NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of 

Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 

operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401

303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

 

 

Produced under direction of the U.S. 

Department of the Interior Office of 

Insular Affairs by the National 

Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 

under Interagency Agreement IAG-10-

1773 and Task No WFF4.4000. 

American Samoa

Initial Technical Assessment Report

Sarah Busche, Misty Conrad, Kip Funk, Alicen Kandt, Peter McNutt

Technical Report 

NREL/TP-7A40-50905

September 2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401

303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of 

Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 

operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308

American Samoa Initial Technical Assessment 

Report 

Sarah Busche, Misty Conrad, Kip Funk, Alicen Kandt, Peter McNutt

Disclaimer: This manuscript has been authored by employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (“Alliance”) under Contract 

No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”). 

Neither Alliance, DOE, the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, 

apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this manuscript, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. 

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does 

not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Alliance, DOE or the United States Government 

or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Alliance, DOE or 

the United States government or any agency thereof.

Cover photos courtesy of: NREL/PIX 19414, 19416, 19417

Technical Report 

NREL/TP-7A40-50905

September 2011
iii

Contacts and Team Members 

Department of the Interior 

 

Tony Babauta

Assistant Secretary

Office of Insular Affairs

U.S. Department of Interior

Washington, DC 20240

Office Phone: (202) 208-6816

Nikolao Pula

Director

Office of Insular Affairs

U.S. Department of Interior

Washington, DC 20240

Office Phone: (202) 208-6816

E-mail: nikolao_pula@ios.doi.gov

Charlene Leizear

Director of Technical Assistance

Office of Insular Affairs

U.S. Department of Interior

Washington, DC 20240

Office Phone: (202) 208-3239

E-mail: charlene_leizear@ios.doi.gov

Angie Williams

U.S. Department of the Interior

Office of Insular Affairs

Washington, DC 20240

Office Phone: (202) 208-3003

E-mail: angela_williams@ios.doi.gov

Lydia Faleofine-Nomura

U.S. Department of the Interior

American Samoa Field Office

doioia@blueskynet.as

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Misty Dawn Conrad

Senior Technical Project Leader

Office Phone: (303) 384-7467

E-mail: misty.conrad@nrel.gov

Sarah Busche

Energy Analyst III

Office Phone: (303) 275-4383

E-mail: sarah.busche@nrel.gov

Kip Funk

Engineer

Office Phone: (303) 275-3213 

E-mail: kip.funk@nrel.gov

Scott Haase

Senior Engineer

Office Phone: (303) 275-3057

E-mail: scott.haase@nrel.gov

Peter McNutt

Senior Engineer

Office Phone: (303) 384-6767

E-mail: peter.mcnutt@nrel.gov

Alicen Kandt

Senior Engineer

Office Phone: (303) 384-7518

E-mail: alicen.kandt@nrel.gov
Acknowledgments 

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) thanks the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Office 

of Insular Affairs for its interest in securing NREL’s technical expertise. In particular, NREL and the 

entire assessment team are grateful to the facility managers, directors, engineers, and operators for their 

generous assistance and cooperation during site visits and countless teleconferences with American 

Samoa. 

Office of the Governor: Toetasi Tuiteleapaga 

American Samoa Community College: Dr. Seth Galeai, ASCC President; Kenape Aumavae, and 

Sal Poloai 

American Samoa Power Authority: Chief Executive Officer Andra Samoa, Reno Vivao, Ted Le’iato, 

Joachim Fong, and Siva Kumar 

American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency: Fanuatele Dr. To'afa Vaiaga'e, Faamao Asalele, 

Phil Wiles, and Tim Bodell 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9: Carl Goldstein and Michael Wolfram 

Territorial Energy Office: Mauigoa Reupena Tagaloa, Fala Leasiolagi and John Kirby 

Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service: Brian Peck 

National Park Service: Mike Reynolds 

Chamber of Commerce: Joey Cummings 

American Samoa Historic Preservation Office: David Herdich 

Island Energy & Marine: Jeff Shively 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Matthew Hartle, Dan Olis, and Charles Newcomb 

iv 
v 

Abstract

On March 1, 2010, Assistant Secretary of the Interior Tony Babauta invited governors and their staff 

from the Interior Insular Areas to meet with senior principals at the National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory (NREL). Meeting discussions focused on ways to improve energy efficiency and increase 

the deployment of renewable energy technologies in the U.S. Pacific Territories. In attendance were 

Governors Felix Camacho (Guam), Benigno Fitial (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), 

and Togiola Tulafono, (American Samoa). This meeting brought together major stakeholders to learn 

and understand the importance of developing a comprehensive strategic plan for implementing energy 

efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies. 

For several decades, dependence on fossil fuels and the burden of high oil prices have been a major 

concern but never more at the forefront as today. With unstable oil prices, the volatility of fuel supply 

and the economic instability in American Samoa, energy issues are a high priority. In short, energy 

security is critical to American Samoa’s future economic development and sustainability. 

Under an interagency agreement, funded by the Department of Interior’s Office of Insular Affairs, 

NREL was tasked to deliver technical assistance to the islands of American Samoa. Technical assistance 

included conducting an initial technical assessment to define energy consumption and production data, 

establish an energy consumption baseline, and assist with the development of a strategic plan. The 

assessment and strategic plan will be used to assist with the transition to a cleaner energy economy. 

NREL provided an interdisciplinary team to cover each relevant technical area for the initial energy 

assessments. Experts in the following disciplines traveled to American Samoa for on-island site 

assessments: 

• Energy Efficiency and Building Technologies 

• Integrated Wind-Diesel Generation

• Transmission and Distribution 

• Solar Technologies 

• Biomass and Waste-to-Energy. 

In addition to these core disciplines, team capabilities also included expertise in program analysis, 

project financing, energy policy and energy planning. 

The intent of the technical assessment was to provide American Samoa with a baseline energy 

assessment. From the baseline, various scenarios and approaches for deploying cost effective energy 

efficiency and renewable energy technologies could be created to meet American Samoa’s objectives. 

The information provided in this energy assessment will be used as input in the development of a draft 

strategic plan and the development of scenarios and strategies for deploying cost-effective energy 

efficiency and renewable products. 
vi 

Executive Summary

This report provides findings of an initial energy assessment for American Samoa; the first of several

steps in developing a comprehensive energy strategy. This document is one deliverable in the scope of 

work for American Samoa that includes three main objectives:

1. Establish an energy task force to address energy issues, identify barriers and opportunities, 

and establish priorities. 

2. Gather available data and publish an initial island assessment report to establish an energy 

baseline and identify energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities. 

3. Develop a draft energy strategic plan that will provide American Samoa various scenarios 

and approaches of cost-effective energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies that 

will meet American Samoa’s objectives.

This report meets the second objective of establishing a baseline and identifying opportunities to reduce 

energy costs and fossil fuel dependence. A baseline is created by collecting various data points to 

establish a reference against which future progress can be measured. The baseline facilitates comparison 

across sectors through trend identification and provides a tool for goal setting and measuring success of 

those goals. 

The information compiled in this assessment will be used as input in the development of a draft strategic 

plan to meet the third project objective. This report provides a summary of the data collected pertaining 

to energy production, consumption, and efficiencies. The report discusses energy efficiency and

renewable energy technology potential and describes current opportunities and potential barriers, both 

technical and policy-related. This report does not assess transportation or the water sectors with regards 

to energy use; however they are called out as next steps. 

The opportunities highlighted in this report can be used to help formulate an energy plan. The results 

are summarized below, and discussed in detail throughout the remainder of the report. 

General

• Develop an outreach strategy 

• Provide educational materials to the public 

• Set priorities and develop specific goals to reduce fossil fuel consumption 

• Develop a strategic energy plan

• Review energy policies, programs, and regulations 

• Conduct a transportation evaluation 

• Analyze water sectors as it pertains to energy use. 

Energy Efficiency

• Provide training courses and materials for both architects and construction crews 

• Create guidebooks and self-assessment checklists

• Evaluate and consider alternative cooling methods 

• Perform energy and water audits and utilize the results to enhance the whole building 

environment. 
vii 

Renewable Energy

• Complete wind anemometry studies and analyze results 

• Conduct detailed feasibility and economic assessments 

• Identify available land area for renewable energy development 

• Increase solar water heating implementation

• Consider potential of waste-to-energy. 

Table 1 highlights current energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities with estimated impact 

potential that a specialized team of experts at NREL have identified for the next step forward. 

Table 1. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Options with Potential Impact

Opportunity Description Impact Potential

Create a strategic plan to investigate and implement energy efficiency 

and renewable energy where technically appropriate and feasible

High

Increase energy efficiency standards in building codes High

Further investigate and address the water system losses and efficiency 

options

High

Conduct transportation evaluation High

Evaluate and consider alternative cooling, such as cool-roof Medium – High

Assess the potential for solar hot water heating in different sectors Medium – High

Complete anemometer study: currently in process Medium – High

Increase energy awareness through island campaigns Medium – High

Set an energy efficiency standard for island appliances and air 

conditioning equipment

Medium
viii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A&E Architecture and Engineering 

ASPA American Samoa Power Authority

Btu British thermal unit 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

DOI U.S. Department of the Interior 

EERS Energy Efficiency Resource Standard

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

FEMA Federal Energy Management Program 

FY Fiscal Year

HECO Hawaiian Electric Company

Hz hertz

IECC International Energy Conservation Code

kV kilovolt 

kVAR kilovolt-amperes reactive

kWhr kilowatt hour 

lb. pound 

m meter

MECO Maui Electric Company 

mi2

 mile squared

MRF material recovery facility 

MSW municipal solid waste 

MVA megavolt ampere 

MW megawatt

NPS National Park Service

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

OIA Office of Insular Affairs
ix

ppm parts per million

PV photovoltaic 

RDF refuse derived fuel

RFP Request for Proposals 

RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard

SEP State Energy Program

TEO Territorial Energy Office 

TPD tons per day 

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

Wp Watt peak 

WTE waste-to-energy 
x 

Table of Contents

Contacts and Team Members....................................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................iv

Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................vi

Acronyms and Abbreviations..................................................................................................................viii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................x

List of Figures............................................................................................................................................xii

List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................xii

1 Methodology ..........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Approach ..............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Background ..........................................................................................................................2

2 Establishing a Baseline........................................................................................................................7

2.1 Overall Fossil Fuel Energy Use ...........................................................................................7

2.2 Electrical Energy ..................................................................................................................7

2.2.1 Water ...........................................................................................................................8

2.2.2 Electrical Generation ................................................................................................11

2.2.3 American Samoa Power Authority Rebuild .............................................................12

2.2.4 Consumption .............................................................................................................13

2.2.5 Electricity Rate Structure and Costs .........................................................................15

2.2.6 Maximum System Wide Renewable Energy Capacity .............................................16

2.3 Energy Policy .....................................................................................................................16

2.3.1 Electricity Rates Imbalance ......................................................................................16

2.3.2 Communal Land Ownership Structure .....................................................................16

2.3.3 Local Capacity and Knowledge ................................................................................17

2.3.4 Building Codes..........................................................................................................17

2.3.5 Net Metering Policy and Interconnection .................................................................17

2.3.6 Territorial Government Electricity Use ....................................................................18

2.4 Solid Waste ........................................................................................................................18

2.4.1 American Samoa Waste Generation and Composition Analysis ..............................18

2.5 Transportation ....................................................................................................................20

3 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Opportunities...............................................................21

3.1 Energy Efficiency and Conservation .................................................................................21

3.1.1 Building Stock ..........................................................................................................21

3.1.2 Review and Improve Energy Efficiency Standards to Improve Efficiency ..............22

3.1.3 Outreach ....................................................................................................................23

3.1.4 Create an Energy and Water Audit Program ............................................................23

3.1.5 Cool-Roof Technology .............................................................................................24

3.1.6 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Next Steps ......................................................24

3.2 Renewable Energy .............................................................................................................25

3.2.1 Wind ..........................................................................................................................25

3.2.2 Solar ..........................................................................................................................29

3.2.3 Biomass .....................................................................................................................33

4 Workforce Development.....................................................................................................................40

4.1 Workforce Development Next Steps .................................................................................40

5 Policy Development............................................................................................................................41

6 Summary of Recommendations and Conclusions..........................................................................43

6.1 Key Opportunities ..............................................................................................................43

6.2 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................44
xi 

Appendix A: Generation Capacity Tables...............................................................................................45

Appendix B: Waste Sort Data...................................................................................................................46

Appendix C: Solar Radiation Data ...........................................................................................................48

Appendix D: Waste-to-Energy Study Data..............................................................................................49
xii 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. Assessment methodology ...........................................................................................1

Figure 2. American Samoa ........................................................................................................3

Figure 3. Tutuila, the main island of American Samoa .............................................................4

Figure 4. The Satala Power Plant, Tutuila, American Samoa prior to an earthquake and 

tsunami. ......................................................................................................................................5

Figure 5. The Satala Power Plant Plant after an earthquake that resulted in a tsunami 

occurring on September 29, 2009. .............................................................................................6

Figure 6. Map of ASPA feeders ...............................................................................................10

Figure 7. ASPA electric generation vs. fuel consumption data ...............................................12

Figure 8. Typical weekday load profile for Tutuila feeders - Monday December 13, 2010 ...14

Figure 9. Typical weekend load profile for Tutuila feeders - Sunday December 12, 2010 .....14

Figure 10. Electrical consumption by sector ............................................................................15

Figure 11. ASPA electricity rate structure - September 2010 .................................................15

Figure 12. Waste composition developed by SCS engineers ..................................................19

Figure 13. Transit buses in Pago Pago, American Samoa .......................................................20

Figure 14. Cool roof tiles in colors other than white ...............................................................24

Figure 15. Anemometer study details ......................................................................................26

Figure 16. West side sites ........................................................................................................26

Figure 17. East side sites ..........................................................................................................27

Figure 18. A common solar thermal system ............................................................................30

Figure 19. Thin film solar PV shingles ....................................................................................31

Figure 20. PV system schematic .............................................................................................31

List of Tables 

Table 1. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Options with Potential Impact .............. vii

Table 2. American Samoa Employment Status .........................................................................5

Table 3. Basic Power System Information for the Islands of American Samoa ........................8

Table 4. Diesel Fuel Total Heat Content .................................................................................11

Table 5. Building Types ...........................................................................................................22

Table 6. Typical Efficiency of Different Types of PV cells ....................................................30

Table 7. Summary of Waste-to-Energy Potential ....................................................................34

Table 8. Pre-tsunami Generation Capacity (Before September 29, 2009) ..............................45

Table 9. Post-tsunami Generation Capacity, Tier II (Since Approximately December 2009)45

Table 10. Annual Averages Based on Three-Week Data ........................................................46

Table 11. Most Prevalent Materials Identified by Waste Sort .................................................46

Table 12. Heat Rate Analysis for American Samoa ................................................................47

Table 13. Solar Resource in American Samoa ........................................................................48

Table 14. Capital Cost for 82 TPD WTE .................................................................................49

Table 15. Landfill Tipping Fee ................................................................................................49
1 

1 Methodology

The approach and background information used for this assessment are outlined in Sections 1.1 and 1.2. 

1.1 Approach

Establishing the parameters of a study provides focus for the assessment team. Technologies were 

selected that are commercially available, ready for deployment, are a sound investment, and possible to 

finance. 

Each assessment begins with a study of existing information and data to understand site demographics 

and geography. Human and physical geography impact energy consumption and the success of 

implementation of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects; therefore these characteristics are 

fundamental elements on which recommendations made. 

Data collection and review of previous studies allows the assessment team to understand the current 

baseline consumption and what recommendations have been made in the past. Additionally, this 

research provides the team with information on what energy policies, programs, or projects are currently 

in place, as well as an understanding of those that have previously been attempted or implemented. The 

data collection process includes site visits to interview stakeholders and survey the options to include 

within the assessment. information is then analyzed and opportunities are identified. 

Figure 1 illustrates the major components of NREL’s assessment methodology. 

There are many energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies on the market today; only 

'bankable' or mature, commercially available technologies were considered. There are other technologies 

Establish study parameters 

Study demographic and geopolitical climate

Survey previous reports and 

data collections 

Site visit to interview 

stakeholders, collect data, and 

conduct physical survey

Synthesize information and 

identify opportunities

Figure 1. Assessment methodology 

Source: NREL
2 

that American Samoa may decide to investigate in the future, but for the purpose of this assessment, 

technologies have met the following criteria:

• Commercially viable

o Tested and demonstrated

o Carry warranty

o Service and parts available

• Ready for immediate deployment 

• Sound investment 

• Financing available from private sector organizations

There are a number of conventional power generation options available to American Samoa, such as 

diesel and heavy fuel oil, and renewable energy technologies including solar, wind, biomass, and wasteto-energy (WTE). Each of these technologies has its own operational characteristics, initial and 

operational costs, implementation time horizon, and near and long term environmental impacts. Power 

generation choices require a large investment that can impact a community for many years. As such, any 

technology choice should be decided through careful analysis in the context of strategic long-term 

energy planning to ensure that the most appropriate choices are made for current and future generations. 

Potential costs underscore the importance of energy conservation and efficiency as a cost-effective 

method to reduce the investment needed for electricity generation. 

This assessment focuses on commercial clean energy practices and technologies including conservation, 

energy efficiency, wind, solar, biomass, and WTE. NREL did not consider non-commercial renewable 

energy technologies such as ocean thermal energy conversion, off-shore wind, marine hydrokinetic, or 

other conventional power generation technologies such as nuclear, coal, or liquefied natural gas. 

This assessment does not assess or analyze transportation or water sectors as it relates to energy use. 

These sectors are addressed minimally within their own sections and next steps are recommended. 

This report summarizes data collected on energy production, consumption, and efficiencies based on 

information that is currently available. The assessment discusses renewable energy and energy 

efficiency technology potential as well as associated barriers and opportunities. Further investigation is 

needed to quantify the impact of specific technologies, programs, and/or projects. Environmental, 

regulatory, legislative, and financial considerations will need to be addressed during the energy planning 

and project development process. 

1.2 Background

American Samoa is a group of five volcanic islands located in the South Pacific Ocean (roughly 14° N 

and 170° W) approximately half way between Hawaii and New Zealand. American Samoa is an 

unincorporated territory of the United States. The President of the United States has assigned 

administration of American Samoa to the Secretary of the Interior. A map of American Samoa is 

provided in Figure 2. 
3 

Figure 2. American Samoa1

American Samoa has five volcanic islands with limited coastline accessible to ships. There are two coral 

reefs that are part of the territory: Rose Island and Swains Island, which are low, tropical atolls. The 

total land area of American Samoa is 199 kilometers squared (km2), or 76 square miles (mi2), with 116 

km (72 miles) of coast line. Natural hazards include susceptibility to typhoons between December and 

March. American Samoa has a tropical marine climate that is warm and humid with little seasonal 

temperature variation. The typical dry season occurs between May and October, and the rainy season is 

between November and April. 

Tutuila is the major island of American Samoa, accounting for 69% of the 76 mi2 of area (55 square 

miles) and 97% of the total population. The topography of Tutuila is rugged, volcanic terrain. An 

example of this terrain can is provided in Figure 3. 

 

1 http://home.nps.gov. 
4 

Figure 3. Tutuila, the main island of American Samoa

Source: NREL/PIX 19415

Aunu’u Island is located one mile off the southeastern shore of Tutuila and has a land area of 375 acres. 

It is a small volcanic island with a very small population. 

The Manu’a group of islands, Ofu, Olosega, and Ta’u are approximately 70 miles east of Tutuila. They 

are high volcanic remnants located 14 degrees south of the equator. Similar to Tutuila and Aunu'u, the 

Manu'a Islands have a rugged, volcanic terrain. 

American Samoa has a culturally diverse population. Ethnic groups include: Pacific Islander (91.6%), 

Asian (2.8%), Caucasian (1.1%), mixed ethnicities (4.2%), and other ethnic origins (0.3%). In addition 

to English, languages include Samoa (90.6%), Tongan (2.4%), and others, mostly Asian (4.1%). 

American Samoa has a literacy rate of 97%.2 The population of American Samoa is 68,200 with an 

approximate annual growth of 2%.3 Recent US Census reports show a decline in population by 10,000. 

American Samoa's land is 90% communally owned in Polynesian tradition. The economic activities 

arise mostly in trade with the United States and tuna fishing and tuna processing. Canned tuna export 

has primarily been the backbone of the private sector. Two tuna canneries accounted for 80% of 

employment until one cannery closed in September 2009 due to financial restraints. 

The current economy is dominated by local agriculture and one tuna cannery; however a tuna supply 

chain company, the Tri Marine Group, has begun renovations of a previously occupied tuna processing 

plant and is planning new operations in the near future. 

Tourism is beginning to grow, but due to the limited amount of available land and infrequent flights and 

cruise ships, tourism is modest. The government is limited when trying to develop a broader economy 

by the islands' remote location, limited transportation, and reoccurring natural disasters such as 

typhoons. 4

 

2 CIA World Fact Book. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html. 3 OIA. www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/asgpage.htm. 4 CIA World Fact Book: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html. 
5 

The estimated gross domestic product (GDP) is $483.1 million, and the Per capita GDP is estimated at

$7,084. The tuna cannery employs between 27% and 28% of the workforce, with the government 

employing about a third. The employment status in American Samoa is summarized in Table 2.

5

Table 2. American Samoa Employment Status

Total employment (2007) 17,047

Private sector employment 10,995

Government employment 6,520

Private Sector employment as a % of total 64.5%

Government employment as a % of total 35.5%

Unemployment rate (2005) 29.84%

A powerful earthquake resulting in a tsunami hit American Samoa on September 29, 2009 (see before 

and after photos of the Satala Power Plant in Figures 4 and 5). The tsunami devastated American 

Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation. The United States Federal Emergency 

Management Agency (FEMA) currently oversees relief programs totaling more than $100 million. 

Figure 4. The Satala Power Plant, Tutuila, American Samoa prior to an earthquake and tsunami

Source: NREL/PIX 19674

 

5 OIA. www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/asgpage.htm. 
6 

Figure 5. The Satala Power Plant Plant after an earthquake that resulted in a tsunami occurring on 

September 29, 2009

Source: NREL/PIX 19675
7 

2 Establishing a Baseline

Following a review of the natural and cultural influences, site assessments incorporate historical energy 

consumption data to establish the baseline. This section summarizes observations from electrical 

generation, end-use energy consumption and costs, and solid waste management. Additional details are 

provided in the appendices. 

2.1 Overall Fossil Fuel Energy Use

The American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) is the only utility operating in American Samoa. It is an 

entity of the government and serves about 12,000 customers in two districts. ASPA provides electricity, 

domestic water, wastewater, and solid waste services and in 2008 became a fuel supplier. ASPA is 

directed by a five member board, nominated by the governor and confirmed by AS legislature and 

administered by the Chief Executive Officer. 

With the exception of a few small renewable energy projects, American Samoa is currently almost 100% 

dependent on imported fossil fuels for its energy supply needs. The primary areas of fossil fuel 

consumption are: 

• Electricity production 

• Transportation 

• Space cooling 

• Water heating

• Water distribution. 

2.2 Electrical Energy

ASPA serves about 12,000 customers. The ASPA electrical distribution system on Tutuila operates at a 

nominal 13.2 kilovolts (kV). ASPA services two substations, approximately 170 miles of 13.2-kV lines, 

and 1,560 miles of low-voltage lines. There are a few underground feeders on the island, but most are 

overhead due to financial constraints. Because of the relatively small size of the island, there is no 

transmission system per se, but there is a single 34.5-kV tie line between the Tafuna and Satala power 

plants (Figure 6). The tie line is 9.5 miles long with 4/0 gauge copper underground cable in duct. The 

Tafuna plant is located on the western side of the island mainly manages airport and residential loads. 

The Satala plant is located among the more industrial (tuna canneries) and commercial (government 

building) loads along Pago Pago Harbor. A summary of basic power system information for the islands 

of American Samoa can be seen in Table 3. Detailed information related to each generator can be found 

in Appendix A: Generation Capacity Tables. 
8 

Table 3. Basic Power System Information for the Islands of American Samoa

Tutuila Manu'a

Installed Capacity (diesel 

power)

39 MW 1.6 MW

Peak Load 23.1 MW 0.31 MW

Base Load 18 MW 0.22 MW

2015 Peak Load Forecast 

(1 to 2% growth)

26.5 MW 0.32 MW

Current Customers (FY 

2010) 

11732 152 

To reduce line losses and improve reliability, ASPA is currently constructing a new Feeder 10 to serve 

the villages on the west side of the island, west of Leone. Feeder 10 will serve Futiga to Fagamalo on 

the western side of island. Materials arrived on island April 2011 and the project is scheduled to be 

completed by the end of 2011. Since most of the electric loads on this new feeder are residential and 

Feeder 9 is mixed use, the 600 kVAR fixed capacitor bank will be removed from Feeder 9 and moved to 

Feeder 10. ASPA’s line losses are presently just above 8%. 

2.2.1 Water

A significant amount of energy is required to pump and treat potable water, and to collect, pump, and 

treat wastewater. Reducing water consumption and improving the efficiency of water pumping systems 

reduces overall fuel use and energy costs. 

Potable water in American Samoa comes from 53 wells and two reverse osmosis units. Rates for 

residential and commercial customers are tiered from volume usage for residential customers (rates 

shown below, does not include commercial customers). Full rates can be found on ASPA’s website, 

www.aspower.com. 

Base water rates are calculated on a use per thousand gallons basis as shown in the table below6:

 

6 American Samoa Administrative Code, Title 12, Chapter 03. 
9 

Commercial customers are charged a flat base rate of $2.45 per 1,000 gallons plus the pump fuel 

surcharge that varies monthly. For the month of July, commercial customers were charged $3.88 per 

1,000 gallons ($2.45 per 1,000 gallons + $1.43 pump fuel surcharge). 

The total energy use for water and wastewater services in American Samoa was not determined for this 

report, but should be considered as part of the energy planning effort. Water conservation and efficiency 

may significantly reduce costs due to high water rates, and reduce overall energy and fuel consumption. 

ASPA estimates that almost 50% of non-revenue water is unaccounted for. 

Understanding where losses reside and investigating opportunities to improve pumping efficiency 

presents an opportunity to lower energy expenses. 
10 

Figure 6. Map of ASPA feeders7

 

7 ASPA Engineering Services. 
11 

2.2.2 Electrical Generation

ASPA generation inventory is almost 100% diesel powered reciprocating engines, or gensets with 

limited small renewable energy projects. The generation and fuel-consumption for the 11 years between 

2000 and 2010 are plotted in Figure 7. There is a slow decrease in the efficiency (British thermal units 

per kilowatt hour, Btu/kWh) from 2000 to 2009. The more significant drop in efficiency in 2009 is due 

to the lower operating efficiency of the temporary generators brought online after the September 2009 

tsunami. The "Overall System Heat Rate" plot is based on an energy density of 138,690 Btu per U.S. 

gallon of diesel8

. It is simply converting the amount of energy consumed to Btu, and dividing by the 

amount of energy generated. ASPA uses diesel No. 2 to run its generators. Diesel No. 2 fuel 

specification (at 2000 parts per million, ppm) is found below in Table 4. 

Table 4. Diesel Fuel Total Heat Content9

API Gravity Total Heat Content 

BTU per barrel

35 5,742,240 

36 5,717,460 

38 5,668,320 

There are several reasons fuel efficiencies dropped in American Samoa over the years10: 

1. The aging of the base-load Deutz engines (some have been in service more than 15 years) 

2. ASPA was using 5,000-ppm sulfur No. 2 diesel until 2005, when the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) mandated ASPA use 2000-ppm sulfur to reduce air pollutant 

levels. The average energy decrease per gallon by switching to the lower-sulfur diesel is 

about 700 Btu per gallon. 

3. The tsunami of September 2009 took several generators offline, and ASPA accepted lower 

efficiency temporary gensets from Aggreko. 

 

8 http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/TatyanaNektalova.shtml. 9

 E-mail communication with Joachim Fong, ASPA Engineering Service. 10 E-mail communication with Joachim Fong, ASPA Engineering Service.
12 

Figure 7. ASPA electric generation vs. fuel consumption data11

2.2.3 American Samoa Power Authority Rebuild

More than half of the island’s generation capacity (specifically the entire Satala plant, or 23 megawatts, 

[MW], of 45 MW) was destroyed during the earthquake and tsunami that hit on September 29, 2009. 

With FEMA’s assistance, ASPA installed twenty-seven 1-MW temporary Aggreko generators with a 

rated capacity of 24 MW, leasing them at $760,000 per month. The old generators were derated due to 

ambient heat and age. ASPA keeps enough excess capacity to cover a generator outage while also 

repairing other generators. Since the tsunami, FEMA covers 90% of the rebuild costs, while ASPA 

covers 10%. All temporary generators will be replaced for $16 million. Because the temporary 

generators are inefficient, and ASPA is responsible for the fuel, ASPA is spending more than originally 

budgeted. 

 

11 ASPA.

169 

171 

179 

188 188 189 189 

185 

188 

178 

159 

155 

160 

165 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

195 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Millions

Generation (kWh)

265 

268 

280 

295 295 297 298 

293 

300 

286 

262 

260 

265 

270 

275 

280 

285 

290 

295 

300 

305 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Thousands

Fuel Consumed (bbl)

9,115 9,121 9,115 9,132 9,140 9,160 9,190 9,210

9,290

9,337

9,602

9000

9100

9200

9300

9400

9500

9600

9700

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Overall System Heat Rate (Btu / kWh)
13 

FEMA and ASPA developed a three-tiered plan for power following the September 2009 tsunami. Tier 

1 was based on use of 56 FEMA-supplied and five ASPA-supplied temporary generators immediately

following the disaster. Tier 2 (initiated in approximately December 2009) involves the use of a 

temporary power generation system (Aggreko). Tier 3 (occurring approximately three to four years 

after the disaster) is the permanent project with a total capacity of 23 MW diesel generators. 

In addition to the new generation, ASPA is planning to upgrade the 9.5-mile tie line between Satala and 

Tafuna (Figure 6). The transformer in Satala for the tie line was knocked out but the tie line itself 

survived intact. Two 5-megavolt ampere (MVA) transformers along with associated switchgear will be 

installed in parallel at both Satala and Tafuna for redundancy. The existing 34.5-kV underground cable, 

which was not damaged, will interconnect the two power plants. 

Through a Department of Energy (DOE) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) grant 

facilitated by the Territorial Energy Office (TEO), a request for proposal (RFP) was issued in December 

2010 for a ground-mounted grid-tied PV system for a total cost of $8.5 million, to be located on 3.75 

acres adjacent to the airport runway. The PV turnkey project contract was awarded in July 2011 for the 

installation of 1.5-MW capacity output. The new PV system at the airport will be split into two 

subarrays and will interconnect to Feeder 7 and Feeder 9, each taking an output of 750-kW. The PV 

system will be less than half a mile from the Tafuna power plant. Feeder 7 has no voltage regulators or 

capacitor banks. Feeder 9 has a 600-kilovolt-ampere reactive (kVAR) fixed capacitor bank to improve 

voltage profile and is the only voltage regulator on the island, located at Leone due to the long feeder 

length. Both Feeder 7 and Feeder 9 are overhead feeders. There is a high concentration of water pumps 

in the range of 30 to 40 horsepower on the two feeders. Presently Feeder 9 is over utilized at more than 

90%. By the end of 2011 it is expected that a new express feeder, Feeder 10, will divert half of the load 

from Feeder 9, after which the capacitor bank will be removed. Feeder 10 will pick up the load on the 

west side of the island, from Futiga to Fagamalo. 

Additionally, through another ARRA grant, ASPA awarded a contract to install an Organic Rankine 

Cycle (ORC) system that will generate electricity from the waste heat produced through a high 

temperature jacket water system from the base load diesel generators at the Tafuna Power Plant. 

2.2.4 Consumption

Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the load profiles for the four feeders supplied by the Tafuna power plant.12 

The figures show a typical load profile for a weekday and weekend day. Because of the hot, humid, 

tropical climate, the load profile does not vary much seasonally. Curiously unexplained is the increase 

in the evening. On a typical weekday the load on Feeder 7 varies between 2,100 kW and 3,275 kW (a 

difference of 36%) and varies between 2,250 kW and 3,200 kW (a difference of 30%) on a typical 

weekend day. On a typical weekday the load on Feeder 9 varies between 2,450 kW and 4,225 kW (a 

difference of 43%) and varies between 2,500 kW and 3,875 kW (a difference of 35%) on a typical 

weekend day. The new solar PV system being installed at the airport will be divided into two subarrays 

and tie into Feeders 7 and 9. 

The largest consumer sector is residential with 45,269 MWh sold to 10,475 meters. In Fiscal Year (FY) 

2010, the average monthly use per residential customer was 360 kWh. Commercial average monthly 

use per meter was 4,018 kWh. Large power used 342,924 kWh per meter. The American Samoa 

Government used 2,201 MWh per month, and ASPA used 746 MWh per month. The consumer 

breakout can be seen in Figure 10. 

 

12 ASPA Engineering Services.
14 

Figure 8. Typical weekday load profile for Tutuila feeders - Monday December 13, 201013

Figure 9. Typical weekend load profile for Tutuila feeders - Sunday December 12, 201014

 

13 Ibid. 14 Ibid.

2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2

2.4

2.5

2.9 2.9

3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

2.9 2.9

3.2

3.3

3.1

2.9

2.5 2.5

2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7

2.9 2.9 2.8

3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9

3.0 3.0

3.2

3.8

4.2

4.1

3.7

3.3

3.2

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Feeder Load (kW) Thousands

HOUR

Typical Weekday Load Profile For Tutuila-Feeders

Monday, December 13, 2010

FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER7 FEEDER9

2.4

2.3 2.3 2.3

2.4 2.4

2.5 2.6

2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9

3.2 3.2

3.0

2.7

2.6

2.3

2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5

2.8

2.9

3.3

3.1 3.2 3.2

3.0 3.1

3.2 3.2

3.0 3.1 3.2

3.9 3.8

3.5

3.3

3.1

2.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Feeder Load (kW) Thousands

HOUR

Typical Weekend Load Profile for Tutuila Feeders

Sunday, December 12, 2010

FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER7 FEEDER9
15 

Figure 10. Electrical consumption by sector

Source: NREL

2.2.5 Electricity Rate Structure and Costs

The cost of electricity for residential, small commercial and large commercial customers was 

approximately $0.31/kWh when measured in September 2010 (Figure 11).15 The rate for “large power” 

or industrial customers such as fish canneries is negotiated. The fuel surcharge (based on the Means of 

Platts Singapore) is adjusted by the American Samoa Government Office of Petroleum Management 

into a maximum allowable price, much like the levelized energy adjustment clause in Guam and the 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. As is the case for all Pacific Island countries, the price 

of electricity in American Samoa is mainly a function of the volatile world price of diesel fuel. Fuel 

surcharges are used to recover the cost of fuel. Fuel prices more than doubled from 2006 to 2008. The 

world price of diesel decreased in 2009 after a worldwide recession.

Figure 11. ASPA electricity rate structure - September 201016

During NREL’s visit in November 2010, the Tafuna power plant frequency seemed to be running high 

at 60.29 hertz (Hz). Not only did the frequency indicator at the power plant read high, but electronic 

 

15 ASPA Energy and Financial Security presentation, November 2010. 16 ASPA Energy and Financial Security presentation, November 2010. 

Residential , 

45269-MWh, 

32%

Commercial , 

40649-MWh, 

29%

Large power , 

20575-MWh, 

14%

Government , 

26416-MW h, 

19%

ASPA, 

8948- 

MWh, 6%

American Samoa Consumption by 

Sector (FY 2010)

9.54 10.45 8.76

22 22 22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Residential Small Commercial Large Commercial

Cost per kWh (Cents)

ASPA Electricity Rate Structure - September 2010

Base Rate (cents/kWh) Fuel Surcharge (cents/kWh)
16 

analogue clocks on the island were running several minutes fast, most likely due to the higher utility 

frequency. Lowering the frequency might lead to some efficiency increases. High frequency could be 

an indication that generation is in excess of the load. Excessive frequency excursions, greater than +/- 

0.5 Hz, could also cause PV inverters to trip offline. ASPA would not receive complaints because 

residential PV owners would have no method to determine if their PV is working. 

2.2.6 Maximum System Wide Renewable Energy Capacity

ASPA has set the maximum allowable renewable energy on the system at 20% of peak demand capacity 

to ensure it can provide reliable service. However, the 20% maximum has been set based on a 

generalization and is not necessarily specific to the capabilities and needs of the American Samoa grid. 

An interconnection study would provide the necessary information to determine the true technical limits 

of the grid. Additionally, it remains uncertain as to whether or not there is also a 20% set maximum of 

peak demand capacity on individual feeder lines. 

2.3 Energy Policy

Policy is one of the mechanisms that governments can use to establish an environment that is supportive 

of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. If designed properly, territorial policies, like 

state level policies, can drive market adoption, provide market certainty for investors and help to achieve 

a community’s energy security, economic development, and environmental protection goals. Developing 

an appropriate policy environment builds the foundation for a community to achieve short-, mediumand long-term goals.

American Samoa historically has had few policies specific to energy efficiency and renewable energy. 

Even with a relatively high cost of energy, the market for energy efficiency and renewable energy 

technologies has not grown rapidly. Recently, however, the territory has begun to implement policies to 

address barriers to energy efficiency and renewable energy by sending a stronger market signal of 

government support for the industries. The following sections briefly describe the current policy 

environment and the broader issues that impact energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment. 

2.3.1 Electricity Rates Imbalance

Electricity rates are the same on all American Samoa islands, although the cost to deliver the electricity 

on outer islands is substantially more expensive than it is on the main island of Tutuila. While the 

subsidization of electricity rates for those living on the outer islands allows for equitable costs across 

society, it disincentivizes energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy projects on the outer 

islands that would be cost effective if customer rates more accurately reflected the cost of electricity. 

Distributed renewable energy projects would likely be good candidates for addressing the energy needs 

on the outer islands and remote areas on Tutuila, but the disconnect created by the current electricity rate 

structure creates an imbalance between the economics of conventional energy sources (e.g. diesel 

generation) and renewable sources. This imbalance serves as a barrier to renewable energy 

development. 

2.3.2 Communal Land Ownership Structure

One potential barrier to the development of large-scale renewable energy projects results from the 

difficulties in acquiring land leases for longer than 5 to 10 years. While this is not an energy-specific 

policy, the fact that land is owned communally may impede the development of renewable energy 

projects and is important to recognize when considering the development of any privately funded 

renewable energy projects. The economics of most large-scale energy projects, renewable or 

conventional, require project life spans that are longer than 5 to 10 years. The inability to enter into a 

long-term (e.g. 20 year) land lease creates a greater risk for renewable energy project developers 

because they cannot be certain of the costs associated with the land-lease in the project’s later years. The 

limited lease time will serve as a barrier to renewable energy development.
17 

2.3.3 Local Capacity and Knowledge

Many stakeholders identified a lack of local capacity for installing and maintaining clean energy 

technologies as a barrier to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy throughout American 

Samoa. For example, there is only one experienced PV installer on-island. In addition, because 

renewable energy technology systems are relatively new to the island, inspectors may need training to be 

able to understand the necessary requirements for safe and successful system installation,

17 and to 

ensure compliance with any new building and electrical codes. Developing local capacity not only 

ensures proper installation and operation of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, and 

provides technical jobs for local residents. 

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development Office has found that there is 

a lack of information and knowledge about energy efficiency in the general public. Furthermore, 

according to the Land Grant Program, there are no sustainability or renewable energy classes offered onisland, making it difficult to develop expertise in energy efficiency or renewable energy. Providing 

citizens with this type of general knowledge about energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities 

can develop market demand for clean energy technologies. Understanding the political and social 

structure is imperative to understanding how to develop and provide effective education programs. 

According to the USDA Resource Conservation and Development Office, the Office of Samoan Affairs 

has an excellent local network that could be used to implement education and outreach strategies. 

2.3.4 Building Codes

The current building codes in American Samoa are outdated. They are based on the 1964 Edition 

Uniform Building Code, Volume 1, and have not been updated since the 1960s. The TEO is currently 

exploring options for adopting new building codes and is considering the impacts and feasibility of 

adopting the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Tropical Building Codes. Energyefficient building codes are critical in driving energy efficiency in the building sector and reducing 

future energy use in this sector. Enforcement of code compliance is integral in the effectiveness of any 

building code; training of inspectors will be an important piece of new building code implementation. 

While the adoption of new building codes will address energy use in new construction and major 

renovations, energy use in the existing building infrastructure will remain an issue. Providing energy 

audits for residential and commercial customers is one way to assist customers in identifying costeffective energy efficiency improvements. Incentives for energy efficiency improvements can also be 

offered in conjunction with an audit program, further increasing the chances that efficiency 

improvements will be implemented. 

2.3.5 Net Metering Policy and Interconnection

The net metering policy for distributed generation was added to the American Samoan Administrative 

Code, Title 12, Chapter 6, in 2008.18 The net metering policy allows for distributed generation systems 

up to 30 kW to participate in the net metering program based on ASPA’s approval. Before 

interconnection will be allowed, the customer must provide ASPA with a certificate of completion 

indicating that the system has been properly installed and inspected and is in compliance with all 

building and/or electrical codes effective in American Samoa. The customer is responsible for installing 

appropriate safety equipment on the customer side of the meter including, but not limited to, an 

approved safety disconnect switch. If the customer’s generation exceeds their monthly electricity use, 

the customer will be credited the excess to be used toward their next month’s bill. A customer’s 

generation will be reconciled annually on May 31 of each year, with excess generation forfeited. There 

is a one-time $45 fee due to ASPA for interconnection and net metering. 

 

17 Jeff Shively, a project manager for the installation of ARRA solar projects hired a solar energy installation expert to train

the inspectors on small-scale solar PV installations. 18 www.dsireusa.org/documents/Incentives/AS01R.PDF. 
18 

Currently, 22 customers have taken advantage of this policy and have interconnected PV with the grid; 

10 government buildings, 10 commercial, 1 school and 1 residential totally 577kW. 

2.3.6 Territorial Government Electricity Use

The central government pays ASPA directly for the electricity use of all American Samoan government 

agencies; agencies do not directly pay for their own electricity use. This creates a system where the 

government agencies are not keenly aware of the cost impact of their electricity use. Providing each 

agency with the funds to cover their electricity bills but requiring that they pay the bills directly can 

increase this understanding and alter electricity use habits. Furthermore, allowing each agency to keep 

all or a portion of the money they save by reducing electricity use would incentivize efficient use of 

electricity and result in additional funding for other agency work. 

2.4 Solid Waste

Solid waste generation and disposal represent significant costs and challenges for island communities 

like American Samoa. Solid waste represents a potential source of material that can be converted to 

energy. The first step in determining the potential is to understand present waste management practices, 

waste generation quantities, waste composition, disposal costs, and regulatory environment. 

American Samoa has engaged several consultants over the past 20 years to conduct assessments of 

waste management, including landfill expansions and recycling of imported metal products.19 In 1988, 

SCS Engineers were engaged to review waste management practices. Based on this review, they made 

recommendations to improve operations, also recommending the implementation of a WTE facility with 

an electricity generation target of $0.16/kWh - with the potential of 50 tons of municipal solid waste 

(MSW) per day. Russell Mechem II conducted an assessment of solid waste management practices in 

1995, which was funded by ASPA and the DOI office of Territorial International Affairs20. The Russel 

Mechem II report provided a reorganization of ASPA’s solid waste program, and recommended the 

implementation of a two train - 50 to 60 tons per day (TPD) - WTE facility. Between 1996 and 1997 

CalRecovery, Inc.21 (CALREC), an engineering consulting firm, conducted several studies for ASPA, 

focusing on the expansion of the existing landfill and the implementation of a WTE facility. 

Additionally, CALREC assessed the capacity of recyclable materials and identified markets for the sale 

of the commodities. In 2008, the EPA also prepared an assessment of American Samoa, focusing on 

imported metal products. The assessment identified nearly 12 TPD of metals generated on the island. 

In 2009, SCS was again engaged to perform a detailed Waste Characterization and Waste-to-Energy 

Facility Study, which was completed September 16, 2009.22 All the assessments agreed that 

economically and socially, it is in American Samoa’s best interest to develop a WTE facility and 

integrate a recycling program.

2.4.1 American Samoa Waste Generation and Composition Analysis 

Solid waste collection in American Samoa averages 105,000 cubic yards per year, excluding fishery 

waste, waste oil, and tires. SCS Engineers performed a waste sort through two sampling periods, which 

included the dry season and the wet season23. The sampling estimated that the Futiga Landfill averaged 

between 76 and 110 TPD for solid waste, excluding waste oil and tires. Including waste oil and tires 

the average increased to 82 and 115 TPD. 

American Samoa’s waste stream can be segregated into three sectors: 

1. American Samoa Government

 

19 SCS Engineers. September 17, 2009. Waste Characterization and Waste-to-energy Facility Study. Pg 2-3 to 2-4. 20 Ibid. 21 CalRecover, Inc., www.calrecovery.com/landdisposal.htm. 22 Ibid. 23 SCS Engineers. September 17, 2009. Waste Characterization and Waste-to-energy Facility Study. Pg 2-3 to 2-4 
19 

2. Residential 

3. Commercial.

Additionally, further divisions can be identified between the different sectors of municipal solid waste: 

• Solid waste

• Fishery biological waste 

• Waste oil

• Tires. 

Through SCS Engineers' waste sort, composition, and flow study they identified the annual averages for 

each sector, which are summarized in Appendix B: Waste Sort Data. Waste oil in American Samoa is 

currently collected and transferred to the local canneries for processing and recycling, which equates to 

120,000 gallons/year or 510 tons. Additionally, tires from Goodyear, Ltd., and tires excavated from the 

tire landfill located at the ASPA scrap metal yard could generate an additional 20 tons of tires for WTE 

generation. SCS also estimated 66,000 tires per year (or one tire per person per year) are continually 

being generated on the island. This equates to 1,200 tons of tires per year available for use in a WTE 

facility. These resources additionally can be utilized by a WTE facility, minimizing the impacts to the 

environment while generating base load consistently priced electricity.

While performing the waste sort, SCS Engineers identified a total composition, and determined the most 

prevalent materials associated with overall waste stream. Figure 12 represents the waste composition 

analysis and materials identified in the waste sort. Appendix B: Waste Sort Data contains the most 

prevalent materials identified by the waste sort.

Figure 12. Waste composition developed by SCS engineers

Source: NREL

The overall heat value of the combination of constituents identified in the waste sort is much lower than 

expected, when compared to other MSW stream within the continental U.S. When only looking at 

MSW, the heating value is 2,873 Btu/pound (lb). With the addition of the waste oil and tires, the 

Metal, 

7.9%

Organics, 19.6%

Textiles, 4.2% Plastic, 12.8%

Construction & 

Demolition, 2.8%

Special, 6.8%

Mixed Residue, 

16.0%

Paper, 26.4%

Glass, 3.4%

Waste Composition
20 

heating value is raised to 4,058 Btu/lb. Appendix B: Waste Sort Data contains a summary of 

constituents and the heat value analysis of American Samoa’s waste stream. 

2.5 Transportation

All of the islands have a defined road system; personal transportation vehicles are available. Local bus 

service is available and highly utilized. Typically, SUVs or trucks are the primary mode of 

transportation. Due to the condition of many roads and topography, larger heavy-duty trucks, and SUVs 

are common as well. 

Efforts to decrease fuel use in the transportation and other sectors could be undertaken, such as the 

implementation of high-efficiency personal vehicles and public transportation. A study of traffic patterns 

could be used as a starting point to inform an assessment of the need, costs, and fuel savings of any 

transportation strategy.

The implementation of alternate and electric vehicles is not likely a strong option until other utility-level 

means of generation are achieved, because almost all electricity is produced by diesel and the import 

cost of alternative fuels is typically high. In scenarios with high contribution of renewable energy 

sources, hybrid or standard electric vehicles would be more appropriate, especially to provide storage or 

stabilization to the grid using vehicle to grid technology. There are many additional benefits as well, 

including air quality improvements by producing less green house gas emissions and climate change 

mitigation.

As mentioned, NREL did not perform a transportation assessment and highly recommends this as a next 

step in order to see the full energy picture. 

Figure 13. Transit buses in Pago Pago, American Samoa

Source: NREL/PIX 19418, 19419
21 

3 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Opportunities

As with many islands worldwide, American Samoa represents a high-priority location for the 

development of an integrated energy plan due to high energy costs, almost 100% dependence on 

imported fossil fuel, long distance to markets, and associated economic challenges. American Samoa 

currently meets nearly all of its electric power needs with diesel-fueled generation at a cost to consumers 

that may be unsustainable in the future. 

This section of the report provides information on various opportunities as they relate to developing a 

strategic plan. Specific savings are difficult to quantify at this time due to the limited amount of data 

available during the site visit. Savings could be calculated based on energy audits from private industry 

and scaled-up across the sector, or more detailed audits could be conducted to determine specific 

savings. The opportunities presented in this section are based solely upon observations made during the 

site visit conducted by the NREL team while on-island. 

3.1 Energy Efficiency and Conservation

There are many opportunities for energy and water efficiency and conservation in American Samoa. 

These opportunities include raising island energy and water consumption awareness in the various 

sectors, investigating alternatives to cooling, implementing a solar hot water program, conducting 

energy and water audits, improving aging infrastructure, and establishing metrics for improvement 

within the island building codes and equipment standards. 

One energy efficiency program recently implemented was the installation of Feeder 10 from the Tafuna 

power station. The original set up had Feeder 9 containing a peak power demand of 4.7 MW or 89% of 

its load capacity.24 This resulted in an annual distribution loss of 5.1 MWh. By installing Feeder 10, the 

distribution losses are decreased to 1.6 MWh, or a 69% reduction in distribution loss. Feeder 10 picks 

up 2.2 MW of maximum demand, leaving Feeder 9 to carry 2.5 MW. 

3.1.1 Building Stock

Buildings are an energy challenge because they account for most energy consumption. Globally, 

buildings are responsible for 49% of global energy consumption and 47% of greenhouse gas 

emissions.25 However, buildings also provide the best opportunity to reduce both consumption and 

emissions. Taking inventory of building stock is very important. Energy use will vary by construction 

type and materials, age, and function of the building, and type of equipment in use. Other parameters 

that impact energy use are climate, culture, and the ability to operate and maintain equipment properly. 

The key to reducing energy consumption is to understand how energy is being utilized and to know 

where conservation and efficiency measures can be effectively applied. By identifying the end-uses of 

energy, analysis can be undertaken to identify areas where the most impactful and cost-effective 

improvements can be made. Some of these improvements may be low or no cost, such as operational 

changes or education, while others may require a larger investment, such as cooling system upgrades. 

In American Samoa, the building portfolio consists of residential, commercial, canneries, hotels, 

schools, hospital and governmental structures. According to the TEO State Energy Program (SEP) Plan, 

the majority of dwellings are detached single-story units built with cinder concrete blocks. This type of 

construction is inexpensive and withstands wind and water resulting from potential typhoons and storms. 

Some older wood structures that were built before 1990 remain in place on American Samoa. Buildings 

that are lightweight and constructed of wood frames or are older with deteriorating structures are 

vulnerable to damage or destruction; major destruction was incurred from the 2009 earthquake and 

 

24 Benefits of a New Distribution 13.2 kV feeder F10 – Tafuna Power Plant. 25 www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48318.pdf. 
22 

tsunami on several of these structures. The highest buildings are three stories and include the 

Government Executive Office, the Centennial Bldg and Tradewinds Hotel. There are 10,052 residential 

units and 1,282 government and commercial structures in American Samoa.

26 Table 5 summarizes the 

building types in American Samoa. 

Table 5. Building Types27

164 building codes imply all buildings are inefficient; American Samoa can address which energyefficient building retrofit technologies can produce the greatest cost savings. Collecting end-use data is 

important as it enables study into the highest potential of savings per capital cost investment with 

technologies, such as more energy-efficient air conditioners, lighting, appliances, and glazing or tinting 

of windows. Energy costs are becoming a major consideration to many home owners. Statistics show 

that in many island communities a greater percentage of a household’s overall budget is spent on energy 

than in mainland communities where the cost of energy is much less. Whether small or large, costeffective building retrofits are an opportunity in American Samoa for increased energy efficiency and 

advanced energy management.

EPA’s Portfolio Manager can be a useful tool for managing building stock and benchmarking energy 

use across a portfolio of buildings. Once energy and water use information has been assembled, the tool 

allows consolidation of data into a Web-based database to track energy consumption, performance, and 

cost information. This may be useful for benchmarking and tracking performance of American Samoa’s 

portfolio. The Portfolio Manager tool and more information can be found on the EPA website.28

The American Samoa EPA has begun deconstruction and construction of their new headquarters using 

green and sustainable materials and practices is five primary categories such as transportation 

accessibility, water efficiency, material recycling and reuse, energy use and innovation. Special features 

will include; PV power generation, solar orientation, double insulated wall system, insulated glazing and 

solar shades, and a green roof. 

3.1.2 Review and Improve Energy Efficiency Standards to Improve Efficiency

As mentioned in the policy section, the current building codes in American Samoa are outdated; they 

have not been updated since the 1960s. The adoption of new building codes could address energy use in 

new construction and major renovations, effectively increasing the efficiency of these buildings. 

However, the existing building infrastructure will remain an issue. 

Tropical building codes, like those adopted in Hawaii and now being considered by American Samoa, 

would increase the efficiency of new buildings as well as those undergoing major renovations. The 

building industry will need time to learn building codes and train personnel to meet these codes, so 

integrating energy efficiency as early as possible will assist with faster implementation of energy 

efficiency measures in new construction. Equipment standards should also be reviewed to 

eliminate/reduce energy intensive equipment that is available to consumers, such as incandescent light 

 

26 American Samoa State Energy Program Plan Summary, 2009. 27 Ibid. 28 www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager. 
23 

bulbs and non- ENERGY STAR® or EcoLabel appliances. The European EcoLabel scheme is 

comparable to the ENERGY STAR rating system in the United States, and these products are good 

models to follow for recommending equipment that meets specific criteria for meeting energy reduction 

goals in American Samoa.

3.1.3 Outreach

Outreach strategies are very important when trying to illicit change, especially in the energy sector. In 

order to begin an awareness campaign an audience would need to be identified, materials prepared, and 

launch dates selected. Campaigns should be ongoing and will need to be reviewed and revised every few 

months to communicate specific messages to target audiences. Outreach activities within a community 

may include inserting articles in newsletters or a weekly newspaper insert, posters and flyers, stickers 

for light switches and equipment, fun and educational events for children and adults, and informational

inserts in electric bills. A different campaign could be created for each specific audience. For example, 

water reduction strategies should also be included in education and outreach campaigns, starting with 

the various building sector types. An energy and water awareness campaign is a low-cost solution for 

encouraging energy and water conservation. 

Also, stakeholders in the building construction and remodel industry can be educated in energy and 

water efficiency. Architecture and engineering (A&E) firms, as well as those in the construction 

industry, should have a targeted outreach program regarding climate-specific design and energy-efficient 

and water saving technologies. 

Some efforts that may result in both behavioral and technical improvement are summarized by the 

section below.

Residential

o Education campaigns for local communities focused on energy awareness and conservation 

strategies. 

Commercial

o Work with various sectors to increase awareness through posters, stickers, fact-sheets, etc.; 

this should include conservation strategies, efficient technologies, and proper operation and 

maintenance

o Work with island suppliers and retailers to source energy efficient technologies. 

Construction industry 

o Provide information and training on building codes, design practices, and energy efficiency 

measures that should be incorporated into new construction and renovations, such as external 

shading for windows, coating coastal air conditioning unit coils to protect from sea mist, 

proper insulation techniques, high seasonal energy-efficiency ratio air conditioning units, etc.

3.1.4 Create an Energy and Water Audit Program

Energy audits of government facilities have been funded under the Recovery Act, and are expected to 

begin following the training of local audit providers. Results from this effort should be used to prioritize 

investment in energy-efficient strategies and technologies that can be implemented immediately. It is 

also recommended that building audit results be applied to developing a strategy where conservation 

measures are relevant to multiple buildings within a specific sector. For example, audit results of a 

representative sample of typical office buildings should be applied to similar structures. It is also 

recommended that local private companies or trades people be trained to perform the audits, as those 

services would then be available to the community at-large, benefitting the local economy. 
24 

It is recommended that a comprehensive building audit program be developed for commercial and 

government buildings as well as residential houses. 

3.1.5 Cool-Roof Technology

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Secretary Steven Chu launched a series of initiatives in July 

2010 to encourage cool-roof technologies in the federal government. Secretary Chu has directed all 

DOE offices to install cool roofs (whenever cost effective over the lifetime of the roof) when 

constructing new or replacing old roofs, and in areas where cool roofs will be beneficial to energy 

efficiency savings (typically in hot climates). While these initiatives are targeted at federal buildings, the 

cool roof program has materials and resources that would be beneficial to American Samoa. Cool roofs 

are roofs designed to maintain a lower roof temperature than traditional roofs while the sun is shining, 

typically through reflectance technologies. Not all cool roofs need to be white, as indicated in Figure 

14.29 A cool roof program could be implemented island-wide by using low-cost technologies, such as 

elastomeric paint (~$40/gallon), which would need to be applied to roofs and maintained through a 

cleaning program to prevent debris and mold build-up. More information about selecting buildings and 

implementing a cool roof program can be found on the DOE website.30

Figure 14. Cool roof tiles in colors other than white 

Source: DOE

3.1.6 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Next Steps

The following five steps are recommended: 

1. Conduct a review of the existing building codes and equipment specification standards. The 

end goal of a building code and specification analysis would be to highlight areas where 

improvements could be made and where American Samoa could benefit by changing the 

building code and standards. Other islands or island nations, such as the state of Hawaii, with 

energy efficiency standards already incorporated into codes and standards could be used as a 

model. 

2. Create energy and water audits program and apply measures where they are more broadly 

applicable. A strategy for identifying and implementing the measures that are most 

commonly identified in the energy audits could be a next step, but would require disclosure 

from the entities conducting the energy and water audits. 

3. Evaluate whether a cool roof program is appropriate. 

4. Begin an energy and water awareness campaign within the various building sector types. An 

energy and water awareness campaign is a low-cost solution for implementing energy and 

water conservation. Pilot projects could be carried out within specific buildings or 

 

29 DOE. Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs. July 2010. www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/coolroofguide.pdf. 30 www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/features/cool_roof_resources.html. 
25 

communities to highlight the impact of the campaign on consumption. In order to begin an 

awareness campaign the audience would need to be identified; materials prepared, and 

launch dates selected. Campaigns should be ongoing and would need to be reviewed and 

revised every few months to communicate specific messages to target audiences. Outreach 

activities within a community may include inserting articles in newsletters or a weekly 

newspaper insert, posters and flyers, stickers for light switches and equipment, fun and 

educational events for children and adults and informational inserts in electric bills. A 

different campaign should be created for each specific audience and may include the 

following: 

1. Government employees 

2. Hotel staff and guests

3. Medical staff 

4. Education staff, teachers, and students 

5. Community residents (adults and children). 

5. Create training materials for A&E firms as well as the construction industry to increase 

knowledge relating to energy-efficient technologies and practices. Training materials could 

take the form of curriculum for workshops, handbooks, presentations, websites, and other 

tools. A training module would need to begin with an assessment of the current level of 

knowledge and indicate areas of the greatest need for improvement. The audience would 

need to be assessed so that materials could be tailored to be the most effective. 

3.2 Renewable Energy

Although energy efficiency will play a critical role in addressing energy consumption and costs across 

American Samoa, the costs for diesel-derived commercial and residential power generation will remain 

a drain on the American Samoan economy. The incorporation of renewable energy technologies, 

initially at lower levels, but increasing in overall contribution over time, is a critical part of reducing the 

amount of fuel imported for power generation. Additionally, as seen in other isolated communities, with 

lower cost or cleaner electrical power it may become possible to convert some of the transportation 

sector to electric technologies, further reducing the impacts of fossil fuel imports. 

There are many renewable energy opportunities for American Samoa, although more detailed project 

and resource assessments are needed to confirm the viability of specific options for development. Most 

notably and discussed at greater length are wind, solar, and biomass technologies. Additional 

technologies, such as ocean thermal, tidal, and wave power could also be considered but are not 

currently viable technologies from a cost or technology readiness perspective, and thus are not included 

in this document. Each of the major renewable power options for American Samoa, as well as additional 

information and analysis needed for development, are discussed in the following sections. 

3.2.1 Wind

Wind energy has the potential to play a significant role in supplying electrical energy to American 

Samoa. Combining the available wind resource, with a high level of existing infrastructure, and high 

energy costs; make wind technology an attractive potential addition to the current generation portfolio. 

Currently, the Territorial Energy Office received a grant through the Recovery Act for the installation of 

several anemometers. ASPA is managing this project and is in the process of installing anemometers at 

various heights on existing power poles and communication towers and provided Figure 15. 
26 

Figure 15. Anemometer study details31

Several sites have been identified as depicted on the following Figure 16 and Figure 17: 

Figure 16. West side sites32

 

31 Provided by ASPA project manager. 32 Ibid.
27 

Figure 17. East side sites33

3.2.1.1 Key Challenges to Wind Development

There are several key elements that need to be taken into account when considering the deployment of 

wind technologies. In the context of American Samoa, environmental impact, grid impact, and social 

acceptance must be carefully pondered when proposing wind deployment on the island. 

To date, there has been no significant wind energy installation on the island and thus the potential 

environmental impact for new wind installations are poorly understood. Gaining a firmer understanding 

of and the ability to communicate the potential impacts for prospective wind projects will be of great 

importance especially when considering the fragility of the island’s small ecosystem. 

Because of the variable nature of wind energy and the relatively small grid, maintenance of grid stability 

will need to be a principal focus. Fortunately there is considerable prior experience in both island and 

other small grids, even at similar grid sizes, and successful integration of wind is well beyond the 

demonstration stage. Furthermore, due to the high cost of conventional power generation, supplemental 

integration equipment can readily be included into the wind project budget while maintaining strong 

economic viability. 

Social acceptance of wind technology, especially when a wind installation is among the first on the 

island, is a concern and thus public outreach for the project must be carefully managed early on in the 

project scoping and evaluation process. Due to the small size of American Samoa and generally high 

population density on the coast, any coastal development site will result in a social impact. This impact 

can be in the form of sound and visual clutter, although flicker (the strobe effect of shadow caused by 

the wind turbine blades) could also be brought up as concern. Project acceptance is greatly improved 

when the local community understands and appreciates the clear community benefits of the project. The 

fact that a wind project provides a means to control and reduce the cost of energy to all utility customers 

enhances the likelihood of public acceptance of the project; management of this message is critical for 

eventual project success.

 

33 Ibid.
28 

3.2.1.2 Wind Infrastructure 

The infrastructure for the development of small-scale wind deployment on American Samoa, although 

challenging, is not seen as a critical issue. The only current limiting factor is the availability of a heavy 

lift crane to support turbine installation. It is unlikely that a suitable crane is available on-island and 

instead will have to be shipped to the island. This issue will be reflected in the project economics but 

will not impact the technical viability of the project.

Typhoons do pose a risk in the use of wind technologies. All larger wind turbines are designed to stop 

operating in high wind conditions, meaning that in all except the most extreme cases storm-related 

damage is going to focus on that caused by airborne debris, typically to the turbine blades. The other 

potential issue would be the wind loading on the turbine structure exceeding the tower or foundation 

design loads, which are controllable factors, although they can cause increased implementation costs 

representing an engineering design issue. Although there has not been much experience with large 

turbines in the Pacific, a number of turbine installations in the Caribbean have not reported major issues, 

including a small system of four turbines installed at Guantanamo Bay on the eastern end of Cuba, an 

area with common hurricane (typhoon) activity. 

Looking at the implementation of turbines installed in areas with known typhoon or extreme weather 

events, consideration must be given to both turbine selection and an assessment of the risk for the 

turbine structure, which may lead to the purchase of insurance. Every large wind turbine is designed 

around an international standard for wind intensity, provided in a class rating. The class rating will also 

impact the size of the wind turbine rotor, which will have an impact on the resulting energy generation 

from the turbine. 

Currently, two manufacturers have a typhoon-rated wind turbine. Additionally, several wind turbine 

manufactures make turbines that are designed to be lowered during potential typhoon events, such as the 

Vergnet 220 kW turbine. Other companies are testing a larger turbine where the rotor of the turbine is 

removed. In all cases however, the purchase of insurance, or in cases of self-insured companies, an 

assessment of risk, is used to assess the appropriateness of installing wind in any environment. 

Historically, insurance companies have not been willing to provide insurance for turbines in Class V 

typhoon areas, such as American Samoa. In any case, one of the first steps in the development of 

potential projects will be to contact wind turbine manufactures, either informally or through a 

competitive process, to better determine what products are available; survival wind speed, as well as 

typhoon experience, should clearly be one of the key competitive requirements.

3.2.1.3 Wind Next Steps

The following next steps are recommended: 

1) Finish the preliminary wind development assessment for American Samoa. With the 

expectation that the development of any wind site will be conducted through a competitive 

request for tender, the more information that is available about the site will result in 

improved project design and economics. This activity would lay the groundwork for site 

development by conducting all of the required initial screening studies. Other elements of the 

feasibility study would include: 

o Resource assessment combined with data correlation to be synthesized from the 

installed towers after one year. In addition, new remote sensing techniques are 

quickly becoming available, which may significantly shorten the required monitoring 

time when appropriately correlated to nearby long-term datasets.

o Land title assessments
29 

o Identification of candidate wind project development zones including site access and 

mobilization suitability

o Develop clear and balanced wind rules, regulations, permitting requirements that 

establish a clear wind development process

o Initial environmental impact assessments

o Geotechnical assessments

o Construction and erection equipment survey to establish availability for suitable onisland equipment

o Initial grid interconnection and impact assessments. 

2) Initiate an active social acceptance outreach and education activity about wind. For 

successful project development it will be critical to get ahead of the information around the 

deployment of wind technologies on American Samoa. This would include the quantifying of 

potential positive impacts, such as job creation, economic development, and consumer 

savings while simultaneously collecting and developing information regarding potential 

negative impacts, such as conducting a noise impact assessment and visual simulations. All 

of this information should be publically available with open forum discussions conducted by 

ASPA and another appropriate organization to identify and address potential issues. If at all 

possible this should be implemented during the initial assessment phase (within the next 

year) to get ahead of any development of inaccurate preconceived notions. This activity and 

the information generated through it should not directly advocate for a wind project, but 

should provide fair and balanced information on the various impacts of wind development. 

3) Feasibility and economic assessment of the project. Additionally, the met tower should be 

considered a temporary structure and should not be subjected to typhoon building codes. 

3.2.2 Solar

There are great opportunities for using solar technologies in America Samoa. Solar renewable energy 

technologies are often broken down by solar thermal and solar electric (PV) applications. Solar thermal 

technologies capture energy from the sun to heat water, also known as solar hot water; they can also be 

used to heat air for direct use or to make steam for electrical production. PV technologies use the 

photons from the sun to create electricity. These two technologies and their applications are outlined in 

this section; solar radiation data can be found in Appendix C: Solar Radiation Data. 

3.2.2.1 Solar Thermal

Solar thermal technologies can be used to heat water for direct use in buildings or in applications, such 

as pools, or they can be used to generate steam to produce electricity. 

In American Samoa there are some sectors that heat water and rely on electricity. Domestic solar 

thermal hot water technologies use the sun to heat a fluid, usually water in non-freezing climates. The 

water is then used in domestic applications such as showers, pools, or washing machines. These systems 

are typically low- to medium-cost and easy to install. Solar hot water should especially be considered 

within the larger industries where hot water consumption is high, such as hotels, restaurants, 

Laundromats, and hospitals. By reducing the amount of hot water being generated through conventional 

forms of heating, the demands on fossil fuels can be lessened. 
30 

Figure 18. A common solar thermal system

Source: NREL

Figure 18 shows a common solar thermal system used for hot water heating.

34 A solar collector captures 

the heat from the sun and then gravity typically draws a fluid out of the collector to act as a heat 

exchanger to transfer the heat to another material, such as water in a tank. Pressure relief valves and 

circulation pumps are needed to maintain pressure and keep the fluid moving through the distribution 

system. Panels should be installed where there is exposure to the sun without shading from buildings or 

vegetation. They should also be installed in locations where they will not be vandalized or tampered 

with, and they should be installed according to updated building regulations, plumbing, and access 

codes.35 

Through a Department of Energy TEO ARRA grant the Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Clinic on 

Tutuila is currently installing solar thermal units that will heat approximately 3,000 gallons of water per 

day. 

3.2.2.2 Solar PV

PV arrays convert sunlight to electricity without moving parts and without producing fuel wastes, air 

pollution, or greenhouse gases. They require very little maintenance and make no noise. Arrays can be 

mounted on all types of buildings and structures. PV direct current output can be conditioned into gridquality alternating current electricity or used to charge batteries. 

Traditional “single crystal” solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and are generally the 

most efficient. "Multi-crystal” are a similar technology but slightly less efficient. A third type are 

called “thin-film” solar cells because they are made from amorphous silicon or non-silicon materials 

such as cadmium telluride. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few 

micrometers thick. See Table 6 for an overview of module efficiencies. 

Table 6. Typical Efficiency of Different Types of PV cells

Module 

Efficiencies

Single Crystal 14%–19%

Multi-crystal 13%–17%

Thin Film 6%–11%

 

34 www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/fy04/36831m.pdf. 35 www.nrel.gov/docs/fy99osti/26579.pdf. 
31 

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles, building 

facades, or the glazing for skylights.36 Figure 19 shows an example of this technology integrated into 

shingles. Examples of building integrated PV include shingles, singly ply membrane, standing seam 

metal roofs, and others. 

Figure 19. Thin film solar PV shingles

Source: NREL

Most systems installed today are in flat-plate configurations typically made from solar cells combined 

into modules that hold about 40 cells. A typical home in the mainland will use about 10 to 20 solar 

panels to power the home, but for American Samoa, residential use is much less and will require smaller 

systems. It is important to note here that all solar systems be properly sized taking into account size and 

scale, need and desired outcome. For large electric utility or industrial applications, hundreds of solar 

arrays are interconnected to form a large utility-scale PV system.

37 These systems are generally fixed in 

a single position, but can be mounted on structures that tilt toward the sun on a seasonal basis or on 

structures that roll east to west over the course of a day.

38 Figure 20 below shows the components of a 

typical residential-size PV system.

Figure 20. PV system schematic

Source: NREL

The cost of PV-generated electricity has dropped 15- to 20-fold in the last 40 years; in 2010 gridconnected PV systems sold within the range of about $4/Watt peak (Wp) to $7/Wp ($0.16/kWh to 

$0.28/kWh)39, including support structures and power conditioning equipment. Watt peak is the power 

 

36 www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html. 37 www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html. 38 DOD RE Replication Pilot ESPC. 39 U.S. Solar Market Insight – 2010 Year in Review Executive Summary. Solar Energy Industries Association. 2010 

SEIA/GTM Research. 
32 

rating that a PV system measures under standard test conditions, and under which a panel could be 

expected to deliver its peak output. An NREL study of 7,074 PV systems installed in 2007 reported a 

range of total capital cost averaging $8.32/Wp for small systems less than 10 kW and $6.87/Wp for 

large systems greater than 100 kW. Costs reported for PV projects are changing rapidly (i.e. getting 

lower) so a local solar installer may be the best source of cost information. Operation and maintenance 

costs are reported at $0.008/kWh produced, or at 0.17% of capital cost without tracking and 0.35% with 

tracking.40 They are very reliable and last at least 20 years or longer. As with all insular communities 

such as American Samoa however, shipping costs are a factor and can increase costs from the mainland 

by 20-25%. Costs can be kept down by ordering in bulk and sharing with other neighboring islands or 

purchasing internationally as appropriate. However, many federal grants are subject to the Buy American 

Act . 

The amount of electricity that a system produces depends on its type, orientation, and the available solar 

resource. The solar resource is the amount of the sun’s energy reaching the earth’s surface, which varies 

at different locations around the world. A higher solar resource means that more of the sun’s energy is 

reaching the surface, which is optimal for PV system performance. PV systems can use both direct and 

diffused solar radiation. The solar resource in American Samoa is quite good, averaging 5.42 

kWh/m2/day (based on modeled resource data). The solar resource data is found in Appendix C: Solar 

Radiation Data. 

3.2.2.3 PV Opportunities

ASPA has signed a contract with Sun Wise, a company out of California who won the bid to install a 1.5 

MW of PV, as mentioned in Section 2.2.3. Although the utility has minimal experience with large-scale 

PV projects, they have been sending staff to trainings and working to build in-house capacity for this 

technology. PV may be an opportunity for electrical production in American Samoa, and the utility may 

want to consider additional, large-scale PV systems as well as encouraging small, distributed PV 

systems on residential and commercial properties. 

PV is particularly well-suited and cost-effective in locations that are not grid-tied, or are grid-tied but 

suffer frequent and continuous outages. The National Park Service (NPS) Ofu Ranger Station and 

Marine Research Station may be good locations for the installation of a PV system, or multiple systems. 

It was stated that these sites are at the end of the electrical distribution system and frequently experience 

outages. Also, NPS is actively pursuing clean energy and energy efficiency technologies, and this would 

be an appropriate site to promote solar PV.

41

3.2.2.4 Solar Next Steps

The following next steps are recommended: 

1) Conduct a feasibility study to analyze the potential for increased deployment of both largeand small-scale PV installations in American Samoa. This can aid in utility planning for new 

infrastructure including controls, storage, and dispatchable power sources.

2) Consider creating incentives or other policies for supporting the installation of solar hot 

water heaters, particularly in high hot water use applications such as hotels, Laundromats, 

restaurants, and cannery operations. 

3) Measure or procure direct normal insolation solar resource data on American Samoa, which 

can then be used to conduct an analysis of the potential for concentrating solar power if 

appropriate. 

 

40 Mortensen, J. Factors Associated with Photovoltaic System Costs. NREL/TP 620.29649. June 2001; p. 3. 41 http://pacificislandparks.com/2011/01/31/national-park-promotes-climate-change-research-and-awareness/. 
33 

4) Conduct an analysis of the potential for PV to offset some or the entire electrical load at the 

NPS Ofu Ranger Station and Marine Research Station.

5) Evaluate the performance of the recently installed PV systems to compare actual generation 

versus expected generation. 

6) Conduct performance measures from the 1.5-MW solar project at the airport. Evaluate the 

success and lessons learned from this project

3.2.3 Biomass

Biomass is generally defined as any organic feedstock available on a renewable basis. Typical biomass 

resources include wood and wood waste, MSW, landfill gas, agricultural and crop residues, human solid 

waste, animal manures, and biogenic waste. One of the primary benefits of biomass is that feedstocks 

can be stored, thus allowing for baseload, dispatchable generation. If using a biofuel, such as biodiesel, 

the fuel can be used directly in existing equipment, thus allowing for renewable fuel switching at 

minimal capital cost. 

Biomass resources that are potentially suitable for American Samoa include:

• Generation of electricity from MSW

• Production and use of biodiesel in existing diesel power plants 

• Capturing landfill gas for energy recovery 

• Generating biogas at waste water treatment plants through anaerobic digestion 

• Generating biogas at fishery processing plants through anaerobic digestion 

• Production of dedicated feedstocks to produce solid or liquid biofuels

During the site visit, the NREL team evaluated potential opportunities to develop each of these options. 

3.2.3.1 Waste-to-Energy 

SCS Engineers identified multiple options for a WTE project approach42. These options include a 

traditional A&E approach, where an engineering company would develop the design, technical 

specification, and calculations, and would then deliver those to ASPA in multiple packages. The 

packages would then be procured by ASPA, including equipment and construction. The second 

approach would be utilizing an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction contractor, to provide a 

design, perform all procurement and construction activities, start-up and commission the facility, then 

turn it over upon acceptance by ASPA. This would leave ASPA the responsibility to operate the facility 

or to hire a contractor to operate. The final option would be to implement a full service approach, where 

through mechanisms of guaranteed payments for electricity and MSW disposal, the contractor would 

design, bid, build, and operate the facility. The contractor would then retain ownership of the facility, 

while ASPA would benefit from the power generation and the waste management and minimization of 

products landing in a landfill.

American Samoa will need to perform a substantial risk assessment, while conceptualizing the 

installation of a WTE facility on the island. Even though some of the risk associated with owning and 

operating a WTE facility was completed by SCS Engineers, risk in the areas of energy and materials 

market, legal and regulatory, facility construction, and facility operation need to be monitored and 

addressed as the project develops and continues to operate.

 

42 SCS Engineers. September 17, 2009. Waste Characterization and Waste-to-energy Facility Study. Pg 2-3 to 2-4 
34 

The generation and disposal of MSW presents challenges for most communities, but especially islands. 

Converting MSW to energy is one option that many communities have either undertaken or are 

considering. 

SCS’s best estimate is that American Samoa produces approximately 82 to 115 TPD of MSW on a 6-

day basis, which is deemed to be potential feedstock for a WTE facility. The 82 to115 TPD of MSW 

based on 6 days of collection, was used to determine an annual collection range of 25,666 to 35,995 

TPY of MSW. When taking into account the facility would have an expected capacity factor of 85% of 

a WTE facility, this equates to 83 to 116 TPD of MSW. According to the SCS Engineers’ report, this 

feed rate includes household waste, government waste, commercial waste, waste oil, and tires. There 

may be other feedstocks available, such as sludge from wastewater treatment plants, green waste, and 

some small quantities of agricultural residues. As these resources have not been quantified (and to do so 

is beyond the scope of this report), they are not included in the following analysis. 

As shown in Table 7, the estimated amount of MSW would be sufficient to supply a 1.6-MW to 3.14-

MW (net output) plant with an 85% capacity factor. The actual generation will be highly dependent on 

the selected technology, the overall composition of the feedstock, how the feedstock is handled and 

prepared (e.g. is it processed into refuse derived fuel or used as is?), system design, and overall 

operating conditions. 

Table 7. Summary of Waste-to-Energy Potential

High Waste Low Waste High Waste Low Waste

Feed w/6 day opp) TPD 115 82 115 82

Feed Rate w/CF TPD 116 83 116 83

Heat Input Btu/lb 4,058 4,058 4,058 4,058

Day Heat Btu/day 941,612,957 671,410,978 941,612,957 671,410,978

Hour Heat btu/hr 39,233,873 27,975,457 39,233,873 27,975,457

Heat Rate btu/kw-hr 12,500.00 12,500.00 17,500.00 17,500.00

Gross Output kw 3,139 2,238 2,242 1,599

Gross Output MW 3.14 2.24 2.24 1.60

Capacity Factor (CF) % 85% 85% 85% 85%

HPY hrs 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760

CF-hrs hrs 7,446 7,446 7,446 7,446

Net MW-hrs MWhrs 19,865 14,165 14,189 10,118

Input Units High Efficiency Low Efficiency

The value for “low efficiency” in Table 7 is based on an assumed plant heat rate of 17,500 Btu/kWh. 

This is equivalent to a typical mass burn combustion plant today. The value for “high efficiency” 

assumes a heat rate of 12,500 Btu/kWh. This is equivalent to what some manufacturers of advanced 

conversion technology gasifers and plasma units are claiming to be able to obtain from their systems. 

It should be pointed out that there are no commercial advanced conversion technology WTE projects 

operating in the United States. Of the WTE systems that are operating in the United States, nearly all (if 

not all) of the plants use either stoker, fluidized bed, or a similar combustion technology. Combustion 

technology is fully commercial and lenders are willing to make loans to well-structured projects that 

have a guaranteed supply of MSW and a power purchase agreement with a credit-worthy customer. 

Most commercially operated WTE plants are also significantly larger than the size of the plant that could 

be built in American Samoa. 

The numbers in the Table 7 assume that 15% of the output from the plant will be used for parasitic 

loads, or electricity usage when an appliance is turned off but still plugged in. In terms of capacity, 
35 

NREL estimates that between 1.6 MW and 3.1 MW of power could be provided from waste on 

American Samoa. Because WTE can be operated 24/7, a WTE plant produces more energy over a year 

than an equivalent wind or solar plant. So a 1.6-MW WTE plant would produce approximately the same 

amount of energy each year as a 4.5-MW wind farm (at 35% capacity factor), or 7.3 MW of solar at a 

22% capacity factor. 

SCS Engineers' Waste Characterization and Waste to Energy Facility Study43 reported total capital cost 

for a WTE project would be $16 million (U.S. dollars) for an 82 TPD plant.44 Estimated capital costs for 

the installation of this facility have a wide variability, depending upon the source. The U.S. Virgin 

Islands awarded a power purchase agreement for the installation of a 16.5-MW (net) WTE facility, 

which is under development. This facility includes setting up two material recovery facilities (MRFs) 

for converting MSW to refuse derived fuel (RDF) through a proprietary process called WastAwayTM. 

Material from the two WastAwayTM plants will then be sent to the WTE plant. The developer states that 

the WastAway process creates a product that is dry and has a Btu content of 7,500 per pound. For 

comparative purposes, the 16.5-MW (net) WTE plant under development in the U.S. Virgin Islands is 

estimated to cost $160 million ($457,000 per ton/day). The estimated capital cost of a project in 

American Samoa based on the U.S. Virgin Islands would approach $32 million. This is calculated based 

on assumed capital costs of $400,000 per ton per day, which does not include the MRF facility. Other 

cost comparisons can be performed based on Los Angeles County published data45; capital costs for a 

25,666 TPD facility would be in the order of $26 million. With the high variability of installed costs, for 

this summary NREL is using the LA County report data. 

For American Samoa, NREL conducted a preliminary economic analysis of a WTE plant. Results 

indicate that considering ASPA ownership and a $0 net present value to own and operate the plant 

without collecting a tipping fee,46 electricity would need to be sold to ASPA for $0.23 /kWh to make the 

project break even over 20 years. For the ASPA to be able to sell power at $0.19/ kWh (with a 3% 

annual escalation), ASPA would need to receive a tipping fee of approximately $26.04/ton. 

It must be pointed out that the numbers above are preliminary and need to be investigated in greater 

detail. It may be possible for a developer to make the economics work using various technical and 

economic configurations. The best way to determine what the market can deliver is for ASPA to develop 

an RFP for WTE and see what bids are received.

3.2.3.1.1 Technology Assessment

Technologies commercially available were investigated by SCS Engineers for American Samoa; 

technologies including combustion and conversion technologies were also with their report. The 

outcome of their research provided the following conclusions47: 

• Mass burn (not applicable)

• RDF (not applicable)

• Modular starved (applicable) 

• Gasification (applicable)

• Plasma arc gasification (not applicable)

• Bio chemical (not applicable)

 

43 Note: This study was done prior to the tsunami and may need to be refreshed. 44 Waste Characterization and Waste-to-energy Facility Study, September 17, 2009. Pg 2-3 to 2-4. SCS Engineers. 45 Ibid. 46 A fee collected at a landfill to offset the operation cost. 47 Ibid.
36 

• Anaerobic digestion (not applicable). 

3.2.3.1.2 Site Economics 

SCS Engineers provided a total cost estimate for the installation of a WTE facility in American Samoa. 

Their cost estimate is based on private ownership, and approximately an 82 TPD installation. Appendix 

D: Waste-to-Energy Study Data provides a cost breakdown for their estimate. 

American Samoa has three primary contributors to the waste stream, which include the local 

government, residential, and commercial/industrial entities. Current tipping fees vary depending on the 

type of customer, and the volume disposed, which is identified in Appendix D: Waste-to-Energy Study 

Data. The average fee customers are currently paying per ton of waste is $24.06. 

SCS estimated development and installation of a WTE facility in American Samoa. The project would 

provide the following debt, which would be covered by a power purchase agreement and electricity 

sales, along with a tipping fee. The capital costs and debt service is summarized as follows:

• Project ownership, vendor $15.9 million - $4.8 million treasury

• Annual Debt Service $1,314,315 

• Power Purchase Agreement $0.152/kWh 

• Tipping fee $26.04/ton. 

3.2.3.2 Biodiesel

Biodiesel is made through the transesterification48 of animal fats or vegetable oils. The feedstock can 

come from wastes sources, such as grease from restaurants, or from virgin sources, such as oil seeds, 

coconut, palm, jatropha, or algae. In Hawaii, biodiesel is procured from the mainland and Malaysia, 

though long term plans call for production of feedstocks locally. 

The use of biodiesel in utility generators is gaining wider acceptance around the world. The ability of 

biodiesel to be used within existing utility diesel infrastructure is a compelling reason for exploring this 

option. There are minimal capital costs associated with using a biodiesel/diesel blend in an existing 

diesel or residual fuel-oil-fired generators, combustion turbines, or boilers. Biodiesel blends of 2% up to 

20% can typically be used in existing equipment with only minor modifications. There have been 

several testing programs aimed at firing 100% biodiesel in utility-scale boilers, turbines, or generators. 

Several utilities have been running biodiesel in standby generators as a way to implement peak load 

reduction and reduce emissions associated with running the generators beyond their annual permitted 

hours. 

The use of 100% biodiesel in utility-scale generators is being pioneered in Hawaii, where there are at 

least three different projects underway: 

1. Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) recently completed co-firing tests of various blend 

percentages of petroleum diesel and biodiesel fuels at the 90-MW Kahe Power Plant. On 

January 28, 2011, HECO issued a press release stating that they successfully tested 100% 

biodiesel in Kahe at the full load of 90 MW. Tests will be continuing for the next several 

months. The next test will demonstrate 24-hour operation on biofuels. One of the major 

 

48 Transesterification is the chemical process of exchanging an organic R group of an ester with a different organic R group 

of an alcohol.
37 

observed results of the tests is that the use of biodiesel reduced opacity, nitrogen oxide, and 

criteria pollutant emissions below the levels associated with ultra low sulfur diesel fuel.49

2. Maui Electric Company (MECO) uses biodiesel to start up and shut down two of its 

generators. MECO is also conducting tests to determine the long term impact of using 

biodiesel on heat rates, emissions and engine reliability. 

3. HECO’s Campbell Industrial Park Generating Station, Combustion Turbine Unit 1, is a brand 

new (2009) 110-MW combustion turbine unit that is designed to run on 100% biodiesel. 

Renewable Energy Group of Iowa presently has a contract to supply three to seven million 

gallons of biodiesel per year. All biofuel procured by HECO must meet stringent 

sustainability guidelines. HECO has determined that the use of biodiesel is its most costeffective option for complying with Hawaii’s renewable energy targets. 

The major issue to evaluate as to whether biodiesel makes sense for American Samoa is supply and cost. 

The amount of waste grease produced in American Samoa is not known. There is no known inventory of 

fats, oils, and greases for American Samoa and there is limited agricultural land available for production 

of commercial quantities of oil. It is recommended that American Samoa begin an inventory of fats, 

oils, and greases to better estimate the cost of potentially producing Biofuels. Biofuels could be 

produced from fish oil, and fish oil could also be fired directly in the existing generators. 

3.2.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion

Fishery processing facilities are a vital contributor to American Samoa’s economy. A portion of the 

canneries’ waste stream is biogenic waste, which is an ideal feedstock for anaerobic digestion. 

Additionally, anaerobic digestion can be incorporated into the wastewater treatment infrastructure. 

Anaerobic digestion escalates the natural breakdown of biogenic/organic materials in a minimum 

oxygen environment to generate a biogas. The biogas primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. 

Typically, anaerobic digestion can generate a 500 to 700 Btu/ft3

 biogas, which can be used in boilers to 

generate hot water or steam for process, or be directly combusted in an internal combustion engine to 

generate electricity. Further analysis of the waste stream and the wastewater treatment plant should be 

performed, to determine the applicability of anaerobic digestion directly on-site at the facilities.

3.2.3.4 Small-scale Biomass 

There may be niche opportunities within the agricultural sector for small-scale biomass or biogas 

utilization. This opportunity is lower priority in terms of generation potential. American Samoa 

Community College Agricultural Departments and United States Department Agriculture/National 

Resource Conservation Service are best situated to lead future efforts in this area.

3.2.3.5 Production of Dedicated Biomass Feedstocks

The production of dedicated biomass feedstocks for biofuels or for use in a solid fuel plant has not been 

investigated in detail. Many island communities are investigating this option. For example, there are 

several companies and groups in Hawaii that are developing plans for locally grown biofuels production. 

However, based on the initial site visit, NREL believes that growing bioenergy feedstocks on American 

Samoa will present the following challenges: 

• Small land area with steep hills, rocky cliffs, and densely growing jungle 

• There is not a large agricultural industry in American Samoa, and there are very few 

commercial operations

 

49 HECO Press Release. Available online at: 

www.heco.com/portal/site/heco/menuitem.508576f78baa14340b4c0610c510b1ca/?vgnextoid=9fbfb7ba04ecd210VgnVCM1

000005c011bacRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&cpsextcurrchannel=1. Accessed 1/31/2011.
38 

• There are a large number of small-scale farmers with acreages from 1 to 50 acres. 

3.2.3.6 Biomass Next Steps

Biomass utilization and WTE should make up some component of a wider energy strategy for American 

Samoa. Biomass offers many strategic benefits, such as biofuels can fit into the existing oil based 

infrastructure nearly seamlessly. Other resources, such as WTE, anaerobic digestion of biogenic 

materials from local canneries, and methane from waste water treatment plants, can be used to produce 

baseload power and are not subject to intermittent outages as are wind and solar. 

One of the next steps would be to conduct a comprehensive biomass resource assessment and analysis of 

opportunities. The assessment could be performed all at one time by a single entity, or the work could be 

split among a team of researchers. Several activities would lend themselves to being performed by 

students and staff from the University of American Samoa.

3.2.3.6.1 Waste-to-Energy

WTE is a small but important part of any strategic effort to develop renewable resources on American 

Samoa. The following next steps are suggested. With the detailed waste sort and flow analysis, an RFP 

should be issued to substantiate true capital costs for American Samoa.

1. Evaluate local recycling efforts, markets and options and determine potential impacts on the 

waste stream and the economics of WTE. 

2. ASPA should weigh the options between owning a WTE facility, versus offering a power 

purchase agreement to a private entity. There currently is a 30% capital cost difference 

between owning and purchasing the power. 

3.2.3.6.2 Biodiesel Assessment

The production of or use of biodiesel warrants further investigation. Recommended steps include:

• Conduct a survey of waste grease supplies on American Samoa. Determine who produces the 

material, how it is collected and disposed, what the costs are, and whether there are any 

opportunities for a local business to manufacture biodiesel locally. 

• Determine the expected costs of procuring biodiesel from the mainland or Asia. 

• Gather case study data associated with the use of biofuels in diesel systems in Hawaii, other 

islands, or other communities. 

• Determine equipment modifications needed to use biodiesel in the ASPA system. Based on 

other case studies or work done in Hawaii, it would be useful for ASPA to conduct a test of 

biofuel use within its system. This would be a comprehensive assessment that evaluates 

costs, impacts on heat rates and performance, fuel storage and handling, air emissions and 

overall feasibility.

• Estimate the levelized cost of energy of energy produced from biodiesel in various blends of 

biodiesel/petroleum diesel percentages. 

• Prepare a report and briefing for ASPA and the Energy Steering Committee to communicate 

results of the detailed assessment.

3.2.3.6.3 Anaerobic Digestion

Recommended steps include:

• Work with the local commercial cannery to validate their plan to lower operation costs. 

Identify their waste stream of biogenic materials, and their fuel requirements for current 
39 

operations. Evaluate the economic and technical feasibility of adding anaerobic digestion to 

their wastewater and fish waste stream.

• Possibly develop a plan for a cooperative with the commercial cannery to evaluate the 

economic and technical feasibility of combining all the fish waste streams and develop a 

common anaerobic digestion system for power generation. 
40 

4 Workforce Development

The development of a trained workforce to develop and expand new energy industries will be critical for 

American Samoa to increase the use of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies. 

Additionally, the local development of these industries as compared to their importation from other 

locations will also allow more economic development for residents. ASPA has almost 12,000 unique 

customers, which provides an indication of the number of potential customers that could benefit from 

additional energy services in the form of energy audits, energy efficient retrofits, or distributed 

renewable energy systems.

Although renewable energy components are not likely to be manufactured in American Samoa, the 

installation of all renewable energy technologies is generally labor intensive and could provide a good 

amount of jobs if the communities are able to take advantage of these opportunities. 

American Samoa has the groundwork in place to develop a strong, local renewables and efficiency 

implementation industry. The implementation of renewable technologies at various sites and the planned 

installation of the utility-scale PV project at the airport can serve as the foundational support, knowledge 

base, and demonstrational viability of these technologies. Incorporation of renewable energy technology 

and applications into the K-12 and vocational/community college curricula can serve as both an outreach 

and educational component that will support economic development. 

American Samoa already has several renewable energy focused private companies as well as interested 

citizens, both of which will play a key role in developing an active industry on the islands. Any strides 

in this area will require the training and retraining of individuals in green building techniques—home 

energy auditing, energy efficiency retrofits, or new construction—and renewable energy installation and 

maintenance. Many of these skills can be applied through traditional vocational training programs 

combined with apprentice programs, while others must be conducted by accredited programs that 

provide associate and other certificate degrees.

4.1 Workforce Development Next Steps

1. The Renewable Energy Committee Education subcommittee should determine opportunities, 

resources, and curricula available to offer increase energy education within the existing K-12 

courses

2. Determine needs, opportunities, resources, and curricula available to incorporate energy 

efficiency and renewable energy training into vocational classes at the community college. 

3. Connect with the Weatherization Program in the Weatherization and Intergovernmental 

Program (WIP) at DOE to determine what if any opportunities there are for assistance. 
41 

5 Policy Development 

The existing policies should be reviewed and evaluated for effectiveness; effective policies should 

remain and be promoted while ineffective policies should be evaluated for potential improvement and 

amended or eliminated. Creating an effective policy environment is important for the deployment of 

energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Below is a framework outline that could be used 

in determining needs and developing a policy framework: 

• How is the energy discussion being framed? 

o What high-level support is there (federal, territorial, local)?

o Identify the support; finances, technical assistance, education, and outreach activities 

o How does clean energy address island core values? Find and identify all the 

connections. 

o Is there energy literacy in the community, business sector, and local trades? 

• What are the energy goals (federal, territorial, local), or what goals can be developed? 

o This should cover all sectors; water, agriculture, aquaculture, recreation, tourism

• Identifying all barriers

o Social awareness and acceptance 

o Financial 

o Technical

o Workforce 

o Education. 

• Surveying current policy—What are the existing energy-related policies?

o Are they effective? How can they be more effective?

o What policy changes are needed?

o Is there a local/village connection?

• Policy analysis

o What technologies support American Samoa’s goals, objectives, and budget? 

o What are the policies and programs to support those technologies? 

o What existing policies support or hinder American Samoa’s energy goals? 

• Implementation and action plan 

o Implementation strategies

o Budgets and timelines

o Measurement and verification

o Re-assessment. 

Addressing these topics through consideration of current policies and determining opportunities to 

develop new policies and programs sets a sturdy foundation for achieving energy goals. 
42 

5.1 Policy Next Steps

Developing a policy environment that allows for and supports energy efficiency and renewable energy 

technologies is a key component of achieving American Samoa’s clean energy goals. Potential policy 

options include the following: 

1. Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS): An RPS mandates, through legislation, that the utility 

achieve a specified amount of electricity generation from renewable energy sources by a set 

year. These policies typically identify the type of renewable energy sources that count toward 

the RPS and may include incremental targets for interim years. See the Database of State 

Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency for examples of current state RPS 

(www.dsireusa.org). 

2. Energy Efficiency Resource Standard (EERS): Similar to an RPS, an EERS mandates 

through legislation that total projected electricity use is reduced by a certain percentage by a 

set year. This type of policy incentivizes the utility to invest in energy efficiency 

improvements in both operations and end-use. See the Database of State Incentives for 

Renewables and Efficiency for examples of current state RPSs (www.dsireusa.org).

3. Energy Efficiency Building Codes: The adoption and enforcement of energy-efficient 

building codes in both the residential and commercial sectors ensures that all new 

construction will be built to a minimum efficiency standard. The current standard for the 

most energy efficient residential codes is 2009 IECC and for commercial codes is American 

Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers 90.1-2007 or the 

equivalent.50 

4. Assess Utility Rate Cross-subsidization: Cross-subsidization is a regular practice around the 

world and often used to provide equitable access to utility services. However, crosssubsidization of utility rates based on location or type of utility service (e.g. using revenues 

generated from electricity sales to support other utility services) results in an economically 

inefficient use of those utility services. In the case of electricity rate cross-subsidization, this 

practice may impede the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects 

where it would otherwise currently be cost-effective to development clean energy projects. 

5. "Lead-by-Example" Policies: A government can lead by example by setting energy 

efficiency standards and goals for public buildings and operations that are above and beyond 

those established for the rest of the community. These types of policies not only save costs 

associated with energy use in the public sector, but also demonstrate to the broader 

community the effectiveness of energy efficiency technologies. These types of policies can 

be mandated through legislation or developed through an executive order. 

6. Incentivize Energy Savings in Territorial Government Agencies: Government agencies do 

not have an incentive to use electricity efficiently because they do not currently pay for their 

electricity out of their operations budget as the bills are paid directly by the territorial 

government to ASPA. If the funds used for electricity bills were included in the annual 

operations budget for each agency, they would better understand the costs associated with 

their energy use. Allowing the agency to retain some or all of the funding allotted for 

electricity use if it is not used during the year, would create an incentive for each agency to 

use electricity in an efficient manner. 

 

50 Building Codes Assistance Project. 2011. http://bcap-energy.org.
43 

6 Summary of Recommendations and Conclusions

The site visit and subsequent research on American Samoa’s energy efficiency and renewable energy 

opportunities is a basic, preliminary overview to provide the Energy Task Force with a set of next steps. 

The areas of opportunity that have been identified are based on this preliminary review. Further 

investigation or consultation may be required before undertaking any next steps. The key opportunities, 

potential steps for policy, and concluding points are summarized in this section. 

6.1 Key Opportunities 

General

• Develop an outreach strategy: The current lack of information on energy efficiency and 

renewable energy opportunities impedes adoption of clean energy technologies. Providing 

unbiased information to the public on the costs and benefits of these technologies could 

address the information barrier to adoption and potentially provide residents with strategies 

to reduce their electricity use and associated costs.

• Based on existing overall baseline energy use, set priorities and develop specific goals to 

reduce overall fossil fuel consumption. Energy efficiency and conservation efforts should be 

at the forefront of this discussion. 

• Develop a strategic energy plan. The plan should include an implementation strategy to 

implement near-term opportunities identified in this report, and approaches for further 

feasibility analysis to identify and implement longer-term opportunities. 

• Policies, programs, and regulations should be reviewed for energy efficiency and renewable 

energy targets. 

• Conduct a transportation assessment to determine fuel usage, analyze options, and identify 

fuel reduction and/or renewable strategies.

Energy Efficiency

• Conduct and energy end-use study. 

• Provide educational materials to address specific information and outreach needs. Flyers, 

posters, and stickers can be designed and distributed among the appropriate building sectors. 

• Provide training courses and materials for both architects and workers in the construction 

sector to improve energy awareness. Energy efficiency in retrofit, renovation, and new 

construction can be integrated into the construction process terms of planning, design, 

materials, and equipment. 

• Create guidebooks and self-assessment checklists. These guidebooks could be designed as 

stand-alone products for specific sectors or integrated into the training courses described 

above. 

• Evaluate and consider alternative cooling technologies such as green roofs and solar airconditioning. 

• Determine if a cool roof program is appropriate and feasible. 

• Utilize the existing ARRA building audits and subsequent energy conservation measures to 

build a building portfolio; measure performance as retrofits occur, compare savings and 

evaluate lessons learned. 

• Perform water audits and utilize the results to benefit the entire building portfolio. 
44 

• Develop residential audit programs or incentives to encourage energy conservation and 

efficiency in homes.

Renewable Energy

• Conduct a renewable energy grid integration study. 

• Complete wind anemometry studies and analyze results to determine wind energy potential. 

• All renewable assessments should be followed by a detailed feasibility and economic 

assessment of the best project sites, including an interconnection study. 

• Identify available land area for renewable energy development. This should consider zoning, 

avian, and other environmental considerations. 

• Develop solar water heating implementation programs for residential, commercial, and 

government buildings. 

• Consideration of WTE potential and resource assessments as described in this report should 

be conducted. 

6.2 Conclusion

There are many opportunities to be found in American Samoa for the adoption of energy efficiency and 

renewable energy technologies as well as implementation of energy policies, standards, and codes that 

have been outlined. 

As a result of the economic impacts of fluctuating energy prices, including the record high price for oil 

in 2008, American Samoa recognizes the immediate need to address energy consumption and costs. 

American Samoa is in a unique position to undertake a concerted effort to address current energy and 

environmental challenges. Due to its geographic isolation, non-renewable resources are extremely 

limited and subject to large volatility in pricing and availability. Energy security is fundamental to the 

long-term economic future and sustainability of American Samoa. Consequently, creating a stable 

investment atmosphere remains challenging, while the quality of life for residents and visitors continues 

to be affected. However, the unique position of American Samoa also offers many natural advantages, as 

the territory is endowed with diverse sources of alternative energy. 

A strong energy plan begins by surveying the current situation and assessing both current and future 

needs. It provides analysis and recommendations for appropriate technologies, policies, and programs 

relevant to its environment while addressing economic viability. It addresses a full range of energy 

options, with a focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, prioritizes opportunities, 

and maps out a road in which a community may follow in order to reach long-term energy security and 

socioeconomic development. The roadmap includes implementation strategies for action that will ensure

energy efficiency and renewable energy programs and projects achieve local market adoption and 

deployment. This will serve as the starting point and pathway to greater energy security and economic 

sustainability. 
45 

Appendix A: Generation Capacity Tables

The information contained in this appendix includes the pre-tsunami and post-tsunami generation 

capacities.

Table 8. Pre-tsunami Generation Capacity (Before September 29, 2009)51

Tafuna Power Plant Satala Power Plant

Generator Size 

(MW)

Manufacturer Status Generator Size 

(MW)

Manufacturer Status

T2 4.75 Deutz Ok S4 4.75 Deutz Ok

T3 4.75 Deutz Ok S5 4.75 Deutz Ok

T4 4.75 Deutz In Repair S6 4.75 Deutz Ok

T6 4.75 Deutz In Repair S8 4.75 Deutz Ok

T7 1.5 Caterpillar Ok EMD 2.5 GE ready

T8 1.5 Caterpillar Ok CAT 1.5 Caterpillar ready

Total 22 Installed 

Capacity

S3 1.8 Radiator needed 

repairs. Not 

in total

Total 23 Installed 

Capacity

Table 9. Post-tsunami Generation Capacity, Tier II (Since Approximately December 2009)52

Tafuna Power Plant Satala Power Plant

Generator Size 

(MW)

Manufacturer Status Generator Size 

(MW)

Manufacturer Status

T2 4.75 Deutz Ok 18 x 1 MW 18 Aggreko temporary

T3 4.75 Deutz Ok 18 Installed 

Capacity

T4 4.75 Deutz In Repair

T6 4.75 Deutz In Repair 

T7 1.5 Caterpillar Ok

T8 1.5 Caterpillar Ok 

9 x 1 MW 9 Aggreko temporary

31 Installed 

Capacity

 

51 ASPA Energy and Financial Security presentation, November 2010. 52Ibid.
46 

Appendix B: Waste Sort Data

This appendix includes information from the Waste Characterization and Waste to Energy Facility 

Study. 

Table 10. Annual Averages Based on Three-Week Data53

Account/Name, 

Truck Type

Sector Net Weight 

(T/yr)

% of Sector % of Total

ASG/ASPA 

Pickup Truck

ASG & Res 318 5.5% 5.5%

ASCC Pickup 

Truck

ASG & Res 17 0.3% 0.3%

ASPA Bucket 

Truck

ASG & Res 12 0.2% 0.2%

ASPA Flat Bed 

Truck

ASG & Res 2,136 36.7% 36.7%

ASPA Side 

Loader

ASG & Res 2,829 48.6% 48.6%

Family Trash ASG & Res 473 8.1% 8.1%

Total, ASG & 

Residential

5,785 27.7%

Starkist (Reg. 

Trash)

Commercial 1,457 9.6% 9.6%

Starkist (Waste 

Fish)

Commercial 929 6.1% 6.1%

Commercial 

Front End 

Loader

Commercial 11,832 78% 78%

Mixed 

Commercial

Commercial 957 6.3% 6.3%

Total For Year 20,960

Table 11. Most Prevalent Materials Identified by Waste Sort

Material Type Tons Mean % Cum %

Cardboard and Kraft 4003 19.1% 19.1%

Ferrous Cans 3364 16.0% 35.1%

Misc. Residue 2390 11.4% 46.6%

Yard Waste 1076 5.1% 51.7%

Diapers 1061 5.1% 56.7%

Fish Meal 919 4.4% 61.1%

Food Waste 875 4.2% 65.3%

Fish Waste 826 3.9% 69.2%

Bag Film Plastic 792 3.8% 73.0%

Boxboard 543 2.6% 75.6%

Total 15849 75.6%

 

53 Waste Characterization and Waste to Energy Facility Study, September 17, 2009. Pg 2-3 to 2-4. SCS Engineers.
47 

Table 12. Heat Rate Analysis for American Samoa

Waste Type Portion of 

Overall 

Waste 

stream

Inherent 

Energy 

(Btu/lb)

Moisture 

Content

Revised 

Energy 

(Btu/lb)

Total 

Energy 

Contribution 

(Btu/lb)

Food waste 3.5% 2,000 92.5% 151 5

Paper 6.7% 7,200 23.5% 5,508 371

Cardboard 17.6% 7,000 52.5% 3,325 586

Plastics 11.8% 14,000 23.0% 10,780 1,272

Textiles 3.9% 7,500 23.5% 5,738 221

Rubber 0.0% 10,000 10,000 5

Leather 0.0% 7,500 7,500

Garden 

trimmings

10.6% 2,800 66.5% 938 99

Wood 1.2% 8,000 8,000 93

Glass 3.2% 60 60 2

Tin Cans 4.7% 300 300 14

Non ferrous 

metals

1.3% 0 0 0

Ferrous 

metals

0.5% 300 300 1

Dirt, ashes, 

brick, etc

0.0% 3,000 3,000 1

Municipal 

solid wastes

(Mixed 

Residues)

15.0% 4,500 70% 1,350 202

Waste Oil 2.2% 21,54000 92.5% 21,000 472

Tires 5.3% 13,500 23.5% 13,500 713

Total 87.4% 4,058

 

54 Waste Characterization and Waste to Energy Facility Study, September 17, 2009. Pg 5-14. SCS Engineers.
48 

Appendix C: Solar Radiation Data

This appendix contains information from the Atmospheric Science Data Center NASA Surface 

meteorology and Solar Energy: RETScreen Data. 

Table 13. Solar Resource in American Samoa55

Month

Daily solar 

radiation - 

horizontal

kWh/m2/d

January 5.71

February 5.75

March 5.55

April 5.22

May 4.65

June 4.45

July 4.67

August 5.33

September 5.88

October 6.04

November 6

December 5.84

Annual

Average 5.42 

 

55 http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse/retscreen.cgi?email=rets@nrcan.gc.ca&step=1&lat=-14.33046+&lon=-

170&submit=Submit. 
49 

Appendix D: Waste-to-Energy Study Data

This appendix contains information related to the WTE study conducted by SCS Engineers.

Table 14. Capital Cost for 82 TPD WTE

Facility Cost Item Costs

Land 0

Building @$200/sq. foot 2,000,000

Combustion, Ash Handling, and Air 

Emission Control Equipment

7,000,000

Waste Heat Recovery and Power 

Generation Equip with SCADA/Data 

Recording/Control Systems

3,200,000

Scale House/Weighing System 200,000

Utilities and Substation/Tie In 200,000

Rolling Stock 200,000

Engineering, Installation, Testing 400,000

Permitting and Implementation 300,000

Freight 400,000

Subtotal 13,900,000

Contingency (15%) 2,085,000

Total Capital Costs $15,985,000

Treasury Grant (30% of Total Capital 

Costs)

4,785,500

Total Capital Costs – Minus Treasury 

Grant

$11,189,500

Table 15. Landfill Tipping Fee

Customer Classification Number of 

Customers

Current 

$/account

Previous 

$/account/mo

Expected 

10/2012

Residential 10,139 $3.00 $1.00 $10.36

American Samoa 

Government 

511

Commercial

- 872 $280 $115

Industrial 

-Up to 10 cy 

-11 to 20 cy 

-Over 20 cy

-Canneries

6 $72 

$102 

$135 

$162