19-2698

Baker v. Spinner, et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A 

COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 30th day of September, two thousand and twenty.

Present:

ROBERT D. SACK,

ROBERT A. KATZMANN,

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

Circuit Judges.

______________________

SCOTT BAKER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 19-2698

CHAD SPINNER, RYAN YADDOW,

Defendants-Appellees,

FRANKLIN COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF 

PROBATION, COUNTY OF FRANKLIN,

DOE #1, DOE #2,
2

Defendants. 1

______________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant: NOREEN MCCARTHY, Law Offices of Noreen

McCarthy Attorney, Keene Valley, NY.

For Defendants-Appellees: LORAINE C. JELINEK, Johnson & Laws LLC, Clifton 

Park, NY.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York 

(Sannes, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff Scott Baker appeals the district court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 

action against Probation Officers Chad Spinner and Ryan Yaddow (collectively, 

“Defendants”).2 Baker alleged that Defendants violated his constitutional rights and 

rights under New York law because they made false representations to the Franklin 

County Court in connection with Baker’s probation revocation proceedings. The district 

court granted Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(c) on absolute immunity grounds and for failure to state a claim. 

Upon de novo review, see Kirkendall v. Halliburton, Inc., 707 F.3d 173, 178 (2d Cir. 2013), we 

1 The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.

2 Although Baker named the Franklin County Department of Probation and the County of 

Franklin (“County Defendants”) as Defendants-Appellees, we treat only Spinner and Yaddow as 

the Defendants-Appellees because Baker did not advance any arguments relevant to the County 

Defendants.
3

affirm the district court’s judgment. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

underlying facts, procedural history, and the issues for review, to which we refer only as 

necessary to explain our decision.

I. Spinner’s Statements at the In-Chambers Conference

Baker was scheduled to appear before Franklin County Court Judge Robert G. 

Main, Jr. for a fact-finding hearing on allegations that Baker violated the terms of his 

probationary sentence. Before the hearing, Judge Main held an off-the-record inchambers conference, at which Baker’s then-counsel, the Assistant District Attorney, 

Spinner, and possibly several other court personnel were present. While considering the

concurrent two-and-a-half-year terms the parties proposed for Baker’s violations, Judge 

Main asked for Spinner’s input, and Spinner “indicated to Judge Main that [Baker] was 

involved or thought to be involved in the drug overdose death of Gary Clement” and 

that he thought Baker “was a big time drug dealer in the Tupper Lake community.” See

Decision & Order at 3–4, Baker v. Spinner, No. 8:18-cv-00950 (N.D.N.Y. July 30, 2019), ECF 

1-1 at 3–4. After the conference, Baker admitted to violating certain terms of his 

probation, alleviating the need for a hearing. Judge Main sentenced Baker to seven and 

one-half years, which Baker alleged in his complaint was due in part to Spinner’s 

statements to Judge Main at the in-chambers conference.

The district court correctly concluded that Spinner is entitled to absolute immunity 

for his statements to Judge Main at the in-chambers conference. “As a general matter, 
4

probation officers are entitled to immunity in the performance of their duties, but the 

type of immunity afforded depends on whether ‘the duties of the defendants were 

judicial or prosecutorial, which entitles them to absolute immunity, or administrative, 

which may entitle them to qualified immunity.’” Dettelis v. Sharbaugh, 919 F.3d 161, 164 

(2d Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). Responding to Judge Main’s request for input at the 

conference was more akin to performing a judicial duty, entitling Spinner to absolute 

immunity.

First, Spinner made these statements under “judicial direction,” Scotto v. Almenas, 

143 F.3d 105, 112 (2d Cir. 1998), as they were in direct response to Judge Main’s request 

for Spinner’s input. Second, there were sufficient procedural safeguards at the

conference. See Sykes v. James, 13 F.3d 515, 521 (2d Cir. 1993) (noting that “all the other 

protections of the judicial process” were present to support granting absolute immunity 

to a parole officer who submitted an affidavit in opposition to a parolee’s state habeas 

petition where “the proceeding was adversarial in nature; it was conducted by a judicial 

officer who rendered the final decision; and it was subject to judicial review”). The 

conference was adversarial in nature as both parties’ counsel were present, Judge Main 

who conducted the conference also decided Baker’s final sentence, and the proceeding 

was subject to judicial review as Baker later succeeded in vacating his sentence based on 

Spinner’s untruthful statements. That Baker did not receive advance notice of Spinner’s

statements does not vitiate those safeguards; Baker’s then-counsel could have objected.
5

Baker’s public policy arguments against granting absolute immunity might carry 

weight if we were expanding the doctrine’s applicability; we are not. Absolute immunity 

remains an exception applicable only in “rare circumstances,” and we leave undisturbed 

the “presumption [] that qualified rather than absolute immunity is sufficient to protect 

government officials in the exercise of their duties.” Scotto, 143 F.3d at 110 (citation 

omitted). Our holding is limited to the narrow set of circumstances in this case, which

entitles Spinner to absolute immunity consistent with our precedents.

II. Spinner and Yaddow’s Second Amended Submissions

Baker contends that Spinner and Yaddow violated his constitutional rights by 

including a false allegation that he possessed methamphetamine in their second amended 

affidavit and statement of violation (“second amended submissions”). The district court 

correctly found that this allegation did not suffice to state a claim under § 1983.3

3 The district court first concluded that Spinner and Yaddow are entitled to absolute immunity 

for their statement in the second amended submissions before finding that, regardless, Baker 

failed to plausibly state a claim. Whether Spinner and Yaddow are entitled to absolute immunity

depends on whether they were performing a judicial or prosecutorial function. It is not enough, 

as the district court reasoned, that Spinner and Yaddow filed the second amended submissions 

after the probation revocation proceedings had been initiated. There is reason to doubt that 

Spinner and Yaddow demonstrated their entitlement to absolute immunity, as it is unclear how 

much discretion they had in filing the second amended submissions and how that conduct is 

“integrally related to the judicial process,” Dorman v. Higgins, 821 F.2d 133, 136 (2d Cir. 1987), or 

a prosecutorial function, see Scotto, 143 F.3d at 113 (“We decline to extend absolute immunity 

more than is strictly necessary to safeguard the independent exercise of the prosecutorial 

function.”). We need not resolve this issue, however, because we agree that Baker failed to state 

a claim for the second amended submissions. 
6

To state a claim under § 1983, “[t]he conduct at issue . . . ‘must have deprived a 

person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the 

United States.’” Cornejo v. Bell, 592 F.3d 121, 127 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Baker 

alleged only that the “false accusatory document [the statement of violation of probation] 

was subsequently relied upon by the County Court to impose a significantly lengthy 

prison term, and Defendants knew that [the] County Court would rely on such document 

and the false accusation therein in its decision to revoke the Plaintiff’s probation and 

impose a lengthy prison sentence.” Complaint at 7, Baker v. Spinner, No. 8:18-cv-00950 

(N.D.N.Y. July 30, 2019). This conclusory statement does not state a claim in the absence 

of facts or allegations to show that the County Court relied on that statement in the second 

amended submissions to revoke Baker’s probation and sentence him to the seven and 

one-half years––especially given that Baker’s sentencing resulted from him admitting to 

certain violations, not including the possession of methamphetamine.

We have considered Baker’s remaining arguments and find them to be without 

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk