[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 17-10300

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cr-00153-SLB-SGC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

BERNARD EUGENE MCKINNEY, II, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

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(November 13, 2017)

Before HULL, JORDAN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Defendant Bernard McKinney appeals his convictions for bank fraud and

aggravated identity theft following a jury trial. Specifically, McKinney contends 

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that the district court committed reversible error by admitting testimonial hearsay 

statements during trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation 

Clause and the Federal Rules of Evidence. After thorough review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Check Cashing Scheme

During November 2014, defendant McKinney was involved in a fraudulent 

check cashing scheme in which McKinney and others cashed $89,000 in checks 

from a company, Transportation Services, that had its checking account with 

BBVA Compass. These unauthorized checks appeared to have the signature of 

Transportation Services’ office manager, Lesia McCarley, who was authorized to 

write checks on the company’s behalf, but McCarley had not signed or authorized 

the checks. 

McCarley identified six fraudulent checks. These six fraudulent checks 

were actually counterfeits, as McCarley had the actual checks with the same check 

numbers still in her possession at the time she discovered the existence of the

fraudulent checks. On the six fraudulent checks, the payees were: (1) defendant 

McKinney on one, (2) Michael McNeil on one, (3) Mikael Freeman on two, and 

(4) Alexis Price on two. 

At defendant McKinney’s trial, McNeil testified that he cashed one 

fraudulent check for McKinney. McKinney had rented space in McNeil’s salon in 

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Huntsville, Alabama. McKinney owed McNeil money and paid McNeil using this

fraudulent check payable to McNeil. Bank surveillance photos showed McNeil in 

Athens, Georgia cashing a check from Transportation Services made out to him on 

November 26, 2014. The check was for $9,747, but McKinney only owed McNeil 

$1,000. After McNeil cashed the check, he met McKinney who kept the 

difference. 

Freeman, another payee, testified that he cashed two fraudulent checks for 

defendant McKinney and watched McKinney cash a third. McKinney and

Freeman had been friends since college. McKinney introduced Freeman to 

someone named Cameron (later identified by law enforcement as Cameron Moran 

but referred to herein as “Cameron”) who could pay Freeman for delivering 

documents. On November 24, 2014, McKinney, Cameron, and Freeman met up 

and drove together to a BBVA Compass branch in Huntsville. McKinney got out 

of the car, went in the bank, and returned to the car with an envelope full of cash. 

McKinney gave the cash to Cameron, who counted it and gave McKinney a 

portion. McKinney then gave Freeman $500. 

Later that day, Freeman again met up with defendant McKinney and 

Cameron. Cameron had Freeman deliver a manila folder to someone at a gas 

station in Rome, Georgia. 

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The next day, November 25, defendant McKinney had Freeman return with 

McKinney and Cameron to the same BBVA Compass branch in Huntsville as the 

day before. Once there, Cameron gave Freeman a check for $9,673.25 written out 

to Freeman. Freeman cashed the check, returned to the car, and gave Cameron the 

money. Cameron counted it and gave some to McKinney and $1,000 to Freeman. 

The bank’s video surveillance showed Freeman cashing the check. 

On November 26, 2014, defendant McKinney called Freeman, who agreed 

to make another delivery of documents to Rome; this time delivering the 

documents to Cameron. Later that evening, Freeman met McKinney and Cameron 

near a BBVA Compass branch in Huntsville. Cameron gave Freeman another 

check to cash, which he did. This time, Cameron paid Freeman $900. 

During the course of the government’s investigation, Freeman called 

defendant McKinney in a recorded conversation, and McKinney admitted giving 

Freeman the checks but denied knowing that the checks were counterfeit. 

Two of the counterfeit Transportation Services checks were payable to 

Alexis Price. Price, or at least someone using Price’s driver’s license, cashed the 

first check for $7,789.15 on November 26, 2014 at a BBVA Compass branch in 

Athens and cashed the second check for $8,475.35 on November 29, 2014 at a 

BBVA Compass branch in Beltline Decatur. Bank video surveillance showed the 

person identifying themselves as Price cashing the checks. 

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From November 24, 2014 through November 29, 2014, the time period 

during which these six checks were cashed, there were 53 phone calls between 

defendant McKinney and Cameron. McKinney’s phone records also demonstrated 

phone calls between McKinney and Price. 

B. Defendant McKinney’s Interviews with Law Enforcement

At trial, United States Postal Inspector Roger Mayhew testified about two 

interviews he conducted with defendant McKinney during the course of 

investigating this fraudulent check cashing scheme. At the beginning of both 

interviews Mayhew read McKinney the Miranda rights and informed McKinney 

that he was not under arrest and was free to leave. In fact, McKinney, who agreed 

to speak with the investigators, was not under arrest or in custody. 

In the first interview on January 22, 2015, which was not recorded, 

defendant McKinney admitted to recruiting three individuals to cash these 

Transportation Services checks and named “Alexis” as one of them. Specifically, 

McKinney admitted to recruiting one young, black female with the first name 

Alexis. McKinney stated that he went with Cameron and Alexis to cash a check in 

Athens. McKinney later claimed that McNeil recruited Alexis. McKinney also 

gave Inspector Mayhew contradictory stories about whether McKinney gave 

McNeil a check to cash, alternatively stating (1) that he did not know if McNeil got 

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a check, (2) that he gave McNeil a check, (3) that McNeil gave him a check, and 

(4) that McNeil got a check directly from Cameron. 

On May 6, 2015, Inspector Mayhew again interviewed defendant 

McKinney. The jury watched the videotape of the interview and received a copy 

of the transcript. 

During that second interview, defendant McKinney and Inspector Mayhew 

repeatedly discussed what connection, if any, McKinney had to Alexis Price. 

Mayhew pointed out to McKinney that the only female whose name is on any of 

these checks is Alexis Price, and McKinney responded: “I know, I don’t know of 

her.” Mayhew informed McKinney that he had interviewed Price and asked if 

McKinney had ever talked to her. McKinney claimed: “I never even spoke with

her on that level. . . . On any level period.” Mayhew then asked again if McKinney 

had ever talked to Price on the phone, to which McKinney responded: “I’ve heard 

of the girl. Like you know what I’m saying. Someone said that I knew her told 

what was going on.” Mayhew and McKinney1 then had the following exchange 

about whether McKinney recruited Price to cash the counterfeit checks:

RM: So if she said you all met up at a club and you recruited her to 

cash this check. That’s a lie?

BM: Don’t know the girl. Don’t know the girl, don’t know her. 

Don’t know what she looks like

 1

Mayhew and McKinney are identified by their initials, “RM” and “BM” respectively, in 

the transcript.

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RM: I’m just saying. That didn’t happen is what you’re saying?

BM: I don’t know her at all, at all

RM: Okay okay

BM: I’m just saying, I don’t know the girl. Don’t know the girl, don’t 

know her. Don’t know what she looks like

RM: I’m just saying. That didn’t happen is what you’re saying?

BM: I don’t know her at all, at all. I don’t know her

Later in the interview, Inspector Mayhew asked defendant McKinney about 

phone calls between McKinney and Price:

RM: Okay, Alexis Price. The female.

BM: I don’t deal with her at all. Yeah So...

RM: Okay so. Well there’s phone call between you and Alexis Price 

on the day.

BM: I don’t call her.

RM: Well your phone records say different.

BM: I don’t know that girl like that.

. . . .

RM: Okay your phone records say different that’s why I’m giving you 

the opportunity. It shows phone calls between you and her on 

November 26th of last year. Multiple times. It also shows that when 

she... At the time frames she was cashing one of these checks, by the 

way in Athens, your phone was just a little bit over a mile away.

BM: From the area?

RM: From the bank. From the address of the bank.

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BM: So you’re telling me I was doing umm...

RM: I’m not telling you anything. I’m just telling, I know where you 

were, and I know you were talking to her. And I know what she did. 

She cashed the check. So that don’t look good. So I’m saying. Did 

you ride with her? Did Cam[eron] get you to ride with her over there 

kind of keep an eye on things.

BM: Basically used me as a dummy. Basically.

RM: Well that might be but I need you to tell me the full truth so I can 

know he used you as a dummy. So what’d he have you do with 

Alexis?

BM: He was with her. He was with her and, but I’m giving them 

rides. You know what I’m saying?

McKinney then admitted giving Cameron and Price a ride to Athens and dropping 

them off by a bank but denied writing or printing out the checks. 

C. Procedural History

On May 25, 2016, a federal grand jury indictment charged defendant 

McKinney with six counts of bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1344 and 2

(Counts 1-6), and two counts of aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 1028A(a)(1), (2) and 2 (Counts 7-8). 

On August 7, 2016, just prior to trial, the government gave notice that it 

intended to offer 404(b) evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence, including 

defendant McKinney’s recorded statement in which he admits to giving checks to 

other individuals and traveling to a bank with Price to cash a check. While 

providing notice, the government maintained that these portions of McKinney’s 

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recorded statement were not Rule 404(b) evidence because they were inextricably 

intertwined with the crime and were evidence of the fraud and McKinney’s 

knowing participation in the fraud. During trial, McKinney objected to admitting 

portions of the recorded statement on the basis that Price was effectively testifying 

through Inspector Mayhew’s statements but could not be cross-examined because 

Price was not testifying.2

 

On August 10, 2016, after a three day trial, a jury convicted defendant 

McKinney of five counts of bank fraud (all but Count 2) and two counts of 

aggravated identity theft. 

The district court sentenced defendant McKinney to a prison term of 12 

months on each of Counts 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, to be served concurrently, and a 

consecutive 24 months on each of Counts 7 and 8 (served concurrently with each 

other) for a total prison term of 36 months. 

II. DISCUSSION

Defendant McKinney appeals the admission of the portions of his second 

interview with Inspector Mayhew related to Alexis Price as violating the Sixth 

 2

Later at trial, the government indicated that Price would not be testifying because she 

had given birth a few days before, although the government did not know whether she had been 

discharged yet or what the latest information was. 

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Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and as inadmissible hearsay.3

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides: “In all criminal 

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the 

witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Sixth Amendment allows the 

admission of “[t]estimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial . . . only 

where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has had a prior 

opportunity to cross-examine.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 124 S. 

Ct. 1354, 1369 (2004). The “primary object” of the Sixth Amendment is to limit 

“testimonial hearsay.” Id. at 53, 124 S. Ct. at 1365. Because the Confrontation 

Clause applies only to testimonial statements used to establish the truth of the 

matter asserted, our analysis under the Sixth Amendment and Crawford must 

determine whether the relevant statements were both testimonial and hearsay.4 

United States v. Curbelo, 726 F.3d 1260, 1272 (11th Cir. 2013); see also United 

States v. Charles, 722 F.3d 1319, 1328 n.10 (11th Cir. 2013) (instructing that “a 

proper Confrontation Clause analysis” requires determining “whether the 

declarant’s statement is ‘testimonial,’ i.e. a declaration offered for the purpose of 

proving some fact to be used at trial” but that this inquiry is not coextensive with 

 3

We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion but review a 

challenge to testimonial hearsay statements under the Confrontation Clause de novo. United 

States v. Caraballo, 595 F.3d 1214, 1226 (11th Cir. 2010).

4

Generally, where the purpose of a police interrogation is not to meet an ongoing 

emergency, statements made during a police interrogation are testimonial. Michigan v. Bryant, 

562 U.S. 344, 359, 131 S. Ct. 1143, 1156 (2011).

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analyzing the challenged testimony under the Federal Rules of Evidence governing 

hearsay).

Federal Rule of Evidence 801(c) defines hearsay as “a statement that: (1) the 

declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing; and (2) a 

party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” 

Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). Rule 802 generally prohibits the admission of hearsay 

evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 802.

Only one statement in the recorded interview by Inspector Mayhew 

purportedly repeated statements made to him by Price. That statement is: “So if 

she said you all met up at a club and you recruited her to cash this check. That’s a 

lie?” This statement does not constitute testimonial hearsay because it is not used 

to establish the truth of the matter asserted. Mayhew’s questions throughout the 

interview were admitted only to provide context to McKinney’s own inculpatory 

and contradictory statements about whether he even knew Price or was involved in 

the scheme. Mayhew’s statements only served to challenge McKinney’s ever 

changing story and as necessary information to understand McKinney’s responses. 

See United States v. Jiminez, 564 F.3d 1280, 1287 (11th Cir. 2009) (“But, if a trial 

court admits a statement, made by an available declarant whom the defendant has 

not had the opportunity to cross-examine, for a purpose other than for the truth of 

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the matter asserted, the admissibility of that statement does not violate the 

Confrontation Clause.”).

Indeed, Inspector Mayhew’s question about whether McKinney recruited 

Price at a club is phrased as a hypothetical and not an assertion of what Price 

actually said. There is no evidence in the record as to what Price actually told 

Mayhew. Mayhew’s question is simply another way of asking defendant 

McKinney if he met up with Price at club and recruited her to cash a check, which 

would clearly not be testimonial or hearsay but merely a question asked during a 

law enforcement interview with a suspect.

Because the admitted statements were not testimonial hearsay offered to 

establish the truth of the matter asserted, it does not matter whether Price was 

available to testify or whether defendant McKinney had an opportunity to crossexamine Price. The statements by Inspector Mayhew in the second interview 

referring to Price and purportedly repeating her statements do not implicate the 

Confrontation Clause.

For the reasons discussed above, Inspector Mayhew’s statements in the 

second interview referring to Price and her statements were not offered to prove 

the truth of the matter asserted in those statements and were thus not hearsay under 

Rule 801(c). Instead, they were offered to provide context to defendant 

McKinney’s own statements, which included a confession that he drove Price and 

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Cameron to Athens to cash a fraudulent check. The district court thus did not 

commit reversible error in allowing the admission of this evidence under the 

Federal Rules of Evidence.

5

III. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant McKinney’s 

convictions.

AFFIRMED.

 5

We note that both McKinney’s hearsay and Confrontation Clause arguments are subject 

to harmless error review. United States v. Carter, 776 F.3d 1309, 1328 (11th Cir. 2015). 

Because the evidence of McKinney’s guilt on all seven counts was overwhelming, we would 

find any alleged error here to be harmless. See id.

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