NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

OCTOBER 1985 

THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL AND 

GREEN TURTLE ON NECKER ISLAND, 1983 

Robert J. Morrow 

Elizabeth K. Buelna 

- NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-55 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southwest Fisheries Center - 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), organized in 

1970, has evolved into an agency which establishes national policies and 

manages and conserves our oceanic, coastal, and atmospheric resources. An 

organizational element within NOAA, the Office of Fisheries is responsible for 

fisheries policy and the direction of the National Marine Fisheries Service 

(NMFS). 

In addition to its formal publications, the NMFS uses the NOAA Technical 

Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when 

complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. 

Documents within this series, however, reflect sound professional work and may 

be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. 
NOAA Tecbnical Memorandum NYFS 

OCTOBER 1985 

THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL AND 

GREEN TURTLE ON NECKER ISLAND, 1983 

Robert J. Morrow 

Elizabeth K. Buelna 

Southwest Fisheries Center 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 

Honolulu, Hawaii 968 12 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-S WFC-55 

. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Malcolm Baldrige. Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Anthony J. Calio. Administrator 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

William 6. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL AND GREEN TUFCCLE 

ON NEKER ISLAND, 1983 

Robert J. Morrow and Elizabeth K. Buelna 

Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NQAA 

Honolulu, Hawaii 96812 

October 1985 
Between 24 July and 6 August 1983, a two-person National Marine 

Fisheries Service field camp examined the Hawaiian monk seal, 

-, and green turtle, -a, populations of Necker 

Island. 

identification were made, and 21 animals were bleach marked. 

at Necker, only one weaned during the study period and was tagged. 

pregnant female was found dead and a necropsy was performed. 

and swinnning (11) sightings. 

three of these were f lipper-tagged. 

Forty-three seals were identified, photographic records for seal 

Of three pups 

A 

Eighty-eight turtle observations included feeding (59) , basking (18) , 

Four turtles were individually identified; 
Although ongoing research at sane locations within the Northwestern 

Hmaiian Islands (NWHI) is providing a sound data base for management 

decisions concerning the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus 

schauinslandi, and threatened green turtle, _Chelonra m, there is a 

paucity of information concerning both species at Necker Island. Clapp and 

Kridler (1977) provide a natural history summary for Necker Island, and 

Balazs1 examines sane ecological aspects of green turtles on Necker Island. 

Information is limited for Necker Island seals and green turtles due 

to accessibility in part. This precipitious rocky island of 16.6 ha (41 

acres) affords safe landings only ty small boat and under limited conditions. Furthermore, few usable camp sites exist because of archaeologically sensitive areas and the dramatic topography, which creates logistical 

problems for field camps. 

Necker Island provides one of the few places within the b"I where 

A limited, but consistent, pup production over the last few 

significant n&rs of monk seals aggregate and reproduce on a rocky 

substrate. 

years suggests that the Necker population is not merely a transient 

aggregation that utilizes the adjacent waters as feeding grounds. 

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) personnel were present on 

Necker Island on two occasions in 1983. 

20 April 1983 allowed time to conduct a partial island seal census. Thirty 

seals and one dead pup with black pelage were counted.2 A necropsy was not 

conducted on the pup due to its close proximity to other seals. Fran 24 

July through 6 August 1983, a two-person NMFS field camp was established at 

Necker Island to study the monk seal and green turtle populations. This 

report describes the findings of this latter study. 

A brief stop on the afternoon of 

Census data were collected every other day, whereas animal marking, 

photographic identification, and tagging were conducted on noncensus days. 

Seals and turtles were ensused with respect to specific geographic areas 

of the island (Fig. 1). 

Necker Island were also recorded. 

Sightings in the adjacent waters surrounding 

A 3- to 4-h seal census was conducted every other day near midday when 

a maximum nurnber of individuals were hauled out. 

into two segmeDts, Sectors 01 through 05 and Sectors 06 through 10, and 

The island was divided 

lgalazs, Go H. 1977. 

2Feiterson, G. A,, Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory, 

Ecological aspects of green turtles at Necker 

Island. 

Kaneohe, HI 96744. 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96812, pers. commun. 

1984. 

Unpubl. Rep., 27 p. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol., Univ. Hawaii, 

- 
landing Cove - 

Q 

Necker Island 

10 

0 500 IO00 feet I 

Figure l.--Census sectors and seal haul-out areas on Necker Island. 

each researcher sampled half each census. 

exchanged every census. 

included sector, size class (see Stone 1984), sex, beach position, percent 

molt, and association with other seals or with objects capable of 

entanglement. 

applied bleach marks (Stone 1984) . Identification characteristics were 

photographed and an identification file of drawings and photographs was 

campiled. 

cattle ear tags (Wmple tags); length and girth measurements were taken at 

time of tagging. Skulls from dead seals were collected, and a necropsy was 

performed in the event of recent death. Tissues were preserved in 10% 

Formalin. 

Sector assignments were 

mta were recorded on forms and for each seal 

Individual seals were identified by scars and natural markings, or by 

A weaned pup was tagged on both hind flippers with red plastic 

Scats were collected whenever possible. 

Turtles 

I Tbrtle research included censusing, observing feeding animals within 

Shark Bay, tagging, marking, and measuring animals. 

conducted during seal censuses, whereas feeding observations were done 

opportunistically. 

subsequent measuring and tagging of jwenile animals from the rocky beach 

of Sectors 04 and 05 as reported by Balas (footnote 1). 

Individual turtles were marked tanporarily on the carapace with 

acrylic paint, or permanently on the foreflipper(s) with size 681 Inoonel 

625 alloy tags. 

Censusing turtles was 

Heavy surf conditions prevented the netting and 

3Weference to trade names does not inply endorsement by the National 

Marine Fisheries Service, N(3AA. 
3 

Atotal of 43 seals were identified: 19 male and 11 female adults: 

3 male, 3 female, and 1 unknown subadults; 2 male and 1 female juveniles, 

1 female and 1 unknown nursing pups; and 1 male weaned pup (Table 1). 

Table 1.-Number of identified seals within size classes by sex, Necker 

Island, 1983. Animals are listed by identification number with bleach 

numbers underlined. (!+-=*e, -female, ?=sex unknown.) ~ ~ ~~ 

Weaned Nursing 

PUP 

- - Adult Subadult Juvenile -- PUP - - -- 

M F M F ? M F M FMF? 

201 

203 

205 

29h 

207/2 2 5 

209. 

2JL! 

211 

213 

a 

224 

226 

227 

233 

251 

252 

253 

Total: 

19 

' 200 204 W 238 219 234 228 02P 01P 

a.5 212 220 223. 

218 

229 

230 

236 

201F 

03F 

06F 

' 217 231 05F 

302~ 

11 3 3 '1 21 1 11 

'Molting animals. 

2Mult female with pup (01~) of unknown sex. 

3~1t fd+ with female pup 102~). 

Census data were collected on 6 separate days. high o 32 animals 

was recorded on 1 August. A law of 24 animals was recorded on 28 July and 

5 August. 

(Table 2)+- 

The mean number of seals censused for Necker Island was 28 
4 

Table 2.--sUmrrrary of seal censuses, Necker Island, 1983. 

(Mae, F=female, ?=sex unknown) . 

Weaned Nursinq 

Adult Subadult Juvenile PUP Pup NonDate - - ---- -__I- - pup Fup Grand 

1983 M F ? M F ? M F ? M F ? M F ? total total total 

4/20 5013 007 004 000 000 29 0 '30 

7/30 136 3 121 001 000 002 27 2 29 

8/01 l38 3 001 400 100 002 29 3 32 

8/03 127 0 210 210 100 011 25 3 28 

8/05 75 3 321 100 100 002 21 3 24 

7/28 89 1001 201 100 001 22 2 24 

"Ibtal includes a seal which could not be placed in any age-sex class. 

Preferred haul-out locations were Sectors 02, 04, 05, and 08. Sectors 

04, 05, and 08 are large, rocky benches which afford protected locations 

surrounding Shark Bay. Sector 02, a bench area within the landing cove 

also affords limited protection from wave action. At the border of Sectors 

05 and 06, there is a -1 cave with a cobbled substrate that accx>mn;lodates 

animals during lower tides. No animals were seen hauled out in Sectors 01, 

03, or 10, but it was impossible to view portions of these sectors from 

land; haul out in these sectors is unlikely as they are mainly vertical 

cliff face. 

Sightings of knm animals in different sectors throughout the study 

suggest that sane seals show little site specificity. 

Sectors 02 and 08 were utilized predominantly by adult males. 

Tidal changes had minimal effect on haul-out patterns. Wave 

conditions did, however, influence acoessibility to haul-out areas. A 

strong northeast swell eliminates Sectors 08 and 06 as usable haul-out 

sites. South swells would influence Sectors 04 and 05 similarly. 

A total of three pups were present-two nursing and one weaned. m0 

mother and pup pairs were present in Sector 05. 

the other's sex was undetermined. 

to be 4 July for the unsexed larger pup and 9 July for the female pup. 

Both pups appeared healthy and were nursing regularly. The weaned pup, a 

male, was seen in Sector 08, and was tagged A01 and AO2. 

healthy and based on a slight eruption of the teeth, had been weaned less 

than 10 days. -A recent survey of Necker Island in June 1982 reported three 

nursing pups in Sector 05 and one nursing pup in Sector 08 (Conant 1985) . Monk seals often exhibit evidence of major injuries ,resulting frm 

shark attacks and adult male seal aggression. Of the 15 known females, 4 

adult animals were seen with old scars or healing dorsal wounds which were 

characteristic of those caused by adult male aggression. Wo subadult 

femdles also had major dorsal wounds (Table 3). No male-female aggression 

was seen which resulted in fresh wounds. Limited haul-out area often 

me nursing pup was fenale; 

Approximate dates of birth were estimated 

The pup appeared 
5 

Table 3.---Monk seals with dorsal scars and recent dorsal wounds. 

(M=male, Pfgnale, ?=sex unknown, kadult, S=subadult). 

Temporary Permanent 

bleach identification Fresh 

No. No. pge-SeX wounds Scars 

02F AI? X 

03F AF X 

0 5F SF X X 

0 6F AJ? X 

229 AI? X 

238 s? X 

forced animals into sex- and size-class associations of closer proximity 

than c~~nonly seen on other MI beaches. 

Ch 28 July 1983, an unidentified pregnant female was found dead in 

Sector 08. 

shallow dorsal. wounds. A neropsy was performed on 29 July (Appendix A). 

'Ihe cause of death was not apprent, although it may have been related to 

pregnancy or the back injury. 

pup were collected, as was the skull frcin the pup initially observed dead 

on 20 April. 

The anhl had been dead no longer than 40 h and had a few 

me skull of the pregnant female and unborn 

Four scat samples were collected for examination at the laboratory. 

mrtles 

during the study and one was temporarily identified with carapace paint 

(Table 4) . No tags frm earlier studies at Necker Island or elsewhere in 

the Hawaiian Archipelago were seen. 

Four turtles were individually identified. Three of these were tagged 

Table 4.--Green turtles tagged, marked, and resighted, Necker 

Island, 1983. (Mde, -female, *adult, Im=imnture) . 

Straight carapace 

Tag Date measurements (can) --I Age tagged Right eft Sex class 1983 Sector Length Width 

7428 7427 M Im 07/26 04 76.5 60.5 

7430 7429 F Im 08/01 05 77.7 60.5 

7431 7432 M A 08/05 05 

(Painted) F A 08/02 05 83.1 
6 

A total of 88 turtle sightings were recorded for the 14-day period 

(Table 5) 

of Shark Bay or within the landing cove (Fig. 2). 

(67.0%) were animals actively feeding. 

and 06 are important feeding areas containing five principal kinds of 

attempt was made to sample algae frm the mouths of turtles. 

All of the sightings were concentrated in the western portion 

Of the 88 sightings, 59 

Nearshore areas of Sectors 04, 05, 

Due to the proximity of monk seals, no 

benthic algae including Gaukzgs, -, Laurencia I Turbinaria I and 

(see footnote 1) 

Table 5.--Turtle sightings, Necker Island, 24 July-6 August 1983 (n = 88) 

~ 

Date we and sex 

1983 Sector Time (if determined) Activity wnts 

7/24 05 

7/26 04 

7/28 06 

05 

06 

7/29 

7/30 

06 

06 

06 

06 

06 

05- 

02 

06 

Center of 

%a_rk Bay 

1000 

0930 

1314 

1330 

1530 

1600 

1330 

143 0 

1630 

1700 

Adult 

Adult 

? 

Immature 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult female 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult female 

Adult 

Adult female 

Immature 

Adult 

Basking 

Basking 

Basking 

Basking 

Basking 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Basking 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Swimming 

Swiming 

Swimming 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Swimming 

Tag No. 7427, 7428 
7 

Table 5 .--Continued. 

Date Age and sex 

1983 Sector Tim (if determined) Activity Comments 

7/3 1 02 153 0 

05 1530 

8/1 02 1800 

04 1800 

06 1330 

1700 

05 

8/2 02 093 0 

05 1130 

05 1200 

06 1400 

1700 

06, Center of 

Shark Bay 

8/3 

Center of 1700 

Shark Bay 

05 1730 

02 0645 

05- 

02 1330 

06 

06, Center of 1730 

Shark Bay 

8/4 06, Center of 1230 

Shgrk Bay 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult female 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult female 

Adult 

Adult 

Immature 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult 

Swimming 

Basking 

Basking 

Swimming 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Basking 

Swimming 

Basking 

Basking 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Swimming 

Swimming 

Basking 

Swimming 

Basking 

Swimming 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Swiming 

Swimming 

Tag No. 7429, 7430 

Painted animal 

Tag No. 7429 

I 

Painted animal I 

Entered water 
8 

Table 5.--Continued. 

mte Age and sex 

1983 Sector Time (if determined) Activity Comments 

8/4 

05 1915 

8/5 05 1500 

04 

06, Center of 1700 

06 1700 

Shark Bay 

05 2200 

8/6 05 093 0 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult female 

Fdult 

Adult female 

Adult male 

Mult 

Adult 

Adult 

Adult female 

Adult male 

Adult female 

Adult male 

Immature 

Inxnature 

Adult female 

Adult 

Adult female 

Swimming 

Swimming 

Feeding Painted animal 

Feeding Fed 45 mh 

Basking Painted animal 

Basking Tag No. 7431, 7432 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Swimming 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Basking 

Basking 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Feeding 

Basking Painted animal 

Forty-three of the 59 feeding sightings (72.8%) were recorded in 

Sector 06. 

heavily grazed under cdlm to moderate surf conditions, 

provided grazing sites during larger surf, and feeding animals were 

observed there throughout the day. 

!this area consisted of an algae-rich nearshore bench which was 

Deeper shelves 

Only 15% of the feeding animals observed were imnature ((80 cm 

straight carapace length) . As has been suggested by E3alazs (1976) , 

dispersal of hatchlings fran French Frigate Shoals results in aggregations 

of inmature turtles at coastal feeding pastures throughout the archipelago. 

The nearshore area around Necker Island is a foraging habitat utilized 

primarily by adults. 

data reflect several biases. Primarily, a majority of the turtle sightings 

coincided with seal observations, which were carried out in the afternoons. 

Secondly, feeding activity was difficult to observe fran the observation 

points on Necker Island if the sun was at an acute angle. 

the 2-week period, heavy surf conditions persisted which prevented most 

feeding activity in the easily observable shallow nearshore waters of 

Sectors 04 and 05. 

areas occurred primarily at sunrise and sunset in conjunction with lower 

tides, anGJ983 observations were not made between 0000 and 0530. 

Although all of the feeding sightings range from 0930 to 1915, these 

Finally, during 

Balms (footnote 1) reported that feeding within these I 
9 

p , toport 

NECKCR ISLAND 

I 

I64O42'W 

Active feeding 

A Nonfeeding 

+ Basking 

Figure 2.--Distribution of turtle sightings on Necker Island, 

24 July-6 August1983: total sightings = 88. 

Ihe rocky ledge of Sector 05 was the only location on Necker Island 

where adult turtles basked. Although Sector 08 affords apprently suitable 

substrate for such behmior, at no time during this study was basking 

observed there. Wo inmature aninals were seen on 26 July partially hauled 

out on large boulders within Sector 04. 

turtles, although rare, has been observed at areas of Pearl and Hems Reef 

as well (Morrawk). 

Similar basking by imnature 

The greatest number of animals observed using the rocky ledge of 

Sector 05 at any given time was three on 24 July. 

and Clapp and Rridler (1977) report maxim basking numbers of five. 

also utilize the bench area, primarily as access to the interior rocky 

hauling and pupping area of Sector 05. 

interactions, primarily between adult males took place on the bench or in 

adjacent waters. 

interactions and would return to the water. 

Both Balazs (footnote 1) 

Seals 

On nunerous occasions, seal 

Basking turtles were repeatedly disturbed by these 

4brrow, R. J. 1984. Results of 1983 turtle research at Pearl and 

Hems Re&. Manuscr. in prep. Southwest Fish. Cent. Honolulu Lab., 

Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96812. 
10 

Basking sightings ranged fran 0645 to 2200. All but two of the 

basking sightings occurred during daylight hours. 

made between 0000 and 0530. 

4 were of imture turtles. 

Cbservations were not 

Of the 18 sightings of basking animals, only 

It is difficult to estimate total nunbers of animals present at a 

particular location. 

probably occur within the 1,683 km2 Necker bank, and the relationship 

between nwnber of sightings and number of turtles present is unknown. 

Balms (footnote 1) estimated that at least 50 individuals (20 adults, 30 

jweniles) were using the nearshore waters of Necker. 

adult animals totaled 73 while only 14, 16% of the total sightings, were 

ixrtnature animals. For any given 24-h period the maxim nmber of turtle 

sightings was 14 on 2 August. 

Spatial and temporal shifts in nunbers of turtles 

(Xlr sightings of 

No turtles were observed with fresh wounds and no animals were seen 

encountering the large tiger shark, Gzik~~~rdla n, which were actively 

feeding on the female seal carcass that had been placed in Shark Bay 

following the necropsy. 

neoplastic grawths on her head above the eyes, on the neck, and on the 

front flippers was seen on two occasions. 

Alarge adult female turtle with nunerous 

LI- CITED 

Bala~s, Go H. 

1976. Green turtle migrations in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Biol. 

Conserv. 9:125-140. 

Qapp, R. BOf and E. Kridler. 

1977. The natural history of Necker Island, Northwestern Hawaiian 

Islands. Atoll ks. Bull. 206:1-102. 

Conant, s. 

1985. Obseervations of Hawaiian monk seals on Necker Island, 

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 'Elepaio 46:ll-12. 

Stone, S. 

1984. Hawaiian monk seal population research, Lisianski Island, 1982. 

U.S. Lkp. Cammer., NOM Tech. Memo. NMFS, NOlU+WNMFS-sWFc-47, 33 p. 
11 

APPENDIX A I 

IQ1-: Necker Island, 1983 Monachusschauinslandi 

ma W: 29 July 1983 size_class: Adult 

J.R. Unmarked/untagged Sex: Female 

a: Necker Island, 

1200-1500 

Sector 08 

-.-Lone adult female found floating on her back in a tidal 

pool midbench, 28 July 1983 approximately 1430. 

abdominal swelling was quite pronounced, a result of tissue deterioration 

and accumulation of gases within the body cavity. Animal last seen alive 

26 July 1983, 1530, in the same pool accampanied by an unidentified adult 

seal. 

Pelage was slipping and 

&&a.-Pregnant. 

af fin&inas.--Three dorsal wounds, shallow, into blubber only. 

other external. wounds. No blood in 

heart. Heart had moderate fat content (internal and external). No obvious 

henorrhaging in body cavity. All internal organs appeared intact (but 

deccgnposing rapidly). Stanach and mall intestine were empty: light 

parasite load. Large intestine fecal sample saved for analysis. Ovaries 

not found. 

No 

Eso@mgus and trachea contained blood. 

Fetus: Skull disarticulated. Internal organs all present and intact. 

No obvious abdominal hanorrhage. Blood in mouth, trachea, and lungs 

(frothy) . Placenta ruptured. Fetus partially in vagina. 

&!shew collected.-Stanach parasites 

Large intestine (rectum) fecal sample 

Skull--Adult feinale and fetus 

Note: Internal organ tissues too decomposed for analysis. fiSSUeS 

sectioned for parasites--none found. 

Fetus: Adultfemale: 

Standard m: 

m: 

89.5 an Standard-: 2.15 m 

61.0 an &Uay a: Not determined 

Left foreflipper: 39.0 an 

JWBxlenath- - _edae): JuE&Xxlencrth.(anterlor s&&: 

Heigh?s 9 kg (estimated) Blubber- ll&emmk: 3.5 Cm 

Left foreflipper: 14.0 an 

Left hind flipper: 20.5 an Left hind flipper: 36.0 an 

Sex: female 
. RECENT TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS 

Copies of this and other NOAA Technical Memorandums are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22167. Paper copies vary in 

price. Microfiche copies cost $3.50. Recent issues of NOAA Technical memorandums from the 

NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center are listed below: 

NOAA TM-NMFS SWFC 45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

+ 

54 

Sampling commercial rockfish landings in California. 

A.R. SEN 

(July 1984) 

Histopathological manual for monitoring health of striped 

bass in relation to pollutant burdens. 

J.A. WHIPPLE, M. JUNG, R.B. MacFARLANE and R. FISCHER 

(August 1984) 

Hawaiian monk seal population research, Lisianski Island, 

1982. 

H.S. STONE 

(August 1984) 

Interpreting spotted dolphin age distributions. 

J. BARLOW and A.A. HOHN 

(August 1984) 

Observations of the Hawaiian Monk Seal on Laysan Island 

from 1977 through 1980. 

B.W. JOHNSON and P.A. JOHNSON 

(October 1984) 

Hawaiian Monk Seal observations on French Frigate Shoals, 

1980. 

P.A. JOHNSON and B.W. JOHNSON 

(October 1984) 

Estimating dolphin juvenile survival rates from the proportion 

of calves nursing. 

T. POLACHECK 

(October 1984) 

Operational plan for NMFS albacore program. 

R.H. PARRISH. et al. 

(May 1985) 

Albacore fishing and windspeed. 

P.N. SUND 

(June 1985) 

Proceedings of the workshop on the fate and impact 

of marine debris, 27-29, November 1985, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

R.S. SHOMURA and H.O. YOSHIDA (Editors) 

(August 1985)