, 1995) (Fig. 1). The quarantine pests that 

could follow the Unshu fruit pathway were Bactrocera tsuneonis Miyake, Candidatus 

“Liberobacter asiaticum,” Diaphorina citri Kuway, Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara, 

Eotetranychus asiaticus Ebara, Parlatoria cinerea Hadden, Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), P. 

kraunhiae Kuwana, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempl., Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida, Toxoptera 

citricida Kirkaldy, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. 

The mitigation options recommended in the 1995 risk assessment for unshu oranges were: 

1. Presented a work plan with mandatory treatments (methyl bromide) for microarthropods 

and with options for Bactrocera tsuneonis which include: 

a) mandatory treatment (methyl bromide), 

b) fruit fly free zone (by definition 319.562(f)), and 

c) systems approach. 

2. Biometric sampling. 

3. Full preclearance at origin. 

4. Optional treatments such as oil soapy water dips. 

5. Port-of-entry inspection.

Figure 1. Citrus production in the continental United States [Source: NAPPFAST generated 

plant hardiness zone using climate data from 1997-2006].

2.3.3. Current status and pest interceptions 

Pest interceptions on citrus (Citrus spp., C. reticulata ssp. unshiu, C. reticulata, and C. × 

sinensis) from the Republic of Korea from January 1985 through December 2012 are listed in 

Appendix A. During this time, inspectors intercepted actionable pests 556 times on Citrus spp. 

from Korea (PestID, 2013). These include 98 interceptions of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

(citrus canker); 34 interceptions of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely; 34 interceptions of Parlatoria 

ziziphi Lucas; and 31 interceptions of Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 4
2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway

Below we list the pests associated with C. reticulata, C. reticulata ssp. unshiu, or C. × sinensis

(in any country) that occur in Korea on any host (Table 2). We identify 1) the pest’s scientific 

name, 2) the presence of pests in Korea and in the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report 

the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generally 

affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway. Each pest report has 

the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. Scientific 

names in bold text are currently accepted.

Many organisms are phytosanitary risks but they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine 

pest. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area 

endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being 

officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007). When “Yes” appears in brackets in the Quarantine Pest 

column, it indicates that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States.

Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against 

these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the continental United 

States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow 

the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests. For non-quarantine pests in Table 2, we put 

N/A (Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant part(s) affected” and “Follow pathway.” 

Pest risk analyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of 

specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a 

phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quality of the specimen or the limits 

of current taxonomic identification. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, 

APHIS may take action at the port-of-entry and we may reevaluate their risk.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 5
Table 2. Pests reported on Citrus reticulata (tangerine or orange), C. reticulata ssp. unshiu (Unshu 

orange), or C. × sinensis (sweet orange), in any country and present in Korea on any host. Pests in rows 

shaded gray were selected for further analysis.

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

ARTHROPODA

Acari: Eriophyidae

Aculops pelekassi

(Keifer)

KR (CABI, 

2013), US 

(Villanueva and 

Childers, 2007)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus 

latus Banks

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Tarsonemus sp. KR (PestID, 

2013)

PestID, 2013 Yes F (PestID, 2013) Yes

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus obovatus

Donnadieu

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b), US 

(CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Bryobia praetiosa Koch KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Bryobia rubrioculus 

Scheuten

KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Eotetranychus 

sexmaculatus (Riley)

KR (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

1 KR = Korea, US = United States, AL = Alabama, CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, 

MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, WA = Washington. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a 

quarantine pest for the United States. 2 For non-quarantine pests, we used N/A (Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant part(s) affected” and “Follow pathway.” 3 Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence/Flower, L = Leaf or foliage, R = Root, Sd = Seed; S = Shoot or Stem, , Tr = Trunk, 

and WP = Whole plant.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 6

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Panonychus citri

McGregor

KR, US (CABI, 

2013; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Panonychus elongatus

Manson

KR (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

4

No5

Panonychus ulmi

(Koch)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Petrobia harti Ewing KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Petrobia latens Müller KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai 

Kishida

(Syn: T. hydrangea)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2013; 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae

(Koch) (Syn: 

T.cinnabarinus)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae

Araecerus fasciculatus

DeGeer 

(Syn: A. coffeae)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Chalcophora japonica

(Gory)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Chrysochroa 

fulgidissima

Schöenherr

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002; 

Hill, 2008)

No

4 Panonychus elongatus is commonly misidentified as P. citri (Manson, 1968). We found limited information on plant part 

association for P. elongatus. We assume that P. elongatus will affect hosts similarly to P. citri. 5 Panonychus elongatus is an external feeder that is highly likely to be removed from the commodity during standard postharvest procedures and washing of the fruit. Panonychus sp. has been intercepted four times on permitted fruit from 

Mexico (1987), Canada (2010), New Zealand (2011), and Australia (2012) (PestID, 2013). 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 7

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Coleoptera: Cantharidae

Athemus suturellus

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I (Gillott, 1995) No

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Anoplophora chinensis

(Forster) 

KR(CABI, 

2013), US 

(eradicated) 

(CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes L, R, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Anoplophora 

macularia (Thomson)

KR (FFTC, 

2003)

FFTC, 2003 Yes S/Tr (FFTC, 

2003)

No

Anoplophora malasiaca

(Thomson)

KR (KES, 1994;

Lee et al., 1992)

EPPO, n.d.-a; 

Lee et al., 1992

Yes L, S/Tr (EPPO, 

n.d.-a)

No

Apriona germari Hope KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes S/Tr (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Chlorophorus 

annularis (Fabricius)

KR, (KES, 

1994); US (HI) 

(CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

Yes; 

except HI

S (CABI, 2013) No

Mesosa myops

(Dalman)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes S/Tr (Duffy, 

1960)

No

Pterolophia jugosa

(Bates)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes I, L, S/Tr 

(Gillott, 1995)

No

Pterolophia zonata

Bates

KR (KES, 1990; 

Anonymous, 

1997)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, L, S/Tr 

(Gillott, 1995)

No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Aulacophora femoralis

(Motschulsky) 

(Syn: Rhaphidopalpa 

femoralis)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Aulacophora 

nigripennis

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Exosoma flaviventre

(Motschulsky) 

(Syn: Coptocephala 

flaviventre)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Luperomorpha funesta

Baly

KR (KES, 1994) Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 8
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Physauchenia 

bifasciata Jacoby

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Ornatalcides trifidus

(Pascoe) 

(Syn: Mesalcidodes 

trifidus)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (Frye et al., 

2007)

No

Scepticus insularis

Roelofs

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes L, R (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Sympiezomias lewisi

Roelofs

(Syn. S. lewisii)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Catling et al., 

1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L (Remadevi et 

al., 2005)

No

Coleoptera: Dermestidae

Anthrenus verbasci

(Linnaeus)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (AK only)

(CABI, 2013)

Anonymous,

1990

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Agrypnus binodulus

Motschulsky 

(Syn: Lacon 

binodulus)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Cardiophorus vulgaris

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Ectinus sericeus

(Candèze)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Melanotus annosus

Candèze

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1997

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Melanotus legatus

Candèze

KR (KES, 1994; 

Shiraki, 1952a)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Paracardiophorus 

pullatus (Candeze)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Epuraea domina Reitter KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes I, F (Ewing and 

Cline, 2005)

No6

6 Epuraea species are pests of stored products and may attack overripe or rotting fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2005). They are 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 9

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Epuraea fallax

Grouvelle

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F (Ewing and 

Cline, 2005)

No6

Coleoptera: Oedemeridae

Xanthochroa 

waterhousei Harold

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I (Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus sinicus

Burmeister 

(Syn: A. 

tenuimaculatus

Waterhouse)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (HI) (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Mau and 

Kessing, 1991)

No

Anomala albopilosa

Hope

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, R (Muraji et

al., 2008)

No

Anomala cuprea Hope KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, R (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008;

Mitsuhashi, 

2003)

No

Anomala daimiana

Harold

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Anomala rufocuprea

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013; Lee 

et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Ectinohoplia obducta

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Cetonia pilifera

(Motschulsky) (Syn: 

Eucetonia pilifera)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Exomala orientalis 

Waterhouse 

(Syn: Anomala 

orientalis; Blitopertha 

orientalis)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Glycyphana 

fulvistemma

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, L, R (Hill, 

1987)

No

unlikely to be associated with harvestable fruit for consumption.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 10

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Holotrichia kiotoensis 

Brenske (Syn: H. 

kiotonensis)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Maladera orientalis

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, L, R (Borror 

et al., 1989)

No

Mimela flavilabris

Waterhouse

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L, R (Borror 

et al., 1989)

No7

Mimela splendens 

Gyllenhal

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F, L, R (Borror 

et al., 1989)

No7

Mimela testaceipes

(Motschulsky)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L, R (Borror 

et al., 1989)

No7

Miridiva coreana

Mijima & Kinoshita

[possible lapsus 

calami]

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L, R (Borror 

et al., 1989)

No7

Nipponovalgus 

angusticollis

Waterhouse

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Oxycetonia jacunda

Faldermann 

(Syn: Gametis 

jucunda); spelling 

jucunda lapsus 

calami?

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, L, R (Umeya 

and Okada, 

2003)

No

Poecilophilides 

rusticola (Burmeister)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Protaetia brevitarsis

Lewis

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L, R (Gillott, 

1995; Hill, 

1987)

No7

Protaetia orientalis

Gory & Percheron

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Anonymous, 

1990; Lee et al., 

1992

Yes F, I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Lee et al., 

1992; Wen et 

al., 2002)

No7

7 Bright-colored adult shining leaf chafers (subfamily Rutelinae) frequently feed on foliage and fruits. Larvae feed on plant 

roots (Borror et al., 1989). Any adults present at harvest are unlikely to remain with the commodity. Furthermore, no 

records of interception of Mimela sp., Miridiva sp., or Protaetia sp. on any kind of permitted fruit for consumption have 

been recorded since 1985 (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 11

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia okadai 

(Miyoshi) (Mispelled: 

Contarnia okadai)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

Kato, 1984; 

NISA-KR, 2009

Yes I, L (Kato, 1984) No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus 

spiniferus

(Quaintance)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (HI) (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Bemisia afer Priesner & 

Hosny

KR (Evans, 

2008)

Evans, 2008 Yes L (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Bemisia tabaci

Gennadius

KR, US (CABI, 

2013; Evans, 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2009a; Hamon 

and Hodges, 

2006

No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri

Ashmead

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Evans, 2008; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum 

Westwood

KR, (KES, 

1994), US 

(CABI, 2013; 

Evans, 2008)

Hamon and 

Hodges, 2006

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes variabilis 

Quaintance

KR, US (Evans, 

2008)

Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Alydidae

Megalotomus costalis

Stal

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis craccivora Koch KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch 

(Syn: A. citricola van 

der Goot)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 12
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Aulacorthum 

magnoliae Essig and 

Kuwana 

(Syn: Acyrthosiphon 

magnoliae)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

CABI, 2013 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b)

No

Aulacorthum solani

(Kaltenbach)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992), US 

(Miller and 

Stoetzel, 1997)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum 

euphorbiae (Thomas)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum ibarae

Matsumura

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Sarucallis 

kahawaluokalani 

(Kirkaldy)

(Syn: Tinocallis 

kahawaluckalani)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Sinomegoura citricola 

(van der Goot)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes L, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Tinocallis zelkowae

(Takahashi)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Hill, 1987; 

Quednau, 2001)

No

Toxoptera aurantii

(Boyer de 

Fonscolombe)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricidus

Kirkaldy 

(Syn: T. citricida)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (FL, HI, PR) 

(CABI, 2013; 

Michaud, 1999)

CABI, 2013; 

FFTC, 2003; 

Lee et al., 1992

[Yes] L (CABI, 2013) No

Hemiptera: Cercopidae

Aphrophora intermedia

Uhler

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1994

Yes L, S (Thompson, 

1999)

No

Hemiptera: Cicadidae

Cryptotympana atrata 

Fabricius

(Syn: C. dubia, C. 

coreana)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Catling et al., 

1977)

Anonymous, 

1990; Catling et 

al., 1977

Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 13
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Meimuna mongolica

(Distant)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee, 2008)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Meimuna opalifer 

(Walker) 

(Syn: M. opalifera)

KR (KES, 1994; 

An, 2000; Lee, 

2008)

An, 2000 Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Platypleura kaempferi

(Fabricius)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Bothrogonia japonica

Ishihara

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Cicadella viridis

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

NPQS, 1998 Yes L, S (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca arborescens 

Vilbaste

KR (KES, 1994) Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

Yes L, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Empoasca vitis (Gothe) KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (CABI, 2013) No

Epiacanthus 

stramineus

(Motschulsky) 

(Syn: Epicanthus

stramineus)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Hishimonus sellatus

Uhler

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990 

Yes L, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Kolla atramentaria

(Motschulsky)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Ledra auditura Walker KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1998a)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Nephotettix cincticeps

(Uhler)

KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Recilia dorsalis

(Motschulsky)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (CABI, 2013) No

Strongylocephalus 

agrestis (Fallen)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes ceriferus

(Fabricius)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Shiraki, 1952b

No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 14
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Ceroplastes floridensis

(Comstock)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes japonicus

Green

KR (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No8

Ceroplastes 

pseudoceriferus

Green

KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No8

Ceroplastes rubens

Maskell

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (FL, HI, TX) 

(Burke et al., 

1994; CABI, 

2013; von 

Ellenrieder, 

2003)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

[Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No8

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Coccus 

pseudomagnoliarum 

(Kuwana)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2013)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2013

No N/A N/A

Eucalymnatus 

tessellatus (Signoret)

KR, US (BenDov, 1993)Ben-Dov, 1993 No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra

(Neitner)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium 

corni (Bouché)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria sp. KR (Catling et 

al., 1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Saissetia coffeae

Walker

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Takahashia japonica

Cockerell

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

8 Ceroplastes species are surface feeders that are occasionally associated with fruit, but more frequently feed on leaves or 

stems (CABI, 2007). Those remaining on the fruit after harvest will be removed from the pathway by fruit 

immersion/wash/brush/pressure rinse. No Ceroplastes species have been intercepted on permitted Citrus fruit for 

consumption (PestID, 2013). 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 15

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Anacanthocoris 

striicornis (Scott)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1994

Yes F, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No9

Leptocorisa chinensis 

Dallas

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, Sd (CABI, 

2013)

No

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

Maskell

KR, US 

(Watson, 2005)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003; 

Watson, 2005

No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina Craw KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

aonidum Linnaeus

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

bifasciculatus Ferris

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1994)

No

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi

(Morgan)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus 

perniciosus 

(Comstock) 

(Syn: Comstockaspis 

perniciosa)

KR, US (BenDov et al., 2013)Ben-Dov et al., 

2013

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes beckii 

Newman

KR (Catling et 

al., 1977), US 

(CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

9 These are large-bodied true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts that feed on fruit. They are highly unlikely to be 

associated with fruit during harvest.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 16

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidosaphes gloverii

(Packard)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi

(Linnaeus)

KR (KES, 1994, 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis 

japonica Cockerell

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Octaspidiotus 

stauntoniae

(Takahashi)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (HI) (BenDov et al., 2013)

Anonymous, 

1994

Yes L (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2013)

No

Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Parlatoria proteus

(Curtis)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Parlatoria theae

Cockerell

KR, US (KES, 

1994; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas KR, US (FL, HI, 

MS) (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

Yes10

Pinnaspis aspidistrae

Signoret

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani 

(Cooley)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2013) 

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia duplex

(Cockerell)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013; Lee et al., 

1992; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

10 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but are highly unlikely to become established via this 

pathway. Please see the discussion below Table 2 for a detailed explanation.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 17

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

& Tozzetti) 

(Syn: Sasakiaspis 

pentagona)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Quadraspidiotus 

perniciosus

Comstock

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Unaspis euonymi

Comstock 

(Syn: Chionaspis 

euonymi)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Unaspis yanonensis

Kuwana

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1997; CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

Yes11

Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae

Dictyophara patruelis

(Stal)

KR (CABI, 

2013; KES, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Dinidoridae

Megymenum 

gracilicorne Dallas

KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F [cat-facing]11,

L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Geisha distinctissima

Walker

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1998a)

Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Hemiptera: Largidae

Physopelta gutta

(Burmeister)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1994

Yes L (Montagnini 

and Jordan, 

1983)

No

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Drosicha corpulenta

(Kuwana)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L (NPQS, 

1998)

No12

11 “Cat-facing” describes the results of feeding attempts by certain piercing/sucking insects. These insects leave blackened 

spots that may slightly sink into the fruit skin. They often make three feeding attempts, and someone called the resulting 

triangular sunken shape a “cat face.” Cat-facing occurs most often on soft-skinned fruits such as peach. 12 Scale insects (Hemiptera: Margarodidae and Diaspididae) are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export-quality 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 18

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Drosicha howardii

(Kuwana)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes S/Tr (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Icerya purchasi

Maskell

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Meenoplidae

Nisia nervosa

(Motschulsky) 

(Syn: N. atrovenosa

Leithierry)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Membracidae

Gargara genistae

Fabricius

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (Syrett et al., 

1999)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Machaerotypus 

sibiricus (Lethierry)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Orthobelus flavipes

Uhler

(Syn.: Butragulus 

flavipes)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Hemiptera: Miridae

Lygocoris lucorum 

(Meyer)

KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Carbula humerigera

(Uhler)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1994

Yes F [cat-facing]11, 

L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No13

Dolycoris baccarum L. KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No13

Eucorysses grandis

Thunberg

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1994

Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No13

Citrus due to the washing and brushing as standard post-harvest treatment (7 CFR § 319, 2008). Furthermore, Drosicha sp. 

has not been intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2013). 13 Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are large, active, winged insects that may feed on fruit for sap, causing cat-facing, 

but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. With the exception of N. antennata (see below), no 

interceptions of the quarantine Pentatomidae listed here have been recorded associated with permitted Citrus fruit for 

consumption in the United States since 1985 (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 19

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Glaucias subpunctatus

Walker

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes F [cat-facing] 

(NPQS, 1998), 

L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No13

Halyomorpha halys

(Stal)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Homalogonia obtusa

(Walker)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes F, L (Funayama, 

2002)

No13

Nezara antennata Scott KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013; Lee 

et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

Nezara viridula

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Palomena angulosa 

(Motschulsky)

KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F, L, S (Schaefer 

and Panizzi, 

2000)

No13

Plautia stali Scott KR (KES, 1994), 

US (HI) 

(Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

(Anonymous, 

1994

Yes F (NPQS, 1998; 

Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

No13

Hemiptera: Penthimiidae (recently elevated to family rank) (ZipCodeZoo, 2013)

Penthimia nitida

Lithierry

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Antonina crawii

Cockerell

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1994)

No

Nipaecoccus nipae

(Maskell)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus pergandei

Cockerell

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

14 A single N. antennata adult was intercepted with permitted Citrus reticulata from Korea in 1995 (PestID, 2013), but N. 

antennata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. Mandatory inspection and brushing/washing is likely to remove any 

individuals from the fruit.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 20

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Planococcus citri

(Risso)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Planococcus kraunhiae

(Kuwana)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CA) (Miller 

et al., 2005)

Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1997

[Yes] F, L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No15

Pseudococcus sp. KR (PestID, 

2013)

PestID, 2013 Yes I, F, L, S 

(PestID, 2013)

No15

Pseudococcus 

comstocki Kuwana

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus 

Hempel

KR, US (HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2013; Kwon et 

al., 2002)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2013; Umeya 

and Okada, 2003

Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2013)

No15

Pseudococcus 

longispinus (Targioni 

Tozzetti)

KR, US (BenDov et al., 2013)Ben-Dov et al., 

2013

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni

Signoret

KR, US BenDov et al., 2013Ben-Dov et al.., 

2013; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ricaniidae

Ricania japonica

Melichar

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Formica japonica

Motschulsky

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes Predaceous on 

plant pests

No16

Hymenoptera: Vespidae

Vespa crabro Linnaeus KR (KES, 1994), 

US 

(Anonymous, 

2009b)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

15 Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to remain with the commodity through standard pressure washing 

and brushing of the fruit. See text following the pest list for a detailed explanation. 16 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew-secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than 

isolated (sterile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 21

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Vespa mandarina

Smith

KR (KES, 1994) Yes (as of 

12/05/12)

F (Anonymous, 

2009b), 

Predaceous 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No17

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Amata germana (Felder 

& Felder)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Sun et al., 

2006)

No

Amsacta lactinea

(Cramer)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes L (Hill, 1987; 

Hill, 2008)

No

Hyphantria cunea

(Drury)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cossus Linnaeus KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b; KES, 

1994)

CABI, 2013; 

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes R, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Glyphodes pyloalis 

Walker 

(Syn.: Diaphania 

pyloalis)

KR (KES. 1994), 

US (MEM, 

2012)

Anonymous 

1990

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Apochima juglansiaria

(Graeser)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ascotis selenaria (Denis 

& Schiffermüller)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989; Choi et 

al., 2011)

No

Biston panterinaria 

(Bremer & Grey)

KR (Choi et al., 

2011)

Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 

2011)

No

Chariaspilates 

formosaria

(Eversmann)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

17 Vespa species are large, externally-feeding wasps that are predaceous on other insects or animals (Borror et al., 1989). 

They are unlikely to remain with the commodity through standard post-harvest procedures.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 22

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Ectropis bistortata

(Goetze)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ectropis excellens

(Butler)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952d

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemithia aestivaria

Hübner

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hypomecis punctinalis 

(Scopoli)

KR (Choi et al., 

2011)

Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 

2011)

No

Menophra senilis 

Butler

KR (Choi et al., 

2011)

Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 

2011)

No

Odontopera arida 

Butler

KR (Choi et al., 

2011)

Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 

2011)

No

Ophthalmitis 

irrorataria Bremer & 

Grey

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ourapteryx nivea 

Butler

KR (Choi et al., 

2011)

Choi et al., 2011 Yes L (Choi et al., 

2011)

No

Pylargosceles 

steganioides (Butler) 

(Syn: Pylarge 

steganioides)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Phyllocnistis citrella

Stainton

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (AL, CA, 

FL, LA, TX) 

(CABI, 2013; 

Guillen and 

Heraty, 2002;

Lapointe and 

Leal, 2007)

CABI, 2013; 

Catling et al., 

1977

[Yes] L, F (CABI, 

2013; Catling et 

al., 1977; Kim et 

al., 2000)

No

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Endoclita excrescens

Butler 

(Syn: Endoclyta 

excrescens)

KR (CABI, 

2013; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 23
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae

Parnara guttatus

Bremer & Grey 

(Syn: P. guttata

Bremer & Grey)

KR (CABI, 

2013; KES, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (CABI, 2013) No

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Dendrolimus 

spectabilis (Butler)

KR (CABI, 

2013; KES, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Monema flavescens

Walker 

(Syn: Cnidocampa 

flavescens Walker)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992), 

US (Lammers 

and Stigter, 

2004)

Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Parasa consocia

(Walker) 

(Syn: Latoia consocia

(Walker)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Parasa sinica Moore

(Syn: Latoia sinica

Moore)

KR (CABI, 

2013; Lee et al., 

1992; Shiraki, 

1952c)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Thosea sinensis 

coreana Okano & 

Park

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Euproctis piperita

Oberthür

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Euproctis 

pseudoconspersa

Strand

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (CABI, 2013) No

Euproctis pulverea

(Leech)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No

Lymantria dispar

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Zhang, 1994 Yes18 S (CABI, 2013) No

18 Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskij is reportable, according to PestID (2013). According to Program 

Manager A. Man-Song-Hing, Asian gypsy moth is not established anywhere in the United States and is under official 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 24

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Sphrageidus similis 

Fuessly 

(Syn: Euproctis 

similis Fuessly)

KR (CABI, 

2013; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae19

Agrotis ipsilon

(Hufnagel)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Anomis mesogona

(Walker)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Apamea aquila Donzel KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Opler et al., 

2009)

No

Arcte coerula (Guenée) KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No19

Artena dotata

(Fabricius)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Bastilla maturata 

Walker

(Syn.: Dysgonia 

maturata (Walker); 

Parallelia maturata

(Walker))

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F, L

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No19

Calyptra lata (Butler) 

(Syn: Calyptera lata)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F (CABI, 2013) No19

Calyptra thalictri

(Borkhousen) 

(Syn: Calyptera 

thalictri)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes F (CABI, 2013) No19

control and would be eradicated if discovered.

19 Fruit-piercing moths typically do not present a phytosanitary risk themselves but rather increase the risk of secondary 

invasions (CABI, 2013). Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders that are not associated with fruit at harvest, and 

would likely be removed through pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause 

scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989). Since 1985 

none of the quarantine significant Noctuidae found associated with Citrus fruit and in Korea have been intercepted with 

permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 25

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Chrysodeixis eriosoma

Doubleday

KR, US (HI, 

CA) (CABI, 

2013; Los 

Angeles County, 

2005; CDFA, 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2009

[Yes] F, L (CABI, 

2013)

No19

Dysgonia arctotaenia

(Guenée) 

(Syn: Ophiusa 

arctotaenia; 

Parallelia arctotaenia

(Guenée))

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Eudocima fullonia

(Clerck) 

(Syn: Othreis 

fullonia)

KR, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013; Yes F (CABI, 2013) No19

Eudocima tyrannus

Guenée 

(Syn: Adrias 

tyrannus; Adris 

tyrannus)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Eudocima tyrannus 

amurensis Staudinger 

(Syn: Adris tyrannus

amurensis)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Helicoverpa armigera

(Hübner)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes F, I, L (CABI, 

2013)

No19

Mocis undata

(Fabricius)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes F, L (Holloway, 

n.d.)

No19

Ophiusa tirhaca

Cramer

KR (KES, 1994) CABI, 2013 Yes F, L (Walker, 

2007)

No19

Oraesia emarginata

Fabricius

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes F, L 

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No19

Oraesia excavata

(Butler)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes F, L

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No19

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 26
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Peridroma saucia 

(Hübner)

KR (Kim et al., 

2000), US 

(MEM, 2012)

Kim et al., 2000 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua

(Hübner)

KR, US (KES, 

1994; CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura

(Fabricius)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (HI) (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

Yes L (CABI, 2013) No

Thyas juno (Dalman) 

(Syn: Dermaleipa 

juno; Lagoptera juno)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Xestia c-nigrum

(Linnaeus)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2013

No N/A N/A

Xanthodes transversa

Guenée

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2006)

No

Xylena formosa Butler KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes S, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Phalera assimilis

Bremer & Grey

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (EPPO, n.d.-b; 

Lee et al., 1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Polygonia c-aureum

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Psorosticha 

melanocrepida

Clarke

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986a)

No

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae

Papilio bianor Cramer KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986a; Shiraki, 

1952c)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Reuther, 

1989)

No

Papilio helenus

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989)

No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 27
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Papilio maackii

Menetries

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Robinson et al., 

2001; 

Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989)

No

Papilio macilentus

Janson

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Reuther, 

1989)

No

Papilio protenor

(Cramer)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Shiraki, 1952c)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989

No

Papilio sp. KR (KES, 1994; 

Catling et al., 

1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L (Reuther, 

1989)

No

Papilio xuthus

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992), 

US (HI) (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

Yes L (Reuther, 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Bambalina sp. KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Eumeta minuscula 

Butler

KR (Kim et al., 

2000)

Kim et al., 2000 Yes L, F (Kim et al., 

2000)

No20

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella

(Walker)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Robinson et al., 

2001

No N/A N/A

Conogethes 

punctiferalis

(Guenée) 

(Syn: Dichocrocis 

punctiferalis)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No21

20 Eumeta minuscula is a minor pest on Citrus (Kim et al., 2000). Larvae of Psychidae construct a case, which they carry with

them as they feed. Females are wingless and generally do not leave the bag (Borror et al., 1989). Psychidae are primarily 

defoliators (Hill, 1994), but may feed externally on fruit (Kim et al., 2000). Such pests are likely to be removed during 

standard post-harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport E. minuscula. 21 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae bore into the fruit, leaves, and stem of the host plant, and its presence in fruit can easily be 

determined by these boreholes (CABI, 2013). Since 1985, C. punctiferalis has not been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry 

except in baggage or on plants for propagation (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 28

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Dictyoploca japonica

(Moore)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Samia cynthia walkeri

C & R Felder

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Pittaway, 

2009)

No

Lepidoptera: Sesiidae

Synanthedon hector

Butler

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes Tr (EPPO, n.d.-

b)

No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Adoxophyes orana

Fischer von 

Röeslerstamm 

(Syn: A. fasciata)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990; Robinson 

et al., 2001

Yes F, I, L (CABI, 

2013)

No22

Archips breviplicanus 

Walsingham

(Syn: A. breviplicana; 

Archippus 

breviplicanus)

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes I, F, L (NPQS, 

1998)

No23

Archips crataeganus

(Hübner)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips 

fuscocupreanus 

Walsingham

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

No N/A N/A

Archips ingentana

Christopher 

(Syn: Archippus 

ingentanus)

KR (KES, 1994) Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips xylosteana

Linnaeus

KR (KES, 1994; 

Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004)

Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004

Yes L (Meijerman 

and Ulenberg, 

2004)

No

22 Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders and are not associated with fruit at harvest. Those that feed on or mine the 

fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989).

Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant Tortricidae listed in this document have been intercepted in the United 

States associated with Citrus (PestID, 2013). 23 The Asiatic leafroller, A. breviplicanus, is a minor pest of Citrus and is unlikely to be associated with fruit (NPQS, 1998). 

Archips sp. primarily affect leaves, but may feed externally on fruit (Hill, 1987). Such pests are likely to be removed 

during standard post-harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport A. 

breviplicanus (CABI, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 29

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Homona magnanima

Diakonoff

KR (KES, 1994; 

Lee et al., 1992)

CABI, 2013; 

Lee et al., 1992

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea (De 

Geer)

KR (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 Yes L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Oxya chinensis 

formosana Shiraki

(Syn: O. c. chinensis;

O. c. sinuosa)

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Oxya yezoensis Shiraki 

(Syn: O. japonica

Thunberg)

KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae

Atractomorpha lata

Bolivar

(Syn.: Atractomorpha 

bedeli Bolivar)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Anonymous, 

1990

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae

Gampsocleis sedakovi 

obscura Walker 

KR (KES, 1994; 

Anonymous, 

1990)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes L, B (Borror et 

al., 1989; Kim et 

al., 2000)

No

Holochlora japonica

Brunner von Watten

KR (KES, 1994) (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Haplothrips chinensis

Priesner

KR (KES, 1994) NPQS, 1998 Yes I 

(Ananthakrishna

n, 1993)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa

Trybom

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella 

occidentalis

(Pergande)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009), US 

(CABI, 2013)

NISA-KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Heliothrips 

haemorrhoidalis

Bouché

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Hill, 1983 

No N/A N/A

Megalurothrips distalis

Karny

KR (KES, 1994; 

CABI, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1997, 1998b

Yes I, L (CABI, 

2013)

No

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 30
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Mycterothrips glycines 

(Okamoto)

KR (Kim et al., 

2000)

Kim et al., 2000 Yes F, L (Kim et al., 

2000)

No24

Scirtothrips dorsalis

Hood

KR (KES, 1994), 

US(FL, GA, HI) 

(CABI, 2013; 

Diffie et al., 

2008)

CABI, 2013; 

FFTC, 2003

[Yes] I, F, L (CABI, 

2013)

No24

Thrips flavus Schrank KR (Kim et al., 

2000)

Kim et al., 2000 Yes I, F, L (CABI, 

2013)

No24

Thrips hawaiiensis

(Morgan)

KR (KES, 1994), 

US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Thrips nigropilosus

Uzel

KR (KES, 1994; 

NISA-KR, 

2009), US 

(CABI, 2013)

NISA-KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Thrips palmi Karny KR, US (FL, 

GA, HI, PR) 

(CABI, 2013; 

Diffie et al, 

2008)

CABI, 2013; 

NPQS, 2000

[Yes] I, F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman KR (KES, 1994; 

Catling et al., 

1977), US 

(CABI, 2013)

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA

Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith &

Town.) Conn 

(Syn.: Rhizobium 

radiobacter (Beij. & 

v. Deld.) Pribam

[Alphaproteobacteria: 

Rhizobiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2013

No N/A N/A

24 Thrips are highly unlikely to remain with the fruit after harvest. Thrips typically attack growing points of plants, which 

include leaves, shoots, and young fruits. Given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface, pressure washing 

and brushing of the fruit will remove active organisms. Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant thrips listed in this 

document have been intercepted at U.S ports-of-entry (PestID, 2009).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 31

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Pseudomonas syringae

pv. syringae van Hall 

(Gammaproteobacteri

a: Pseudomoniales) 

KR, US 

(Bradbury, 1986)

Bradbury, 1986 No N/A N/A 

Xanthomonas citri 

subsp. citri 25 (ex 

Hasse 1915) Gabriel 

et al. 1989 

[= X. axonopodis pv. 

citri (Vauterin et al.),

X. campestris pv. citri

(Hasse) Dye] (Citrus 

canker A)

[Gammaproteobacteria: 

Xanthomoniales]

KR (Bradbury, 

1986), US (FL) 

(Citrus Canker; 

Movement of 

Fruit from 

Quarantined 

Areas, 2009)

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI/EPPO, 

2006

Yes26 F, L, S/Tr 

(CABI, 2013)

Yes

FUNGI 

Aithaloderma citri

(Briosi & Pass) 

Woron 1926 

(Syn.: Capnodium 

citri Berk. and Desm.) 

[Ascomycetes: 

Capnodiales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Alternaria alternata

Keisi [Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

KR (CABI, 

2013); US (da 

Silva and Singh, 

2012)

Wang et al., 

2010

No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis &

N. Pierce (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR (Young and 

Kim, 1996), US 

(Ellis and 

Holliday, 1970)

Ellis and 

Holliday, 1970

No N/A N/A

25 The classification of Xanthomonads was revised in 2006. The proper taxonomic designation for the pathogen that causes 

citrus canker is now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Euzeby, 2007; Schaad et al., 2006). 26 This is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States and is under official control (NIS, 

2006): § 301.75-1 through § 301.75-14.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 32

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Alternaria sp. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR (CABI, 

2013)

Anonymous, 

1986, 1990; 

Knorr, 1973; 

Reuther et al., 

1978; Timmer et 

al., 2000

Yes F (Timmer et al., 

2000)

Yes

Antennella citrina Hara 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b; 

WADAF, n.d.

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b)

No

Armillaria mellea

(Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm

KR (Coetzee et 

al., 2001), US 

(Williams et al., 

1989)

Smith et al., 

1989 (citrus in 

general)

No N/A N/A

Ascochyta pisi Lib. 

(Syn.: Ascochyta 

pisicola (Berk.) Sacc. 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CMI, 1985a; 

CABI, 2013

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger

Tiegh. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR, US (CABI, 

2013; Timmer et 

al., 2000)

Onions, 1966; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria 

dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) 

Ces. & De Not. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothidiales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Cook) Arx 

(Syn.: Diplodia 

natalensis;

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffiths & Maubl.) 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1998b; Farr and 

Rossman, 2013

Anonymous, 

1998b; Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Santacroce, 

1993

No N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 33
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Botryosphaeria ribis 

Grossenb. & Duggar 

(Syn.: Dothiorella 

gregaria Sacc.) 

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothidiales]

KR 

(CABI/EPPO, 

2011); US 

(Anonymous, 

1960)

Peregrine and 

Siddiqi, 1972

No27 N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana 

(de Bary) Whetzel 

(Syn.: Botrytis 

cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) 

(Ascomycetes:Helotia

les) 

KR (Lee et al., 

1991), US 

(Alfieri et al., 

1984)

Alfieri et al., 

1984

No N/A N/A

Capnodium tanakae

Shirai & Hara 

(Syn.: Neocapnodium 

tanakae (Shirai & 

Hara) Yanamoto) 

[Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR (Cho and 

Shin, 2004)

Cho and Shin, 

2004 

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Capnophaeum 

fuliginodes (Rehm) 

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b

No28 N/A N/A

Chaetothyrium 

spinigerum (Hohnel) 

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990) 

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990

No28 N/A N/A

Cladosporium 

herbarum (Pers.:Fr) 

Link. var. citricola 

Farl. (Fungi 

imperfecti)

KR, US (IA, 

WA) (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No28 N/A N/A

27 Actionable only if commodity is destined to Puerto Rico (PestID, 2013). 28 This species is a non-pathogenic sooty mold fungus, which grows superficially on plant surfaces on the exudates of aphids 

or other sucking insect infestations (Crous et al., 2009). Since sooty molds do not infect plants (Nelson, 2008), quarantine 

action is not taken on these types of organisms, regardless of their absence in the United States. If the commodity is 

subject to routine washing as part of post-harvest processing, then this organism is highly unlikely to follow the pathway 

with commercial produce (Menge and Ploetz, 2003).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 34

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Cladosporium sp. 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 

2013) 

PestID, 2013 No28 N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

acutatum (Simmonds 

ex Simmonds) 

[Teleomorph:

Glomerella acutata

Guerber & J.C. 

Correll] 

[Ascomycetes: 

Incertae sedis]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

coccodes (Wallr.) S. 

Hughes. [Syn.:

Gloeosporium 

foliicola (Nishida) 

Sawada (as 

'foliicolum')] 

[Ascomycetes: 

Incertae sedis]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

CMI, 1985a

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides

(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 

in Penz. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013) No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A Yes

Colletotrichum sp.

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 

2013)

PestID, 2013 Yes F (PestID, 2013) Yes

Coprinus micaceous

(Bull.: Fr.) FR. 1838

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Nisa-KR, 2009 

No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii Curzi 

(Syn.: Sclerotium 

rolfsii Sacc.) 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Corticiaceae) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 35
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Diaporthe citri F. A. 

Wolf 

(Pyrenomycetes: 

Diaporthales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Diaporthe faginea

(Curr.) Sacc. 1882

(Syn.: Diaporthe 

medusaea Nit.)

[Ascomycetes: 

Diaportales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No29 N/A N/A

Elsinoë australis Bit. & 

Jenkins 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Hyun et al., 

2001; Hyun et al.

2007; Hyun et 

al., 2009)30

US: transient, 

actionable, under 

surveillance 

(CABI, 2013)

Hyun et al., 

2001; Hyun et 

al., 2007; Hyun 

et al., 2009)

Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2013; Hyun et 

al., 2001; Hyun 

et al., 2007; 

Hyun et al., 

2009) 

Yes 

Elsinoë fawcetti Bit. &

Jenkins 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Cho and 

Shin, 2004), US 

(Alfieri et al., 

1984)

Alfieri et al., 

1984

No N/A N/A

Elsinoë sp.

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Cho and 

Shin, 2004)

PestID, 2013 Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2013)

Yes

29 Only actionable if commodity is destined to Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands (PestID, 2013). 30 Hyun et al. (2009) confirmed the occurrence of the natsudaidai pathotype of E. australis in Korea but found no new 

pathotypes or regions of occurrence for this species. The host range of E. australis has not been thoroughly investigated on 

fruit. A preliminary host range of E. australis can be ascertained by molecular means only. However, fruit inoculations 

will have to be performed to confirm the susceptibility of different species of citrus. Consequently, we will analyze this 

fungus in this assessment.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 36

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Erythricium 

salmonicolor (Berk. 

& Broome) Burdsall 

(Syn.: Corticium 

salmonicolor Berk. & 

Broome; anamorph: 

Necator decret 

Massee) 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Geotrichum citriaurantii (Feiraris) E. 

E. Butler (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr and 

Rossman, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr and 

Rossman, 2013

No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Guignardia bidwellii

(Ellis) Viala & Ravaz 

[Anamorph: 

Phyllosticta 

ampelicida (Engelm) 

Aa.] [Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

CMI, 1991

No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Guignardia mangiferae

(A. J. Roy) 

[Anamorph: 

Phyllosticta 

capitalensis; Syn.:

Phoma citricarpa 

McAlpine var. mikan 

Hara] [Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Guignardia sp. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (Cho and 

Shin, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2013) 

Simmonds, 1966 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2013)

Yes

Helicobasidium mompa

Tanaka 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiaceae) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b

Yes R, S/Tr 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

No 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 37
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Hypocrea lixii (Pat.)

[Anamorph:

Trichoderma 

harzianum Rifai] 

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Limacinia japonica

Hara 

[Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales] 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2013)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2013

Yes F (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2013)

No31

Macrophomina 

phaseolina (Tassi) 

Goidanich (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013; 

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Microsphaeropsis sp.

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 

2013) 

PestID, 2013 Yes F (PestID, 2013) Yes 

Mycosphaerella citri

Whiteside 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Nectria haematococca

(Wollenw.) Gerlah 

(Syn.: Fusarium 

solani (Martius) 

Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

31 Limacinia japonica is a minor leaf pathogen known as a sooty mold fungus (Agrios, 1997). This non-pathogenic species 

grows superficially on plant surfaces on the exudates of aphids or other sucking insect infestations (Crous et al., 2009). 

Since sooty molds do not infect plants (Nelson, 2008), quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms, 

regardless of their absence in the United States. If the commodity is subject to routine washing as part of the post-harvest 

processing, then this organism is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercial produce (Menge and Ploetz, 

2003).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 38

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Nematospora coryli

Peglion 

(Syn.: Eremothecium 

coryli (Peglion) 

Kurtzman) 

[Saccharomycetes: 

Saccharomycetales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum

Sacc. (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

KR ,US (CABI, 

2013) 

(CABI, 2013) No32 N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum

Wehmer 

(Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

Anonymous, 

1998a; Timmer 

et al., 2000; 

CABI, 2013

No32 N/A N/A

Penicillium ulaiensi. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No32 N/A N/A

Phaeopeltis japonica

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990

No33

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Phyllosticta beltranii

Penzig (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b)

No 

Phyllosticta erratica

Ellis & Everh. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr et 

al., 2008) 

Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr and 

Rossman, 2013

No N/A N/A

32 Non-actionable at the level of order (Chaetothyriales) 33 Phaeopeltis japonica is a minor leaf pathogen known as a sooty mold fungus (Agrios, 1997). This non-pathogenic species 

grows superficially on plant surfaces on the exudates of aphids or other sucking insect infestations (Crous et al., 2009). 

Since sooty molds do not infect plants (Nelson, 2008), quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms, 

regardless of their absence in the United States. If the commodity is subject to routine washing as part of the post-harvest 

processing, then the pathogen is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercial produce (Menge and Ploetz, 2003)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 39

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Phytophthora 

boehmeriae (Sawada) 

[Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR (Hong et al., 

1999)

Ho and Lu, 

199734

Yes L, S, R (CABI,

2013; Hong et 

al., 1999); Fruit 

(Ho and Lu, 

1997)

Yes34

Phytophthora cactorum

(Lebert & Cohn) 

Schröt. [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.E. 

Sm. & E.H. Sm.) 

Leonian (Oomycetes: 

Pythiaceae) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

cryptogea (Pethybr. & 

Laff.) [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR (Jee et al., 

1996); US (CMI, 

1985b)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Phyophthota nicotianae 

Breda de Haan 1896 

[Syn.: Phytophthota 

parisitica Dastur 

(1913)] [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR, US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2013; Nisa-KR, 

2009)

Farr and 

Rossman, 2013;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum

(Auct. non.) R. Hesse 

[Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum

(Trow) [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales] 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. 

Kuhn [Teleomorph:

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. 

Frank) Donk 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

34 This pathogen is only reported on “Citrus spp.”; it may or may not have a host association with C. reticulata. Symptoms 

are readily visible; post-harvest surface treatment of citrus is likely ro remove it from the pathway (CABI, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 40

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Rosellinia necatrix

Prill. (Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales) 

KR, US (CMI, 

1987)

CABI, 2013 No N/A No 

Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum (Lib.) 

deBary 

(Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

NEMATODA 

Criconematidae 

Criconemoides 

informis (Micoltzdy) 

KR 

(Anonymous, 

1984, 1990)

Anonymous, 

1984, 1990

No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

CABI, 2013 No35 N/A N/A

Longidoridae 

Xiphinema 

americanum Cobb

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

Anonymous, 

1984; CABI, 

2013

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Xiphinema insigne

Loos (Longidoridae)

KR (Park et al., 

2002); US (Luc 

and Southey, 

1980: in Robbins 

et al., 2000)

CABI, 2013 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchidae

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans 

Stekhoven 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013) 

Anonymous, 

1984; CABI, 

2013

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Trichordoridae

Paratrichodorus 

porosus (Allen) 

Siddiqi 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013; 

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

Tylenchidae

Tylenchulus 

semipenetrans Cobb 

KR, US (CABI, 

2013)

CABI, 2013 No 

(PestID, 

2013)

N/A N/A

35 Non-actionable unless commodity is destined to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands (PestID, 2013).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 41

 
Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on C. 

reticulata, C. 

reticulata ssp. 

unshiu, or C. × 

sinensis

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

VIRUSES 

Citrus tatter leaf virus

(Capillovirus)

KR (CABI, 

2013), US (CA, 

FL) (Garnsey, 

1964)

Calavan et al., 

1963

No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus

(Closteroviridae: 

Closterovirus) 

KR 

(CABI/EPPO, 

2010), US (BarJoseph et al., 

1989)

Bar-Joseph et 

al., 1989

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSCA 

Bradybaenidae

Acusta despecta (Grey) KR (An, 2000) An, 2000 Yes L, S (An, 2000) No 

2.4.1. Pests that are candidates for mitigation

The two quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway that we analyzed further were Elsinoë 

australis (sweet orange scab) and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker).

2.4.2. Pests that are not candidates for mitigation 

Following, we discuss some pests that were not further analyzed.

Mealybugs. The mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to be associated with 

commercial export-quality Unshu oranges due to pressure washing and brushing of the fruit that 

will occur before export to the United States. Any mealybugs on the fruit at harvest would likely 

be removed by this post-harvest practice, given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit 

surface. Interception records for commercial shipments of Citrus fruit corroborate this.

Armored scales. We identified three species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae),

Octaspidiotus stauntoniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, and Unaspis yanonensis, as quarantine pests. We 

did not further analyze them because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for 

consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; 

PERAL, 2007b). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and 

expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with 

armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, 

theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high-level 

consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without 

leaves, stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007a). This low risk 

is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for 

consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment. The following 

characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 42
• Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings 

but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females. 

• Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most 

vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long-distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can 

be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of 

approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as 

they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, 

anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

• Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low 

wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying 

fruit or fruit peel. Active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natal host is highly 

unlikely since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.

Organisms removed from the pathway. Organisms removed from the Unshu oranges pathway 

during standard post-harvest processing do not require further analysis. The following quarantine 

significant species found associated with citrus and in Korea (Table 2) will be mitigated through 

culling, pressure washing, and brushing of the fruit: Panonychus elongatus (Acari: 

Tetranychidae), Arcte coerula, Bastilla maturate, Calyptra lata, C. thalictri, Dysgonia stuposa,

Eudocima fullonia , E. salaminia, Helicoverpa armigera, Ophiusa tirhaca, Oraesia emarginata, 

O. excavate, Serrodes campana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ceroplastes japonicus, C. 

pseudoceriferus, C. rubens (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Drosicha corpulenta (Hemiptera: 

Margarodidae), Nezara antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Planococcus kraunhiae,

Pseudococcus cryptus, Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Scirtothrips dorsalis, 

Thrips coloratus, T. flavus, and T. palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Ascochyta citri. We did not list the fungus, A. citri Penz. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales), above for 

several reasons. First, the only evidence we found that it was present in Korea was a single 

interception at a U.S. port-of-entry in baggage (PestID, 2013), which may not mean the produce 

was from Korea. Second, although reported on oranges (Viégas, 1945) the genus and species was 

not given (in the abstract available to us). Citrus reticulata is not a reported host, despite being 

identified a single time on C. reticulata from Mexico (Farr and Rossman, 2013). Because we are 

uncertain about both presence in the exporting country, and a host association with oranges, we 

did not list A. citri above.

Guignardia citricarpa. This pathogen is the causal agent of citrus black spot disease (Sutton and 

Waterston, 1966), and is a quarantine pest (Sutton and Waterston, 1996). The pest risk 

assessment conducted by PPQ in 1994 noted that Korean officials were unable to detect citrus 

black spot disease during several years of survey in the citrus-growing areas in Korea. A list of 

citrus pests submitted by Korea (Anonymous, 1990) included Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. 

mikan Hara as a causal agent of storage rot of citrus. Phoma citricarpa McAlpine is an anamorph 

of G. citricarpa (EPPO, 1997). The same situation was described in Japan, where a low 

percentage of stored Unshu fruit developed a decay caused by G. citricarpa var. mikan

(anamorph: P. citricarpa var. mikan) (McOnie, 1967). McOnie (1967) concluded that G. 

citricarpa var. mikan was actually the nonpathogenic strain of G. citricarpa, that small irregular 

markings on fruit thought to be caused by G. citricarpa were due to mechanical or insect injury, 

and that the G. citricarpa isolated from those fruit was the nonpathogenic Guignardia sp. Based 

on this information, PPQ believes that the Guignardia present in Korea is nonpathogenic. This 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 43
concurs with reports of G. citricarpa in Korea as being either doubtful or reports of the nonpathogenic Guignardia sp. (CABI, 2013). Baldassari et al. (2008) and Baayen et al. (2002) used 

symptomology, pathogen morphology, and molecular techniques to differentiate the nonpathogenic species from G. citricarpa. The “non-pathogenic strain” is now designated G. 

mangiferae and the citrus black spot pathogen is designated as G. citricarpa (Baayen et al., 2002; 

Baldassari et al., 2008). The non-pathogenic Guignardia was reported in Florida (Alfieri et al., 

1994) and Texas (Okamura and Davis, 1987). Based on this information, we believe that the 

Guignardia present in Korea is G. mangiferae, which is not a quarantine pest. That is also why 

G. citricarpa does not appear above.

Satsuma dwarf virus. The Satsuma dwarf virus (Bromoviridae: Nepovirus) is present in Korea 

(CABI/EPPO, 2004), but we found no direct evidence for a host association with C. reticulata. 

Primarily it infects Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), and although most citrus varieties can be infected, 

C. reticulata × C. paradisi cv. Orlando is symptomlessly infected (EPPO/CABI, n.d.), and C. 

reticulata is not listed as a host. For this reason, we did not list this pathogen above.

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

The negative impacts resulting from the introduction and establishment of quarantine pests are 

considered in this assessment. The potential consequences of introduction are rated using five 

risk elements described in the Guidelines for the Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments 

Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

For each risk element, we rated the pest Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points).

We summed all the risk element values to calculate a cumulative risk rating score, which is a 

biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and 

environmental impacts (PPQ, 2000). We summarized the ratings for the Consequences of 

Introduction in Table 3.

Elsinoë australis, sweet orange scab Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction 

Sweet orange scab occurs in Italy, India, Ethiopia, the Dominican Republic, 

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, the Cook Islands, Fiji, 

Niue, Samoa (CABI, 2013), and Korea (Hyun et al., 2001; Hyun et al., 2007; 

Hyun et al., 2009). Thayer et al. (2003) examined the likely areas that Elsinoë 

australis could establish in the United States. The pathogen requires moderately 

warm temperatures (4-25 °C) and a minimum wet period of 2.5-3.5 hours for 

infections to occur. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited 

to the states of Arizona, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, where there 

are suitable hosts. “On July 23, 2010, APHIS confirmed the first United States 

detection of the fungal pathogen Elsinoë australis, causal agent of SOS, in Texas. 

SOS was subsequently detected and confirmed in Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, 

and Arizona in August 2010, October 2010, December 2010, and January 2011, 

respectively (APHIS, 2011).” “Federal Orders have been issued to establish SOSquarantine areas for the entire States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, 

Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 44
Elsinoë australis, sweet orange scab Risk ratings

and Arizona” (APHIS, 2011). This area includes four plant hardiness zones.

Therefore the rating for Climate-Host Interaction is Medium.

Risk Element 2: Host Range

Elsinoë australis infects many species of citrus, including sweet orange (C. × 

sinensis), lemon (C. limon), mandarin (C. reticulata), tangerine (C. reticulata), 

satsuma orange (C. reticulata), kumquat (Fortunella margarita), lime (C. 

latifolia), grapefruit (C. paradisi), and pointed leaf papeda (C. hystrix) (CMI, 

1998). Sour orange, C. aurantium, is relatively resistant to E. australis

(EPPO/CABI, 1997h). The host range of sweet orange scab includes multiple 

genera within a single family, so the rating for this element is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal 

The primary window for infection is the early spring, when the tree puts out new 

shoot growth and “petal fall” commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are 

susceptible as they emerge from the bud; thereafter they become immune to 

infection (Timmer et al., 2000). However, when lesions develop on leaves, they 

typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). During 

the six to eight weeks after “petal fall,” fruits are highly susceptible to E. 

australis (Timmer et al., 2000). 

Conidia dispersal depends on rain and/or irrigation (CMI, 1998; EPPO/CABI, 

1997h; Timmer et al., 2000), and may disperse in the air over short distances 

(Chung and Timmer, 2005). The dispersal gradient is short and the estimated 

spread rate in Florida groves ranged from 100 to 300 m per year (Whiteside, 

1975).

Because the period of infectivity is limited and the maximum annual dispersal 

distance is measured in meters, we rated sweet orange scab Low for Dispersal 

Potential.

Low (1)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact 

Elsinoë australis disfigures fruit and reduces fresh market value (Bitancourt and 

Jenkins, 1937; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Culling diseased fruit increases handling 

costs and decreases export volume. Most oranges in Florida are grown for 

processing; therefore finding sweet orange scab in an orange grove would likely 

not disrupt either the processed or fresh market. Elsinoë australis may also affect 

grapefruit, lime, or tangerine groves; a large portion of these crops goes to the 

fresh market (USDA, 2002). Expenses associated with sweet orange scab include 

field control (to reduce disease symptoms), post-harvest treatments, grove 

surveys, and the loss in export market of fresh citrus from all states. The 

estimated cost of its permanent establishment in Florida—not considering postharvest treatment costs— about $55 million annually, which includes a loss in 

export revenue of $32 million annually (USDA, 2002). We rated E. australis

Medium for this element.

Med (2)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact 

The introduction of E. australis into a new area may require specific chemical 

control programs, which can negatively impact non-target pests and the 

Low (1)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 45
Elsinoë australis, sweet orange scab Risk ratings

environment. Copper oxychloride sprays during new spring growth and 

flowering protect the young leaves and fruit by preventing the spores from 

germinating and causing infection (Timmer et al., 2000; Whiteside, 1975). Three 

sprays are recommended for areas highly infested with citrus scab (Timmer and 

Chung, 2007; Timmer et al., 2000). Growers in Florida are already employing 

these chemicals to control E. fawcettii; therefore there would be little additional 

environmental impacts for controlling E. australis. No threatened or endangered 

species of citrus in the United States would be impacted by the pathogen 

(USFWS, 2008). We rated the pathogen Low for this element.

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction 

Citrus canker disease occurs in Asia, Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, 

South America, Oceania, and the United States (Florida). In Florida, citrus canker 

has successfully established several times. The last occurrence in Florida was in 

Miami in 1995. Citrus canker is now widespread throughout citrus-producing 

areas in Florida. To date, citrus canker has not spread from Florida to other U.S. 

citrus-producing areas. Citrus is grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10 

(Bright Leaf Citrus Nursery, 2008; Wright, 2001). Citrus canker could establish 

in three Plant Hardiness Zones (Magarey et al., 2008) (Figure 2). Thus, our rating 

for this element is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range 

Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance. Natural infections only 

occur on Citrus spp., hybrids, and cultivars and on Aegle marmelos (golden 

apple), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), C. aurantium

(sour orange), C. hystrix (mauritius bitter orange), C. junos (yuzu), C. limetta

(sweet lemon tree), C. limon (lemon), C. madurensis (calamondin), C. maxima

(pummelo), C. medica (citron), C. natsudaidai (natsudaidai), C. reshni (Cleopatra 

mandarin), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata 

(citrumelo), C. × sinensis (navel orange), C. sunki (sour mandarin), C. tankan

(tankan mandarin), C. unshiu (satsuma), Citrus × paradisi (grapefruit), 

Eremocitrus glauca (Australian desert lime), Limonia acidissima (elephant 

apple), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Fortunella japonica (round 

kumquat), and Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) (Pruvost et al., 2002; CABI, 

2013). The degree of susceptibility of these citrus species to citrus canker varies. 

Most C. reticulata cultivars are moderately resistant to citrus canker (Gottwald et 

al., 1993; Graham et al., 1992; Canteros, 2004). The natural host range of citrus 

canker includes multiple species within one plant family, which means a risk 

rating of Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal 

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri can survive in diseased plant tissues, as an 

epiphyte on host and non-host plants, and as a saprophyte on straw mulch or in 

soil (Goto, 1992). However, overwintering lesions, particularly those formed on 

angular shoots, are the most important source of inoculum for the following 

Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 46
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker Risk ratings

season (Pruvost et al., 2002). Bacteria produced in leaf and twig lesions are 

significant for secondary infections. The amount of citrus canker bacteria present 

within active lesions decreases as the lesions age, and stem lesions can act as 

reservoirs of inoculum for longer periods than fruits and leaves (Leite Jr. and 

Moham, 1990; Verniere et al., 2003). In the first 48 hours of wetting, laboratory 

studies demonstrated that 4-6 week-old lesions exuded 100 to 1000 times more 

cfu/ml (cfu = colony forming unit) than 4-6 month-old lesions (Timmer et al. 

1991). Viable bacteria have been isolated from 5-7 year-old stem lesions 

(Schubert et al., 2001). Late-season lesions are capable of sustaining bacteria 

from one season into the next season, and asymptomatic citrus leaves still 

attached to the tree are believed to harbor citrus canker bacteria for several 

months.

Bacteria may also survive for a few weeks to several months on decomposing 

plant litter (fallen fruit, leaves, and limbs), on the soil surface (Civerolo, 1984; 

Gottwald et al., 2002; Graham et al., 1987; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Schubert 

et al., 2001), or on plant material in the soil for as long as four years (Goto, 1992; 

Goto et al., 1975; Pereira et al., 1976). This allows citrus canker bacteria to 

persist, providing inoculum for further spread of the pathogen (Graham et al., 

1987). Survival in decomposing leaves, both in and on the soil surface, depends 

on moisture and temperature (Goto, 1992). Citrus canker bacteria do not survive 

for long periods in the soil in the absence of host material (Graham et al., 1989; 

Graham et al., 1987; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1984). 

In wind-driven rain, bacteria dispersal can occur within trees and from tree to tree 

(Bock, 2005; Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Pathogen spread has been recorded 

from 32 meters to several miles (Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Gottwald et al., 

1988; Gottwald et al., 2002b; Stall et al., 1980). In Florida, pathogen spread was 

detected within 579 m (1900 ft) from the source 95 percent of the time (Compton 

and Fagan, 2000; Gottwald et al., 2002; Gottwald et al., 2001). Citrus canker 

spread from an initial 50 square miles to 1,265 square miles area in the first five 

years following detection in Florida. 

Long-distance spread of the pathogen can also occur via the movement of 

infected planting and propagating material, such as budwood, rootstock 

seedlings, or budded trees from nurseries (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham et al., 

2004; Smith et al., 1997; Timmer et al., 2005). There is no confirmed record of 

seed transmission (Smith et al., 1997). Contaminated personnel, clothing, 

equipment, tools, field boxes, and other items associated with harvesting and 

post-harvest handling of fruit may also provide a means of long-distance 

dissemination, especially when trees are wet (Civerolo, 1984; Timmer et al., 

2005). Bacteria can survive in plant debris in the soil for long periods (Goto et 

al., 1978; Graham et al., 1987); thus, the removal of leaves, fruit, and limbs from 

the grove floor and the removal of infected trees, help reduce inoculum and 

diminish spread potential.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 47
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker Risk ratings

The movement of diseased fruit has often been considered a potential means of 

long-distance pathogen spread, but despite a long global history of commercial 

trade in citrus fruit, no authenticated record exists of this (Smith et al., 1997). 

Likewise, infected culled fruit and processed fruit pulp possibly facilitate longdistance pathogen spread, but the likelihood of this is unknown (Smith et al., 

1997). We do not know if asymptomatic fruit or fruit with lesions are 

epidemiologically significant with respect to the initiation of new infections 

(Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000). Based on the above, we rated citrus canker 

Medium for Dispersal Potential.

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact 

Severe infections by citrus canker bacteria can result in dieback, defoliation, fruit 

deformation, and premature fruit drop (CABI, 2013; Civerolo, 1981; Gottwald 

and Graham, 2000; Stall and Seymour, 1983). When the fruits and leaves of 

young, susceptible trees are infected, the development and the achievement of 

full growth may be delayed by several years in severely infected young trees 

(CABI, 2013). The most significant effect of citrus canker is the loss of 

commercial markets due to unmarketable fruit. Blemished fruit are still suitable 

for the juice market (Stall and Seymour, 1983), but do not meet the market 

standard for fresh fruit (Gottwald et al., 2001; Muraro et al., 2001). We rated 

citrus canker High for Economic Impacts.

High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact 

The introduction of citrus canker in a new area may require specific control 

programs that could negatively impact non-target pests and the environment. 

Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper-containing compounds 

are commonly used to provide protection against initial infection in cankerendemic areas during growth flushes and fruit development (2-6 cm diameter) 

(Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Koizumi, 1977b; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr. and 

Moham, 1990; Medina-Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985; Muraro et al., 2001; Stall et 

al., 1980; Timmer, 1988). Additional copper fungicide sprays are often necessary 

to avoid symptoms in generally infected areas because the initial spray usually 

wears off, reducing its efficacy in limiting pathogen spread potential (Gottwald et 

al., 2002; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Stall et al., 1980). In Japan, susceptible 

hosts are often sprayed 5 to 7 times, while moderately susceptible cultivars are 

only sprayed four times throughout the growing season. Five to six copper sprays 

during the susceptible rainy season in Brazil result in a decreased disease 

incidence of 90 percent in moderately susceptible cultivars (Leite Jr. et al., 1987). 

In addition, the age of the citrus tree, environmental conditions, and the 

application of other control methods may alter the effectiveness of copper sprays 

(Leite Jr., 2000). Graham and Gottwald (1991) stated that “in the absence of 

windbreaks, copper applied at 1-month intervals slightly reduced canker spread 

during wind-blown rain events.” However, they found that copper applications 

did not affect disease incidence when used in conjunction with windbreaks and 

applied at one-month intervals (Graham and Gottwald, 1991). APHIS has 

considered the potential effects of citrus eradication program on endangered and 

threatened species and their habitats. Generally, the controlled nature of the citrus 

Medium (2)

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 48
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker Risk ratings

canker infestations and the program treatments preclude any effects on those 

species and their habitats (USDA, 1999). Overall, we rated citrus canker 

Medium for Environmental Impact.

Figure 2. Plant hardiness zones for the continental United States (Magarey et al., 2008).

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 49
Table 3. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Risk ratinga

Climate-Host 

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal 

Potential

Economic 

Impact

Environmental 

Impact

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Med (2) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

Xanthomonas citri 

subsp. citri

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

a Low = 5-8, Medium = 9-12, High = 13-15

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

This portion of the assessment considers two separate components. First, we estimate the amount 

of commodity likely to be imported, which is the same for all quarantine pests considered. 

Second, we consider five biological factors concerning the pest and its interactions with the 

commodity. The resulting risk ratings are specific to each pest. For each pest, the sum of the sub 

elements produces a cumulative risk rating for likelihood of introduction. The cumulative risk 

rating for introduction is considered to be an indicator of the likelihood that a particular pest 

would be introduced. These ratings and the value for the Likelihood of Introduction are 

summarized in Table 5.

2.7.1. Quantity imported annually 

The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially 

infested commodity imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity 

imported is estimated in units of standard 40-foot shipping containers.

Korea began exporting Unshu oranges to the United States in 1995, and that ended in 2002 

(Table 4) (NASS, 2005). The annual number of 40-foot shipping containers fell within the range 

of 10 to 100 containers. Given this, we assumed that less than 100 containers would be imported 

annually from Korea, so the rating was Medium.

Table 4. Shipping volumes of Korean Unshu fruit, in approximate number of 40-foot containers 

(NASS, 2005).

Year Volume (metric tons) Containers (no.)

1995 50 2.5

1996 220 11

1997 1,190 59.5

1998 40 2

1999 380 19

2000 240 12

2001 1,434 71.7

2002 1,601 80

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2.7.2. Harvested fruit is infested/infected and survives post-harvest treatment

Citrus canker. Standard post-harvest treatments were summarized above (section 1.2). The 

presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it 

may be epiphytic (contamination). A ten-year research project in Argentina confirmed the very 

low susceptibility (zero percent) of Unshu mandarin fruit to citrus canker, especially in 

comparison to grapefruit (Canteros, 2004). Disease incidence on vegetative plant parts was 

slightly above zero on fruit, with the Unshu mandarin the least susceptible to citrus canker of all 

cultivars that were tested under high inoculum pressure (Canteros, 2004). Small fruit (<20 mm) 

are not susceptible to infection as the stomata are not fully open at this stage. Above this size 

susceptibility is inversely related to fruit age: younger fruit are more susceptible (Graham et al.,

1992). 

Epiphytic populations of citrus canker on citrus tissue drop three to five orders of magnitude in 

24 hours in experiments (Timmer et al., 1996). In Brazil, asymptomatic fruit were sprayed with a 

bacterial suspension, but after five days at room temperature under laboratory conditions the 

bacteria could not be recovered (Belasque Jr. and Rodriguez Neto, 2000). Harsher environmental 

conditions outside the laboratory would likely further reduce the survival of epiphytic citrus 

canker populations on asymptomatic fruit. 

This fruit will be washed, brushed, and dried as a normal part of the packing process (section 

1.2). Brushing increases the exposure of citrus canker to toxicants (Brown and Schubert, 1987). 

Drying further reduces epiphytic citrus canker populations (Schubert et al., 1999). Disinfectants 

reduced populations of the closely related species, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, to 

undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987; Graham and Gottwald, 1991). Using 200 ppm 

chlorine for two minutes reduces natural bacterial populations on citrus fruits 77-99 percent 

(Stapleton, 1986). Similarly, exposing fruit from infected citrus trees to a prewash with SOPP 

detergent, followed by a chlorine wash reduced the survival of surface bacteria (Gottwald et al., 

2009). A packinghouse wash with disinfectants can practically remove all epiphytic citrus canker 

from fruits without symptoms (Canteros, 2004.; Canteros et al., 2000). Post-harvest treatment in 

Uruguay reduced bacterial populations on inoculated fruit by 99.5 percent, and by 99.8 percent 

on naturally infested fruit (Verdier et al., 2005, 2006). Finally, two different chlorine-wash 

protocols reduced (by approximately 50 percent) the ability of lesions to produce viable bacteria 

(Gottwald et al., 2009).

If a small epiphytic population of citrus canker did survive post-harvest treatments, it would not 

survive long on the surface of the fruit (Goto, 1969; Timmer et al., 1991). Under natural 

conditions, epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces for only about three days (Goto, 

1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009), and they do not multiply in water, on leaf surfaces, or on dry 

leaves (Timmer et al., 1991; Timmer et al., 1996). Because bacterial survival on non-attached 

citrus fruit is significantly reduced (Koizumi, 1972), the likelihood of citrus canker spread via 

commercial fruit is very low, but not zero (Golmohammadi et al., 2007).

We can conclude that symptomatic fruit are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse 

procedures and that the post-harvest treatments will likely remove and/or devitalize epiphytic 

populations of the pathogen to the extent that they become epidemiologically insignificant. For 

these reasons, we rated this risk element Low for citrus canker.

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 51
Sweet orange scab. Infection by E. australis can start in the early spring, when there is new 

shoot growth and “petal fall” commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as 

they emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection. Lesions on leaves typically remain 

small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit 

mature. Fruits become susceptible to E. australis six to eight weeks after petal fall (Timmer et 

al., 2000). Rind symptoms of initial infections typically display slightly raised and pink to light 

brown scab prostulates. As the scab or prostulates develop they become warty and cracked, and 

yellowish brown to dark gray (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al., 2000). Prophylactic 

sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper-containing compounds provided protection against 

initial infection in canker-endemic areas during growth flushes and fruit development (2-6 cm 

diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Muraro et al., 2001). Well-timed field treatments 

significantly reduce the incidence of disease, the level of inoculum, and the number of 

symptomatic fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control 

practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence 

(Das, 2003; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990). 

As with citrus canker, symptomatic oranges infected by sweet orange scab are unlikely to pass 

through the standard packinghouse procedures and the post-harvest treatments. Therefore, we 

rated this risk element Low for sweet orange scab.

2.7.3. Quarantine pests survive shipment

This sub-element evaluates the survival of inoculum in fruit during shipping. Shipments of 

Unshu oranges are likely to be refrigerated and spend several days in transit to the United States. 

Recommended shipping and storage temperatures for Unshu oranges are between 4 and 7°C for 

two to four weeks (Cantwell, 2002).

Citrus canker. Bacteria that survive the packing process on the surface of citrus fruit are 

unlikely to survive the shipping process. Bacterial populations in existing lesions decreased by 

several orders of magnitude when the average maximum temperature was below 20°C and 

average minimum temperature was below 10°C (Koizumi, 1977a). Stall et al. (1980) noted “the 

populations of viable cells in lesions decreased about 100-fold during the winter months.” As 

mentioned above, under natural conditions epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces only 

up to three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009). Therefore, epiphytic populations pose 

an epidemiological threat for only a very limited window of time.

After processing, bacteria have not been shown to occur on the surface of citrus fruit or under the 

wax coating applied to the fruit, and are unlikely to cause disease development under these 

circumstances. Fruit-to-fruit post-harvest spread of bacteria has not been documented. Citrus 

canker latent populations do not produce symptoms in harvested fruit (Civerolo, 1997), and there 

is no evidence of epiphytic growth by citrus canker (Brunings and Gabriel, 2003). Our rating for 

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is Low for this risk element.

Sweet orange scab. Harvested fruit is visually inspected for sweet orange scab symptoms. Fruits 

are infected early in their development, grow misshapen, and can fall prematurely (EPPO/CABI, 

1997h). Lesions on young fruit are round to irregular, 2 to 6 mm in diameter, raised and slightly 

convex (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Rind symptoms of older scabs are warty and cracked and 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 52
yellowish brown to dark gray in color (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al., 2000). 

Culling procedures used in Argentina to remove symptomatic Xcc fruit (Ploper et al., 2004) 

should effectively remove fruit symptomatic for E. australis.

Routine packinghouse treatments used to control citrus black spot (CBS) such as chlorine dip, 

warm water bath, or chemical tank dip (1000 μg ml-1 guazatine, 503 μg ml-1 imazalil sulphate, 

500 μg ml-1 2,4-D sodium salt) and combinations of these treatments (Korf et al., 2001), should 

reduce the viability of E. australis. Wax treatments used to reduce the viability of Guignardia 

citricarpa conidia (Korf et al., 2001; Seberry et al., 1967) should also reduce the viability of E. 

australis conidia. Due to the packing process, the rating is Medium for E. australis to survive 

packing and post-harvest treatment.

2.7.4. Quarantine pest is not detected at port-of-entry

In this sub-element we assess the likelihood of a pest not being detected during port inspections.

Citrus canker. Groves in infested areas may have citrus canker infected fruit at varying levels 

depending on the prevalence of inoculum, the susceptibility of the variety, and climatic, 

environmental, and cultural conditions. The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated 

with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphytic (contamination). Epiphytic 

populations would be difficult to detect, but are much less likely to introduce the disease (above). 

Lesions on infected fruit are distinctive and have been detected at ports multiple times (PestID, 

2013). Therefore, we rated this pest Low for this sub-element.

Sweet orange scab. We found no information about the ability of E. australis to survive 

shipping. The fungus overwinters in the tree canopy on limbs and fruit that had been infected 

during the previous season. The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the 

infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Citrus scab can generally survive for 

periods of time without susceptible tissue in pustules on old leaves and fruit (Timmer et al., 

2000). Since E. australis can overwinter, it can likely survive low temperatures during shipment. 

Thus, we rated E. australis as High for this sub-element.

2.7.5. Infested/infected fruit is moved to suitable habitat

This sub-element involves shipment of infested/infected fruit to a suitable habitat for 

establishment/disease development; for this, we consider the geographic location of likely 

markets. Imported fruit normally arrive at multiple ports and are distributed according to market 

demand. 

Three of the four most populous states in the United States (Florida, Texas, and California; US 

Census Bureau, 2000) are in the southern United States, where the climate best matches the 

native climates for citrus canker and sweet orange scab. Assuming that citrus is distributed 

across the United States proportional to population, then fruit is likely to be shipped to these 

states. Based on the above information, we rated this risk element Medium for both pests.

2.7.6. Pests find suitable host and establish or incite disease

This sub-element examines the risk that imported infested fruit will encounter a suitable host 

within the suitable habitat, and a viable reproductive unit of the insect pest or plant pathogen 

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 53
associated with the fruit is able to complete its life cycle. The following events must occur for 

the disease to develop:

• A susceptible host must be available

• The host must be exposed when infection can occur (varies with cultivar)

• Free water must be available on the surface of the citrus plants from rain

• Sufficient force (i.e., wind) must be present to drive the bacteria into natural openings, or 

wounds must be present

• The causal organism must be in sufficient amount and at stage that can cause disease onset

• Enough time must elapse for key interactions to occur

Citrus canker. Viable bacteria from infected fruit are unlikely to encounter suitable hosts under 

the conditions required for disease development for several reasons. First, citrus canker has only 

fifteen known hosts in Citrus spp. (see above). Second, hosts must be susceptible; the susceptible

period lasts 90-120 days after petal fall. Most leaf infections occur during enlargement (Civerolo, 

1984), over a short interval, often within the first six weeks (Gottwald and Graham, 2000). 

Mature, unwounded fruit are not susceptible to infection (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald and Graham, 

2000), because they (and leaves) are protected by the buildup of a waxy cuticle (Albrigo, 1976; 

Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Graham et al., 1992; NPB, 2002). Third, infiltration of bacteria into 

stomata on unwounded fruit or leaves is aided by wind-driven rain, with wind speeds exceeding 

8 m/s (Gottwald et al., 2002; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004). Such weather conditions will be 

relatively rare. Finally, diseased fruit have not been shown to affect epidemiology of citrus 

canker disease (Smith et al., 1997; Gottwald et al., 2009), whether with lesions or asymptomatic 

fruit (Anonymous, 2005; Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000; PERAL, 2007a; Verdier et al., 

2005).

Gottwald et al. (2009) demonstrated that actively growing citrus plants exposed to infected, 

packinghouse treated fruit did not become infected. Discarded canker-infected fruit in cull piles 

were also not effective sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearby plants under natural 

conditions. Overall, citrus fruit with canker lesions are an unlikely pathway through which citrus 

canker inoculum might lead to infection and citrus canker establishment in new areas (Gottwald 

et al., 2009). We rated citrus canker Low for this sub-element.

Sweet orange scab. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the states of 

Arizona, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (Source: DA-2011-50 (Thayer, 2003; DA2011-50), where hosts of E. australis are present. Infection only occurs when there is new shoot 

growth and “petal fall” commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they 

emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al., 2000). Tissue susceptibility 

decreases as fruit mature. Fruits are susceptible to E. australis six to eight weeks after petal fall 

(Timmer et al., 2000). The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious 

conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Conidia are formed abundantly on wet scabs (CABI, 

2006). Germination of conidia and infection do not require rainfall, but a minimum wet period, 

via dew, fog, or other high moisture conditions of 2.5-3.5 hours, is necessary for conidial 

infection (CABI, 2006; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). When these favorable conditions are present, 

infection and further conidial production can occur within 4-6 hours (Whiteside, 1975). As the 

closely related species E. fawcetti is already established in Florida it is likely that E. australis

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 54
encounter suitable conditions for disease development. The rating for sweet orange scab is High

for this sub-element.

Table 5. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity 

imported 

annually

Harvested 

fruit is 

infected

Survive 

postharvest 

treatment

Survive 

shipment

Fruit 

sent to 

suitable 

habitat

Find 

suitable 

host/incite 

disease

Cumulative 

risk 

ranking1

Elsinoë 

australis

Med (2) Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium 

(13)

Xanthomonas 

citri subsp. citri

Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

1

Low = 6-9, Medium = 10-14, High = 15-18

2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion 

The sum of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction 

equal the Pest Risk Potential (Table 6). Sweet orange scab and citrus canker had Medium Pest 

Risk Potentials (Table 6). A very low incidence of any symptomatic fruit infested with citrus 

canker may enter on occasion, but the pathogen is unlikely to establish in new areas via this fruit 

as a pathway. The same seems true for sweet orange scab.

Low risk pests typically do not require specific mitigations measures beyond port-of-entry 

inspection. For medium risk pests, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary, and for 

high risk pests, specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended, and port-of-entry 

inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security. Identification and 

selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with 

particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase is not 

discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest 

depends on the risk posed by that pest.

Table 6. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction 

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Pest Risk Potentiala

Elsinoë australis Low (8) Medium (13) Medium (21)

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Medium (11) Low (8) Medium (19) a Low = 11-18, Medium = 19-26, High = 27-33

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 55
3. Contributors & Reviewers

Barney Caton, Ecologist and Pest Risk Analysta

James Smith, Entomologist and Pest Risk Analysta

Kayimbi Tubajika, Plant Pathologista

Ignacio Baez, Entomologista

a

USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST PERAL

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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. from Korea.

Pest Type Total

Acari, Species Of Mite 1

Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 1

Aonidiella comperei Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 1

Aonidiella sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 1

Archipini, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 1

Bradybaenidae, Species Of Mollusk 1

Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell) (Diaspididae) Insect 1

Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 1

Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 1

Diaspididae, Species Of Insect 1

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) Disease 1

Elsinoe sp. (Elsinoaceae) Disease 3

Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 34

Insecta, Species Of Insect 1

Longitarsus sp. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 1

Meghimatium fruhstorferi (Collinge) (Philomycidae) Mollusk 1

Microsphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 1

Nezara antennata Scott (Pentatomidae) Insect 1

Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 1

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) Insect 34

Phyllosticta citricarpa (Mcalpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) Disease 13

Pseudococcidae, Species Of Insect 6

Tarsonemus sp. (Tarsonemidae) Mite 2

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 31

Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus) (Arctiidae) Insect 1

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings 

(Xanthomonadaceae)

Disease 20

Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 98

Source: PestID, 2013. Pests intercepted from January, 1985, through December, 2012. 

Appendix B. Reportable Pests Intercepted on Citrus × sinensis More Than Once from 

Anywhere in the World.

Pest Type Total

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) Disease 8503

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) Insect 6224

Anastrepha sp. (Tephritidae) Insect 5292

Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 3011

Parlatoria cinerea Hadden (Diaspididae) Insect 2649

Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 1811

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 72
Pest Type Total

Pseudococcidae, Species Of Insect 470

Diaspididae, Species Of Insect 422

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) Insect 372

Elsinoe sp. (Elsinoaceae) Disease 367

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 288

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings 

(Xanthomonadaceae)

Disease 257

Phyllosticta citricarpa (Mcalpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) Disease 235

Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Aleyrodidae) Insect 126

Tarsonemus sp. (Tarsonemidae) Mite 102

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Tephritidae) Insect 98

Tephritidae, Species Of Insect 70

Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant) (Blissidae) Insect 62

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Tortricidae) Insect 59

Tortricidae, Species Of Insect 59

Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 54

Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 53

Aonidiella sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 50

Gryllus sp. (Gryllidae) Insect 49

Planococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 47

Blapstinus sp. (Tenebrionidae) Insect 41

Coccidae, Species Of Insect 39

Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) (Coccidae) Insect 39

Aonidiella inornata Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 36

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Tephritidae) Insect 33

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) (Pyralidae) Insect 33

Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 32

Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Apidae) Insect 32

Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 29

Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 26

Phlaeothripidae, Species Of Insect 24

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Tephritidae) Insect 23

Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 23

Tetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae) Mite 21

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) Insect 20

Pseudaulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 20

Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 20

Brevipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) Mite 19

Bactrocera sp. (Tephritidae) Insect 18

Tortricinae, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 17

Homoptera, Species Of Insect 16

Insecta, Species Of Insect 16

Aleyrodidae, Species Of Insect 15

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Pest Type Total

Margarodidae, Species Of Insect 15

Cryptophlebia sp. (Tortricidae) Insect 14

Diptera, Species Of Insect 13

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 13

Ascochyta citri Penz. (Coelomycetes) Disease 12

Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Tephritidae) Insect 12

Dysmicoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 11

Graphiola sp. (Graphiolaceae) Disease 10

Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) Insect 10

Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 10

Pyralidae, Species Of Insect 10

Tetraleurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 10

Fusarium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 9

Cicadellidae, Species Of Insect 9

Acari, Species Of Mite 9

Ascochyta sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 8

Coniothyrium sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 8

Acutaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 8

Aleurocanthus husaini Corbett (Aleyrodidae) Insect 8

Aphididae, Species Of Insect 8

Cryptoblabes sp. (Pyralidae) Insect 8

Ecdytolopha sp. (Tortricidae) Insect 8

Gracillariidae, Species Of Insect 8

Lepidosaphes sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 8

Microsphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 7

Xanthomonas sp. (Xanthomonadaceae) Disease 7

Archipini, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 7

Chrysomphalus sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 7

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Psyllidae) Insect 7

Lepidoptera, Species Of Insect 7

Psyllidae, Species Of Insect 7

Microxeromagna lowei (Potiez & Michaud) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 7

Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 7

Amorbia sp. (Tortricidae) Insect 6

Coleoptera, Species Of Insect 6

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Tortricidae) Insect 6

Curculionidae, Species Of Insect 6

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae) Insect 6

Thripidae, Species Of Insect 6

Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Aphididae) Insect 6

Cilevirus Leprosis Virus Symptoms (Unassigned) Disease 5

Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 5

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Aleyrodidae) Insect 5

Ver. 1 (Original) May 14, 2013 74
Pest Type Total

Ceroplastes sp. (Coccidae) Insect 5

Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) Insect 5

Hesperiidae, Species Of Insect 5

Hypothenemus sp. (Scolytidae) Insect 5

Lonchaeidae, Species Of Insect 5

Noctuidae, Species Of Insect 5

Prays sp. (Plutellidae) Insect 5

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green (Coccidae) Insect 5

Alternaria sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 4

Araecerus sp. (Anthribidae) Insect 4

Cecidomyiidae, Species Of Insect 4

Ceratitini, Species Of (Tephritidae) Insect 4

Crematogaster sp. (Formicidae) Insect 4

Fiorinia sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 4

Gelechiidae, Species Of Insect 4

Heteroptera, Species Of Insect 4

Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae) Insect 4

Olethreutinae, Species Of (Tortricidae) Insect 4

Paraleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 4

Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thripidae) Insect 4

Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 4

Puto sp. (Pseudococcidae) Insect 4

Microxeromagna vestita (Rambur) (Hygromiidae) Mollusk 4

Camarosporium sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3

Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 3

Fusicoccum sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3

Mycosphaerella sp. (Mycosphaerellaceae) Disease 3

Pleospora sp. (Pleosporaceae) Disease 3

Pseudorobillarda sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3

Septoria sp. (Coelomycetes) Disease 3

Agromyzidae, Species Of Insect 3

Altica sp. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 3

Aspidiotini, Species Of (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Pseudococcidae) Insect 3

Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Hymenoptera, Species Of Insect 3

Insect, Species Of Insect 3

Lygaeidae, Species Of Insect 3

Melanaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Paratettix sp. (Tetrigidae) Insect 3

Parlatoria citri Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 3

Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) Insect 3

Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) Insect 3

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Pest Type Total

Thysanoptera, Species Of Insect 3

Trialeurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 3

Trialeurodes vitrinellus Cockerell (Aleyrodidae) Insect 3

Tarsonemidae, Species Of Mite 3

Prietocella barbara (Linné) (Cochlicellidae) Mollusk 3

Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) Mollusk 3

Aureobasidium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Disease 2

Coccostroma sp. (Phyllachoraceae) Disease 2

Guignardia sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) Disease 2

Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.) Mordue (Coelomycetes) Disease 2

Acaudaleyrodes rachipora Singh (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Acutaspis rhizophorae (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Acyrthosiphon sp. (Aphididae) Insect 2

Aleurocanthus sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Aleurothrixus sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Aonidiella comperei Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Arctiidae, Species Of Insect 2

Arhyssus sp. (Rhopalidae) Insect 2

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae) Insect 2

Chloropidae, Species Of Insect 2

Coccotrypes sp. (Scolytidae) Insect 2

Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae) Insect 2

Corythucha sp. (Tingidae) Insect 2

Dialeurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Diplotaxis sp. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Dirioxa pornia (Walker) (Tephritidae) Insect 2

Dyscinetus sp. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Edessa sp. (Pentatomidae) Insect 2

Icerya sp. (Margarodidae) Insect 2

Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Metachroma sp. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 2

Miridae, Species Of Insect 2

Myochrous sp. (Chrysomelidae) Insect 2

Parlatoria crypta Mckenzie (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Phycitinae, Species Of (Pyralidae) Insect 2

Phyllophaga sp. (Scarabaeidae) Insect 2

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 2

Pseudaonidia sp. (Diaspididae) Insect 2

Puto mexicanus (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Insect 2

Rhagoletis sp. (Tephritidae) Insect 2

Scolytidae, Species Of Insect 2

Solenopsis sp. (Formicidae) Insect 2

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Pest Type Total

Syrphidae, Species Of Insect 2

Tetralicia sp. (Aleyrodidae) Insect 2

Thrips sp. (Thripidae) Insect 2

Helicidae, Species Of Mollusk 2

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