1 

United States District Court 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

SHERMAN DIVISION 

AUTOMOTIVE BODY PARTS § 

ASSOCIATION § 

§ 

V. § CASE NO. 4:13-CV-705 

§ Judge Mazzant 

FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC § 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER1

 Pending before the Court is Defendant Ford Global Technologies, LLC’s Motion to 

Transfer Venue to the Eastern District of Michigan (Dkt. #37). After considering the motion, the 

responses, and the relevant pleadings, the Court finds the motion is granted. 

BACKGROUND 

The Automotive Body Parts Association (“ABPA”) filed the present suit for declaratory 

judgment asserting originally that six design patents on automotive body repair parts owned by 

Ford Global Technologies, LLC (“Ford”) are “invalid and/or unenforceable under the doctrines 

of patent exhaustion and/or functionality and are not infringed by ABPA members” (Dkt. #1 at 3, 

¶ 11). In its response to the motion to transfer, however, the ABPA indicated that it dropped 

three patents from this litigation without prejudice, and that the following three patents remain: 

D489299 (F-150 Exterior of Vehicle Hood); D496890 (F-150 Vehicle Grill); and D501685 (F150 Vehicle Head Lamp) (Dkt. #41 at 1). After reviewing the amended complaint filed on 

October 3, 2014, by the ABPA, it appears that there are now only two remaining patents in this 

litigation: D489299 (F-150 Exterior of Vehicle Hood); and D501685 (F-150 Vehicle Head 

Lamp) (See Dkt. #48). 

 

1 On November 7, 2014, the undersigned entered a report and recommendation in this case as the United States 

Magistrate Judge to whom this case was referred. This case is now assigned to the undersigned as the presiding 

United States District Judge, and this memorandum opinion and order is issued accordingly.

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On August 13, 2014, Ford filed its motion to transfer to the Eastern District of Michigan 

(Dkt. #37). On September 2, 2014, the ABPA filed its response (Dkt. #41). On September 12, 

2014, Ford filed its reply (Dkt. #43). On September 22, 2014, the ABPA filed its sur-reply (Dkt. 

#47). 

LEGAL STANDARD 

 Ford moves to transfer venue to the Eastern District of Michigan pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 

1404(a), which permits a district court to transfer any civil case “[f]or the convenience of parties 

and witnesses, in the interest of justice...to any other district or division where it might have been 

brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). “Section 1404(a) is intended to place discretion in the district 

court to adjudicate motions for transfer according to an ‘individualized, case-by-case 

consideration of convenience and fairness.’” Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 

(1988) (quoting Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 622 (1964)). The purpose of 28 U.S.C. § 

1404(a) “is to prevent the waste ‘of time, energy and money’ and ‘to protect the litigants, 

witnesses and the public against unnecessary inconvenience and expense...’” Van Dusen v. 

Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 616 (1964). As transfer of venue is not a matter of substantive patent 

law, case law from the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit governs this motion. See In re TS 

Tech USA Corp., 551 F.3d 1315, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2008). 

The threshold inquiry when determining eligibility for transfer is “whether the judicial 

district to which transfer is sought would have been a district in which the claim could have been 

filed,” or whether all parties have consented to a particular jurisdiction. In re Volkswagen AG, 

371 F.3d 201, 203 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Volkswagen I”). Once that threshold inquiry is met, the 

Fifth Circuit has held that “[t]he determination of ‘convenience’ turns on a number of public and 

private interest factors, none of which can be said to be of dispositive weight.” Action Indus., 

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Inc. v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 358 F.3d 337, 340 (5th Cir. 2004). The private interest factors 

include (1) the relative ease of access to sources of proof; (2) the availability of compulsory 

process to secure the attendance of witnesses; (3) the cost of attendance for willing witnesses; (4) 

all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive. In re 

Volkswagen of America, Inc., 545 F.3d 304, 315 (5th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (“Volkswagen II”). 

The public interest factors include (1) the administrative difficulties flowing from court 

congestion; (2) the local interest in having localized interests decided at home; (3) the familiarity 

of the forum with the law that will govern the case; and (4) the avoidance of unnecessary 

problems of conflict of laws or in the application of foreign law. Id. These factors are not 

exhaustive or exclusive, and no single factor is dispositive. Id. 

 The party seeking transfer of venue must show good cause for the transfer. Volkswagen 

II, 545 F.3d at 315. The moving party must show that the transferee venue is “clearly more 

convenient” than the transferor venue. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 315. The plaintiff’s choice of 

venue is not a factor in this analysis, but rather contributes to the defendant’s burden to show 

good cause for the transfer. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 313 & 314 n.10 (“[W]hile a plaintiff has 

the privilege of filing his claims in any judicial division appropriate under the general venue 

statute, § 1404(a) tempers the effects of the exercise of this privilege.”). However, “when the 

transferee venue is not clearly more convenient than the venue chosen by the plaintiff, the 

plaintiff’s choice should be respected.” Id. at 315. 

ANALYSIS 

The first issue that the Court must determine is whether the suit could have been filed 

originally in the destination venue. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 312. The ABPA does not dispute 

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that the Eastern District of Michigan is a proper venue for this case. As this matter is not in 

dispute, Ford meets the threshold inquiry for a transfer of venue analysis. 

 Both parties address the weight that should be given to the ABPA’s choice of the Eastern 

District of Texas as the forum that should resolve this dispute. However, Fifth Circuit law is 

clear that the plaintiff’s choice of venue is not a factor in this analysis, but rather contributes to 

the defendant’s burden to show good cause for the transfer. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 313 & 

314 n.10 (“[W]hile a plaintiff has the privilege of filing his claims in any judicial division 

appropriate under the general venue statute, § 1404(a) tempers the effects of the exercise of this 

privilege.”). Thus, the Court will consider the ABPA’s choice of the Eastern District of Texas in 

its consideration of Ford’s burden to show that the Eastern District of Michigan is “clearly more 

convenient” than this district. 

 Ford argues that the ABPA brought the current suit against Ford, claiming its authority 

from a prior correspondence between Ford and New World International (“New World”), which 

resulted in assurances from New World that it would honor the design patents at issue. Ford 

asserts that the limited discovery thus far has revealed that New World had no intention of 

keeping its promise, and instead “colluded” with the ABPA to bring the present suit while 

representing to Ford that there was no justiciable controversy. Ford argues that filing an 

anticipatory declaratory judgment action is grounds for dismissal of an action, but at the very 

least should justify a transfer to the Eastern District of Michigan. The ABPA contends that this 

is an improper attempt to reargue declaratory judgment standing. 

 Although the venue factors set out by the Fifth Circuit are non-exclusive, the Court 

declines to consider this as a separate factor in its transfer analysis. The Court has already 

addressed the standing issues at length, and has asserted that it will reconsider the issues if 

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necessary in a subsequent motion. Further, the issue here is not whether dismissal is appropriate, 

but rather if Ford has met its burden to demonstrate whether the Eastern District of Michigan is a 

“clearly more convenient” forum that the present judicial district. The Court will now turn to 

that analysis. 

A. Public Interest Factors 

The Fifth Circuit applies four non-exclusive public interest factors in determining a § 

1404(a) venue transfer question – (1) the administrative difficulties flowing from court 

congestion; (2) the local interest in having localized interests decided at home; (3) the familiarity 

of the forum with the law that will govern the case; and (4) the avoidance of unnecessary 

problems of conflicts of law or the application of foreign law. 

1. The administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion 

In considering this factor, the speed with which a case can come to trial and be resolved 

may be a factor. In re Genentech, Inc., 566 F.3d 1338, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Gates 

Learjet Corp v. Jenson, 743 F.2d 1325, 1337 (9th Cir. 1984) (“[T]he real issue is not whether 

[transfer] will reduce a court’s congestion but whether a trial may be speedier in another court 

because of its less crowded docket.”)). The Federal Circuit has noted that this factor appears to 

be the most speculative, and case-disposition statistics may not always tell the whole story. Id. 

 The most recent statistics obtained by this Court for the 12-month period ending in June 

30, 2014, indicate that the median time from filing to trial in civil cases in the Eastern District of 

Texas was 27.9 months, as compared to 28.4 months in the Eastern District of Michigan.2 The 

median time from filing to disposition in the Eastern District of Texas was 9.0 months and 8.5 

 

2 See Federal Court Management Statistics, June 2014, 

 www.uscourts.gov/Statistics/FederalCourtManagementStatistics/district-courts-june-2014.aspx, accessed October 

20, 2014.

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months in the Eastern District of Michigan. There is little difference in the median amount of 

time in which this case can come to trial and/or be resolved in either district. 

Ford contends that resolution would be more efficient in the Eastern District of Michigan 

based on several of the other interest factors. The ABPA expresses a concern that in the Eastern 

District of Michigan, 8.7% of civil cases that are pending are over three years old, as compared 

to 5.4% of civil cases in the Eastern District of Texas. In addition, the ABPA notes that the 

Eastern District of Texas has patent rules and procedures for efficient processing of patent cases, 

and the Eastern District of Michigan does not, which may contribute to the ability of the Eastern 

District of Texas to resolve patent cases quickly. However, the issues in this case relate to 

claims that arise under the federal patent law, “for which there is uniformity nationwide,” and 

both courts are equally equipped to address. See In re Link_A_Media Devices Corp., 662 F.3d 

1221, 1224 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Further, there are many reasons why cases may remain pending for 

three years or more, which may or may not have to do with the congestion of the court itself as 

much as the individual requirements of the litigation and the unique needs of a case. Because 

there is little difference in the median time to trial in the Eastern District of Michigan from the 

present venue, the Court finds this factor is neutral. 

2. The local interest in having localized interests decided at home 

 The second public interest factor is the local interest in having localized interests decided 

at home. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 315. “Jury duty is a burden that ought not to be imposed 

upon the people of a community which has no relation to the litigation.” Affinity Labs of Texas 

v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 968 F. Supp. 2d 852, 855 (E.D. Tex. 2013) (citing Volkswagen 

I, 371 F.3d at 206)). The mere sale of “several” or “some” of the allegedly infringing products in 

a given district is not enough to shift this factor in favor of one party. See In re TS Tech USA 

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Corp, 551 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The ABPA’s argues that Ford sells more F Series 

trucks in Texas than in any other state; therefore, by implication, this judicial district has a 

localized interest in keeping repair parts for the F-150 truck available and affordable. However, 

the sale of Ford products in this district alone is not enough to shift this factor against transfer. 

 The ABPA is a Texas corporation with is principal and registered office and address in 

Houston, Texas, which is not in this judicial district (Dkt. #41 at 13 & Ex. 3 ¶¶ 10, 13). The 

headquarters of the ABPA are currently in Rhode Island, where the current executive director 

lives and maintains a home office. Id. at ¶ 13. The ABPA’s officers and board members live 

throughout the United States, with two living near, but not in, this district. Id. at ¶¶ 2, 3. The 

ABPA also asserts that some proof will be required from New World, which is a member of the 

ABPA, and located in Irving, Texas, also not in this judicial district (Dkt. #41 at 3, Ex. 1 ¶ 3). 

The ABPA asserts that because New World is primarily a regional seller of automotive parts, it 

is likely that discovery will reveal that some of the automotive repair companies that received the 

accused parts and installed them on the vehicles are located in this district, and that the owner of 

the cars that were repaired live and purchased their vehicles in the Eastern District of Texas. 

 The only patent doctrines at issue in this litigation are the doctrines of invalidity based on 

functionality and patent exhaustion. This litigation is somewhat unique in that the ABPA is 

asserting associational standing to sue on behalf of its members, and it plans to use 

individualized proof from New World when necessary to establish certain factors. Infringement 

is not an issue in this case. Ford asserts that the Eastern District of Michigan has a greater local 

interest in this litigation because at the heart of this litigation is the design, advertising, and 

marketing of the two patents-in-suit. The two patents were both researched and designed, and 

decisions regarding advertising and marketing were made in the Eastern District of Michigan. 

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The ABPA essentially argues that the design of the patents has nothing to do with the issues 

before the Court, and states that the most relevant evidence regarding sales and design of the 

accused products will come from New World, located in the Northern District of Texas. 

The decision before the Court is whether the Eastern District of Texas (not the Northern 

District of Texas) or the Eastern District of Michigan has the greatest local interest in deciding 

this case. It is clear to this Court that the research, design, advertising decisions, and marketing 

decisions all occurred in the Eastern District of Michigan, giving that district the greatest local 

interest in deciding this dispute. The Eastern District of Texas lacks any meaningful connection 

to this litigation. This factor favors transfer. 

3. The familiarity of the forum with the law that will govern the case 

 The parties do not dispute that both courts are familiar with the relevant law. The ABPA 

briefly asserts that the Eastern District of Texas is uniquely qualified to handle patent litigation, 

and has been one of the top two judicial districts in the country in terms of percentage of civil 

cases filed that are patent cases and average patent cases per active judge. While this may be 

true, this case arises under federal patent law, with which both districts are equally familiar and 

able to apply appropriately. The Court finds that this factor is neutral. 

4. The avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflict of laws 

 As this is a patent case arising under federal law, there are no issues relating to conflict of 

laws. The court agrees with the parties that this factor is neutral. 

B. The Private Interest Factors 

 The Fifth Circuit also considers four non-exclusive “private” factors – (1) the relative 

ease of access to sources of proof; (2) the availability of compulsory process to secure the 

attendance of willing witnesses; (3) the cost of attendance for willing witnesses; and (4) all other 

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practical problems that make a trial easy, expeditious, and inexpensive. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d 

at 315. 

1. The relative ease of access to sources of proof 

The first private interest factor is the relative ease of access to the sources of proof. 

Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. “The Fifth Circuit has cautioned this factor remains relevant 

despite technological advances having made electronic document production commonplace.” 

DataQuill, Ltd. v. Apple Inc., No. A-13-CA-706-SS, 2014 WL 2722201, at *3 (W.D. Tex. June 

13, 2014) (citing Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 316)). “The Federal Circuit has observed that ‘[i]n 

patent infringement cases, the bulk of the relevant evidence usually comes from the accused 

infringer,’ and therefore the location of the defendant’s documents tends to be the more 

convenient venue.’” Id. (citing Genentech, 566 F.3d at 1345). However, in this case 

infringement is not at issue, as noted by both parties, as the ABPA has essentially conceded the 

issue of infringement and does not bring an infringement claim. Thus, the Court will consider 

the location of the relevant documents at issue. 

Ford contends that the design documents are central to the issues here, and “all of Ford’s 

documents relating to design, development, marketing, advertising, research and sales of the 

relevant products are maintained in the Eastern District of Michigan.” (Dkt. #37 at 8). 

Specifically, Ford states that to establish the design for each of the F-150 parts, a team of at least 

five Ford designers worked for two years to craft the precise shape, contour, angles, and 

dimensions of each individual part. Id. at Ex.1 ¶ 7. The process includes hand sketches, 

computer aided drafting, computer modeling, clay modeling, and prototype parts. Id. at ¶ 8. 

Further, the marketing and advertising decisions and market research was conducted by 

employees in Dearborn, Michigan. Id. at ¶ 13. Also in Michigan are employees that work on 

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replacement parts and the patent prosecution of these patents, along with their accompanying 

documents. Id. 

There are no sources of proof in the Eastern District of Texas. The ABPA asserts that the 

relevant tangible things are located in the Northern District of Texas, at New World in Irving, 

Texas (Dkt. #41 at 3). These items include the accused automotive repair parts and certain 

“performance parts” that may be relevant to the issue of functionality. Id. The ABPA also argues 

that most of the relevant documents in this case come from New World, and include letters that 

establish a justiciable controversy, documents regarding accused products, and documents 

evidencing a rise in the prices of parts related to Ford’s design patents. Id. at 4. 

The Court agrees with Ford that the bulk of the relevant evidence regarding the creation 

of the design and the patents is in Michigan. This non-electronic evidence of models and 

physical products are material evidence in Ford’s defense of the ABPA’s assertion of 

functionality, which is based on the designs created in Michigan. Further, there are absolutely no 

documents or other physical evidence located in the Eastern District of Texas. This factor favors 

transfer. 

2. The availability of compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses 

The second private interest factor is the availability of compulsory process to secure the 

attendance of witnesses. Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. A court cannot compel nonparty 

witnesses to travel more than 100 miles, unless it is within the same state and will not cause the 

witnesses to incur substantial travel expenses. FED. R. CIV. P. 45(c)(3)(A)(ii), 45(c)(3)(B)(iii). 

Both parties allege a substantial number of nonparty witnesses and each party claims that its 

favored venue has subpoena power over a greater number of these witnesses. 

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Ford argues that its employees, as well as the employees of Ford Motor Company (which 

is not a party to this suit), are within the subpoena power of the Eastern District of Michigan, 

including the Ford employees and former employees that participated in the design and 

marketing of the F-150 parts, as well as the prosecuting attorneys (Dkt. #37 at 10). Ford 

specifically lists five party witnesses, and three nonparty witnesses within the subpoena power of 

the Eastern District of Michigan. The ABPA lists primarily nonparty witnesses from New 

World, which is technically not a party, but is integrally involved in this litigation. The ABPA 

lists five nonparty witnesses located in the Eastern District of Texas, and eleven other nonparty 

witnesses within the subpoena power of this Court. A transfer of venue analysis does not require 

that parties show with any degree of specificity the information of a potential witness, but rather 

only an allegation that the witness has relevant or important information. Genentech, 566 F.3d at 

1343-44. Both parties have identified several witnesses with potentially relevant information 

within the subpoena power of their chosen venue, and it appears that slightly more are within the 

subpoena power of this Court. Thus, this factor weighs slightly against transfer. 

3. The cost of attendance for willing witnesses 

The third private interest factor is the cost of attendance for willing witnesses. 

Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. In Volkswagen II, the Fifth Circuit noted that “[a]dditional 

distance means additional travel time; additional travel time increases the probability for meal 

and lodging expenses; and additional travel time with overnight stays increases the time in which 

these fact witnesses must be away from their regular employment.” Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 

317. The Fifth Circuit established the “100-mile” rule to determine the convenience of the 

transferee district to the witnesses and parties. “When the distance between an existing venue for 

trial of a matter and a proposed venue under § 1404(a) is more than 100 miles, the factor of the 

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convenience to witnesses increases in direct relationship to the additional distance to be 

traveled.” Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 204-05. The “100-mile” rule applies because the Eastern 

District of Michigan is approximately 1,300 miles from Sherman, Texas. See id. When 

inconvenience would exist in either potential venue, merely shifting inconvenience from one 

party’s witnesses to the other is insufficient to affect a transfer of venue analysis. In re Google 

Inc., 412 F. App’x 295, 296 (Fed. Cir. 2011). 

Ford argues that its willing witnesses would incur substantial expense from traveling and 

would disrupt Ford’s ordinary business, which is a concern not shared by the ABPA. The ABPA 

argues that it has more nonparty witnesses that would be affected by the expense incurred from 

traveling than Ford. The ABPA asserts that because the nonparty portion of this factor strongly 

weighs against transfer and the party portion is neutral, this factor weighs against transfer. 

For purposes of this venue analysis, the Court will assume that the witnesses employed 

by Ford and Ford Motor Company are willing witnesses, as are the employees of New World 

and other members of the ABPA who are participants in this litigation. Each party argues that its 

witnesses would be greatly inconvenienced by the other party’s chosen venue. However, Ford 

does argue, and this Court agrees, that requiring its witnesses to travel a great distance would 

disrupt its business. The ABPA does not share this concern, as it is an association composed of 

members, including New World, and it does not make, manufacture, or sell any products. This 

factor weighs only slightly in favor of transfer. 

4. All other practical problems that make trial easy, expeditious, and inexpensive 

Ford contends that because this case is in its early stages, no practicable problems exist 

that would deter this Court from transferring this litigation. The ABPA contends that Ford 

delayed in filing its motion to transfer, and as a result this Court has already considered the 

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issues of associational standing and motions to quash depositions, and judicial economy will 

have been wasted by a transfer. The Court disagrees. While this Court has already considered 

the issues of associational standing, that issue is still open to be reconsidered by further briefing 

and could easily be handled by the Eastern District of Michigan at a later stage of litigation. 

Further, discovery has commenced in this case, but could easily be continued in a different 

forum. No claim construction order has been entered in the present case, and the parties agree 

that no claim construction is necessary or that a claim construction order in this case can be 

limited to the claim language and the drawings in the patents-in-suit. The parties further agree 

that many of the remaining issues are properly resolved at summary judgment, which has not yet 

occurred in this case. The Court finds that there has been no improper delay on the part of Ford 

or the ABPA, and that there are no practical problems that make trial easy, expeditious, and 

inexpensive in either forum. This factor is neutral. 

CONCLUSION 

 Public interest factor 2 – the local interest in having the case tried in Michigan – weighs 

in favor of transfer, while the remaining public interest factors are neutral. Private interest factor 

1 – the ease of access to sources of proof - weighs in favor of transfer, and factor 3 – the cost of 

attendance for willing witnesses – weighs slightly in favor of transfer. Private interest factor 2 – 

the availability of compulsory process – weighs against transfer, and the remaining factor is 

neutral. 

 Ford has met its burden to demonstrate that the Eastern District of Michigan is clearly 

more convenient than the current forum for this litigation. The Eastern District of Texas has 

little connection with the present litigation, aside from a few potential customers who may or 

may not reside here, and whose testimony may or may not be relevant to the present case. On 

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the other hand, the Eastern District of Michigan has a clear connection to the litigation as the 

principal place of business of Ford, the location where most of Ford’s witnesses work and reside, 

the location of the majority of the documents relevant to this litigation, and the location where a 

large local interest in the outcome of this litigation is based. Transfer of this case to the Eastern 

District of Michigan will present no practical or case management problems, as this case is in its 

early stages. 

 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Defendant Ford Global Technologies, LLC’s 

Motion to Transfer Venue to the Eastern District of Michigan (Dkt. #37) is hereby GRANTED. 

The Clerk is directed to transfer this case to the United States District Court for the Eastern 

District of Michigan. 

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