1 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

DURONE JAMAL SANDERS 

 Plaintiff, 

 Case No: 4:15-cv-10726 

v. Honorable Linda V. Parker 

 

OAKLAND COUNTY, 

SHERIFF MICHAEL J. BOUCHARD, 

and DETECTIVE MARK FERGUSON, 

 Defendants. 

__________________________________________________________________ 

OPINION AND ORDER (1) GRANTING DEFENDANTS OAKLAND 

COUNTY AND SHERIFF MICHAEL J. BOUCHARD’S MOTION FOR 

SUMMARY JUDGMENT (ECF NO. 47); (2) GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S EX 

PARTE MOTION FOR ADDITIONAL TIME TO RESPOND (ECF NO. 66) 

AND (3) DENYING AS MOOT DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STRIKE 

(ECF NO. 65) 

 This is a civil action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 arising from incidents 

involving Plaintiff Durone Jamal Sanders (“Plaintiff”) and Defendants Oakland 

County, Sheriff Michael J. Bouchard (“Defendant Bouchard”), and Detective Mark 

Ferguson (“Defendant Ferguson”) (collectively “Defendants”). Plaintiff is seeking 

monetary damages based on violations of his Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth 

Amendment rights under the United States Constitution and corresponding 

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provisions of the Michigan Constitution, including false arrest, imprisonment, and 

malicious prosecution. (ECF No. 1.) 

 Plaintiff has alleged that Defendant Bouchard has violated his civil rights 

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by conspiring with Defendant Ferguson to deprive 

Plaintiff of his Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments rights through false 

arrest, imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. (Compl. ¶ 38.) Plaintiff also 

contends that Defendant Bouchard is liable in his role as a supervisor to Defendant 

Ferguson for the alleged constitutional violations. (Id. ¶¶ 50-63.) Plaintiff argues 

that Defendant Oakland County violated his civil rights under a theory of 

municipal liability, alleging that the county had a custom or practice of tolerating 

the violations of constitutional rights by their deputy sheriffs. (Id. ¶¶ 42-49.)

Presently before the Court is Defendants Oakland County and Sheriff Michael 

J. Bouchard’s motion for summary judgment, filed pursuant to Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure 56 on July 28, 2016. (ECF No. 47.) Plaintiff filed an untimely 

response on September 15, 2016. (ECF No. 62.)1

 The motion has been fully 

briefed. The Court finds the legal arguments adequately presented in the parties’ 

papers such that the decision-making process would not be significantly aided by 

oral argument. Therefore, the Court is dispensing with oral argument with respect 

 

1

 Defendants subsequently filed a motion to strike Plaintiff’s response to the 

motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 65.) Because the Court has found that 

Plaintiff’s claims cannot survive the summary judgment stage, the Court will deny 

Defendants’ motion to strike as moot.

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to the motions pursuant to Eastern District of Michigan Local Rule 7.1(f)(2). For 

the reasons that follow, the Court is granting Defendants’ motion. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background 

 Defendant Ferguson was a detective and deputy sheriff for the Oakland 

County Sheriff’s Department. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 267.) He was also a member 

of the Oakland County Narcotics Enforcement Team (“NET”). (Id.). As an officer 

of NET, Defendant Ferguson was responsible for drug investigations, which 

included finding confidential informants and overseeing drug buys, arrests, or 

executions of search warrants stemming from the work of the confidential 

informant. (ECF No. 46-4 at Pg ID 402.) When an officer’s confidential 

informant was involved in an investigation, the officer was deemed the “officer in 

charge” and responsible for preparing the NET Case Report. (Id.) 

 A man with the street name “Flip” was the subject of one of Defendant 

Ferguson’s investigations. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 268.) Through the use of two 

confidential informants, Defendant Ferguson identified Plaintiff as “Flip”.2

 (Id.) 

The first interaction between a confidential informant and Flip occurred on March 

6, 2012,3

 when a controlled buy of cocaine occurred. (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 896.) 

 

2

 Plaintiff has denied being Flip by testifying that “he did not sell drugs to anyone, 

ever, and he certainly did not sell drugs to anyone in 2012.” (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 

915.) 

3

 Plaintiff’s opposition brief states the first controlled buy occurred on March 6, 

2012 (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 896), while Defendant Ferguson’s initial brief states 

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Confidential Informant 1 (“CI 1”) notified Defendant Ferguson that he would be 

driving Flip to Detroit to purchase drugs. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 269.) Defendant 

Ferguson alleges that he followed the vehicle along with other officers, including 

Officer Doty and Sgt. Jennings. (Id.) 

 On March 8, 2012—two days later—Defendant Ferguson and Officers 

Richter, Bearer, Miles, Loken, and Pankey stopped a van driven by CI #1 on I-75. 

(ECF No. 46-6 at Pg ID 419-21; see also ECF Nos. 46 at Pg ID 269-70; 60 at Pg 

ID 898.) Plaintiff was a rear seat passenger in the van. (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 

898.) Defendant Ferguson alleges the reason for the stop stemmed from a 

conversation with CI #1, who alerted Defendant that “he would be driving Flip to 

Detroit to purchase more drugs[.]” (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 269.) Defendant 

Ferguson, along with his fellow officers, followed the van from Pontiac to Detroit 

and back again. (Id.) CI #1’s van was equipped with a recording device that 

allowed the officers to remotely monitor the conversation. (Id.) During his 

deposition, Defendant Ferguson testified that he called CI #1 on his cell phone 

during this surveillance and also received confirmation that the drugs had been 

obtained. (Id.) 

 When the vehicle was stopped, Plaintiff and the remaining occupants exited 

the vehicle where they were subjected to a pat down, handcuffed, and detained for 

 

the controlled buy occurred on March 8, 2016 (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 269.) The 

disagreement over the dates is immaterial.

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40 minutes while the officers searched the vehicle. (Id. at Pg ID 270.) No drugs 

were found on Plaintiff. (Id.) This incident was summarized in Defendant 

Ferguson’s case report. (ECF No. 46-6 at Pg ID 421-22.) 

 A second controlled buy occurred on July 31, 2012. Confidential Informant 

#2 (“CI #2”) was observed entering a home to meet with Flip to purchase 1.0 

grams of heroin. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 270-71.) Defendant Ferguson, Officer 

Richter, and CI #2 all recalled this controlled buy. (Id. at Pg ID 271.) 

 That same day, Defendant Ferguson returned to his office to prepare a search 

warrant for the home that the second controlled buy occurred in, 18 Jefferson. (Id.

at Pg ID 272.) Defendant Ferguson took the search warrant and affidavit in 

support of the warrant to the 50th District Court in Pontiac, Michigan, where it was 

authorized by Judge Preston G. Thomas. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges he only received 

one page of the warrant, and never received the affidavit in support of the warrant.4

 

(ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 901.) Defendant Ferguson alleges he has not seen the 

affidavit since the date of the search, July 31, 2012. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 272.) 

 After obtaining authorization for the warrant, the following members of 

NET executed the search warrant at Plaintiff’s home: Defendant Ferguson, 

Officers Pankey, Bearer, Richter, and Sgt. Jennings. (Id. at Pg ID 273.) Officers 

 

4

 Plaintiff alleges they have attempted numerous times to obtain the original 

executed warrant through discovery requests and subpoenas without any results. 

(ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 902.) Plaintiff has not filed a motion to compel with this 

Court. 

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found a joint of marijuana, 1.4 grams, during the search along with $334 in cash. 

(Id.; see also ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 901.) Both items were seized.5

 (Id.) Plaintiff 

alleges that officers were responsible for “considerable damage to the home, 

damaging Plaintiff’s personal property as well as the front door of the home, which 

required repairs.” (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 901.) 

 On August 29, 2012, a third controlled buy occurred with CI #2. (ECF No. 

46 at Pg ID 274.) Defendant Ferguson and Officer Pankey observed CI #2 enter 

Plaintiff’s vehicle to purchase 0.2 grams of crack cocaine. (Id.) The officers 

observed Plaintiff drive around with CI #2 in the car. (Id.) Defendant Ferguson 

prepared a case report and logged to the cocaine into the NET property room. (Id.) 

 The next controlled buy occurred on September 5th, where CI #2 purchased 

0.2 grams of heroin at the back door of Plaintiff’s home at 18 Jefferson. (Id.) 

Defendant Ferguson, Officer Pankey, and Officer Richter observed this control buy. 

(Id.) 

 Defendant Ferguson and CI #2 attempted to arrange another controlled buy 

the next day. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 275.) According to Defendants, CI #2 called 

Plaintiff while the informant was with Defendant Ferguson to arrange a meeting 

location. (Id.) Plaintiff suggested another meeting location, and CI #2 met him 

there shortly. (Id.) After getting into his truck, Plaintiff drove around for “at least 

 

5

 According to Defendant Ferguson, there is no evidence that Plaintiff attempted to 

contest seizure. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 273.)

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an hour without any drugs being delivered.” (Id.) Due to concern for the 

informant’s safety, the officers decided to arrest Plaintiff based on his prior drug 

sales. (Id.) During booking, Officer Bell found 2.2 grams of marijuana in 

Plaintiff’s left sock. (Id.) Defendant Ferguson stated that he was not present for 

the stop, arrest, or booking but recalls Officer Bell delivering the marijuana to him 

afterward. (Id.) 

 Plaintiff disputes that he was meeting with an individual for a drug deal. 

Rather, Plaintiff contends he was on his way home to pick up a grocery list and go 

shopping when he was pulled over by the officers. (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 903.) 

Plaintiff testified during his deposition that he “did not sell drugs to anyone at any 

time during the year 2012.” (Id. at Pg ID 904.) 

 Plaintiff was incarcerated as a pretrial detainee while he awaited a hearing in 

the 50th District Court to the Oakland County Circuit Court. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 

276.) Plaintiff was charged with 3 violations of the Michigan Controlled 

Substance Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7401(2)(a)(iv) for the delivery of cocaine 

on August 29th, delivery of heroin on September 5th, and misdemeanor possession 

of marijuana during his September 6th arrest.. (Id.) On September 8th, Plaintiff 

was also charged with misdemeanor possession of marijuana in violation of Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 333.7403(2)(d) for the marijuana found during the search of his 

home on July 31, 2012. 

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 Defendant Ferguson was terminated by the Oakland County Sheriff’s 

Department in December 2012 for violating public policy. (Id.) In particular, 

Defendant Ferguson was alleged to have given false testimony in a separate case. 

(Id.) As a result, the prosecutor chose to discontinue prosecutions in 16 to 19 cases 

where Defendant Ferguson was considered a necessary witness, including 

Plaintiff’s pending cases in circuit court arising out of his August and September 

controlled buys along with his marijuana possession at the time of his arrest. (Id.

at Pg ID 277.) 

However, Plaintiff’s district court marijuana possession case for the 

marijuana found during the search of his home was not dismissed. (Id.) Plaintiff 

pled guilty to possession of marijuana for the July 31st search of his home. (Id.) 

That conviction has not been challenged on appeal, reversed, expunged by 

executive order, or called into question. (Id.) 

Plaintiff filed this action alleging that Defendants have violated his civil 

rights, seeking damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988. (ECF No. 1.) In 

particular, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Ferguson lacked probable cause to 

search Plaintiff’s home on July 31, 2012 and to arrest Plaintiff on September 6, 

2012. (ECF No. 60 at Pg ID 919.) Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Ferguson 

lacked the necessary reasonable suspicion before stopping his car on I-75 in March 

2012. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that based on Defendant Ferguson’s “established 

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history of submit[ing] perjured testimony” to courts, it is likely that he did so in 

this matter as well. (Id. at Pg ID 892.) 

Plaintiff asserts that Defendants Bouchard and Oakland County are liable 

because of Defendant Ferguson’s actions. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Oakland 

County was aware that Defendant Ferguson was a “known perjurer” and yet the 

County “failed to investigate these other cases to determine whether the alleged 

incidents, arrests, incarcerations, and sometimes even convictions, were true, 

accurate, and lawful.” (ECF No. 62 at Pg ID 1085.) 

Plaintiff argues that Defendant Bouchard “further concealed and covered up 

Ferguson’s actions by destroying all of the physical evidence associated with 

Ferguson’s investigations of Plaintiff Sanders[.]” (Id. at Pg ID 1086.) This 

destruction of evidence, according to Plaintiff, shows that the County “actually 

tolerated” Defendant Ferguson’s alleged unconstitutional activities.6

 (Id.) 

This Court found, in an Opinion and Order entered on this date, that 

Defendant Ferguson did not violate Plaintiff’s constitutional rights in this matter. 

The remaining claims in this case, therefore, pertain to supervisory liability and 

municipal liability against Defendants Bouchard and Oakland County respectively. 

II. Summary Judgment Standard 

 

6

 Plaintiff alleges that the County “actually tolerated” Defendant Ferguson’s 

alleged unconstitutional actions, despite the County’s (1) termination of Defendant 

Ferguson in December 2012 and (2) the dismissal of all cases where Defendant 

Ferguson was a necessary witness. (ECF No. 46 at Pg ID 276-77.)

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Summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 is 

appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). The central inquiry is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient 

disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one 

party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 

242, 251-52 (1986). After adequate time for discovery and upon motion, Rule 56 

mandates summary judgment against a party who fails to establish the existence of 

an element essential to that party’s case and on which that party bears the burden 

of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 

The movant has the initial burden of showing “the absence of a genuine 

issue of material fact.” Id. at 323. Once the movant meets this burden, the 

“nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a 

genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Electric Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 

U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To 

demonstrate a genuine issue, the nonmoving party must present sufficient evidence 

upon which a jury could reasonably find for that party; a “scintilla of evidence” is 

insufficient. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252. 

“A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed” must 

designate specifically the materials in the record supporting the assertion, 

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“including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or 

declarations, stipulations, admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). The court must accept as true the non-movant’s evidence 

and draw “all justifiable inferences” in the non-movant’s favor. See Liberty Lobby, 

477 U.S. at 255. 

III. Applicable Law and Analysis 

A. Supervisory Liability 

In his opposition brief to this motion, Plaintiff states that “Sheriff Bouchard 

had the responsibility of supervising Defendant Ferguson and the members of the 

[Oakland County NET crew] that became involved in the ‘Flip’ investigation.” 

(ECF No. 62 at Pg ID 1097.) Plaintiff contends that Defendant Bouchard’s failure 

to supervise led to the alleged unconstitutional conduct against Plaintiff. 

The Sixth Circuit “has held that § 1983 liability must be based on more than 

respondeat superior, or the right to control employees.” Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 

F.3d 295, 300 (1999). Supervisory liability attaches only where 

the supervisor “either encouraged the specific incident of misconduct 

or in some other way directly participated in it. At a minimum a 

plaintiff must show that the official at least implicitly authorized, 

approved, or knowingly acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct of 

the offending officers.” 

Id. (quoting Hays v. Jefferson Cnty., 668 F.2d 869, 874 (6th Cir. 1982)). Where a 

supervisor also is a policymaker, care must be taken to distinguish an individual4:15-cv-10726-LVP-MKM Doc # 81 Filed 03/29/17 Pg 11 of 16 Pg ID 1391
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capacity claim against the supervisor and an official-capacity or municipal claim, 

as they turn on two different legal principles. See Essex v. Cnty. of Livingston, 518 

F. App’x 351, 355 (6th Cir. 2013). 

In Essex, the court explained the distinction between these two legal 

principles: 

For individual liability on a failure-to-train or supervise theory, the 

defendant supervisor must be found to have “ ‘encouraged the specific

incident of misconduct or in some other way directly participated in 

it.’ ” Phillips v. Roane Cnty., 534 F.3d 531, 543 (6th Cir. 2008) 

(quoting Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 300 (6th Cir. 1999)). A 

plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant supervisor “ ‘at least 

implicitly authorized, approved, or knowingly acquiesced in the 

unconstitutional conduct of the offending officers.’ ” Id. (quoting 

Shehee, 199 F.3d at 300). A mere failure to act will not suffice to 

establish supervisory liability. Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 

725, 751 (6th Cir. 2006). 

Essex, 518 F. App’x at 355 (emphasis added). In contrast, an official capacity or 

municipal claim 

is a broader claim concerning the custom or policy of a municipality, 

Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 

56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), and thus would implicate the conduct of a 

defendant supervisor insofar as he acted with deliberate indifference 

in his official capacity as a policymaker. See Phillips, 534 F.3d at 543; 

Campbell v. City of Springboro, 700 F.3d 779, 794 (6th Cir. 2012). 

Such claims do not require direct participation in or encouragement of 

the specific acts; rather, these claims may be premised on a failure to 

act. See Heyerman v. Cnty. of Calhoun, 680 F.3d 642, 648 (6th Cir. 

2012). A plaintiff must establish that the municipality, through its 

policymakers, failed to train or supervise employees despite: 1) 

having actual or constructive knowledge of a pattern of similar 

constitutional violations by untrained employees, see Bd. of Comm’rs 

of Bryan Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 407-08, 117 S. Ct. 1382, 137 

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L.Ed.2d 626 (1997); or 2) the fact that the constitutional violation 

alleged was a patently obvious and “highly predictable consequence” 

of inadequate training, id. at 409, 117 S. Ct. 1382 (discussing City of 

Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390 n. 10, 109 S. Ct. 1197, 103 

L.Ed.2d 412 (1989)). 

Essex, 518 F. App’x at 355-56. 

 Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant Bouchard fails because this Court has 

found that Plaintiff’s constitutional rights were not violated by Defendant Ferguson 

in its motion granting summary judgment in Defendant Ferguson’s favor. In its 

decision, this Court found that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to 

whether Defendant Ferguson had reasonable suspicion and probable cause to stop 

and search Plaintiff and his home on three separate occasions. Therefore, this 

Court cannot find that Defendant Bouchard encouraged or directly participated in 

unconstitutional conduct against Plaintiff where no unconstitutional conduct 

occurred. 

B. Municipal Liability 

Plaintiff claims that Defendant Oakland County is liable for Defendant 

Ferguson’s alleged violations of his constitutional rights. A municipal entity such 

as the county “cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor-- or, in 

other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat 

superior theory.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). Rather, 

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a municipality may be held liable only for those acts which may fairly be said to be 

its own. Id. at 694. 

To hold Oakland County liable under § 1983, Plaintiff “must show that the 

county’s policy (or lack thereof) was a ‘moving force’ in the deprivation of [his] 

rights and arose from ‘deliberate indifference’ to [his] rights.” Carey v. Helton, 70 

F. App’x 291, 293 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Doe v. Claiborne Cnty., Tenn., 103 F.3d 

495, 508 (1996)); see also City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989) 

(holding that “the inadequacy of police training may serve as the basis for § 1983 

liability,” but “only where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to 

the rights of persons with whom the police come into contact.”). Specifically, 

Plaintiff must prove: “that a training program is inadequate to the tasks that the 

officers must perform; that the inadequacy is the result of the city’s deliberate 

indifference; and that the inadequacy is ‘closely related to’ or ‘actually caused’ the 

plaintiff’s injury.” Hill v. McIntyre, 884 F.2d 271, 275 (6th Cir. 1989) (quoting 

Harris, 489 U.S. at 391). “Liability cannot be imposed unless ‘the need for more 

or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the 

violation of constitutional rights, that the policy makers of the [governmental 

body] can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.’ ” 

Id. (quoting Harris, 489 U.S. at 390) (brackets added in Hill). 

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Other than the bare and conclusory assertions in his Complaint (see Compl. 

¶¶ 42-49), Plaintiff never identifies a policy or custom of the County that he claims 

caused the alleged constitutional violations in this case. In his response brief, he 

refers vaguely to the County’s failure to investigate Defendant Ferguson’s actions 

on the other 17 to 25 cases that were later dismissed. (ECF No. 62 at Pg ID 1094.) 

Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants Bouchard and Oakland County destroyed all 

physical evidence pertaining to those cases but he does not refer to any specific 

evidence with respect to this County or these officers. (Id.) He does not cite to 

any prior instances of misconduct or allege that the County has ignored a history of 

abuse. Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss, see 

Anthony v. Roberson, 26 F. App’x 419, 422 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Gutierrez v. 

Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1538 (6th Cir.1987) (indicating “that vague and conclusory 

allegations unsupported by material facts will not be sufficient to state such a claim 

under § 1983)), much less Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 

Furthermore, Plaintiff is unable to show that Defendant Oakland County’s 

policy was the “moving force” in the deprivation of his rights because this Court 

has found that the facts do not show any unconstitutional conduct against Plaintiff 

in its opinion and order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant 

Ferguson. 

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IV. Conclusion 

 For the reasons stated, the Court concludes that Defendants Bouchard and 

Oakland County have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact 

precluding summary judgment. 

Accordingly, 

 IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 

47) is GRANTED;

 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s ex parte motion for additional 

time to respond to Defendants’ summary judgment motion (ECF No. 66) is 

GRANTED; 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to strike (ECF No. 

65) is DENIED AS MOOT.

 s/ Linda V. Parker 

 LINDA V. PARKER 

 U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE 

Dated: March 29, 2017 

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of 

record and/or pro se parties on this date, March 29, 2017, by electronic and/or U.S. 

First Class mail. 

 s/ Richard Loury 

 Case Manager 

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