UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

ERIC KERSH,

 Plaintiff,

V. Case No. 14-14478

 Honorable Denise Page Hood

CIERE FREEMON TURNER,

Defendant.

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ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT

Before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment. [Docket No. 7,

filed May 27, 2015]. On February 26, 2015, the Clerk entered Default against Ciere

Freemon Turner (“Defendant”). [Docket No. 5]. For the reasons discussed below,

Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment is GRANTED.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff seeks to collect $75,000 in damages arising out of Defendant’s alleged

assault and battery of and use of excessive force against Plaintiff on December 11,

2012. On that day, Defendant was on duty as a Bailiff for the 36th District Court and

was scheduled to conduct a re-eviction of the home at 20400 Manor, Detroit, MI.

Plaintiff and his girlfriend were residing in the home at that time. Plaintiff claims he

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heard a banging noise on the front door and came down the stairs to investigate.

Plaintiff then encountered Defendant, who had entered the premises and Plaintiff

believed was attempting to break into the home illegally. Defendant drew his gun and

shot Plaintiff in the leg. Plaintiff claims that Defendant fired his gun at Plaintiff

merely because Defendant was startled. Defendant, on the other hand, claims that

Plaintiff charged down the stairs at him.

Plaintiff filed a Complaint regarding this matter on November 24, 2014.

[Docket No. 1]. On January 23, 2015, Plaintiff left a copy of the Summons and

Complaint with a male, appearing to be 20-27 years old, at Defendant’s address,1

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 4(e)(2)(b). [Docket No. 3, filed

February 18, 2015]. On February 26, 2015, having received no responsive pleading

from Defendant, Plaintiff requested that the Clerk enter Default against Defendant.

[Docket No. 4]. That same day, the Clerk entered Default against Defendant pursuant

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 Service was made at 19125 Kingston Road, Detroit, MI 48221 (“Kingston

Address”). [Docket No. 3]. After making service, Plaintiff confirmed through a

postal check that the Kingston Address was Defendant’s last known address. The

postal check indicated that Defendant had moved and left no forwarding address 

(Pl.’s Mot. for Default J., Ex. E, “Request for Change of Address or Boxholder

Information Needed for Service of Legal Process” at p.1), but a LexisNexis personlocator search conducted by Plaintiff indicated that as of June 23, 2015 the

Kingston Address was listed on Defendant’s current driver’s license and voter

registration. [Docket No. 11, filed June 24, 2015]. Plaintiff also mailed a copy of

his Motion for Default Judgment to the Kingston Address, and it was not returned

as undeliverable.

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to FRCP 55(a). [Docket No. 5].

II. ANALYSIS

An Entry of Default under FRCP 55 is the first procedural step necessary to

obtain a default judgment. Shepard Claims Serv. Inc. v. Williams Darrah & Assoc.,

796 F.2d 190, 193 (6th Cir. 1986). “When a party against whom a judgment for

affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is

shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party’s default.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 55(a). The party must then apply to the Court for entry of the default judgment. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). The Court may enter default judgment “[a]gainst a minor or

incompetent only if represented by a general guardian, conservator, or other like

fiduciary who has appeared.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). The Court may conduct an

accounting, determine the amount of damages, establish the truth of any allegations

by evidence, or investigate any other matter. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). 

The Clerk made an Entry of Default in this case on February 26, 2015. [Docket

No. 5]. The Clerk’s Entry appears not to be in error, as Plaintiff’s counsel’s affidavit

states that Defendant failed to plead or otherwise defend in accordance with FRCP 12.

[Docket No. 4, filed February 26, 2015]; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(1)(A)(i) (stating

that a Defendant must serve an answer “within 21 days after being served with the

summons and complaint”). The affidavit also affirms that Defendant is not a minor,

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incompetent person, or a member of the military service. [Docket No. 4, filed

February 26, 2015].

Plaintiff now seeks Default Judgment in the amount of $75,000 for Defendant’s

alleged use of excessive force against Plaintiff, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and

Defendant’s assault and battery of Plaintiff. 

A. Liability for Excessive Force Claim 

Plaintiff seeks relief for Defendant’s alleged use of excessive force against

Plaintiff pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To prove a claim under 42 U.S.C § 1983, a

plaintiff must establish (1) a violation of an existing constitutional right (2) by a

person acting under color of state law. Flagg Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155

(1978).

Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s alleged use of excessive force against Plaintiff

violated Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures. In

Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court held that “[a]ll claims that law enforcement

officers have used force—deadly or not—in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop,

or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment

and its ‘reasonableness’ standard . . . .” 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989).

To make out an excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment, Plaintiff

must first establish that an arrest, booking, or some other type of seizure took place.

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See Graham, 490 U.S. at 394; see also Cameron v. City of Pontiac, 813 F.2d 782, 785

(6th Cir. 1987) (“[A]bsent an actual physical restraint or physical seizure, the alleged

unreasonableness of the officers’ conduct cannot serve as a basis for a § 1983 cause

of action anchored in the Fourth Amendment.”). A seizure “requires either physical

force...or, where that is absent, submission to the assertion of authority.” California

v. Hodari, 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991); see also Floyd v. City of Detroit, 518 F.3d 398,

406 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Peete v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County,

486 F.3d 217, 220 (6th Cir. 2007)) (defining a seizure as “an intentional interference

with a person's liberty by physical force or a show of authority that would cause a

reasonable person consciously to submit.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). In

Floyd, the Sixth Circuit held that an officer’s gunshot, which struck a suspect in the

chest, “clearly seized [the suspect] within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.”

518 F.3d at 406.

Next, Plaintiff must establish that the officer’s use of force in effecting the

seizure was objectively unreasonable. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 395; Burgess v.

Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 472 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Dunigan v. Noble, 390 F.2d 486,

493 (6th Cir. 2004)). Courts must assess the reasonableness of the officer’s action

“from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20

vision of hindsight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. 

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Three factors guide the reasonableness analysis: the severity of the crime,

whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others,

and whether he was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. See

id.; see also Baker v. Union Twp., 587 F. App’x 229, 234 (6th Cir. 2014) (holding that

an officer’s use of a taser on a suspect was not objectively reasonable when the officer

gave no warnings before firing, when the suspect was not fleeing, was standing at the

top of an observable staircase, and was offering no resistance or indication of

aggression); Miller v. Sanilac County, 606 F.3d 240, 253-254 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding

that “a jury could reasonably find that slamming an arrestee into a vehicle constitutes

excessive force when the offense is non-violent, the arrestee posed no immediate

safety threat, and the arrestee had not attempted to escape and was not actively

resisting.”). 

Finally, Plaintiff must establish that the alleged excessive force caused the

Plaintiff’s injuries. See Cameron, 813 F.2d at 784 (citing Galas v. McKee, 801 F.2d

200, 202 (6th Cir. 1986)) (“If a plaintiff has established that there had been a seizure

and that the seizure had been unreasonable, he must support his claim by showing that

the constitutional violation had proximately caused his injury.”). 

In this case, Defendant, a law enforcement officer, effected a seizure of

Plaintiff. By shooting Plaintiff in the leg in order to subdue him, Defendant

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intentionally deprived Plaintiff of his liberty by physical force. Defendant’s actions

in this regard are analogous to those of the officer in Floyd. See Floyd, 518 F.3d at

406.

Because Defendant effected a seizure of Plaintiff, Defendant’s use of force must

be evaluated according to the reasonableness analysis set out in Graham. None of the

Graham factors suggests that Defendant’s use of force was objectively reasonable.

First, the crime to which Defendant officer was responding was not severe. Plaintiff

was merely residing in a house unlawfully. The record contains no indication that

Plaintiff was acting violently. On the contrary, Plaintiff testified that he was watching

television with his girlfriend. Second, Plaintiff did not pose an immediate threat to

Defendant’s or anyone else’s safety. Defendant claimed that Plaintiff charged down

the staircase at him, but this claim is contradicted by Plaintiff’s testimony as well as

the account provided by Plaintiff’s girlfriend (Pl.’s Mot. for Default J., Ex. F, “Detroit

Police Dept. Arrest Report” at p.1). Third, at no point did Plaintiff resist Defendant.

At a hearing on June 23, 2015, Plaintiff testified that he proceeded down the stairs to

investigate a loud knocking sound when he discovered Defendant inside the home.

Defendant, without warning, then fired his gun at Plaintiff. Under Graham,

Defendant’s shooting of Plaintiff in the leg was not objectively reasonable.

The record indicates plainly that Defendant’s shooting Plaintiff was the

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proximate cause of Plaintiff’s wounds on his right leg (Id., Ex. G, “Hospital

Records”). 

Since Defendant, in the course of effecting a seizure of Plaintiff, used an

objectively unreasonable degree of force which, in turn, caused Plaintiff’s injury,

Defendant violated Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable

seizures. 

There is little doubt in this case that Defendant was a person acting under color

of state law during the incident. Defendant, as a Bailiff, falls within Michigan’s

definition of a “law enforcement officer.” See Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 28.632

(West, Westlaw through 2015 Reg. Sess.). The Sixth Circuit has held that law

enforcement officers, whether on duty or not, act under the color of state law when

they “purport to exercise official authority.” Memphis, Tennessee Area Local, Am.

Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO v. City of Memphis, 361 F.3d 898, 903 (6th Cir.

2004) (citing Waters v. City of Morristown, TN, 242 F.3d 353, 359 (6th Cir. 2001)).

In attempting to re-evict Plaintiff, Defendant purported to exercise his official

authority as a Bailiff. Defendant was on duty as a Bailiff for the 36th District Court and

was scheduled to re-evict Plaintiff from the home at 20400 Manor on the day the

incident occurred. When Defendant reached the home and attempted to evict Plaintiff, 

Defendant was a person acting under the color of state law. 

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Since Defendant, a person acting under the color of state law, violated

Plaintiff’s Constitutional right to be free from unreasonable seizures, Defendant is

liable under 42 U.S.C § 1983. 

B. Liability for Assault and Battery Claims

Under Michigan law, to prove an assault claim, a plaintiff must establish an

“intentional unlawful offer of corporal injury to another person by force, or force

unlawfully directed toward the person of another, under circumstances which create

a well-founded apprehension of imminent contact, coupled with the apparent present

ability to accomplish the contact.” Malory v. Whiting, 489 Fed.Appx. 78, 86 (6th Cir.

2012) (quoting VanVorous v. Burmeister, 687 N.W.2d 132, 142 (Mich. Ct. App.

2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

To prove a claim for battery, a plaintiff must establish a “wilful and harmful or

offensive touching of another person, which results from an act intended to cause such

a contact.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Tinkler v. Richter, 295

N.W. 201, 203 (Mich. 1940) (“[A]s it is sometimes expressed, a battery is the

consummation of the assault.”) (citation and internal quotations omitted).

Because law enforcement officers are entitled to use reasonably necessary force

to effect an arrest, proving an assault and battery claim against a law enforcement

officer further requires a plaintiff to establish that the officer used excessive force. See

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Young v. Barker, 405 N.W.2d 395, 402 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987). Specifically, a plaintiff

must establish that the officer’s use of force was objectively unreasonable. See Landis

v. Baker, 297 F. App'x 453, 466 (6th Cir. 2008); VanVorous, 687 N.W.2d at 142. The

reasonableness analysis “...is the same analysis that the court employs in determining

a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim.” Landis, 297 F. App’x at 466 (citing Murry v. Yuchasz, No.

268909, 2006 WL 3077462, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2006)).

Here, Defendant is liable for assault and battery. The record indicates that

Defendant fired his gun at Plaintiff to injure and thereby subdue Plaintiff (Pl.’s Mot. 

for Default J., Ex. F, “Detroit Police Dept. Crime Report” at p.1). As such, Defendant

made an intentional offer of corporal injury by force. Moreover, Defendant’s use of

force was unlawful because it was objectively unreasonable under Graham. See supra

p. 7. Finally, Defendant’s firing his gun at Plaintiff created in Plaintiff a well-founded

apprehension of imminent contact and indicated Defendant’s ability to accomplish the

contact. Defendant is thus liable for assault. Defendant is also liable for battery

because he not only made an intentional and unlawful offer of corporal injury by force

but also caused a “harmful touching” of Plaintiff by shooting his gun at and actually

striking Plaintiff. 

The Court finds that Plaintiff has established Defendant’s liability for assault,

battery, and use of excessive force.

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C. Damages

The Court must review whether Plaintiff’s requested relief of $75,000

constitutes an appropriate amount of relief. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). In his

Complaint, Plaintiff alleged that he suffered pain, disability, and mental anguish as

well as medical expenses for care, treatment, and rehabilitation in connection with

Defendant’s assault and battery of and use of excessive force against Plaintiff (Compl.

¶ 24, ¶ 29 ). Plaintiff also claimed additional damages as allowed under 42 U.S.C §

1983, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Constitution

of the State of Michigan, Article I, Section 2, including punitive and exemplary

damages, costs, and attorney’s fees, in connection with Defendant’s use of excessive

force against Plaintiff (Compl. ¶ 29). In determining whether Plaintiff’s requested

relief is appropriate, the Court may order as necessary Plaintiff to produce evidence

documenting the nature and extent of his injuries and any related expenses.

At a hearing on June 23, 2015, Plaintiff described the nature of his injury and

the harm it has caused. Plaintiff cited hospital records indicating that Plaintiff suffered

entry and exit wounds on the interior portion of his right leg. Plaintiff also testified

that he lost his job as a result of his injury2

 and that he has an outstanding hospital bill

in the amount of approximately $800. As a result of his injury, Plaintiff experiences

2 Plaintiff has since been able to secure employment and is currently working as a

dishwasher. 

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continuing pain and discomfort, which he addresses occasionally by taking pain-relief

medication. Plaintiff also suffers from intermittent numbness and tingling in his leg;

cramping in his toes; and weakness in his legs such that Plaintiff feels tired after an

eight-hour day of being on his feet and must frequently adjust positions to relieve the

stress on his leg. Plaintiff’s discomfort is particularly acute in the winter months when

he must wait outside for the bus in the cold. Finally, whereas Plaintiff regularly played

basketball and football before his injury, he has been unable to do so since. 

The Court finds that Plaintiff’s claims for pain and suffering and other damages

support his request for relief in the amount of $75,000.

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment [Docket No.

7, filed May 27, 2015] is GRANTED.

S/Denise Page Hood 

Denise Page Hood

United States District Judge

Dated: July 24, 2015

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon counsel of

record on July 24, 2015, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

S/LaShawn R. Saulsberry 

Case Manager

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