UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

Defendant Bijan Woodley has been charged in a superseding indictment for his alleged 

involvement in three separate carjackings in August 2014, December 2014, and January 2015. 

(Dkt. 23.) Following the initial indictment (on the December 2014 carjacking), Woodley was 

interrogated by two to three Detroit police officers on January 12, 2015. Before questioning 

began, Woodley signed a standard Miranda waiver. The officers questioned Woodley for three 

hours and 51 minutes, and he expressed some uncertainty as to why he was being interviewed. 

The officers asked Woodley about a range of topics but eventually showed him a video of the 

December 2014 carjacking. They also made comments about Woodley’s possible separation 

from his two-year-old son and the potential for Woodley to get a “better deal” if he was “first to 

the table” to talk about the crime. After about two-and-a-half hours, the officers informed 

Woodley that he had been indicted. The first three hours of the interrogation were recorded on 

video with corresponding audio. Following a cigarette break, the final 51 minutes were still 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff, 

 

v. 

 

D-1 BIJAN WOODLEY 

D-2 KANEE GOODE 

D-3 JATEESHA TAYLOR 

 Defendants. 

Case No. 15-cr-20007 

Honorable Laurie J. Michelson 

Magistrate Judge David R. Grand 

 OPINION AND ORDER DENYING MOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENTS IN 

VIOLATION OF FIFTH AMENDMENT [112], DENYING MOTION TO SUPPRESS 

STATEMENTS IN VIOLATION OF SIXTH AMENDMENT [113], AND DENYING 

MOTION FOR SPOLIATION SANCTIONS [114] 

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videotaped, but without sound. The Government says that during these last 51 minutes, Woodley 

confessed his involvement in the December 2014 carjacking. The parties did not notice that the 

audio was not recorded until discovery. 

Woodley now seeks suppression of his confession during those final 51 minutes pursuant 

to the Fifth and Sixth Amendments and asks for spoliation sanctions against the Government for 

the unrecorded audio. (Dkts. 112, 113, 114.) The motions are fully briefed, and the Court heard 

oral argument on April 22, 2016. For the reasons set forth below, Woodley’s motions will be 

denied. 

I. BACKGROUND 

On January 8, 2015, the grand jury indicted Woodley and co-defendant Kanee Goode, 

charging them in connection with a December 30, 2014 carjacking. (Dkt. 1.) 

A few days later, on January 12, 2015, Woodley was arrested by officers of the Detroit 

Police Department Commercial Auto Theft Unit. (Dkt. 112 at 1.) He was transported, in 

handcuffs, to the Detroit Police Homicide Unit for questioning and was placed in an 

interrogation room at approximately 7:50pm. 

The interview lasted for three hours and fifty-one minutes. (Dkt. 112 at 3.) The room had 

two cameras, and the entirety of the interview was recorded. (Id. at 6.) However, there is no 

audio recording for the final 51 minutes. (Id.) “The government tried a variety of methods to 

recover the audio; none were successful.” (Dkt. 122 at 3.) The Court designated the tape as a 

defense exhibit during the hearing. Upon examination of the recordings, it became apparent that 

“CAM 1” recorded video but no sound, and that “CAM 2” recorded both video and sound. 

Following a break in the interrogation, only CAM 1 recorded the final 51 minutes—without 

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sound. The Court summarizes the recording of the first three hours insofar as it is relevant to the 

pending motions. 

At approximately 8:10pm, Woodley’s hand-cuffs were removed and he was advised of 

his Miranda rights. (Dkt. 114-2.) At 8:13pm, Woodley initialed and signed a Miranda waiver. 

(Dkt. 120-1.) The waiver stated, 

I understand that: (1) I have a right to remain silent and that I do not have to 

answer any questions put to me or make any statements. (2) Any statement I make 

or anything I say will be used against me in a Court of Law. (3) I have the right to 

have an attorney (lawyer) present before and during the time I answer any 

questions or make any statement. (4) If I cannot afford an attorney (lawyer), one 

will be appointed for me without cost by the Court prior to any questioning. (5) I 

can decide at any time to exercise my rights and not answer any questions or 

make any statement. I understand that these are my rights under the Law. I have 

not been threatened or promised anything, and I now desire and agree to answer 

any questions put to me or to make a statement. 

(Id.) Although the officers noted, “The rights, as defined above, have been explained to him/her 

and he/she has agreed to make a voluntary statement but has refused to sign this certificate,” 

Woodley’s signature appears on the form, and he placed his initials beside each of the listed 

rights. (Id.) 

Woodley was initially interrogated by two officers: Detroit Police Department Officer 

Richard Houser, an African-American male, and FBI Task-Force Officer Lori Ann Dillon, a 

Caucasian female. He was given bottled water. As Woodley signed the Miranda form, he asked, 

“What am I here for?” and “What time my mother’s picking me up?” (Tape at 20:13.) Woodley 

stated that he had not been drinking or smoking that evening. (Id. at 20:14.) He told the officers 

that he had attended Southeastern Oak Park High School and Berkley High School but had “lost 

focus” and did not graduate. (Id. at 20:14.) As the conversation continued, Woodley made 

several more comments implying that he did not know why he was being interrogated. At 

8:25pm, Officer Houser told Woodley, “You know why you’re here.” (Id. at 20:25.) “I really 

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don’t . . . no sir,” Woodley responded. (Id.) Woodley said he had overheard that he was being 

taken to homicide, but he hadn’t “do[ne] no homicide.” (Id.) “We ain’t talking about no 

homicide . . . you can’t go by that,” responded Houser. (Id. at 20:26.) The officers discussed with 

Woodley his associates and lifestyle in general, and showed him a few pictures, and asked him to 

identify those individuals (including one of Goode). Woodley then stated, “I think you’re 

interrogating the wrong person.” (Id. at 20:40.) 

After a ten-minute break, the officers resumed their questioning, and the topic seemed to 

turn to the December 2014 carjacking. Woodley had not been informed of the indictment at this 

point. The officers showed Woodley several pictures, including one he later acknowledged as 

Kanee Goode. (Id. at 21:08, 21:25.) They asked what “Jateesha” might have said about Woodley. 

(Id. at 21:36.) Woodley commented that the officers were “trying to connect the dots to 

something.” (Id.) The officers also mentioned a silver Durango. (Id. at 21:38.) Dillon commented 

that Woodley needed to “get right” and get things “off [his] conscience.” (Id. at 22:03.) At 

10:05pm, the officers showed Woodley the surveillance video from the Coney Island on the 

night of the carjacking. (Id. at 22:05.) The officers asked him three times whether he was 

involved in the December 2014 carjacking (and whether it was him in the video): at time stamps 

10:09pm, 10:11pm, and 10:12pm. He denied involvement, and he stated, “get me out of here” 

(Id. at 22:09); “That ain’t me, boss,” (Id. at 22:11); “That’s not me in the video,” (Id. at 22:13). 

Finally, at 10:12pm, Dillon informed Woodley, “You’ve been indicted for this 

carjacking . . . you’re going to go through the federal system.” (Id. at 22:12.) Dillon explained, 

How it works [in the federal system] is everybody gets a chance to tell their 

story . . . with the federal prosecutors and the federal judges, usually the first man 

to the table gets the best deal . . . people who tell us to kick rocks, we go outside 

and kick rocks, and we lock you up for a really long time, a really long time . . . 

This is one carjacking, if I keep digging . . . I’m trying to help you out and I’m 

telling you first man to the table gets the best deal . . . I don’t need you to tell me 

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anything tonight because I am going to see you again and again and we’re going 

to sit down like this over and over again. 

(Id. at 22:13–22:15.) Woodley replied, “I never did no carjacking. . . . That ain’t me, I don’t want 

to keep watching [the surveillance video].” (Id. at 22:15–22:18.) (Woodley later asked to see the 

surveillance video again. (Id. at 22:21).) Dillon continued to comment, “You need my help[.]” 

(Id. at 22:17.) “The two of you [Goode and Woodley] are going to go down and the third person 

is going to get away [with the carjacking].” (Id. at 22:19.) “You’re going to be put away for a 

really long time.” (Id. at 22:29.) “I care . . . I want to help [you] through this.” (Id.) “You’re not a 

bad dude but you made a mistake.” (Id. at 22:33.) 

The officers then presented Woodley with a picture of his son. (Id. at 22:34.) Houser 

commented, “You care more about [the other individuals involved in the carjacking] than [your 

son]. . . . at some point in your life you’ve got to stand up for something.” (Id. at 22:37.) Dillon 

asked, “You don’t want some other dude raising your son, do you? . . . You want to be out here 

teaching him how to be a real man.” (Id.) Houser commented, “If your son [were here] . . . he 

would . . . ask you” to tell the truth. (Id. at 22:41.) As Woodley leaned back in his chair, Houser 

stated “I can see us getting you now, reality’s setting in.” (Id. at 22:41.) “You’re the first one 

here, you’re at the forefront,” Houser continued. (Id.) “I ain’t got much to say,” Woodley 

responded. (Id.) “You ain’t gotta say much, you just gotta [say] the truth,” Houser replied. (Id.) 

Woodley commented, “The only thing I care about is my son.” (Id. at 22:42.) Dillon then 

asked, “How has it felt these last couple days running? This shit gets old, it’s tiresome.” (Id. at 

22:43.) Woodley responded, “Yeah, that shit tiresome. I’m ready to turn myself in.” (Id.) Houser 

asked, “For what?” but Woodley did not respond (Id.) And when Houser asked, “Is that you in 

the video?” Woodley responded “No.” (Id. at 22:44.) The officers asked some more questions 

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about the carjacking, but Woodley did not respond. He then stated that he was “disappointed in 

myself” but did not say why. (Id. at 22:45.) 

Dillon then told Woodley he should “let go of the hood” because “ain’t nobody gonna 

care in the hood” if Woodley were imprisoned in “whatever mountain the feds are gonna put 

you[.]” (Id. at 22:47.) “First to the table, we could work with that,” commented Dillon. (22:47.) 

If not, “I’m going to be forced to go find more carjackings and more incidents that you were 

involved in and then your numbers are going to keep climbing and climbing.” 

At approximately 10:50pm, Houser decided to give Woodley a break to smoke a 

cigarette. (Id. at 22:49.) Officer Moises Jimenez escorted Woodley outside. (Dkt. 114-2). At that 

point, it appears that both cameras stopped recording. Dillon, Houser, Jimenez and Woodley 

returned to the interrogation room at 11:01pm. But only CAM 1 resumed recording. Thus, the 

final 51 minutes of the interrogation were recorded without sound. 

Officer Dillon stated in her written report, drafted on January 15, 2015 and entered on 

January 26, 2015, that Woodley confessed his involvement in the December 2014 carjacking—

implicitly in those final 51 minutes: 

WOODLEY confessed to being involved in a carjacking that took place on 

December 30, 2014 at 19100 Mound, Detroit, Michigan. WOODLEY denied 

knowing the other two subjects who assisted WOODLEY during the carjacking. 

WOODLEY stated that he was with two other unknown black males who 

provided the weapons that were used during the robbery. 

(Dkt. 114-1.) 

Officer Jimenez prepared another report on behalf of Officers Dillon and Houser on 

August 28, 2015, “due to the audio/video equipment malfunction.” (Dkt. 114-2.) The report 

states that during the January interrogation: 

Subject . . . state[d] that he was picked up in a truck and that a long rifle was 

already in there, subject continue[d] to say that he [knew] the victim and that he 

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had first seen him at the gas station across from the Coney Island, subject then 

stated that they followed the victim to the Coney Island, where he, the subject[,] 

was armed with a rifle and demanded the victims’ items and vehicle (robbing the 

victim items: jewelry and wallet) subject then stated that they left the area, taking 

the victims belongings to include the white in color Chrysler 300 and was 

dropped off. Subject refused to give information on the other individuals he was 

participating with and/or any information of their identity. 

(Dkt. 114-2.) The report further stated, “Subject was given ample opportunity to take a break, go 

to the bathroom and was not intoxicated nor on any drugs at the time of the interview.” (Dkt. 

114-2.) 

Woodley made his initial appearance in this Court on January 13, 2015, the day after his 

arrest and interrogation. On March 5, 2015, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment, 

adding Jateesha Taylor as a co-defendant and adding counts against Woodley based on the 

August 2014 and January 2015 carjackings. (Dkt. 23.) 

II. ANALYSIS 

Woodley challenges both the interrogation itself and the incomplete audio recording of it. 

He seeks to suppress his confession on Fifth and Sixth Amendment grounds and exclude the 

video from evidence. In the alternative, if live testimony from the interrogating officers is 

permitted, Woodley asks the Court to allow him to introduce the first three hours of the 

interrogation and instruct the jury regarding the missing audio in the last 51 minutes of the tape. 

A. Fifth Amendment 

Woodley argues that his alleged confession was involuntary because the officers used 

coercive tactics during the interrogation. “When a defendant claims that a confession was 

coerced, the government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the 

confession was in fact voluntary.” United States v. Johnson, 351 F.3d 254, 260 (6th Cir. 2003) 

(quoting United States v. Mahan, 190 F.3d 416, 422 (6th Cir. 1999)). Three requirements must 

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be met before the Court can find a confession involuntary due to police coercion: “(i) the police 

activity was objectively coercive; (ii) the coercion in question was sufficient to overbear the 

defendant’s will; and (iii) the alleged police misconduct was the crucial motivating factor in the 

defendant’s decision to offer the statement.” Id.

“Threshold to the determination that a confession was ‘involuntary’ for due process 

purposes is the requirement that the police ‘extorted [the confession] from the accused by means 

of coercive activity.’” McCall v. Dutton, 863 F.2d 454, 459 (6th Cir. 1988). The video makes 

clear that the officers did not coerce Woodley through any threatened or physical force. Nor did 

they verbally abuse him in any way. And the officers provided Woodley with relatively 

comfortable surroundings. Woodley’s claim is thus based on the content of the Officers’ 

statements, not the manner in which they were made. In particular, the officers suggested that 

Woodley might get a better deal if he was “first to the table,” explained that carjacking carried a 

long prison sentence, urged Woodley to consider the impact on his son if he were to go to prison, 

and suggested they could link him to other carjackings if he did not cooperate. The Court 

examines these statements in turn. 

Regarding the officers’ statements implying that Woodley would get a better deal if he 

was “first to the table,” the Sixth Circuit has noted that “[a] promise of leniency in exchange for 

cooperation may be a relevant factor in determining whether a confession was involuntary,” but 

“such statements usually are permissible.” United States v. Delaney, 443 F. App’x 122, 128 (6th 

Cir. 2011) (citation omitted); United States v. Stokes, 631 F.3d 802, 809 (6th Cir. 2011) 

(“[P]romises to inform a prosecutor of cooperation do not, ipso facto, render a confession 

coerced.”); United States v. Wrice, 954 F.2d 406, 411 (6th Cir. 1992). However, “promises of 

leniency may be coercive if they are broken or illusory.” Johnson, 351 F.3d at 262. Here, the 

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officers merely suggested to Woodley that if he cooperated, he might be able to obtain a lower 

sentence if convicted. These statements were not false or illusory. Delaney, 443 F. App’x at 129 

(“Certainly, the [officers] made these statements with the intent to compel [Woodley] to testify, 

but they were not false.”). “[S]peculation that cooperation will have a positive effect” does not 

render a subsequent statement involuntary. United States v. Wiley, 132 F. App’x 635, 640 (6th 

Cir. 2005). And all the officers did here was speculate. They said, “usually the first man to the 

table gets the best deal” (Video at 22:13), and, “First to the table, we could work with that,” (Id.

at 22:47). These speculative statements did not render Woodley’s subsequent confession 

involuntary. See United States v. Nash, 910 F.2d 749, 753–53 (11th Cir. 1990) (“Although 

Cunicelli told Nash that cooperating defendants generally ‘fared better time-wise,’ this statement 

did not amount to an illegal inducement.”). 

Nor was it coercive for the officers to suggest to Woodley that he would face a long 

prison term if convicted. “A truthful and noncoercive statement of the possible penalties which 

an accused faces may be given to the accused without overbearing one’s free will. . . . as long as 

the statement results from an informed and intelligent appraisal of the risks involved rather than 

a coercive atmosphere, the statement may be considered to have been voluntarily made.” United 

States v. Ballard, 586 F.2d 1060, 1063 (5th Cir. 1978) (cited with approval in United States v. 

Neal, 780 F.2d 1023 (6th Cir. 1985) (unpublished, per curiam)). As the government points out, at 

the time of the interview, Woodley had been charged with a violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(1)(A) (brandishing a firearm during a crime of violence), which carries a penalty of 

“not less than 7 years[.]” Informing Woodley of the potential sentence he was facing was not 

objectively coercive. 

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And telling Woodley that he would not have much contact with his son if he were to 

receive such a prison sentence was not objectively coercive either. Though the officers told 

Woodley that he would not see his son and that if he were to be imprisoned, someone else might 

end up raising his son, they did not threaten any legal or economic consequences to Woodley’s 

son. Compare Lynumn v. Illinois, 372 U.S. 528, 532–34 (1963) (holding a confession was 

involuntary where, among other things, agents told the defendant that “state financial aid for her 

infant children would be cut off, and her children taken from her, if she did not ‘cooperate.’”), 

with McCalvin v. Yukins, 444 F.3d 713, 721 (6th Cir. 2006) (holding that it was not objectively 

coercive for officers to tell a murder suspect that “if she went to prison for first-degree murder, 

she would spend the rest of her life in prison and would not have contact with her family, 

including her children”). 

The same analysis above applies to Officer Dillon’s statement that she would “be forced 

to go find more carjackings and more incidents that [Woodley was] involved in” and that would 

also increase his potential sentence. The Sixth Circuit examined a situation where a defendant 

claimed that the officer “intimidated him into confessing by . . . threatening to charge him with 

other crimes and keep him from his wife.” United States v. Gatewood, 230 F.3d 186 (6th Cir. 

2000). The Sixth Circuit’s holding upon rehearing en banc was as follows: 

Gatewood also challenges the constitutionality of his conviction by claiming that 

his confession was involuntary and the eyewitness identification was improper. 

To prove an unconstitutional confession, coercive police activity is a necessary 

predicate to finding that a confession is not voluntary. Gatewood has failed to 

advance any evidence of coercive police activity or evidence that his will was 

coercively overborne. He has not proven his confession was involuntary, and it 

was properly admitted. 

Gatewood, 230 F.3d at 193. 

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The Court finds that the same result is warranted here. Over the course of nearly four 

hours, the officers painted a realistic picture of Woodley’s situation and the process that was 

about to unfold. They did not make any illusory promises, nor did they make any unfounded 

threats to either Woodley or his son. While these statements may have upset Woodley, they did 

not rise to the level of coercive police activity. Moreover, the first three hours of the tape reflect 

that the officers never raised their voices to Woodley and accommodated his requests for water 

and for a cigarette break. Because the police activity in question was not objectively coercive, 

the Court will deny Woodley’s motion to suppress statements in violation of the Fifth 

Amendment. 

B. Sixth Amendment 

Woodley next argues that his statements should be suppressed because the interrogation 

violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. More specifically, Woodley claims he did not 

know he had been indicted or arrested at the time he agreed to speak to the officers. 

“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance 

of Counsel for his defense.” Amend. VI U.S. Const. The right is “offense specific,” McNeil v. 

Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 175 (1991), and “attaches only at or after the initiation of adversary 

judicial proceedings against the defendant.” United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 187 (1984). 

“[T]he Sixth Amendment right to counsel may be waived by a defendant, so long as 

relinquishment of the right is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.” Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 S. 

Ct. 2079, 2085 (2009). 

“[W]hen a suspect waives his right to counsel after receiving warnings equivalent to 

those prescribed by Miranda v. Arizona, . . . that will generally suffice to establish a knowing 

and intelligent waiver of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel for purposes of postindictment 

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questioning.” Michigan v. Harvey, 494 U.S. 349, 1179 (1990) (citation omitted); Montejo, 129 S. 

Ct. at 2085. As the Supreme Court explained in Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285, 297 (1988), 

the key is that Miranda warnings inform the suspect that any statements could be used against 

him in court. “This is the ultimate adverse consequence [a suspect] could have suffered by virtue 

of his choice to make uncounseled admissions to the authorities. This warning also suffice[s] . . . 

to let [a suspect] know what a lawyer could ‘do for him’ during the postindictment questioning: 

namely, advise petitioner to refrain from making any such statements.” Id. at 294. 

The Patterson Court acknowledged that “not all Sixth Amendment challenges to the 

conduct of postindictment questioning will fail whenever the challenged practice would pass 

constitutional muster under Miranda” because “the Sixth Amendment’s protection of the 

attorney-client relationship . . . extends beyond Miranda’s protection of the Fifth Amendment 

right to counsel.” Id. at 295 n.7. And the Supreme Court seemingly left open the “occasional 

suggestion that, in addition to the Miranda warnings, an accused should be informed that he has 

been indicted before a postindictment waiver is sought,” citing United States v. Mohabir, 624 

F.2d 1140, 1150 (2d Cir. 1980). 487 U.S. at 295 n.8. In that case, the Second Circuit held that the 

defendant’s post-indictment statements to prosecutors, made without knowledge of the 

indictment, should have been suppressed. Mohabir, 624 F.2d at 1151. “Some additional 

indication was required that appellant understood the nature and the importance of the Sixth 

Amendment right he was giving up.” Id. 

However, upon revisiting the issue post-Patterson, the Second Circuit found that 

continuing to follow the Mohabir holding would “make a patchwork of the law in this area—

retaining procedures premised on the need to effect a supposed ‘distinction between Fifth and 

Sixth Amendment rights[.]’” United States v. Charria, 919 F.2d 842, 847 (2d Cir. 1990). Instead, 

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“Patterson counsels a shift in the Sixth Amendment waiver analysis away from the abstract 

importance of the right to counsel toward a practical inquiry[.]” Id. (citing Patterson, 487 U.S. at 

298). Thus, 

[o]nce an accused understands that he is under arrest and, after receiving the 

Miranda warnings, understands his right to remain silent, the potential 

consequences of speaking, and his right to counsel, including during 

interrogation, he is fully apprised of the information needed to make a knowing 

waiver of the sixth amendment right; providing him with the information that he 

is also under indictment, the desirability of which is debatable, is not 

constitutionally required. 

Charria, 919 F.2d at 847; see also United States v. Bing Yi Chen, 433 F. App’x 14, 15 (2d Cir. 

2011). Woodley argues, based on this quoted passage, that the Charria court presumed that the 

defendant had “constructive notice” of the charges pending against him due to the fact of his 

arrest. 

Unlike in Charria, Woodley argues, Woodley was never informed that he was under 

arrest. He also notes that many other cases (relied on by the Government) where a Fifth 

Amendment waiver was found to function as a Sixth Amendment waiver involved defendants 

who knew they were under arrest. See, e.g., United States v. Muca, 945 F.2d 88, 89 (4th Cir. 

1991); Riddick v. Edmiston, 894 F.2d 586, 590–91 (3rd Cir. 1990); Quadrini v. Clusen, 864 F.2d 

577 (7th Cir. 1989); Norman v. Ducharme, 871 F.2d 1483, 1487 (9th Cir. 1989). Thus, he says 

that the Miranda waiver he signed could not have sufficed to waive his Sixth Amendment right 

to counsel: “In the end, an accused cannot knowingly and voluntarily waive a Constitutional 

right about which they have not been apprised.” (Dkt. 126 at 4.) 

The Court notes that the Eighth Circuit rejected Woodley’s exact argument in United 

States v. Chadwick, 999 F.2d 1282 (8th Cir. 1993) (“Although the district court correctly 

observed that the defendant in each of the relevant appellate decisions [Charria, Riddick, Muca, 

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Quadrini, and Norman] was under arrest, we do not find this factual distinction to be dispositive 

[for Sixth Amendment waiver purposes].”). 

But the Court need not address the question. First, at the time Woodley made the 

statements he seeks to suppress, he had been advised by Dillon that he had been indicted for 

carjacking—Dillon informed him of the indictment at 10:12pm, and he confessed at some point 

after 11:01pm. Additionally, facts readily apparent from the video support the conclusion that 

Woodley knew he was under arrest. 

In situations involving Miranda’s “in custody requirement,” in the absence of a formal 

arrest, courts ask “how a reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have understood the 

situation.” United States v. Salvo, 133 F.3d 943, 948 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing cases). Relevant 

factors include “whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would feel free to 

leave,” as well as 

(1) the purpose of the questioning; (2) whether the place of the questioning was 

hostile or coercive; (3) the length of the questioning; and (4) other indicia of 

custody such as whether the suspect was informed at the time that the questioning 

was voluntary or that the suspect was free to leave or to request the officers to do 

so; whether the suspect possessed unrestrained freedom of movement during 

questioning; and whether the suspect initiated contact with the police . . . [or] 

acquiesced to their requests to answer some questions. 

Swanson, 341 F.3d at 529 (citations omitted). Although the Court does not engraft the Miranda

“in custody” analysis to the question of whether Woodley was on notice that he was under arrest 

for the purpose of a Sixth Amendment analysis, the Court believes that the factors that inform 

the in-custody inquiry help guide the present inquiry. 

Woodley was picked up by law enforcement personnel and transported to the police 

station in a squad car. He was brought into an interrogation room in handcuffs. He was presented 

with and signed a Miranda waiver. When he needed a smoke break, he was put back into 

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handcuffs before being led outside by the officers. See United States v. Gaines, 89 F. Supp. 2d 

419, 422 (W.D.N.Y. 2000) (holding that a defendant would have known he was under arrest 

because he was administered Miranda warnings, “placed in handcuffs, and was transported first 

to the Career Criminal Task Force offices and then later to the offices in a police vehicle,” and 

“was under physical restraint and was not free to go at any time between the time he was taken 

into custody and the time of the interview”). The place of questioning was a police interrogation 

room. When the officers left the room, they closed the door and kept Woodley seated at the table. 

The questioning lasted for nearly four hours. At no time was Woodley affirmatively told that he 

was free to leave. See United States v. Jimenez-Robles, 98 F. Supp. 3d 906, 918 (E.D. Mich. 

2015) (“[T]he lack of a police advisement that the suspect is at liberty to decline to answer 

questions or free to leave is a significant indication of a custodial detention.” (collecting cases)). 

Finally, as mentioned above, Woodley was advised during the interrogation that he had been 

indicted for carjacking. All of these factors show that Woodley indeed had notice that he was 

under arrest before he allegedly confessed. 

Accordingly, based on the authority discussed above, the Court finds that Woodley’s 

signed Miranda waiver was sufficient to waive his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. 

C. Spoliation 

Woodley next asks the Court to order sanctions for spoliation of evidence based on the 

missing audio from the final 51 minutes of the videotape. While Woodley frames his motion in 

terms of civil spoliation law, the Government frames its response in terms of the Due Process 

Clause. The Court would not impose spoliation sanctions under either standard. 

As this Court commented in its ruling on co-defendant Goode’s spoliation motion, it is 

unclear whether civil spoliation law even applies in the criminal context. Moreover, like Goode, 

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Woodley cites Beaven v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 622 F.3d 540 (6th Cir. 2010), and 

Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Financial Corp., 306 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2002), “for the 

proposition that courts can give an adverse inference instruction when the destruction of 

evidence is merely negligent (as opposed to, say, intentional).” United States v. Woodley, No. 15-

CR-20007, 2016 WL 1553583, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 18, 2016). But as the Court noted in its 

opinion on Goode’s motion, 

Federal Rule of Civil of Procedure 37 was recently amended and “rejects cases 

such as Residential Funding ...that authorize the giving of adverse-inference 

instructions on a finding of negligence or gross negligence.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 

37(e)(2) advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment. As the advisory 

committee notes accompanying the amendment explain, 

Adverse-inference instructions were developed on the premise that 

a party’s intentional loss or destruction of evidence to prevent its 

use in litigation gives rise to a reasonable inference that the 

evidence was unfavorable to the party responsible for loss or 

destruction of the evidence. Negligent or even grossly negligent 

behavior does not logically support that inference. Information lost 

through negligence may have been favorable to either party, 

including the party that lost it, and inferring that it was unfavorable 

to that party may tip the balance at trial in ways the lost 

information never would have. 

Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e)(2) advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment.) And, as the 

Court found as to Goode, Woodley “provides no reason for this Court to use the standards that 

courts applied prior to the rule amendment.” Id.

The other way Woodley could obtain relief for lost evidence is through the Fifth 

Amendment’s Due Process Clause. In this area, Supreme Court has developed “what might 

loosely be called the area of constitutionally guaranteed access to evidence.” California v. 

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984). 

The key to this analysis is to determine whether the lost evidence is “material exculpatory 

evidence” or merely “potentially useful.” United States v. Wright, 260 F.3d 568, 570 (6th Cir. 

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2001). Constitutional materiality means that the evidence “must both possess an exculpatory 

value that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and be of such a nature that the 

defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” 

Id. at 570–71. On the other hand, “potentially useful evidence” is “evidentiary material of which 

no more can be said than it could have been subjected to tests, the results of which might have 

exonerated the defendant.” Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57 (1988). 

“[I]n cases where material exculpatory evidence is not accessible,” California v. 

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984), its destruction violates due process “regardless of whether 

the government acted in bad faith.” Wright, 260 F.3d at 571 (citations omitted). On the other 

hand, in “cases where potentially useful evidence is not accessible.” Wright, 260 F.3d at 570, a 

defendant must establish “(1) that the government acted in bad faith in failing to preserve the 

evidence; (2) that the exculpatory value of the evidence was apparent before its destruction; and 

(3) that the nature of the evidence was such that the defendant would be unable to obtain 

comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” United States v. Jobson, 102 F.3d 

214, 218 (6th Cir. 1996). “The first two elements of this tripartite test are inter-related,” because 

“[t]he presence or absence of bad faith by the police for purposes of the Due Process Clause 

must necessarily turn on the police’s knowledge of the exculpatory value of the evidence at the 

time it was lost or destroyed.” Id. (citing Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 56–57). 

With respect to the December 2014 carjacking, Woodley has not alleged that the final 51 

minutes of audio contained exculpatory value that was apparent before the evidence was 

destroyed. Indeed, his motion rests on the premise that the missing audio contained his 

confession. The most he alleges is that the audio “could contain evidence disproving or 

discrediting any number of allegations against defendant.” (Dkt. 114 at 6.) Accordingly, the 

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Youngblood standard applies, and Woodley must show the officers acted in bad faith in order to 

demonstrate a violation of due process. “To establish bad faith . . . a defendant must prove 

‘official animus’ or a ‘conscious effort to suppress exculpatory evidence.’” Jobson, 102 F.3d at 

218 (quoting Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 488). Negligence or even gross negligence is not enough. 

Wright, 260 F.3d at 571. Yet it appears that Woodley is arguing that the Government was merely 

negligent. (See Dkt. 114 at 6.) 

And the Government’s explanation at the hearing is consistent with nothing more than 

negligence. The Government explained that the two cameras are triggered to start recording 

when the light switch in the interview room is turned on. The light switch did not trigger CAM 2 

(the camera recording sound) when Woodley returned from the smoke break. But the 

Government did not realize this until after the interview. Indeed, Dillon’s January 26, 2015 FBI 

302 report states, “the interview in its entirety was recorded and downloaded onto a disk.” (Dkt. 

114-1.) In other words, the officers’ intent was to record and preserve the interview. Woodley’s 

counsel confirmed at the hearing that she did not think there was bad faith. 

Woodley also argues that should his statements be presented at trial, Federal Rule of 

Evidence 1002 (the “best evidence” rule) requires that the Government present the video rather 

than rely on the officers’ testimony to establish Woodley’s statements. The Court agrees with the 

Government that the best evidence rule does not apply in this context. The rule provides, “An 

original writing, recording, or photograph is required in order to prove its content unless these 

rules or a federal statute provides otherwise.” Fed. R. Evidence 1002. “Application of the rule 

requires a resolution of the question whether contents are sought to be proved. Thus an event 

may be proved by nondocumentary evidence, even though a written record of it was made.” Fed. 

R. Evid. 1002 advisory committee’s note; see also United States v. Howard, 953 F.2d 610, 612 

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(11th Cir. 1992) (“The best evidence rule . . . requires the introduction of original recordings, if 

at all, only when the content of the recording itself is a factual issue relevant to the use.”). 

Here, the Government seeks to prove the content of the officers’ conversation with 

Woodley (specifically, the fact of his confession) rather than the content of the video recording. 

See United States v. Tolliver, No. 05-cv-80369, 2007 WL 3227592, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 1, 

2007). “The [Government is] not trying to show the contents of the tape, but rather the contents 

of the conversation, and, therefore, as the Advisory Committee note suggests, the best evidence 

rule [is] inapplicable.” United States v. Fagan, 821 F.2d 1002, 1009 n.1 (5th Cir. 1987); see also

United States v. Rose, 590 F.2d 232, 236–37 (7th Cir. 1978). Thus, it is permissible for the 

officers to testify regarding Woodley’s statements during the interview even though a recording 

was made. Moreover, the Court anticipates that Woodley will have “ample opportunity to 

challenge through cross-examination the [officer’s] ability to hear and recollect the substance of 

the conversation.” Howard, 953 F.2d at 613. 

Woodley also cites Federal Rule of Evidence 106, which provides, “If a party introduces 

all or part of a writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at 

that time, of any other part—or any other writing or recorded statement—that in fairness ought to 

be considered at the same time.” But the Government represents that it “will not introduce ‘all or 

part’ of [Woodley’s] recorded statement,” electing instead to rely on “eyewitness testimony.” 

(Dkt. 122 at 8.) The Court has already found that relying on eyewitnesses rather than the 

recording is permissible. 

Finally, aside from the above analysis, federal law does not require that a confession be 

videotaped. See Kirschke v. Prelesnik, No. 10-cv-10229, 2012 WL 1945067 (E.D. Mich. May 

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30, 2012) (citing cases). Nor does the internal DOJ policy manual Woodley cites create such a 

right. The manual itself provides, 

This policy is solely for internal Department of Justice guidance. It is not intended 

to, does not, and may not be relied upon to create any rights or benefits, 

substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity in any matter, civil or 

criminal, by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or 

entities, its officers, employees, or any other person . . . . 

(Dkt. 114-3 at 1–2.) An internal policy that contains such a disclaimer does not create a 

constitutional right or basis for suppression. See United States v. Nagy, 760 F.3d 485, 490 (6th 

Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1009, 190 L. Ed. 2d 881 (2015); see also United States v. 

Ledbetter, No. 2:14-CR-127, 2015 WL 7017367, at *7 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 12, 2015) (denying a 

motion to suppress based on an alleged violation of an internal DOJ policy which established a 

“presumption that federal agencies, including the FBI and all United States Attorneys, will 

electronically record statements made by individuals in their custody under certain 

circumstances”). 

III.CONCLUSION 

The officers who questioned Woodley did not engage in tactics that rise to the level of 

violating Woodley’s Fifth Amendment rights, and Woodley, during the interrogation, had actual 

knowledge he was indicted and at least had constructive knowledge that he had been arrested so 

he has not shown that his Sixth Amendment rights have been infringed. There is also no reason 

for the Court to impose sanctions based on the missing audio from the videotape. For these 

reasons, IT IS ORDERED that Woodley’s Motions to Suppress Statements (Dkts. 112, 113) and 

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Motion for Spoliation Sanctions (Dkt. 114) are DENIED. 

SO ORDERED. 

s/Laurie J. Michelson 

LAURIE J. MICHELSON 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

 Dated: May 11, 2016 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

The undersigned certifies that a copy of the foregoing document was served on the attorneys 

and/or parties of record by electronic means or U.S. Mail on May 11, 2016. 

 s/Jane Johnson 

Case Manager to 

 Honorable Laurie J. Michelson 

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