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NOMINATIONS TO THE 

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, 

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, AND 

THE MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, 

SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

MARCH 10, 2011 

Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

( 

(II) 

SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION 

ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Chairman 

DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii 

JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts 

BARBARA BOXER, California 

BILL NELSON, Florida 

MARIA CANTWELL, Washington 

FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey 

MARK PRYOR, Arkansas 

CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri 

AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota 

TOM UDALL, New Mexico 

MARK WARNER, Virginia 

MARK BEGICH, Alaska 

KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas, Ranking 

OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine 

JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada 

JIM DEMINT, South Carolina 

JOHN THUNE, South Dakota 

ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi 

JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia 

ROY BLUNT, Missouri 

JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas 

PATRICK J. TOOMEY, Pennsylvania 

MARCO RUBIO, Florida 

KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire 

ELLEN L. DONESKI, Staff Director 

JAMES REID, Deputy Staff Director 

BRUCE H. ANDREWS, General Counsel 

ANN BEGEMAN, Republican Staff Director 

BRIAN M. HENDRICKS, Republican General Counsel 

(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

Page 

Hearing held on March 10, 2011 ............................................................................ 1 

Statement of Senator Rockefeller ........................................................................... 1 

Statement of Senator Klobuchar ............................................................................ 1 

Statement of Senator Hutchison ............................................................................ 4 

Statement of Senator Thune ................................................................................... 5 

WITNESSES

Hon. Rob Portman, U.S. Senator from Ohio ......................................................... 6 

Ann D. Begeman, Member-Designate, Surface Transportation Board, U.S. 

Department of Transportation ............................................................................ 8 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 9 

Biographical information ................................................................................. 10 

Philip E. Coyle III, Associate Director-Designate, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President ............................................... 14 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 16 

Biographical information ................................................................................. 17 

Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, Assistant Secretary-Designate of Commerce for Observation and Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ................................................................... 22 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 24 

Biographical information ................................................................................. 25 

Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland, Member-Designate, Marine Mammal Commission . 35 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 37 

Biographical information ................................................................................. 38 

APPENDIX

Response to written questions submitted to Ann D. Begeman by: 

Hon. Amy Klobuchar ........................................................................................ 75 

Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan by: 

Hon. Mark Begich ............................................................................................. 75 

Hon. Tom Udall ................................................................................................ 76 

Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland by: 

Hon. John D. Rockefeller IV ............................................................................ 77 

Hon. Tom Udall ................................................................................................ 79 

(1) 

NOMINATIONS TO THE 

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, 

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, AND 

THE MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION 

THURSDAY, MARCH 10, 2011 

U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. 

The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:07 a.m. in room 

SR–253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. John D. Rockefeller 

IV, Chairman of the Committee, presiding. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA 

The CHAIRMAN. This hearing is opened. 

This is not the regular order, but Senator Klobuchar has to go 

to a hearing and wants to make a statement about something 

which could be a game-changer. 

STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA 

Senator KLOBUCHAR. No, you can go first. 

The CHAIRMAN. No. 

Senator KLOBUCHAR. And I know you have a guest. Senator 

Portman’s here. That’s fine. I just need to leave in 10, 15 minutes. 

The CHAIRMAN. I know, but you need to speak. 

Senator KLOBUCHAR. Of course. 

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Portman told me that you have to speak. 

Senator KLOBUCHAR. Oh, OK. Well, very good. 

Well, thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for holding this hearing. And I join you in welcoming the four nominees to the Committee. We do consider numerous nominees, but it’s not too often 

that we welcome one of our own before us. We did so when Debbie 

Hersman was nominated to the Chair of the NTSB and when 

David Strickland was nominated to be the NHTSA Administrator. 

Now we have Ann Begeman, who is nominated to be a Member 

of the Surface Transportation Board. 

As everyone knows well, she has been an important member of 

the Commerce Committee staff for over a decade, and we welcome 

her nomination. She helped craft the Surface Transportation Board 

Reauthorization Act, which would address long-time concerns by 

2 

shippers about predatory pricing and practices, increase competition, and establish a level playing field. 

And the reason I wanted to speak, Mr. Chairman, was I wanted 

to emphasize, since I won’t be here for her questioning—I’ll be at 

the Judiciary Committee—how important that bill is and the work 

that must continue for our captive shippers. Whenever I say that 

word at home, my 15-year-old daughter asks me if I’m talking 

about pirates. But I want to make clear that we still have a number of businesses in my state and farmers who are very concerned 

about what’s happening. 

When I first came to the Senate, they would tell me that the STB 

would simply not listen to their concerns. Well, under new leadership, the STB is now listening to our shippers, examining anti-competitive issues, and considering next steps to ensure that America’s 

freight rail customers receive fair rates and good service. 

Given Ms. Begeman’s experience, once confirmed, I know she’ll 

be ready to consider these very important issues. 

I also would like to mention Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, who’s nominated to be the Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation 

and Prediction of NOAA at the U.S. Department of Commerce. 

NOAA’s North Central River Forecast Center is vital to helping 

communities along the Red River in Minnesota and North Dakota 

and other rivers in the upper Midwest prepare for flooding, with 

reports of water levels and rates of flow. We’re very concerned 

about all of the snow we’ve had and what may happen in the next 

months with the Red River, and having these flood predictions is 

incredibly important for us. I literally know them every other day. 

I check in to see what it is. And that’s because of the good work 

of NOAA. 

So, I want to congratulate all the nominees. 

And, thank you, Chairman Rockefeller. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Klobuchar. 

I’ll proceed now to my opening statement, followed by Senator 

Hutchison, and I think Senator Thune wants to make some remarks. 

We have four nominations today. And I apologize to Senator 

Portman for holding him up here. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. I mean, her statement was a game-changer. 

We start with the nomination of Ms. Begeman to be a Member 

of the Surface Transportation Board. As you all know, Ms. 

Begeman is the Committee’s Minority Staff Director. Beloved by 

all, respected by all, she’s a virtual institution on this committee, 

and in the Senate. She’s also a consummate professional, ever 

ready to come together to find solutions to complex issues, and an 

expert on surface transportation issues. 

I know Ms. Begeman will be able to dive right into the complicated issues that come before the STB. It is a very controversial 

type situation there, as Senator Klobuchar indicated. These are 

very important issues, both for the captive shippers and for the entire rail industry. 

I have to say that I’m very sad to lose her intellect. All of us on 

the Democratic side are, as well as on the Republican side. She has 

great expertise. She has total dedication to this committee. But on 

3 

the other hand, I’m pleased that she’s headed into a new position 

where the nation can benefit from her tremendous talent. So, she’s 

a terrific choice. Otherwise, I don’t lean one way or another. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. Our next nominee, Mr. Philip Coyle, has been 

here before. He’s an expert on national security policy, military research and development of military space systems. The fact that 

this committee is again considering Mr. Coyle’s nomination to be 

Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs 

at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, OSTP, is a testament to the need for such an expert in this post. 

I think most of you know that we reported Mr. Coyle in the last 

Congress. When there wasn’t floor time for discussion on the matter, that became impossible, and then we couldn’t move him by 

unanimous consent, so President Obama recess-appointed him. 

That’s not the wrong thing to do if you really need somebody. 

For the past 8 months Mr. Coyle has served as an advisor to the 

administration on issues of critical national security importance, 

such as cybersecurity, emergency communications, and international science diplomacy. 

We welcome you, Mr. Coyle. We look forward to hearing more 

about your work. 

Dr. Kathryn Sullivan has been nominated to be Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Observation and Prediction. This is a new 

position created by Administrator Lubchenco. If confirmed, Dr. Sullivan will be responsible for driving policy and program initiatives 

for weather and water, integrative mapping, and observation systems. 

Dr. Sullivan is no stranger to Presidential appointments. Her 

current nomination marks the fifth time she has been called to 

public service by five different administrations. She is also a 

woman of ‘‘firsts.’’ She was the first American woman to walk in 

space. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. It doesn’t make any difference if she’s AfroAmerican or not. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. And you were all just kind of tweeting in the 

background. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. It’s very embarrassing to those of us, up here on 

the dais. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. She was one of the first six women selected to 

join the NASA astronauts corps in 1978. From 1992 to 1996, she 

served as Chief Scientist to NOAA. Her leadership skills and extensive scientific knowledge will help provide needed direction to 

NOAA’s programs. 

Dr. Sullivan, we thank you very much for being willing to do this 

and for your continued potential service to this Nation. 

Our final nominee, Dr. Frances Gulland, has demonstrated a 

strong commitment to marine mammal conservation. She spent 

many years providing veterinary care and rehabilitation to stranded marine mammals, and is no stranger to the good work of the 

4 

Marine Mammal Commission, MMC. For the last decade, Dr. 

Gulland has served on the MMC’s Committee of Scientific Advisors. 

She pushed to make sure science serves as the guide and bases for 

its policies. 

She is just the kind of person we need to bridge the gap between 

research and the hard realities of management, and would be a 

welcome addition to the Marine Mammal Commission. 

Dr. Gulland, we congratulate you on your nomination, and I’m 

very interested in hearing your ideas, as well as those of the other 

nominees. 

And I now turn to Senator Hutchison. 

STATEMENT OF HON. KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS 

Senator HUTCHISON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Well, I feel like I don’t need to say anything about Ann Begeman. 

But I am very pleased to be able to introduce her as the nominee 

for membership on the Surface Transportation Board. 

I think that the previous two statements from the majority side 

of the aisle show that Ann Begeman is effective. She is in the category of nominee that no introduction to this committee is required 

because we have worked with her for so long. 

Ann has served in the Senate for over 21 years as a Professional 

Staff Member. She currently is the Staff Director of our side of the 

Committee. She previously served the Committee as Deputy Staff 

Director and Professional Staff Member on surface transportation 

issues for many years. Between her tours of service on the Committee, she also served as Legislative Director and Acting Chief of 

Staff for Senator John McCain. She has a well-earned reputation 

as an expert in transportation issues and is one of the go-to people 

in the Senate for anything related to surface transportation. 

I have relied on Ann’s advice and counsel for nearly 18 years 

since my earliest days in the Senate as a member of this committee. When you do such good work, that work is recognized and 

appreciated. 

The recently passed FAA Reauthorization Bill stands as a perfect 

example of Ann’s steadfastness and perseverance. In the last year 

alone, this committee has had victories large and small, ranging 

from the America COMPETES Act, the NASA Reauthorization Act, 

to the first movement in many years on Surface Transportation 

Board reauthorization. I think that speaks well of both of our 

staffs, Mr. Chairman, and how well they have worked together to 

move our committee, really, into the forefront of committees that 

have been active and effective, and sent bills to the floor that 

passed the Senate. 

In each of these areas and countless others, Ann has been a 

strong leader and a creative force for the public’s interest. We don’t 

often pause to recognize that type of humble service, but the country has been the fortunate beneficiary of people like Ann Begeman. 

And I know that we will benefit from her service in her new role. 

If you ask anyone who has worked with Ann Begeman how best 

to describe her, they will inevitably say that she is focused on detail and is an excellent manager. She will be missed. I will miss 

her. The rest of the Committee will. But I know that her knowlVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
5 

edge, her experience, and her unwavering attention to detail will 

soon be focused on complex surface transportation issues as a 

Member of the STB. I have no doubt that Ann will make an immediate impact on the crucial rail issues facing our Nation. 

I also want to welcome Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, who has been nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary. As the Chairman has said, 

NOAA is one of our nation’s premier scientific agencies. It provides 

services such as hurricane forecasting that are essential to the protection of life and property. When Hurricane Ike hit the Texas 

coast in 2008, I saw first-hand NOAA’s advanced warning system 

work. They pinpointed where it was going and when it was going 

to hit, and allowed the protection of so much of the property that 

was involved in that hurricane. It’s such an important asset for our 

country. 

Dr. Sullivan has a long career of public service that includes 

serving as the Chief Scientist at NOAA, a Naval Reservist, and a 

NASA astronaut. She is the first American woman to walk in 

space. And I am very pleased with her nomination. 

In her current role at Ohio State University, she works to improve STEM education for our nation’s youth, and it was this committee that passed the America COMPETES Act, which encourages 

STEM education and authorizes it. So, I’m looking forward to hearing from her. 

On the Marine Mammal Commission nomination, Dr. Frances 

Gulland, I look forward to her priorities. This is a Commission that 

provides the oversight of marine mammal conservation policies carried out by the federal agencies. 

And I would like to welcome Mr. Philip Coyle, who is currently 

serving as a recess appointee in the position for which he has been 

nominated, Associate Director of National Security and International Affairs at OSTP. Mr. Coyle has a long record of public 

service, and I look forward to hearing from him. 

Mr. Chairman, I will just end by saying that I hope very much 

that we will be able to mark up and go to the floor, and get these 

nominees acted on so that they can carry on, hopefully, in their respective positions. I know Ann was nominated last December and 

I would certainly like to see her move on out, and I think we know 

her. And I think the others have experience and we would be able 

to make decisions on them very quickly, I hope. 

Thank you. 

The CHAIRMAN. I join her. 

Senator Thune? 

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA 

Senator THUNE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

And I am pleased to join this morning’s nomination hearing and 

want to welcome all of the nominees to the Committee. And at the 

risk of echoing what my colleagues have said—we’re not ignoring 

the other members that are here for nomination today. But I am 

here particularly, too, because Ann Begeman is appearing before 

this committee to serve as one of the three members of the Surface 

Transportation Board. 

6 

Many of us have had the opportunity not just to work with Ann 

over the years as a Professional Staff Member on this committee 

and her years of work, on behalf of various colleagues. But I’ve also 

had the pleasure of knowing her due to our mutual South Dakota 

connection. Ann Begeman is a small-town South Dakota girl who 

has brought her South Dakota work ethic and professionalism to 

Washington, D.C., and to the work of the U.S. Senate. Ann has, as 

has already been mentioned by you, Mr. Chairman, by Senator 

Hutchison, an extraordinary record of accomplishment over a long 

period of time. She is someone who I think has proven and demonstrated the ability to immerse herself into the technical details 

of the complex legislation that we deal with in front of this committee but, at the same time, still able to see the public policy implications of what we do from the 30,000 foot level. And that’s a 

unique combination of skills, in the realm in which we deal on a 

daily basis. And I can’t think of anybody that is more qualified or 

would be better equipped to serve as a Member of the Surface 

Transportation Board. And I say that as a former State Rail Director in South Dakota and someone who has worked not only on this 

committee, but in the in House of Representatives on the relevant 

committees that have jurisdiction over the nation’s rail carriers. 

Ann is incredibly capable and talented and, when it comes to the 

rate and service issues that are going to come before the Surface 

Transportation Board, is going to be extremely well-equipped to 

deal with those issues. And I have a high level of confidence that 

the Surface Transportation Board is going to be extraordinarily 

well-served by her presence there. 

I will miss, I have to say, looking behind me to get answers to 

questions, as we often do look to her for her expertise. But I know 

she is looking forward to the service that she will provide the country at the STB, as are we. And so, I am delighted to be able to be 

here today to support a fellow South Dakotan and someone who 

comes from a small town called Humboldt, South Dakota, and has 

been a very humble public servant in her time here in Washington. 

And I hope that we can speed these nominations, as Senator 

Hutchison said, along through the Committee process and get them 

to the floor so we can get folks into the positions where they can 

begin making a difference for us. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Senator Thune. 

And Senator Portman, I’m glad to say that we welcome you, as 

we did at the beginning. And you had a little chance to relax a little bit and think over your testimony, and we look forward to hearing it. 

STATEMENT OF HON. ROB PORTMAN, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM OHIO 

Senator PORTMAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It was a pleasure 

to get to hear about some of the other nominees as well. 

But, as you know, I’m here, Chairman Rockefeller and Ranking 

Member Hutchison, and Senator Thune, to talk about an Ohioan. 

And I’m honored to have been asked. 

From the Wright Brothers Bicycle Shop in Dayton, Ohio, to John 

Glenn’s first orbit, your former colleague, Neil Armstrong’s first 

7 

step on the moon, Ohio has been at the forefront and has had a 

rich history in flight and a tradition in flight, science and aerospace. So, today it’s my honor to introduce a fellow Ohioan who’s 

continuing that tradition—excelling as an oceanographer, an astronaut, an educator, and a lot more. 

Dr. Sullivan has a very impressive record of service to her country. She’s a military commander, serving as a Captain in the Naval 

Reserves since 1988. She’s a NASA astronaut and a veteran of 

three shuttle missions, including one where, as has been noted this 

morning, she was indeed the first woman to walk in space. She was 

not, however, the first Ohioan. As she told me a minute ago, Neil 

Armstrong walking on the Moon probably makes him first among 

Ohioans walking outside a spacecraft. But she is someone we’re so 

proud of. She’s a member of the United States Astronauts Hall of 

Fame, a member of the Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame, the Veterans 

Hall of Fame. She has given so much already. But now she’s willing to allow her experience, expertise and passion to be used here 

in Washington, and we’re proud that she is stepping up to serve. 

For the last few years until last year, I was teaching at the John 

Glenn School of Public Affairs at Ohio State, and on their Board, 

their Advisory Committee, and she is there as well. She’s actually 

Director of the Glenn School’s Battelle Center for Mathematics and 

Science Education, serving as a nexus between good science and 

good public policy—something this committee cares a lot about. 

In 1996, after she served as Chief Scientist at NOAA, Dr. Sullivan moved to Ohio to be the CEO of a terrific interactive science 

museum in Columbus called COSI. And she has lived in Columbus 

ever since. And in fact, this morning she has confirmed to me that 

she will continue to be a Buckeye. She’s going to keep her home 

in Ohio and do the commute that many of us are used to. We’re 

very happy about that as well. 

Now, this museum is where I first met Dr. Sullivan. And I saw 

her interact with three children who happened to be my kids. And 

in doing so, I saw her convey to them her passion for science and 

its application in our daily lives. And I want to tell Dr. Sullivan 

this morning that my daughter Sally, who was 4 or 5 at the time 

and is now 16, seems to have an acute interest in science for some 

reason. And I hope she will be following up on that interest, and 

looking to you as she does as her role model. 

In an age where partisanship and politics too often cloud what 

we do here in Washington, it is really an honor to welcome her. 

She’s got a history of praise and respect from both sides of the isle. 

Mr. Chairman, she has been nominated to positions, as I count it, 

by five presidents already—George Herbert Walker Bush, President Reagan, President Clinton twice, President George W. Bush, 

and now, of course, President Obama, this time as Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation and Prediction at NOAA. 

Ohio has its rich tradition of leaders who have reached for the 

stars, and as you consider the nomination of Dr. Sullivan, I hope 

you will allow one of Ohio’s stars to continue her tradition of leading. 

Mr. Chairman, again, I thank you for allowing me to be with you 

today. 

8 

And to members of the Committee, I hope you will welcome Dr. 

Kathryn Sullivan. 

The CHAIRMAN. We certainly will, and we thank you very much, 

Senator. 

Senator PORTMAN. Thank you. 

The CHAIRMAN. And we apologize for making you wait. 

Senator PORTMAN. Not at all. 

The CHAIRMAN. Would the witnesses come forward, please? 

Mr. Coyle is without a chair. 

Ms. Begeman, maybe it would be appropriate to start with you. 

STATEMENT OF ANN D. BEGEMAN, MEMBER-DESIGNATE, 

SURFACE TRANSPORTATION BOARD, 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 

Ms. BEGEMAN. Thank you very much. 

I know, Chairman Rockefeller, you usually start by recognizing 

family members of nominees. And although my family couldn’t be 

here today, my Senate family is here all around me, next to you, 

and in the audience. And a large number of McCain staffers are 

here proving that, as Senator McCain would say, ‘‘they would do 

anything to leave their workstations.’’ 

[Laughter.] 

Ms. BEGEMAN. But I’m very happy that they’re here. They have 

rubber bands to hit me in the head in case I need it. But I hope 

that I don’t. 

Before I begin my statement, I just wanted to thank you for the 

kind words that all of the members have said, and just to quickly 

thank a few of the, really, key members in—the three that had just 

been most recently speaking, for giving me such a great experience 

here these last few years. Senator Thune—when I first returned to 

the Committee, he welcomed me to be a part of his team. And even 

today, although I do not staff him, he makes me feel like I’m a part 

of his office and his staff, and I greatly appreciate that. 

Chairman Rockefeller, your staff—thank you for your leadership 

in running this committee in a way that promotes bipartisanship. 

You know, for committee staffers, kind of juggling the views of 25 

members and their staffs can be interesting every day. But because 

of the tone and example that you and Senator Hutchison have set 

with this committee to be bipartisan, we’ve managed to have some 

great legislative accomplishments. And at times we surprise even 

ourselves, and, I think, you, too, with bills such as NASA and 

COMPETES. And I know that that will continue in the future. 

And finally, Senator Hutchison, thank you for everything. To get 

to work with you and your great committee staff, the tiger behind 

you—— 

[Laughter.] 

Ms. BEGEMAN.—Brian Hendricks, Joe, Jarrod, just everybody. 

Thank you for everything. I know that this will be probably the 

best professional experience that I ever have, and it’s because of 

the people I’ve gotten to work with, and I want to thank you all. 

Everyone on this side of the aisle as well. Thank you. 

Now, to my statement, which, I will try to be quite brief. 

It’s an honor to appear before you as the President’s nominee to 

the Surface Transportation Board. Having worked in the Senate for 

9 

over 20 years—12 of those as a proud Commerce Committee staffer—many of you know me quite well. But I want to briefly touch 

on my background for the benefit of any of you that don’t know me 

as well as others. 

I grew up on a farm in Humboldt, South Dakota and moved to 

Washington after graduating from college to work for my hometown senator, Larry Pressler. It’s Senator Pressler who first gave 

me the chance to work on transportation issues, and I want to 

mention that a number of my colleagues from Senator Pressler’s office are here in the audience, and I appreciate that they took the 

time to attend. 

I moved to this committee when Senator Pressler became Chairman, and then I continued on when Senator McCain became Chairman. Then I covered surface transportation and other issues for 9 

years, until moving over to Senator McCain’s personal office to 

serve as his Legislative Director. 

I returned 2 years ago to the Commerce Committee to once again 

work on surface transportation issues for Senator Hutchison and 

Senator Thune, and soon after, I also took on the responsibilities 

of the Staff Director. 

I wanted to return to the Committee for two reasons. First, I 

very much wanted to re-engage on transportation issues, as I feel 

strongly there’s a very appropriate federal role in ensuring the viability, safety and security of our nation’s transportation system. 

Second, during my previous years on the Committee, it operated 

largely in a bipartisan manner, and I hoped that in the post-Presidential election at the time, that the Committee might still have 

at least some level of bipartisanship that allowed it to be as effective as I had known it to be. As I’d mentioned, it turns out my expectations were greatly surpassed, and thank you for that. 

Again, I’ve covered the Committee’s surface transportation portfolio for many years, including when the Committee sunset the ICC 

and created the STB, and more recently, last Congress when we 

passed the STB Reauthorization Act, when this committee did. 

While I have had a good deal of hands-on experience with legislation concerning the Board and its duties, and have had the opportunity to meet countless times over the years with its stakeholders, 

I also recognize that I still have a lot to learn, and I’m determined 

to do so. 

If confirmed, I will approach that position fundamentally in the 

same way as I have approached my position as Senate staffer. I 

will work hard to understand the issues. I will listen without bias 

to all stakeholders. I’ll strive to be fair. I’ll never forget that I am 

accountable to the taxpayers. And I will always follow the guidance 

of the law, and make my decisions accordingly. 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement and biographical information of Ms. 

Begeman follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF ANN D. BEGEMAN, MEMBER-DESIGNATE, SURFACE

TRANSPORTATION BOARD, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Thank you, Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and members of 

the Committee, for holding this hearing to consider the nominees before you today. 

I will try to be brief, and I ask that my full statement be included in the record. 

10 

It is an honor to appear before you as the President’s nominee to the Surface 

Transportation Board (STB). Having worked in the Senate for over 20 years, 12 of 

those as a proud Commerce Committee staffer, many of you know me quite well. 

But I want to briefly touch on my background for the benefit of those who are new 

to the Committee. 

I grew up on a farm in Humboldt, South Dakota, and moved to Washington after 

graduating from college to work for my hometown Senator, Larry Pressler. It is Senator Pressler who first gave me the chance to work on transportation issues. I 

moved to this committee when he became Chairman, and I continued on when Senator McCain became chairman. I covered surface transportation and other issues for 

the Committee for 9 years until becoming Senator McCain’s Legislative Director in 

2004. I then returned to the Committee 2 years ago to work on surface transportation issues for Senators Hutchison and Thune, and soon after, also took on the 

Staff Director duties. 

I returned to the Committee for two reasons: First, I very much wanted to reengage on transportation policy issues, as I feel strongly that there is a very appropriate federal role in ensuring the viability, safety, and security of our nation’s 

transportation system. Second, during my previous years on the Committee, it operated largely in a bipartisan manner, and I hoped that in the post-Presidential election environment at the time, the Committee might still have at least some level 

of the bipartisanship that had allowed it to be so effective in the past. As it turns 

out, my expectations were surpassed. 

As I mentioned, I have covered the Committee’s surface transportation portfolio 

for a number of years, including when the Committee sunset the Interstate Commerce Commission and established the STB and, more recently, when the Committee passed the STB Reauthorization Act in the last Congress. While I have had 

a good deal of hands on experience with legislation concerning the Board and its 

duties, and have had the opportunity to meet countless times over the years with 

its stakeholders, I also recognize that I still have much to learn. And, I am determined to do so. 

If confirmed to serve as a Member of the STB, I will approach that position fundamentally in the same way I have conducted myself as a Senate staffer: I will work 

hard to understand the issues; I will listen without bias to all stakeholders; I will 

strive to be fair; I will never forget that I am accountable to the taxpayers; and I 

will always follow the guidance of the law and make my decisions accordingly. 

Again, thank you. I look forward to answering any questions you may have. 

A. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Ann D. Begeman. 

2. Position to which nominated: Member, Surface Transportation Board. 

3. Date of Nomination: January 5, 2011. 

4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses): 

Residence: Information not released to the public. 

Office: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, SD 560 

Dirksen, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510. 

5. Date and Place of Birth: April 18, 1964; Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 

6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including stepchildren and children 

by a previous marriage). 

Not Applicable. 

7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school attended. 

Bachelor of Science, Business Administration, University of South Dakota, 

1986. 

8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all management-level 

jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to the position for which you are 

nominated. 

Employment includes: 

Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler (5/86–3/88). 

First American Bankshares, Inc. (3/88–7/92). 

Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler (7/92–11/94). 

Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (11/94–1/04). 

Office of U.S. Senator John McCain (1/04–5/09). 

11 

Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (5/09 to present). 

Management positions include: serving as Deputy Staff Director for the Commerce 

Committee (1/02–1/04); Legislative Director (1/04–5/09) and Acting Chief of Staff (3/ 

07–2/08) for Senator John McCain; and Staff Director/Acting Staff Director for the 

Commerce Committee from 8/09 to present. Except for my employment with First 

American Bankshares, Inc., all other positions held included responsibilities dealing 

with federal policy matters, including specifically transportation. 

9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached. 

10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other than those listed above, within 

the last 5 years: Not applicable. 

11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, partner, proprietor, 

agent, representative, or consultant of any corporation, company, firm, partnership, 

or other business, enterprise, educational, or other institution within the last 5 

years: Not applicable. 

12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10 years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religious organization, private club, or other membership organization. Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or organization restricts membership 

on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or handicap: Not applicable. 

13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office (elected, nonelected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any campaign has any outstanding 

debt, the amount, and whether you are personally liable for that debt: No. 

14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign organization, political party, political action committee, or similar entity of $500 or more for the 

past 10 years. Also list all offices you have held with, and services rendered to, a 

state or national political party or election committee during the same period. 

In a volunteer capacity, I served as a Senior Advisor to the McCain for President 

Campaign, from February 2008–November 2008. Also in 2008, I volunteered for the 

Graham for Senate Campaign. 

15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition for outstanding service or 

achievements: Not applicable. 

16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of 

these publications unless otherwise instructed. 

I have drafted many speeches and op-eds during my employment in the U.S. Senate; however, all such items were under the employers’ names. 

17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified orally or in writing 

before Congress in a governmental or non-governmental capacity and specify the 

date and subject matter of each testimony: Not applicable. 

18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major operational objectives 

of the department/agency to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish 

to serve in that position? 

During over 20 years of employment in the U.S. Senate, I have worked on a wide 

range of federal transportation policy matters, including having served as the lead 

Republican staffer on the legislation that created the Surface Transportation Board 

(the ICC Termination Act of 1995), and most recently, on legislation reported by the 

Commerce Committee to reauthorize the STB. I have a strong professional interest 

in public policy matters, and believe it is very important that the Board be served 

by members who are committed to reaching fair and appropriate decisions in accordance with the governing statutes, rules, and regulations. 

19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to ensure that the 

department/agency has proper management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large organization? 

Although I would not be serving as the Board’s Chairman, who holds the foremost 

responsibilities for proper management and accounting controls, I would seek to continually work with the Chairman and other Members of the Board, and the Board’s 

staff, to ensure full compliance with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Pertinent management experience includes my work serving as Staff Director and Deputy Staff Director for the Senate Commerce Committee, and serving as Legislative 

Director and Acting Chief of Staff for a Senate Office. 

12 

20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the department/ 

agency, and why? 

1. Reauthorization of the Board to provide clarification of its mission. 

2. Proper allocation of Board resources to ensure timely Board actions. 

3. Outreach to all Board stakeholders, including rail customers, to encourage 

and facilitate use of agency recourses, including the Board’s informal dispute 

resolution alternatives, to help resolve shipper-railroad disputes in a timely 

manner. 

B. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements, and 

other continuing dealings with business associates, clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement accounts. 

I am vested in the Federal Employee Retirement System and the Thrift Savings 

Plan. 

2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, to maintain 

employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, association or other organization during your appointment? If so, please explain: Not applicable. 

3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other relationships which 

could involve potential conflicts of interest in the position to which you have been 

nominated: Not applicable. 

4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial transaction which you 

have had during the last 10 years, whether for yourself, on behalf of a client, or 

acting as an agent, that could in any way constitute or result in a possible conflict 

of interest in the position to which you have been nominated. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Office of 

Government Ethics and the Surface Transportation Board’s ethics official to identify 

potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in 

accordance with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered with the 

Board’s ethics official, a copy of which has been provided to this committee. 

5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have been engaged 

for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and execution of law or public 

policy. 

During my employment as a Senate staffer, I have continually been engaged in 

efforts to pass, defeat, or alter legislative initiatives and have also been involved in 

Committee oversight efforts concerning implementation of laws under the Committee’s jurisdiction. 

6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest, including any 

that may be disclosed by your responses to the above items. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Office of 

Government Ethics and the Surface Transportation Board’s ethics official to identify 

potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in 

accordance with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered with the 

Board’s ethics official, a copy of which has been provided to this committee. 

C. LEGAL MATTERS

1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics by, or been the 

subject of a complaint to any court, administrative agency, professional association, 

disciplinary committee, or other professional group? If so, please explain: No. 

2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by any federal, 

state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal, state, county, or municipal 

entity, other than for a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or civil litigation? If so, 

please explain: No. 

4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo contendere) of 

any criminal violation other than a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual harassment or 

discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please 

explain. 

To the best of my knowledge, I have never been accused, formally or informally, 

of any sexual harassment or discrimination, or of taking any action against anyone 

on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any other basis. 

13 

6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in connection with your nomination: 

None. 

D. RELATIONSHIP WITH COMMITTEE

1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes. 

2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can to protect 

Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal for their testimony and 

disclosures? Yes. 

3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with firsthand knowledge of matters 

of interest to the Committee? Yes. 

4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of 

the Congress on such occasions as you may be reasonably requested to do so? Yes. 

RESUME OF ANN D. BEGEMAN

Professional Overview 

Over 20 years of experience in government and corporate environments. Policy expertise in transportation, including economic and safety regulations governing railroads and other surface transportation modes. Possess in-depth knowledge of the 

legislative process, including planning and executing successful legislative agendas. 

Maintain strong bipartisan relationships and skilled in developing coalitions to support legislative goals. Experienced in hiring, training, and managing a wide range 

of employees. Presidential and Senate campaign experience. 

Employment 

U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Washington, 

D.C.—Staff Director/Acting Staff Director, Professional Staff Member, May 2009 to 

present. 

Work with Committee Ranking Member in development and implementation of 

policy objectives on behalf of Minority Members. Direct and coordinate all legislative, administrative, and other functions of the Minority. Advise Members and their 

staff on legislative matters and nominations relating to Committee jurisdiction, including surface transportation, aviation, telecommunications, and consumer protection. Manage more than 20 staff members and ensure compliance with Senate Rules 

and Ethics. Serve as the Minority’s principal liaison with other Senate and House 

offices, government agencies, and other organizations. Lead Minority staffer in development of the bipartisan Surface Transportation Board (STB) Reauthorization 

Act, and directly involved in Senate passage of the Federal Aviation Administration 

(FAA) Reauthorization Act. 

Office of U.S. Senator John McCain, Washington, D.C.—Legislative Director, January 2004 to May 2009; Acting Chief of Staff, March 2007 to February 2008. 

Advised and assisted Senator in formulation, coordination, and execution of legislative agenda. Hired and managed legislative staff and ensured timely development 

and execution of legislative initiatives. Major legislative initiatives include the 9/11 

Commission and implementation of its recommendations, rail security, immigration 

reform, and government reform. Drafted speeches, op-eds, and public statements. 

Managed general office activities and ensured compliance with Senate Rules and 

Ethics. Represented Senator in meetings with Members of Congress, Executive 

Branch representatives and outside groups. 

U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Washington, 

D.C.—Deputy Staff Director, January 2002 to January 2004. 

Worked with Committee Chairman and Staff Director in development and implementation of Committee’s policy objectives. Assisted in hiring, training, and managing 40 staff members and ensured compliance with Senate Rules. Supervised development of Committee legislation and carried out Chairman’s objective to report 

out over 25 agency/program reauthorizations under the Committee’s jurisdiction. 

Advised Committee Members during Senate floor debates. Represented Chairman in 

meetings with Members of Congress, Executive Branch representatives and outside 

groups. 

Member of the Professional Staff, November 1994 to January 2002. 

14 

Advised Committee Chairman and Majority Members in development and execution of an aggressive legislative agenda on multiple surface transportation issues, 

including rail, motor carrier, pipelines and the transport of hazardous materials. 

Major legislative initiatives include the ICC Termination Act, which created the 

STB, creation of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, safety titles in 

the highway bill reauthorization, and the National Transportation Safety Board 

(NTSB) Reauthorization. Organized Committee hearings. Advised and assisted Committee Members during floor debates. 

Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler, Washington, D.C.—Legislative Assistant, 

July 1992 to November 1994. 

Advised Senator on multiple legislative issues, including transportation, labor, 

human resources, tourism, government affairs, and natural disasters. Developed 

and advanced Senator’s aviation legislative agenda in support of his position as 

Ranking Member of the Commerce Committee’s Aviation Subcommittee, including 

the NTSB Reauthorization and FAA Reauthorization. 

First American Bankshares, Inc., Washington, D.C.—Senior Benefits Specialist; 

Benefits Specialist, March 1988 to June 1992. 

Administered 401(k) Savings and Profit Sharing Plan for over 6000 participants 

employed by 12 subsidiary companies. Assured compliance with federal reporting 

and nondiscrimination regulations. Prepared board resolutions and plan amendments. Consulted with and made recommendations to senior management, legal 

counsel and actuaries. Assisted in administration of defined benefit plan and flexible 

welfare benefits plan. 

Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler, Washington, D.C.—Legislative Assistant; 

Legislative Staff Assistant, May 1986 to March 1988. 

Drafted legislation, speeches, op-eds, press releases and constituent correspondence. Advised Senator on multiple legislative issues, including railroads, aviation, 

busing, trucking, highways, and tourism. Assisted Legislative Counsel on all Commerce Committee issues. Greeted constituents and visitors and answered and 

screened incoming calls. 

Education 

Bachelor of Science, Business Administration, University of South Dakota. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Ms. Begeman, very much. 

Mr. Coyle. 

STATEMENT OF PHILIP E. COYLE III, 

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR-DESIGNATE, 

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, 

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 

Mr. COYLE. Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, 

members of the Committee, it’s a pleasure to appear before you 

today. 

I last appeared before this committee on November 18, 2009, as 

President Obama’s nominee to be Associate Director for National 

Security and International Affairs in the Office of Science and 

Technology Policy. 

I took on the duties of that position in July 2010, as a result of 

a recess appointment by the President, and it has been a real 

honor and a privilege for me to work at OSTP for these past nearly 

8 months. 

Mr. Chairman, before I talk about my work, I’d like to introduce 

my wife, Dr. Martha Krebs, who’s sitting in the second row. Martha had the great pleasure of working for Senator Nelson—— 

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Coyle, I think your wife needs to be able to 

stand up. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. COYLE. Thank you. 

15 

Martha had the great pleasure of working for Senator Nelson, 

then Representative Nelson, as a staff member on the House 

Science Committee in the early 1980s. For 30 years, she and I have 

felt a close kinship with the House Science Committee and with 

this committee. And I would like nothing more than to be able to 

continue this collaborative relationship in my capacity as the Senate-confirmed Associate Director at OSTP. 

As the Associate Director for National Security and International 

Affairs, my focus within OSTP is on ensuring that America’s investments in science and technology help to safeguard U.S. national security, protect our troops, and ensure the safety of American citizens here at home and around the world. That means 

bringing the very best of science and technology to issues such as 

cybersecurity, homeland security, biosecurity, and other topics. 

The people who work at OSTP and I take pride every day in our 

service to this country. I have submitted for the record a somewhat 

more detailed account of what the National Security and International Affairs Division has been focused on under my leadership. 

But I’d like to take just a moment to highlight a few things which 

I think we can all agree are of central importance to our nation’s 

continued economic strength and national security. 

First, the security of cyberspace, comprising the networks that 

connect us and the technologies that empower us, is a critical priority in the digital age. With others in the federal, academic, and 

commercial sectors we have developed a new research and development program that spans from basic research to operational implementation. 

In the arena of homeland security, we support the application of 

science and technology to enhance port and border security, to defend against nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical threats, 

and to counter terrorists’ use of explosives. 

To help deal with all these threats, OSTP is active in the interagency processes overseen by the Committee on Homeland and National Security, which I co-chair, of the National Science and Technology Council. We are engaged with the Department of Defense to 

support defense research and development initiatives, to strengthen our manufacturing and industrial base, and improve the quality 

of DOD laboratories, and to increase funding for basic research programs at universities and small businesses. And in the increasingly 

important realm of security-critical materials, we lead an interagency working group focused on rare earth elements and the 

broader topic of strategic and critical mineral supplies. 

A common theme among all these areas of emphasis is support 

for the very best science and technology to serve America’s interest. 

If confirmed, I intend to build on my long record of national security-related public service by helping to maintain the preeminence 

of American science and technology as it relates to public safety 

and national security and, working from that position of strength, 

to foster international science and technology collaboration to advance U.S. goals. 

I am grateful for the courtesy shown by the members of this committee and your staff, and I look forward to working with you and 

them in the future. And I’d be pleased to answer any questions you 

may have. 

16 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr. 

Coyle follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF PHILIP E. COYLE III, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR-DESIGNATE, 

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and members of the Committee, it is a pleasure to appear before you today. 

The scope of OSTP activities is broad, including helping to assure that America’s 

science and technology programs increase American productivity and drive economic 

growth, improve the nation’s health, provide new sources of energy, and protect the 

environment. As Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs 

(NSIA), my focus within OSTP is on assuring that America’s investments in science 

and technology help to safeguard U.S. national security, protect our troops, and ensure the safety of American citizens here at home and around the world. That 

means bringing the very best science and technology to bear on issues of cybersecurity, homeland security, bio-security, and other topics. The people who work at 

OSTP and I take pride every day in our service to this country. 

I would like to provide a summary to highlight what the National Security and 

International Affairs division has been focused on under my leadership—highlights 

that I think we can agree are of central importance to our nation’s continued economic strength and national security: 

Cybersecurity—Ensuring that cyberspace is safe, reliable and an engine for prosperity for all citizens requires a commitment to innovation in cybersecurity. With 

others in the federal, academic, and commercial sectors, we work to implement the 

priority cybersecurity objectives described in the Cyberspace Policy Review. These 

include a targeted research and development program and increased training and 

educational opportunities. 

Science and Technology to Support Our Veterans—A new initiative for rehabilitation and recovery seeks to bring the best of American science and technology to support our returning service members, helping our veterans achieve mobility and 

functionality at home, at work, and in recreation. NSIA is helping to apply technologies for advanced prosthetic devices using advanced materials, sensors and controls, neuroscience, engineering, computer simulation, rehabilitation medicine, telemedicine, and social and behavioral sciences. 

Defense Science and Technology—In close cooperation with the Defense Department, we are working to ensure that we are developing and fielding the technologies 

needed to meet the demands of a nation at war and to meet the emerging threats 

of our time. In particular, NSIA has focused on sustaining funding for defense basic 

research programs, and policies to revitalize our network of defense laboratories. 

Homeland Security—Science and technology are critical to enhance the security 

of our citizens and to counter terrorist use of explosives. Among other responsibilities in this area, we are leading an interagency process to identify areas where 

science and technology can reduce the threat from improvised explosive devices, 

both at home and abroad. 

Biological and Chemical Defense—NSIA is engaged collaboratively in the development of coordinated strategies and policies to respond to chemical and biological 

threats via work in a set of linked interagency working groups that together are 

streamlining research and development in these domains. 

Energy Security—We are supporting the development and application of technologies to strengthen U.S. energy security. In particular, we are addressing threats 

that can result from damage due to natural events, such as extreme space weather, 

or as a result of political or economic instabilities affecting energy supply and cost. 

In addition, we are working with the Department of Defense on the use of energy 

technologies to reduce costs and logistical burdens. 

National Security and Emergency Preparedness Communications—The OSTP Director has specific responsibilities both for communications during a crisis and for 

ensuring the readiness of capabilities in advance of a crisis. To fulfill OSTP’s readiness responsibilities, NSIA works in partnership with others to establish architectural requirements for continuity of emergency communications for the government, 

including the evaluation of existing and planned capabilities. 

Nuclear Deterrence—NSIA supports maintenance of U.S. nuclear deterrence, 

stockpile stewardship, strengthening the scientific enterprises at the nuclear weapons laboratories, and the development of an R&D plan to enhance monitoring and 

verification. 

17 

Nuclear Defense—We lead an interagency group that oversees execution of a coordinated nuclear-defense R&D strategy and related efforts to counter nuclear terrorism by improving nuclear safeguards and security. 

Critical Materials—We are leading a new interagency working group on strategic 

and critical mineral supply chains that is addressing recent concerns about rare 

earth minerals. We are also working to ensure continued access to the medically important isotope Molybdenum-99. 

International Affairs—We have created a new subcommittee of the National 

Science and Technology Council and are participating in other interagency mechanisms to use science and technology collaboration to enhance national security 

through such activities as the Science Envoy Program, as well as other cooperative 

ventures relating to health, education, and energy with scientists in the Middle East 

and North Africa. 

Conclusion 

President Obama’s National Security Strategy released last May stated that 

‘‘America’s role as the global engine of scientific discovery and technological innovation has never been more critical.’’ It further noted that our ‘‘commitment to science 

and technology . . . will help us protect our citizens and advance U.S. national security priorities.’’ I am proud of the work of the National Security and International 

Affairs division, and hope that, if confirmed, I will have the opportunity to continue 

that work with this Committee and the Congress for our nation’s security. 

Thank you. 

A. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Philip E. Coyle III. 

2. Position to which nominated: Associate Director, National Security and International Affairs, Office of Science and Technology Policy. 

3. Date of Nomination: January 26, 2011. 

4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses): 

Residence: Information not released to the public. 

Office: Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, 725 17th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20502. 

5. Date and Place of Birth: August 30, 1934; Beverly, Massachusetts. 

6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including stepchildren and children 

by a previous marriage). 

Spouse: Dr. Martha A. Krebs, Executive Director, Energy and Environmental 

Research Development, Office of Research, University of California at Davis. 

Children: Laurie E. Monserrat (daughter), age 52; Philip E. Coyle, IV (son), age 

49; James Evans Coyle (son), age 47; Jonathan H. Leidecker (step son), age 40. 

7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school attended. 

Dartmouth College, BA, 1956, MSME, 1957. 

8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all management-level 

jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to the position for which you are 

nominated. 

2010 to present—Associate Director, National Security and International Affairs, Office of Science and Technology Policy. 

2001–2010—Senior Advisor, World Security Institute (formerly the Center for 

Defense Information). 

1994–2001—Director Operational Test and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Defense. 

1993–1994—Consultant, DynCorp Meridian. 

1981–1993—Laboratory Associate Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, retired in 1993 (the second time). 

1979–1981—Deputy Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs, U.S. Department of Energy. 

1959–1979—various positions beginning as staff engineer in 1959, retired in 

1979 (the first time) as Deputy Associate Director for Lasers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 

1957–1959—teacher, Chadwick School. 

18 

9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached. 

10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other than those listed above, within 

the last 5 years. 

The Standing Committee on Biodefense at the U.S. Department of Defense, the 

National Research Council, 2007–2010. 

The Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals, sponsored by DHS, the National Research Council, 2008–2010. 

The Committee on Improving Processes and Policies for the Acquisition and 

Test of Information Technology in the DOD, the National Research Council, 

2008–2010. 

The Committee on the Test and Evaluation of Biological Standoff Detection Systems, for the U.S. Army, the National Research Council, 2007–2008. 

11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, partner, proprietor, 

agent, representative, or consultant of any corporation, company, firm, partnership, 

or other business, enterprise, educational, or other institution within the last 5 

years. 

Senior Advisor, World Security Institute (formerly the Center for Defense Information), 2001–2010. 

Consultant, Defense Group Inc. (DGI), 2006. 

Consultant, RAND Corporation, 2005, 2007, and 2008. 

12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10 years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religious organization, private club, or other membership organization. Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or organization restricts membership 

on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or handicap: None. 

13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office (elected, nonelected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any campaign has any outstanding 

debt, the amount, and whether you are personally liable for that debt: No, none. 

14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign organization, 

political party, political action committee, or similar entity of $500 or more for the 

past 10 years. Also list all offices you have held with, and services rendered to, a 

state or national political party or election committee during the same period. 

8/20/09—Mark Desaulnier—$400. 

4/25/09—DCCC—$2,000. 

8/7/08—Obama for America—$500. 

2/14/08—Tauscher for Congress—$2,000. 

8/12/07—Hillary for President—$2,300. 

6/26/07—Steve Filson for Assembly—$1,000. 

10/26/06—Tauscher for Congress—$2,000. 

5/15/06—Steve Filson for Congress—$1,000. 

4/08/06—Steve Filson for Congress—$1,000. 

3/5/06—Tauscher for Congress—$500. 

12/3/05 Friends of Hillary—$500. 

10/31/05—Ellen Tauscher—$250. 

9/19/05—DCCC—$1,000. 

10/26/04—Committee to Re-elect Linda Sa ́nchez—$500. 

9/20/04—DCCC—$1,000. 

8/12/04—Committee to Re-elect Linda Sa ́nchez—$500. 

5/23/04—DCCC—$1,000. 

3/10/04—John Kerry for President—$2,000. 

1/9/04—Howard Dean—$250. 

1/7/04—Linda Sa ́nchez—$250. 

1/3/04—Tauscher for Congress—$500. 

12/4/03—Friends of Hillary—$1,000. 

9/30/03—Howard Dean—$250. 

9/26/03—Linda Sa ́nchez—$250. 

19 

9/24/03—Loretta Sanchez—$250. 

6/1/03—Loretta Sanchez for Congress—$500. 

4/15/03—Tauscher for Congress—$500. 

9/30/02—Committee to Re-elect Loretta Sanchez—$500. 

9/30/02—Rush Holt for Congress—$500. 

5/28/02—Friends of Carl Levin—$1,000. 

3/1/02—Tauscher for Congress—$500. 

3/1/02—Rush Holt for Congress—$500. 

2/4/02—Committee to Reelect Loretta Sanchez—$500. 

2/24/02—Kucinich for Congress—$500. 

6/24/02—Loretta Sanchez—$400. 

3/8/02—Ellen Tauscher—$500. 

8/20/01—Friends of Hillary—$500. 

3/14/01—Carl Levin—$500. 

No offices held nor services rendered to a state or national political party or election committee. 

15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition for outstanding service or 

achievements. 

In 1997, awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal by Secretary of Defense William Perry, and in 2001, the Bronze Palm of the Defense Distinguished 

Service Medal by Secretary of Defense William Cohen. 

In September 2000, awarded the Allan R. Matthews Award of the International 

Test and Evaluation Association, its highest award, for contributions to the management and technology of test and evaluation. 

In March 2001, received the Hollis Award from the National Defense Industrial 

Association for lifelong achievement in defense test and evaluation. 

By Aviation Week magazine, named as one of its Laurels honorees for the year 

2000, a select group of people recognized for outstanding contributions in aerospace. 

In recognition of my years of service to the Laboratory and to the University of 

California, the University named me Laboratory Associate Director Emeritus. 

16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of 

these publications unless otherwise instructed. 

Contributor to ‘‘Global Biosecurity,’’ edited by Peter Katona, Michael D. 

Intriligator and John P. Sullivan, Routledge, London, January 2010. 

‘‘The Proliferation Security Initiative, Background, history, and prospects,’’ a 

commissioned paper for the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, January 2009. 

‘‘Missile Defense Malfunction,’’ Ethics and International Affairs Journal, Volume 22.1 Spring, 2008, a commissioned paper for the Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs. 

‘‘Missile Defense and Arms Control, 25 Years Later,’’ The Defense Monitor, the 

Center for Defense Information, March 21, 2008, with Victoria Samson; also see 

various electronic postings on the Center for Defense Information website, 2001– 

2010. 

‘‘The Limits and Liabilities of Missile Defense,’’ Current History, November 

2006. 

‘‘Is Missile Defense on Target?,’’ Arms Control Today, October 2003. 

Viewpoint, ‘‘The Truth About Missile Defense: Will Science Make a Difference?,’’ 

a review of the American Physical Society report on the scientific feasibility of 

boost-phase missile defense, for the APS News, a journal of the American Physical Society, October 2003. 

‘‘Missile Defense in the Bush Administration,’’ Arms Control Today, May 2002. 

17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified orally or in writing 

before Congress in a governmental or non-governmental capacity and specify the 

date and subject matter of each testimony. 

November 18, 2009, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Confirmation hearing for Philip E. Coyle III to be the Associate Director 

at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President. 

20 

March 17, 2009, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy 

and Water: The Future of the DOE Complex Transformation Program. 

February 25, 2009, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on 

Strategic Forces: The Future of Missile Defense Testing. 

April 30, 2008, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs: Oversight of Ballistic Missile Defense, (Part 3). 

April 30, 2008, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs: Oversight of Ballistic Missile Defense, (Part 2). 

December 7, 2007, Senate Democratic Policy Committee: Department of Defense 

Spending in Iraq. 

June 6, 2007, House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Air and 

Land Forces: Army Force Protection Programs and Operation Iraqi Freedom 

and Operation Enduring Freedom, Body Armor. 

January 18, 2007, House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Air and 

Land Forces: Army Force Protection Programs and Operation Iraqi Freedom 

and Operation Enduring Freedom, Active Protection Systems. 

August 22, 2002, Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry. 

June 11, 2002, House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight: Missile 

Defense Testing. 

July 19, 2001, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Full Committee: Ballistic 

missile defense policies and programs. 

18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major operational objectives 

of the department/agency to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish 

to serve in that position? 

Since July, 2010, I have served as a recess appointee and the Associate Director 

for National Security and International Affairs at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President—the position for which I have been 

nominated. I believe that among the qualifications I bring—and, if confirmed, would 

continue to bring—to the position is thirty-three years experience with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in a variety of scientific and leadership positions, and from which I retired as Deputy to the Director. I also bring experience 

as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs in the Department of Energy, 

and my service from 1994 to 2001 as Assistant Secretary for Test and Evaluation 

(Director, Operational Test and Evaluation) in the Department of Defense. 

It is, and would continue to be, an honor to serve in the Office of Science and 

Technology Policy. If I am confirmed, this would be an opportunity to continue to 

serve my country, contribute to the national security of the United States, help support science and technology for America’s present needs and future development, 

and help foster international science and technology collaboration to advance U.S. 

foreign-policy objectives. 

19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to ensure that the 

department/agency has proper management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large organization? 

With respect to sustaining proper management and accounting controls, my responsibilities, if confirmed, would be to assure that all activities under my purview 

at OSTP are managed in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and Congressional guidelines; in accordance with the highest professional standards for scientific 

research and technology development; and in accordance with scientific and technological standards and practices for careful peer review. My experience in managing 

large organizations includes serving as the Deputy Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, at the time a 10,000-person Laboratory; serving as Assistant Secretary for Test and Evaluation (i.e., Director Operational Test and Evaluation) in the Department of Defense; and serving as Deputy Assistant Secretary 

for Defense Programs in the Department of Energy. 

20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the department/ 

agency, and why? 

1. Developing science and technology programs that will increase American productivity and drive economic growth. 

21 

2. Developing science and technology programs that will improve health, provide new sources of energy, and safeguard the environment. 

3. Developing science and technology programs that will safeguard U.S. national security, protect our troops, and support improved verification of arms 

control and verification agreements. 

B. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements, and 

other continuing dealings with business associates, clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement accounts. 

Pension, California State Public Employees Retirement System; Pension, University of California Retirement System. 

2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, to maintain 

employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, association or other organization during your appointment? If so, please explain: No, none. 

3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other relationships which 

could involve potential conflicts of interest in the position to which you have been 

nominated: None. 

4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial transaction which :you 

have had during the last 10 years, whether for yourself, on behalf of a client, or 

acting as an agent, that could in any way constitute or result in a possible conflict 

of interest in the position to which you have been nominated: None. 

5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have been engaged 

for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and execution of law or public 

policy: None. 

6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest, including any 

that may be disclosed by your responses to the above items. 

Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the terms 

of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the designated agency ethics 

official for OSTP and that has been provided to this Committee. 

C. LEGAL MATTERS

1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics by, or been the 

subject of a complaint to any court, administrative agency, professional association, 

disciplinary committee, or other professional group? If so, please explain: No. 

2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by any federal, 

state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal, state, county, or municipal 

entity, other than for a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or civil litigation? If so, 

please explain. 

I have been named as a defendant in several civil suits, but solely in my capacity 

as a member of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. None of these 

cases alleged any personal wrong doing, and I have played no role in their litigation. 

4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo contendere) of 

any criminal violation other than a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual harassment or 

discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please 

explain: No. 

6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in connection with your nomination: 

None. 

D. RELATIONSHIP WITH COMMITTEE

1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes. 

2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can to protect 

Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal for their testimony and 

disclosures? Yes. 

3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with firsthand knowledge of matters 

of interest to the Committee? Yes. 

4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of 

the Congress on such occasions as you may be reasonably requested to do so? Yes. 

22 

RESUME OF PHILIP E. COYLE III

Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs, 

Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President 

Mr. Philip E. Coyle III currently serves as the Associate Director of National Security and International Affairs (NSIA) in the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). As such, he has primary responsibility for supporting the Director of 

OSTP in developing and executing science and technology initiatives in areas including: homeland and national security research, development and acquisition; nuclear, 

chemical, and biological defense; counterproliferation, cybersecurity; international 

science and technology cooperation; and nuclear security. 

Mr. Coyle served as a Senior Advisor to the President of the World Security Institute and to its Center for Defense Information, a Washington D.C.-based national 

security study center. In 2005 and 2006, Mr. Coyle served on the nine-member Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC), appointed by President 

George W. Bush and nominated by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. Prior to this 

appointment, Mr. Coyle served on Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger’s 

Base Support and Retention Council. From September 1994 through January 2001, 

Mr. Coyle was Assistant Secretary of Defense and Director, Operational Test and 

Evaluation, in the Department of Defense, and is the longest serving Director in the 

25-year history of the Office. In this capacity, he was the principal advisor to the 

Secretary of Defense on test and evaluation in the Department of Defense. Mr. 

Coyle has 40 years experience in national security research, development, and testing matters. 

From 1959 to 1979, and again from 1981 to 1993, Mr. Coyle worked at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, California. Over those 

33 years Mr. Coyle worked on a variety of nuclear weapons programs and other high 

technology programs. Mr. Coyle also served as Deputy Associate Director of the 

Laser Program at LLNL. Mr. Coyle retired from the Laboratory in 1993 as Laboratory Associate Director and deputy to the Director. In recognition of his years of 

service to the Laboratory and to the University of California, the University named 

Mr. Coyle Laboratory Associate Director Emeritus. During the Carter Administration, Mr. Coyle served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). In this capacity he had oversight responsibility for the nuclear weapons research, development, production and testing 

programs of the Department, as well as the DOE programs in arms control, nonproliferation, and nuclear safeguards and security. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, sir. 

Dr. Sullivan. 

STATEMENT OF DR. KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN, ASSISTANT 

SECRETARY-DESIGNATE OF COMMERCE FOR OBSERVATION 

AND PREDICTION, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC 

ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Dr. SULLIVAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and Ranking Member 

Hutchison, and members of the Committee. 

I’m honored to come before you today as the President’s nominee 

for the Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Environmental Observation and Prediction. 

I’d also like to thank Secretary Locke and Under Secretary 

Lubchenco for their strong support of my nomination, and, of 

course, Senator Portman for that very generous introduction. 

I’m delighted that my family is represented here today supporting me. My brother Grant, his wife Lee, their children 

Michelle, Daniel, and Timothy, have joined us. I thank them all 

from the bottom of my heart for always encouraging me to reach 

for the stars. 

I would like to say also that with me here in spirit are two truly 

remarkable parents. My father and mother were both outstanding 

natural teachers who were never exhausted by the endless quesVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
23 

tions of a very curious child, and always helped us build answers 

in a way that made us feel like we were peer learners. Little wonder that such a household produced an inveterate explorer. 

Finally, I’m grateful to have my cousin, Rita Kelly, and a number 

of friends and colleagues from near and far here in the audience 

today. 

Our family moved to California when I was six, and I grew up 

roaming the then-open fields and rolling hills of the San Fernando 

Valley, always curious about what lay beyond the end of our street. 

Our family’s flying and fishing trips fed my interest in everything 

geographical and gave me my first small lessons in expedition planning. 

This all took place against the dramatic backdrop of sea and 

space exploration, for these were the times of Alan Shepard, John 

Glenn, Jacques Cousteau and others. I was drawn strongly to the 

drama of challenge and discovery in the lives of these pioneers, and 

hoped that I might find a way to center my own life on such endeavors. 

My plan for college was to parlay a flair for foreign languages 

into that adventurous life, but university requirements forced me 

to first take three science courses. Thus did I discover oceanography. Here standing before me were real, accessible people who 

knew the whole planet like their backyard, and whose lives were 

full of just the blend of curiosity, problem-solving, and adventure 

that I had been seeking. I changed majors on the spot and never 

looked back. 

That decision led eventually to doctoral work in marine geology 

and geophysics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Satellite remote sensing and space-based oceanography were just 

developing in those years and promised to revolutionize all of the 

earth sciences. I followed these developments avidly, never imagining that I myself would some day orbit the earth. 

When NASA began recruiting the first shuttle class in 1976, I 

first dismissed the thought of applying. I loved going out to sea, 

and was fascinated by the ocean sciences. When I reconsidered the 

proposition as the opportunity to serve, planning and conducting 

research expeditions aboard a space vessel rather than a marine 

vessel, however, I decided to give it a try. 

Unlike on an oceanographic ship, the scientists in the space shuttle program, called Mission Specialists, would be immersed fully in 

both the workings of the shuttle and the scientific operations. The 

icing on the cake, of course, was that I would get to see the earth 

from space with my own eyes—an absolutely irresistible proposition. 

My experience in orbit, Mr. Chairman, is undoubtedly one of the 

strongest factors that shapes my perspective on the role for which 

I am nominated. No amount of words can convey what it feels like 

to see our planet from this vantage point, nor express the flood of 

thoughts and questions that course through one’s mind. The grand 

scale and vast power of the planet’s natural systems are vividly apparent, but so are the breathtakingly fine-scale features that remind one of the most exquisite filigree and clear signs of the hand 

of man across the face of the globe. 

24 

This experience deepened my fascination with the amazing 

sphere on which we live. It strengthened my conviction that we 

must continually strive to better understand our home planet and 

the working of its natural systems, and to translate scientific understanding into tools and information that help people live safe, 

productive and sustainable lives. 

NOAA plays precisely that vital role for our nation, advancing 

scientific knowledge, and then converting that enhanced understanding into useful information services for Americans. I was delighted and honored to be nominated and confirmed as the Agency’s 

Chief Scientist in the early 1990s, and look forward eagerly to joining the team again if confirmed. 

During the past 15 years, while my primary work has centered 

on science education, I’ve been able to stay abreast with the relevant earth sciences. In particular, my assignments as an oceanography officer in the Navy Reserve and my service on the National 

Science Board and Pew Oceans Commission have been very valuable in this regard. 

Finally, Mr. Chairman, the Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation and Prediction is the person responsible for 

making sure that the American people get the best result from 

NOAA’s investments in the satellites and other observing systems 

that let us forecast weather and climate changes, and predict other 

changes in our ocean and atmosphere. This is a responsibility that 

I take quite seriously. And if confirmed, I would look forward to 

working with you and all of your staffs, and interacting closely 

with the Congress to execute this important function. 

I thank you again for your consideration of my nomination and 

the opportunity to appear before you this morning, and look forward to your questions. 

[The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr. Sullivan follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DR. KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN, ASSISTANT SECRETARYDESIGNATE OF COMMERCE FOR OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION, NATIONAL OCEANIC

AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Hutchinson, members of the Committee—I am 

honored to come before you today as President Obama’s nominee for Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Environmental Observation and Prediction. I would also like 

to thank Secretary Locke and Under Secretary Lubchenco for their gracious support 

of my nomination. 

My wonderful family is represented here today by my brother, Grant, his wife 

Lee, and their children Michelle, Daniel and Timothy. I thank them all, from the 

bottom of my heart, for always encouraging me to reach for the stars. With me here 

in spirit today are also my truly remarkable parents. My father and mother were 

outstanding natural teachers: Never exhausted by the endless questions of curious 

children, and always able to engage us in figuring out answers in a way that made 

us feel like peer-learners. Little wonder that such a home produced an inveterate 

explorer. I am also grateful to have my cousin Rita Kelly and a number of friends 

and colleagues from near and far here to support me today. 

Our family moved to California when I was six, and I grew up among the thenopen fields and rolling hills of the San Fernando Valley. I spent many weekends 

roaming the open stretches of the valley with friends, just curious to know what was 

beyond the end of our street. Our family’s flying and fishing trips further fed my 

interest in everything geographical, and gave me my first lessons in expedition planning. This all took place against the backdrop of dramatic events in sea and space 

exploration, for these were the times of Alan Shepard, John Glenn, Jacques 

Cousteau and others. I felt drawn deeply to the drama of challenge and discovery 

25 

in the lives of these pioneers, and hoped I might find a way to center my life on 

such endeavors. 

My plan for college was to parlay a natural flair for foreign languages into that 

adventurous life. To my dismay, but also everlasting good fortune, university requirements forced me to take three natural science courses during freshman year. 

Thus did I discover oceanography. Here before me stood real, accessible people, who 

seemed to know the whole planet like their backyard, and whose lives were full of 

just the blend of curiosity, problem-solving and adventure that I had been seeking. 

I changed majors on the spot and never looked back. 

That decision led, eventually, to my doctoral work in marine geology and geophysics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Satellite remote sensing 

and space-based oceanography were developing rapidly in those years. Though my 

own work involved the geology of the deep-sea floor, I followed these developments 

avidly. Sensing that these new methods would transform the earth sciences, I considered seeking a post-doctoral fellowship in the field to learn more, never imagining 

that I would someday orbit the Earth myself. 

When NASA began recruiting the first class of space shuttle astronauts in 1976, 

I first dismissed the thought of applying. I loved the science I was doing, and I loved 

being at sea. When I re-framed the proposition into one of planning and conducting 

expeditions aboard a space ship rather than a marine vessel, I decided to try. Unlike 

aboard an oceanographic ship, the scientists in the shuttle program—called Mission 

Specialists—would be immersed fully in both the workings of the shuttle and the 

scientific operations. The icing on the cake, of course, was that I would get to see 

the earth from space with my own eyes—an irresistible prospect. 

My experience in orbit is undoubtedly one of the strongest factors shaping my perspective on the role for which I am nominated. No amount of words or photos can 

convey what it feels like to see our planet from this vantage point, nor express the 

flood of thoughts and questions that course through one’s mind. The grand scale and 

vast power of the planet’s natural systems are vividly apparent, but so are breathtakingly fine-scale features that remind one of the most exquisite filigree. The hand 

of man is also quite apparent across the face of the globe, evident in the gray 

smudges of urban areas, in ship wakes and jet contrails and, perhaps most stunningly, in the sparkling diamond lacework of cities at night. 

This experience deepened my fascination with this amazing sphere on which we 

live. It strengthened my conviction that we must continually strive to better understand our home planet and the workings of its natural systems, and to translate 

scientific understanding into tools and information that help people live safe, productive and sustainable lives. 

NOAA plays precisely that vital role for our country—advancing scientific knowledge, and then converting that enhanced understanding into useful information 

services for Americans. I was delighted and honored to be nominated and confirmed 

as the agency’s Chief Scientist in the early 1990s, and look forward eagerly to joining the team again, if confirmed. During the past fifteen years, while my primary 

work has centered on science education, I have been able to stay abreast of developments in the Earth sciences—and here I use that term broadly, to include oceanography and the atmospheric sciences. My assignments as an oceanography officer 

during 18 years in the U.S. Navy Reserve, and my service on the National Science 

Board and Pew Oceans Commission have been especially valuable in this regard. 

The Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation and Prediction is the person responsible for making sure that the American people get the best result from 

NOAA’s investments in the satellites and other observation systems that allow us 

to forecast weather and climate conditions, as well as to predict other changes in 

our oceans and atmosphere. This is a responsibility that I take quite seriously and, 

if confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the Congress to execute this important function. 

I thank you for your consideration of my nomination and the opportunity to address this committee. I look forward to any questions you may have. 

A. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): 

Kathryn D. Sullivan (Kathy). 

2. Position to which nominated: Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Environmental 

Observation and Prediction. 

3. Date of Nomination: January 5, 2011. 

26 

4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses): 

Residence: Information not released to the public. 

Office: The Ohio State University, 1810 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210. 

5. Date and Place of Birth: October 3, 1951; Paterson, NJ. 

6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including stepchildren and children 

by a previous marriage). 

Never married; no children. 

7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school attended. 

B.S. (1973), University of California, Santa Cruz. 

Ph.D. (1978), Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada). 

8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all management-level 

jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to the position for which you are 

nominated. 

Graduate Fellowships, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (1973–1975) 

and National Research Council, Canada, (1975–1978), Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Relevant work: Marine geology and geophysics research expeditions. 

1978–1993: NASA Mission Specialist Astronaut, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. 

Relevant assignments: Mission Manager, WB–57F high-altitude research aircraft program (1979–1981); Mission Lead & Co-Investigator, Shuttle Imaging 

Radar-B flight experiment, STS–41G (1983–1984); Payload Commander, 

ATLAS–1 Atmospheric Sciences Spacelab flight, STS–45 (1990–1992). 

Chief Scientist, NOAA (1993–1996), Washington, D.C. 

Oceanography Officer, U.S. Navy Reserve (1988–2007). 

Relevant assignments: Tactical sensor operational performance predictions, 

ONR TAC 206 and CTF–66 (1988–1989); Executive Officer and Commanding 

Officer, NORA 1570 (meteorological and oceanographic services training unit), 

NAS Dallas (1989–1993); Environmental sensor and models research portfolio 

assessment, SPAWAR 0466/Naval Research Laboratory (1993–1996). 

President and CEO, COSI (Center of Science and Industry), Columbus, OH 

(President and CEO, 1996–2005; Science Advisor 01/2006–11/2006). 

Relevant work: executive leadershipand supervision; strategic planning; annual 

operating plans and budgets; internal business process improvements; communications and marketing; stakeholder relationships; informal science education. 

Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science Education Policy, John 

Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State University (2006 to present). 

Corporation Member, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1996 to present). 

Relevance: This non-governing affiliation with WHOI has helped me maintain 

a current knowledge of ocean sciences, especially with ocean observing vehicles 

and technologies. 

National Science Board (2004–2010). 

Relevance: Programmatic and budgetary matters coming before the board have 

helped me maintain a current knowledge of observation, monitoring and research programs and technology developments in fields ranging from atmospheric and ocean sciences to high-performance computing. 

9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached. 

10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other than those listed above, within the last 5 years. 

Governor’s Institute on Creativity and Innovation in Education: advisory panel 

on program design, State of Ohio (2008–2009). 

Int’l Education Advisory Council, Ohio (2008–2010). 

Ohio’s GI Promise Council (2008–2010). 

Purdue University INSPIRE Program Advisory Council (2010 to present). 

Smurfit Graduate School of Business, North American Advisory Board (2004 to 

present). 

27 

11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, partner, proprietor, 

agent, representative, or consultant of any corporation, company, firm, partnership, 

or other business, enterprise, educational, or other institution within the last 5 

years. 

K.D. Sullivan Enterprises LLC (Sole proprietor, 2005 to present). 

N951AG LLC (An LLC established in 2006 to hold title to my airplane. I am 

sole proprietor.) 

American Electric Power (director, 1997 to present). 

Noblis (trustee, 2000 to present). 

Waterfire Columbus (Chair, 2005 to present). 

Net Jets Family Foundation (Trustee, 2007 to present). 

ris DC (restaurant; passive investor, 2008 to present). 

Pizzuti Companies (science and technology advisor, Exploration Park project, 

Kennedy Space Center, FL, 2007 to present). 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (Trustee, Feb. 2004–Feb. 

2008; Section Officer, Feb. 2009 to present). 

Rolex (Consultant; April 2008–November 2008). 

21st Editions (Consultant; Oct. 2007–Oct. 2008) 

The Taylor Companies (Advisor; 2008 to present). 

12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10 years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religious organization, private club, or other membership organization. Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or organization restricts membership 

on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or handicap. 

Worthington Hills Country Club (2008 to present). 

The Lakes Country Club (1999 to present). 

Ohio State University Faculty Club (2006 to present). 

The Capital Club (1996–2008; 2-year board term). 

*Girl Scouts USA (1983 to present; gender restriction). 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1981 to present; board 

term 2004–2008). 

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Corporation (1997 to present). 

The Association of the United States Navy (1988 to present). 

The Smithsonian Institution (1998 to present; estimated). 

COSI Columbus (Member 1996–2008; President and CEO 1996–2005; Science 

Advisor 2005–2006). 

Explorers Club of New York (1981 to present). 

*Society of Woman Geographers (1981 to present; gender restriction). 

*Women in Aviation, Int’l (2008 to present; gender restriction). 

Amer. Inst. Aeronautics and Astronautics (1978 to present). 

The Planetary Society (1982 to present; board term 2000–2003). 

Assoc. of the U.S. Navy (formerly Naval Reserve Assoc.; 1988 to present). 

Sea-Space Symposium (1987 to present). 

Assoc. of Space Explorers (1991 to present). 

*Int’l Women’s Forum (1993 to present; gender restriction). 

Univ. Calif. Santa Cruz Alumni Association (1996 to present). 

Sigma Xi (1989 to present). 

The Ravines at Worthingridge Condo Assoc. (1996 to present). 

Assoc. of Science and Technology Centers (1996–2005; board term 1997–2001). 

Friends of Long Marine Laboratory (2009 to present). 

Giant Screen Theater Association (1996–2005; board term 1999–2003. 

Association of Science and Technology Centers (1996–2006; board term 1998– 

2001). 

13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office (elected, nonelected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any campaign has any outstanding 

debt, the amount, and whether you are personally liable for that debt: No. 

28 

14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign organization, 

political party, political action committee, or similar entity of $500 or more for the 

past 10 years. Also list all offices you have held with, and services rendered to, a 

state or national political party or election committee during the same period. 

No political or election-related offices held. 

Paula L. Brooks for Representative campaign 2010: $1,500. 

15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition for outstanding service or 

achievements. 

Dalhousie University Graduate Fellowship (1973–1976). 

Nat’l Research Council of Canada Research Fellowship (1976–1978). 

Women Aviators Hall of Fame (2010). 

Explorers Medal, Explorers Club of New York (2007). 

Aerospace Legends Hall of Fame, Aviation Week and Space Technology (2005). 

Astronaut Hall of Fame (2004). 

Leader in Space Science, Adler Planetarium (2004). 

National Science Board Public Service Award (2003). 

Juliette Award for Women of Distinction, Girl Scouts USA (2002). 

Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame (2002). 

Ohio Veteran’s Hail of Fame (2001). 

YWCA Women of Achievement (1985, 2001) 

Lone Sailor Award, U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (1997). 

NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership (1992). 

NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, 1991). 

NASA Space Flight Medal (1984, 1991, 1992). 

Vic Prather Award (American Astronautical Society, 1992). 

Haley Space Flight Medal (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 

1990). 

National Air and Space Museum Trophy (1985). 

Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award, U.S. Jaycees (1987). 

Ten Outstanding Young People of the World, Jaycees Int’l (1987). 

Woman Divers Hall of Fame (2008). 

Women in Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame (2010). 

Honorary Degrees: 

Kent State University (2002). 

Ohio Dominican College (1998). 

Stevens Institute of Technology (1992). 

State University of New York, Utica (1991). 

Dalhousie University (1985). 

15. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of 

these publications unless otherwise instructed. 

Generative Leadership: Shaping New Futures for Today’s Schools (in press), K. 

Klimek, E. Ritzenhein and K. D. Sullivan. Corwin Press (in press, April 2008). 

Women Leading the Way: Reflections on Life and Leadership (2005), The Academy for Leadership and Governance, Columbus Ohio. 

America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change (2003), Pew Oceans 

Commission final report. 

A Glimpse of Home (2002), Time Magazine Special Report on the Environment 

(August 26 edition, A4–A5). 

Technology and the City’s Future (1997), Mayoral Task Force Report, City of Columbus (Co-Chair and lead author). 

The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science–1: A Shuttle Mission 

(1992), with M.R. Torr; EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. 

Geography Reaches New Heights: An Astronaut’s View of Earth (1991), ‘‘Update,’’ National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. 

29 

Earth Observations During Space Shuttle Flight STS–31: The Earth from 600 

Kilometers (1991), with Evans et al; Geocarto International 6(3), 99–112. 

Pioneering the Space Frontier (1986), Report of the National Commission on 

Space; Bantam Books, NY. 

Geology of the Venus Lowlands: Guinevere and Sedna Planitia (1984), with 

J.W. Head; Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, Houston, 

Texas. 

Elysium Planitia, Mars: Regional Geology, Volcanology and Evidence for Volcano/Ground-Ice Interactions (1984), with P. Mouginis-Mark; Earth, Moon and 

Planets 30, 149–173. 

The Newfoundland Basin: Ocean-Continent Boundary and Mesozoic Seafloor 

Spreading History (1983); Earth and Planetary Science Letters 62, 321–339. 

Radar and Infrared Remote Sensing of Geothermal Features at Pilgrim Springs, 

Alaska (1982), with K.G. Dean, R.B. Forbes, D.L. Turner and F.D. Eaton; Remote Sensing of Environment 12, 391–405. 

The Potential for Manned Earth Observations in the Space Shuttle Era (1979), 

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 17th General Assembly, Canberra, Australia. 

The Structure and Composition of the Linear Volcanic Chains of the Western 

North Atlantic (1979), with R. Houghton; Hawaii Symposium on Intra-Plate 

Volcanism, Hilo, Hawaii. 

Geologist in Space (1979), in: GEOS, Dept, Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 5–7. 

On the Nature of the Crust in the Vicinity of the Southeast Newfoundland 

Ridge (1978), with C.E. Keen; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15(9), 1462– 

1471. 

Mesozoic Evolution of the Newfoundland Basin (1977), with C.E. Keen and B.R. 

Hall; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37, 307–320. 

Newfoundland Seamounts: Petrology and Geochemistry (1977), with C.E. Keen; 

Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 16, 461–476. 

Deep-Drill Investigations of the Oceanic Crust in the North Atlantic (1975), 

with F. Aumento; in: Geodynamics of Iceland & the North Atlantic, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Reykjavik, 83–104. 

16. Please identify each instance in which you have testified orally or in writing 

before Congress in a governmental or non-governmental capacity and specify the 

date and subject matter of each testimony. 

1993: Senate Commerce Committee, Confirmation Hearing for NOAA Chief Scientist position. 

17. Given the current mission, major programs, and major operational objectives 

of the department/agency to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish 

to serve in that position? 

Many aspects of my background and prior employment qualify me for this position. Broadly stated, these include my academic preparation in the Earth sciences, 

my operational experience in scientific field expeditions, spaceflight operations and 

operational environmental forecasting for the U.S. Navy, my prior federal service 

with both NASA and NOAA and the scientific and technical currency I’ve been able 

to retain through my National Science Board service. I wish to serve now because 

I believe I can contribute substantively to the success of one of NOAA’s most vital 

missions, namely providing the nation and the world with trustworthy, reliable, 

timely and accurate information (measurements, analyses, predictions) about the 

state of Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. 

18. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to ensure that the 

department/agency has proper management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large organization? 

If confirmed, I would bear responsibility for ensuring that all programs and operations are planned, budgeted and executed following approved policies and procedures, and that proper program management and accounting controls are in place 

and functioning properly. I believe my experiences at COSI and on public company 

boards prepare me well for this responsibility. I led COSI through the most substantial transformation in the organization’s history. This involved joint (with the State 

of Ohio) ownership of and responsibility for the design and construction of a $125 

million new facility and included budget development and execution, construction 

30 

management and permitting of the site’s environmental condition plus the all of the 

building’s safety and operating systems. In addition, essentially every one of COSI’s 

internal business processes had to be redesigned, including budget and finance, the 

IT architecture and applications, and guest service operations. My public company 

board experience, which has included service on audit, finance and nuclear oversight 

committees, gives me sound understanding of how to implement and evaluate effective executive processes in much larger organizations. 

19. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the department/ 

agency, and why? 

1. Environmental satellite systems: Major system transitions are affecting 

NOAA’s polar and geosynchronous satellite systems at the same time. The challenges are myriad, including requirements migration, contracting issues, data 

continuity, inter-calibration and program execution (to name just a few). These 

are difficult challenges to meet under any circumstances, and the challenge will 

be compounded by current budget realities. 

2. Fleet and aircraft modernization programs: This will involve a large capital 

investment in systems that are critical to NOAA’s ability to fulfill its mission 

mandates. The classic challenges in such endeavors include assuring the requirements have been well-defined, crafting an effective blend of the innovative 

and the reliable in meeting the requirements, sound acquisition management 

and rigorous program and budget management. 

3. The data deluge: NOAA is responsible for architectural definition, procurement and reliable operation of the large data systems (and systems of systems) 

needed to store, process, archive and make available to users the vast amounts 

of data produced by today’s global observing systems and modeling centers. 

B. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements, and 

other continuing dealings with business associates, clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement accounts. 

COSI retirement account balances: Some monies remain invested in mutual funds 

through the COSI Columbus retirement plan. No contributions have been made to 

these accounts since 2006, and none will be made during my federal service. 

AEP deferred compensation balances: Two unfunded memo accounts record the 

amounts due to me from AEP upon termination of my board service. The value of 

one memo account tracks securities in the JP Morgan 401k program open to all AEP 

employees. The value of the other memo account tracks AEP stock. Each of these 

accounts will pay out in annual installments over 5 years, following termination of 

my board service. 

2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, to maintain 

employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, association or other organization during your appointment? If so, please explain: No. 

3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other relationships which 

could involve potential conflicts of interest in the position to which you have been 

nominated. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Office of 

Government Ethics and the Department of Commerce’s designated agency ethics official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will 

be resolved in accordance with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered 

into with the Department’s designated agency ethics official and that has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest. 

4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial transaction which you 

have had during the last 10 years, whether for yourself, on behalf of a client, or 

acting as an agent, that could in any way constitute or result in a possible conflict 

of interest in the position to which you have been nominated: None. 

5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have been engaged 

for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and execution of law or public 

policy: None. 

6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest, including any 

that may be disclosed by your responses to the above items. 

Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the terms 

of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the Department’s designated 

agency ethics official and that has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware 

of any other potential conflicts of interest. 

31 

C. LEGAL MATTERS

1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics by, or been the 

subject of a complaint to any court, administrative agency, professional association, 

disciplinary committee, or other professional group? If so, please explain. 

No, except as described in response to question 5 below. 

2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by any federal, 

state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal, state, county, or municipal 

entity, other than for a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or civil litigation? If so, 

please explain. 

As a large corporation, AFT has been routinely involved in such proceedings. I am 

aware of the following litigation to which AEP has been a party during my tenure 

as a member of the company’s Board of Directors, some of which named me in my 

official capacity: 

In late 2002 and early 2003, class action lawsuits alleging securities violations 

were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, against AEP, 

certain AEP executives, and in some of the lawsuits, members of the AEP Board 

of Directors and certain investment banking firms. The lawsuits claimed that AEP 

failed to disclose that alleged ‘‘round trip’’ electric power trades resulted in an overstatement of revenues, that AEP failed to disclose that AEP traders falsely reported 

energy prices to trade publications that published gas price indices, and that AEP 

failed to disclose that it did not have in place sufficient management controls to prevent round trip trades or false reporting of energy prices. In September 2004, the 

Court dismissed all claims in all of these cases. No adverse findings of any kind 

were made against any of the defendants. 

Also in the fourth quarter of 2002, two shareholder derivative actions were filed 

in state court in Columbus, Ohio, against AEP and its Board of Directors alleging 

a breach of fiduciary duty for failure to establish and maintain adequate internal 

controls over AEP’s gas trading operation. These cases were dismissed in November 

2004 after the related securities law cases were dismissed in federal court. Again, 

no adverse findings of any kind were made against any of the defendants. 

4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo contendere) of 

any criminal violation other than a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain: No. 

5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual harassment or 

discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please 

explain. 

Yes. In the 1995–97 timeframe, a NOAA employee named me as an additional 

party in a discrimination action brought against then-NOAA Administrator D. 

James Baker. I was interviewed by DOC Counsel’s office personnel on several occasions, but never deposed nor subpoenaed. I believe the action was dropped, with no 

adverse findings against me. 

6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in connection with your nomination: 

None. 

D. RELATIONSHIP WITH COMMITTEE

1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes. 

2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can to protect 

Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal for their testimony and 

disclosures? Yes. 

3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with firsthand knowledge of matters 

of interest to the Committee? Yes. 

4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of 

the Congress on such occasions as you may be reasonably requested to do so? Yes. 

RESUME OF KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN

Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science Education Policy—The John 

Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State University 

Leads the formulation of the inaugural program plan for this new center, intended 

to catalyze changes in science education that will better equip young Americans for 

21st century life. Established by a major gift in 2005, the Center will build a portfolio of scholarly research, service and public outreach activities that helps policyVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
32 

makers and community stakeholders identify actions to improve the quality of educational outcomes in science, technology, engineering and mathematics across the 

pre-K to college range. 

Prior Experience 

Science Advisor, COSI Columbus (2005–2006) 

Represented COSI regionally and nationally on matters of science and education 

policy; assisted the President and CEO with programmatic and funding strategies. 

President and CEO, COSI (1996–2005) 

Provided transformative executive leadership to this 501(c)3 hands-on science education enterprise, which serves nearly 900,000 people annually throughout Ohio and 

surrounding states. COSI’s celebrated products and services include more than 

100,000 square feet of interactive science exhibits in downtown Columbus, a nationally renowned ‘‘COSI On Wheels’’ outreach program serving over 250,000 annually 

in Ohio and surrounding states, an award-winning inquiry-based electronic education programs—including interactive live surgeries—delivered to schools across 

the U.S. and the nation’s first (and still largest) overnight Camp-In program. 

Oversaw final design and construction of $125 million new facility, delivering an 

on-time/under-budget opening in November, 1999. Played pivotal roles in driving 

private sector fundraising campaign to $45.6 million, more than $10 million above 

the original target. Re-engineered the organization in concert with the building program, establishing the first formal development and retail marketing functions and 

re-structuring the Board of Trustees. Conceived of and led the development and 

launch of COSI Academy, a first-of-a-kind program providing high school students 

with professional research opportunities and mentors from area research and technology firms, and Inquiry Learning for Schools (ILS), a statewide professional development program. Developed innovative new community partnerships, including the 

co-location of WOSU public television within COSI, presentation of international 

traveling art and science exhibitions and collaborative marketing, ticketing and educational programs with area arts organizations. 

Served major civic roles as a leading advisor and advocate on science, technology 

and education programs and policy. Chaired Governor’s Aerospace & Defense Advisory Council and the BRAC (Base Re-alignment & Closure) subcommittee. Typically 

addressed 150–200 audiences annually, ranging from grade school students to leaders of Fortune 500 companies. 

Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1992–1996). 

Nominated by both the Bush and Clinton administrations, confirmed in May 1993. Oversaw planning, budget and productivity of approximately $500 million research and technology portfolio covering a broad spectrum of earth and ocean 

sciences and technology. Led senior interagency working groups that produced Presidential Decision Directives promulgating new U.S. environmental technology export 

policy and converging military and civilian environmental satellite programs into today’s National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System. 

NASA Mission Specialist Astronaut (1978–1993). 

Veteran of three Shuttle missions, with over 500 hrs in space. Mission Manager 

and in-flight scientist aboard NASA’s high-altitude WB–57F aircraft (1979–1981). 

Chief of the Astronaut Office’s Mission Development Branch (1990–1991). Appointed 

in 1985 to the Presidential National Commission on Space. NASA awards and commendations include Medal for Outstanding Leadership, Exceptional Service Medal 

(twice) and Spaceflight Medal (three times), plus numerous group and personal 

achievement awards. 

Spaceflight experience: STS–41G (Challenger, 1984). 

First American woman to walk in space, performing an orbital refueling engineering demonstration. Lead astronaut for a suite of Earth remote sensing experiments, 

including the SIR–B synthetic aperture radar; Co-Investigator on SIR–B experiments. STS–31 (Discovery, 1990): EVA (space walk) specialist for Hubble Space Telescope deployment mission; leading role 1985–1990 developing over 97 specialized 

tools and dozens of procedures needed for Hubble on-orbit repair and servicing. 

STS–45 (Atlantis, 1992): Payload Commander for ATLAS–1 earth and atmospheric 

sciences Spacelab mission; led four-person scientific crew through all aspects of 

training, mission preparation and flight operations. 

Naval Reserve (1988 to present). 

Direct commission into Oceanography program (1805) and designation as Naval 

Astronaut (Specialist) in April 1988. Key posts held include Commanding Officer, 

33 

NORA 1570 (NAS Dallas, 1990–1992) and Commanding Officer SPAWAR 0466 

(Washington, D.C. 1996–1997). Active duty assignments have included Mediterranean anti-submarine warfare operations, environmental support to the Persian Gulf 

Theater during Operation Desert Storm, joint-service exercises aboard USS Kitty 

Hawk and R&D program management. Awards include the Navy Commendation 

Medal, National Defense Service Medal and Overseas Service Ribbon. Current rank: 

Captain. 

Education 

Ph.D. (Geology), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, 1978 

B.S. (Honors, Earth Sciences), U.C. Santa Cruz, 1973 

Honors and Awards 

Explorers Medal, Explorers Club of New York (2007) 

AW&ST Aerospace Legends Hall of Fame (Aviation Week & Space Technology, 

2005) 

Astronaut Hall of Fame (2004) 

Leader in Space Science, Adler Planetarium (2004) 

National Science Board Public Service Award (2003) 

Girl Scouts USA Juliette Award for Women of Distinction (2002) 

Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame (2002) 

Ohio Veteran’s Hall of Fame (2001) 

Lone Sailor Award, U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (1997) 

NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership (1992) 

NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, 1991) 

NASA Space Flight Medal (1984, 1991, 1992) 

Vic Prather Award (American Astronautical Society, 1992) 

Haley Space Flight Medal (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 

1990) 

National Air and Space Museum Trophy (1985) 

Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award, U.S. Jaycees (1987) 

Ten Outstanding Young People of the World, Jaycees International (1987) 

Honorary Degrees: 

Kent State University (2002) 

Ohio Dominican College (1998) 

Stevens Institute of Technology (1992) 

State University of New York, Utica (1991) 

Dalhousie University (1985) 

Key Boards and Committees 

National Science Board (Vice Chair, 2006–2008) 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 

Wood’s Hole Oceanographic Institution 

American Electric Power 

Noblis 

Pew Oceans Commission (2000–2003) 

Giant Screen Theaters Association (2001–2004) 

Advisory Committee, Federal Commission for the Centennial of Flight (2000– 

2003) 

Ohio Aerospace & Defense Council (Chair, 2002–2003; BRAC Subcommittee 

2003) 

Memberships and Affiliations 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Fellow) 

Association of Space Explorers 

The Explorer’s Club (Lowell Thomas Medalist) 

Society of Woman Geographers (Gold Medallist) 

34 

Naval Reserve Association (Life Member) 

Girl Scouts USA (Life Member) 

Personal Data 

Certified SCUBA diver 

Licensed Private pilot (power and glider) 

Fluent in French and Norwegian; functional in German, Swedish, Danish 

Hobbies: SCUBA diving, dabbling at golf, flying, reading. 

Selected Speeches and Appearances 

American Electric Power 

Anderson Consulting 

Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institution 

Cunard Line 

CNN 

Discovery Tours (American Museum of Natural History) 

Honda America Research & Development 

Huntington National Bank 

KPMG 

Kent State University 

Lindblad Expeditions 

National Science Board 

Ohio Manufacturer’s Association 

The Ohio State University 

Silversea Cruises 

St. Bonaventure University 

University of California, San Diego 

University of California, Santa Cruz 

WBNS 10TV (Columbus, Ohio) 

World Economic Forum 

Publications 

‘‘Generative Leadership: Shaping New Futures for Today’s Schools’’ With Karl 

J. Klimek and Elsie Ritzenhein. Corwin Press (2008). 

‘‘Women Leading the Way: Reflections on Life and Leadership’’ (2005), The 

Academy for Leadership & Governance, Columbus Ohio. 

‘‘America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change’’ (2003), Pew 

Oceans Commission final report. 

‘‘A Glimpse of Home’’ (2002), Time Magazine Special Report on the Environment (August 26 edition, A4–A5). 

‘‘Technology and the City’s Future’’ (1997), Task Force Report prepared for Columbus Mayor Greg Lashutka (Co-Chair and lead author). 

The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1: A Shuttle Mission 

(1992), with M.R. Torr; EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. 

Geography Reaches New Heights: An Astronaut’s View of Earth (1991), In: Update, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. 

Earth Observations During Space Shuttle Flight STS–31: The Earth from 600 

Kilometers (1991), with Evans et al; Geocarto International 6(3), 99–112. 

Geology of the Venus Lowlands: Guinevere and Sedna Planitia (1984), with 

J.W. Head; Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, Houston, 

Texas. 

Elysium Planitia, Mars: Regional Geology, Volcanology and Evidence for Volcano/Ground-Ice Interactions (1984), with P. Mouginis-Mark; Earth, Moon and 

Planets 30, 149–173. 

The Newfoundland Basin: Ocean-Continent Boundary and Mesozoic Seafloor 

Spreading History (1983); Earth and Planetary Science Letters 62, 321–339. 

35 

Radar and Infrared Remote Sensing of Geothermal Features at Pilgrim Springs, 

Alaska (1982), with K.G. Dean, R.B. Forbes, D.L. Turner and F.D. Eaton; Remote Sensing of Environment 12, 391–405. 

The Potential for Manned Earth Observations in the Space Shuttle Era (1979), 

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 17th General Assembly, Canberra, Australia. 

The Structure and Composition of the Linear Volcanic Chains of the Western 

North Atlantic (1979), with R. Houghton; Hawaii Symposium on Intra-Plate 

Volcanism, Hilo, Hawaii. 

Geologist in Space (1979), in: GEOS, Dept, Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 5–7. 

On the Nature of the Crust in the Vicinity of the Southeast Newfoundland 

Ridge (1978), with C.E. Keen; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15(9), 1462– 

1471. 

Mesozoic Evolution of the Newfoundland Basin (1977), with C.E. Keen and B.R. 

Hall; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37, 307–320. 

Newfoundland Seamounts: Petrology and Geochemistry (1977), with C.E. Keen; 

Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 16, 461–476. 

Deep-Drill Investigations of the Oceanic Crust in the North Atlantic (1975), 

with F. Aumento; in: Geodynamics of Iceland & the North Atlantic, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Reykjavik, 83–104. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Dr. Sullivan. 

And, Dr. Gulland. 

STATEMENT OF DR. FRANCES M.D. GULLAND, 

MEMBER-DESIGNATE, MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION 

Dr. GULLAND. Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member 

Hutchison, members of the Committee, I am deeply honored to be 

nominated by President Obama to serve as a Member of the Marine Mammal Commission, and I am also honored to appear before 

you today and address any questions that you may have. 

As a veterinarian, I took an oath to dedicate my professional life 

to the care of animals, including marine mammals, so it really is 

a true and special privilege to be considered for this position. 

I was born in England and grew up in Italy, where my father 

worked for the United Nations in international fisheries management. He was a founding member of the International Whaling 

Commission’s Scientific Committee, so from an early age I was exposed to the sometimes competing demands of fisheries management and whale conservation. My father instilled in me a sense of 

duty and taught me the value of science-based policy in resource 

management. My mother received one of the first degrees awarded 

to women from the University of Cambridge, and she taught me 

the values of education, respect, and dignity. 

Both my parents have since passed away, but they would have 

been immensely proud to see me here today as a nominee for the 

Marine Mammal Commission. I hope to continue to apply the values and principles I learned from my parents to the conservation 

of marine mammals for this country. 

I trained as a veterinarian at the University of Cambridge, 

where I also completed a Ph.D. in zoology. After working at the Zoological Society of London, I moved to the United States in 1994 

and became a citizen in 2006. Since 1994, I have worked as the Director of the Veterinary Science program at the Marine Mammal 

Center, which is a private NGO in California dedicated to the veterinary care of marine mammals, and also to research and eduVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00039 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
36 

cation. There I have witnessed firsthand the changes in marine 

mammal health over the past two decades, as the Center has treated more than 10,000 sick and injured marine mammals during my 

employment. 

In addition to my work as a clinical veterinarian, I have conducted research into the factors impacting the health of marine 

mammals, such as pollutants and increasing harmful algal blooms 

or red tides. There I have also supervised students and collaborated with scientists from multiple disciplines at a variety of universities and from several state and federal agencies, particularly 

those at NOAA and the Department of the Interior. This has really 

taught me the value of interdisciplinary investigations and the 

need for innovative approaches to understand the current and future changes in our marine ecosystems. 

I have also served on federal and state advisory teams, including 

the recovery teams for the Hawaiian monk seal and the southern 

sea otter, the California Oiled Wildlife Care Network, and California’s new Ocean Protection Council. I have served as a scientific 

advisor to the Marine Mammal Commission since 2000. 

Serving on these advisory teams has strengthened my understanding of the factors that pose risks to marine mammals and 

their ecosystems, and the complex scientific, social and economic 

issues that must be addressed to ensure their conservation. 

Many of the risk factors that threaten marine mammals, including environmental contamination and bioaccumulation of harmful 

chemicals, also pose significant risks to human health, and thus 

warrant additional research so we can understand and minimize 

their potential impacts. 

The Marine Mammal Protection Act created the legal framework 

for addressing these threats as they pertain to marine mammals 

and, more generally, for conserving their ecosystems. 

I would be truly honored to serve as a Commissioner to further 

the goals and policies of this Act, and work with the administration 

and Congress, as well as scientists, industries, conservationists, 

students and the public, to ensure that marine mammals are conserved for future generations. 

Solutions will require collaboration from a broad cross section of 

society, as well as an understanding of the need to balance the increasing demands of human populations and globalization with ecosystem conservation. One of the greatest challenges that the Marine Mammal Commission is facing is working with the appropriate agencies to coordinate and integrate scientific management 

activities to conserve marine mammals while still allowing sustainable use of marine resources. 

I believe that I have the experience, knowledge and commitment 

to serve the Marine Mammal Commission in these challenging 

times. If confirmed, I would serve the Commission and our nation 

to the very best of my abilities. 

Again, thank you for the honor of appearing before you, and I 

would be pleased to address any questions. 

[The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr. 

Gulland follows:] 

37 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DR. FRANCES M.D. GULLAND, MEMBER-DESIGNATE, MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION

Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and members of the Committee, I am deeply honored to have been nominated by President Obama to serve 

as a Member of the Marine Mammal Commission, and I also am honored to appear 

before you to discuss my nomination and to address your questions. As a veterinarian, I took an oath to dedicate my professional life to the care of animals including marine mammals, so it is a true and special privilege to be considered for this 

position. 

I was born in England and grew up in Italy, where my father worked for the 

United Nations in international fisheries management. He was a founding member 

of the International Whaling Commission’s Scientific Committee, so from an early 

age I was exposed to the sometimes competing demands of fisheries management 

and whale conservation. My father instilled in me a sense of duty and taught me 

the value of science-based policy and resource management. My mother received one 

of the first degrees awarded to women from the University of Cambridge, and she 

taught me the values of education, respect, and dignity. Both my parents have 

passed away, but they would have been immensely proud to see me here today as 

a nominee for the Marine Mammal Commission. I hope to continue to apply the values and principles I learned from my parents to the conservation of marine mammals. 

I trained as a veterinarian at the University of Cambridge, where I also completed a Ph.D. in zoology. Thus, I combined my fascination and life-long interest in 

medicine with scientific research in mammalian ecology. I view the latter to be an 

essential foundation for conserving mammals. After working at the Zoological Society of London as a surgeon and field researcher, I moved to the United States in 

1994 and became a citizen in 2006. Since 1994, I have worked as the Director of 

the Veterinary Science program at The Marine Mammal Center, a private nongovernmental organization dedicated to the veterinary care of marine mammals, research, and education. I have witnessed first hand the changes in marine mammal 

health over the past two decades, as the Center has treated more than 10,000 sick 

and injured marine mammals during my employment. In addition to my work as 

a clinical veterinarian, I have conducted research into the factors impacting the 

health of marine mammals, such as pollutants and increasing harmful algal blooms. 

To conduct these studies I have supervised students and collaborated with scientists 

at a number of universities and from several state and federal agencies, particularly 

those in the Departments of Commerce and the Interior. To carry out my studies, 

I have collaborated with scientists from multiple disciplines, such as oceanography, 

toxicology, epidemiology, ecology, and marine mammal biology. This research has 

deepened my understanding of the impacts of changes in coastal waters on marine 

mammal health and disease, including cancer and impaired reproduction resulting 

from increasing red tides and pollutants. It also has taught me the value of interdisciplinary investigations and the need for innovative approaches to understand 

current and future changes in marine ecosystems. 

I have served on federal and state advisory teams including the recovery teams 

for the Hawaiian monk seal and the southern sea otter, the Oiled Wildlife Care Network established by the California Department of Fish and Game, and the California Ocean Protection Council, which was created under California’s Ocean Protection Act to coordinate activities of state agencies with ocean-related responsibilities. 

I have served as a scientific advisor to the Marine Mammal Commission since 2000. 

Serving on these advisory teams has strengthened my understanding of the factors 

that pose risks to marine mammals and marine ecosystems and the complex scientific, social, and economic issues that must be addressed to ensure their conservation. 

As human populations expand and globalization continues, the demands on marine resources and the impacts on the marine environment are ever increasing. Marine mammals, both as populations and individuals, are valuable indicators of the 

health of our marine ecosystems in ways that are sometimes obvious, such as 

whales lacerated by the propellers of large ships or animals entangled and dead in 

fishing gear, or more subtle, such as animals sickened by the toxins of harmful algal 

blooms. Many of the risk factors that threaten marine mammals, including environmental contamination and bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals, also pose significant risks to human health and warrant additional research so that we can understand and minimize the potential impacts. 

The Marine Mammal Protection Act created a legal framework for addressing 

these threats as they pertain to marine mammals and, more generally, for conserving marine mammals and their ecosystems. I would be honored to serve as a 

38 

Commissioner to further the goals and policies of this Act and work with the administration and Congress, as well as scientists, industries, conservationists, students, 

and the public, to ensure that marine mammals are conserved for future generations. Solutions will require collaboration from a broad cross-section of society, as 

well as an understanding of the need to balance the demands of increasing human 

populations and globalization with ecosystem conservation. One of the greatest challenges for the Marine Mammal Commission is working with the appropriate agencies to coordinate and integrate scientific and management activities to conserve 

marine mammals while allowing sustainable use of marine resources. 

I believe that I have the experience, knowledge, and commitment to serve the Marine Mammal Commission well in these challenging times. If confirmed, I would 

serve the Commission, and our nation, to the very best of my abilities. Again, thank 

you for the honor of appearing before you. I would be pleased to address any questions the Committee may have. 

A. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): 

Frances Mary Dorothea Gulland. 

2. Position to which nominated: Commissioner, Marine Mammal Commission. 

3. Date of Nomination: 5 January 2011. 

4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses): 

Residence: Information not released to the public. 

Office: 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965. 

5. Date and Place of Birth: 25 February 1960; Ditchingham, United Kingdom 

(UK). 

6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including stepchildren and children 

by a previous marriage). 

Spouse: Andrew James Draper, Engineer, MWH (Montgomery Watson Harza), 

Sacramento, California. 

7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school attended. 

1991, Ph.D. University of Cambridge, UK. 

1986, M.A. University of Cambridge, UK. 

1984, Vet. M.B., University of Cambridge, UK. 

1981, B.A. Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK. 

8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all management-level 

jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to the position for which you are 

nominated. 

1994 to present—Director of Veterinary Services, The Marine Mammal Center, 

Sausalito, CA, USA (managerial position). 

1993—Research assistant. Serengeti Rabies Project, Tanzania. 

1992–1993—Research Fellow in Wildlife Diseases, Zoological Society of London, 

UK. 

1988–1991—Graduate student, University of Cambridge, UK. 

1985–1988—House Surgeon, Zoological Society of London, UK. 

1984–1985—House Surgeon, Royal School Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK. 

9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached. 

10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other than those listed above, within 

the last 5 years. 

2008 to present—Science Adviser, California Ocean Protection Council. 

2006 to present—Member, Advisory Board for California’s Oiled Wildlife Care 

Network. 

2004–2008—Chair, Southern Sea Otter Recovery Implementation Team. 

2000 to present—Member, Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals, Marine Mammal Commission. 

39 

1998 to present—Working Group on Unusual Marine Mammal Mortality 

Events, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998–2000, Member; 2001–2005 

Chair, 2006 to present, Emeritus member. 

2001 to present—Member, Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team. 

11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, partner, proprietor, 

agent, representative, or consultant of any corporation, company, firm, partnership, 

or other business, enterprise, educational, or other institution within the last 5 

years: None. 

12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10 years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religious organization, private club, or other membership organization. Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or organization restricts membership 

on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or handicap. 

Member, Wildlife Disease Association, 1993 to present. 

Member, International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, 1995 to 

present, (President 2001–2002). 

Member, Society for Marine Mammalogy, 1998 to present. 

Member, American Association of Zoo Animal Veterinarians. 

None of these organizations restrict membership on the basis of sex, race, color, 

religion, national origin, age, or handicap. 

13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office (elected, nonelected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any campaign has any outstanding 

debt, the amount, and whether you are personally liable for that debt: No. 

14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign organization, 

political party, political action committee, or similar entity of $500 or more for the 

past 10 years. Also list all offices you have held with, and services rendered to, a 

state or national political party or election committee during the same period: None. 

15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition for outstanding service or 

achievements. 

Society of Marine Mammalogy award for scientific presentation, 1999. 

16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of 

these publications unless otherwise instructed. 

Reports 

Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, E. Keyes, T.R. Spraker, A.W. Smith, 

D.E. Skilling, J. Evermann, J.L. Stott, and A.W. Trites. 2003. Disease agents 

in Steller sea lions in Alaska: A review and analysis of serology data from 

1975–2000. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 11, No. 4, 26 pp. 

Gulland, F. 2000. Domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus) stranded along the central California coast, May-October 1998, 

U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-OPR, 17, 

45 pp. 

Gulland, F., H.M. Pe ́rez-Corte ́s, J.R. Urban, L. Rojas-Bracho, G. Ylitalo, J. Weir, 

S.A. Norman, M.M. Muto, D.J. Rugh, C. Kreuder, and T. Rowles. 2005. Eastern 

North Pacific Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Unusual Mortality Event, 

19992000: A Compilation. U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NMFS–AFSC–150, 33 pp. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 2006. Review of the Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Event 

Response Program of the National Marine Fisheries Service. U.S. Department 

of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS–OPR–33, 37 pp. 

Books and Book Chapters 

Dierauf, L.A., and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.). 2001. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1063 pp. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2005. The role of disease in influencing status 

and trends. Pp. 47–62 in J. Reynolds, W. Perrin, R. Reeves, S. Montgomery and 

T. Ragen (eds.), Marine Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. The 

John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 

40 

Kim, K., A.P. Dobson, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Diseases and the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity. Pp. 149–166 in E.A. Norse and L.B. Crowder (eds.) 

Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea’s Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Wilson, K., B.T. Grenfell, J.G. Pilkington, H.E.G. Boyd, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2004. Parasites and their impacts. Pp. 113–165 in T.H. Clutton-Brock and J.M. 

Pemberton (eds.), Soay Sheep. Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

Van Dolah, F.M., G.J. Doucette, F. Gulland, T. Rowles, and G. Bossart. 2003. 

Impacts of algal toxins on marine mammals. Pp. 247–270 in J.G. Vos, G.D. 

Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O’Shea (eds.), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. Taylor & Francis, London. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L.A. Dierauf, and T.K. Rowles. 2001. Marine Mammal Stranding Networks. Pp. 45–68 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 

Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L. Lowenstine, and T. Spraker. 2001. Noninfectious Diseases. 

Pp. 521–550 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.) CRC Handbook of Marine 

Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, and L. Dierauf. 2001. Seals and Sea Lions. Pp. 

907926 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine 

Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1998. Leptospirosis in marine mammals. Pp 469–471 in M. 

Fowler and R.E. Miller (eds.), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. W.B. Saunders, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Impact of infectious diseases on wild animal populations—a review. Pp. 20–51 in B.T. Grenfell and A.P. Dobson (eds.), Ecology 

of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, UK. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and C.M. Hawkey. 1990. Avian Haematology. Pp. 126–136 in 

C.S.G. Grunsell and M.E. Raw (eds.), The Veterinary Annual. Butterworth, London. 

Journal Articles 

Berman-Kowalewski, M., F.M.D. Gulland, S. Wilkin, J. Calambokidis, B. Mate, 

J. Cordaro, D. Rotstein, J. St. Leger, P. Collins, K. Fahy, and S. Dover. 2010. 

Association between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) mortality and ship 

strikes along the California Coast. Aquatic Mammals 36(1):59–66. 

Gill, S., T. Goldstein, D. Situ, T.S. Zabka, F.M.D. Gulland, and R.W. Mueller. 

2010. Cloning and characterization of glutamate receptors in California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Drugs 8(5):1637–1649. 

Dennison, S.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and W.E. Braselton. 2010. Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are not appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates in anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4:144–147. 

Jacobsen, J.K., L. Massey, and F. Gulland. 2010. Fatal ingestion of floating marine debris by two sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 60:765–767. 

Nollens H.H., J.F.X. Wellehan, L. Archer, L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

In Press. Detection of a respiratory coronavirus during a pneumonia epizootic 

in free-ranging Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii). Diseases of 

Aquatic Organisms. 

Levin, M., D. Joshi, A. Draghi, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Jessup, and S. De Guise. 

2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vivo exposure of California sea lion 

and southern sea otter peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases 46:541–550. 

Lefebvre, K.A., A. Robertson, E.R. Frame, K.M. Colegrove, S. Nance, K.A. 

Baugh, H. Weidenhoft, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Clinical signs and 

histopathology associated with domoic acid poisoning in northern fur seals 

(Callorhinus ursinus) and comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful 

Algae 9:374–383. 

Lynn, B.L., C. Reichmuth, R.J. Schusterman, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Filial 

imprinting in a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Aquatic Mammals 36:79– 

83. 

41 

Moore, M., M. Walsh, J. Bailey, D. Brunson, F. Gulland, S. Landry, D. Mattila, 

C. Mayo, C. Slay, J. Smith, and T. Rowles. 2010. Sedation at sea of entangled 

North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to enhance disentanglement. 

PLOS One 5:1–9. 

Jang, S., L. Wheeler, R.B. Carey, B. Jensen, C.M. Crandall, K.N. Schrader, D. 

Jessup, K. Colegrove, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Pleuritis and suppurative 

pneumonia associated with a hypermucoviscosity phenotype of Klebsiella 

pneumoniae in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 141:174–177. 

Thomas, K., J.T. Harvey, T. Goldstein, and F. Gulland. 2010. Movement, dive 

behavior, and survival of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) 

posttreatment for domoic acid toxicosis. Marine Mammal Science 26 (1):36–52. 

Ng, T.F.F., W.K. Suedmeyer, E. Wheeler, F. Gulland, and M. Breitbart. 2009. 

Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality event of captive California sea 

lions. Journal of General Virology 90:1256–1261. 

Montie, E.W., N. Pussini, G. Schneider, T.W.K. Battey, S. Dennison, J. Barakos, 

and F. Gulland. 2009. Neuroanatomy and volumes of brain structures of a live 

California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. 

The Anatomical Record 292:1523–1547. 

Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2009. 

Tumor morphology an immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor, 

progesterone receptor, p53, and Ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:642–655. 

Dau, B.K., K.V.K. Gilardi, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Higgins, J.B. Holcomb, J. 

St.Leger, and M.H. Ziccardi. 2009. Fishing gear-related injury in California marine wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(2):355–362. 

Zuerner, R.L, C. Cameron, S. Raverty, S. Robinson, K. Colegrove, S. Norman, 

D. Lambourn, S. Jeffries, D.P. Alt, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Geographical dissemination of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona during seasonal migration 

of California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 137:105–110. 

Goldstein, T., T. Zabka, R. DeLong, L. Wheeler, G. Ylitalo, S. Bargu, M. Silver, 

T. Leighfield, F. Van Dolah, G. Langlois, I. Sidor, L. Dunn, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2009. The role of domoic acid in abortion and premature parturition of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) on San Miguel Island, California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45:91–108. 

Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, K. Harr, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 

2009. Pathological features of amyloidosis in stranded California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 140:105–112. 

Zabka, T.S., T. Goldstein, C. Cross, R.W. Mueller, C. Kreuder-Johnson, S. Gill, 

and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Characterization of a degenerative cardiomyopathy 

associated with domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:105–119. 

Torres de la Riva, G., C. Kreuder Johnson, F.M.D. Gulland, G.W. Langlois, J.E. 

Heyning, T.K. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2009. Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the 

southern California coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(1):109–121. 

Green, J.A., M. Haulena, I.L. Boyd, D., Calkins, F. Gulland, A.J. Woakes, and 

P.J. Butler. 2009. Trial implantation of heart rate data loggers in pinnipeds. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 115–121. 

Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, P.A. Conrad, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, J. Lawrence, B. 

McCowan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The effects of rehabilitation of northern 

elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of 

commensal Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 133:264–271. 

Dennison, S.E., L. Forrest, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of immature California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and 

immature northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Aquatic Mammals 

35 (1):36–42. 

Nollens, H.H., C. Ruiz, M.T. Walsh, F.M.D. Gulland, G. Bossart, E.D. Jensen, 

J.F. McBain, and J.F.X. Wellehan. 2008. Cross-reactivity between Immunoglobin G antibodies of whales and dolphins correlates with evolutionary distance. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15(10):1547–1554. 

Norman, S.A., R.F. DiGiacomo, F.M.D. Gulland, J.S. Meschke, and M.S. Lowry. 

2008. Risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis in California sea lions 

42 

(Zalophus californianus) in California, 2004. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

44(4):837–844. 

Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, H.A. Dabritz, D.M. 

Paradies, K.R. Worcester, S. Jang, J. Lawrence, B.A. Byrne, and P.A. Conrad. 

2008. Risk factors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal 

bacteria in northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Reports 

123:360–370. 

Stoddard, R.A., R.L. DeLong, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. 

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in 

the Channel Islands, California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81:5–11. 

Holmes, A.L., S.S. Wise, C.E.C. Goertz, J.L. Dunn, F.M.D. Gulland, T. Gelatt, 

K.B. Beckmen, K. Burek, S. Atkinson, M. Bozza, R. Taylor, T. Zheng, Y. Zhang, 

A.-M. Aboueissa, and J.P. Wise, Sr. 2008. Metal tissue levels in Steller sea lion 

(Eumetopias jubatus) pups. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1416–1421. 

Gulland, F.M.D., F. Nutter, K. Dixon, J. Calambokidis, G. Schorr, J. Barlow, T. 

Rowles, S. Wilkin, T. Spradlin, L. Gage, J. Mulsow, C. Reichmuth, M. Moore, 

J. Smith, P. Folkens, S.F. Hamer, S. Jang, and C.S. Baker. 2008. Health assessment, antibiotic treatment, and behavioral responses to herding efforts of a cowcalf pair of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Sacramento 

River Delta, California. Aquatic Mammals 34(2):182–192. 

Sarran, D., D.J. Greig, C.A. Rios, T.S. Zabka, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Evaluation of aqueous humor as a surrogate for serum biochemistry in California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Aquatic Mammals 34(2):157–165. 

Hall, A.J., F.M.D. Gulland, G.M. Ylitalo, D.J. Greig, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2008. 

Changes in blubber contaminant concentrations in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) associated with weight loss and gain during rehabilitation. Environmental Science and Technology 42(11):4181–4187. 

Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T.M. O’Hara. 2008. Effects of climate change 

on arctic marine mammal health. Ecological Applications 18(2):S126–134. 

Cameron, C.E., R.L. Zuerner, S. Raverty, K.M. Colegrove, S.A. Norman, D.M. 

Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Detection of pathogenic 

Leptospira bacteria in pinniped populations via PCR and identification of a 

source of transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine environment. 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46(5):1728–1733. 

Fauquier, D.A., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, T.R. Spraker, and M.M. Christopher. 2008. Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39(1):1–5. 

Hunt, T.D., M.H. Ziccardi, F.M.D. Gulland, P.K. Yochem, D.W. Hird, T. Rowles, 

and J.A.K. Mazet. 2008. Health risks for marine mammal workers. Disease of 

Aquatic Organisms 81:81–92. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2008. In vitro susceptibility of sea lion poxvirus to 

cidofovir. Antiviral Research 80:77–80. 

MacLean, R.A., D. Imai, C. Dold, M. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate aplasia in a northern elephant seal 

(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(22):499–504. 

Petrauskas, L., S. Atkinson, F. Gulland, J. Mellish, and M. Horning. 2008. Monitoring glucocorticoid response to rehabilitation and research procedures in California and Steller sea lions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A:73–82. 

Yochem, P.K., F. Gulland, B.S. Stewart, M. Haulena, J. Mazet, and W.M. Boyce. 

2008. Thyroid function testing in elephant seals in health and disease. General 

and Comparative Endocrinology 155:627–632. 

Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, T.S. Zabka, G. Langlois, K.M. Colegrove, M. Silver, 

S. Bargu Ates, F. Van Dolah, T. Leighfield, P.A. Conrad, J. Barakos, D.C. Williams, S. Dennison, M.A. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:267–276. 

Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Van Dolah, F.M.D. Gulland, T.K. Rowles, and L.H. 

Schwacke. 2008. Production and toxicity of the marine biotoxin domoic acid and 

its effects on wildlife: a review. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14:544– 

567. 

Dennison, S., M. Haulena, D.C. Williams, J. Dawson, B.S. Yandell, and F.M.D. 

Gulland 2008. Determination of a sedative protocol for use in California sea 

43 

lions (Zalophus californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing 

electroencephalographic examination. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 

39(4):542–547. 

Lloyd-Smith, J.0., D.J. Greig, S. Hietala, G.S. Ghneim, L. Palmer, J. St. Leger, 

B.T. Grenfell, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of 

leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host 

species? BMC Infectious Disease 7:125. 

Moore, M., G. Early, K. Touhey, S. Barco, F. Gulland, and R. Wells. 2007. Rehabilitation and release of marine mammals in the United States: risks and benefits. Marine Mammal Science 23(4):731–750. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2007. Is marine mammal health deteriorating? 

EcoHealth 4:135–150. 

Stoddard, R.A., W.G. Miller, J.E. Foley, J. Lawrence, F.M.D. Gulland, P.A. Conrad, and B.A. Byrne. 2007. Campylobacter insulaenigrae isolates from northern 

elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(6):1729–1735. 

Bejarano, A.C., F.M. VanDolah, F.M. Gulland, and L. Schwacke. 2007. Exposure 

assessment of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lions: Application of a 

bioenergetic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:293–304. 

Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, R.L. DeLong, S.R. Melin, R.K. Vittore, H. Wong, 

G.L. Ross, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 

2007. Age-prevalence of otarine herpesvirus–1, a tumor-associated virus, and 

possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 120:1–8. 

Dennison, S., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, H. De Morais, and K. Colegrove. 2007. 

Urate nephrolithaisis in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and 

a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1):114120. 

Goldstein, T., L.J. Lowenstine, T.P. Lipscomb, J.A.K. Mazet, J. Novak, J.L. 

Stott and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Identification of a gamma herpesviral infection 

in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(4):830–835. 

Greig, D.J., K.L. Mashburn, M. Rutishauser, F.M.D. Gulland, T.M. Williams, 

and S. Atkinson. 2007. Seasonal changes in circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal 

of Mammalogy 88(1):67–72. 

Greig, D.J., G.M. Ylitalo, A.J. Hall, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. 

Transplacental transfer of organochlorines in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26(1):37–44. 

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., T.R. Spraker, E. Lyons, S.R. Melin, F. Gulland, R.L. 

Delong, and W. Amos. 2006. Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival 

and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 

15(7):19731982. 

Aldridge, B.M., L. Bowen, B.R. Smith, G.A. Antonelis, F. Gulland, and J.L. 

Stott. 2006. Paucity of class 1 MHC gene heterogeneity between individuals in 

the endangered Hawaiian monk seal population. Immunogenetics 58(2–3):203– 

215. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, C. Godinez, A. Zavala, F. 

Gulland, L. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2006. MHC gene configuration variation in geographically disparate populations of California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Molecular Ecology 15(2):529–533. 

El-Zein, R.A., D.A. Hastings-Smith, M.M. Ammenheuser, M. Treinen-Moslen, 

F.M.D. Gulland, and J.B. Ward, Jr. 2006. Evaluation of two different biomarkers for use in the assessment of toxic chemical exposure in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(1):108–113. 

Stapleton, H.M., N.G. Dodder, J.R. Kucklick, C.M. Reddy, M.M. Schantz, P.R. 

Becker, F. Gulland, B.J. Porter, and S.A. Wise. 2006. Determination of HBCD, 

PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(5):522–531. 

Zagzebski, K., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Lander, D.J. Greig, L. Gage, 

B.M. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B. Stewart. 2006. Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in central and northern California, 1977 to 2002. 

Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334–345. 

44 

Buckles, E.L., F.M.D. Gulland, B.M. Aldridge, T.S. Gelatt, P.S. Ross, M. 

Haulena, and L.J. Lowenstine. Fetus in Fetu in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardi): Histopathologic, genetic, and toxicologic analysis. Veterinary Pathology 43:541–544. 

Brodie, E., F.M.D. Gulland, D.J. Greig, M. Hunter, J. Jaakola, J. St Leger, T.A. 

Leighfield, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2006. Domoic acid causes reproductive failure 

in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Mammal Science 

22(3):700707. 

Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, C. Funke, R.K. Vittore, H.-W. Wong, J.A. St 

Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Otarine 

herpesvirus–1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 

135:183–189. 

Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, D.A. Fauquier, S. Jang, B. Aldridge, T. Spraker, L.C. Thomas, D.R. Brown, L. Wendland, and M.K. Davidson. 

2006. Lesions associated with a novel mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

42(1):40–45. 

Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, R.C. Braun, G.A. Antonelis, L. Kashinsky, T.K. 

Rowles, J.A.K. Mazet, L.M. Dalton, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Molecular identification of a novel gamma herpesvirus in the endangered Hawaiian 

monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Marine Mammal Science 22(2):465–471. 

Johnson, S., L. Lowenstine, F. Gulland, S. Jang, D. Imai, F. Almy, R. DeLong, 

and I. Gardner. 2006. Aerobicbacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with 

urogenital carcinoma. Veterinary Microbiology 114:94–103. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Hernandez, R.C. Condit, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and E.R. Jacobson. 2006. Seroepidemiology of parapoxvirus infections in 

captive and free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus.) Diseases 

of Aquatic Organisms 69:153–161. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Parapoxviruses of seals and sea lions make up 

a distinct Glade within the genus Parapoxvirus. Virology 349:316–324. 

Nollens, H.H., E.R. Jacobson, F.M.D. Gulland, D.O. Beusse, G.D. Bossart, J.A. 

Hernandez, P.A. Klein, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Preliminary characterization of 

a parapoxvirus isolated from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(1):23–32. 

Zabka, T.S., M. Haulena, B. Puschner, F.M.D. Gulland, P. Conrad, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 2006. Acute, fatal lead toxicosis in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardsi) consequent to ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases 42(3):651–657. 

Zagzebski, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M.E. Lander, D.J. Greig, L. 

Gage, M.B. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B.S. Stewart. 2006. Twenty-five years of 

rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in central and northern California, 1977 

to 2002. Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334–345. 

Nollens, H.H., J.A. Hernandez, E.R. Jacobson, M. Haulena, and F.M.D. 

Gulland. 2005. Risk factors associated with poxvirus lesions in hospitalized 

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227:467–473. 

Stoddard R.A., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Atwill, J. Lawrence, S. Jang, and P.A. 

Conrad. 2005. Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in northern elephant seals, 

California. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:1967–1969. 

Burek, A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, K.B. Beckmen, E. Keyes, T.R. Spraker, 

A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J.F. Evermann, J.L. Stott, J.T. Saliki, and A.W. 

Trites. 2005. Infectious disease and decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias 

jubatus) in Alaska, USA: Insight from serological data. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):512524. 

Conrad, P.A., M.A. Miller, C. Kreuder, E.R. James, J. Mazet, H. Dabritz, D.A. 

Jessup, F. Gulland, and M.E. Griggs. 2005. Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues 

from the study of sea otter as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. International Journal for Parasitology 35:1155–1168. 

Kelly, T.R., D. Greig, K.M. Colegrove, L.J. Lowenstine, M. Dailey, F.M. Gulland, 

and M. Haulena. 2005. Megastrongyloid nematode (Otostrongylus circumlitus) 

45 

infection in a stranded California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)—a new hostparasite association. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):593–598. 

McKnight, C.A., T.L. Reynolds, M. Haulena, A. deLahunta, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2005. Congenital anomaly in a stranded Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardsi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):654–658. 

Colegrove, K.M., L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Leptospirosis in 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the California 

coast. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41:426–430. 

Silvagni, P.A., L.J. Lowenstine, T. Spraker, T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M. Gulland. 

2005. Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Veterinary Pathology 42(2):184–191. 

Lander, M.E., M. Haulena, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.T. Harvey. 2005 Implantation 

of subcutaneous radio transmitters in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Marine 

Mammal Science 21(1):154–161. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, E.L. Buckles, F. Gulland, L.J. 

Lowenstine, J. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2005. An immunogenetic basis for the 

high prevalence of urogenital cancer in a free-ranging population of California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics 56:846–848. 

Debier, K., G.M. Ylitalo, M. Weise, F. Gulland, D.P. Costa, B.J. LeBoeuf, T. 

deTillesse, and Y. Larondelle. 2005. PCBs and DDTs in the serum of juvenile 

California sea lions: associations with vitamins A and E and thyroid hormones. 

Environmental Pollution 134:323–332. 

Neale, J.C.C., K.R. Schmelzer, F.M.D. Gulland, E.A. Berg, and R.S. Tjeerdema. 

2005. Organohalogen levels in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups increase with 

duration of nursing. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 

68:687–691. 

Neale, J.C.C., F.M.D. Gulland, K.R. Schmelzer, J.T. Harvey, E.A. Berg, S.G. 

Allen, D.J. Greig, E.K. Grigg, and R.S. Tjeerdema. 2005. Contaminant loads and 

hematological correlates in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) of San Francisco 

Bay, California. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 

68:617–633. 

Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland, T. Rowles, D.P. 

King, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2005. Tissue Distribution of Phocine 

Herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) in Infected harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the central Californian coast and a comparison of diagnostic methods. Journal of Comparative Pathology 133:175–183. 

Colegrove, K.M., D. Greig, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Causes of stranding of 

phocids (northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and Pacific harbor 

seals (Phoca vitulina)) along the central California coast, 1992–2001. Aquatic 

Mammals 31(1):1–10. 

Ylitalo, G.M., J.E. Stein, T.E. Hom, L.J. Johnson, K.L. Tilbury, A.J. Hall, T. 

Rowles, D. Greig, L.J. Lowenstine, and F. Gulland. 2005. The role of 

organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:30–39. 

Greig, D.J., F.M.D. Gulland, and C. Kreuder. 2005. A decade of live California 

sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings along the central California coast: 

causes and trends, 1991–2000. Aquatic Mammals 31(1):40–51. 

Travecchia, G., T. Coulson, B.J.T. Morgan, J.M. Pemberton, J.C. Pilkington, 

F.M.D. Gulland, and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 2005. Predictors of reproductive cost 

in female Soay sheep. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:201–213. 

Bowen L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, S. Melin, L.J. 

Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2004. Class II multiformity generated 

by variable MHC-DRB region configurations in the California sea lion (Zalophus 

californianus). Immunogenetics 56(1):12–27. 

Elson-Riggins, J.G., S.A. Riggins, F.M.D. Gulland, and E.G. Platzer. 2004. 

Immunoglobulin responses of northern elephant and Pacific harbor seals naturally infected with Otostrongylus circumlitus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

40(3):466–475. 

Fauquier, D., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Dailey, R.L. Rietcheck, and T.P. 

Lipscomb. 2004. Meningoencephalitis in two stranded California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) caused by aberrant trematode migration. Journal of 

Wildlife Disease 40(4):816–819. 

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., H. de la Cueva, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Aurioles-Gamboa, 

F. Arellano-Carbajal, and F. Suarez-Guemes. 2003. Evidence of Leptospira 

46 

interrogans infection in California sea lion pups from the Gulf of California. 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(1):145–151. 

Zabka, T.S., E.L. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 2003. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis 

in a stranded Steller (northern) sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 130:195–198. 

Fauquier, D.A., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, and T. Spraker. 2003. Biliary adenocarcinoma in a stranded northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):723–726. 

Duffield, D.A., N.B. Barros, E.O. Espinoza, S. Ploen, F.M.D. Gulland, and J. 

Heyning. 2003. Identifying pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (genus Kogia) using 

electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Marine 

Mammal Science 19:395–399. 

Johnson, S.P., S. Jong, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Miller, D. Casper, J. Lawrence, and 

J. Herrera. 2003. Characterization and clinical manifestations of Arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central 

California coast. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:136–144. 

Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, B. Aldridge, J.T. Harvey, T, Rowles, D.M. 

Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, L. Measures, P.K. Yochem, B.S. Stewart, R.J. Small, 

D.P. King, J.L. Stott, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2003. Antibodies to phocine 

herpesvirus–1 are common in North American harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):487–494. 

Hanni, K.D, J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Estes, M. Staedler, M. Murray, 

M. Miller, and D.A. Jessup. 2003. Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

39(4):837850. 

Lander, M.E., J.T. Harvey, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2003. Hematology and serum 

chemistry comparisons between free-ranging and rehabilitated harbor seal 

(Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):600–609. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, D. Fauquier, G. Langlois, M.E. Lander, T. Zabka, 

and R. Duerr. 2002. Domoic acid toxicity in Californian sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus): clinical signs, treatment and survival. Veterinary Record 

150:475–480. 

King, D.P., M.C. Hure, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D. Gulland, J.T. Saliki, 

E.L. Buckles, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L. Stott. 2002. Otarine herpesvirus–1: a 

novel gammaherpesvirus associated with urogenital carcinoma in California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 2277:131–137. 

Haulena, M., E. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, A. Wong, S. Jang, 

M.M. Christopher, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2002. Systemic mycosis caused by 

Scedosporium apiospermum in a stranded Northern elephant seal (Mirounga 

angustirostris) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 

33(2):166–171. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, J. Woo, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, J.L. 

Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2002. Molecular characterization of expressed DQA 

and DQB genes in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). 

Immunogenetics 54:332347. 

Colagross-Schouten, A.M., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, and S. 

Hietala. 2002. Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea 

lions from coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38:7–17. 

Larson, S.R., M. Haulena, C.B. Grindem, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2002. Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using 

a portable clinical analyzer. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(2):106–110. 

Moore, S.E., J.R. Urban, W. Perryman, F. Gulland, H. Peres-Cortes, P. Wade, 

L. Rojas Bracho, and T. Rowles. 2001. Are gray whales hitting ‘‘K’’ hard? Marine Mammal Science 17:954–958. 

Miller, M.A., K. Sverlow, P.R. Crosbie, B.C. Barr, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. 

Gulland, A. Packham, and P. Conrad. 2001. Isolation and characterization of 

two parasitic protozoa from a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with 

meningoencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 87:816–822. 

Lyons, E.T., S.R. Melin, R.L. DeLong, A.J. Orr, F.M.D. Gulland, and S.C. 

Tolliver. 2001. Current prevalence of adult Uncinaria spp. in northern fur seal 

(Callorhinus ursinus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on 

San Miguel Island, California, with notes on the biology of these hookworms. 

Veterinary Parasitology 97:309–318. 

47 

Kajiwara, N., K. Kaman, M. Muraoka, M. Watanabe, S. Takahashi, F. Gulland, 

H. Olsen, A.L. Blankenship, P.D. Jones, S. Tanabe, and J.P. Giesy. 2001. 

Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds 

in blubber and livers of stranded California sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal California, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:90–99. 

King, D.P., A.R. Lie, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, 

M.A. Adkinson, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L. Stott. 2001. Humoral immune responses to phocine herpesvirus–1 in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina 

richardsii) during an outbreak of clinical disease. Veterinary Microbiology 80:1– 

8. 

Dailey, M.D., F.M.D. Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, P. Silvagni, and D. Howard. 

2000. Prey, parasites and pathology associated with the mortality of a juvenile 

gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the northern California 

coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 42:111–117. 

Gulland, F.M., M.K. Stoskopf, S.P. Johnson, J. Riviere, and M.G. Papich. 2000. 

Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23:223–228. 

Lipscomb, T.P., D.P. Scott, R.L. Garber, A.E. Krafft, M.M. Tsai, J.H. Lichy, J.K. 

Taubenberger, F.Y. Schulman, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2000. Common metastatic 

carcinoma of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Evidence of genital 

origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Veterinary Pathology 

37:609–617. 

Lander, M.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and R.L. DeLong. 2000. Satellite tracking a rehabilitated Guadelupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendii). Aquatic Mammals 

26:137–142. 

Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F.P. Chavez, 

J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. DeVogelaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. 

Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J. Lowenstine, R. Marin, III, P.E. Miller, W.A. 

McLellan, P.D.R. Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T. 

Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the 

central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature 403:80–84. 

Lyons, E.T., R.L. DeLong, F.M.D. Gulland, S.R. Melin, S.C. Tolliver, and T. 

Spraker. 2000. Comparative biology of Uncinaria spp. in the California sea lion 

(Zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) in 

California. Journal of Parasitology 86:1348–1352. 

Wilkinson, I.S., S.J. Childerhouse, P.J. Duignan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2000. Infanticide and cannibalism in the New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Marine Mammal Science 16:494–500. 

Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.G. Calkins, and T.R. Spraker. 2000. Immobilization of California sea lions using medetomidine plus ketamine with and 

without isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

36:124–130. 

Goldstein, T., S.P. Johnson, A.V. Phillips, K. Hanni, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D. 

Gulland. 1999. Human related injuries observed in live stranded pinnipeds 

along the central California coast 1986–1998. Aquatic Mammals 25(1):43–51. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L.J. Lowenstine, C. Munro, P.A. Graham, J. 

Bauman, and J. Harvey. 1999. Adrenal function in wild and rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) and in seals associated with 

Phocine herpesvirus associated adrenal necrosis. Marine Mammal Science 

15:810–827. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1999. Stranded seals: Important sentinels. Journal of the 

American Veterinary Medicine Association 214:1191–1192. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L. Gage, and S. Thornton. 1999. Anesthesia of 

juvenile Pacific harbor seals using propofol alone and in combination with 

isoflurane. Marine Mammal Science 15:234–238. 

Ham-Lamme ́, K.D., D.P. King, B.C. Taylor, C. House, D.A. Jessup, S. Jeffries, 

P. Yochem, F.M.D. Gulland, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1999. The application 

of immuno-assays for serological detection of morbillivirus exposure in free 

ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the 

western coast of the United States. Marine Mammal Science 15:601–608. 

48 

Stevens, E., T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. An additional case of 

leptospirosis in a harbor seal. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35:150. 

Lapointe, J.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.M. Haines, B.C. Barr, and P.J. Duignan. 

1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetti in a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardsi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations 11:541–543. 

King, D.P., R. Parselles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.M. LaPointe, L.J. Lowentine, D.A. 

Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1998. Antigenic and nucleotide characterization of a 

herpesvirus isolated from Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Archives of Virology 143:1–7. 

Lapointe, J.M., P.J. Duignan, A.E. Marsh, F.M.D. Gulland, B.C. Barr, D.K. 

Naydan, D.P. King, C. Farman, K.A. Burek Huntingdon, and L.J. Lowenstine. 

1998. Meningoencephalitis due to a Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Parasitology 84:1184– 

1189. 

Stamper, M.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T. Spraker. 1998. Leptospirosis in rehabilitated Pacific Harbor seals from California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:407– 

410. 

Thornton, S.M., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Bacterial isolates from 

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation 

center along the central California coast, 1994–1995. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:171–176. 

Johnson, S.P., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Isolation and antimicrobial 

susceptibility of bacteria from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern California. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:288–294. 

Gulland, F.M.D., K. Beckmen, K. Burek, L. Lowenstine, L. Werner, T. Spraker, 

and E. Harris. 1997. Otostrongylus circumlitus infestation of northern elephant 

seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded in central California. Marine Mammal 

Science 13:446–459. 

Trupkiewicz, J.G., F.M.D. Gulland, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1997. Congenital defects in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the 

central California coast 1988–1995. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:220–225. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L.J. Lowenstine, J.M. Lapointe, T. Spraker, and D.P. King. 

1997. Herpesvirus infection in stranded Pacific harbor seals of coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:450–458. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1997. The impact of parasites on wild animal populations. 

Parassitologia 39:287–291. 

Fauquier, D.A., F.M.D. Gulland, J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 1996. Coccidioidomycosis in free-living California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) in central California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

32:707–710. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Koski, L.J. Lowenstine, A. Colagrass, L. Morgan, and T. 

Spraker. 1996. Leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) 

stranded along the central California coast, 1981–1994. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:572580. 

Gulland, F.M.D., J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1996. 

Metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in free-living California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus): 64 Cases (1979–1994). Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases 32:250–258. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L. Werner, S. O’Neill, L. Lowenstine, J. Trupkiewicz, D. 

Smith, B. Royal, and I. Strubel. 1996. Baseline coagulation assay values for 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), and the diagnosis of a case 

of disseminated intravascular coagulation in this species. Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases, 32:536–540. 

Grenfell, B.T., and Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Introduction: Ecological impact of parasitism on wildlife host populations. Parasitology 111:S3–S14. 

Torgerson, P.R., J Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1995. Further evidence for long distance dispersal of taeniid eggs. International Journal 

for Parasitology 25:265–267. 

Parada, L., P. Cabrera, C. Burges, A. Acuna, C. Barcelona, M.K. Laurenson, 

F.M.D. Gulland, J. Agulla, S. Parietti, E. Paolillo, and B. Botta. 1995. 

Echinococcus granulosus infections of dogs in the Durazno region of Uruguay. 

Veterinary Record 136:389–391. 

49 

Gasser, R.B., L. Parada, A. Acuna, C. Burgess, M.K. Laurenson, F.M.D. 

Gulland. M.P. Reichel, and E. Paulillo. 1994. Immunological assessment of exposure to Echinococcus granulosus in a rural dog population in Uruguay. Acta 

Tropica 58:179185. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1994. Wildlife situations. Veterinary Parasitology 54:283–286. 

Gulland, F.M.D., S.D. Albon, J.M. Pemberton, P.R. Moorcroft, and T.H. CluttonBrock. 1993. Parasite-associated polymorphism in a cyclic ungulate population. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 254:7–13. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis aries 

L.) mortality during a population crash. Parasitology 105:493–503. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and M. Fox. 1992. Epidemiology of nematode infections of 

Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) on St Kilda. Parasitology 105:481–492. 

Torgerson, P.R., F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1992. Observations on the 

epidemiology of Taenia hydatigena in Soay sheep on St Kilda. Veterinary 

Record 131:218–219. 

Loudon, A.S.I., B.R. Brinklow, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Boyle, and A.P.F. Flint. 1990. 

Roles of prolactin and the uterus in the control of luteal regression in the Bennet’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). Reproduction Fertility and Development 2:71–78. 

Gulland, F.M.D., H.W. Reid, D. Buxton, J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood. 1989. Malignant catarrhal fever in a roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) 

at Regents Park. Veterinary Record 124:42–43. 

Lewis, J.C.M., A.J. Fitzgerald, F.M.D. Gulland, C.M. Hawkey, P. Kertesz, J.K. 

Kirkwood, and R.A. Kock. 1989. Observations on the treatment of 

necrobacillosis in wallabies. British Veterinary Journal 145:394–396. 

Kock, R.A., M. Jago, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.C.M. Lewis. 1989. The use of 

Idazoxan and its analogue RX 821002A in zoo and wild animals. Journal of the 

Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists 16:4–10. 

Gulland, F.M.D., K. Gebremeskel, G. Williams, and P.J.S. Olney. 1988. Plasma 

vitamins A and E, total lipid and cholesterol concentrations in captive jackass 

penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Veterinary Record 123:666–667. 

Hawkey, C.M., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1988. Haematology of clinically normal and 

abnormal captive llamas (Lama glama) and guanacoes (L. guanicoe). Veterinary 

Record 122:232–234. 

Henderson, G.M., F.M.D. Gulland, and C.M. Hawkey. 1988. Hematologic findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and trichomonas infections associated 

with ‘‘going light.’’ Veterinary Record 123:492–494. 

Kirkwood, J.K., F.M.D. Gulland, J.R. Needham, and M.G. Vogler. 1988. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in clinical cases in the red-necked wallaby 

(Macropus rufogriseus). Research in Veterinary Science 44:335–337. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and P.C. Cowardine. 1987. Plasma metronidazole levels in an 

Indian elephant (Elephus maximus) after rectal administration. Veterinary 

Record 120:440. 

Gulland, F.M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. The effects of Eperythrozoon 

ovis in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 43:85–87. 

Gulland, F M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. Changing morphology of 

Eperythrozoon ovis. Research in Veterinary Science 43:88–91. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and R. Parsons. 1987. Clostridium glycolicum in an addax. 

Veterinary Record 120:287. 

Kertesz, P., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1987. The surgical and restorative dental 

treatment of a bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Zoo Animal 

Medicine 18:73–78. 

Gulland, F.M.D., J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood. 1987. Vaccination against lumpy jaw in wallabies. Veterinary Record 120:311. 

Pearce, P.C., G. Gustavo, F. Gulland, and J. Knight. 1985. Immobilisation of a 

pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 

16:104–106. 

17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified orally or in writing 

before Congress in a governmental or non-governmental capacity and specify the 

date and subject matter of each testimony: None. 

18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major operational objectives 

of the department/agency to which you have been nominated, what in your backVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00053 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
50 

ground or employment experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish 

to serve in that position? 

I have 17 years of experience working directly on the health of marine mammals 

as a veterinarian and am recognized as a leading expert on the health risks faced 

by wild, and to some extent, captive marine mammals. I have served on multiple 

federal advisory groups convened to study and make recommendations to promote 

the conservation of marine mammals and the ecosystems of which they are a part. 

I wish to serve on the Marine Mammal Commission so that I can strive to ensure 

that marine mammals are protected and conserved in accordance with the Marine 

Mammal Protection Act, particularly with regard to factors that pose risks to their 

health. 

19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to ensure that the 

department/agency has proper management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large organization? 

I would share responsibility with the other two Commissioners to oversee agency 

operations and would work closely with the Commission’s Executive Director and 

General Counsel to ensure proper management and accounting controls are in place. 

20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the department/ 

agency, and why? 

I believe the top three challenges facing the Commission are: (1) ensuring that 

the other federal agencies to which it makes recommendations have the information 

and tools necessary to meet their responsibilities to conserve marine mammals and 

key ecosystems, given increasing utilization of marine resources including pressures 

posed by fisheries, shipping, and oil and gas operations; (2) facilitating research 

needed to understand the impacts of climate change on marine mammals and to 

identify actions that can be taken to minimize those impacts; and (3) working with 

other agencies, state and tribal governments, the scientific community, and other 

stakeholders and interested parties to understand how local and regional changes 

in coastal waters, such as increasing harmful algal blooms, affect marine mammal 

health and how to mitigate those health risks. 

B. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements, and 

other continuing dealings with business associates, clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement accounts. 

Salary from The Marine Mammal Center, retirement plans with Valic and 

PayChex. 

2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, to maintain 

employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, association or other organization during your appointment? If so, please explain. 

I will continue to work for The Marine Mammal Center and to serve as an unpaid 

science advisor to the California Ocean Protection Council in accordance with the 

terms of my ethics agreement. 

3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other relationships which 

could involve potential conflicts of interest in the position to which you have been 

nominated. 

My affiliations with The Marine Mammal Center and the California Ocean Protection Council, which have been addressed in an ethics agreement to avoid potential 

conflicts of interest. 

4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial transaction which you 

have had during the last 10 years, whether for yourself, on behalf of a client, or 

acting as an agent, that could in any way constitute or result in a possible conflict 

of interest in the position to which you have been nominated. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Marine 

Mammal Commission’s designated agency ethics official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance 

with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the Commission’s designated agency ethics official and that has been provided to this Committee. 

5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have been engaged 

for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and execution of law or public 

policy: None. 

6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest, including any 

that may be disclosed by your responses to the above items. 

51 

Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the terms 

of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the Commission’s designated 

agency ethics official and that has been provided to this Committee. 

C. LEGAL MATTERS

1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics by, or been the 

subject of a complaint to any court, administrative agency, professional association, 

disciplinary committee, or other professional group? If so, please explain. No. 

2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by any federal, 

state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal, state, county, or municipal 

entity, other than for a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No. 

3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or civil litigation? If so, 

please explain. No. 

4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo contendere) of 

any criminal violation other than a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No. 

5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual harassment or 

discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please 

explain. No. 

6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in connection with your nomination: 

None. 

D. RELATIONSHIP WITH COMMITTEE

1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes. 

2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can to protect 

Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal for their testimony and 

disclosures? Yes. 

3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with firsthand knowledge of matters 

of interest to the Committee? Yes. 

4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of 

the Congress on such occasions as you may be reasonably requested to do so? Yes. 

RESUME OF FRANCES MARY DOROTHEA GULLAND

Education 

1991. Ph.D. University of Cambridge ‘‘The role of parasites in the population 

dynamics of Soay sheep on St. Kilda.’’ 

1986. M.A. University of Cambridge. 

1984. Vet. M.B., M.R.C.V.S. University of Cambridge. 

1981. B.A. Natural Sciences. University of Cambridge. 

Employment 

1994 to present—Director of Veterinary Services, The Marine Mammal Center, 

Sausalito, CA, USA. 

1993—Research Assistant, Serengeti Rabies Project, Tanzania. 

1992–1993—Research Fellow in Wildlife Diseases, Zoological Society of London, 

UK. 

1988–1991—Graduate student, University of Cambridge, UK. 

1985–1988—House Surgeon, Zoological Society of London, UK. 

1984–1985—House Surgeon, Royal (Dick) School Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK. 

Professional and Academic Affiliations 

2008 to present—Science Adviser, California Ocean Protection Council. 

2007 to present—Associate Editor, Journal of Wildlife Disease. 

2006 to present—Member, Advisory Board for California’s Oiled Wildlife Care 

Network. 

2005–2007—Associate Editor, Marine Mammal Science. 

2004–2008—Chair, Southern Sea Otter Recovery Implementation team. 

52 

2001 to present—Member, Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team. 

2001–2002—President, International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine. 

2000 to present—Scientific Advisor, Marine Mammal Commission. 

1998 to present—Working Group on Unusual Marine Mammal Mortality 

Events, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998–2000—Member; 2001–2005— 

Chair, 2006 to present—Emeritus member. 

1996–2004—Scientific Advisor, Oiled Wildlife Care Network. 

Publications 

Reports 

Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, E. Keyes, T.R. Spraker, A.W. Smith, 

D.E. Skilling, J. Evermann, J.L. Stott, and A.W. Trites. 2003. Disease agents in 

Steller sea lions in Alaska: A review and analysis of serology data from 1975– 

2000. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 11, No. 4, 26 pp. 

Gulland, F. 2000. Domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus) stranded along the central California coast, May–October 1998, 

U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS–OPR, 17, 

45 pp. 

Gulland, F., H.M. Pe ́rez-Corte ́s, J.R. Urba ́n, L. Rojas-Bracho, G. Ylitalo, J. Weir, 

S.A. Norman, M.M. Muto, D.J. Rugh, C. Kreuder, and T. Rowles. 2005. Eastern 

North Pacific Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Unusual Mortality Event, 

1999–2000: A Compilation. U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NMFS–AFSC–150, 33 pp. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 2006. Review of the Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Event 

Response Program of the National Marine Fisheries Service. U.S. Department 

of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR–33, 37 pp. 

Books and Book Chapters 

Dierauf, L.A., and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.). 2001. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1063 pp. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2005. The role of disease in influencing status 

and trends. Pp. 47–62 in J. Reynolds, W. Perrin, R. Reeves, S. Montgomery and 

T. Ragen (eds.), Marine Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. The 

John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 

Kim, K., A.P. Dobson, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Diseases and the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity. Pp. 149–166 in E.A. Norse and L.B. Crowder (eds.) 

Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea’s Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Wilson, K., B.T. Grenfell, J.G. Pilkington, H.E.G. Boyd, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2004. Parasites and their impacts. Pp. 113–165 in T.H. Clutton-Brock and J.M. 

Pemberton (eds.), Soay Sheep. Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. 

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

Van Dolah, F.M., G.J. Doucette, F. Gulland, T. Rowles, and G. Bossart. 2003. 

Impacts of algal toxins on marine mammals. Pp. 247–270 in J.G. Vos, G.D. 

Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O’Shea (eds.), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. 

Taylor & Francis, London. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L.A. Dierauf, and T.K. Rowles. 2001. Marine Mammal Stranding Networks. Pp. 45–68 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 

Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L. Lowenstine, and T. Spraker. 2001. Noninfectious Diseases. 

Pp. 521–550 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.) CRC Handbook of Marine 

Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, and L. Dierauf. 2001. Seals and Sea Lions. Pp. 

907–926 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine 

Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1998. Leptospirosis in marine mammals. Pp 469–471 in M. 

Fowler and R.E. Miller (eds.), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. W.B. Saunders, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Impact of infectious diseases on wild animal populations—a review. Pp. 20–51 in B.T. Grenfell and A.P. Dobson (eds.), Ecology 

of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, UK. 

53 

Gulland, F.M.D., and C.M. Hawkey. 1990. Avian Haematology. Pp. 126–136 in 

C.S.G. Grunsell and M.E. Raw (eds.), The Veterinary Annual. Butterworth, London. 

Journal Articles 

Berman-Kowalewski, M., F.M.D. Gulland, S. Wilkin, J. Calambokidis, B. Mate, 

J. Cordaro, D. Rotstein, J. St. Leger, P. Collins, K. Fahy, and S. Dover. 2010. 

Association between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) mortality and ship 

strikes along the California Coast. Aquatic Mammals 36(1):59–66. 

Gill, S., T. Goldstein, D. Situ, T.S. Zabka, F.M.D. Gulland, and R.W. Mueller. 

2010. Cloning and characterization of glutamate receptors in California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Drugs 8(5):1637–1649. 

Dennison, S.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and W.E. Braselton. 2010. Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are not appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates in anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4:144–147. 

Jacobsen, J.K., L. Massey, and F. Gulland. 2010. Fatal ingestion of floating marine debris by two sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Marine Pollution 

Bulletin 60:765–767. 

Nollens H.H., J.F.X. Wellehan, L. Archer, L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

In Press. Detection of a respiratory coronavirus during a pneumonia epizootic 

in free-ranging Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii). Diseases of 

Aquatic Organisms. 

Levin, M., D. Joshi, A. Draghi, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Jessup, and S. De Guise. 

2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vivo exposure of California sea lion 

and southern sea otter peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases 46:541–550. 

Lefebvre, K.A., A. Robertson, E.R. Frame, K.M. Colegrove, S. Nance, K.A. 

Baugh, H. Weidenhoft, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Clinical signs and 

histopathology associated with domoic acid poisoning in northern fur seals 

(Callorhinus ursinus) and comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful 

Algae 9:374–383. 

Lynn, B.L., C. Reichmuth, R.J. Schusterman, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Filial 

imprinting in a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Aquatic Mammals 36:79– 

83. 

Moore, M., M. Walsh, J. Bailey, D. Brunson, F. Gulland, S. Landry, D. Mattila, 

C. Mayo, C. Slay, J. Smith, and T. Rowles. 2010. Sedation at sea of entangled 

North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to enhance disentanglement. 

PLOS One 5:1–9. 

Jang, S., L. Wheeler, R.B. Carey, B. Jensen, C.M. Crandall, K.N. Schrader, D. 

Jessup, K. Colegrove, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010. Pleuritis and suppurative 

pneumonia associated with a hypermucoviscosity phenotype of Klebsiella 

pneumoniae in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 141:174–177. 

Thomas, K., J.T. Harvey, T. Goldstein, and F. Gulland. 2010. Movement, dive 

behavior, and survival of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) 

posttreatment for domoic acid toxicosis. Marine Mammal Science 26 (1):36–52. 

Ng, T.F.F., W.K. Suedmeyer, E. Wheeler, F. Gulland, and M. Breitbart. 2009. 

Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality event of captive California sea 

lions. Journal of General Virology 90:1256–1261. 

Montie, E.W., N. Pussini, G. Schneider, T.W.K. Battey, S. Dennison, J. Barakos, 

and F. Gulland. 2009. Neuroanatomy and volumes of brain structures of a live 

California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. 

The Anatomical Record 292:1523–1547. 

Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2009. 

Tumor morphology an immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor, 

progesterone receptor, p53, and Ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:642–655. 

Dau, B.K., K.V.K. Gilardi, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Higgins, J.B. Holcomb, J. 

St.Leger, and M.H. Ziccardi. 2009. Fishing gear-related injury in California marine wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(2):355–362. 

Zuerner, R.L, C. Cameron, S. Raverty, S. Robinson, K. Colegrove, S. Norman, 

D. Lambourn, S. Jeffries, D.P. Alt, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Geographical disVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00057 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
54 

semination of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona during seasonal migration 

of California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 137:105–110. 

Goldstein, T., T. Zabka, R. DeLong, L. Wheeler, G. Ylitalo, S. Bargu, M. Silver, 

T. Leighfield, F. Van Dolah, G. Langlois, I. Sidor, L. Dunn, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2009. The role of domoic acid in abortion and premature parturition of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) on San Miguel Island, California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45:91–108. 

Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, K. Harr, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 

2009. Pathological features of amyloidosis in stranded California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 140:105–112. 

Zabka, T.S., T. Goldstein, C. Cross, R.W. Mueller, C. Kreuder-Johnson, S. Gill, 

and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Characterization of a degenerative cardiomyopathy 

associated with domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:105–119. 

Torres de la Riva, G., C. Kreuder Johnson, F.M.D. Gulland, G.W. Langlois, J.E. 

Heyning, T.K. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2009. Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the 

southern California coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(1):109–121. 

Green, J.A., M. Haulena, I.L. Boyd, D., Calkins, F. Gulland, A.J. Woakes, and 

P.J. Butler. 2009. Trial implantation of heart rate data loggers in pinnipeds. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 73:115–121. 

Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, P.A. Conrad, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, J. Lawrence, B. 

McCowan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The effects of rehabilitation of northern 

elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of 

commensal Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 133:264–271. 

Dennison, S.E., L. Forrest, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of immature California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and 

immature northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Aquatic Mammals 

35 (1):36–42. 

Nollens, H.H., C. Ruiz, M.T. Walsh, F.M.D. Gulland, G. Bossart, E.D. Jensen, 

J.F. McBain, and J.F.X. Wellehan. 2008. Cross-reactivity between 

Immunoglobin G antibodies of whales and dolphins correlates with evolutionary 

distance. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15(10):1547–1554. 

Norman, S.A., R.F. DiGiacomo, F.M.D. Gulland, J.S. Meschke, and M.S. Lowry. 

2008. Risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) in California, 2004. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

44(4):837–844. 

Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, H.A. Dabritz, D.M. 

Paradies, K.R. Worcester, S. Jang, J. Lawrence, B.A. Byrne, and P.A. Conrad. 

2008. Risk factors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal 

bacteria in northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Reports 

123:360–370. 

Stoddard, R.A., R.L. DeLong, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. 

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in 

the Channel Islands, California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81:5–11. 

Holmes, A.L., S.S. Wise, C.E.C. Goertz, J.L. Dunn, F.M.D. Gulland, T. Gelatt, 

K.B. Beckmen, K. Burek, S. Atkinson, M. Bozza, R. Taylor, T. Zheng, Y. Zhang, 

A.-M. Aboueissa, and J.P. Wise, Sr. 2008. Metal tissue levels in Steller sea lion 

(Eumetopias jubatus) pups. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1416–1421. 

Gulland, F.M.D., F. Nutter, K. Dixon, J. Calambokidis, G. Schorr, J. Barlow, T. 

Rowles, S. Wilkin, T. Spradlin, L. Gage, J. Mulsow, C. Reichmuth, M. Moore, 

J. Smith, P. Folkens, S.F. Hanser, S. Jang, and C.S. Baker. 2008. Health assessment, antibiotic treatment, and behavioral responses to herding efforts of 

a cow-calf pair of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California. Aquatic Mammals 34(2):182–192. 

Sarran, D., D.J. Greig, C.A. Rios, T.S. Zabka, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Evaluation of aqueous humor as a surrogate for serum biochemistry in California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Aquatic Mammals 34(2):157–165. 

Hall, A.J., F.M.D. Gulland, G.M. Ylitalo, D.J. Greig, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2008. 

Changes in blubber contaminant concentrations in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) associated with weight loss and gain during rehabilitation. Environmental Science and Technology 42(11):4181–4187. 

Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T.M. O’Hara. 2008. Effects of climate change 

on arctic marine mammal health. Ecological Applications 18(2):S126–134. 

55 

Cameron, C.E., R.L. Zuerner, S. Raverty, K.M. Colegrove, S.A. Norman, D.M. 

Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Detection of pathogenic 

Leptospira bacteria in pinniped populations via PCR and identification of a 

source of transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine environment. 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46(5):1728–1733. 

Fauquier, D.A., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, T.R. Spraker, and M.M. Christopher. 2008. Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39(1):1–5. 

Hunt, T.D., M.H. Ziccardi, F.M.D. Gulland, P.K. Yochem, D.W. Hird, T. Rowles, 

and J.A.K. Mazet. 2008. Health risks for marine mammal workers. Disease of 

Aquatic Organisms 81:81–92. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2008. In vitro susceptibility of sea lion poxvirus to 

cidofovir. Antiviral Research 80:77–80. 

MacLean, R.A., D. Imai, C. Dold, M. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate aplasia in a northern elephant seal 

(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(22):499–504. 

Petrauskas, L., S. Atkinson, F. Gulland, J. Mellish, and M. Horning. 2008. Monitoring glucocorticoid response to rehabilitation and research procedures in California and Steller sea lions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A:73–82. 

Yochem, P.K., F. Gulland, B.S. Stewart, M. Haulena, J. Mazet, and W.M. Boyce. 

2008. Thyroid function testing in elephant seals in health and disease. General 

and Comparative Endocrinology 155:627–632. 

Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, T.S. Zabka, G. Langlois, K.M. Colegrove, M. Silver, 

S. Bargu Ates, F. Van Dolah, T. Leighfield, P.A. Conrad, J. Barakos, D.C. Williams, S. Dennison, M.A. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:267–276. 

Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Van Dolah, F.M.D. Gulland, T.K. Rowles, and L.H. 

Schwacke. 2008. Production and toxicity of the marine biotoxin domoic acid and 

its effects on wildlife: a review. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14:544– 

567. 

Dennison, S., M. Haulena, D.C. Williams, J. Dawson, B.S. Yandell, and F.M.D. 

Gulland. 2008. Determination of a sedative protocol for use in California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing 

electroencephalographic examination. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 

39(4):542–547. 

Lloyd-Smith, J.O., D.J. Greig, S. Hietala, G.S. Ghneim, L. Palmer, J. St. Leger, 

B.T. Grenfell, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of 

leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host 

species? BMC Infectious Disease 7:125. 

Moore, M., G. Early, K. Touhey, S. Barco, F. Gulland, and R. Wells. 2007. Rehabilitation and release of marine mammals in the United States: risks and benefits. Marine Mammal Science 23(4):731–750. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2007. Is marine mammal health deteriorating? 

EcoHealth 4:135–150. 

Stoddard, R.A., W.G. Miller, J.E. Foley, J. Lawrence, F.M.D. Gulland, P.A. Conrad, and B.A. Byrne. 2007. Campylobacter insulaenigrae isolates from northern 

elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(6):1729–1735. 

Bejarano, A.C., F.M. VanDolah, F.M. Gulland, and L. Schwacke. 2007. Exposure 

assessment of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lions: Application of a 

bioenergetic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:293–304. 

Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, R.L. DeLong, S.R. Melin, R.K. Vittore, H. Wong, 

G.L. Ross, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 

2007. Age-prevalence of otarine herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and 

possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 120:1–8. 

Dennison, S., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, H. De Morais, and K. Colegrove. 2007. 

Urate nephrolithaisis in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and 

a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1):114–120. 

56 

Goldstein, T., L.J. Lowenstine, T.P. Lipscomb, J.A.K. Mazet, J. Novak, J.L. 

Stott and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Identification of a gamma herpesviral infection 

in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(4):830–835. 

Greig, D.J., K.L. Mashburn, M. Rutishauser, F.M.D. Gulland, T.M. Williams, 

and S. Atkinson. 2007. Seasonal changes in circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal 

of Mammalogy 88(1):67–72. 

Greig, D.J., G.M. Ylitalo, A.J. Hall, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. 

Transplacental transfer of organochlorines in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26(1):37–44. 

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., T.R. Spraker, E. Lyons, S.R. Melin, F. Gulland, R.L. 

Delong, and W. Amos. 2006. Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival 

and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 

15(7):1973–1982. 

Aldridge, B.M., L. Bowen, B.R. Smith, G.A. Antonelis, F. Gulland, and J.L. 

Stott. 2006. Paucity of class 1 MHC gene heterogeneity between individuals in 

the endangered Hawaiian monk seal population. Immunogenetics 58(2–3):203– 

215. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, C. Godinez, A. Zavala, F. 

Gulland, L. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2006. MHC gene configuration variation in geographically disparate populations of California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Molecular Ecology 15(2):529–533. 

El-Zein, R.A., D.A. Hastings-Smith, M.M. Ammenheuser, M. Treinen-Moslen, 

F.M.D. Gulland, and J.B. Ward, Jr. 2006. Evaluation of two different biomarkers for use in the assessment of toxic chemical exposure in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(1):108–113. 

Stapleton, H.M., N.G. Dodder, J.R. Kucklick, C.M. Reddy, M.M. Schantz, P.R. 

Becker, F. Gulland, B.J. Porter, and S.A. Wise. 2006. Determination of HBCD, 

PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(5):522–531. 

Zagzebski, K., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Lander, D.J. Greig, L. Gage, 

B.M. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B. Stewart. 2006. Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in central and northern California, 1977 to 2002. 

Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334–345. 

Buckles, E.L., F.M.D. Gulland, B.M. Aldridge, T.S. Gelatt, P.S. Ross, M. 

Haulena, and L.J. Lowenstine. Fetus in Fetu in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardi): Histopathologic, genetic, and toxicologic analysis. Veterinary Pathology 43:541–544. 

Brodie, E., F.M.D. Gulland, D.J. Greig, M. Hunter, J. Jaakola, J. St Leger, T.A. 

Leighfield, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2006. Domoic acid causes reproductive failure 

in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Mammal Science 

22(3):700–707. 

Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, C. Funke, R.K. Vittore, H.-W. Wong, J.A. St 

Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Otarine 

herpesvirus–1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 

135:183–189. 

Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, D.A. Fauquier, S. Jang, B. Aldridge, T. Spraker, L.C. Thomas, D.R. Brown, L. Wendland, and M.K. Davidson. 

2006. Lesions associated with a novel mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

42(1):40–45. 

Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, R.C. Braun, G.A. Antonelis, L. Kashinsky, T.K. 

Rowles, J.A.K. Mazet, L.M. Dalton, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Molecular identification of a novel gamma herpesvirus in the endangered Hawaiian 

monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Marine Mammal Science 22(2):465–471. 

Johnson, S., L. Lowenstine, F. Gulland, S. Jang, D. Imai, F. Almy, R. DeLong, 

and I. Gardner. 2006. Aerobicbacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with 

urogenital carcinoma. Veterinary Microbiology 114:94–103. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Hernandez, R.C. Condit, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and E.R. Jacobson. 2006. Seroepidemiology of parapoxvirus infections in 

57 

captive and free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Diseases 

of Aquatic Organisms 69:153–161. 

Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, M.T. 

Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Parapoxviruses of seals and sea lions make up 

a distinct clade within the genus Parapoxvirus. Virology 349:316–324. 

Nollens, H.H., E.R. Jacobson, F.M.D. Gulland, D.O. Beusse, G.D. Bossart, J.A. 

Hernandez, P.A. Klein, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Preliminary characterization of 

a parapoxvirus isolated from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(1):23–32. 

Zabka, T.S., M. Haulena, B. Puschner, F.M.D. Gulland, P. Conrad, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 2006. Acute, fatal lead toxicosis in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardsi) consequent to ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases 42(3):651–657. 

Zagzebski, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M.E. Lander, D.J. Greig, L. 

Gage, M.B. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B.S. Stewart. 2006. Twenty-five years of 

rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in central and northern California, 1977 

to 2002. Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334–345. 

Nollens, H.H., J.A. Hernandez, E.R. Jacobson, M. Haulena, and F.M.D. 

Gulland. 2005. Risk factors associated with poxvirus lesions in hospitalized 

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227:467–473. 

Stoddard R.A., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Atwill, J. Lawrence, S. Jang, and P.A. 

Conrad. 2005. Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in northern elephant seals, 

California. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:1967–1969. 

Burek, A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, K.B. Beckmen, E. Keyes, T.R. Spraker, 

A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J.F. Evermann, J.L. Stott, J.T. Saliki, and A.W. 

Trites. 2005. Infectious disease and decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias 

jubatus) in Alaska, USA: Insight from serological data. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):512–524. 

Conrad, P.A., M.A. Miller, C. Kreuder, E.R. James, J. Mazet, H. Dabritz, D.A. 

Jessup, F. Gulland, and M.E. Griggs. 2005. Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues 

from the study of sea otter as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. International Journal for Parasitology 35:1155–1168. 

Kelly, T.R., D. Greig, K.M. Colegrove, L.J. Lowenstine, M. Dailey, F.M. Gulland, 

and M. Haulena. 2005. Megastrongyloid nematode (Otostrongylus circumlitus) 

infection in a stranded California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)—a new hostparasite association. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):593–598. 

McKnight, C.A., T.L. Reynolds, M. Haulena, A. deLahunta, and F.M.D. Gulland. 

2005. Congenital anomaly in a stranded Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 

richardsi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):654–658. 

Colegrove, K.M., L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Leptospirosis in 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the California 

coast. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41:426–430. 

Silvagni, P.A., L.J. Lowenstine, T. Spraker, T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M. Gulland. 

2005. Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Veterinary Pathology 42(2):184–191. 

Lander, M.E., M. Haulena, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.T. Harvey. 2005. Implantation of subcutaneous radio transmitters in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Marine Mammal Science 21(1):154–161. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, E.L. Buckles, F. Gulland, L.J. 

Lowenstine, J. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2005. An immunogenetic basis for the 

high prevalence of urogenital cancer in a free-ranging population of California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics 56:846–848. 

Debier, K., G.M. Ylitalo, M. Weise, F. Gulland, D.P. Costa, B.J. LeBoeuf, T. 

deTillesse, and Y. Larondelle. 2005. PCBs and DDTs in the serum of juvenile 

California sea lions: associations with vitamins A and E and thyroid hormones. 

Environmental Pollution 134:323–332. 

Neale, J.C.C., K.R. Schmelzer, F.M.D. Gulland, E.A. Berg, and R.S. Tjeerdema. 

2005. Organohalogen levels in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups increase with 

duration of nursing. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 

68:687–691. 

Neale, J.C.C., F.M.D. Gulland, K.R. Schmelzer, J.T. Harvey, E.A. Berg, S.G. 

Allen, D.J. Greig, E.K. Grigg, and R.S. Tjeerdema. 2005. Contaminant loads and 

hematological correlates in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) of San Francisco 

58 

Bay, California. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 

68:617–633. 

Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland, T. Rowles, D.P. 

King, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2005. Tissue Distribution of Phocine 

Herpesvirus–1 (PhHV-1) in Infected harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the 

central Californian coast and a comparison of diagnostic methods. Journal of 

Comparative Pathology 133:175–183. 

Colegrove, K.M., D. Greig, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Causes of stranding of 

phocids (northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and Pacific harbor 

seals (Phoca vitulina)) along the central California coast, 1992–2001. Aquatic 

Mammals 31(1):1–10. 

Ylitalo, G.M., J.E. Stein, T.E. Hom, L.J. Johnson, K.L. Tilbury, A.J. Hall, T. 

Rowles, D. Greig, L.J. Lowenstine, and F. Gulland. 2005. The role of 

organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in California sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:30–39. 

Greig, D.J., F.M.D. Gulland, and C. Kreuder. 2005. A decade of live California 

sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings along the central California coast: 

causes and trends, 1991–2000. Aquatic Mammals 31(1):40–51. 

Travecchia, G., T. Coulson, B.J.T. Morgan, J.M. Pemberton, J.C. Pilkington, 

F.M.D. Gulland, and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 2005. Predictors of reproductive cost 

in female Soay sheep. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:201–213. 

Bowen L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, S. Melin, L.J. 

Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2004. Class II multiformity generated 

by variable MHC-DRB region configurations in the California sea lion (Zalophus 

californianus). Immunogenetics 56(1):12–27. 

Elson-Riggins, J.G., S.A. Riggins, F.M.D. Gulland, and E.G. Platzer. 2004. 

Immunoglobulin responses of northern elephant and Pacific harbor seals naturally infected with Otostrongylus circumlitus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

40(3):466–475. 

Fauquier, D., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Dailey, R.L. Rietcheck, and T.P. 

Lipscomb. 2004. Meningoencephalitis in two stranded California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) caused by aberrant trematode migration. Journal of 

Wildlife Disease 40(4):816–819. 

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., H. de la Cueva, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Aurioles-Gamboa, 

F. ArellanoCarbajal, and F. Suarez-Guemes. 2003. Evidence of Leptospira 

interrogans infection in California sea lion pups from the Gulf of California. 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(1):145–151. 

Zabka, T.S., E.L. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, D.K. Naydan, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 2003. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis 

in a stranded Steller (northern) sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 130:195–198. 

Fauquier, D.A., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, and T. Spraker. 2003. Biliary adenocarcinoma in a stranded northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):723–726. 

Duffield, D.A., N.B. Barros, E.O. Espinoza, S. Ploen, F.M.D. Gulland, and J. 

Heyning. 2003. Identifying pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (genus Kogia) using 

electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Marine 

Mammal Science 19:395–399. 

Johnson, S.P., S. Jang, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Miller, D. Casper, J. Lawrence, and 

J. Herrera. 2003. Characterization and clinical manifestations of 

Arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central California coast. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:136–144. 

Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, B. Aldridge, J.T. Harvey, T, Rowles, D.M. 

Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, L. Measures, P.K. Yochem, B.S. Stewart, R.J. Small, 

D.P. King, J.L. Stott, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2003. Antibodies to phocine 

herpesvirus–1 are common in North American harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):487–494. 

Hanni, K.D, J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Estes, M. Staedler, M. Murray, 

M. Miller, and D.A. Jessup. 2003. Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

39(4):837–850. 

Lander, M.E., J.T. Harvey, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2003. Hematology and serum 

chemistry comparisons between free-ranging and rehabilitated harbor seal 

(Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):600–609. 

59 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, D. Fauquier, G. Langlois, M.E. Lander, T. Zabka, 

and R. Duerr. 2002. Domoic acid toxicity in Californian sea lions (Zalophus 

californianus): clinical signs, treatment and survival. Veterinary Record 

150:475–480. 

King, D.P., M.C. Hure, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D. Gulland, J.T. Saliki, 

E.L. Buckles, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L. Stott. 2002. Otarine herpesvirus–1: a 

novel gammaherpesvirus associated with urogenital carcinoma in California sea 

lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 2277:131–137. 

Haulena, M., E. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, A. Wong, S. Jang, 

M.M. Christopher, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2002. Systemic mycosis caused by 

Scedosporium apiospermum in a stranded Northern elephant seal (Mirounga 

angustirostris) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 

33(2):166–171. 

Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, J. Woo, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, J.L. 

Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2002. Molecular characterization of expressed DQA 

and DQB genes in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). 

Immunogenetics 54:332–347. 

Colagross-Schouten, A.M., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, and S. 

Hietala. 2002. Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea 

lions from coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38:7–17. 

Larson, S.R., M. Haulena, C.B. Grindem, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2002. Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using 

a portable clinical analyzer. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(2):106–110. 

Moore, S.E., J.R. Urban, W. Perryman, F. Gulland, H. Peres-Cortes, P. Wade, 

L. Rojas Bracho, and T. Rowles. 2001. Are gray whales hitting ‘‘K’’ hard? Marine Mammal Science 17:954–958. 

Miller, M.A., K. Sverlow, P.R. Crosbie, B.C. Barr, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. 

Gulland, A. Packham, and P. Conrad. 2001. Isolation and characterization of 

two parasitic protozoa from a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with 

meningoencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 87:816–822. 

Lyons, E.T., S.R. Melin, R.L. DeLong, A.J. Orr, F.M.D. Gulland, and S.C. 

Tolliver. 2001. Current prevalence of adult Uncinaria spp. in northern fur seal 

(Callorhinus ursinus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on 

San Miguel Island, California, with notes on the biology of these hookworms. 

Veterinary Parasitology 97:309–318. 

Kajiwara, N., K. Kannan, M. Muraoka, M. Watanabe, S. Takahashi, F. Gulland, 

H. Olsen, A.L. Blankenship, P.D. Jones, S. Tanabe, and J.P. Giesy. 2001. 

Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds 

in blubber and livers of stranded California sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal California, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:90–99. 

King, D.P., A.R. Lie, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, 

M.A. Adkinson, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L. Stott. 2001. Humoral immune responses to phocine herpesvirus-1 in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina 

richardsii) during an outbreak of clinical disease. Veterinary Microbiology 80:1– 

8. 

Dailey, M.D., F.M.D. Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, P. Silvagni, and D. Howard. 

2000. Prey, parasites and pathology associated with the mortality of a juvenile 

gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the northern California 

coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 42:111–117. 

Gulland, F.M., M.K. Stoskopf, S.P. Johnson, J. Riviere, and M.G. Papich. 2000. 

Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23:223–228. 

Lipscomb, T.P., D.P. Scott, R.L. Garber, A.E. Krafft, M.M. Tsai, J.H. Lichy, J.K. 

Taubenberger, F.Y. Schulman, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2000. Common metastatic 

carcinoma of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Evidence of genital 

origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Veterinary Pathology 

37:609–617. 

Lander, M.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and R.L. DeLong. 2000. Satellite tracking a rehabilitated Guadelupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendii). Aquatic Mammals 

26:137–142. 

60 

Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F.P. Chavez, 

J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. DeVogelaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. 

Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J. Lowenstine, R. Marin, III, P.E. Miller, W.A. 

McLellan, P.D.R. Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T. 

Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the 

central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature 403:80–84. 

Lyons, E.T., R.L. DeLong, F.M.D. Gulland, S.R. Melin, S.C. Tolliver, and T. 

Spraker. 2000. Comparative biology of Uncinaria spp. in the California sea lion 

(Zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) in 

California. Journal of Parasitology 86:1348–1352. 

Wilkinson, I.S., S.J. Childerhouse, P.J. Duignan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2000. Infanticide and cannibalism in the New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Marine Mammal Science 16:494–500. 

Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.G. Calkins, and T.R. Spraker. 2000. Immobilization of California sea lions using medetomidine plus ketamine with and 

without isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

36:124–130. 

Goldstein, T., S.P. Johnson, A.V. Phillips, K. Hanni, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D. 

Gulland. 1999. Human related injuries observed in live stranded pinnipeds 

along the central California coast 1986–1998. Aquatic Mammals 25(1):43–51. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L.J. Lowenstine, C. Munro, P.A. Graham, J. 

Bauman, and J. Harvey. 1999. Adrenal function in wild and rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) and in seals associated with 

Phocine herpesvirus associated adrenal necrosis. Marine Mammal Science 

15:810–827. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1999. Stranded seals: Important sentinels. Journal of the 

American Veterinary Medicine Association 214:1191–1192 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L. Gage, and S. Thornton. 1999. Anesthesia of 

juvenile Pacific harbor seals using propofol alone and in combination with 

isoflurane. Marine Mammal Science 15:234–238. 

Ham-Lamme ́, K.D., D.P. King, B.C. Taylor, C. House, D.A. Jessup, S. Jeffries, 

P. Yochem, F.M.D. Gulland, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1999. The application 

of immuno-assays for serological detection of morbillivirus exposure in free 

ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the 

western coast of the United States. Marine Mammal Science 15:601–608. 

Stevens, E., T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. An additional case of 

leptospirosis in a harbor seal. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35:150. 

Lapointe, J.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.M. Haines, B.C. Barr, and P.J. Duignan. 

1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetti in a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca 

vitulina richardsi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations 11:541–543. 

King, D.P., R. Parselles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.M. LaPointe, L.J. Lowentine, D.A. 

Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1998. Antigenic and nucleotide characterization of a 

herpesvirus isolated from Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Archives of Virology 143:1–7. 

Lapointe, J.M., P.J. Duignan, A.E. Marsh, F.M.D. Gulland, B.C. Barr, D.K. 

Naydan, D.P. King, C. Farman, K.A. Burek Huntingdon, and L.J. Lowenstine. 

1998. Meningoencephalitis due to a Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Parasitology 84:1184– 

1189. 

Stamper, M.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T. Spraker. 1998. Leptospirosis in rehabilitated Pacific Harbor seals from California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:407– 

410. 

Thornton, S.M., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Bacterial isolates from 

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation 

center along the central California coast, 1994–1995. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:171–176. 

Johnson, S.P., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Isolation and antimicrobial 

susceptibility of bacteria from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern California. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:288–294. 

Gulland, F.M.D., K. Beckmen, K. Burek, L. Lowenstine, L. Werner, T. Spraker, 

and E. Harris. 1997. Otostrongylus circumlitus infestation of northern elephant 

seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded in central California. Marine Mammal 

Science 13:446–459. 

61 

Trupkiewicz, J.G., F.M.D. Gulland, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1997. Congenital defects in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the 

central California coast 1988–1995. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:220–225. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L.J. Lowenstine, J.M. Lapointe, T. Spraker, and D.P. King. 

1997. Herpesvirus infection in stranded Pacific harbor seals of coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:450–458. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1997. The impact of parasites on wild animal populations. 

Parassitologia 39:287–291. 

Fauquier, D.A., F.M.D. Gulland, J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J. 

Lowenstine. 1996. Coccidioidomycosis in free-living California sea lions 

(Zalophus californianus) in central California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

32:707–710. 

Gulland, F.M.D., M. Koski, L.J. Lowenstine, A. Colagrass, L. Morgan, and T. 

Spraker. 1996. Leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) 

stranded along the central California coast, 1981–1994. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:572–580. 

Gulland, F.M.D., J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1996. 

Metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in free-living California 

sea lions (Zalophus californianus): 64 Cases (1979–1994). Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases 32:250–258. 

Gulland, F.M.D., L. Werner, S. O’Neill, L. Lowenstine, J. Trupkiewicz, D. 

Smith, B. Royal, and I. Strubel. 1996. Baseline coagulation assay values for 

northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), and the diagnosis of a case 

of disseminated intravascular coagulation in this species. Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases, 32:536–540. 

Grenfell, B.T., and Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Introduction: Ecological impact of parasitism on wildlife host populations. Parasitology 111:S3–S14. 

Torgerson, P.R., J. Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1995. Further evidence for long distance dispersal of taeniid eggs. International Journal 

for Parasitology 25:265–267. 

Parada, L., P. Cabrera, C. Burges, A. Acuna, C. Barcelona, M.K. Laurenson, 

F.M.D. Gulland, J. Agulla, S. Parietti, E. Paolillo, and B. Botta. 1995. 

Echinococcus granulosus infections of dogs in the Durazno region of Uruguay. 

Veterinary Record 136:389–391. 

Gasser, R.B., L. Parada, A. Acuna, C. Burgess, M.K. Laurenson, F.M.D. 

Gulland, M.P. Reichel, and E. Paulillo. 1994. Immunological assessment of exposure to Echinococcus granulosus in a rural dog population in Uruguay. Acta 

Tropica 58:179–185. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1994. Wildlife situations. Veterinary Parasitology 54:283–286. 

Gulland, F.M.D., S.D. Albon, J.M. Pemberton, P.R. Moorcroft, and T.H. CluttonBrock. 1993. Parasite-associated polymorphism in a cyclic ungulate population. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 254:7–13. 

Gulland, F.M.D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis aries 

L.) mortality during a population crash. Parasitology 105:493–503. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and M. Fox. 1992. Epidemiology of nematode infections of 

Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) on St Kilda. Parasitology 105:481–492. 

Torgerson, P.R., F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1992. Observations on the 

epidemiology of Taenia hydatigena in Soay sheep on St Kilda. Veterinary 

Record 131:218–219. 

Loudon, A.S.I., B.R. Brinklow, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Boyle, and A.P.F. Flint. 1990. 

Roles of prolactin and the uterus in the control of luteal regression in the Bennet’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). Reproduction Fertility and Development 2:71–78. 

Gulland, F.M.D., H.W. Reid, D. Buxton, J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood. 1989. Malignant catarrhal fever in a roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) 

at Regents Park. Veterinary Record 124:42–43. 

Lewis, J.C.M., A.J. Fitzgerald, F.M.D. Gulland, C.M. Hawkey, P. Kertesz, J.K. 

Kirkwood, and R.A. Kock. 1989. Observations on the treatment of 

necrobacillosis in wallabies. British Veterinary Journal 145:394–396. 

Kock, R.A., M. Jago, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.C.M. Lewis. 1989. The use of 

Idazoxan and its analogue RX 821002A in zoo and wild animals. Journal of the 

Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists 16:4–10. 

62 

Gulland, F.M.D., K. Gebremeskel, G. Williams, and P.J.S. Olney. 1988. Plasma 

vitamins A and E, total lipid and cholesterol concentrations in captive jackass 

penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Veterinary Record 123:666–667. 

Hawkey, C.M., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1988. Haematology of clinically normal and 

abnormal captive llamas (Lama glama) and guanacoes (L. guanicoe). Veterinary 

Record 122:232–234. 

Henderson, G.M., F.M.D. Gulland, and C.M. Hawkey. 1988. Hematologic findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and trichomonas infections associated 

with ‘‘going light.’’ Veterinary Record 123:492–494. 

Kirkwood, J.K., F.M.D. Gulland, J.R. Needham, and M.G. Vogler. 1988. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in clinical cases in the red-necked wallaby 

(Macropus rufogriseus). Research in Veterinary Science 44:335–337. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and P.C. Cowardine. 1987. Plasma metronidazole levels in an 

Indian elephant (Elephus maximus) after rectal administration. Veterinary 

Record 120:440. 

Gulland, F.M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. The effects of Eperythrozoon 

ovis in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 43:85–87. 

Gulland, F M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. Changing morphology of 

Eperythrozoon ovis. Research in Veterinary Science 43:88–91. 

Gulland, F.M.D., and R. Parsons. 1987. Clostridium glycolicum in an addax. 

Veterinary Record 120:287. 

Kertesz, P., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1987. The surgical and restorative dental 

treatment of a bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Zoo Animal 

Medicine 18:73–78. 

Gulland, F.M.D., J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood. 1987. Vaccination against lumpy jaw in wallabies. Veterinary Record 120:311. 

Pearce, P.C., G. Gustavo, F. Gulland, and J. Knight. 1985. Immobilisation of a 

pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 

16:104–106. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Dr. Gulland. 

Senator Hutchison, if it’s OK with you, can I just start with 

questions. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Sure. 

The CHAIRMAN. And I’d like to start, actually, with you, Dr. 

Gulland. 

After the oil spill incident of recent times, there were about, I 

think maybe 15 dead dolphins that washed up on the shores of the 

Gulf. And now I think this past year it was 50. And so, that sort 

of symbolizes a question which I think is almost impossible to ask, 

because I want to see how well you do in answering it. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. We always do these things, you’re going to be 

balanced in the way you look at everything. I’m not sure that your 

position calls for you to be balanced, and some of us discussed that 

honestly. There must be some way, whether it’s ANWR or whatever it is. There’s always, well—we can balance the needs of the 

natural order on Earth and the needs of our country economically, 

et cetera. Is that possible in what you will be doing? 

Dr. GULLAND. That’s a great question, Senator. 

[Laughter.] 

Dr. GULLAND. And I think you’re right, that my role is maybe not 

to be balanced, but to do my best for the conservation of the marine 

mammals and their ecosystem. And I think that’s the key part of 

both the MMPA and the ESA—that they emphasize conserving the 

ecosystem as well as the marine mammals. And the ecosystem does 

actually include the fisheries, the food chain, the environment and, 

in my mind, the people as well. So, we strive to do that. 

63 

The balance—if we’re considering oil and gas development, 

maybe navy exercises, shipping—is in trying to minimize risk, trying to safeguard that ecosystem. And with the tragedy of the Deepwater Horizon, where there was also regrettable loss of human 

life—it’s not just 50 dead dolphins—I think we all actually have a 

common interest. It’s not as if there are a group of conservationists 

striving for just the dolphins. We also care about human safety on 

oil and gas rigs. So, we don’t want there to be explosions, losses. 

We don’t want there to be spills. This damages fishing, recreation, 

and causes economic losses. 

So, really, we all want the same thing. We might just be emphasizing different parts of it. 

So, to achieve balance, to come back to your question, I think 

there has to be a good dialogue between the different stakeholders. 

There has to be integration amongst agencies. And most of all, we 

need strong science to guide us. 

The CHAIRMAN. Let me pursue that. Your answer’s a good one. 

I read this in the Washington Post, so it doesn’t necessarily make 

it true or untrue, but they may have referred to a scientific study, 

and I think they probably did. And that is, that we’ve lost 80 percent, in the last 10 or 20 years, 80 percent of the predator fish in 

all of our worldwide oceans, and that the remaining 20 percent will 

disappear within the next 10 years, which I think completely 

undoes the balance in the oceans and leaves us with billions of 

minnows, and not much else. 

Again, I mean, how does one address that? Or does one say that 

it’s just too late? Or does one say that we ban all nets on all continents everywhere by all countries? Do we go after the Japanese? 

I mean, what do you do with a situation like this? 

Dr. GULLAND. Another excellent question. I come from an area 

of expertise in marine mammals’ medicine and health, rather than 

in fisheries management. But as I mentioned in my testimony, I 

have been exposed to fisheries management since I was a child. 

And many of these fisheries biologists that are talking about loss 

of 70 percent or the last 10 percent left aren’t in complete agreement. 

There are actually two very strong camps, which is why that 

type of news does hit the front page of the Washington Post. There 

are strong opinions that it’s too late, and there are also equally 

strong opinions from very good fishery scientists, strong mathematicians, that say, no, it’s not. 

Ecosystems are extremely resilient. And fish do have much shorter life spans than marine mammals. So, if we can address the 

changes that are causing declines, they can come back. And there’s 

an extremely interesting example currently in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. 

The Northwest Hawaiian Islands are now one of the largest marine protected areas on the planet as seen from space, the 

[Papahanaumokuakea Marine] National Monument. And on those 

far islands we have an extremely endangered marine mammal, the 

Hawaiian monk seal. Only about 1,000 animals are left, and declining dramatically. There is a lot of concern about their extinction. 

Those animals out on the Northwest Hawaiian Islands are now 

in an area that is completely protected. There is no fishing, there 

64 

is no tourism, there are no potentials of oil spills. It’s really one of 

the most pristine-looking protected areas. There are also monk 

seals on the main Hawaiian Islands—only a few hundred, and 

they’re gradually increasing around the main Hawaiian Islands. 

So, what we’re seeing is a decrease in this highly threatened monk 

seal population out in the Northwesterns, and then a few hundred 

animals on the main Hawaiian Islands—where we still have fishing, we have recreational fishing, we have tourism, we have runoff 

from sewage—where we have introduced animals. Those animals 

are doing great. They’re fat. They’re reproducing. And everyone 

looks at me and goes, what do you mean they’re in danger? I saw 

two on Poipu Beach. 

So, what’s happening up on the Northwesterns—there appears to 

be a huge abundance of predatory fish. There are massive ulua, 

that are big carnivorous fish. And as the monk seals go to feed, 

they’ll turn a rock over—and there’s fantastic video footage of this, 

with cameras attached to monk seals’ heads—and they’ll turn this 

rock over. Little fish come out, and these predatory fish will come 

and compete with the monk seal for those small fish. 

So we have a situation that seems to have done the opposite of 

what you have read in the Washington Post in that there’s actually 

an abundance of predatory fish, to such an extent that they are 

competing with a mammal the size of a seal, and there are relatively few small fish. And in contrast, on the main Hawaiian Islands, we have fewer predatory fish, and a greater abundance in 

the food chain of small fish. So, the situation isn’t black and white. 

There are places that there are plenty of larger fish. And fish are 

rapidly reproducing and resilient, compared to something like a 

right whale. 

So the bottom line is, if we can understand what is changing 

numbers in fish, we can—well, we’ve caused dramatic changes. 

We’ve done that through extensive fishing efforts. But if we can understand what’s driving them, we can put measures in place to 

change balance. We’re very good at changing balances. We just 

need to do it in the right direction in the future. 

The CHAIRMAN. I thank you for that answer very much. 

And I apologize. I’ve run over my time. 

Senator Hutchison. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Well, it was very interesting, the questions 

and the answers. So, thank you. 

I’m going to focus on Mr. Coyle and Dr. Sullivan, because I know 

Ann so well, and I think you have been very forthcoming. 

Mr. Coyle, I want to get right to it with you. Last year you were 

asked about statements that you have made in the past about the 

nation’s missile defense technology program, questioning its readiness for deployment, and the testing program. My question to you 

is, where does your status of thinking now stand on the missile defense program in our country? 

Mr. COYLE. Thank you, Senator Hutchison. 

My job is to be a champion for science and technology in all areas 

of national security, and that includes missile defense. OSTP is not 

involved in operational matters having to do with missile defense. 

OSTP is not involved in deployment issues or things of that sort, 

and I am not either. So, in the job in which I’m serving now, the 

65 

kind of things that I commented about when I was in the Pentagon 

are just not my direct responsibility. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Mr. Coyle, if I could just interrupt you, your 

view of our missile defense system, however, is going to make a difference, because you do have a purview of national security—it is 

a different area, but your comments in the past have raised questions about your view of missile defense, which I think is going to 

be important in the decision about your posture in national defense 

issues. So, that’s why I’m asking the question and giving you a 

chance to answer. 

Mr. COYLE. Yes. And I understand. And my point of view is that 

missile defense should have the best science and engineering that 

it can have, and I will work to make sure that it does, as in any 

other area of national security. I’ve said publicly that if the threat 

were to go away entirely—if Iran would start behaving differently, 

if North Korea would start behaving different—if the threat would 

go away entirely, I would still advocate for a strong research and 

development program in missile defense, if for no other reason than 

to avoid technological surprise in the future. 

Senator HUTCHISON. So, may I ask you, do you support, then, the 

deployment of a missile defense system if you consider that it is 

scientifically ready? 

Mr. COYLE. Yes—— 

Senator HUTCHISON. Considering the threats that we have with 

Iran and North Korea. 

Mr. COYLE. Yes. Of course. And I’ve publicly supported the administration’s Phased Adaptive Approach when I was not in this 

position. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Phased Adaptive Approach. I just want to 

make sure that you—— 

Mr. COYLE. Yes. 

Senator HUTCHISON. You are saying you support missile defense 

because of the threats that we have, and that even if we didn’t 

have the threats that we have, you would still encourage having 

the research and technology to have a deployable missile defense 

system—I’m putting words in your mouth but—— 

Mr. COYLE. Well, you’re not. That’s correct. 

Senator HUTCHISON. OK. 

Mr. COYLE. I do support, you know, a robust research and development program for missile defense. And the comments I’ve made 

in the past were really not aimed at anything different from that. 

Senator HUTCHISON. But you do support deployment as well? 

Mr. COYLE. I do. It just isn’t my area. But, yes. And I’ve supported the deployments which are taking place now of the system 

that’s called the ‘‘Phased Adaptive Approach’’ in Europe, which is 

just one piece of the country’s efforts in missile defense. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Thank you. 

Dr. Sullivan, over the past four congresses I’ve introduced legislation to establish a weather modification research program. We’ve 

not yet passed that bill. Previous versions of my legislation did direct NOAA to conduct this research. NOAA actually did research 

until a couple of decades ago on weather modification, and the National Academy of Sciences has recommended in 2003 that the 

country needs a national program to study weather modification. 

66 

What I am envisioning—and I want to know your view on it, if 

you think it is something that is worth pursuing—is that we would 

have the data and the research to study weather modification programs that go on. I mean, we know there’s cloud seeding for snow 

in the Rockies that could affect the rainfall elsewhere, that sort of 

thing. And then also that, perhaps the efforts to contain hurricanes 

with certain weather modification efforts—does it affect something 

more down the road, or in other areas of the country or the world? 

My question is, do you think that we should be pursuing this 

type of research—or, at least, data collection—and, if so, how would 

you go about that at NOAA, and if not, why not? 

Dr. SULLIVAN. Thank you, Senator. 

Anyone who has ever ridden out a hurricane, as I know many of 

your constituents have done and as I had the adventurous time of 

doing just this past October in the southern Caribbean, certainly 

goes through moments of wishing that someone knew how to at 

least hurry hurricanes along, so that that really intense and frightening period passed more quickly, and certainly—— 

Senator HUTCHISON. Or possibly lessening the intensity. 

Dr. SULLIVAN.—or lessening the intensity. And certainly the people of Saint Lucia would have been grateful for either of those effects. 

I think you’ve put your finger on the point as a scientist that 

would concern me. But my concern would be at a fairly fundamental level, of being sure we really understand richly the underlying processes that give rise to the weather phenomena that we’re 

concerned about, that shape their structure, their intensity, their 

trajectory. My concern about a general weather modification effort 

would be that, absent that fundamental understanding, I don’t 

think we would be properly equipped to assess properly, make good 

judgments about which methods could be used or not use. 

So, I see the challenge, really, as being a deeper, earlier stage 

of understanding. I think many of NOAA’s climate research and 

weather research programs are continuing to build that foundation. 

So, some of the questions that you have posed I believe can be answered from the research base that we have at hand. And I would 

certainly encourage that we do that. 

It’s important to understand what consequences, as you pointed 

out, any effect or change in one region might have upon another. 

And certainly, with respect to a larger, highly intense system such 

as hurricanes, hurricanes serve important purposes in our atmosphere of moving heat and energy, as you all know. And as Dr. 

Gulland has said, I think we should be sure we’re wisely informed 

before we go making alterations to such large balance systems. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Do you think that we should be doing more, 

and it is worth pursuing more of an effort, to get the data collection 

on what does happen now and its effects on other areas, to begin 

to look at whether it is the right thing to do, to try to modify, say, 

hurricane intensity? Because I don’t disagree with what you’re saying. We don’t know what the effects are. But, to find out better 

what the effects might be, should we be focusing more on either 

data collection or research? There’s not even data collection right 

now on a national level. 

67 

Dr. SULLIVAN. Senator, the last time I was deeply conversant 

with NOAA’s research portfolio is now 15 years ago, so I’m not in 

a good position to comment on what applicability the activities currently in the portfolio may have on your question. If confirmed, I 

would certainly be pleased to get back to you on that and would 

pledge to work closely with NOAA’s chief scientists to be sure that 

we understand the questions that you’re interested in pursuing and 

we’re making the best possible use of NOAA’s observing systems 

and research capability, to get at the highest priority scientific 

questions. 

Senator HUTCHISON. OK. Well, I understand that you can’t answer the question. Because I do think you’re qualified. But I don’t 

think you’re answering the question. And I understand perhaps 

that you don’t have the capability, or the information, rather, from 

the agency. 

I guess my last question would be, would you work with me and 

my staff to determine what areas we might pursue to upgrade our 

information in a positive way? 

Dr. SULLIVAN. I would absolutely pledge to do that, Senator. 

Gladly. 

Senator HUTCHISON. Thank you. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Hutchison. 

And, Mr. Coyle, your answer to Senator Hutchison’s question 

was interesting. Let me just say that you cannot find in this Senate 

anybody who’s more opposed to a missile defense system than I am. 

But that makes absolutely no difference to me with respect to your 

position, because OSTP has absolutely nothing to do with missile 

defense. You don’t work on it. You don’t study it. You have nothing 

to do with it. So, if I felt that you did, you probably wouldn’t get 

my vote—[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN.—because I think it’s absurd and unaffordable. 

But you are going to get my vote, because OSTP does not work on 

this, and you work for OSTP. In fact, you can’t bring your previous 

thoughts into your job, as I see it—and I want you to correct me 

and say that I’m right or wrong in how I analyze it. What you work 

on are the responsibilities of the Department of Defense and the 

National Security Council and others, but OSTP champions science 

and technology. I don’t think of it in terms of a missile defense system or not. It’s just never, the thought would never occur to me, 

because OSTP doesn’t do that. That’s not what he works on. 

So, is it not fair to say that you have absolutely no responsibility 

for operations, acquisitions or deployments of things such as the 

missile defense system? 

Mr. COYLE. Senator, that is correct. I have absolutely no responsibility—— 

The CHAIRMAN. I’m trying to come to your defense. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. COYLE.—I have absolutely no responsibility for acquisition or 

deployments, or operational matters, and I tried to answer Senator 

Hutchison to make that point in the first part of my answer. 

The CHAIRMAN. Yes. Sort of. I mean, this is a tricky place, and 

you ought to know that after five administrations. People fasten on 

one sentence out of a 10-paragraph, or a 10-chapter book. I want 

68 

you to be nominated, so I think your leading sentence ought to be, 

‘‘I have nothing to do with missile defense in my new position if 

I am confirmed.’’ I think that’s a great opening sentence for you. 

Mr. COYLE. The reason I didn’t say that is because I really do 

believe that for our national security America really should have 

the very best science and engineering, and that would include missile defense. So, if General O’Reilly, the head of the Missile Defense 

Agency, was having a problem where he needed OSTP’s help in 

identifying science and technology that could make a difference I 

would help him. 

The CHAIRMAN. Well, you’re a very honest man. But you may 

have just lost my vote. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. I mean, I’m going to talk with Dr. Holdren. We’re 

not a bunch of monkeys up here, and you ought to, after all your 

time in Washington, understand the nuances of how this place 

works. And what you’re basically saying is, you’re connecting yourself to missile defense. Some think missile defense is great. Some 

people are neutral about it. I don’t happen to be, on the basis of 

the cost of it, now or 30 years from now. I guess we’ll have to let 

that one just rest where it is. But I am going to talk to Dr. Holdren 

about what you said. Because what you imply is that you would 

have missile defense system in mind as you were doing science and 

technology research. And if that’s the case, I can’t deny that that’s 

your right to so say and so believe, because it is what you believe. 

But I can be concerned, you know, if that system becomes a matter 

of national interest—which I don’t foresee because we can’t possibly 

afford it in the years to come—that you would be ready to apply 

your science and technology out of OSTP. I mean, it’s confusing to 

me and a little bit discouraging. So, I will be talking with Dr. John 

Holdren about this. 

Mr. COYLE. If I could just add a comment. 

The CHAIRMAN. You sure can. And I hope you do better. 

Mr. COYLE. My view would be no different if you asked me about 

a tank or a truck or an airplane or a helicopter or a satellite system, or any other system that was important to U.S. national security. If the Pentagon came to OSTP and said, we’re having a problem with this tanker truck or ship—— 

The CHAIRMAN. Then say that. Which you are. Say that. 

Mr. COYLE. Well, that’s what I’ve been trying to say. 

The CHAIRMAN. No. It isn’t what you were trying to say. What 

you were trying to say is that you have a deep belief in a missile 

defense system and you always have, and you will continue to have 

that, and you didn’t say, ‘‘If I have to work on tanks, if I have to 

work on, I’ll, I do whatever I’m required to do.’’ Obviously, if President Obama suddenly shifts into a missile defense mode, which I 

see not happening in any way, shape, or form, then you would have 

to respond to that. I understand that. But, look, you’re trying to get 

confirmed, and make it as easy as possible on yourself and on us. 

OK? 

Mr. COYLE. Yes, sir. My, as I say, my view is America should 

have the best science and technology that it can, and I see it as 

my job to make sure that that happens in all areas. 

The CHAIRMAN. Well, you’re a very honest man. 

69 

Let me see. I can’t pass up Ann Begeman. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. But I’m going to for the moment. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. And, Dr. Sullivan, the, NOAA’s very proactive. 

Its satellite program is very proactive. And Senator Hutchison 

mentioned some of this. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. I had an experience last week where I was put 

on the news in a local TV station in West Virginia on the weather 

section. I’ve never been interviewed as a matter of news on the 

weather section. But this person is so ferocious in his commitment 

to weather, and he’s looking at budgets where he’s just being, in 

one case, cut by one-third, and he says that means that we won’t 

be able to predict, I think he said, twisters and hurricanes with 

anywhere near the degree of accuracy which Senator Hutchison 

was referring to in her experience in Texas. We won’t be able to 

do it. And, as a meteorologist, I’m offended, shocked, fearful of that 

in terms of the safety of the people that I report to. 

Now, that isn’t my question, but that is my experience on that. 

NOAA’s satellites are so crucial in directly saving lives and minimizing property damage and doing all kinds of things which nobody else is working on. I mean, NOAA ought to be as well-known 

as NASA. It isn’t. But the work it’s done may be as important. Of 

course, NASA discovers the cure for MRSA, in which case they’ll 

have my support forever and ever. And one other that goes along 

with that. What else are they doing up there? Another huge disease. 

Dr. SULLIVAN. I don’t know, Senator. 

The CHAIRMAN. I’ll come to that. 

Anyway, this Administration has worked very swiftly to restructure the polar orbiting satellite program. And it’s had a history of 

lots of cost overruns and lots of delays. And I supported the administration’s plan when it was announced. But I am deeply concerned 

that needed appropriated funding to implement the plan is very 

much in question right now and, frankly, one of the reasons is that 

NOAA has not been responsive to this committee in terms of funding. 

I met with Jane Lubchenco yesterday or the day before. NOAA 

has alerted the Committee that we risk losing the forecasting of 

weather that I talked about, but there are no new satellites in 

place, and I have to say that the White House hasn’t been particularly responsive to us. NOAA has not yet provided the Committee 

with any alternative plans or options that might be available to the 

agency to cover some of the essential satellite functions should appropriate funding now work, and there’s a very good chance that 

it won’t. There’s a high probability that it won’t—that we’re going 

to have some very, very grim years. So therefore, filling in the 

missing gaps becomes an art and a science, and a necessity. 

So, you’ve got the JPSS system—what is your advice to us and 

to the Committee, so that we have as much functionality as possible on this? 

Dr. SULLIVAN. Senator, I completely share your concern about 

the potential erosion of forecast capability—timely accuracy, timeliVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00073 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
70 

ness, accuracy, coverage at high latitudes. They’re absolutely essential to protection of life and property, as you said. But as you also 

know very well, timely, accurate weather information has now become woven into the operating fabric of countless sectors of our 

economy as part of their means to obtaining higher productivity. 

Now, that, too, would be lost if we suffer a severe gap. 

I don’t know the technical answer to what alternatives may—I 

don’t currently know the technical answer to the question of what 

alternative ways of dealing with a gap, should one occur, might 

exist. But I share your view that it’s imperative that the agency 

begin to work in that direction and find such solutions,. 

The best I can say sitting here today, Senator, only aware of the 

issue to the degree I’ve been able to follow it in the trade press, 

is that, if confirmed, I would pledge to work very closely with you 

and your staff, and find every measure we can to mitigate the consequences to our country, to our citizens, to those very critical life 

and safety functions of whatever cycle, whatever timeline the budgets eventually appropriated might enable us to carry out. 

The CHAIRMAN. I just think that every agency is faced with this. 

Dr. SULLIVAN. Yes. 

The CHAIRMAN. I’m not going to vote that way. But I think the 

majority, certainly in the House and probably in the Senate, will. 

That is with some Democrats bleeding over into the Republican 

side on that. Whether it’s the Veterans Administration or anything, 

people are going to have to be looking at how to fill in gaps which 

heretofore have not existed psychologically or actually. 

People don’t plan for problems that don’t exist. Now all of a sudden we have a problem which has already passed the House, and 

another one that’s passed the Senate, but both of them have insufficient votes to become reality. So we have to try and compromise 

at a time when nobody appears to be willing to compromise. In 

fact, the act of not compromising is sort of a virtue, which is a new 

twist to democracy, and one that I don’t welcome. But it’s one that 

I think you’re going to be faced with. So, I would just hope that 

you would be very strong about that, to protect your programs 

you’re going into NOAA to do and to be very realistic with them. 

Dr. SULLIVAN. I promise you, Senator, we will be. 

The CHAIRMAN. OK. And I believe you. Because I think you’ll be 

scared out of your wits when you get there. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. Ms. Begeman, a couple questions. And you have 

absolutely no idea what they’re going to be about, do you? 

Ms. BEGEMAN. Not missile defense. 

[Laughter.] 

Ms. BEGEMAN. I’m hoping. 

The CHAIRMAN. They are going to cut this, you know, they may 

not know what it is. That’s our hope. That they don’t know what 

the, they think it’s still the ICC. They’re looking around for the 

ICC and they can’t find it, so they can’t cut it. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. That may be the way out. No budget cuts for Ms. 

Begeman. 

But, as you know, I’ve been working 26 years on this question 

of captive shipping. And it’s a tough one, because on the one hand, 

71 

I want to see railroads do well. I want to see the high speed railroads. I’m not sure that they’re going to get through the budget 

process, but I want to see that happen. You know, I saw something 

very interesting the other day. Everybody says we’re falling behind 

on some of these matters. And part of the answer is, not so much 

that we’re falling behind, but others are catching up at a very, very 

fast rate because they have a lot of money to spend and they’ve put 

it where they think they need it most to get ahead in the world, 

the fastest, which is, you know, STEM and all the rest of it, and 

infrastructure. 

So, there sits STB. And we have tried for years, as you know— 

and you’ve been participating in those meetings—to work with the 

railroads and the captive shippers to try to get them to compromise 

so that we can put an end to all of this. Because the captive shippers feel aggrieved. I understand that, because many of them are 

in my state. And many of them are in South Dakota. They’re called 

‘‘granaries.’’ And they have a single line going in, and so the railroad can charge whatever price it wants. And that’s not the way 

the original 1984 law was intended. 

Now it has backslid just a bit. Not the law itself, but the interpretation of the law. But it hasn’t really. So, you get to the question of, how do you make sure that the railroads are doing well? 

How do you also make sure that consumers are doing well? At 

least, I want to see it that way. We go after how are consumers 

not being treated fairly, and what can we do about it? That’s been 

what we’ve done for the last several years, and you’re aware of 

that. 

The railroads are saying they’re broke—actually, I think of the 

four major railroads there’s only one which is actually putting a 

brake on this process. And they stick together. But I think the others really want to see a resolution to this, because they don’t want 

to see a whole series of claims and protests and suits, et cetera, be 

brought to the Surface Transportation Board, where you, I pray, 

will be sitting. In order to do that, we have to, sort of, things have 

to get worked out a little bit. 

I’m not going to ask you these questions, because your answers 

will be yes, and they should be. 

Ms. BEGEMAN. Yes. 

The CHAIRMAN. And they were the typical type of thing. 

But, you know, if Warren Buffett and Bill Gates invest in a railroad, and Warren Buffett says, ‘‘This is one of the best things I’ve 

ever done,’’ you don’t exactly weep over their financial position. 

They’re doing very, very well, thank you—and you looked at their 

annual reports and they’re doing very, very well, thank you—but 

the STB continually sees them as being revenue inadequate. This 

has mystified me for years. 

Now, the American Railroad Association is very powerful. I’d say 

it’s more powerful than the NRA or AARP. It’s just that nobody 

knows it exists, which is the reason it’s powerful. It’s under the 

radar. But it can’t be for you. 

We had, when I came here, fifty Class A railroads. We now have 

four. Not including, obviously, Amtrak. So, do you believe that the 

STB’s revenue adequacy measurement presents a clear and accurate picture of the financial health of the railroads? 

72 

Ms. BEGEMAN. I think it represents sort of a point in time for 

each carrier when the STB does its annual determination of revenue adequacy. But I don’t think necessarily the symbolism of that 

determination means that it’s the Blue Light Special at Kmart, and 

that means railroads get to charge higher rates. It doesn’t mean 

that. 

Revenue adequacy was actually created in the 1980s as part of 

the Coal Rate Guidelines as one of the four restraints on pricing. 

And you’re probably quite familiar with the SAC case, which is the 

long, kind of drawn-out process in which coal shippers may bring 

cases to the Board and some get remedies, some do not. 

The revenue adequacy constraint is one that, frankly, the Board, 

and the ICC before it, never quite fleshed out. My understanding 

is that it’s considered to be, like, a long-term constraint, and it’s 

one that over time the ICC said that it would flesh out more. I’m 

aware that recently a case actually has been brought to the Board 

in which they are trying to utilize the revenue adequacy constraint. 

So, I can’t go too much further on that topic. But I do know that 

I believe in the early 2000s that the issue of the revenue adequacy 

constraint was something that was used in a pipeline case. And so, 

I think that, should the case that has been filed at the Board go 

forward, it’s something that all of us will learn from and consider 

based on the facts. And I certainly will do my best to have an open 

mind, but to make any decision on the facts. 

The CHAIRMAN. OK. Now, let me ask you this. I have so many 

examples in my small state of West Virginia—and it doesn’t just 

involve coal, it doesn’t just involve steel, it doesn’t just involve agriculture. It involves wood, all kinds of other things, and chemicals— 

where the railroads have you, because they only have a single rail 

into the area. For example, Weirton Steel, which used to employ 

13,000 people. It now employs barely 1,000. 

They got astronomical rate charges because there was no competition of another railroad going into this huge steel factory, steel 

mill. They had no competition. And so they would just increase 

prices. Some years it would be $8 million more that they would just 

increase rates over what a normal competitive situation would be. 

John Snow at that time was head of CSX. As I’ve often said here 

when he was put up for Secretary of the Treasury—I voted for him 

three times on the Senate floor just to get him out of CSX. 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. But, he would come in and he would bargain 

with me. He’d trade. And he’d say, All right, all right, all right. 

Let’s get the parties in.’’ And then he’d say, ‘‘Well, I’m going to do 

this for you. I’m going to take $8 million off of what I charge you 

in Weirton Steel.’’ And that was a favor to me? I mean, that he was 

coming down when it’s an artificially high price, to what he judged 

to be something that would make me happier. Well, it didn’t make 

me happier, because the fact that he came down proved my case. 

I didn’t say, ‘‘No, I won’t accept the $8 million reduction,’’ but it’s 

very, very frustrating. 

Let me just end on this, and we’ll all be free. 

I do have significant concerns over how accessible, even today, 

the STB is to captive shippers. I care about captive shippers, because they are the small businesses, the large businesses, the cenVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00076 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
73 

tral parts of the economy of all of our states. And railroads are everywhere. Often they have two railroads competing; that’s fine. 

That’s what the Staggers Act contemplated. Let their price competition settle what the price will be. But for the 20 percent that 

didn’t meet that criteria, there would have to meet some other 

standard born. It originally was meant to be settled by the ICC, 

and what the situation on that is, is a matter of conjecture. 

But in any event, the small businesses in particular, they feel 

they are being charged exorbitant rates, and they are victims of 

very poor service. 

So, my question to you would be, do you share my concern so 

that the Board should be accessible and affordable to all shippers? 

Ms. BEGEMAN. I believe it should be accessible and affordable to 

all the stakeholders. Absolutely. 

The CHAIRMAN. All right. Will you commit to work to ensure that 

the Board is accessible and affordable to shippers? 

Ms. BEGEMAN. Yes. 

The CHAIRMAN. And that means you’ll have to find examples 

where they’re not. 

Ms. BEGEMAN. Well, one of the things that the Board has done 

in the past few years has really kind of beefed up its Office of Public Assistance. And they have, there also is a mediation process at 

the Board that, as more shippers and customers are aware of it, 

I think it’s an avenue in which there can be some resolution 

brought to issues that, you know, don’t need to turn into multimillion-dollar cases, necessarily. But it’s something in which the 

STB and the folks that work in that office can help promote resolution in a timely manner. 

The CHAIRMAN. OK. 

All I can ask from you is to be fair. But not fair in the way that 

people usually say it. I mean, I think after 26 years I’m in a remarkably good humor on this whole subject, don’t you? 

[Laughter.] 

The CHAIRMAN. I’m not being caustic. I’m just trying to make 

pleasant questions here. But hard questions. 

It’s lunacy that this situation exists. And it exists because nobody knows about it. It exists because the people who are small— 

now you’ve made some changes on this in the STB. They can more 

easily afford to get into the legal problem. It used to be that they’d 

just be stonewalled out because they couldn’t possibly afford the 

legal expenses and they knew that, so they didn’t try. And I think 

you’ve made some progress on that. How much, we will see. 

But when I say that you will be fair and open—and you say that 

you’ll be fair and open—it’s a little bit different kind of an answer 

when coming from a nominee from the STB than for, let’s say, 

some other agency. I think that it is about railroads, but railroads 

only make money if they have shippers. And shippers are small 

businesses, they’re people from all over this country. Nobody pays 

any attention to them. It’s wrong. As you know, we fought mightily 

last year. We thought we were getting close, but then one railroad 

balked. I think a couple of the other railroads would have gone 

along with a settlement just to get rid of this problem. We’re going 

to settle it through legislation, but I would much prefer to see it 

74 

done through the STB being responsive. But I want you in, sort of, 

the definition of clarity, to really promise to be fair. 

Ms. BEGEMAN. I will be fair, and I will have an open mind. I 

don’t have an empty mind when I approach—I’m really not making 

a joke about it, because I have been fortunate to really get to work 

on these issues for so many years. And so it’s not like I’m just 

going to be walking in sort of—— 

The CHAIRMAN. That’s correct. 

Ms. BEGEMAN.—listening to someone, like, OK. You know, I 

think that’s a value. At least, I hope it will be. 

The CHAIRMAN. It will. Nobody’s going to be able to run anything 

past you. You’ll know it. 

Ms. BEGEMAN. I hope so. 

The CHAIRMAN. Yes. OK. 

You’ve all been very patient and very kind. And I thank you all 

very much. 

We’re going to try and do this as quickly as we possibly can. I 

checked with Senator Hutchison, and we’re hoping maybe we can 

even do this off the floor next week. 

I thank you, and the hearing is adjourned. 

[Whereupon, at 11:33 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.] 

(75) 

A P P E N D I X 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR TO

ANN D. BEGEMAN

Question 1. Do you agree that our national freight railroad system should be as 

competitive as possible and provide rail customers reliable service at reasonable 

prices? 

Answer. Yes. 

Question 2. How do you view the relationship between fair rail pricing and economic growth? 

Answer. I don’t consider the two to be mutually exclusive. Recent reports concerning increased freight shipments in the rail industry are good news for our economic recovery, and for the future of rail transportation service. The Staggers Act 

recognized the need for the industry to earn revenues to return to viability and reinvest in its infrastructure—it is a highly capital intensive industry—while protecting 

against the abuse of market power. Profitability shouldn’t come about through the 

abuse of market power at the expense of captive shippers, but rather through increased freight volume and productivity gains. 

Question 3. Do you agree that effective regulatory protection for rail customers 

where there is an absence of competition is necessary in the freight rail industry? 

Answer. Yes. The Rail Transportation Policy (49 U.S.C. Section 10101), which 

guides the federal government in its oversight and economic regulation of the rail 

industry, envisions this. The STB must always work to strike an appropriate balance among these policy directives, and if confirmed, I will be committed to doing 

so. 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY HON. MARK BEGICH TO

DR. KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN

Question 1. Much of your time will likely be spent on satellite acquisition. What 

are your views on how NOAA is currently handling the Joint Polar Satellite System 

(JPSS) program? 

Answer. If confirmed as the Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation 

and Prediction, I expect to spend a considerable amount of time working with 

NOAA’s Satellite Service to ensure a successful, full transition of the JPSS program. 

One of my goals will be to place this program on a path to achieve mission success. 

While I have followed this issue in the trade press, I do not have detailed knowledge of NOAA operations and management of the program. From what I know of 

both NOAA and NASA in my previous time in each agency, their missions, personnel and operations are well complemented to running a successful program. If 

confirmed, I assure you that one of my first priorities will be to review JPSS management and program status rigorously, and ensure that current activities meet the 

highest standards. All of NOAA’s satellite acquisition programs should achieve the 

stated goals of delivering space-based observations that are critical to saving lives, 

property, and critical infrastructure. 

Question 2. The JPSS is an expensive program; the request for FY11 was around 

$1B. Can you expand on why we should make funding JPSS a priority even in these 

challenging budget times? 

Answer. All sectors of the U.S. economy are weather-sensitive and NOAA is 

charged with the responsibility of providing environmental data and services to protect lives, property, and critical infrastructure of the nation. In fact, weather and 

climate sensitive industries account for about one-third of the nation’s GDP, ranging 

from finance, insurance and real estate to services, retail, and wholesale trade and 

manufacturing. Satellite data comprises over 97 percent of the data for numerical 

weather prediction models and for weather forecasting, for 2–10 day weather forecasts. Without JPSS, today’s high confidence weather forecasts would extend out 

76 

only 5 days instead of the current 7 days. Alaska would be particularly impacted 

by the loss of JPSS. Due to its high latitude, Alaska depends on polar satellites for 

almost all its weather forecasting for aviation, maritime, oil and gas operations. If 

confirmed, I will work to ensure that these programs are planned, procured and implemented with strong management and fiscal discipline and in accord with management ‘‘best practices.’’ 

Question 3. A gap in coverage by polar orbiting satellites is particularly troubling 

for Alaska where the safety of pilots, fishermen and other mariners and the general 

public depends on accurate weather forecasts. Does NOAA have a ‘‘Plan B’’ if you 

don’t get the JPSS funding this year? 

Answer. I agree that a gap in coverage for Alaska is troubling. NOAA’s polarorbiting satellites are the main sources of data for Alaska, due to its high northern 

latitude and remoteness. As someone who has worked and flown in Alaska, I appreciate keenly how critical this information is to the many Alaskans who make their 

living through aviation or share that hobby. From my conversations with NOAA 

leadership, I know that their attention is acutely focused on implementing the JPSS 

program to ensure any gap in coverage is minimized. 

As I am not yet confirmed, I am not yet aware of what NOAA’s operational back 

up plans may be. From my prior experience with NOAA and my time in NASA, I 

suspect that one option for a ‘‘Plan B’’ would be to leverage the European METOP 

satellites; however, the data is not optimal for all NWS forecasts, due to its orbit. 

Even with METOP satellites, a gap in NOAA’s afternoon polar-orbiting satellite coverage would result in a degradation of forecast accuracy by 1 to 2 days. Higher confidence forecasts would only extend out 5 days instead of the current 7 days, significantly impacting the advanced warning time for severe weather events. 

NOAA could also work to leverage data from older NOAA satellites, other U.S. 

satellites, such as NASA’s research satellites, and from foreign sources such as the 

Japanese and Chinese polar-orbiting satellites. However, I believe that NOAA’s 

weather models and forecast capabilities are not currently configured for use with 

these sources, and forecasts will be severely degraded, thus impacting all sectors of 

the U.S. economy. Additionally, it puts the United States in a position of relying 

on foreign data for its domestic weather and climate needs over which the U.S. has 

no control. 

If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NOAA’s satellite programs are sustainably 

implemented so that the nation continues to have the data, and services it requires. 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTION SUBMITTED BY HON. TOM UDALL TO

DR. KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN

Question. What do you envision are NOAA’s predictive capabilities and remote 

sensing responsibilities in monitoring rapid deforestation in tropical forests and 

land use change around the world to address grave impacts of increased emissions 

from deforestation and degradation? 

Answer. Deforestation in tropical forests and other land use changes are critically 

important variables in the Earth’s climate. While the primary driving requirements 

on NOAA’s observing systems, particularly satellites, are oceanic and atmospheric 

data needs, NOAA partners with other federal agencies such as the U.S. Geological 

Survey, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Agency for International 

Development to provide NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites 

(POES) data for use in monitoring global land use forestry. 

For decades, NOAA also has played a leading role in monitoring atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and has the capability of 

reporting changes in emissions on broad scales across the globe. This monitoring 

network makes valuable contributions to an improved international understanding 

of the global carbon budget and changes in the atmospheric concentration of other 

greenhouse gases that can be associated with land use change, like methane. 

Global climate models also use information about land use change and deforestation to assess relevant impacts on past climate, as well as in development of 

projects for the future. NOAA is a world leader in global climate modeling and is 

at the forefront of integrating land use into climate models. 

As a leader in climate science and environmental data, I envision that NOAA will 

continue to support its agency partners that monitor global deforestation through 

the provision of its environmental satellite data. I expect NOAA will also continue 

to drive research that leads to improved global climate models and subsequent climate projections through the incorporation of climate variables, including robust 

data about land use and deforestation. 

77 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY HON. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV 

TO DR. FRANCES M.D. GULLAND

Question 1. You’ve worked as a veterinarian, researcher, and a science advisor. 

One of the greatest challenges to effective conservation is translating good science 

into sound policy. What are some of the ways you will apply your varied work experiences in order to turn the best available science into well-informed policies? 

Answer. Translating the best available science into well-informed policies requires 

at least three closely related elements. First, science must appropriately target the 

issues before the policymaker. For years scientists have drawn a distinction between 

‘‘basic’’ and ‘‘applied’’ science. Basic science is an unfettered search for information 

and knowledge for its own sake, whereas applied science is directed at understanding important problems. Given our limited scientific resources and our growing 

need for specific types of information to address complex issues, I believe we must 

focus much of our effort on applied science. 

Second, we need coordination and collaboration among scientists, managers, policymakers, and all interested parties to ensure that scientific efforts target the most 

pressing issues. Managers and policymakers face many difficult challenges and it 

is crucial that scientists understand what policies need to be formulated and what 

decisions need to be made so that they can undertake research that results in the 

best possible scientific information for those purposes. 

Third, we need effective communication of the scientific information and policy determinations in multiple formats. The Marine Mammal Commission has long sought 

to communicate its recommendations using letters, annual and special reports, and 

scientific papers. It also has sought to facilitate communication by sponsoring workshops and other meetings that bring together all parties involved in an issue and 

facilitate discussions aimed at finding common solutions. 

In my capacities as a veterinarian, researcher, science advisor, author, and workshop participant, I have been involved in all three of these facets. As such, I believe 

that I am well-positioned to help identify the pressing issues requiring further research, see that that research is well-designed to provide the best possible information to policymakers given available resources, and apply that information to resolve 

the underlying conservation issues. From my work on recovery teams for endangered and threatened species and as a member of working groups established to investigate and respond to marine mammal unusual mortality events, I also appreciate that we cannot always wait until we have unequivocal information before we 

make decisions and take action to implement those decisions. However, in such 

cases, we may need to adopt adaptive management strategies, in which we continue 

to collect information and monitor the situation and make changes to management 

measures as warranted. Finally, given the complexity of the issues we face, I appreciate the need to have a pool of knowledgeable individuals to consult in identifying 

pressing and emerging conservation issues, setting research priorities, and analyzing and applying the available information to formulate sound policies. If I am 

confirmed, I will work with the other Commissioners to ensure that the Marine 

Mammal Commission has a Committee of Scientific Advisors with a wide range of 

knowledge and experience to address the most pressing issues facing policymakers 

and affecting marine mammals. 

Question 2. The Final Recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task 

Force stressed the need for ecosystem-based management. Do you see areas where 

we can better integrate ecosystem-based management into marine mammal conservation? 

Answer. Yes, I see a number of areas where we can better integrate ecosystembased management and marine mammal conservation. First, with regard to fisheries, we need to examine the ecological effects of fishing on marine mammals specifically and marine ecosystems generally. At my confirmation hearing, Senator 

Rockefeller, you referred to a report detailing declines of large marine predators by 

as much as 70 percent. In fact, such reductions are common and occur by design 

as a result of directed fishing policy. Whether they are consistent with maintaining 

healthy, stable ecosystems remains to be seen, but clearly more research is needed 

to investigate the ecological effects of such large-scale reductions in fish biomass. 

More work also is needed to address the introduction of contaminants, fertilizers, 

and pathogens into the marine environment resulting from land-based activities including agriculture, industry, and coastal development. Taking an ecosystem-based 

approach to management of our marine environment will require that we not only 

focus on activities that occur in the oceans or along their shores, but also on those 

activities that serve as the source for contaminants, fertilizers, and pathogens, 

whether they come from coastal areas or as run-off or effluent from deep in our nation’s heartland. 

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We also must tackle the disruptive effects of climate change. Marine mammals 

in polar regions (i.e., both the Arctic and Antarctic) are perhaps the most threatened 

because they are likely to lose the sea ice habitat on which they depend. However, 

other species also may experience serious consequences. Hawaiian monk seals, for 

example, stand to lose important resting and birthing areas if sea level rise washes 

away the small sandy islets of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands or if food-webs 

are disrupted by loss of reef areas through increasing acidification. 

Marine debris continues to be an important threat to marine life, including marine mammals. To date, the evidence suggests that debris removed from the oceans 

is quickly replaced. That is, we are not making sufficient progress at preventing the 

introduction of new debris and that debris continues to degrade marine ecosystems. 

These and other areas indicate that our conservation efforts must be improved 

and expanded if we are to maintain the health and stability of our marine ecosystems, including marine mammals. 

Question 3. Given declining federal funds for scientific research, monitoring, and 

modeling, in what ways could the Commission partner with federal agencies to ensure the best possible science is used in the protection and conservation of marine 

mammals? 

Answer. The Commission already is working with other agencies to understand 

agency funding constraints and help prioritize marine science that will generate the 

best possible information for conservation purposes. The Commission has established a web-based survey of federal agencies to collect information on all the federal resources used for marine mammal research. The intent of the survey is to provide a basis for identifying research gaps, set clear research priorities, and promote 

interagency cooperation. The Commission periodically holds working meetings with 

staff from other agencies. These vary from hour-long discussions to multi-day workshops focused on particularly difficult challenges. The Commission also uses its limited research funding as ‘‘seed money’’ to encourage other agencies and the privatesector to direct resources toward important research topics. The Commission often 

engages scientists and stakeholders from outside the government to ensure that it 

and other agencies are getting the broadest possible perspective on the challenges 

facing marine conservation. The Commission also strives to provide and promote unbiased peer review of marine science. Finally, the Commission writes frequently to 

decision-makers in other agencies to focus their attention on research issues that 

the Commission believes should be given high priority. As with so many things the 

Commission does, frequent and effective communication with the other agencies and 

the scientific community is critical for promoting better science and conservation. 

Question 4. Marine mammals can be affected by a number of human activities. 

What role can the Commission play in resolving the inherent tension between important human uses of the oceans—such as energy development, fishing, transportation, and military operations—and protecting vulnerable marine mammal populations? 

Answer. The Commission can play a number of roles in resolving this tension. 

First, the Commission often serves as an important source of information and expertise on marine mammals so that agencies seeking to minimize their impact and 

Congressional staff seeking to understand complex marine problems can use the 

Commission as a resource in designing effective mitigation strategies. For example, 

the Commission has on its Committee of Scientific Advisors one of the world’s leading polar bear scientists who has represented the Commission on several interagency working groups convened to guide polar bear research. The Commission commonly works with marine mammal experts from around the world and, when appropriate, the Commission engages those experts to ensure that managers and policymakers have access to the best possible information. 

Second, the Commission has long sought to bring together the multiple parties engaged in an issue to ensure the best possible communication. Such meetings often 

involve representatives from the other agencies, industry, conservation organizations, Alaska Native communities, and the interested public. 

Third, the Commission sponsors research to investigate the underlying problems 

that may lead to tension, whether those problems pertain to fishery interactions, introduction of sound into the marine environment, development of oil and gas operations, coastal development, or military operations. 

Fourth, the Commission promotes the development of better monitoring and mitigation measures to ensure that the effects of various activities on marine mammals 

are well understood and that marine mammals are suitably protected, but that protective measures do not place undue burdens on or disrupt the other activities. 

Finally, as an independent oversight agency, the Commission helps maintain a 

focus on the most important marine mammal conservation issues and realistic stratVerDate Nov 24 2008 08:54 Nov 21, 2011 Jkt 071256 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 S:\GPO\DOCS\71256.TXT SCOM1 PsN: JACKIE
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egies for addressing them. Many issues cannot be resolved quickly and, to ensure 

that they are not forgotten or that efforts to address them are not unnecessarily prolonged, the Commission must carry out its oversight responsibilities vigilantly and 

needs to play a role in promoting the development and implementation of suitable 

long-term research programs. 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY HON. TOM UDALL TO

DR. FRANCES M.D. GULLAND

Question 1. The Marine Mammal Commission has a mandate to devote special attention to particular species and populations that are vulnerable to threats and impacts from human-related activities. In the past decade there has been a rapid increase in public and regulatory interest in the effects of noise from military, shipping and hydrocarbon activities on marine life and in the available tools and technologies to measure/reduce potential impacts of sound-producing industrial activities. Should the MMC address noise disturbance brought on by seismic surveys potentially impacts cetaceans and other marine fauna? What actions would you propose the MMC take to address noise disturbance? 

Answer. Yes, the Commission should address these issues as they pose a number 

of threats to marine mammals. In this regard, the Commission has and should continue to: (1) promote research aimed at better understanding of sound effects on marine mammal individuals and populations (e.g., masking of the sounds that marine 

mammals produce and rely on for communicating and sensing their environments), 

(2) promote better monitoring and mitigation measures (e.g., visual observations, 

passive acoustics) that ensure that effects on marine mammal populations are accurately assessed and can be shown to be no more than negligible, and (3) help promote alternative courses of action that accomplish the sought-after objective (e.g., 

geophysical profiling) while ensuring impacts on marine mammals are negligible, for 

example, by rescheduling seismic surveys to periods when marine mammals are not 

present. I also believe it is important to establish long-term monitoring of ocean 

sound to determine if and where noise levels are increasing and how those increasing levels pose risks to marine mammals. 

The Commission has focused its attention on sound-related impacts on marine 

mammals for some time. For instance, the Commission reported to Congress in 2007 

on research and management needs related to ocean noise and marine mammals 

(Marine Mammals and Noise—A Sound Approach to Research and Management) 

and sponsored the preparation of a primer on underwater sound and marine mammals (Underwater Sound and the Marine Mammal Acoustic Environment: A guide 

to Fundamental Principles). In addition, the Commission has been working with the 

National Science Foundation, which funds geophysical research that employs seismic surveys, to promote the collection of empirical data to assess the impacts of 

those surveys on marine mammals and the effectiveness of mitigation measures currently in use. If confirmed, I would work to continue these efforts. 

Question 2. How would you ensure that the MMC is being directed by the best 

scientific expertise to promote the Commission’s agenda? 

Answer. If confirmed, I would work with the Commission Chair to ensure that the 

Commission is supported by a scientifically strong and diverse Committee of Scientific Advisors with knowledge of and experience with a wide range of marine 

mammal species and issues potentially affecting marine mammals. I also would 

strongly encourage regular collaboration and cooperation between the Marine Mammal Commission and the scientific staff of the regulatory agencies responsible for 

marine mammal programs (i.e., the National Marine Fisheries Service, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, and U.S. Geological Survey). I also would ensure that the Commission engages regularly with scientific experts from the Society for Marine Mammalogy and other relevant professional societies. In addition, I would promote collaboration of Commission staff and Committee scientists with scientists from other 

disciplines (e.g., oceanography, climatology, fisheries biology, acoustics, conservation 

biology, biochemistry, veterinary medicine, etc.) to ensure that the Commission is 

mindful of and promoting multidisciplinary approaches to conservation problems. Finally, I would work to bridge the narrowing gap between western science and the 

traditional ecological knowledge of Alaska Natives. The Commission already is doing 

such things and I would ensure that the Commission continues to promote and practice the best possible science. 

Question 3. What would you do to engage the scientific and NGO community domestically and internationally to further leverage scientific expertise, technical capacities, and MMC initiatives? 

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Answer. As noted above, if confirmed I would engage scientific expertise from 

around the nation and world as needed to address issues or problems. To that end, 

I would seek to have the Commission engage scientists from federal and state agencies, the NGO community, academic and private research organizations, Native organizations, and other nations to ensure that decisionmakers have the benefit of the 

best available science. The Commission already is working on a global assessment 

of marine mammals to address international issues affecting marine mammals. I 

would use the results of that assessment to set priorities and identify the key types 

of expertise and the key scientists to engage in conservation issues. I would encourage use of the Commission’s limited research budget to promote exchange between 

the world’s most established and effective scientists with scientists struggling with 

conservation issues in developing countries or regions where scientific resources are 

limited. The NGO community has long played an important role in promoting better 

science in undeveloped regions, as have other interested stakeholder communities. 

I would have the Commission work with all interested communities and with the 

State Department to further the conservation of marine mammals outside the 

United States. 

Question 4. Long-term health monitoring of key marine species is necessary to address massive die-offs of species such as the Southern Right whales and sea turtles 

(green, loggerheads and leatherbacks). How would you collaborate with NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the scientific/NGO community to avert 

a crisis? 

Answer. If confirmed, I would seek to improve long-term health monitoring of marine species by working closely with the National Marine Fisheries Service and Fish 

and Wildlife Service to support and develop existing stranding networks. These networks are vital for detecting health-related issues and collecting the samples and 

data needed to investigate them. In this regard, I would encourage (and assist to 

the extent possible) the Services in developing a five-year strategy for improving the 

existing marine mammal health and stranding program. I also would seek to facilitate communication and collaboration among stranding networks from the different 

regions of the country. In addition, I would seek to integrate the information being 

collected by stranding networks with the marine mammal stock assessments required under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. I would work with the NGO and 

scientific community to improve stranding networks. Support is necessary to ensure 

that personnel in the stranding networks are adequately trained and have the resources needed to respond to strandings effectively. I also would encourage collaboration with academia, state public health and livestock diagnostic laboratories, and 

federal agencies (not just the Services). Finally, and perhaps most importantly, I 

would encourage research into the risk factors that pose threats to marine mammals 

specifically and marine ecosystems generally. Until we address those risk factors, 

our approach will be reactive. To avert crises, it will be essential to take a preventative approach. 

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