UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

SOUTHERN DIVISION 

L.A. INSURANCE AGENCY 

FRANCHISING, LLC, 

 

Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant, Civil Action No. 14-14432 

 Magistrate Judge David R. Grand 

v. 

 

CLAUDIA MONTES, et al., 

 

 Defendants/Counter-Plaintiffs. 

________________________________________/ 

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING L.A. INSURANCE’S MOTION 

FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [117] WITHOUT PREJUDICE, 

VACATING PRIOR RULINGS ON JURY TRIAL WAIVER PROVISION [86, 121], 

AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ JURY DEMAND 

 Before the Court is Plaintiff L.A. Insurance Agency Franchising, LLC’s (“L.A. 

Insurance”) Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #117). Defendants Claudia Montes 

(“Montes”) and her four franchises (Defendants NV12, NV15, NV17, and NV26) (collectively 

“Defendants”) filed a response to this motion under Rule 56(d) in which they asked for more 

time to conduct discovery into certain factual matters and raised a legal argument (which the 

Court has since rejected). (Docs. #123, #128). L.A. Insurance filed a reply. (Doc. #124). 

The Court and parties are very familiar with this action’s extensive factual and procedural 

background, and the Court will not repeat it all here. For purposes of this Opinion and Order, the 

following brief factual recitation will suffice. Until their franchise relationship recently 

disintegrated, Montes was operating four separate L.A. Insurance franchises – Defendants NV12, 

NV15, NV17, and NV26 – pursuant to separate franchise agreements with franchisor L.A. 

Insurance. The franchise agreements covering these franchises indicate that they were executed 

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on May 14, 2009 (NV12 and NV15), September 14, 2009 (NV17), and February 22, 2011 

(NV26). (Docs. #68-1 at 2, #68-2 at 2, #68-3 at 2, #68-4 at 2). Montes alleges that prior to the 

execution of the May 14, 2009 NV12 and NV15 franchise agreements, she operated those 

businesses pursuant to prior agreements/arrangements. Montes initially alleged that L.A. 

Insurance “forced her” to execute new franchise agreements without offering her new 

consideration by threatening that “[it] would somehow take away all of [Montes’] existing 

businesses if she failed to sign [new franchise agreements]....”1

 (Doc. #35-2 at ¶¶26-28). In its 

recent Opinion and Order, the Court discussed Montes’ deposition testimony that L.A. Insurance 

did not “force” her to sign any of the parties’ franchise agreements. (Doc. #128 at 4). Indeed, 

the Court noted that, “at least on the present record,” Montes’ testimony in this regard seemed to 

validate the Court’s prior assessment of the significant hurdles she faced in this litigation. (Id.). 

At the same time, however, Montes has stood by her allegations that she was told she had to sign 

the new agreements or she would lose her L.A. Insurance businesses, and that (at least with 

respect to the NV12 and NV15 agreements), she had to fly to Michigan on short notice, and then 

was given only “as long as it took to sign whatever they gave [her].” (Doc. #117-4, “Montes 

Dep.” at 61-62).2

 Montes has not yet had an opportunity to depose L.A. Insurance’s principals 

regarding these matters. (Doc. #123-2 at 6). 

 

1

 This presumably refers to the execution of the May 14, 2009 franchise agreements for NV12 

and NV15, because Montes claims that she had been operating those since 2006 and 2007, 

respectively. 

2

 The Court also notes that early in her deposition, Montes testified that she was “uncomfortable 

with the word ‘Forced’, because to me ‘Forced’ is pointing a gun at my head.” (Montes Dep. at 

33). While this does not change any of the Court’s prior commentary on the challenges 

Defendants face in terms of ultimately prevailing on the issue, it does underscore the fact that the 

circumstances of the execution of the parties’ agreements have not been sufficiently developed in 

the record for the Court to rule as a matter of law on the issue. 

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Other factual matters in controversy are also not fully developed. For instance, Montes 

alleges that L.A. Insurance signed her name to third-party contracts without her permission and 

that the contracts benefitted L.A. Insurance while disadvantaging Defendants. She further 

alleges that she was unaware of the very existence of at least some of these contracts. L.A. 

Insurance does not seem to deny signing Montes’ name, but claims that Montes asked it to do so 

(apparently by asking it to obtain third-party carrier “codes” for her), knew it had done so, and 

benefitted from it doing so. Defendants also raise issues with respect to the opening and 

operation of a Toro Insurance Agency (“Toro NV6”) directly across the street from Defendant 

NV26, and with L.A. Insurance’s alleged involvement in getting third-party carriers to cut off 

business ties with Defendants. As discussed below, all of these issues require further factual 

development before they would be ripe for consideration at the summary judgment stage.3

 

Summary Judgment Standard 

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, the Court will grant summary judgment 

if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Pittman v. Cuyahoga 

Cnty. Dep’t of Children & Family Servs., 640 F.3d 716, 723 (6th Cir. 2011). A fact is material if 

it might affect the outcome of the case under governing law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, 

 

3

 L.A. Insurance contends that Defendants “have already conducted extensive discovery in this 

case and had ample time and opportunities to do so for the last 11 months.” (Doc. #124 at 5). 

While it is true that at least some discovery has taken place during this period of time, this case 

has had numerous stops and starts, sometimes with the parties’ agreement to put discovery on 

hold while the Court considered motions that were before it. At any rate, Defendants have 

specified certain additional discovery which they wish to take, and which goes directly to the 

issues discussed herein. (Doc. #123-2). The Court finds that a reasonably short additional 75-

day discovery period will be more than sufficient to complete any remaining discovery in this 

action, and the Court entered today a Scheduling Order reflecting this period of additional 

discovery and setting other deadlines which will govern this case going forward. 

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the Court assumes the truth of the non-moving party’s evidence and construes all reasonable 

inferences from that evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Ciminillo 

v. Streicher, 434 F.3d 461, 464 (6th Cir. 2006). 

 The party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the Court of 

the basis for its motion and must identify particular portions of the record that demonstrate the 

absence of a genuine dispute as to any material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 

325 (1986); Alexander v. CareSource, 576 F.3d 551, 558 (6th Cir. 2009). “Once the moving 

party satisfies its burden, ‘the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts 

showing a triable issue.’” Wrench LLC v. Taco Bell Corp., 256 F.3d 446, 453 (6th Cir. 2001) 

(quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). In 

response to a summary judgment motion, the opposing party may not rest on its pleadings, nor 

“‘rely on the hope that the trier of fact will disbelieve the movant’s denial of a disputed fact’ but 

must make an affirmative showing with proper evidence in order to defeat the motion.” 

Alexander, 576 F.3d at 558 (internal quotations omitted). 

Analysis 

 L.A. Insurance argues that in light of the evidence it presented in its summary judgment 

motion, “it can no longer be disputed that the Franchise Agreements in this case are valid.” 

(Doc. #117 at 40). L.A. Insurance asserts that all of the issues which turn on whether the 

agreements are enforceable (such as Defendants’ counterclaims alleging violations of Nevada 

law, which cannot stand if the franchise agreements’ Michigan choice of law provision applies, 

and L.A. Insurance’s argument that provisions in the franchise agreements such as integration 

clauses and statute of limitations provisions bar certain of Defendants’ claims) must be resolved 

in its favor. But, as the Court has repeatedly noted, although Defendants face an uphill battle as 

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to the franchise agreements’ enforceability, many of the salient facts have not been sufficiently 

developed in the record for the Court to rule as a matter of law on that issue. Above, the Court 

explained its conclusion with respect to the need for additional factual development regarding 

the execution of the franchise agreements.4

 But other facts, too, are in need of further 

development before the Court can appropriately consider granting dispositive relief. Details 

need to be fleshed out regarding L.A. Insurance’s signing of Montes’ name to numerous thirdparty documents (without her permission, she alleges), and the impact, if any, of that conduct on 

Defendants’ argument that the agreements benefitted L.A. Insurance while disadvantaging 

Defendants. Another area of needed discovery concerns L.A. Insurance’s position as to the 

impact the Toro NV6 entity had on Montes’ NV26. While L.A. Insurance provided the Court 

with certain Toro tax records which, on their face, certainly suggest that the placement of Toro 

NV6 directly across from NV26 did not have any meaningful financial impact on the latter (Doc. 

 

4

 In denying without prejudice L.A. Insurance’s motion to strike Defendants’ jury demand, the 

Court had focused largely on Montes’ allegations about the circumstances surrounding her 

execution of the franchise agreements for NV12 and NV15. (Docs. #86, #121 at 11). Although 

the evidence is presently insufficient for the Court to grant L.A. Insurance the dispositive relief it 

requests in its summary judgment motion, Montes’ deposition testimony clearly raises serious 

questions about her allegations. (Doc. #128 at 4). Importantly, the same testimony also raises 

serious questions about Defendants’ position that the franchise agreements for NV17 and NV26 

are unenforceable. And, the Court recently ruled that Defendants’ principal argument regarding 

the agreements’ enforceability lacked merit. (Doc. #128). Taking these matters together, it 

would be unfair to the parties for them to work toward the completion of discovery in this matter 

with the presumption that any disputed issues of material fact will be tried to a jury, rather than 

as a bench trial, as is clearly and unambiguously provided for in the various franchise 

agreements. (Doc. #86 at 2 n.1) (quoting franchise agreements’ jury trial waiver provision 

(“SUBJECT TO APPLICABLE STATE LAW, FRANCHISOR AND FRANCHISEE 

IRREVOCABLY WAIVE TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION, PROCEEDING OR 

COUNTERCLAIM, WHETHER AT LAW OR IN EQUITY, BROUGHT BY EITHER OF 

THEM AGAINST THE OTHER....”)). Accordingly, the Court’s prior rulings on the jury trial 

waiver provision contained in the franchise agreements (Docs. #86, #121) are VACATED, 

Defendants’ jury demand is STRICKEN, and any triable issues remaining after dispositive 

motions are ruled on will be by bench trial. This ruling does not alter the Court’s analysis of the 

timeliness of Defendants’ jury demand, though that issue is now moot in light of the foregoing. 

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#117-23), Defendants have not had a chance to take discovery on this matter. Therefore, they 

cannot be required to simply accept L.A. Insurance’s proffered evidence. Similarly, L.A. 

Insurance has presented evidence which it contends disproves Defendants’ assertions that the 

agreements L.A. Insurance negotiated for them were not as lucrative as the ones Defendants 

could have negotiated for themselves. (Doc. #117-21). But Defendants have not had an 

opportunity to take discovery, which could alter the factual landscape of this argument. More 

factual development is also warranted as to L.A. Insurance’s contention that “Montes 

acknowledges that there is no evidence that [LA Insurance] improperly cut off Montes’ access to 

insurance carriers; rather, her alleged injuries were self-inflicted.” (Doc. #117 at 35). While it is 

true that L.A. Insurance has put forth evidence which, on its face, suggests that at least some 

third-party carriers cut ties with Defendants because of problems working with Montes and her 

agencies (Doc. #117-15), there are multiple problems with making a dispositive ruling based on 

this evidence alone. First, Defendants have not had a full opportunity to conduct discovery into 

the third-party evidence on which L.A. Insurance relies. Second, far from “acknowledging” the 

merit of L.A. Insurance’s position, Defendants point the Court to at least a few instances in 

which it appears that third-party carriers ceased working with Defendants at L.A. Insurance’s 

request. (Doc. #115-3). Once again, L.A. Insurance cannot put forth evidence and seek 

summary judgment without Defendants first having a fair opportunity to conduct discovery.5

 

L.A. Insurance’s other legal arguments are ones it has made previously, and which the 

Court has rejected as premature. That remains the case. Once discovery is completed and the 

details on the issues discussed above have been fleshed out, the Court will be in a better position 

 

5 The Court cautions Montes that her presumption that these are matters that “[w]e’ll talk about [] 

at trial,” (Montes Dep. at 219), is misguided. As to any issue on which Defendants fail to present 

sufficient evidence to raise a material question of fact, there will be no trial. 

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to consider and rule on the merits of those issues.6

Conclusion

 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED that L.A. Insurance’s Motion for Summary 

 

6

 The Court has considered whether Montes’ recent testimony, and the other affirmative evidence 

which L.A. Insurance has presented, is sufficient to merit entry of a preliminary injunction in 

L.A. Insurance’s favor. Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a party to seek a 

preliminary injunction to protect itself from irreparable injury. Issuance of preliminary 

injunctive relief is committed to the sound discretion of the district court. See Planned 

Parenthood Ass’n v. City of Cincinnati, 822 F.2d 1390, 1393 (6th Cir. 1987); Midwest Guaranty 

Bank v. Guaranty Bank, 270 F.Supp.2d 900, 907 (E.D. Mich. 2003). In deciding whether to 

grant injunctive relief, the court considers four factors: (1) whether the movant has a strong 

likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable injury without 

the injunction; (3) whether issuance of the injunction would cause substantial harm to others; and 

(4) whether the public interest would be served by issuance of the injunction. Liberty Coins, 

LLC v. Goodman, 748 F.3d 682, 689-90 (6th Cir. 2014). These factors are not prerequisites to 

the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction, but factors that must be carefully balanced by the 

district court in exercising its equitable powers. Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729 (6th Cir. 

2000). “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the 

movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.” 

Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urban Cnty. Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 573 (6th Cir. 2002). 

Therefore, a party seeking injunctive relief bears a heavy burden of establishing that the 

extraordinary and drastic remedy sought is appropriate under the circumstances. See Newson v. 

Steele, 2009 WL 4730456, at *3 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 8, 2009). 

 While it is a close call, the Court concludes that L.A. Insurance has not established the 

appropriateness of a preliminary injunction. Although the present evidence does suggest that 

L.A. Insurance has a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of this case, the Court has 

noted above numerous important factual details which are lacking in the present record, and 

which could have a significant impact on the ultimate resolution of this case. As far as 

irreparable harm to L.A. Insurance, the Court notes that Defendants are not using the L.A. 

Insurance marks, and L.A. Insurance itself has proffered evidence suggesting that Defendants are 

not much of a competitive threat; in fact, it appears that Montes has recently closed two of the 

businesses in question. (Doc. #117 at 39; Montes Dep. at 255-56). And, Defendants allege that 

L.A. Insurance has diverted to itself monies from third-party carriers that belong to Defendants. 

(Docs. #36, #36-1). These matters significantly mitigate (though do not eliminate) the potential 

harm to L.A. Insurance and its franchise system by the Court not granting a preliminary 

injunction at this time. On the other hand, granting the requested preliminary injunction would 

have the effect of essentially completely shutting down Montes’ and Defendants’ remaining 

businesses, which would impact employees, customers, and third-party contracts and vendors. 

Finally, the public interest factor does not weigh strongly in L.A. Insurance’s favor considering 

that Defendants are not using its marks (and therefore likelihood of confusion is lacking) and that 

an injunction would harm Defendants’ employees, customers, and third-party business 

relationships. 

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Judgment (Doc. #117) is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED

that the Court’s prior rulings on the jury trial waiver provision contained in the franchise 

agreements (Docs. #86, #121) are VACATED, Defendants’ jury demand is STRICKEN, and 

any triable issues remaining after dispositive motions are ruled on will be by bench trial. 

Dated: August 24, 2016 s/David R. Grand 

Ann Arbor, Michigan DAVID R. GRAND 

 United States Magistrate Judge 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

 The undersigned certifies that the foregoing document was served upon counsel of record 

and any unrepresented parties via the Court’s ECF System to their respective email or First Class 

U.S. mail addresses disclosed on the Notice of Electronic Filing on August 24, 2016. 

 s/Eddrey O. Butts 

 EDDREY O. BUTTS 

 Case Manager

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