NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 16-2737

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IRIS CHIN,

Appellant

v.

RUTGERS, The State University of New Jersey; 

RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL; 

JAMES M. HILL, Ph. D., individually and in his official capacity;

ABC CORPORATION (1-10);

JOHN DOES (1-10);

JANE DOES (1-10)

______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. No. 2-14-cv-01332)

District Judge: Honorable Jose L. Linares

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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

March 31, 2017

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Before: VANASKIE, KRAUSE, and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges.

(Opinion Filed: June 22, 2017)

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OPINION*

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 * This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

RESTREPO, Circuit Judge.

Iris Chin appeals the decision of the District Court granting summary judgment to 

Rutgers University in Chin’s suit for discrimination under the Americans with 

Disabilities Act (“ADA”), the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”), and the New Jersey Law 

Against Discrimination (“NJLAD”). We will affirm.

I

As we write for the benefit of the parties, we set out only the facts necessary for 

the discussion that follows. Plaintiff Iris Chin matriculated at Defendant Rutgers in the 

fall of 2004.1 Medical curricula at Rutgers and other schools are divided into two years 

of didactic education in a classroom or lecture setting, and two subsequent years of 

clinical education where students rotate through a series of clerkships in particular 

subspecialties (e.g. obstetrics/gynecology or family medicine). To advance past the 

didactic stage into the clinical stage, students must pass the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam 

(“USMLE”) Step-1. Although the USMLE allows students six attempts to pass, Rutgers’ 

policy makes students who do not pass on the second attempt subject to dismissal. 

Rutgers also requires that all students (1) finish all clerkships and pass the two parts of 

USMLE’s Step-2 exam—Clinical Skills (“CS”) and Clinical Knowledge (“CK”)—within 

 1 Prior to a reorganization of public higher education entities in New Jersey,

Rutgers New Jersey Medical School was known as The University of Medicine and 

Dentistry of New Jersey. We refer to the school as Rutgers throughout this opinion.
3

three years; (2) pass both parts of Step-2 by the second attempt; and (3) graduate within

six years total, not counting cumulative leaves of absence (“LOA”) of up to two years. 

During her first year, Chin suffered from a disability and performed poorly in 

school. The school ultimately granted her a four-month LOA, and allowed her to start 

school again, as a first-year student, in the fall of 2005. At the end of her second year of 

curriculum in 2007, Chin requested a six-week extension prior to her scheduled Step-1 

test date, which the school granted. Instead of sitting for the test at the end of the 

extension, Chin sought and was granted a one-year LOA to prepare for Step-1. Upon 

returning from that LOA in 2008, Chin requested an additional extension before taking 

Step-1. The Committee on Student Affairs (“CSA”), composed primarily of faculty, 

voted to deny that additional request. The Dean of the medical school, exercising his 

authority under Rutgers’ policies, overrode the CSA and granted Chin the additional 

extension. When Chin sat for Step-1, she failed. Chin then requested another four-month 

LOA to prepare for her second attempt at Step-1 (scheduled for June 2009), which the 

school granted.

At the end of the LOA, Chin requested another extension, which was denied by 

the CSA, but again granted by the Dean. When she took Step-1 a second time, Chin 

failed again. At this point, Chin had to request a waiver of the school’s policy of 

dismissing students who fail two attempts at Step-1. After the CSA denied her request, 

the Dean again overrode the CSA to waive the policy and granted an eight-week 

extension so Chin could prepare for her third attempt. The Dean also helped Chin obtain
4

tutoring. On her third attempt, Chin passed Step-1, and proceeded to the clinical phase of 

her education.

In January 2011, the school’s degree audit showed that Chin was not on pace to 

meet the three-year clinical completion policy, or the six-year graduation policy. The 

school granted Chin a short waiver of the six-year graduation policy, with explicit 

instructions that she meet all other requirements, including the three-year clinical policy. 

On Chin’s first attempt at the Step-2 exam, she failed both the CS and CK components. 

Chin asked for an extension before taking Step-2 again, which was denied. On her 

second attempt, in March 2012, Chin sat only for the CS assessment of Step-2, which she 

failed. She did not sit for three re-scheduled dates to re-take the CK part, and failed to 

meet the April deadline by which she needed to pass both parts of Step-2 to fulfill the 

school’s requirements. 

In May, Chin requested a waiver of the three-year clinical completion policy, an 

additional extension of the six-year graduation policy, and a waiver of the Step-2 twoattempt policy. When the school denied the request, the Dean’s office assisted her in 

appealing to the CSA, to which she testified at a full hearing. (By Chin’s accounting, an 

associate Dean met with Chin “dozens” of times during her years at the school. App. 

145.) When the CSA denied her appeal, the Dean’s office allowed her to submit 

additional material for its consideration. In considering that material, the Dean’s office 

also followed up with her medical provider, who could not offer any assurance that her 

condition would stabilize during the term of the requested accommodation or for the 
5

foreseeable future. The Dean decided to uphold, rather than override, the CSA’s decision 

not to waive the policies and to dismiss her instead. 

Chin sued Rutgers, seeking both compensatory damages and equitable relief for 

violations of the ADA, the RA, and the NJLAD. The District Court granted Rutgers’

motion for summary judgment on the ground that Chin had not met one of the three 

required elements to make out her ADA violation: that she did not show that she was 

“otherwise qualified,” with or without accommodations, for the medical program. 

II2

To establish a violation under the ADA or RA by an entity receiving federal funds, 

Chin had to show (1) that she has a disability; (2) that she is otherwise qualified to 

participate in the medical school program with or without reasonable accommodations; 

and (3) that she was denied the benefits of the program on the basis of her disability.3

 

See Zukle v. Regents of Univ. of Calif., 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 1999). Chin

appeals the District Court findings that she was not otherwise qualified for Rutgers’ 

medical program; that her requested accommodations were not reasonable; and that 

 2 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have 

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our standard of review of a District Court’s 

grant of summary judgment is plenary. NAACP v. City of Phila., 834 F.3d 435, 440 (3d 

Cir. 2016). On review, we apply the same standard as the District Court. Id. “The court 

shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 56(a).

3 Title II of the ADA and the RA are to be interpreted consistently, and those 

principles “apply equally to . . . NJLAD claims.” Chisolm v. McManimon, 275 F.3d 315, 

324 n.9 (3d Cir. 2001).
6

granting the accommodations requested would have amounted to a fundamental alteration 

of Rutgers’ program. Because we affirm on the grounds that Chin was not otherwise 

qualified, we need not address the other issues. Id. at 1047.

4

 

Although courts have the ultimate responsibility to determine whether a student is 

qualified with or without reasonable accommodations, courts “show great respect for the 

faculty’s professional judgment.” Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 225 

(1985). In assessing a school’s judgment as to a student’s qualifications for an academic 

program, courts consider two aspects of the decision: first, did “the academic 

institution . . . seek suitable means of reasonably accommodating” the disabled student 

and submit a factual record of undertaking that obligation conscientiously, and second, 

did that process lead the university to reach a “rationally justifiable conclusion.” Wynne, 

932 F.2d at 25-26. Courts may decline to respect a school’s judgment when the factual 

record shows that the school did not conscientiously consider “all pertinent and 

appropriate information in making its decision.” Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Calif., 192 

F.3d 807, 823 (9th Cir. 1999). 

In Wong, the Ninth Circuit rejected the school’s determination because it regarded 

the school’s stated reasoning for denying the proposed accommodations as “after-the-fact 

 4 Had Chin established that she was otherwise qualified with or without some 

accommodations, the school could subsequently demonstrate that the accommodations in 

question would “fundamentally alter the nature of the [] program.” 28 C.F.R. §

35.130(b)(7). (Courts have treated this standard like a burden-shifting framework. Zukle, 

166 F.3d at 1047.) In the academic context, if rejected accommodations “would result 

either in lowering academic standards or requiring substantial program alteration, the 

court could rule as a matter of law that the institution had met its duty of seeking 

reasonable accommodation.” Wynne v. Tufts Univ. Sch. of Med., 932 F.2d 19, 26 (1st Cir. 

1991) (en banc). 
7

justification” that did not show conscientiousness at all. Id. at 819. There, the school had 

declined even to discuss the student’s proposed accommodations with any professionals, 

whether doctors or learning specialists. Id. By contrast, in Zukle, the Ninth Circuit

deferred to the university’s judgment as to the student’s qualifications because the school 

had offered nearly every requested accommodation, and only dismissed her after a 

thorough consideration of her situation. Zukle, 166 F.3d at 1044. 

Here, the District Court reasonably respected Rutgers’ determination that Chin 

was not otherwise qualified to continue at the school. The school worked extensively 

over a period of nearly eight years to accommodate Chin. In addition to according her 

the full two allowable years of LOA, the school granted her five separate extensions of 

Step testing deadlines. Chin met with the Dean’s office “dozens” of times about her 

academic performance and mental health. App. 145. The Dean’s office overrode several 

CSA decisions to decline extensions to or to dismiss Chin; offered her tutoring in 

advance of both Step-1 and Step-2; proactively helped her improve her case against 

dismissal to the CSA; and independently sought her medical provider’s opinion as to 

whether her final proposed accommodation would likely help her complete the program 

requirements given her medical condition before affirming her dismissal.

5 Rutgers 

 5 Chin claimed in her deposition, and again on appeal, that an assistant dean told 

her at one point that she could not “perform the essential functions of a doctor because” 

of her condition. App. 226; Appellant’s Br. at 16. In the context of all the Dean’s 

office’s actions during her time at Rutgers, that single disputed statement, even construed 

in the light most favorable to Chin, does not create a genuine dispute of material fact as to 

the conscientiousness with which the Dean’s office tried to accommodate her.
8

reached a rationally justifiable conclusion about Chin’s qualifications at the end of a 

conscientious process to fulfill its obligations under the law.

III

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.