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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

JUDITH SARKOZY, doing business as 

SARKOZY BAKERY, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

UNPUBLISHED 

August 30, 2016 

v No. 326454 

Kalamazoo Circuit Court 

HANOVER INSURANCE COMPANY, 

CITIZENS INSURANCE COMPANY OF 

AMERICA, and HUB INTERNATIONAL 

MIDWEST LIMITED, 

LC No. 2013-000156-NZ 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

Before: OWENS, P.J., and SAWYER and SHAPIRO, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court order granting summary disposition in favor of 

defendants Hanover Insurance Company (“Hanover”), Citizens Insurance Company of America 

(“Citizens”), and HUB International Midwest Limited (“HUB”), on her claims arising out of a 

fire that consumed Sarkozy Bakery (“the bakery”). We affirm. 

 The bakery and its contents were destroyed by fire in 2012. Plaintiff received insurance 

proceeds from Hanover for the full policy limits on the building and its contents. Those 

proceeds were insufficient to fully replace the building and its contents. In this lawsuit, plaintiff 

argues that the bakery and its contents were underinsured due to the tortious acts of her 

independent insurance agent (HUB and its predecessors) and her insurers (Hanover/Citizens). 

Plaintiff seeks relief under several theories: (1) negligence; (2) silent fraud; (3) breach of 

fiduciary duty; (4) tortious interference with business relationship or expectancy; and (5) breach 

of duty to defend or indemnify. 

 This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR 

2.116(C)(10). Ernsting v Ave Maria College, 274 Mich App 506, 509; 736 NW2d 574 (2007). 

“When deciding a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court must 

consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence 

submitted in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Id. at 509-510. “Summary 

disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if the documentary evidence shows that there is 

no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Id. at 509. “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the 
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benefit of any reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which 

reasonable minds could differ.” Id. at 510. “Questions involving the proper interpretation of a 

contract or the legal effect of a contractual clause are also reviewed de novo.” McDonald v 

Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich 191, 197; 747 NW2d 811 (2008). 

 To prevail in a negligence action, “a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty owed 

by the defendant to the plaintiff, (2) a breach of that duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages.” Case 

v Consumers Power Co, 463 Mich 1, 6; 615 NW2d 17 (2000). “If a trial court determines that, 

as a matter of law, the defendant owed no duty to the plaintiff, summary disposition is properly 

granted in the defendant’s favor . . . .” Dykema v Gus Macker Enterprises, Inc, 196 Mich App 6, 

9; 492 NW2d 472 (1992). “Whether a duty exists is a question of law that is solely for the court 

to decide.” Harts v Farmers Ins Exch, 461 Mich 1, 5; 597 NW2d 47 (1999). Questions of law 

are reviewed de novo. Fultz v Union-Commerce Assoc, 470 Mich 460, 463; 683 NW2d 587 

(2004). 

 Plaintiff argues that defendants expressly agreed to assume the duty of advising plaintiff 

of the adequacy of her policy limits and, therefore, defendants owed her a duty under the special 

relationship test in Harts, 461 Mich at 5. Plaintiff misreads the law. Harts applies to exclusive 

insurance agents, not independent agents (such as HUB) or insurers (such as Hanover/Citizens). 

Id. at 7-10. 

 “[T]he relationship between the insurer and the insured is a contractual one.” Id. at 7. 

Plaintiff has failed to identify any language in her insurance policy to suggest that 

Hanover/Citizens had a duty to advise her of the adequacy of her policy limits. Indeed, the 

policy actually disclaims such a duty, providing that “[w]e [the insurer] are not obligated to make 

any inspections, surveys, reports or recommendations and any such actions we do undertake 

relate only to insurability and the premiums to be charged.” Plaintiff’s insurance policy clearly 

stated the policy limits for each type of coverage she purchased, and provided that “[t]he most 

we will pay for loss or damage in any one occurrence is the applicable Limit of Insurance 

shown[.]” Plaintiff was obligated to read the policy and raise any questions she had about the 

adequacy of her policy limits within a reasonable time. Zaremba Equip, Inc v Harco Nat’l Ins 

Co, 280 Mich App 16, 29; 761 NW2d 151 (2008). Plaintiff testified that she always read her 

insurance policies, but there is no evidence that she ever contacted Hanover/Citizens with 

questions regarding the adequacy of the policy limits contained therein. Because an insurer’s 

duties to an insured arise from the policy, plaintiff cannot establish that Hanover/Citizens owed 

her a duty in negligence with respect to this claim and, accordingly, the trial court properly 

granted summary disposition in their favor. Dykema, 196 Mich App at 9. 

 Turning to plaintiff’s claim against HUB, it is undisputed that Terry Stewart (plaintiff’s 

original insurance agent), and his successors, i.e., HUB, were and are independent insurance 

agents. An “independent insurance agent or broker is considered an agent of the insured rather 

than an agent of the insurer.” Genesee Foods Servs, Inc v Meadowbrook, Inc, 279 Mich App 

649, 654; 760 NW2d 259 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). An independent 

insurance agent owes a duty of loyalty and good faith. See Burton v Burton, 332 Mich 326, 337; 

51 NW2d 297 (1952). 
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[B]ecause defendants were independent insurance agents when they assisted 

plaintiffs, their primary fiduciary duty of loyalty rested with plaintiffs, who could 

depend on this duty of loyalty to ensure that defendants were acting in their best 

interests, both in terms of finding an insurer that could provide them with the 

most comprehensive coverage and in ensuring that the insurance contract 

properly addressed their needs. [Genesee Foods Servs, Inc, 279 Mich App at 656 

(emphasis added).] 

 Thus, contrary to the trial court’s ruling, HUB, as plaintiff’s independent insurance agent, 

owed her a duty in negligence—that of loyalty and good faith. However, this error does not 

require reversal because plaintiff has presented no evidence that HUB breached its duty with 

regard to advising her of the adequacy of her policy limits. Taylor v Laban, 241 Mich App 449, 

458; 616 NW2d 229 (2000) (“[W]e will not reverse the trial court’s order when the right result 

was reached for the wrong reason.”). 

 This Court has held that “[g]enerally, an insurance agent does not have an affirmative 

duty to advise a client regarding the adequacy of a policy’s coverage. Instead, the insured is 

obligated to read the policy and raise questions concerning coverage within a reasonable time 

after issuance.” Mate v Wolverine Ins Co, 233 Mich App 14, 22-23; 592 NW2d 379 (1998) 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff testified that she read her policy every 

year, but there is no evidence that she ever raised concerns about the adequacy of her policy 

limits. There is no testimony that plaintiff ever requested that Stewart or HUB obtain RCV 

coverage or ensure that the limits of her policy were sufficient to replace the bakery and its 

contents.1

 Plaintiff repeatedly assented to the renewal of the policy with limits based on an ACV 

calculation. Accordingly, although HUB owed plaintiff a duty of loyalty and good faith, plaintiff 

has presented no evidence that would allow reasonable minds to differ as to whether HUB (or its 

predecessors) breached that duty. Ernsting, 274 Mich App at 510. Accordingly, the trial court 

properly granted summary disposition in favor of HUB on plaintiff’s negligence claim related to 

the adequacy of her policy limits. Taylor, 241 Mich App at 458. 

 Plaintiff also argues that Hanover/Citizens breached the standard duty of care in ordinary 

negligence by mislabeling plaintiff’s policy on the declarations page as “replacement cost.” 

Even if this act breached a duty owed, plaintiff’s claim fails because there is no evidence that it 

caused her claimed damages. Case, 463 Mich at 6. Plaintiff’s insurance policy plainly provided

that any loss would be paid consistent with the policy limits, not any classification listed on the 

 

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 The trial court properly refused to consider plaintiff’s late-filed affidavits. At her deposition, 

plaintiff testified unequivocally and repeatedly that she could not recall any conversation with 

Stewart, or any employee of HUB or Hanover/Citizens, concerning the adequacy of her policy 

limits or whether those policy limits were sufficient to fully replace the bakery and its contents. 

Plaintiff later filed affidavits wherein she averred that she remembered that Stewart made various 

specific representations to her and that she specifically requested RCV coverage. However, “a 

witness is bound by his or her deposition testimony, and that testimony cannot be contradicted by 

affidavit in an attempt to defeat a motion for summary disposition.” Casey v Auto Owners Ins 

Co, 273 Mich App 388, 396; 729 NW2d 277 (2006). 
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declarations page. Moreover, it is undisputed that plaintiff paid premiums based on those policy 

limits. “[P]erhaps the most fundamental rule of Michigan insurance jurisprudence is that an 

insurer can never be held liable for a risk . . . for which it did not charge or receive any 

premium.” Dunn v Detroit Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 254 Mich App 256, 270; 657 NW2d 153 (2002) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, the trial court did not err in granting summary 

disposition in favor of Hanover/Citizens on plaintiff’s claim of ordinary negligence. 

 Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of 

Hanover/Citizens on her claim of silent fraud. In 1997, a Hanover/Citizens employee performed 

an internal “Marshall Swift” valuation of the bakery building. The calculated “actual cash 

value” (“ACV”) calculated was significantly higher than the policy limit on the building in effect 

at the time. Plaintiff argues that Hanover/Citizens committed silent fraud by failing to disclose 

to her this valuation. 

 “[I]n order to prove a claim of silent fraud, a plaintiff must show that some type of 

representation that was false or misleading was made and that there was a legal or equitable duty 

of disclosure.” M&D, Inc v WB McConkey, 231 Mich App 22, 32; 585 NW2d 33 (1998). “We 

emphasize that there must be some type of misrepresentation, whether by words or action, in 

order to establish a claim of silent fraud.” Id. at 36. That is, “mere nondisclosure is insufficient. 

There must be circumstances that establish a legal duty to make a disclosure.” Hord v 

Environmental Research Institute of Mich, 463 Mich 399, 412; 617 NW2d 543 (2000). 

 Hanover/Citizens was under no duty to advise plaintiff regarding the adequacy of her 

coverage or policy limits. An insurer’s duty to an insured is governed by the insurance policy. 

Harts, 461 Mich at 7. Plaintiff has pointed to no provision in her insurance policy to suggest that 

Hanover/Citizens had a duty to disclose its internal valuations of her property. Moreover, as the 

Supreme Court stated, “a legal duty will arise most commonly in a [silent fraud] situation where 

inquiries are made by the plaintiff, to which the defendant makes incomplete replies that are 

truthful in themselves but omit material information.” Hord, 463 Mich at 412. There is no 

evidence that plaintiff ever contacted Hanover/Citizens regarding the adequacy of her coverage 

or whether her policy limits were sufficient to replace the bakery and its contents. There being 

no inquiry, Hanover/Citizens cannot be charged with omitting material information in a reply. 

See Burger v Allstate Ins Co, 667 F Supp 2d 738, 743 (ED Mich, 2009) (insurer has no duty to 

disclose where the insured does not question the benefits being offered).2

 Moreover, plaintiff has 

failed to establish that Hanover/Citizens made a misrepresentation. There is no language in the 

insurance policy suggesting that plaintiff’s policy limit was consistent with a Marshall Swift 

ACV or RCV valuation. Thus, Hanover/Citizens was not required to “correct” the alleged 

misrepresentation made by the policy limit. 

 Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of HUB 

on the claim for breach of fiduciary duty. According to plaintiff, HUB breached its fiduciary 

duty when, in 2007, it and Hanover/Citizens executed the “Service Center Contract,” which 

 

2

 Lower federal court decisions are not binding on this Court, but may be persuasive. Donkers v 

Kovach, 277 Mich App 366, 372 n 3; 745 NW2d 154 (2007). 
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allowed HUB clients who were insured by Hanover/Citizens to directly contact a customer 

service center maintained by Hanover/Citizens with policy questions and changes. “Whether to 

recognize a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty is a question of law reviewed de novo, 

because the existence of a duty is generally a question of law.” Calhoun Co v Blue Cross Blue 

Shield of Mich, 297 Mich App 1, 20; 824 NW2d 202 (2012) (citation omitted). 

 HUB owed plaintiff a fiduciary duty of loyalty and good faith. Burton, 332 Mich at 337; 

Genesee Foods Servs, Inc, 279 Mich App at 656. Plaintiff argues that HUB breached the 

following fiduciary duties by entering into the Service Center Contract: (1) duty to disclose all 

material facts; (2) duty of fidelity and loyalty; and (3) duty of good faith and fair dealing. See 

Stephenson v Golden, 279 Mich 710, 735-738; 276 NW 849 (1937). Plaintiff presented no 

evidence to suggest that breaches of any of these duties occurred. As to the first, there was 

evidence that HUB informed plaintiff of the availability of the Center and its function; plaintiff 

does not dispute this evidence. As to the second, plaintiff repeatedly asserts that, by entering 

into the Service Center Contract, HUB somehow abdicated its function as an independent 

insurance agent and made plaintiff a permanent customer of Hanover/Citizens. There is simply 

no evidence to that effect. HUB remained at all times plaintiff’s independent insurance agent. 

Plaintiff was free to contact HUB at any time and, indeed, did so following the execution of the 

Service Center Contract. Plaintiff’s HUB agent testified that, if plaintiff wished for HUB to shop 

her insurance to carriers other than Hanover/Citizens, it would have done so. There is also no 

evidence to support plaintiff’s claimed violation of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The 

record indicates that plaintiff was apprised of everything related to the Service Center Contract 

and that HUB was also available to answer any questions, which it did indeed do when plaintiff 

called. In one instance, plaintiff’s HUB agent contacted the Center on plaintiff’s behalf and 

obtained a premium reduction. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting HUB’s motion 

for summary disposition on plaintiff’s claim of breach of fiduciary duty. Calhoun Co, 291 Mich 

App at 20. 

 Plaintiff also claims that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of 

Hanover/Citizens on her claim for tortious interference with a business relationship. According 

to plaintiff, Hanover/Citizens interfered with her relationship with HUB when it executed the 

Service Center Contract. 

 The elements of tortious interference with a business relationship are the 

existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy, knowledge of the 

relationship or expectancy on the part of the defendant, an intentional interference 

by the defendant inducing or causing a breach or termination of the relationship or 

expectancy, and resultant damages to the plaintiff. To establish that a lawful act 

was done with malice and without justification, the plaintiff must demonstrate, 

with specificity, affirmative acts by the defendant that corroborate the improper 

motive of the interference. Where the defendant’s actions were motivated by 

legitimate business reasons, its actions would not constitute improper motive or 

interference. [Badiee v Brighton Area Sch, 265 Mich App 343, 365-366; 695 

NW2d 521 (2005) (citations and emphasis omitted).] 

 There is no evidence that the Service Center Contract breached or terminated plaintiff’s 

business relationship with HUB. Plaintiff was free to contact HUB at any time after the 
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execution of the Service Center Contract to inquire about the adequacy of her coverage, her 

policy limits, or any other matter regarding her policy. Indeed, it is undisputed that plaintiff did 

contact HUB regarding her policy. The evidence indicates that plaintiff was told that she could 

contact HUB or the Center, and there is no indication that plaintiff was prevented from 

contacting HUB and seeking assistance. There was testimony that, had plaintiff requested, HUB 

would have shopped her policy to other insurance carriers. Plaintiff has presented no authority to 

suggest that an independent agent is required to unilaterally shop an insured’s policy when the 

insured expresses satisfaction at renewing the policy. There is no language in the Service Center 

Contract requiring HUB to keep plaintiff’s policy with Hanover/Citizens or otherwise favor 

Hanover/Citizens over other insurance companies. In sum, it does not appear that 

Hanover/Citizens’ allegedly wrongful actions significantly affected plaintiff’s relationship with 

HUB, much less breached or terminated it. Essentially, the Center simply provided plaintiff with 

another customer service outlet. Accordingly, because plaintiff presented no evidence that the 

Service Center Contract breached or terminated her business relationship with HUB, the trial 

court did not err in granting summary disposition in favor of Hanover/Citizens on plaintiff’s 

claim for tortious interference with business relationship. Badiee, 265 Mich App at 365-366. 

 Lastly, plaintiff argues that Hanover breached its duties to defend and indemnify her. 

Following the fire, plaintiff retained an attorney after she received letters from bakery neighbors 

reserving the right to pursue litigation if the demolition of the bakery was not properly handled. 

Plaintiff now seeks reimbursement of the money spent on the demolition and the attorney. 

 To prevail on an action for breach of contract, plaintiff must show “that (1) there was a 

contract (2) which the other party breached (3) thereby resulting in damages to the party 

claiming breach.” Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens Constr, Inc, 495 Mich 161, 178; 848 NW2d 95 

(2014). “An insurance policy is much the same as any other contract. The cardinal rule in the 

interpretation of contracts is to ascertain the intention of the parties. To this rule all others are 

subordinate. . . . [I]if the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, it is to be construed 

according to its plain sense and meaning . . . .” Grosse Pointe Park v Mich Muni Liability & 

Prop Pool, 473 Mich 188, 197-198; 702 NW2d 106 (2005). 

 The policy language at issue provides: 

 a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to 

pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this 

insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against 

any “suit” seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the 

insured against any “suit” seeking damages for “bodily injury” or “property 

damage” to which this insurance does not apply. We may, at our discretion, 

investigate any “occurrence” and settle any claim or “suit” that may result. 

[Emphasis added.] 

The policy provides that the words in quotation marks have a “special meaning” defined in the 

policy. Of relevance here is the definition of “suit”: 

 18. “Suit” means a civil proceeding in which damages because of “bodily 

injury”, “property damage” or “personal and advertising injury” to which this 

insurance applies are alleged. “Suit” includes: 
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 a. An arbitration proceeding in which such damages are claimed and to 

which the insured must submit or does submit with our consent; or 

 b. Any other alternative dispute resolution proceeding in which such 

damages are claimed and to which the insured submits with our consent. 

 Under none of the policy definitions was a “suit” brought against plaintiff. There is no 

proof, or even allegation, that a civil lawsuit was filed or that arbitration or other alternative 

dispute resolution proceeding was commenced. Plaintiff merely received letters that, at best, 

threatened possible future litigation. Under the plain and unambiguous language of the policy, 

those letters were insufficient to trigger Hanover’s duty to defend plaintiff. To the extent 

plaintiff argues that Hanover failed to properly respond to her attorney’s inquiry or investigate 

the matter, the policy unambiguously provides that Hanover may investigate at its discretion. 

There is no language qualifying this discretion. Simply put, under the policy language, plaintiff 

was required to wait for the filing of a “suit” before being entitled to defense from Hanover. 

Thus, the trial court did not err in granting summary disposition in favor of Hanover on 

plaintiff’s claim that it breached its duty to defend. 

 As to plaintiff’s claim for indemnification, the policy plainly provides that Hanover will 

pay “those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages . . . .” (Emphasis 

added.) There is no allegation or indication that plaintiff became “legally obligated” to pay any 

of the “damages” for which she now seeks indemnification. Had the bakery’s neighbors or 

another party filed a lawsuit or pursued other legal remedies, plaintiff might have become legally 

obligated to pay damages. However, there is no evidence that plaintiff incurred any such legal 

obligation. Moreover, it is undisputed that plaintiff made the payments for which she now seeks 

indemnification at her own volition. The policy unambiguously provides that plaintiff shall 

make no such payments without Hanover’s consent, except at her own cost. Accordingly, the 

trial court did not err in granting summary disposition in favor of Hanover on plaintiff’s breach 

of contract claim related to indemnification. 3

 Affirmed. 

/s/ Donald S. Owens 

/s/ David H. Sawyer 

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro 

 

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 We reject plaintiff’s argument that the trial court violated her constitutional right to a jury trial 

by granting summary disposition in favor of defendants. It is well-established that the court rules 

for granting summary disposition do not violate the constitutional right to a jury trial. See, e.g., 

People’s Wayne Co Bank v Wolverine Box Co, 250 Mich 273, 284-285; 230 NW 170 (1930); 

Moll v Abbott Laboratories, 444 Mich 1, 26-27; 506 NW2d 816 (1993).