UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

Derian Raggs,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 14-13946

Pittsfield Charter Township, et al., Sean F. Cox

United States District Court Judge

Defendants.

_______________________________/

OPINION & ORDER

GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

AND DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Following his arrest on October 13, 2012, Plaintiff filed this action against two officers

who arrested him, along with Pittsfield Charter Township, asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. §

1983 and state law. Following the close of discovery, Defendants filed a Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment and Plaintiff also filed a Motion for Summary Judgment.

For the reasons set forth below, the Court shall GRANT Defendants’ Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment and grant summary judgment in Defendants’ favor as to Counts II, III, IV,

V, and VI of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. That leaves only Count I, Plaintiff’s § 1983

excessive force claim remaining.

The Court shall DENY Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment in its entirety. As to

Counts II through VI, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment in their favor, as explained

below. As to Count I, the § 1983 excessive force claim, Plaintiff is not entitled to summary

judgment because, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Defendant Officers,

there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether Defendants used excessive force. 

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Accordingly, Plaintiff’s § 1983 excessive force claim, Count I, is the only claim that will

proceed to a jury trial in this matter.

BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff Derian Raggs (“Plaintiff” or “Raggs”) filed this action on October 13, 2014. 

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (Docket Entry No. 5), filed on December 2, 2014, is the

operative complaint and it asserts claims against the following Defendants: 1) Matthew Kessler

(“Kessler”); 2) Ryan Reppert (“Reppert”); and 3) Pittsfield Charter Township (“the Township”). 

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint asserts the following claims: 1) “Violation of the Fourth

Amendment 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Excessive Force” (Count I); 2) “False Arrest/False Imprisonment”

(Count II); 3) “Violation of Fourth Amendment 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Unreasonable Seizure Without

Probable Cause” (Count III); 4) “Malicious Prosecution” (Count IV); 5) “Violation of the Fourth

Amendment 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Malicious Prosecution” (Count V); and 6) “Pittsfield Charter

Township’s Constitutional Violations” (Count VI).

Following the close of discovery, both Plaintiff and Defendants filed summary judgment

motions. Plaintiff filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment Pursuant to FRCP 56 Against

Defendants Matthew Kessler and Ryan Reppert” (Docket Entry No. 26) and Defendants filed a

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. (Docket Entry No. 23).

This Court’s practice guidelines, which are expressly included in the Scheduling Order

issued in this case, provide, consistent with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (c) and (e), that:

a. The moving party’s papers shall include a separate document entitled

Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute. The statement shall list in separately

numbered paragraphs concise statements of each undisputed material fact,

supported by appropriate citations to the record. . .

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b. In response, the opposing party shall file a separate document entitled

Counter-Statement of Disputed Facts. The counter-statement shall list in

separately numbered paragraphs following the order or the movant’s statement,

whether each of the facts asserted by the moving party is admitted or denied and

shall also be supported by appropriate citations to the record. The CounterStatement shall also include, in a separate section, a list of each issue of material

fact as to which it is contended there is a genuine issue for trial.

c. All material facts as set forth in the Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute

shall be deemed admitted unless controverted in the Counter-Statement of

Disputed Facts.

(Docket Entry No. 30 at 2-3). 

In compliance with this Court’s guidelines, in support of their Motions for Partial

Summary Judgment, Defendants filed a “Statement of Material Facts Not In Dispute” (Docket

Entry No. 24) (“Defs.’ Stmt. A). In response to that submission, Plaintiff filed a “CounterStatement of Disputed Facts” (Docket Entry No. 28 at 8-13) (Pl.’s Stmt. A”). 

In support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Kessler and Reppert,

Plaintiff filed a “Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute” (Docket Entry No. 26 at 9-12)

(“Pl.’s Smt. B”) but Defendants did not file a counter-statement responding to it.

Because the Court will be addressing Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment

first, the Court includes here the facts viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff.

May 13, 2012 Incident

In the early morning hours of May 13, 2012, Raggs arrived at his girlfriend’s apartment

at 4159 Chester Drive in Pittsfield Township, Michigan. (Defs.’ and Pl.’s Stmt. A at ¶ 1). 

At 3:20 a.m., the Pittsfield Township Public Safety Department received, via telephone, a

noise complaint about a vehicle in the parking lot at the apartment complex. (Ex. 2 to Defs.’

Motion). The report indicates that the caller reported the noise was coming from a car in the

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parking lot but the caller could not identify the vehicle. (Id.).

Officer Kessler and Sergeant Reppert were both dispatched to the area of 4175 Chester

Drive regarding the noise complaint. (Ex. 3 to Defs.’ Br.; Kessler Dep. at 23). 

Kessler testified that dispatch did not advise him, and he therefore did not know, if the

noise complaint was coming from a male, a female, or more than one person. He also did not

have a description of the vehicle. (Kessler Dep. at 23-24; Ex. ). Kessler drove to the apartment

complex at a normal rate of speed and did not activate the patrol car’s lights or sirens. (Kessler

Dep. at 26). 

Kessler arrived at the apartment complex at 3:24 a.m. (Id.). When he first pulled into the

parting lot, Kessler did not hear any music or noise. (Kessler Dep. at 30). But as he drove

through the parking lot, Kessler was listening for music and looking for occupied cars or cars

with loud stereos playing. (Kessler Dep. at 30). 

Kessler heard the music before seeing Raggs in his car. (Kessler Dep. at 34). During his

deposition, Kessler estimated that he first heard the music when he was between 50 and 75 feet

away from Raggs’s car. (Id. at 31-32). After hearing the music, Kessler used a spotlight and

observed Raggs sitting in the driver’s seat of his parked car. (Kessler Dep. at 34). 

At this time, Raggs was the only person in the parking lot. That is, there were no other

people in their vehicles or standing around. (Kessler Dep. at 31).

It is undisputed that Raggs was sitting in the driver’s seat of his parked car, with the

stereo on. (Raggs Dep. at 52-56). Raggs testified that he had his windows rolled down because

he was smoking a cigar before entering the apartment, where his infant child was staying. 

(Raggs Dep. at 49-50). Raggs testified that his vehicle was still running when he exited it and

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the stereo was still playing. (Raggs Dep. at 55-56). 

Kessler and Raggs then both exited their respective vehicles at about the same time. 

Raggs testified that he exited his vehicle because he wanted to see what was going on in the

complex, as to why the police were there. (Raggs Dep. at 57). 

Raggs testified that he spoke to Kessler first, which is reflected on an audio recording of

the exchange. (Ex. 5 to Defs.’ Br.). That audio recording includes the following discernable

exchange between Raggs and Kessler:

Raggs was the first to speak, saying to Kessler, “What’s up boss? You got a problem?” 

(Def.’s Ex. 5 at 3:25.37). Kessler responded that someone had called about a noise complaint

and asked to see Raggs’s “ID.” The conversation continued, with Kessler asking to see Raggs’s

ID and telling him he was investigating a noise complaint. 

At approximately 3:26:09, Raggs said, “I don’t give a fuck what you investigating, I told

you if they heard music I just put it up.” (Defs.’ Stmt. A & Pl.’s Stmt. A at ¶ 13; Defs.’ Ex. 5 at

3:26:09). 

The situation is then heard escalating, without video of the encounter. It is undisputed

that, at some point during the encounter, Plaintiff was tasered by one of the officers. Plaintiff

was then arrested and taken to jail.

Subsequent Criminal Charges Against Raggs

After the incident, Raggs was charged with two counts of resisting and obstructing. 

(Defs.’ and Pl.’s Stmt. A at ¶ 19).

The district court concluded that the officers had probable cause to arrest Raggs on the

night in question. At the preliminary examination, the district court bound Raggs over on those

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two counts of “Assaulting/Resisting/Obstructing, a violation of MCL 750.81d.” (Ex. 6 to Defs.’

Br. at 4).

The Washtenaw County Circuit Court (Judge Melinda Morris), however, disagreed with

the probable cause ruling by the district court and ultimately granted Raggs’s motion to quash

the information. (Id.)

ANALYSIS

I. Defendants’ Motion For Partial Summary Judgment

In Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Defendants concede that, viewing

the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to

Count I, Plaintiff’s excessive force claim. But Defendants seek summary judgment in their favor

as to all other counts.

A. Are Kessler And Reppert Entitled To Qualified Immunity As To Counts III

And V?

To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must set forth facts that, when construed

favorably, establish: 1) the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the

United States; 2) caused by a person acting under the color of state law. Dominguez v.

Correctional Medical Services, 555 F.3d 543, 549 (6th Cir. 2009). 

Under the doctrine of qualified immunity, government officials performing discretionary

functions generally are shielded from liability from civil damages insofar as their conduct does

not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person

would have known. Id.; Phillips v. Roane County, 534 F.3d 531, 538 (6th Cir. 2008). This

“insulation from federal civil rights litigation bestowed upon state governmental personnel by

qualified immunity sweeps broadly, affording them ‘ample room for mistaken judgments’ by

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protecting ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Scott v.

Clay County, Tenn., 205 F.3d 873 n.9 (6th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).

Determining whether government officials are entitled to qualified immunity generally

requires two inquiries: 1) whether, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,

the plaintiff has shown that a constitutional violation occurred; and 2) whether the right was

clearly established at the time of the violation. Dominguez, 555 F.3d at 549. 

“[A] qualified immunity defense can be raised at various stages of the litigation including

at the pleading stage in a motion to dismiss, after discovery in a motion for summary judgment,

or as an affirmative defense at trial.” English v. Duke, 23 F.3d 1086, 1089 (6th Cir. 1994). 

Here, Defendants Kessler and Reppert raise the defense in the instant Motion for

Summary Judgment, filed after the close of discovery. 

“Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense, and a defendant bears the burden of

pleading it in the first instance.” T.S. v. Doe, 742 F.3d 632, 635 (6th Cir. 2014). “Once the

defendant raises a qualified-immunity defense, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate”

both that the challenged conduct violated a constitutional right and that the right was clearly

established. Id. “If the plaintiff fails to establish either element, the defendant is immune from

suit.” Id.

Under the “clearly established” inquiry, the question is whether the right was so clearly

established that a reasonable official would understand that what he or she is doing violates the

law. Jones v. Byrnes, 585 F.3d at 975. “The essential inquiry is whether the defendant had fair

warning that his [or her] actions were unconstitutional.” Hensley v. Gassman, 693 F.3d 681,

693–94 (6th Cir.2012). This inquiry must be undertaken in the consideration of the specific

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context of the case, not as a broad proposition. Jones, 585 F.3d at 975. In order to make such a

showing, Plaintiffs need to direct the Court to a Supreme Court or Sixth Circuit case wherein a

similar legal and factual scenario as that presented here was found to have resulted in a

constitutional violation. Bray, supra.

In order to show that an arrest violated a constitutional right, the plaintiff must prove that

the arresting officer lacked probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. Sykes v. Anderson, 625 F.3d

294, 305 (6th Cir. 2010). Similarly, a malicious prosecution under federal law also requires that

a plaintiff prove a lack of probable cause. Id.

1. Neither Of The State Court Probable Cause Rulings Are Binding In This

Case.

As preliminary matter, the Court considers whether either of the state-court rulings

regarding probable cause are binding in this action. They are not. See Hardesty v. Hamburg

Twp., 461 F.3d 646, 651 (6th Cir. 2006) (explaining that “the cases applying Michigan law have

all held that police officer defendants in a § 1983 case are not in privity with the prosecution of a

related criminal case and do not have a personal stake in the outcome of the case” and,

“[t]herefore, collateral estoppel cannot be used offensively to preclude the litigation of an issue

addressed in an associated criminal case.”); see also Bourgeois v. Strawn, 452 F.Supp.2d 696,

708 (E.D. Mich. 2006).

2. The Officers Are Entitled To Qualified Immunity Because There Was

Arguable Probable Cause To Arrest Raggs For An Offense Under Michigan

Law.

In seeking summary judgment as to Raggs’s § 1983 claims against the officers,

Defendants assert that summary judgment is warranted because the officers had probable cause

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to arrest Raggs on the night in question. Moreover, because they are seeking qualified immunity

as to these claims, the officers stress that they are entitled to qualified immunity if they can even

show that they had “arguable probable cause” to arrest Raggs – for any offense – on the night in

question. Defendants’ motion directs the Court to Amis v. Twardesky, __ F. App’x __, 2015 WL

8538446 (6th Cir. 2015) and McLeod v. Bender, 2015 WL 1470071 (E.D. Mich. 2015).

In Amis, the Sixth Circuit affirmed a district court’s ruling that an officer was entitled to

qualified immunity as to a false arrest claim. On the date of the plaintiff’s arrest, November 7,

2011, the plaintiff was arrested for harboring a fugitive. “After her arrest for harboring a

fugitive, [the plaintiff] was eventually charged with resisting and obstructing a police officer. 

On January 12, 2012, the obstruction charge was dismissed and [the defendant] re-arrested [the

plaintiff] for accessary after the fact. The state court judge dismissed the accessory after the fact

charge for lack of probable cause.” Amis, supra, at *1. The plaintiff filed § 1983 claims against

the officer for false arrest and malicious prosecution. The district court grant summary judgment

on those claims on the basis of qualified immunity and the plaintiff appealed. 

The Sixth Circuit affirmed the district court’s qualified immunity ruling. In doing so, it

explained:

Here, [plaintiff’s] section 1983 claim alleges false arrest in violation of her

Fourth Amendment rights. To show that an arrest violated a constitutional right, a

plaintiff must “prove that the arresting officer lacked probable cause to arrest the

plaintiff.” Sykes v. Anderson, 625 F.3d 294, 305 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Voyticky

v. Vill. of Timberlake, Ohio, 412 F.3d 669, 677 (6th Cir. 2005)). Probable cause is

“reasonable grounds for belief, supported by less than prima facie proof but more

than mere suspicion.” Id. at 306 (quoting United States v. McClain, 444 F.3d 556,

562 (6th Cir.2005)). The officer can lawfully arrest the plaintiff so long as

there is probable cause to arrest her for some crime, even if the crime for

which there is probable cause is different from the stated crime of arrest.

Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153, 155, 125 S.Ct. 588, 160 L.Ed.2d 537

(2004) (“[The officer’s] subjective reason for making the arrest need not be the

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criminal offense as to which the known facts provide probable cause.”) An

officer “is entitled to qualified immunity if he or she could reasonably (even

if erroneously) have believed that the arrest was lawful, in light of clearly

established law and the information possessed at the time by the arresting

agent.” Everson v. Leis, 556 F.3d 484, 499 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).

“[E]ven if a factual dispute exists about the objective reasonableness of the

officer’s actions, a court should grant the officer qualified immunity if,

viewing the facts favorably to the plaintiff, an officer reasonably could have

believed that the arrest was lawful.” Kennedy v. City of Villa Hills, Ky., 635

F.3d 210, 214 (6th Cir. 2011).

Id. at *2 (bolding added for emphasis).

The appellate court then noted that the defendants asserted that there was probable cause

to arrest the plaintiff for three different crimes: 1) accessory after the fact; 2) harboring a

fugitive; and 3) resisting and obstructing a police officer.

The court concluded that the officer was entitled to qualified immunity because he “could

reasonably have believed he had probable cause to arrest” the plaintiff for two of those three

offenses (resisting and obstructing an officer and accessory after the fact). 

The court noted the distinction between a standard summary judgment ruling on such

claims and a qualified immunity ruling by stating: “[p]erhaps a reasonable jury could find that

the information known to defendants when they arrested [the plaintiff] fell short of probable

cause. But that would require this court to find that no reasonable officer in those circumstances

could have believed that [the plaintiff] intended to hinder the arrest of Angela and acted upon

that intent, or refuses to comply with the officers’ lawful order.” Id. at *5.

Judge Laurie Michelson, explained this distinction more expressly in McLeod. Judge

Michelson noted that the “first layer” of the analysis is the constitutional standard as to what

constitutes probable cause and the “second layer” is the qualified-immunity standard. She

explained that “[p]utting the two layers together, the inquiry before the Court becomes more

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forgiving” to the defendant officers and they are entitled to qualified immunity if they can

establish that they had arguable probable cause, even if a court later determines that they did not

have actual probable cause. Id. at *9.

In the analysis portion of that decision, Judge Michelson concluded that the probablecause inquiry, standing alone, would be a close call under the facts in that case. Id. at * 10. But

when you consider the ultimate question of whether a reasonable police officer in the same

circumstances could have reasonably believed that probable cause existed, it was clear that the

officer was entitled to qualified immunity:

In all, whether there were reasonable grounds to believe that the person

Howe arrested was one of the two suspects Bender saw at the Sebring is not

easily resolved-as further reflected in the differing opinions of the state court

judges who grappled with the issue.1

But for precisely this reason Bender is entitled to qualified immunity. In

other words, because it is arguable that a reasonable officer with Bender’s

knowledge and in Bender’s circumstances would have reasonably believed that

McLeod was one of the two suspects who fled from Bender, Bender is qualifiedly

immune from suit based on a claim that he lacked probable cause for McLeod’s

arrest. See Thacker v. City of Columbus, 328 F.3d 244, 260 (6th Cir. 2003) 

(“Insofar as the question of probable cause here is a close one, reasonable

officials could disagree as to whether probable cause existed. Thus, the defendant

officers are entitled to qualified immunity on [Plaintiffs] Fourth Amendment

seizure claim.” (internal citation omitted)); cf. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335,

341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986) (“Defendants will not be immune if,

on an objective basis, it is obvious that no reasonably competent officer would

have concluded that a warrant should issue; but if officers of reasonable

competence could disagree on this issue, immunity should be recognized.”).

Id. at * 11.

In response to the framework outlined by Defendants in their motion, Plaintiff asserts that

Defendants are relying on two unpublished decisions that are not binding on this Court, Amis and

1

In that case, like the situation here, the state court judges who considered the probable

cause issue reached different conclusions.

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McLeod.

But the framework set forth in Amis, and followed in McLeod, is not unique to those two

unpublished decisions. There are a number of published Sixth Circuit cases that set forth these

same guiding principles, for example:

• Kennedy v. City of Villa Hills, Kentucky, 635 F.3d 210, 214 (6th Cir. 2011): “[A]n

arresting agent is entitled to qualified immunity if he or she could reasonably (even if

erroneously) have believed that the arrest was lawful, in light of clearly established law

and the information possessed at the time by the arresting agent.” Harris v. Bornhorst,

513 F.3d 503, 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 554 U.S. 903, 128 S.Ct. 2938, 171 L.Ed.2d

865 (2008). Thus, even if a factual dispute exists about the objective reasonableness of

the officer’s actions, a court should grant the officer qualified immunity if, viewing the

facts favorably to the plaintiff, an officer reasonably could have believed that the arrest

was lawful.”

• Goodwin v. City of Painesville, 781 F.3d 314, 333 (6th Cir. 2014): “The validity of an

arrest “does not depend on whether the suspect actually committed a crime....” Michigan

v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 36, 99 S.Ct. 2627, 61 L.Ed.2d 343 (1979). Rather, “a

warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment where

there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being committed.”

Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152, 125 S.Ct. 588, 160 L.Ed.2d 537 (2004). The

Fourth Amendment standard for probable cause requires “facts and circumstances within

the officer’s knowledge that are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of

reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has

committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” DeFillippo, 443 U.S. at 37,

99 S.Ct. 2627. The qualified immunity doctrine requires that “probable cause

determinations, even if wrong, are not actionable as long as such determinations pass the

test of reasonableness.” Jeffers v. Heavrin, 10 F.3d 380, 381 (6th Cir. 1993). The

reasonableness of an officer's probable cause determination is a question of law. Id.

(citing Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991)).”

• Jeffers v. Heavrin, 10 F.3d 380, 381 (6th Cir. 1993): “Our starting point is that probable

cause determinations, even if wrong, are not actionable as long as such determinations

pass the test of reasonableness. Reasonableness is a question of law to be decided by the

trial judge. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991). We

already have determined that Officer Heavrin’s probable cause determination was wrong,

so we are left only to determine its reasonableness,” and concluding that it was

reasonable and the officer was therefore entitled to qualified immunity. 

That is the whole point of qualified immunity – it protects all but the plainly incompetent and

those who knowingly violate the law. As the Supreme Court has explained, “it is inevitable that

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law enforcement officials will in some cases reasonably but mistakenly conclude that probable

cause is present, and we have indicated that in such cases those officials —like other officials

who act in ways they reasonably believe to be lawful—should not be held personally liable.” 

Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 641 (1987).

Accordingly, Officers Kessler and Reppert are entitled to qualified immunity if they

could have reasonably, even if mistakenly, believed that they had probable cause to arrest Raggs

for an offense under Michigan law on the night in question. Thus, if viewing the facts in the

light most favorable to Raggs, an officer reasonably could have believed that he had probable

cause to arrest Raggs, then Kessler and Reppert are entitled to qualified immunity. 

Here, Defendants assert that the officers had probable cause to arrest Raggs for: 1)

violating the Pittsfield Township Noise Ordinance; and 2) for violating Michigan’s Motor

Vehicle Code by not producing his driver’s license when asked to do so by a police officer. 

It is undisputed that Pittsfield Township has a noise ordinance. It provides, in pertinent

part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to create, assist in creating, permit, continue, or

permit the continuance of any unreasonably loud, disturbing, unusual or unnecessary noise that

either annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health, peace or safety of others

within the limits of the township.” Sec. 14-214 of Pittsfield Township Charter. The ordinance

further provides that certain specified acts are “declared unreasonably loud, disturbing, or

unnecessary noises and are unlawful and prohibited, including “the playing of any radio . . . [or]

stereo . . . in such a manner or with such volume, at any time or place as to annoy or disturb the

quiet, comfort or repose of persons in any office, dwelling, hotel or other type of residence or of

any person in the vicinity.” Sec. 14-215 of Pittsfield Township Charter.

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Defendants also contend that the officers could have reasonably believed that Raggs

violated Michigan’s Motor Vehicle Code, M.C.L. § 257.311,which provides:

The licensee shall has his or her operator’s or chauffeur’s license, or the receipt

described in section 311a, in his or her immediate possession at all time when

operating a motor vehicle, and shall display the same upon demand of any police

office, who shall identify himself or herself as such.

M.C.L. § 257.311.

In furtherance of their position that the officers could have reasonably believed that they

had probable cause to arrest Raggs on the night in question, Defendants direct the Court to a

2003 case that interprets M.C.L. § 257.311, People v. Moton, 2003 WL 22928919 (Mich. App.

Dec. 11, 2003). In that case, the defendant’s arrest came after she refused to produce her

driver’s license following a request to do so from a Michigan State Trooper. Rather than

producing her driver’s license, defendant got out of her car and went into the post. When the

trooper followed her into the post and tried to arrest her, the defendant physically resisted. The

defendant was later convicted by a jury of resisting arrest and other charges. On appeal, the

defendant argued that her arrest was not lawful because she was not operating a motor vehicle at

the time of her arrest. 

The Michigan Court of Appeals noted that the “arrest which defendant resisted was the

failure to display her operator’s license to Trooper Lass upon request. If defendant was not

obligated to do so, then there was no lawful basis for an arrest and, therefore, she is not guilty of

resisting arrest.” Id. at *1. The court noted there was no dispute that the defendant refused to

produce her driver’s license when the trooper asked for it. Thus, the question became “one of

statutory interpretation: is a person obligated to produce their operator’s license when the person

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and the vehicle are in a parking lot?” Id. In answering that question in the affirmative, the

court explained:

[T]he Michigan Vehicle Code defines “operating” to mean “being in actual

physical control of a vehicle regardless of whether or not the person is licensed

under this act as an operator or chauffeur.” MCL 257.35a.

Defendant argues that she was not an “operator” of the motor vehicle as that term

is defined in MCL 257.36, which requires that the “operator” be “in actual

physical control of a motor vehicle upon a highway,” because the state police post

parking lot does not constitute a highway. But that overlooks the fact that MCL

257.311 does not require an “operator” to display his license to the police upon

request. Rather, the statute requires that a person “operating” a motor vehicle

must have his operator's license in his possession and display it to a police officer

upon demand. Therefore, the relevant definition is “operating” not “operator.” As

noted above, a person is “operating” a motor vehicle if they are in actual physical

control of the motor vehicle without regard to whether it is on a highway or not.

Id. at *1-2. As such, even though the defendant had parked her vehicle in the parking lot and

turned the vehicle off before the trooper asked to see her license, the appellate court affirmed the

defendant’s conviction.

Here, at 3:20 a.m. on Wednesday, May 13, 2012, the Pittsfield Township Public Safety

Department received a noise complaint about a vehicle parked in the parking lot of the

Ridgewood apartment complex playing loud music. Officer Kessler arrived just four minutes

later and soon observed Raggs in the area where the complaint was made. Raggs was sitting in a

running parked car, smoking a cigar, with the windows rolled down and music playing. There

were no other persons in cars or in the parking lot at this time, which was approximately 3:30

a.m. on a Wednesday night. 

Kessler and Raggs each exited their respective vehicles and approached each other. 

Notably, the vehicle that Raggs had been sitting in was still running, with the windows down and

the stereo playing, after Raggs left the vehicle. Thus, under Motton, Raggs was an operator of

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the vehicle. And the noise complaint under investigation was a noise complaint emanating from

a running motor vehicle. 

Significantly, when Raggs learned that Kessler was there to investigate a noise

complaint, Raggs responded, “If they heard music, I just put it up” – suggesting that Raggs had

very recently been playing the stereo louder than its current volume.” Kessler asked Raggs,

several times, for his “identification,” which for the vast majority of adults, consists of a driver’s

license. Raggs refused to show the officer any identification and later stated that his name was

“John Doe.”

The Court agrees with Defendants that, construing the admissible evidence presented to

this Court in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonable officer could have believed that he

had probable cause to arrest Raggs for violating Pittsfield Township’s noise ordinance and

Michigan’s Motor Vehicle Code, based upon the totality of the circumstances that were known

at the time of the arrest. 

Accordingly, the Court shall grant summary judgment in favor of Defendants as to

Counts III and V, based upon qualified immunity.

B. State Law Claims

In challenging Plaintiff’s state-law claims (Count II False Arrest/ False Imprisonment

and Count IV Malicious Prosecution), Defendants make two arguments.

1. Lack Of Actual Probable Cause

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Defendants first argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because the existence

of probable cause is fatal to each of these state-law claims. That is a correct proposition of law. 

Accordingly, if the Court determines that, even when construing the evidence in the light most

favorable to Plaintiff the officers had actual (as opposed to arguable) probable cause to arrest

Raggs, then Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Counts II and IV. This Court

does conclude that actual probable cause existed to arrest Raggs.

Because the issue of whether actual probable cause existed is somewhat of a close call in

this case, however, the Court will proceed to analyze Defendants’ other challenges to these two

counts.

2. Other Challenges

In addition to arguing that actual probable cause existed and is fatal to these claims,

Defendants also challenge these state-law claims on other grounds.

As to Raggs’s state-law claim for false arrest, Defendants contend that even if actual

probable cause did not exist, Kessler and Reppert are still entitled to governmental immunity

because Raggs cannot show that the arrest was not in good faith and was undertaken with

malice.

Under Michigan law, a lower-level governmental employee, such as a police officer, is

entitled to governmental immunity if: 1) the acts were undertaken during the course of

employment and the employee was acting, or reasonably believed he was acting, within the

scope of his authority; 2) the acts were undertaken in good faith, or were not undertaken with

malice, and 3) the acts were discretionary as opposed to ministerial. Odom v. Wayne Cnty., 482

Mich. 459, 480 (2008).

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An officer’s decisions regarding an arrest are considered both discretionary and within

the scope of their authority. Id.; see also Norris v. Lincoln Park Police Officers, 292 Mich.App.

574, 579 (2011). Thus, to defeat Defendant Kessler and Reppert’s claim of governmental

immunity, Raggs must show that Defendants “utilized wanton or malicious conduct or

demonstrated a reckless indifference to the common dictates of humanity.” Odom, 482 Mich. at

475.

Notably, “[t]he good-faith element of [this] test is subjective in nature. It protects a

Defendant’s honest belief and good-faith conduct with the cloak of immunity while exposing to

liability a Defendant who acts with malicious intent.” Id. at 481–82. Accordingly, to be protected

by governmental immunity in the context of a false arrest, a police officer need not have

probable cause or even a reasonable belief that there is probable cause. “[A] police officer would

be entitled to immunity [...] if he acted in good faith and honestly believed that he had probable

cause to arrest, even if he later learned that he was mistaken.” Odom, 482 Mich. at 482 (citing

Ross v. Consumer Powers Co., 420 Mich. 567 (1984)).

Here, Raggs has presented no evidence to show that Defendants acted with malice and

without good faith in arresting Raggs on the night in question.

Similarly, the absence of malice is fatal to the malicious prosecution claims asserted

against both Kessler and Reppert. 

“Under Michigan law, [Raggs] must show an absence of probable cause, and he must

show ‘malice.”” Newman v. Township of Hamburg, 773 F.3d 769, 773 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing

Matthews v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mich., 456 Mich. 365 (1998)). “That requires evidence

that the officer ‘knowingly sw[ore] to false facts ... without which there is no probable cause,’”

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which is “a standard that is more demanding than establishing mere recklessness.” Newman, 773

F.3d at 773 (citing Payton v. City of Detroit, 211 Mich.App. 375 (1995)).

As to Defendant Reppert, Raggs has not even suggested that he knowingly swore to any

false facts. (See Pl.’s Resp. Br.). As such, Raggs’s malicious prosecution claim against Reppert

clearly fails.

As to Kessler, Raggs asserts that he “changed his story” about when he first heard the

music. (Id.). During his September 23, 2015 deposition in this case, Kessler testified that he did

not hear any music when he pulled into the parking lot and “estimated” that he first heard music

when he was 50 to 75 feet away from Raggs’s vehicle:

Q. Were you pretty far away when you heard the stereo from Mr. Raggs’ car?

A. Define “far away.”

Q. Why don’t you tell me. How far away were you when you first heard it?

A. I think if my memory serves me correctly, it would be past the center drag

that connected Ridgewood and Chester Drive.

Q. So about how close is that to where he was?

A. I don’t know. I’m estimating again, 50 to 75 feet.

(Kessler Dep. at 30-32). Kessler further testified that he did not recall what his testimony had

been at Raggs’s preliminary exam as to the distance. (Id. at 77). 

Counsel for Raggs contends that Kessler testified at the preliminary exam that he heard

music from about 5 feet away. (Pl.’s Resp. Br. at 29-30). But Raggs does not present the Court

with any transcripts from the preliminary examination from the state-court action – which

occurred before the state district court, not before Judge Morris. (See Judge Morris’s Opinion at

4). Rather, Counsel simply directs the Court to Judge Morris’s opinion, wherein she states that

Kessler “testified that he heard noise coming from the car when he was five or ten feet away.” 

(Judge Morris’s Opinion at 2). 

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Moreover, even if Plaintiff presented the Court with admissible evidence that Kessler

testified that he did not hear any music until he was five feet away from Raggs’s vehicle, the

Court fails to see how that could be construed as evidence that Kessler deliberately swore to

false facts to support the criminal prosecution because the alleged testimony in the criminal case

would have been more favorable to Raggs than the testimony Kessler gave in this case.

The Court concludes that, on this record, no reasonable juror could conclude that Kessler

deliberately swore to false facts that led to his criminal prosecution.

C. Monell Liability

Defendants assert that Plaintiff cannot establish municipal liability in this action. 

Defendants contend that Rags “failed to plead or identify any custom, policy or practice that

allegedly caused the purported underlying constitutional violation” and dismissal of Raggs’s

Monell claim (Count VI) is therefore warranted. (Defs.’ Br. at 17).

It is well-established that a local government is only liable under § 1983 for its own

wrongdoing and not under any theory of respondeat superior. A municipality may, however, “be

held liable under § 1983 if it maintained a policy or custom that caused the violation” of the

plaintiff's rights. Harvey v. Campbell County, 453 F. App’x 557, 562 (6th Cir. 2011). “A

plaintiff asserting a section 1983 claim on the basis of a municipal custom or policy must

identify the policy, connect the policy to the County itself and show that the particular injury was

incurred because of the execution of that policy.” Graham ex rel. Estate of Graham v. County of

Washtenaw, 358 F.3d 377, 383 (6th Cir. 2004).

Here, however, Plaintiff does not base his claims against the Township on any actual

custom or policy. Rather, Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against the Township is a claim predicated

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upon a “failure to train” or “failure to supervise” theory of municipal liability. (Pl.’s Resp. Br.

at 30-32).

As explained by the Sixth Circuit in Regets v. City of Plymouth, 568 F. App’x 380, 394

(6th Cir. 2014):

“To succeed on a failure to train or supervise claim, the plaintiff must prove the

following: (1) the training or supervision was inadequate for the tasks performed;

(2) the inadequacy was the result of the municipality’s deliberate indifference;

and (3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused the injury.” Ellis

ex rel. Pendergrass v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 455 F.3d 690, 700 (6th

Cir.2006). “ ‘[D]eliberate indifference’ is a stringent standard of fault, requiring

proof that a municipal actor disregarded a known or obvious consequence of his

action.” Bd. of Cnty. Comm's v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137

L.Ed.2d 626 (1997). “This Court has identified two situations justifying a

conclusion of deliberate indifference in claims of failure to train or supervise.”

Ellis, 455 F.3d at 700. The first is the “failure to provide adequate training in light

of foreseeable consequences that could result from a lack of instruction.” Id. at

701 (internal quotations and citation omitted). The second type of “deliberate

indifference is where the city fails to act in response to repeated complaints of

constitutional violations by its officers.” Id. at 701 (internal quotations and

citation omitted). To establish deliberate indifference, a plaintiff must show “prior

instances of unconstitutional conduct demonstrating that the [municipality] has

ignored a history of abuse and was clearly on notice that the training in this

particular area was deficient and likely to cause injury.” Marcilis v. Twp. of

Redford, 693 F.3d 589, 605 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Regets, 568 F. App’x at 394.

1. Failure-To-Train Theory

In support of its argument that municipal liability can be imposed against the Township

on a failure-to-train theory, Plaintiffs assert:

Pittsfield Township failed to train its officers. Defendant Reppert testified that

Pittsfield Township’s use of force training is sporadic, and it failed to train

officers regarding citizens resisting unlawful arrests. (Ex. B, P. 8). Defendant

Kessler admitted than officer is supposed to give a warning before using a taser,

but he did not know Pittsfield Township’s policy. (Ex. C, pp. 21, 22). He further

testified officers only go over policies occasionally during briefing if they have

time. (Ex. C, p. 22).

(Pl.’s Resp. Br. at 30-31).

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The cited portion of Reppert’s deposition testimony does not support Plaintiff’s claim

that the officers failed to train officers on use of force. Reppert testified as follows:

Q. Do you get use of force training?

A. Yes.

Q. How often does that occur?

A. We don’t have a regular schedule.

Q. So it’s sporadic?

A. Yes.

Q. Then why don’t you just tell me the last time you recall that you had it.

A. The last I recall was, I believe it was in 2014 here at the station.

Q. And what about before that?

A. Probably within two years of that, also here at the station.

Q. Do you have any idea before then, if at all?

A. I wouldn’t say we’ve gone more than two years without it at any one time.

(Reppert Dep. at 8). In addition, Reppert testified that while he was unsure if the Township had

an actual policy regarding giving a warning before using a taser, he testified that he was trained

that he should give a warning before using a taser, if reasonably possible. (Reppert Dep. at 21).

And even more importantly, Plaintiff has not shown that the Township knew of prior

unconstitutional actions by its officers and failed to respond. That is, the “record does not

disclose any history of similar incidents or any basis from which a fact finder could conclude

that the [Township] had notice that officer training regarding” use of force was deficient. 

Regets, supra, at 394-95. As such, Plaintiff cannot establish municipal liability on the part of the

Township based upon a failure-to-train theory of liability.

2. Failure-To-Supervise Theory

Plaintiff also seeks to establish municipal liability against the Township on a failure-tosupervise theory of liability. 

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As explained by the Sixth Circuit, similar to a failure-to-train theory of municipal

liability, “to sustain a failure-to-supervise claim,” the plaintiff must show that the Township

acted with “deliberate indifference” to the risk of the constitutional violation and that its

deliberate indifference was the “moving force” behind the violation. Amerson v. Waterford

Twp., 562 F. A’ppx 484, 492 (6th Cir. 2014).

In support of this theory of municipal liability, Plaintiff relies on Kammeyer v. City of

Sharonville, Ohio, 2006 WL 1133241 (S.D. Ohio 2006), and asserts that the Township does not

conduct performance evaluations on its officers:

Similar to the facts in Kammeyer, Defendant Pittsfield Township does not

conduct performance evaluations on its police officers. (Ex. B, p. 8). Further,

Defendant Reppert recommended that Defendant Kessler be disciplined for

entering a female’s apartment without her consent; however, after he forwarded it

up the chain of command, he never heard anything about this serious matter. (Ex.

B, p. 11).

(Pl.’s Resp. Br. at 31-32).

Plaintiff’s reliance on that unpublished, non-binding case should be rejected, for same

reason it was rejected by the Sixth Circuit in Amerson, and by several judges in this district in a

host of district court decisions. Amerson, 562 F. App’x at 492; Fedie v. Livingston Cty, 2010

WL 2287310 at * 7 (E.D. Mich., J. Zatkoff 2010); Marcilis v. Redford Twp., 757 F.Supp.2d 663,

682 (E.D. Mich. Zatkoff 2010); Shirley v. City of Eastpointe, 2013 WL 4666890 (E.D. Mich.

2013, J. Rosen); Garigiola v. City of Brighton, 2010 WL 104605 (E.D. Mich., J. Battani). The

facts of the cases are simply not analogous, as explained by Judge Battani:

The case upon which Plaintiff relies, Kammeyer v. City of Sharonville, No.

1:01-CV-00649 2006 U.S., Dist. LEXIS 24058, 2006 WL 1133241 (S.D. Ohio

April 26, 2006), is not analogous. In that case, the municipality failed to review or

discipline an officer during his thirty-two years of employment despite numerous

complaints by citizens that would have put it on notice. In addition, in Kammeyer,

there was evidence that the entire command staff reported dissatisfaction with the

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defendant’s job performance. The court found that the Monell standard may be

satisfied where a serious failure to supervise employees amounts to deliberate

indifference to the rights of persons with whom the employees come into contact.

Garigiola, supra, at * 6.

Here, as in the above cases, Plaintiff simply cites Kammeyer and presents evidence that

the officers did not regularly receive performance evaluations. That “alone is not enough to

show deliberate indifference, especially in the absence of evidence of a pattern of” excessive

force or unlawful arrests, or other circumstances tending to show that the Township was aware

or could have been aware that these officers were prone to unwarranted application of force

and/or making arrests without probable cause.2

 Amerson, supra, at 492.

The Court shall grant summary judgment in favor of the Township with respect to Count

VI.

II. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment

In Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff asks the Court to grant summary

judgment in his favor as to all claims.

With respect to Counts II through VI, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment in

their favor, as explained above.

 As to Count I, the excessive force claim, Plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment

because, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Defendant Officers, there are

genuine issues of material fact as to whether Defendants used excessive force. 

2

Plaintiff submits evidence that Reppert reported Kessler for entering a woman’s

apartment without her consent to a supervisor. But that is not the same type of conduct that is

alleged here. Thus, such an incident could not put the Township on notice that Kessler was

prone to using excessive force or making arrests without probable cause.

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CONCLUSION & ORDER

For the reasons set forth above, IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment is GRANTED and Counts II, III, IV, V, and VI of Plaintiff’s Amended

Complaint are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

S/Sean F. Cox 

Sean F. Cox

United States District Judge

Dated: July 7, 2016

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon counsel of record on July

7, 2016, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

S/Jennifer McCoy 

Case Manager

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