NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D18-4385

)

JAMES A. ARMOUR, individually and )

as Trustee of THE BAY SHORE ROAD )

TRUST U/A/D OCTOBER 1, 2008; )

4449 HOLDINGS, LLC; THE STUCCO )

COMPANY OF IDAHO; PREFERRED )

CONTRACTORS INSURANCE RISK )

RETENTION GROUP, LLC; and MQ )

WINDOWS, INC., )

)

Respondents. )

___________________________________)

Opinion filed September 9, 2020.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit 

Court for Sarasota County; Andrea McHugh, 

Judge.

Robin P. Keener and John D. Russell of 

Stoler, Russell, Keener, Verona, P.A., 

Tampa, for Petitioner.

Louis D. D'Agostino of Cheffy Passidomo, 

P.A., Naples (withdrew after briefing); and 

Debbie Sines Crockett of Cheffy Passidomo, 

P.A., Tampa (withdrew after briefing); 

Matthew B. Devisse, Edmond E. Koester, 

and Richard D. Yovanovich of Coleman, 

Yovanovich & Koester, P.A., Naples, for 

Respondents James A. Armour, individually 
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and as Trustee of the Bay Shore Road Trust 

U/A/D October 1, 2008; and 4449 Holdings, 

LLC.

No appearance for remaining Respondents.

KHOUZAM, Chief Judge. 

Owners Insurance Company has filed a petition for writ of certiorari 

seeking review of the circuit court's order denying in part its motion for protective order 

and allowing certain discovery by James A. Armour, individually and as Trustee of the 

Bay Shore Road Trust U/A/D October 1, 2008; and 4449 Holdings, LLC (collectively, 

"Armour"). Because part of the circuit court's order appropriately limited discovery, we 

deny the petition in part. However, because part of the circuit court's order departed 

from the essential requirements of the law by allowing impermissible discovery, we 

grant the petition in part, quash that portion of the order, and remand for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

The discovery order at issue was entered in a declaratory action over 

insurance coverage for alleged defective construction of a residential property located at 

4449 Bay Shore Road in Sarasota. Armour, the current owner of the property, had filed 

suit alleging entitlement to insurance coverage as an additional insured under the 

policies issued to the subcontractors involved in constructing the residence. Owners 

had issued a policy to one of those subcontractors, The Stucco Company of Idaho. 

Armour alleged in the operative complaint that all conditions precedent to 

the filing of the suit had been met and that Owners had "plainly [been] given notice of all 

claims which are the subject of this lawsuit." Owners denied these allegations. In an 
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effort to rebut Owner's denial, Armour repeatedly sought discovery seeking to determine 

if Owners had received notice. Owners declined to produce the requested discovery, 

even after a magistrate granted Armour's motion to compel. 

Still unsatisfied with Owners' responses to his discovery requests, Armour 

sought to take depositions of certain Owners employees and representatives in order to 

discover information regarding whether Owners had received notice. Specifically, 

Armour sought to depose Jennifer Howard, Owners' claims adjuster; Cliff Storr, Owners' 

senior attorney; Andy Corbin, Owners' director of home office claims; and Betty 

Carbone, Owners' assistant manager of underwriting. After an extended period of 

negotiations, the parties appeared to agree to certain areas of inquiry and limitations on 

the testimony, and the depositions were scheduled. In a March 29, 2018, letter to 

Armour's counsel, Owners' counsel confirmed the following topic parameters for the 

corporate representative depositions: 

1. Mr. Storr will testify as a corporate representative on the 

specific coverage and denial of defense decisions made 

by the Company that are the subject of the Third 

[Amended] Complaint . . . . 

2. Mr. Corbin will testify as corporate representative 

regarding the Company's standards and guidelines for 

the adjustment of commercial general liability claims in 

Florida.

3. Ms. Carbone will testify as a corporate representative 

about the underwriting of the specific policies referenced 

in the Third Amended Complaint. Her testimony will be 

limited to the applications submitted, the underwriting 

department's application review process and the 

underwriting decisions made in assisting the insured with 

procurement of the specific policies at issue in this 

litigation. 
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The letter also indicated that Howard would be produced "in her individual capacity as a 

fact witness," and the notice of deposition duces tecum stated that she would be 

questioned on various details of Owners' coverage decisions involved in the case. In 

the same March 29 letter, however, Owners demanded a consent protective order be 

signed and filed with the court before the depositions proceeded. When Armour 

declined to agree to the protective order, the depositions were cancelled. Owners later 

amended the motion for protective order so that it sought to completely prevent Armour 

from deposing any of the witnesses, arguing that the testimony was prohibited under 

Florida law because it would invade and seek discovery of the claims file.

A hearing was held before a magistrate, who entered a recommended 

order directing the depositions to go forward with limitations on the scope of inquiry. 

Corbin's and Carbone's depositions would be allowed on the topics set forth in the 

March 29 letter, based on the magistrate's conclusion that "[g]iven the agreement of 

Owners" reflected in the letter these notices were "not problematic." The magistrate 

also noted that Armour was "entitled to depose Cliff Storr in his capacity as a corporate 

representative on the topics previously agreed upon in the March 29, 2018[,] letter from 

Owners' counsel." To the extent that the deposition notices directed at Storr and 

Howard exceeded the type of documents permissible under Florida law, however, 

Armour was required to amend them to comply with the law. 

Owners filed exceptions to the recommended order. The circuit court 

overruled the exceptions and ratified the recommended order. The court did question 

the magistrate's finding that the deposition notices for Corbin and Carbone were "not 

problematic" based on the March 29 letter. "But it seems that what [the magistrate] 
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really did is . . . apply the law to the facts of this case to narrow what Mr. Armour could 

seek at deposition given that this is a notice case where they do have . . . an ability to 

seek evidence regarding receipt of service of certain documents," the court ultimately 

concluded. 

In its petition in this court, Owners argues that the circuit court departed 

from the essential requirements of law by allowing discovery into topics prohibited by 

Florida law and that Owners will suffer irreparable harm if this improper information is 

produced. "The Florida Supreme Court has explained that certiorari is the appropriate 

remedy when a discovery order departs from the essential requirements of law, causing 

material injury to the petitioner throughout the remainder of the proceeding in the trial 

court, effectively leaving no adequate remedy on appeal." Am. Home Assur. Co. v. 

Vreeland, 973 So. 2d 668, 671 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). A discovery order improperly 

compelling production is reviewable by certiorari. See State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Desai, 

106 So. 3d 5, 6 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013). 

As both the magistrate and circuit court acknowledged, Second District 

case law is replete with opinions holding that "[a] trial court departs from the essential 

requirements of the law in compelling disclosure of the contents of an insurer's claim file 

when the issue of coverage is in dispute and has not been resolved." Seminole Cas. 

Ins. Co. v. Mastrominas, 6 So. 3d 1256, 1258 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009); see also State Farm 

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. O'Hearn, 975 So. 2d 633, 637 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("[A] party is 

not entitled to discovery of an insurer's claim file or documents relating to the insurer's 

business policies or practices regarding the handling of claims in an action for insurance 

benefits combined with a bad faith action until the insurer's obligation to provide 
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coverage has been established." (quoting Old Republic Nat'l Title Ins. Co. v. 

HomeAmerican Credit, Inc., 844 So. 2d 818, 819-20 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003))); 

Vreeland, 973 So. 2d at 671-72 ("[T]o the extent that the trial court's order requires 

production of American Home's claims files while the parties are engaged in a coverage 

dispute, the order causes irreparable injury by allowing discovery of material protected 

by the work-product privilege. Deposition testimony by a corporate representative on 

these privileged matters is likewise prohibited." (citations omitted)); GEICO Gen. Ins. 

Co. v. Hoy, 927 So. 2d 122, 125 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) ("When a litigant files claims for 

both coverage and bad faith in the same action, the insurer's claim file is not 

discoverable until the issue of coverage has been resolved."); State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. 

v. Gallmon, 835 So. 2d 389, 390 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (quashing "a wide-ranging order to 

State Farm to produce its claim files, investigative reports, adjuster notes, underwriting 

files, company policies and manuals, training materials, certain personnel files, sales 

brochures and marketing materials, computer manuals for operating internal software 

and programs, details of rewards and bonus programs for employees, employee 

incentive and compensation programs, third-party programs and correspondence about 

sinkhole claims, its casualty claims manual and estimating manual, and minutes of 

meetings at which sinkhole claims were discussed").

Even though "[t]he disclosure of various types of information can result in 

irreparable harm, including material protected by privilege, trade secrets, or work 

product," the baseline "test for discovery is always relevance" to the disputed issues of 

the underlying action. Diaz-Verson v. Walbridge Aldinger Co., 54 So. 3d 1007, 1009 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2010). Indeed, in American Home Assurance Co. v. Vreeland, 973 So. 2d 
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668, 672 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008), this court allowed discovery of an underwriting file limited 

to documents pertaining to a specific issue in the litigation—whether Aerolease of 

America was the owner or lienholder of the insured aircraft—while coverage was still in 

dispute. Cf. Revello Med. Mgmt., Inc. v. Med-Data Infotech USA, Inc., 50 So. 3d 678, 

680 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) ("Under Florida's 'at issue' doctrine, '[w]hen a party has filed a 

claim, based upon a matter ordinarily privileged, the proof of which will necessarily 

require that the privileged matter be offered in evidence,' he waives his right to claim 

that the matter is privileged in pretrial discovery." (alteration in original) (quoting Savino 

v. Luciano, 92 So. 2d 817, 819 (Fla. 1957))). The Vreeland court further explained: 

If questions are asked during a deposition requiring answers 

that would violate the attorney-client privilege, then American 

Home's counsel may instruct the corporate representative 

not to answer. See Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.310(c) (stating that a 

party may instruct a deponent not to answer "when 

necessary to preserve a privilege"). If this occurs, the trial 

court may be required to conduct an in-camera hearing to 

determine whether the deposition questions will elicit 

information protected by a privilege. See Hamilton v. 

Ramos, 796 So. 2d 1269, 1270 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001). 

Similarly, to the extent that American Home contends that 

documents in the underwriting file may contain privileged 

information, the trial court may have to conduct an in-camera 

review.

Vreeland, 973 So. 2d at 672.

Here, the magistrate correctly concluded that Armour was entitled to 

depose Owners' representatives on the specific issue of notice because Armour alleged 

that notice had been given while Owners denied receiving notice, putting receipt of 

notice at issue. The magistrate also correctly determined that the deposition notices for 

Jennifer Howard and Cliff Storr "extend[ed] far beyond the notice and discovery issues 

and stray[ed] into those areas of claims handling and matters otherwise prohibited by 
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Florida law." Accordingly, the magistrate concluded that Armour could depose these 

two witnesses on topics relevant to notice but that the deposition notices needed to be 

amended to comply with Florida law and that the witnesses' testimony would be limited 

to topics not precluded by Florida law. 

However, as to the testimony of Andy Corbin and Betty Carbone, the 

magistrate concluded that Armour was "entitled to depose these individuals in their 

capacity as corporate representatives on the topics previously agreed upon in the 

March 29, 2018[,] letter from Owners' counsel." The order also states that Armour was 

entitled to depose Storr on the agreed-upon topics. Essentially, the magistrate appears 

to have concluded that any privilege had been waived by the March 29 letter. But it is 

axiomatic that an attorney cannot waive a privilege objection for a client. See Sedgwick 

Claims Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. Feller, 163 So. 3d 1252, 1254 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) ("The 

client is the holder of the privilege and is the only person who may waive it." (quoting 

Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 502.8 (2014 ed.))); Nova Se. Univ., Inc. v. 

Jacobson, 25 So. 3d 82, 86 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009) ("The privilege belongs to the 

client . . . ."). This is true even where counsel indicates an intent to produce certain 

discovery but later raises a privilege objection to the production of that discovery. See, 

e.g., Sedgwick, 163 So. 3d at 1254 ("[T]he trial court erred by finding that the attorneyclient privilege was waived by counsel's statement at a hearing. Although counsel 

stated, upon prompting by the trial judge, that he did not anticipate objecting to the 

discovery requests, this exchange was not sufficient to waive the client's objections, 

which were later timely asserted in counsel's written responses to the requests."); Huet 

v. Tromp, 912 So. 2d 336, 339 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005) (holding that the Huets were entitled 
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to claim work product privilege despite previous waiver; waiver had been cured when 

the Huets struck the witnesses at issue from their witness list); Truly Nolen 

Exterminating, Inc. v. Thomasson, 554 So. 2d 5, 5-6 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989) ("A failure to 

assert a work-product privilege at the earliest opportunity, in response to a discovery 

motion, does not constitute a waiver of the privilege so long as the privilege is asserted 

by a pleading, to the trial court, before there has been an actual disclosure of the 

information alleged to be protected."). 

As set forth in the March 29 letter, the parameters for questioning Corbin 

and Carbone are patently overbroad because they allow for discovery of information in 

the claim file and documents relating to the insurer's business policies or practices 

regarding the handling of claims. See Mastrominas, 6 So. 3d at 1258; O'Hearn, 975 So. 

2d at 637; Vreeland, 973 So. 2d at 671-72; Hoy, 927 So. 2d at 126; Gallmon, 835 So. 

2d at 390. The letter provided that Corbin would testify broadly on "the Company's 

standards and guidelines for the adjustment of commercial general liability claims in 

Florida." And Carbone would testify "about the underwriting of the specific policies 

referenced in the Third Amended Complaint," including "the applications submitted, the 

underwriting department's application review process and the underwriting decisions 

made in assisting the insured with procurement of the specific policies at issue in this 

litigation." Corbin's and Carbone's testimony should be limited in the same way 

Howard's and Storr's testimony was limited: their testimony should be confined to the 

issue of notice, their testimony should be restricted to topics not precluded by Florida 

law, and their deposition notices should be amended to comply with Florida law. 
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Thus, to the extent that the circuit court appropriately limited the 

witnesses' testimony according to Florida law, we deny Owners' petition for writ of 

certiorari. However, to the extent that the circuit court held that Owners had waived its 

privilege objections based on the March 29 letter, we grant the petition, quash that 

portion of the circuit court's order, and remand for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. 

Denied in part, granted in part, and remanded. 

LaROSE and ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, JJ., Concur.