Filed 2/13/14 Hedges v. City of Los Angeles CA2/2 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION TWO 

MARK HEDGES, 

 Plaintiff and Appellant, 

 v. 

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, 

 Defendant and Respondent. 

 B240475 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. EC056010) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. 

David S. Milton, Judge. Reversed and remanded. 

 Mark Hedges, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant. 

 Mike Feuer, City Attorney, Kjehl T. Johansen, Deputy City Attorney, for 

Defendant and Respondent. 

___________________________________________________ 
2

 Plaintiff and appellant, Mark Hedges, sued defendant and respondent the City of 

Los Angeles for damages after he was detained pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code 

sections 51501 and 5250.2 Respondent’s demurrer was sustained without leave to amend, 

with the trial court finding that appellant’s failure to comply with the Government Tort 

Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 900, et seq.) barred all of his causes of action. Because we 

find that appellant has demonstrated a reasonable possibility of amending his complaint 

to allege an action under 42 United States Code section 1983 (section 1983), we reverse 

the judgment. 

 

1 Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150 provides: “When any person, as a 

result of mental disorder, is a danger to others, or to himself or herself, or gravely 

disabled, a peace officer, member of the attending staff, as defined by regulation, of an 

evaluation facility designated by the county, designated members of a mobile crisis team 

provided by Section 5651.7, or other professional person designated by the county may, 

upon probable cause, take, or cause to be taken, the person into custody and place him or 

her in a facility designated by the county and approved by the State Department of Social 

Services as a facility for 72-hour treatment and evaluation. [¶] The facility shall require 

an application in writing stating the circumstances under which the person’s condition 

was called to the attention of the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional 

person, and stating that the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional person 

has probable cause to believe that the person is, as a result of mental disorder, a danger to 

others, or to himself or herself, or gravely disabled. If the probable cause is based on the 

statement of a person other than the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional 

person, the person shall be liable in a civil action for intentionally giving a statement 

which he or she knows to be false.” 

2 Welfare and Institutions Code section 5250 provides, in relevant part: “If a person 

is detained for 72 hours . . . and has received an evaluation, he or she may be certified for 

not more than 14 days of intensive treatment related to the mental disorder . . . under the 

following conditions: [¶] (a) The professional staff of the agency or facility providing 

evaluation services has analyzed the person’s condition and has found the person is, as a 

result of mental disorder . . . a danger to others, or to himself or herself, or gravely 

disabled.” 
3

BACKGROUND

Allegations

 Hedges filed suit against the Los Angeles Police Department (the City), 

Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (the County), and Marcy Gray Rubin 

on June 9, 2011. The relevant pleading, Hedges’ First Amended Complaint (FAC), was 

filed on June 10, 2011. Because this appeal comes to us after a demurrer sustained 

without leave to amend, for purposes of review we assume that the allegations are true. 

(Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) 

 The first page of the FAC alleges that Hedges attended therapy with Rubin, a 

licensed marriage and family therapist, from March 2010 to June 2010. Rubin tricked 

Hedges into telling her “secret stuff.” The second page of the FAC appears to be missing 

from the record. Reading the FAC in conjunction with the original complaint, we discern 

that Hedges further alleges that when he realized he was tricked by Rubin he fired her. 

 According to Hedges’ complaint, he had reported concerns of criminal activity to 

authorities, mentioning apparently staged suicides of notable political activists. Around 

this time, he sent a text message to his sister telling her that he would never hurt himself, 

and that if anyone found him dead, it would be because of a murder staged to look like a 

suicide. Hedges’ sister called Rubin to discuss the content of the message. 

 On June 10, 2010, Rubin called the department of mental health, which in turn 

called the police department. The police department searched Hedges’ text messages and 

incorrectly recorded the content of the text message to his sister—writing that Hedges 

had threatened his own life rather than warning his sister that any apparent suicide would 

be staged. The police department then determined that Hedges was at a laundromat and 

sent a marked car with uniformed officers to handcuff him. Hedges demanded an 

attorney but was not granted one. 

 The FAC states that Hedges was transported to a mental health facility, where the 

staff psychiatrist told him that he was delusional and threatened him with incompetency 

and permanent incarceration. To appease the psychiatrist, Hedges took medication that 

the psychiatrist prescribed, even though it violated Hedges’ religious beliefs. Because of 
4

Hedges’ disapproval of the medication, as well as his challenges to probable cause for 

detainment, the psychiatrist labeled him “‘paranoid’” and “‘not aware of a mental 

disorder.’” 

 According to the FAC, Hedges suffered severe emotional distress and mental 

anguish. Further, during his internment, he was hit over the head with a steel bar by a 

painter. Moreover, during the confinement, his elderly cat became severely dehydrated, 

leading to her eventual death. Hedges also missed wages by being unable to work at his 

normal job as a computer programmer. 

 Hedges alleges that on June 17, 2010, the superior court clarified that his text 

message to his sister did not indicate an intent to harm himself and ruled that his rights 

had been denied without probable cause. Hedges further states that defendants did not 

have probable cause to detain him or declare him incompetent, and that their actions 

constituted false arrest. Hedges’ FAC states, in list format, a litany of violations for 

which he believes defendants are liable. 

Procedural Background 

 The City filed a demurrer to the first amended complaint in August 2011. It 

argued that the FAC did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action and that 

Hedges failed to comply with the claims statutes of the Government Tort Claims Act. 

Hedges’ FAC did not allege facts showing that, prior to filing his lawsuit, he timely filed 

a claim for money or damages with the City, or that such a filing was excused. The City 

further relied on a declaration stating that Hedges had failed to file a claim or petition to 

file an untimely claim. 

 Hedges did not file an opposition to the demurrer. At the hearing in October 2011, 

Hedges argued that he could avoid the Government Tort Claims Act’s requirements by 

pleading a cause of action pursuant to section 1983. The trial court initially indicated an 

intent to sustain the City’s demurrer but grant leave to amend. After the City argued that 

Hedges was unable to plead around the Government Tort Claims Act, however, the trial 

court decided to sustain the demurrer without leave to amend. 
5

DISCUSSION

 Hedges appealed from the order sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend.3 

Such an order is not appealable. (Zipperer v. County of Santa Clara (2005) 133 

Cal.App.4th 1013, 1019.) In the interest of judicial economy, however, we will treat the 

order as incorporating a judgment of dismissal and decide the appeal on the merits. (See 

ibid.) 

 We review the ruling sustaining the demurrer de novo, exercising independent 

judgment regarding whether the complaint states a cause of action as a matter of law. 

(Desai v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1110, 1115.) We give the 

complaint a reasonable interpretation, treating the demurrer as admitting all material facts 

properly pleaded, but not assuming the truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of 

law. (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 967.) A demurrer tests the 

legal sufficiency of the complaint. (Hernandez v. City of Pomona (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 

1492, 1497.) As such, we are not concerned with the difficulties a plaintiff may have in 

proving the claims made in the complaint. (Desai, at p. 1115.) We are also unconcerned 

with the trial court’s reasons for sustaining the demurrer, as it is the ruling, not the 

reasoning, that is reviewable. (Sackett v. Wyatt (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 592, 598, fn. 2.) 

 When a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, “we decide whether there is 

a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial 

court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of 

 

3 Hedges also attempted to appeal from proceedings relating to Rubin. Rubin was 

dismissed with prejudice from the case on October 13, 2011, with the trial court, pursuant 

to stipulation, retaining jurisdiction to entertain a motion to seal portions of the record. 

On January 6, 2012, the trial court was scheduled to hear a motion to seal, among other 

things. Before it could rule, however, it received a document filed by Hedges that the 

trial court interpreted as a request for recusal, and the court took the motion to seal off 

calendar. On August 2, 2012, this Court issued an order concluding that the January 6, 

2012, hearing was not appealable because “an order taking a matter off calendar is not a 

final order within the meaning of Code of Civil Procedure § 904.1(a)(2).” 
6

discretion and we affirm. [Citations.] The burden of proving such reasonable possibility 

is squarely on the plaintiff. [Citation.]” (Blank v. Kirwan, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 318.) 

 Hedges’ FAC only contained state law causes of action. These causes of action 

were properly disposed of by demurrer because Hedges failed to comply with the 

Government Tort Claims Act. The Government Tort Claims Act “establishes certain 

conditions precedent to the filing of a lawsuit against a public entity.” (State of 

California v. Superior Court (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1234, 1237.) It requires a plaintiff 

seeking money or damages from a public entity to timely present a claim to the entity 

before filing suit. (Id. at p. 1239.) A complaint that fails to allege facts demonstrating or 

excusing compliance with the claim presentation requirement is subject to demurrer for 

failure to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. (Id. at p. 1243.) These 

requirements have been held to comply with due process. (Id. at p. 1245.) 

 Hedges did not allege that he complied with the claim presentation requirement or 

was excused from doing so. For this reason, the demurrer was properly sustained. 

 Nevertheless, at oral argument in the trial court, and on appeal, Hedges identified a 

claim that he may be able to adequately allege. The Government Tort Claims Act claim 

presentation requirement does not apply to a cause of action brought pursuant to section 

1983. (State of California v. Superior Court, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1240.) The primary 

purposes of section 1983 are “compensation and deterrence ‘for violations of federal 

rights committed by persons acting under color of state law.’” (Pitts v. County of Kern

(1998) 17 Cal.4th 340, 348.) Local governments, such as the City, are “persons” for 

purposes of section 1983 and can, in appropriate circumstances, be sued directly for 

monetary, declaratory, or injunctive relief. (Id. at p. 348-349.) 

 Hedges’ FAC alleges, among other things, that the City’s police officers violated 

his rights. As the City points out, “a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it 

employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under 

§ 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.” (Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social 

Services (1978) 436 U.S. 658, 691.) A municipality can be liable, though, where “the 

action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, 
7

ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body’s 

officers. Moreover, . . . local governments . . . may be sued for constitutional 

deprivations visited pursuant to governmental ‘custom’ even though such a custom has 

not received formal approval through the body’s official decisionmaking channels.” (Id.

at pp. 690-691.) “[I]t is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether 

made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent 

official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 

1983.” (Id. at p. 694.) In order for a municipality to be liable under section 1983, it must 

act with a requisite degree of culpability and there must be a direct causal link between 

the municipal action and the deprivation of the plaintiff’s federal rights. (Board of 

Comm’rs of Bryan Cty. v. Brown (1997) 520 U.S. 397, 404.) 

 The FAC does not adequately allege a cause of action based on section 1983. We 

find, however, that Hedges has demonstrated a reasonable possibility that he can cure the 

defects in his complaint by alleging a section 1983 cause of action that meets the 

applicable pleading requirements. Therefore, Hedges should be allowed the opportunity 

to file a further amended complaint. 

DISPOSITION

 We deem the order sustaining the City’s demurrer without leave to amend to have 

incorporated a judgment of dismissal. The judgment is reversed and, on remand, the trial 

court is directed to grant Hedges leave to file an amended complaint. 

 Following remittitur, the Presiding Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court shall 

assign the case to a different trial judge for further proceedings. (Code Civ. Proc., 

§ 170.1, subd. (c).) Hedges is awarded his costs on appeal. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS. 

 BOREN, P.J. 

We concur: 

 ASHMANN-GERST, J. CHAVEZ, J.