United States

Department

of Agriculture

Forest Service

Rocky Mountain

Research Station

Research Paper

RMRS-RP-48

July 2004

Transpiration and Multiple

Use Management of Thinned

Emory Oak Coppice

D. Catlow Shipek

Peter F. Ffolliott

Gerald J. Gottfried

Leonard F. DeBano
The Authors ___________________________________

D. Catlow Shipek is Research Assistant, School of Natural Resources, University

of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Peter F. Ffolliott and Leonard F. DeBano are Professors, School of Natural

Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Gerald J. Gottfriedis Research Forester, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA

Forest Service, Phoenix, AZ.

Acknowledgments _____________________________

This research was supported with funds provided to the International Arid Lands

Consortium (IALC) by the USDA Forest Service and USDA Cooperative States

Research, Education, and Extension Service. The IALC was established in 1990

as a means to promote research and development, demonstrations, and training

applied to development, management, restoration, and reclamation of arid and

semiarid lands of the world. Additional financial support was provided by the

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station and the Southwestern Borderlands Ecosystem Management Project of the Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA

Forest Service.

Abstract ______________________________________

Shipek, D. Catlow; Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; DeBano, Leonard F. 2004.

Transpiration and multiple use management of thinned Emory oak coppice. Res.

Pap. RMRS-RP-48. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Research Station. 8 p.

The effects of thinning Emory oak (Quercus emoryi ) coppice on transpiration have been

estimated by the heat-pulse velocity (HPV) method. Rootstocks of trees harvested for

fuelwood were thinned to one, two, or three dominant stump-sprouts or left as unthinned

controls. Differences in transpiration rates of the thinned coppice were found for each

treatment and the control. Earlier research has also shown that thinning of Emory oak stumpsprouts influences the growth and volume of the residual coppice and its value for wildlife

habitats. Therefore, a decision matrix is presented to help in the management of thinned

Emory oak coppice for optimal combinations of water, wood, and wildlife benefits.

Keywords: Emory oak, coppice, stump-sprouts, transpiration, multiple-resource

management
USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004 1

Introduction ____________________

Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) woodlands of the Southwestern United States are a valuable resource. People

utilize these ecosystems for wood products, grazing

cattle, and recreational purposes (Ffolliott 1999, 2002,

McClaran and McPherson 1999). The woodlands also

protect watersheds from excessive soil erosion and

provide a diversity of wildlife habitats for resident and

migratory species. However, obtaining these multiple

uses of the Emory oak woodlands in an effective

ecosystem-based manner can lead to potential conflicts on how the woodlands should be managed. It is

necessary, therefore, that resource managers’ understanding of the ecological and hydrological processes

in these woodlands be at an advanced enough level to

holistically manage the woodlands as a sustainable

resource.

Our study was designed to determine how the transpiration by rootstocks of thinned Emory oak stumpsprouts (coppice) resulting from earlier harvests of

fuelwood responds to thinning treatments of varying

intensities. This information complements the findings from an earlier study of the transpiration rates of

mature (60 years and older) Emory oak trees and

stump-sprouts following selected harvesting of oak

trees for fuelwood (Ffolliott and Gottfried 2000, Ffolliott

and others 2003). Collectively, this information helps

determine the amount of water that is lost by transpiration, the largest component other than precipitation

in the water budget for Emory oak woodlands (Ffolliott

2000). We also present a decision matrix that combines the results of this current study and earlier

hydrological and ecological studies to help in determining how managers might optimize water, wood,

and wildlife benefits from the Emory oak woodlands.

Background ____________________

Emory oak is a drought-deciduous species found at

the intermediate elevations of mountains in the SouthTranspiration and Multiple Use

Management of Thinned Emory

Oak Coppice

D. Catlow Shipek

Peter F. Ffolliott

Gerald J. Gottfried

Leonard F. DeBano

western United States. It is found in relatively open

stands varying in densities of less than 10 to over 100

trees per ha. Regeneration of Emory oak is mostly in

the form of stump-sprouts on the rootstocks of harvested trees (Borelli and others 1994, Ffolliott 1999,

2002). These sprouts arise from dormant buds at the

base of a cut stem and provide a mechanism for the

species to quickly regenerate itself because of the

established rooting system. Growth of the stumpsprouts can be influenced through coppice management including thinning treatments to sustain and,

when it becomes necessary, regenerate Emory oak

woodlands. Thinning of Emory oak coppice also has

the potential of affecting other multiple use benefits.

Earlier hydrological studies related to prescribing

management practices for the woodlands have focused

largely on determining how transpiration by mature

Emory oak trees and stump-sprouts is impacted by

different silvicultural treatments. Transpiration is

the component of the water budget that in general is

most easily altered by vegetative management practices (Brooks and others 2003, Chang 2003). It has

been found that mature Emory oak trees in unharvested stands transpire about 45 percent of the annual

precipitation falling on the site (Ffolliott and Gottfried

2000, Ffolliott and others 2003). In comparison, nearly

80 percent of the annual precipitation is transpired in

stands that have been partially harvested for fuelwood

and, as a consequence, are stocked by a residual of

mature trees and numerous sprouts arising from the

stumps of harvested trees. Even though the transpiration rate of a single stump-sprout is significantly less

than that of a mature tree, the greater transpiration

by Emory oak in the harvested stands is attributed to

the large number of actively growing stump-sprouts.

It is apparent, therefore, that harvesting Emory oak

trees alters the water budget of a site by reducing the

amount of water available for herbaceous plant growth,

streamflow and groundwater aquifer recharge, and

wildlife inhabitants.
2 USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004

Description of Study _____________

Our objective was to expand the knowledge on the

hydrological characteristics of Emory oak woodlands

by analyzing the response in transpiration by rootstocks

of thinned postharvest coppice. Information obtained

from this and the earlier study of transpiration will

help to make calculations and simulations of water

balances in the woodlands more accurate because

measured values of transpiration are available. Managers can then determine the relative amounts of

streamflow, soil water storage, and groundwater recharge that might be expected with alternative thinning prescriptions of Emory oak coppice.

Study Area

The study area was in the Coronado National Forest

of southeastern Arizona along the United StatesMexico border. It was situated on a south-facing slope

of the Huachuca Mountains, approximately 1,750 m in

elevation. Casto soils in the Casto-Martinez-Canelo

association characterize the area. These soils have

been formed from old alluvium and are made up of

sedimentary and igneous rocks. Hendricks (1985) describes the soils as having a clayey texture with slow

permeability and containing excessive amounts of

rock fragments. The 20-year (1980 to 1999) mean

annual precipitation in the Huachuca Mountains was

541 ± 32.0 (mean ± standard error) mm. Annual

precipitation amounts during the 3-year study were

778 mm in 2000, 544 mm in 2001, and 423 mm in 2003.

Coppice Thinning Treatments

A partial fuelwood harvest of 60 to 75 percent of the

mature Emory trees was carried out on the general

study area in 1981 as part of the former fuelwood

management program of the Sierra Vista Ranger

District. Stump-sprouts on rootstocks of the harvested

trees were subsequently thinned to one, two, or three

of the dominant sprouts in 1984 (Bennett 1988, 1990,

Touchan and Ffolliott 1999, Farah and others 2003). A

total of 16 rootstocks representing each of these thinning treatments, and an unthinned control were selected for measurement in this study of transpiration

(fig. 1). The thinned stump-sprouts had approximately

20 years of postharvest growth at the beginning of this

study in June 2000.

Estimating Daily Transpiration Rates

We used the heat-pulse velocity (HPV) method to

estimate transpiration rates. This method is based on

measurements of the elapsed time between the injection of a heat pulse and detection of the heat wave

carried for a precise distance in the water-conducting

tissue of a tree (Swanson 1972, Swanson and Whitfield

1981). The heat pulse is injected into the sap stream at

a point on the stem (fig. 2). Measurements of this

tracer are then made with thermistor probes both

upstream and downstream from the source. The net

upward velocity of sap represents an index of the

instantaneous transpiration rate of the tree. Crosssectional area through which sap is actively flowing

Figure 1—Rootstocks of thinned and unthinned Emory oak coppice on the study area.
USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004 3

(the sapwood) is calculated from measurements of tree

diameter outside the bark, average bark thickness of

the stem, and average sapwood width to estimate

fluxes of transpiration through time. Average sapwood width was obtained from increment cores. Thorough reviews of the theory, instrumentation, and

techniques of thermal methods for measuring sapflow

in trees (including the sapflow velocity method) are

presented by Swanson (1994), Cohen (1994), and

Schaeffer and others (2000).

A modified sap-flow meter originally described by

Swanson (1962) was used to obtain HPV measurements necessary to estimate instantaneous transpiration rates of the thinned Emory oak coppice on a biweekly measurement schedule from June 2000 to

September 2002. Two exceptions to this schedule were

late May through August 2001, when researchers

were not available to obtain the measurements, and

June to the middle of July 2002, when high fire danger

restricted access to the study area. Daily transpiration

rates of the stump-sprouts were estimated from the

equations of Barret and others (1995) and Schaeffer

and others (2000). Estimates of the daily transpiration

rates by the rootstocks sampled were obtained by

multiplying the daily transpiration rates of the measured stump-sprout(s) on the rootstock by the number

of stump-sprouts on the rootstocks for that thinning

treatment. The transpiration data for each measurement date were averaged for the three thinning treatments and the control.

We used an analysis of variance to determine if there

were significant differences in the average daily transpiration rates among the thinning treatments for the

sampling period. A test of homogeneity of variances

made before conducting the analysis indicated that

the variances of the different samples were heterogeneous. Therefore, we used Dunnett’s T3 procedure to

provide multiple comparisons that maintain the Type

I error when variances are heterogeneous (Dunnett

1980). The level of significance for these tests was 5

percent. Only statistically significant differences are

reported here.

Figure 2—Measuring the heat-pulse velocity of an Emory oak stump-sprout with the sap-flow meter. The

thermistor probes are connected to the control unit, which houses the sensitivity gauges, electrical balance

indicator, and batteries.
4 USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004

Estimating Annual Transpiration on a

Stand-Basis

Predictive equations have been developed to estimate the annual transpiration by rootstocks of thinned

Emory oak coppice and mature Emory oak trees (obtained by summing the estimated daily transpiration

rates for a 12-month period) from measurements of

diameters at the root collar of the trees and stumpsprouts (Ffolliott and others 2003 and this study).

These equations were solved in terms of the densities

of the thinned and unthinned rootstocks, and the

mature trees remaining in the stand were sampled to

estimate the annual transpiration on a stand-basis

following the procedures of Hatton and I Wu (1995),

Jarvis (1995), Granier and Breda (1996), and Cermak

and Nadezhdina (1998). The amount of precipitation

lost to transpiration was estimated on a stand-basis

for the thinning treatments in the calender year 2001,

the year nearest to the 20-year annual precipitation

average.

Results and Discussion __________

Daily Rootstock Transpiration Rates

Minimum, average, and maximum daily transpiration rates for the three thinning treatments and the

unthinned control are presented in table 1. All of the

differences in the average daily transpiration rates

were significant. Rootstocks thinned to one stumpsprout transpired the least amount of water, with an

average transpiration rate of 7.33 ± 0.269 (mean ±

standard error) L/day during the 28-month study

period. The unthinned control, with an average of 4.5

dominant stump-sprouts per rootstock, transpired the

largest volume of water during the study, 32.9 ± 1.17

L/day. Daily transpiration rates for the rootstocks

thinned to two and three stump-sprouts were intermediate to these two values.

The trends in average daily transpiration by the

thinned rootstocks and control for the study period are

illustrated in figure 3. Transpiration in the late summer generally increased following cessation of the

summer monsoon seasons that are generally characteristic of southeastern Arizona, when the availability

of soil moisture on the study area is also increased. The

high values observed in late fall 2000 were attributed

to the large storms in October (see below). Low values

in transpiration were associated with the late springearly summer droughts occurring in the two study

years, when the drought-deciduous Emory oak trees

shed their leaves. The coppice did not become completely dormant in the periods of leaf loss and, therefore, continued to transpire at low rates. A factor that

could have affected the transpiration process in drought

periods was the ability of the stump-sprouts to sequester water from an extensive interconnected root system. New leaves were fully developed within the

month following the initiation of the monsoon summer

rains. Overall variations among the calculated daily

transpiration rates might have been caused by changes

in solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity,

and/or wind speeds over the course of a day of sap-flow

measurement.

Daily transpiration rates tended to increase following relatively large precipitation events. An increase

in transpiration after the large storms in October 2000

illustrates this response (fig. 4). The lag between a

precipitation event and an increase in transpiration

likely reflects the time necessary for rain water to

infiltrate and percolate to soil depths accessible to the

established rooting system (Ffolliott and Gottfried

2000, Ffolliott and others 2003).

Annual Transpiration on a Stand-Basis

Annual transpiration by the rootstocks thinned to

one stump-sprout for the selected study year was 67.9

mm, the rootstocks thinned to two stump-sprouts was

160 mm, and the rootstocks thinned to three stumpsprouts was 215 mm. Annual transpiration of the

control rootstocks was 320 mm. These findings were

coupled with estimates of annual transpiration of the

mature Emory oak trees (Ffolliott and Gottfried 2000,

Ffolliott and others 2003) remaining on the study area

after the fuelwood harvest of 1981 to generate the

scenarios of annual transpiration by stands of thinned

Emory oak coppice presented in table 2. These estimates were derived by applying the extrapolation

Table 1—Minimum, average, and maximum values and standard errors of daily transpiration rates by

rootstocks of thinned Emory oak coppice and the unthinned control.

Thinning treatment

Transpiration One sprout Two sprouts Three sprouts Control

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L/day - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Minimum transpiration per rootstock 4.12 9.30 11.2 19.4

Daily average transpiration per rootstock 7.33 ± 0.269 17.2 ± 0.635 23.0 ± 0.972 32.9 ± 1.17

Maximum transpiration per rootstock 12.6 29.1 36.1 52.0
USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004 5

Figure 3—Average daily transpiration rates by

rootstocks for three coppice thinning treatments

and the unthinned control from June 2000 to

September 2002.

Figure 4—Seasonal trends in daily transpiration rates by

rootstocks of Emory oak from June 2000 to September

2002 for (upper) coppice thinned to one residual stumpsprout and (lower) the control. Bars on the transpiration

line represent standard errors.
6 USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004

procedures described in the earlier study of Emory

oak transpiration rates (Ffolliott and others 2003).

Table 2 shows that thinning Emory oak coppice has

a potential to increase the amount of water available

to recharge groundwater aquifers, produce streamflow,

or, depending on the soil moisture conditions, aid the

growth of other plants in comparison to the amount of

water available with unthinned postharvest rootstocks.

The transpiration component of the hydrological cycle

in Emory oak woodlands, therefore, can be altered

through implementing coppice thinning treatments.

Multiple Use Management ________

Options for thinning the coppice in Emory oak stands

that have been subjected to earlier harvesting of

fuelwood can be oriented toward (1) minimizing onsite

water losses to the transpiration process, (2) maximizing fuelwood production, (3) attaining the structural

diversity necessary for wildlife habitats, or (4) combinations of these three options. Because of the increasing ecosystem-based, multiple-use orientation of managing Emory oak stands in the Southwestern United

States (Ffolliott 1999, 2002, McClaran and McPherson

1999), the latter option is a common management

goal. A decision matrix has been developed to assist

managers in attaining this management goal. This

decision matrix is based on proxies that have been

derived from studies in the Emory oak woodlands of

southeastern Arizona.

Proxies for Resources

Water loss through transpiration by thinned Emory

oak coppice, which is likely the largest component of

the water budget in the Emory oak woodlands (Ffolliott

2000), has been quantified in the current transpiration study and the study reported on earlier (Ffolliott

and Gottfried 2000, Ffolliott and others 2003). Water

that is lost to transpiration is not available to produce

runoff, recharge groundwater aquifers, or grow plants.

Therefore, knowledge of transpiration rates is a key to

selecting a coppice thinning treatment that minimizes

water loss on a site and, as a consequence, was selected

as the proxy for water in formulating the decision

matrix. On a daily basis, average transpiration rates

for thinned Emory oak rootstocks ranged from lowest

to highest in thinned clumps of one, two, and three

sprouts, respectively. Unthinned rootstocks transpired

the highest amount of water from a site.

Growth and volume of thinned Emory oak coppice

are the proxy for wood in the decision matrix. When

the management objective focuses largely on utilizing

Emory oak coppice for fuelwood and a decision must be

made to thin the coppice resulting from earlier harvesting activities, then thinning to retain one residual

sprout is recommended (Bennett 1988, 1990, Touchan

and Ffolliott 1999, Farah and others 2003). Growth

and volume are concentrated in the single stem and, as

a consequence, that stem will attain a desired volume

for fuelwood in a shorter period. The next “best options” are thinning the coppice to two sprouts and then

three sprouts. Growth and volume are comparatively

minimal in the absence of thinning, and therefore, this

is the least preferred of the management options.

Age of the coppice at the time of thinning also affects

growth of the sprouts (Bennett 1988, 1990, Touchan

and Ffolliott 1999, Farah and others 2003). Resprouting

is likely if the sprouts are thinned too soon, reducing

the effectiveness of the thinning treatment. When

thinning is delayed too long, growth can be lost to

competition and mortality.

The abundance of foliage in the vertical layers of the

crowns is the proxy for wildlife habitats. When the

management objective is to sustain the structural

diversity of wildlife habitats, a decision not to thin

Emory oak coppice is the most preferred management

option considered in this paper (Sharman and Ffolliott

1992). Harvesting removes the taller trees that provide a greater number of habitat niches for nongame

bird species (Balda 1969, Block and others 1992) and

other wildlife than do shorter trees. Furthermore,

Table 2—Annual transpiration in stands of thinned Emory oak coppice and the percent of annual precipitation

transpired by the coppice in 2001.

Thinning treatment

Transpiration One sprout Two sprouts Three sprouts Control

Daily transpiration (L) 7.48 ± 0.306 17.7 ± 0.860 23.7 ± 1.12 35.3 ± 1.72

Transpiration per unit area of

 coppice (mm/yr) 67.9 160 215 320

Total transpiration of coppice and

 mature trees* (mm/yr) 181 273 328 433

Annual Precipitation Transpired in 2001 (%) 33.5 50.5 60.7 80.2

*Estimated transpiration for mature Emory oak trees was 17.5 L/day (Folkerts 1999)
USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004 7

thinning of the coppice resulting from earlier harvesting activities eliminates much of the remaining structural diversity by removing many of the intermediate

trees. Thinning, therefore, should not be prescribed so

that a minimum level of biomass is retained in the

harvested woodland. Ordering of the management

options to sustain the structure diversity of Emory oak

coppice from most preferred to least preferred is no

thinning, thinning to three residual sprouts, thinning

to two sprouts, and thinning to one sprout.

Incorporating the three proxies for water, wood, and

wildlife into a simple decision matrix for selecting

thinning options for stands of Emory oak coppice

results in table 3. While other management options

are likely, those displayed in this table were derived

from research results and, therefore, are the basis for

solving the decisionmaking problem illustrated below.

Decisionmaking Problem

Problems arise when the integration of resource

management goals or objectives is complex and involves different management disciplines. Therefore, a

manager can be faced with the decisionmaking task of

obtaining a fair and equitable solution to the problems

of integrated resource management. This

decisionmaking task is generally viewed in terms of

the sequential steps of problem recognition, specification of strategies, specification of decision criterion or

criteria, and selection of the optimum management

strategy. To illustrate the decisionmaking process to

optimize management of the thinned Emory oak coppice for water, wood, and wildlife benefits, we assumed

that the problem confronted is minimizing water loss

on a site while optimizing fuelwood production and

structural diversity of wildlife habitats. Strategies

available for solving this problem are centered on

thinning the coppice to one, two, or three of the dominant sprouts or not thinning at all but retaining the

coppice as it evolves naturally following a fuelwood

harvest. The decision criterion in this example is to

optimize the water, wood, and wildlife benefits of a

selected thinning practice. Methods available to solve

this type of problem include the use of a simplistic

approach or more rigorous approaches.

The simplistic approach requires a knowledge of the

“values” that stakeholders have placed on the resource

benefits considered. There are two cases to consider in

applying this approach. All of the resources of interest

have equal benefit to stakeholders in the first case,

while stakeholders have placed preferential (unequal)

values on the resource benefits in the second case. As

these latter values reflect the “collective biases” of the

stakeholders, it is plausible that stakeholders representing “water interests” place higher values on water

than on wood or wildlife, while stakeholders with

“wood interests” place higher values on wood and

stakeholders with “wildlife interests” place higher

values on wildlife. The stakeholders with

“decisionmaking advantages” would dominate when

collective bargaining becomes necessary.

Problems confronted by resources managers more

typically involve a number of management objectives.

A set of such objectives will likely be subject to a

number of linear and non-linear constraints. Problems of this form of decisionmaking must often be

analyzed with models that are based on multiple

criteria (objective) decision (MCDM) methods. MCDM

techniques are designed to find the preferred solutions

to problems where the discrete alternatives are evaluated against acceptance criteria (factors) ranging from

quantitative (costs) to qualitative (desirability). Descriptions of these and other decisionmaking techniques, requirements for their use, and examples of

their applications in natural resources management

are found in Yakowitz and Hipel (1997), El-Swaify and

Yakowitz (1998), Anderson and others (2000), de

Steiguer and others (2003), and others. However, the

decisionmaking problem presented in this paper can

be considered within the framework of the more simplistic approach.

Solution to Problem

The decision outcome for the problem presented is

based on the assumption that all benefits are weighed

equally. When the management objective is to minimize water losses to transpiration and optimize

fuelwood production and structural diversity of wildlife

habitats, then thinning Emory oak coppice evolving

from earlier fuelwood harvesting to one residual sprout

is the best compromise (table 3). Water losses to the

transpiration process are minimized, and the growth

and yield of the residual sprout are maximized by

thinning the rootstocks to one residual sprout. Unfortunately, the structural diversity of wildlife habitats is

reduced by this thinning treatment relative to the

other options. While changes in structural diversity

inevitably result from harvesting fuelwood and imposing subsequent coppice thinning treatments, a need

for nongame bird habitat niches might still be met at

“an acceptable level” with this thinning prescription.

Table 3—A decision matrix for selecting thinning options for

Emory oak coppice.

Alternative thinning treatments

Criteria One Two Three No thinning

Water 4 3 2 1

Wood 4 3 3 1

Wildlife 1 2 3 4

Ranking: 4 = most preferred, 1 = least preferred
8 USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-48. 2004

Conclusions____________________

Knowledge of how transpiration and other hydrological and ecosystem processes are affected by thinning Emory oak coppice is necessary to implement a

thinning treatment that meets predetermined objectives. Therefore, the information presented in this

paper should help contribute to the multiple use management of Emory oak woodlands of the Southwestern

United States. The decision matrix presented in this

paper should be useful to managers planning to enhance water, wood, and wildlife benefits of these

woodlands. However, incorporating other resources

(forage for livestock, settings for recreational opportunities, and so forth) into the decision matrix is necessary before truly holistic and ecosystem-based stewardship of these fragile ecosystems becomes possible.

References _____________________

Anderson, D. R.; Sweeney, D. J.; Williams, T. A. 2000. An introduction to management science: Quantitative approaches to decision

making. Cincinnati OH: South-West. Publ. Co. 848 p.

Balda, R. P. 1969. Foliage use by birds of the oak-juniper woodland

and ponderosa pine forests in southeastern Arizona. Condor.

71:399-412.

Barret, D. J.; Hatton, T. J.; Ash, J. E.; Ball, M. C. 1995. Evaluation

of the heat pulse velocity technique for measurement of sap flow

in rainforest and eucalypt forest species of southeastern Australia. Plant, Cell and Environ. 18:463-469.

Bennett, D. A. 1988. Effects of coppice treatment on Emory oak. In:

Ffolliott, P. F.; Hasbrouck, J. D., eds. Oak woodland management: Proceedings of the workshop. Tucson, AZ: University of

Arizona, School of Renew. Nat. Resour: 31-37.

Bennett, D. A. 1990. First year of thinning coppice on Quercus

emoryi in southeastern Arizona. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona. 50 p. Masters Thesis.

Block, W. M.; Ganey, J. L.; Severson, K. E.; Morrison, M. L. 1992.

Use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the Southwest. In:

Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J.; Bennett, D. A.; Hernandez C., V.

M.; Ortega-Rubio, A.; Hamre, R. H., tech. coords. Ecology and

management of oak and associated woodlands: Perspective in the

southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Gen. Tech.

Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental

Station: 65-70.

Borelli, S.; Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J. 1994. Natural regeneration in encinal woodlands of southeastern Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist. 39:179-183.

Brooks, K. N.; Ffolliott, P. F.; Gregersen; H. M.; DeBano, L. F. 2003.

Hydrology and the management of watersheds. Ames, IO: Iowa

State Press. 574 p.

Cermak, J.; Nadezhdina, N. 1998. Sapwood as the scaling parameter - defining according to xylem water content or radial pattern

of sap flow. Annales des Sciences Forestieres. 55:509-521.

Chang, M. 2003. Forest hydrology: An introduction to water and

forests. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 392 p.

Cohen, Y. 1994. Thermoelectric methods for measurement of sap

flow in plants. In: Stenhill, G., ed. Advances in bioclimatology.

Heidelberg, Germany: Springer 3:63-88.

de Steiguer, J. E.; Liberti, L.; Schuler, A.; Hansen, B. 2003. Multicriteria decision models for forestry and natural resources management: An annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-307.

Newton Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeastern Research Station. 32 p.

Dunnett, C. W. 1980. Pairwise multiple comparisons in the unequal

variance case. J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 75:796-800.

El-Swaify, S. A.; Yakowitz, D. S., eds. 1998. Multiple objective

decision making for land, water, and environmental management. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ. 743 p.

Farah, M. H.; Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J. 2003. Growth and

volume of Emory oak coppice 10 years after thinning: A case study

in southeastern Arizona. West. J. of Appl. For. 18:77-80.

Ffolliott, P. F. 1999. Encinal woodlands in the southwestern United

States. In: Ffolliott, P. F.; Ortega-Rubio, A., eds. Ecology and

management of forests, woodlands, and shrublands in the dryland

regions of the United States and Mexico: Perspectives for the 21st

Century. La Paz, BCS, Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas

del Noroeste-University of Arizona-USDA Forest Service: 69-81.

Ffolliott, P. F. 2000. An annual water budget for Emory oak

woodlands: An initial approximation. Hydrol. and Water Resour.

in Ariz. and the Southwest 30:37-41.

Ffolliott, P. F. 2002. Ecology and management of evergreen oak

woodlands in Arizona and New Mexico. In: McShea, W. J.; Healy,

W. M., eds. Oak forest ecosystems: Ecology and management for

wildlife. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press: 304-316

Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J. 2000. Changes in transpiration by

Emory oak following tree harvesting. In: Flug, M.; Frevert, D.,

eds. Watershed management and operations management 2000:

Proceedings of the conference. Reston, VA: Amer. Soc. of Civil

Eng. [CD-ROM] Windows.

Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J.; Cohen, Y.; Schiller, G. 2003. Transpiration by dryland oaks: Studies in the southwestern United

States and northern Israel. J. Arid Environ. 54:638-644.

Folkerts, S. H. 1999. Water use by Emory oak in southeastern

Arizona: Estimations by sap-flow measurements. Tucson, AZ:

University of Arizona, Masters Thesis. 94 p.

Granier, A.; Breda, N. 1996. Modeling canopy conductance and

stand transpiration of an oak forest from sap flow measurements.

Annales des Sciences Forestieres 53: 537-546.

Hatton, T. J.; I Wu, H. 1995. Scaling theory to extrapolate individual

tree water use to stand water use. Hydrol. Process. 9:527-540.

Hendricks, D. M. 1985. Arizona Soils. Tucson, AZ: University of

Arizona Press. 244 p.

Jarvis, P. G. 1995. Scaling processes and problems. Plant, Cell and

Environ. 18:1079-1089.

McClaran, M. P.; McPherson, G. R. 1999. Oak savannas in the

American Southwest. In: Anderson, R.C.; Fralish, J. S.; Baskin,

J. M., eds. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. New York, NY: Cambridge Press: 275-287.

Schaeffer, S. M.; Williams, D. G.; Goodrich, D. C. 2000. Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux. Agr. and

For. Meteor. 105(2000):257-270.

Sharman, J. W.; Ffolliott, P. F. 1992. Structural diversity in oak

woodlands of southeastern Arizona. In: Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried,

G. J.; Bennett, D. A.; Hernandez C., V. M.; Ortega-Rubio, A.;

Hamre, R. H., tech. coords. Ecology and management of oak and

associated woodlands: Perspective in the southwestern United

States and northern Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station: 132-136.

Swanson, R. H. 1962. An instrument for detecting sap movement in

woody plants. Sta. Pap. 68. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 16 p.

Swanson, R. H. 1972. Water transpired by trees as indicated by heat

pulse velocity. Agr. Meteor. 10:277-281.

Swanson, R. H. 1994. Significant historical developments in thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees. Agr. and For.

Meteor. 72:113-132.

Swanson, R. H.; Whitfield, D. W. A. 1981. A numerical analysis of

heat pulse velocity theory and practice. J. Exp. Botany.

32(126):221-239.

Touchan, R.; Ffolliott, P. F. 1999. Thinning of Emory oak coppice:

Effects on growth, yield, and harvesting cycles. The Southwestern

Naturalist. 44:1-5.

Yakowitz, D. S.; Hipel, K. W. 1997. Multiple objective decision

making for “Lokahi” (balance) in environmental management.

Applied Math. and Comp. 83:97-115.
You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your

mailing information in label form through one of the following media.

Please specify the publication title and number.

Telephone (970) 498-1392

FAX (970) 498-1396

E-mail rschneider@fs.fed.us

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm

Mailing Address Publications Distribution

Rocky Mountain Research Station

240 West Prospect Road

Fort Collins, CO 80526

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,

age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not

all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,

audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice

and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington,

DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal

opportunity provider and employer.

The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific information and technology to improve management, protection, and use of

the forests and rangelands. Research is designed to meet the needs

of National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public and

private organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals.

Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems,

range, forests, water, recreation, fire, resource inventory, land reclamation, community sustainability, forest engineering technology,

multiple use economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insects

and diseases. Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applications

may be found worldwide.

Research Locations

Flagstaff, Arizona Reno, Nevada

Fort Collins, Colorado* Albuquerque, New Mexico

Boise, Idaho Rapid City, South Dakota

Moscow, Idaho Logan, Utah

Bozeman, Montana Ogden, Utah

Missoula, Montana Provo, Utah

Lincoln, Nebraska Laramie, Wyoming

*Station Headquarters, Natural Resources Research Center,

2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526

RMRS

ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION