W. DONALD DUCKWORT Bre din-Archb oldSmithsonian Biological

f Survey of Dominica:

West Indian Stenomidae

Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 4

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 4

W. Donald Duckworth

Smithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

West Indian Stenomidae

(Lepidoptera:

Gelechioidea)

ISSUED

AUG13 1959

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CITY OF WASHINGTON

1969
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ABSTRACT

All the species of the microlepidopterous family Stenomidae known to occur in the

West Indies are reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, zoogeography, identity,

and morphology. Two new species are described, Chlamydastis dominicae and

Mothonica cubana, one of which, C. dominicae, is the first representative of the

genus Chlamydastis recorded from the West Indies. Keys to the species based on structures of the male and female genitalia and characters of the wing maculation are provided. Distribution maps, photographs of the adults, drawings of the male and female

genitalia, and all known biological information are included.

The family Stenomidae, although a large and widespread group in Central and South America, is poorly

represented in the West Indies. Presently the family

is represented by nine species in five genera. Of these,

two species are considered questionable either in occurrence or identity.

The principal impetus for this paper has come from

the considerable amount of collecting conducted in

recent years in connection with the Bredin-ArchboldSmithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica in the

Lesser Antilles. In attempting to study properly the

one species of stenomid collected during this survey, it

seemed desirable to extend the coverage to the entire

West Indian stenomid fauna to bring together the

scattered records, descriptions, and other information

and to provide a base for future studies.

In this paper the West Indies is defined as including the Greater Antilles, the Bahama Islands, and the

Lesser Antilles as far south as Grenada. Trinidad and

the other islands along the northern coast of South

America are excluded because they are biogeographically continental and thus more logically treated as

part of South America.

The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks the

cooperation and aid of the following individuals and

institutions who, through their support and encouragement, have materially aided the present study: Dr. F.

Fernandez Yepez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela; Dr. M. G. Emsley, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (formerly

Assistant Director, The William Beebe Tropical Research Station, Trinidad) ; Mr. George E. Drewry,

W. Donald Duckworth, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Puerto Rico Nuclear Center; Dr. T. H. Fair, The

Institute of Jamaica, for support and assistance in

various field studies; Mr. Allan Watson, Mr. P. E. S.

Whalley, British Museum (Natural History) ; Dr.

Fritz Kasy, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Dr.

J. G. Franclemont, Cornell University, for lending

types and other specimens in their charge for study.

Special thanks are extended to Dr. O. S. Flint, Dr.

E. L. Todd, Dr. D. R. Davis, and Dr. J. F. G. Clarke

for specimens and habitat information from their collecting activities on the island of Dominica and various

other areas in the West Indies.

The author also wishes to thank Mrs. Elsie Froeschner for a portion of the genitalic drawings and Mr.

Andre Pizzini for the distribution maps and a portion

of the genitalic drawings. The photographic work was

done by the Smithsonian Photographic Laboratory.

This study was aided in part by the National Science

Foundation on Grant GB-1800.

Zoogeography

The stenomid fauna of the West Indies as herein

defined consists of nine species in five genera. The

identity of one, Menesta cinereocervina (Walsingham), is uncertain and thus should be disregarded for

purposes of discussion here. The species are listed in

Table 1, which also summarizes available distributional

data. Although future collecting may increase the list

of species or their ranges, it is apparent that the

stenomid fauna of the islands is depauperate as compared with adjacent Central and South America. For

contrast, Guatemala has 82 species representing at

least 11 genera, Panama 171 species representing at

least 16 genera, and French Guiana has more than 350

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 1.—Geographic distribution of the West Indian

Stenomidae

Species

Antaeotricha

suffumigata

Antaeotricha

pseudochyta

Antaeotricha

vacata

Chlamydastis

dominicae

Mothonica ocellea

Mothonica cabana

Stenoma comma

Stenoma byssina

Menesta cinereoS o

.5 •%

> S

X

X

X X X? X

X

X X

X? X X

species representing at least 18 genera. A similar impoverishment in the West Indies has been noted for

other animal groups, such as terrestrial mammals and

amphibians among the vertebrates (Darlington, 1957)

and Meloidae (Selander and Bouseman, 1960) and

Scarabaeinae (Matthews, 1966) among the insects.

As shown in Table 1, the stenomid fauna of the West

Indies consists of two elements, the Greater Antillean

species which appear to be derived from Central

America, and the Lesser Antillean species derived from

mainland South America. There is no overlap between

these two elements at the specific or generic level. The

apparent exception is in the genus Stenoma with S.

comma occurring in Cuba and S. byssina a questionable record for Grenada. However, the genus Stenoma

as presently constituted is not a natural assemblage of

species and the two in question are not, in fact, congeneric. A more adequate generic classification for the

family is currently under study and, when completed,

should eliminate similar problems in the future.

One of the most critical handicaps in determining

the distribution patterns of the West Indian stenomids

is the lack of sufficient collecting data and information

concerning the life cycles and host-plant preferences.

The latter is particularly important for without biological information it is virtually impossible to ascertain

the role man may have played in the transportation

of mainland species to the islands.

Although sufficient biological data are not currently

available for definite conclusions, it seems most likely

that the poorer island representation of stenomids is

due to a scarcity of suitable habitats as well as the

island's long physical isolation from the mainland.

From personal experiences collecting stenomids

throughout Central America and the northern portion

of South America, the number of species attracted to

lights increased as I moved from dry scrub to wet forest

conditions. In the West Indies (especially the Lesser

Antilles) the wet forest habitat occurs primarily at

altitudes approximating 1,000 feet and above and to

a lesser extent along rivers and streams in the Lowlands. It is also important to note that these humid

forests do not reflect the stratification found in continental rain forest but, rather, are much more uniform

ecologically. The larger islands of the Greater Antilles

are more diversified, with Cuba beginning to approach

a continental pattern.

Diakonoff (1954) has suggested that the family

Stenomidae is of recent origin and that this is reflected

in the rather specialized male genitalia and the large

number of closely related species in some genera. If

this premise is true, and current studies tend to support

it, then the long isolation of the West Indies may have

played a significant role in the poor representation of

species currently known.

No attempt will be made to compare in detail the

stenomid fauna of the various islands, because the small

number of species involved requires a more exact

knowledge of the fauna than is currently available.

More specific remarks concerning the distribution of

species can be found in the discussion following each

species in the descriptive portion of this paper.

History

The first publication on Lepidoptera that included

a species of West Indian Stenomidae as defined in this

paper was that of Walsingham (1891). The species,

cinereocervina, was described in the genus Gelechia

and later (Walsingham, 1897) transferred to the

stenomid genus Menesta.
NUMBER 4

Walsingham (1897) revised his earlier work and

for the first time included the family Xyloryctidae

( — Stenomidae) with eight species from the West

Indies. Walsingham, however, included Trinidad in

his concept of the West Indies and seven of the species

were from that locality. Thus, only one species,

Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham, described from

Grenada is significant in the present study.

Following Walsingham's two papers there was a

long period during which only a few isolated species

descriptions of stenomids from the West Indies appeared. Busck (1911) described Stenoma comma in

a paper on South American tineoid moths and noted

one of the specimens in the type series was from Cuba.

Meyrick (1925) described Antaeotricha vacata from

Grenada in his Exotic Microlepidoptera series. Five

years later Meyrick (1930) included Grenada in the

distribution of Stenoma byssina (Zeller) in his account

of the collection of Microlepidoptera made by Dr. H.

Zerny in Brazil. This record remains unverified and

is discussed in more detail in the remarks pertaining

to this species in the present study.

Forbes (1930) described Mothonica ocellea from

Puerto Rico and included it in the family Xyloryctidae

( = Stenomidae) in his study of the Heterocera of

Puerto Rico.

Busck (1933) lists Stenoma comma and Mothonica

ocellea Forbes in his study of the Microlepidoptera of

Cuba, and transferred the latter species from Mothonica to Stenoma. He also reported Stenoma

comma Busck from Puerto Rico on the authority

of Forbes. This distribution, although probable, has

never been verified by actual specimens. Kisliuk and

Cooley (1933) reported the larvae of Mothonica

ocellea Forbes and a Stenoma sp. infesting 20 percent

of the fruit of Melicocca bijuga in Haiti. This report is

questionable in that no adults were obtained and the

specimens of larvae have not been located. Also, the

larva of Mothonica ocellea Forbes has never been described and the accuracy of the identification remains

extremely uncertain.

Wolcott (1936, 1948) listed M. ocellea Forbes,

Shistonoea fuluidella Walsingham (Gelechiidae) and

"Stenoma" species for Puerto Rico in the family

Xyloryctidae ( = Stenomidae).

Bruner, Scaramuzza, and Otero (1945) reported a

species of stenomid, Catarata sp. determined by A.

Busck, feeding in the larval stage in the older seeds of

Copernicia glabrescens in Cuba. The material upon

which this report was based was located in the United

States National Museum (USNM) collection and

found to be a new species of Mothonica and is described in this paper.

Family STENOMIDAE

Genus Antaeotricha Zeller

Antaeotricha Zeller, 1854, p. 390.

This is the largest genus in the family Stenomidae,

numbering in excess of four hundred species in the

Western Hemisphere. Information to date indicates

only slight penetration of this genus into the West

Indies. The three West Indian species are from Grenada and only one, A. suffumigata, has not been recorded from adjacent continental areas. It is very likely

that ultimately this species will also be found in the

Guianas and/or Trinidad.

Unfortunately, information concerning the life histories of tropical species of Antaeotricha is scarce and

completely unknown for the three species included

here. Obviously, such information would provide important clues concerning the present distribution

patterns.

Key to the Species of West Indian Antaeotricha

BASED ON MACULATION

Groundcolor of forewing white 2

Groundcolor of forewing grayish-ochreous Antaeotricha vacata Meyrick

Forewing very lightly shaded with brown on dorsum from tornus to base; if present, spot at

end of cell faint brown Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham

Forewing heavily shaded with brown in complex pattern; spot at end of cell large, obliquelongitudinal in shape, fuscous Antaeotricha pseudochyta Meyrick
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Key to the Species of West Indian Antaeotricha—Continued

BASED ON GENITALIA

Male 2

Female 4

Gnathos dorsoventrally flattened apically; lateral lobes of anellus well developed; aedeagus

without long, ventral lip at apex 3

Gnathos with median dorsal keel at apex; lateral lobes of anellus reduced; aedeagus with apex

extended ventrally forming lip which equals remainder of aedeagus in length

Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham

Aedeagus with cornuti consisting of short, heavy subtriangular shaped spines in a random

pattern Antaeotricha pseudochyta Meyrick

Aedeagus with cornuti consisting of two parallel patches of small heavy spines

Antaeotricha vacata Meyrick

Ductus bursae membranous; signum a heavily sclerotized, dentate plate slightly constricted at

middle Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham

Ductus bursae with sclerotized corrugations; signum a dentate, V-shaped plate

Antaeotricha pseudochyta Meyrick

Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham

FIGURES 1, 2, 14, 21, 30

Antaeotricha suffumigata Walsingham, 1897, p. 98.

Alar expanse 16-20 mm.

Antenna white, lightly shaded with brown. Head,

labial palpus, legs white, lightly shaded with brown.

Thorax, abdomen white. Forewing white, very slightly shaded with brown on dorsum from tornus to base;

in some specimens a faint brown spot at end of cell;

cilia white. Hind wing white overcast with brown, cilia

white.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3736).—Gnathos enlarged at apex with a median dorsal keel. Anellus small,

V-shaped; two small lateral setiferous lobes. Aedeagus

short, broad; apex extended ventrally forming lip

which equals remainder of aedeagus in length; cornuti

consisting of a small tight cluster of heavy spines.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3737).—Ostium

broad; ostium bursae a large, sclerotized pouch; ductus

bursae membranous; corpus bursae membranous,

signum a large dentate plate; inception of ductus

seminalis at junction of ostium bursae and ductus

bursae.

TYPE.—Lectotype, present designation; female bearing following labels: "(1) Mount Gay Est. (leeward

side), Grenada, W. I., H. H. Smith, 1-5.X. (2)

Walsingham Collection, 1910-427. 65344. (3)

Antaeotricha suffumigata Wlsm., 'Para-type' }4." In

the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Mount Gay Estate, Grenada.

DISTRIBUTION.—Grenada: Mount Gay Estate, 300

feet, leeward side (October) ; Balthazar, 250 feet,

windward side (March, April).

In addition to the type series of six specimens in the

British Museum (Natural History), I have examined

13 specimens of this species in the USNM collection

collected by William Schaus. The illustration of the

male genitalia in this paper is derived from one of

these latter specimens since the only male in the type

series is without abdomen.

Antaeotricha pseudochyta Meyrick

FIGURES 3, 4, 15, 22, 30

Antaeotricha pseudochyta Meyrick, 1915, p. 393.

Alar expanse 13-19 mm.

Antenna whitish suffused with gray basally, gray

beyond. Head white; second segment of labial palpus

gray basally, white beyond, apical segment white.

Thorax white in males, suffused with gray in females:

fore and midlegs white heavily suffused with gray,

hind legs white. Forewing white; a dark brown blotch

on costa from base to one-fourth from which two
NUMBER 4

oblique irregular partially obsolete brown lines extend

across wing; dorsal area much suffused and blotched

with gray, more so in female than male; a strong

oblique-longitudinal fuscous spot on upper angle of

cell and a small fuscous dot below its apical extremity;

an irregular curved oblique narrow interrupted fuscous

transverse band beyond spot extending from costa to

dorsum, more pronounced in female than male;

fuscous suffusion on apex, in female forming a broader

band around apical part of costa and termen, leaving

dentate white marginal line with fuscous interspaces;

cilia white, with three brown shades, in male nearly

obsolete except around apex. Hind wing white in

male, gray in female; cilia white with two gray lines,

obsolete in males except at apex.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3741).—Gnathos

long, narrow; apex without dorsal development.

Anellus shield-like in shape with two long, narrow,

lateral lobes bearing small setae at the extreme apex;

aedeagus simple, basal one-fourth angled approximately 45°; cornuti present, consisting of short heavy

subtriangular shaped spines.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3774).—Ostium

narrow; ostium bursae sclerotized; ductus bursae

broad, with sclerotized corrugations; corpus bursae

membranous, signum a V-shaped dentate plate; inception of ductus seminalis just beyond junction of ostium

bursae and ductus bursae.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Bartica, British Guiana.

DISTRIBUTION.—British Guiana: Bartica (December, January, February). Grenada: St. George's

(November).

Clarke (1955) designated the lectotype for this

species and presented photographs of the genitalia and

left wings. The type series consisted of 22 specimens of

both sexes all from Bartica, British Guiana. The single

specimen from Grenada is in the USNM collection.

Antaeotricha vacata Meyrick

FIGURES 5, 23, 30

Antaeotricha vacata Meyrick, 1925, p. 170.

Alar expanse 20-22 mm.

Antenna whitish at base, brown beyond. Head

whitish: labial palpus ochreous white, second segment

dark gray except apical fifth. Thorax grayish ochreous.

Forewing grayish ochreous. with barely perceptible

darker line from lower angle of cell to dorsum; cilia

ochreous. Hind wing gray, costa strongly dilated on

anterior half; cilia whitish with faint gray subbasal

line.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3009).—Gnathos enlarged at apex forming a flattened scooplike structure.

Anellus a U-shaped sclerite with two lateral, dorsally

recurved lobes. Aedeagus large, slightly flaring apically,

with ventral edge slightly produced into a lip and

ringed with dentate spines; cornuti consisting of two

subparallel rows of small spines.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—St. George's, Grenada.

DISTRIBUTION.—Grenada: St. George's. Trinidad:

No locality.

The species is known only from the male type in the

British Museum (Natural History) illustrated by

Clarke (1955, p. 136, pi. 68: figs. 2-2b) and one male

in the USNM collection from Trinidad collected by

Wm. Schaus.

Genus Chlamydastis Meyrick

Chlamydasth Meyrick, 1916, p. 481.

This genus consists of over 60 species widely distributed in Central and South America. Many of the

species are large and bear a close superficial similarity

to noctuids of the subfamilies Sarrothripinae, Acronyctinae, and Acontiinae.

The new species described herein is the first of this

genus recorded from the West Indies.

Chlamydastis dominicae, new species

FIGURES 17, 24, 30

Alar expanse 23-25 mm.

Antenna brown flecked with white. Head white suffused with brown; labial palpus mottled brown and

white, second segment with basal half exteriorly brown,

first segment brown. Thorax white overlayed with

brownish orange; legs white patched with brown.

Forewing white variously mottled with brown, black,

and brownish orange; two outwardly oblique transverse indistinct black lines from costa before middle

but failing to reach dorsum: an irregular outwardly

oblique blotch of brownish orange from costa at middle extending to area just above tornus; two parallel
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

indistinct subterminal orange lines from apical third,

terminating in two black dashes at tornus; terminal

line consisting of black dots from well before apex to

tornus; cilia gray, lighter basally. Hind wing heavily

overcast with gray; cilia whitish, with basal gray line.

MALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3613).—Ovipositor

lobes large, sclerotized; two parallel inner lobes covered

with minute papillae. Lamella postvaginalis densely

clothed with small setae on posterior half, lamella antevaginalis small, bandlike. Ostium small, ostium bursae

sclerotized; ductus bursae membranous except enlarged sclerotized area at midpoint; corpus bursae

membranous, signum small slightly dentate plate constricted in middle, inception of ductus seminalis from

posterior portion of sclerotized pouch.

TYPE.—In the United States National Museum, No.

69951.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—.4 mi E of Pont Casse, Dominica,

Lesser Antilles.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality

and immediate vicinity.

Described from the female holotype: Dominica: .4

mi E of Pont Casse, V-6-1964, O. S. Flint, Jr.; one

female paratype: same data as holotype; one female

paratype: Dominica: 2.2 mi E of Pont Casse, V-II-64,

O. S. Flint, Jr.; two female paratypes: Dominica:

Pont Casse, 2 mi NW, V-18-1965, V-21-1965, D. R.

Davis.

This is the only species of stenomid discovered during

the intensive collecting conducted in connection with

the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of

Dominica. Since two of the collectors were microlepidopterists and several others were experienced collectors of Microlepidoptera, it seems reasonable to assume

that the possibility of many more species occurring on

the island is remote. However, the type-locality of this

species (Pont Casse) is reported by the collectors to be

wet montane forest at approximately 2,000 feet elevation and representing a relatively undisturbed element of the natural vegetation. Pont Casse was one of

the few points that had ready access to this habitat by

road and thus the only point at which this type of plant

association was sampled intensively for Microlepidoptera. Thus, further collecting might produce additional

species of stenomids and certainly should provide male

specimens of the species described here.

The information concerning the habitat may also

boar on the distribution pattern presented by this species. The presence of a species of Chlamydastis so far

up the chain of islands that comprise the Lesser Antilles and the lack of records of this or any other species

in the genus from the other islands presents an interesting problem in distribution. Since the nearest point

to Dominica where species of Chlamydastis are encountered is Trinidad, which of course is continental

in the makeup of its fauna, the question immediately

arises, why a species occurs on Dominica and not in

between. Two possibilities seem likely at this point.

Either (1) the species was at one time more widespread

but was restricted by the disappearance of its host plant

as the environment was changed by the onslaught of

man and his activities, or (2) the species is still present

on the other islands and the lack of records is due to

inadequate sampling of the wet montane forest that

still exists on these islands. I am inclined to favor the

latter possibility, since far too little collecting has been

done on the other islands to date.

Genus Mothonica Walsingham

Mothonica Walsingham, 1912, p. 153.

The name Mothonica is currently applied to a group

of species that have been assigned to the genus on the

basis of their obvious relationship to each other and a

superficial resemblance to the type-species, M. periapta

Walsingham. Since the type-species was described from

a single specimen without an abdomen, it is impossible

to determine accurately the availability of the generic

name for the species that have been assigned to it due

to the inability to examine the genitalia. Forbes (1930)

established the precedent for other workers by describing a new species, ocellea, which he assigned to Mothonica apparently on the basis of its resemblance to Walsingham's figure of the type-species. Busck (1933)

transferred ocellea to the heterogeneous Stenoma because it did not agree structurally with Walsingham's

generic description, which lays stress on the stalked

veins 8 and 9 in the forewing and the approximate

veins 6 and 7 in the hind wing. Subsequent workers

(Clarke, 1955; Duckworth, 1964) have continued

to place species related to ocellea in the genus Mothonica although ocellea has never been formally returned

to the genus. In this paper ocellea Forbes is returned to

Mothonica and an additional new species described.

Future studies may indicate a different generic affiliation; however, it seems more appropriate to maintain

the present assignment for the time being.
NUMBER 4

Key to the Species of West Indian Mothonica

BASED ON MACULATION

Forewing with costa brown from midpoint to just before apex; dorsum without triangularshaped brown patches Mothonica ocellea Forbes

Forewing without brown shading, with a large brown triangular patch at midpoint; dorsum

with two triangular brown patches, one at anal angle and one at midpoint

Mothonica cubana, new species

BASED ON GENITALIA

Male 2

Female 3

Harpe with heavy spine on ventral margin of sacculus; anellar lobes narrow, extending dorsally

to uncus, each with a small laterally directed spine before apex

Mothonica ocellea Forbes

Harpe with bifurcate lobe on ventral margin of sacculus; anellar lobes bladelike, apically

acute, without lateral spines, each with a small, setiferous secondary lobe on ventral edge

near base Mothonica cubana, new species

Lamella postvaginalis a narrow, lightly sclerotized band; ostium bursae much longer than

wide, without scobinations on inner wall Mothonica ocellea Forbes

Lamella postvaginalis membranous except two sclerotized bars extending from outermost

anteiior edge to midpoint posteriorly; ostium bursae wider than long, with scobinations on

inner wall Mothonica cubana, new species

Mothonica ocellea Forbes, new combination

FIGURES 10, 11, 18, 25, 29

Mothonica ocellea Forbes, 1930, p. 131.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3738).—Uncus reduced, dorsoventrally flattened. Gnathos two lateral

plates extending from tegumen towards midline. Anellus consisting of two outer bands articulating with the

bases of harpes, two inner bands embracing aedeagus

laterally; at junction of inner and outer bands arise

two large narrow lateral lobes extending dorsally to

uncus, each with a small laterally directed spine before

apex. Aedeagus long, with large tooth at apex; cornuti

absent. Harpe short, broad; sacculus well developed,

ventral margin produced, with heavy spine at apex.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3739).—Lamella

postvaginalis a narrow, lightly sclerotized band, lamella antevaginalis largely membranous except flaplike area over ostium. Ostium one-half the width of

genital plate. Ostium bursae sclerotized, approximately

twice as long as wide, somewhat sinuate. Ductus bursae

membranous, patch of minute scobinations near midlength. Corpus bursae membranous, signa two narrow,

dentate plates. Inception of ductus seminalis at junction of ostium bursae and ductus bursae.

TYPE.—In the United States National Museum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cayuga, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cuba: Sierra Maestra, 1000 feet

(April) ; Central Baragua, Prov. Camaguey (no date) ;

San Bias, Trinidad Mts. (May) ; Santiago de las Vegas,

Habana (July); Mts. of Pinar del Rio (no date).

Puerto Rico: El Verde. Luquillo Exp. Forest (March) ;

Naguabo (March).

FOOD PLANT.—Talisia svensoni (Sapindaceae).

Larvae in fruit.

This species also occurs in Central America where it

distributionally overlaps to an undetermined extent

with Meyrick's species fluminata. Although the two

species are virtually indistinguishable on maculation,

the male genitalia provide several characters for separation. The anellar lobes are shorter and bladelike in

fluminata and the vesica of the aedeagus is armed with

a short heavy cornutus. The anellar lobes in ocellea are

long and rodlike and the vesica is without cornutus.

One of the principal factors contributing to the confusion over the identity of these two species in the past

has been the illustrations of the genitalia provided by

Forbes in his original description of ocellea. I have

studied Forbes' type series in the USNM and discovered that the paratypes from Central America are

mixed. Unfortunately, the paratypic specimen he chose

to illustrate the male genitalia of ocellea is, in fact, a

specimen of fluminata Meyrick! In addition, he provides two views of the aedeagus, one lateral and one

ventral, the ventral view is the aedeagus of the speciman of fluminata Meyrick; however, the lateral view

is depicted with a drawing of the aedeagus of the true
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ocellea. Thus, it is not surprising that the distinctiveness

of these two species has been in doubt.

There is an unverified record in the literature (Kisliuk and Cooley, 1933) of this species occurring in

Haiti where the larvae were reported feeding in the

fruit of Melicocca bijuga. Since the genera Talasia and

Melicocca are closely related in the Sapindaceae the

record is quite feasible and the locality is in keeping

with the known distribution of the species. However,

the specimens have not been located and the authority

for the identification was not given and thus the record

must be considered questionable for the time being.

The possibility that M. ocellea was introduced into

the Greater Antilles through the agency of man in

connection with the transport of host plants is worthy

of consideration. Melicocca bijuga is a native plant of

South America that is cultivated extensively throughout Central America and the West Indies for its fruit,

known by various common names such as "Spanish

Lime," "Mamon," and "Genips." The unverified record of M. ocellea from Haiti associated the species with

the fruit of Melicocca bijuga and imposes the possibility that the species is associated with this plant

throughout the Greater Antilles. Further support for

this speculation is the rearing of M. ocellea from a

closely related genus, Talasia, in Panama. Further

discussion of this problem must await additional rearing and host-plant data.

Mothonica cubana, new species

FIGURES 8, 9, 19, 26, 29

Alar expanse 14—19 mm.

Antenna white suffused with brown basally, brown

beyond. Head brown suffused with white; labial palpus

white sprinkled with brown scales. Thorax white

sprinkled with brown scales dorsally; legs white; forelegs heavily shaded with brown exteriorly, mid and

hind legs suffused with brown, heavier on tarsi. Forewing white sprinkled with brown scales, 6 and 7

stalked; an indistinct brown triangular area on costa at

basal one-third; a larger, more distinct brown triangular area on costa at one-half; an outwardly curving

transverse line from costal two-thirds to dorsum before

tornus composed of series of fuscous dashes; a series

of terminal fuscous dots from costal two-thirds to

tornus; a fuscous spot at end of cell; a fuscous patch

on dorsum below spot; a triangular fuscous patch on

dorsum at anal angle; cilia brown apically; lighter

basally with a fuscous basal line. Hind wing white

overcast with brown towards apex; cilia whitish, with

fuscous basal line from apex, disappearing in vicinity

of vein 2.

MALE GENITALIA (slide AB, Nov. 8, 1934, holotype).—Uncus short, rodlike, apically setiferous.

Gnathos as in M. ocellea Forbes. Anellus reduced; with

two large bladelike, apically acute lateral lobes, each

with a small setiferous secondary lobe on ventral edge

arising near base. Aedeagus short, broad, achieving

greatest width at midpoint; cornuti a large cluster

of heavy spines. Harpe very similar to M. kimballi

Duckworth but saccular lobe narrower, saccular margin

deeply excavated approximate to base of lobe.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide AB, Nov. 8, 1934, paratype) .—Lamella postvaginalis membranous except two

sclerotized bars extending from outermost anterior edge

to midpoint posteriorly. Lamella antevaginalis membranous except for two lightly sclerotized areas laterad

of ostium. Ostium large, flaring. Ostium bursae sclerotized, width greater than length, inner wall lined with

numerous scobinations. Ductus bursae membranous,

without distinct transition into corpus bursae. Corpus

bursae membranous, signa two narrow dentate plates

with faint sclerotized bridge between them. Inception

of ductus seminalis at junction of ostium bursae and

ductus bursae.

TYPE.—In the U.S. National Museum, No. 69952.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Candelaria, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality.

FOOD PLANT.—Copernicia glabrescens (Palmae).

Larvae boring in the seeds.

Described from the male holotype: E. E. A. Cuba,

Ent. No. 10360, Candelaria, P. del Rio, Oct. 2/34,

A. R. Oleto; boring seeds of Copernicia; two female

paratypes with same data as above except Oct. 3/34.

This species is very close to M. kimballi Duckworth

described from Florida. The genitalia, however, provide several distinguishing characteristics. In the male

genitalia of M. cubana the lateral lobes of the anellus

are bladelike and apically acute, the aedeagus is broadest at the midpoint and the cornuti consist of a large

cluster of medium spines; whereas in M. kimballi the

lateral lobes are not apically acute, the aedeagus is

rather uniform in width throughout and the cornuti

consist of two clusters of small spines. In the female

genitalia M. cubana has a flaring ostium and ostium

bursae lined with scobinations; while in M. kimballi

the ostium has a large median slot and the ostium

bursae is without scobinations.
NUMBER 4

This species appears endemic to Cuba; however,

additional collecting may alter this presumption. It is

interesting to note the close relationship between this

species and M. kimballi that occurs in Southern

Florida. Biological studies on the North American

Stenomidae being conducted by Dr. D. H. Habeck,

University of Florida, may provide information concerning M. kimballi that will aid in further clarification

of the relationship between the two species and allow

a more detailed assessment of the position of M. cubana

in the West Indian fauna.

Genus Stenoma Zeller

Stenoma Zeller, 1839, p. 195.

This genus is an unnatural accumulation of unrelated species that have been assigned by previous workers who were primarily describing species and not

establishing generic limitations. The West Indian

species included here is maintained in this genus for

convenience, since it will be part of a new genus to

be described in a generic revision of the family now

in preparation.

Stenoma comma Busck

FIGURES 6, 7, 16, 27, 29

Stenoma comma Busck, 1911, p. 218.

Stenoma melanocrypta Meyrick, 1915, p. 455.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3278).—Entire genitalia dorsoventrally flattened. Tegumen extending anteriorly approximately one-half the length of the lateral arms of the vinculum. Uncus short, broad at base.

Gnathos a simple band, directed posteriorly, arching

ventrad of uncus. Anellus collar-like, with four lateral

lobes, ventral pair large, inwardly recurved at apex,

dorsal pair bladelike. Aedeagus large; cornuti two:

one long and one short.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3279).—Lamella

antevaginalis forming a flap over ostium, with a

median notch. Ostium opening near middle of eighth

abdominal sternite. Ostium bursae sclerotized. Ductus

bursae long, membranous. Corpus bursae membranous,

signa consisting of two sclerotized diamond-shaped

patches with dentate median ridges. Inception of ductus seminalis nearer corpus bursae.

TYPE.—In the United States National Museum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cayenne, French Guiana.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cuba. Also known from Mexico,

El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela and the

Guianas.

Busck (1933) reports this species from Puerto Rico

on the authority of Forbes, however, I have not found

any published record of this nor any specimens verifying such a distribution.

The males of this species are easily recognized by

the black, comma-like scaling near the base on the

hind wing.

Stenoma comma is the most widely distributed of

the West Indian stenomids occurring in the Greater

Antilles, Central America, and South America. Without host-plant information it is impossible to say with

certainty what this widespread distribution is attributable to, however, there are some indirect data that

may bear on the subject. In collecting stenomids

throughout Central and South America I have noticed that S. comma is frequently the most common

species encountered in dry environments. Also, there

are several records in the literature (Wolcott, 1936,

1948) indicating a species of "Stenoma" occurring on

Inga vera seeds in Puerto Rico. Similar records from

Mexico were discovered in the larval collections of the

USNM, however, these are unassociated with adult

specimens and cannot be determined with certainty

beyond family. In my opinion, S. comma will most

likely prove to be the species in question feeding on

Inga sp. The occurrence in dry environments is characteristic of Inga and the widespread distribution of

Inga vera would correspond well with that of

S. comma.

Species of Uncertain Status in the West Indian Fauna

The two species that follow are impossible to include formally in the West Indian Stenomidae at this

time. In the first species, S. byssina (Zeller), there is

one unverified record in the literature of its occurrence in Grenada. The second species, M. cinereocervina (Walsingham), is known only from one badlydamaged specimen from St. Vincent.

Stenoma byssina (Zeller)

FIGURES 12. 13, 20, 28

Cryptolechia bissina Zeller, 1855, p. 165.

Cryptolechia tetragonella Walker, 1864, p. 723.

Cryptolechia isabella Felder, 1875, pi. 139: fig. 24.

Alar expanse 20-30 mm.

Antenna whitish. Head whitish tinged with pale

green: labial palpus whitish, second segment heavily
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

shaded gray exteriorly except apex. Thorax pale green

dorsally; legs whitish, fore and midlegs heavily shaded

with gray. Forewing pale green, in old specimens

deteriorates to pale yellow; a faint gray dot at end

of cell; two triangular fuscous spots on costa, one at

midpoint, one at apical three-fourths; from latter

extends outwardly curved transverse line of gray spots

to dorsum before tornus; dorsum edged with gray; a

gray spot in fold surrounded irregular gray suffusion

present in some specimens; cilia pale green. Hind wing

pale yellow, more or less heavily overcast with gray in

anal area; cilia whitish at anal angle progressing to

green at apex, a darker subbasal line usually present.

MALE GENITALIA (slide WDD 3166).—Uncus a

small rectangular sclerite. Gnathos two free arms, apex

of each with outwardly curved small tooth. Anellus

small, bandlike, with four lateral lobes; ventral pair

shorter than dorsal pair, setiferous, fleshy, approximately uniform in width from base to apex; dorsal

pair sclerotized, bladelike, broad at base tapering to

single sclerotized spine at apex, closely appressed to

aedeagus. Aedeagus simple, cornuti an irregular spinulate area on vesica.

FEMALE GENITALIA (slide 3820).—Eighth tergite

deeply excavated on posterior margin. Lamella postvaginalis with a median notch extending two-thirds

across plate from posterior margin, extent somewhat

variable; lamella antevaginalis with posterior margin

projected and medially notched. Ostium broad;

ostium bursae sclerotized walls clothed with minute

setae, narrowing toward ductus then flaring at junction with ductus; ductus bursae membranous; corpus

bursae membranous, signum dumbbell-shaped dentate plate; inception of ductus seminalis at junction of

ostium bursae and ductus bursae.

TYPE.—In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt

Universitat zu Berlin.

TYPE-LOCALITIES.—Para, Brazil (byssina) ; Ega,

Brazil {tctragonclla) ; Amazonas (isabella).

HOST PLANT.—Melicocca bijuga (Sapindaceae).

Larvae on foliage.

DISTRIBUTION.—Grcnada(?). Known also from

Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, Brazil, and

Paraguay.

Meyrick (1930) records this species from Grenada,

however, specimens bearing these data have not been

located. Specimens from Trinidad and French Guiana

have been used for the descriptions and figures provided in this paper. It is not unlikely that S. byssina

occurs in the West Indies since it is present on Trinidad and adjacent areas of continental South America,

however, until specimens authenticating the occurrence

are obtained it must remain questionable.

I have before me a long series of specimens labeled

as this species ranging from northern Mexico to Paraguay. During the course of this study a large number

of genitalia preparations were made and it appears

that more than one species has been lumped under the

name byssina. It is not my intent to pursue the details

of this situation at this time except as it relates to the

West Indian fauna. From the information gathered

thus far, the species described in this paper is byssina

Zeller and the Walker and Felder synonyms are correctly associated with it. The species is widespread in

South America and apparently does not extend into

Central America. The Central American specimens

placed in byssina appear to represent one or more

closely related new species.

The host-plant information provided is from a series

of 5". byssina reared from leaf-tying larvae feeding on

the foliage of a species of Sapindaceae, Melicocca

bijuga, in Venezuela. From this same series one specimen of a parasitic fly was reared and has been identified as Nemorilla sp., of the family Tachnidae, by

Dr. C. W. Sabrosky of the United States Department

of Agriculture.

Menesta cinereocervina (Walsingham)

FIGURE 30

Gelechia cinereocervina Walsingham, 1891, p. 519.

The following original description is provided since

the specimen from which it was derived, located in the

British Museum (Natural History) and the only one

known, is without abdomen and the wings on the left

side. In the original description two specimens are mentioned; however, the second specimen has yet to be

located.

Antennae pale greyish fawn.

Palpi with projecting scales above towards the apex of the

second joint, apical joint about equal in length to the second,

slender and slightly recurved; pale greyish fawn, darkened

externally on the second joint.

Head pale greyish fawn; face paler.

Thorax pale greyish fawn.

Fore wings with 12 veins; 7 and 8 from a point, running to

the costa; dull greyish fawn, with a small fuscous spot on the

middle, followed by another at the end of the cell, slightly

preceded by one below it on the fold; an elongate narrow
NUMBER 4 11

fuscous shade along the costal margin beyond the middle and

four fuscous dots around the apex—two on the costal and

two on the apical margin; cilia dull greyish fawn.

Hind wings with 8 veins: 3 and 4 from a point; 6 and 7

from a point; cell closed; trapezoidal, with a very oblique and

scarcely indented apical margin; grey with grey cilia.

Abdomen and legs grey.

Expl. al. 8 millim.

Hab. West Indies—St. Vincent (windward side, 2 specimens, Smith).

Type, $.

Walsingham (1897) amended the above description

as follows:

The neuration of the fore wings of this species as recorded

(I.e. 519) is erroneous. I find on re-examination of the two

original specimens that they have only eleven veins, not twelve,

and therefore wish to amend my original description as

follows:

Fore wings with 11 veins (7 and 8 coincident), 7+8 approximated to 9, running to the costa.

With this correction Gelechia cinereocervina differs from

Menesta tortriciformella, Clem., in having 6 and 7 of the

hind wings connate instead of stalked, and in not having

biciliate antennae; but for the moment I am unwilling to

separate them generically.

There is a good possibility that this species is not

a stenomid; however, the type is in very poor condition and unless additional material is obtained it may

prove impossible ever to apply correctly the name or

properly place the species. The other species included

in the genus Menesta are North American in distribution, and thus there is possible cause to doubt the generic placement of cinereocervina even if the family

assignment proves accurate.

Literature Cited

Bruner, S. C, L. C. Scaramuzza, and A. R. Otero

1945. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas

economicas de Cuba. Boletin da la Estacion Experimental Agronomico de Santiago, 63:1-246.

Busck, A.

1911. Descriptions of Tineoid Moths (Microlepidoptera)

from South America. Proceedings of the United

States National Museum, 40(1815) :205-230.

1933. Microlepidoptera of Cuba. Entomologica Americana, 13(4):151-202.

Clarke, J. F. Gates

1955. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) Described by Edward Meyrick. Volume 2. London,

England: British Museum.

Darlington, Philip J., Jr.

1957. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of

Animals, xi+675 pages. New York.

Diakonoff, A.

1954. Microlepidoptera of New Guinea. Part IV. 191

pages. Amsterdam.

Duckworth, W. Donald

1964. North American Stenomidae. Proceedings of the

United States National Museum, 116(3495):23-

72.

Felder, C.

1875. Reise der Novara. Atlas. Wien, Austria: Aus der

Kaiserlich-Koniglichen hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Forbes, W. T. M.

1930. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands:

Heterocera. New York Academy of Sciences Survey,

12:4-171.

Kisliuk, Max, Jr., and C. E. Cooley

1933. Fruit-Fly Survey in the West Indies, Brazil, Uruguay, Chili, and Peru. Bureau of Entomology and

Plant Quarantine, Service and Regulatory Announcements no. 116, July—September 1933, pages

197-243.

Matthews, Eric G.

1966. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Survey of the

Scarabaeinae of the Antilles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological

Society, 21:1-134.

Meyrick, E.

1915. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 1:393, 455. Marlborough,

England: Published by the author.

1916. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 1:481. Marlborough,

England: Published by the author.

1925. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3:170. Marlborough,

England: Published by the author.

1930. Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Sammelreise nach

Brasilien, insbesondere in das Amazonasgebiet,

ausgefiihrt von Dr. H. Zerney. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 44:223-268.

Selander, Richard B., and John K. Bouseman

1960. Meloid Beetles (Coleoptera) of the West Indies.

Proceedings of the United States National Museum,

111(3428):197-226.

Walker, F.

1864. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in

the Collection of the British Museum. Volume

XXIX. London, England: British Museum.

Walsingham, Lord (Thomas De Grey)

1891. On the Microlepidoptera of the West Indies. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,

1891:492-549.

1897. Revision of the West-Indian Micro-Lepidoptera,

with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London, 1897:54-183.

1912. Lepidoptera-Heterocera. In Godman and Salvin,

Biologia Centrali-Americana, 42(4) : 1-482.

Wolcott, George N.

1936. Insectae Borinquenses, a Revised Annotated CheckList of the Insects of Puerto Rico. The Journal of

Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 20

(1):1-600 .
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Walcott, George N.—Continued

1948. Insects of Puerto Rico. The Journal of Agriculture

of the University of Puerto Rico, 32(3) :417-975.

Zeller, P. C.

1839. Versuch einer naturgemassen Eintheilung der

Schaben: Tinea, his von Oken, 3:167-220.

1854. Die Deprcssarien und einige ihnen nahc stochen

Gattungen. Linnaea Entomologica, 9:167-220.

1855. Nachtrag zu den im 9. Bande der Linnaea Ent.

beschriebcnen arten des genus Cryptolechia. Linnaea Entomologica, 10:145-168.
NUMBER 4 13

FIGURES 1-5.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 1, Antaeotricha suffumigata (Walsingham)

(aedeagus removed) ; 2, A. suffumigata Meyrick, lateral view of aedeagus; 3, A. pseudochyta

Meyrick (aedeagus removed); 4, A. pseudochyta, lateral view of aedeagus; 5, A. vacata (aedeagus

in situ).
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 6—13.—Ventral view of male genitalia (aedeagus removed): 66, Stenoma comma Busck;

8, Mothonica cubana, new species; 10, M. ocellea Forbes; 12, S. byssina (Zeller). Aedeagus:

7, 5. comma Busck; 9, M. cubana, new species; 11, M. ocellea Forbes; 13, S. byssina (Zeller).
NUMBER 4 15

FIGURES 14-15.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 14, Antaeotricha suffumigata

(Walsingham); 15, A. pseudochyta Meyrick.
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 16-17.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 16, Stenoma comma Busck; 17,

Chlamydastis dominicae, new species.
NUMBER 4 17

19

FIGURES 18-19.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 18, Mothonica ocellea Forbes;

19, M. cub ana, new species.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 20.—Ventral view of female genitalia: Stenoma byssina (Zeller).
NUMBER 4 19

FIGURES 21-28.—Left wings: 21, Antaeotricha suffumigata (Walsingham); 22, A. pseudochyta

Meyrick; 23, A. vacata Meyrick; 24, Chlamydastis dominicae, new species; 25, Mothonica ocellea

Forbes; 26, M. cubana, new species, 27, Stenoma comma Busck; 28, S. byssina (Zeller).
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

70°

FIGURE 29.—Distribution of species.
NUMBER 4

18°

15°

12°

63e 60°

18°

BARBUDA ,

Si CHRISTOPHER

^

/"SANTIGUA

GUADELOUPE

.» ©MARIE GALANT

. DOMINICA

15°

LEGEND

O C.dominicae n.sp.

• A. sufFumigata (Wlsm.)

•*• A. pseudochyta Meyr.

• A. vacota Meyr.

O M.cinereocervina(Wlsm.)

0

MARTINIQUE

n

SJ. LUCIA

rSi VINCENT

BARBADOS

O

0

)GRENADA

TOBAGO

12°

VENEZU E L A

60°

FIGURE 30.—Distribution of species.

21

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