1

Filed 12/17/14 Unmodified opinion attached

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STEPHENS & STEPHENS XII, LLC,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE CO., et 

al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 A135938; A136740

 San Francisco County Super. Ct.

 Nos. CGC10502891 and

 CGC10502891

 ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

 AND DENYING REHEARING

 [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

BY THE COURT:

The opinion filed November 24, 2014, is modified by deleting footnote 12 and 

replacing it with the following:

We asked the parties for supplemental briefing on the propriety of a conditional 

judgment. In the supplemental briefing, both parties argue that such a judgment 

would be improper because Stephens XII recently sold the property. We disagree. 

Fireman’s Fund’s potential liability in the event of any such sale was not litigated 

below and, as a reviewing court, we must generally disregard matters occurring 

after the entry of the appealed judgment. (Troung v. Nguyen (2007) 

156 Cal.App.4th 865, 882.) Nor would any such sale moot the issues before us as 

Fireman’s Fund contends. Regardless of any sale, the validity of the JNOV and 

the form of judgment remain live issues between the parties, and entry of a 

conditional judgment in favor of Stephens XII may affect other relief available to 

the parties, such as costs.

The modification does not change the appellate judgment. (Cal Rules of 

Court, rule 8.264(c)(2).) Appellant’s petition for rehearing is denied.

_________________________P.J.

 

*

Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is 

certified for publication with the exception of part DISCUSSION, A.2.B., C.
2

Trial Court: San Francisco County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Honorable Curtis E.A. Karnow

Counsel for Appellant: Daniel Upham Smith; Valerie T. McGinty; Nina 

Grigoryevna Shapirshteyn

Counsel for Amicus Curiae 

United Policyholder on behalf 

of Appellant: Sharon Joellen Arkin

Counsel for Respondent: Rex S. Heinke; Reginald D. Steer; Ashley Brooke 

Vinson; Teresa W. Ghali; Danielle Crockett
1

Filed 11/24/14 Unmodified opinion

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STEPHENS & STEPHENS XII, LLC,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE CO., et 

al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 A135938; A136740

 (City and County of San Francisco

 Super. Ct. No. CGC-10-502891)

Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co. issued an insurance policy covering loss from 

property damage, including rent, on a building owned by plaintiff Stephens & Stephens 

XII, LLC (Stephens XII). Three days after the policy became effective, Stephens XII 

discovered the property had sustained serious damage from burglars who stripped it of all 

electrical and other conductive materials. Stephens XII sought reimbursement for the 

damage from Fireman’s Fund, but Fireman’s Fund delayed resolving the claim. Stephens 

XII then brought this suit.

The policy provided two different measures for reimbursing covered damages. 

Stephens XII could recover either the full cost of repairing the damages, so long the 

repairs were actually made, or the depreciated value of the damaged property. As of the 

date of trial, Stephens XII had not repaired the damage. The jury nevertheless awarded 

Stephens XII the full cost of repairing it. In addition, the jury awarded Stephens XII lost 

business income on a theory not authorized by the policy, but it declined to award lost 

rent, which was authorized by the policy. The trial court granted Fireman’s Fund 

 

*

Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is 

certified for publication with the exception of part DISCUSSION, A.2.B., C.
2

judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), finding that neither of the awards was 

permitted under the policy.

We reverse. Although we agree with the trial court that Stephens XII is not 

entitled to an immediate award for the costs of repairing the damage, we conclude that it 

is entitled to a conditional judgment awarding these costs if the repairs are actually made. 

We also uphold the award for lost business income because it is properly construed as an 

award for compensable lost rent. Finally, we conclude that there are insufficient grounds 

to proceed with a new trial.

BACKGROUND

Stephens XII filed this suit against Fireman’s Fund, American Insurance 

Company, and Factory Mutual Insurance Company,

1

alleging causes of action for breach 

of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The operative 

complaint alleged that Stephens XII purchased a liability insurance policy from 

Fireman’s Fund for a commercial property in January 2007. Property-damage coverage 

was later added and became effective on June 28. On July 1, Stephens XII discovered 

that burglars had caused more than $2 million in damage to the property. Stephens XII

notified Fireman’s Fund of the property damage, but the insurance company failed to pay 

for it.

A. Fireman’s Fund’s Liability.

Fireman’s Fund was found liable to Stephens XII on both causes of action after a 

jury trial. The factual findings underlying its liability are not challenged in this appeal, 

but we review them briefly to provide context for the appellate claims.

Stephens XII is a limited liability company formed for the purpose of buying and 

operating the property, a very large industrial warehouse located in Richmond, 

California. Stephens XII, in turn, is managed by D.R. Stephens & Company, a “property 

 

1

Stephens XII’s claims against Factory Mutual were settled and are not involved in this 

appeal. American is a Fireman’s Fund subsidiary, and we will refer to them jointly as 

“Fireman’s Fund” because any distinction between them is immaterial for purposes of 

this appeal.
3

management company” that manages some 40 real properties.2 When Stephens XII

purchased the property in 2005, it was being used as a distribution center by a tenant, 

Navistar International Transportation Corporation (Navistar). 

In January 2007, Stephens & Company, Stephens XII, and more than 30 other, 

presumably related, entities became insured under a Fireman’s Fund commercial

insurance policy. Stephens XII, however, did not arrange for property-damage coverage

on the property because Navistar already carried it. After Navistar vacated the property 

on May 31, 2007, Stephens XII realized it needed property-damage coverage and, 

through its insurance broker, contacted Fireman’s Fund to secure it. The coverage was 

added, and it became effective on June 28.

The property was burglarized sometime after June 8, when the property was 

inspected and found sound. Burglary hardly begins to describe the nature of the crime. 

Virtually all conductive material was stripped from the building and taken away. An 

electrician who examined the damage said “[t]he copper theft was the most complete job 

I’ve ever seen.” There was water damage throughout; walls were damaged; fireprotection equipment was rendered inoperable; and virtually all electrical components

had been taken away. The estimated cost of repair exceeded $1 million. The theft 

appears to have stopped on or about July 1, after a police officer on routine patrol spotted 

a door ajar, investigated, and detained two men who said they were collecting metal 

inside the building.

Within days of discovering the damage, Stephens notified Fireman’s Fund.

Although Fireman’s Fund eventually paid Stephens XII for emergency repairs, it neither 

accepted nor denied coverage for the loss. From virtually the beginning of its 

investigation, Fireman’s Fund was concerned that the damage was too extensive to have 

 

2

The precise legal relationship between Stephens XII and Stephens & Co. is not clear 

from the testimony at trial. It appears that Stephens & Co. organized the purchase of the 

property by a group of investors, who presumably became the members of Stephens XII, 

the entity owning the property. Donald Stephens, the founder of Stephens & Co., was 

among the investors in Stephens XII and was involved in management decisions 

concerning the property.
4

occurred in the brief period of the policy’s coverage. Fireman’s Fund ultimately denied 

coverage, but not until February 2012—nearly five years after the incident and barely a 

month before trial—on grounds that Stephens XII had concealed and misrepresented

material information during the insurance investigation.

Trial began the next month. In a special verdict, the jury concluded all of the 

damage occurred while the policy was in effect, rejected Fireman’s Fund’s defenses of 

concealment and misrepresentation, and found for Stephens XII on its claims for breach 

of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

B. The Damages.

The issues raised on appeal all relate to the jury’s award of damages. Under the 

breach of contract claim, the jury awarded $2,100,293 for the “Replacement Cost” of the 

damage to the property and $2,135,936 in lost “Business Income.” Under the claim for 

breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the jury denied damages for costs 

of repair and lost profits, but it awarded $436,896 in what was characterized as “lost 

rents.” As we will describe further below, the trial court concluded that the terms of the 

policy did not support the jury’s awards, and it entered JNOV for Fireman’s Fund.

1. Replacement or Repair Cost.

Under the heading “Valuation,” the policy provides two alternative means for 

determining the amount Fireman’s Fund is required to pay for property damage. 

Fireman’s Fund must initially value the damages according to their “Replacement Cost,” 

meaning the expenditure required to replace the damaged property with “new property of 

comparable material and quality.” Significantly, however, Fireman’s Fund is not 

required to pay replacement cost “until the lost or damaged property is actually repaired 

or replaced and unless the repairs or replacement are made as soon as reasonably possible 

after the loss or damage.” We shall refer to this provision requiring the repairs to be 

made before full replacement cost is to be paid as the policy’s repair requirement. When 

Fireman’s Fund’s obligation to pay full replacement cost is triggered, Fireman’s Fund is 
5

only required to pay “[t]he amount [the insured] actually spend[s] that is necessary to 

repair or replace the lost or damaged property.” 3

 

3

The full text of the relevant section of the policy is as follows:

“K. Valuation

“1. Replacement Cost

“If a loss occurs:

“a. We will determine the value of the lost or damaged property at 

Replacement Cost as of the time of the loss or damage, except as 

provided below. Replacement cost means the cost to replace with 

new property of comparable material and quality and used for the 

same purpose without deduction for depreciation.

“b. You may make a claim for loss or damage covered by this insurance 

on an Actual Cash Value basis instead of a Replacement Cost Basis. 

In the event you elect to have loss or damage settled on an Actual 

Cash Value basis, you may still make a claim for the additional 

coverage which Replacement Cost provides if you notify us of your 

intent to do so within 180 days after the loss or damage.

“c. We will not pay on a Replacement Cost basis for any loss or damage 

until the lost or damaged property is actually repaired or replaced 

and unless the repairs or replacement are made as soon as reasonably 

possible after the loss or damage.

“d. We will not pay more for loss or damage on a Replacement Cost 

basis, including loss caused by the enforcement of an ordinance or 

law, than the least of the following:

“(1) The Limit of Insurance applicable to the lost or damaged 

property;

“(2) The cost to replace the lost or damaged property with other 

new property of comparable material and quality and used for 

the same purpose; or

“(3) The amount you actually spend that is necessary to repair or 

replace the lost or damaged property.

“e. You may voluntarily elect to rebuild on another site provided it does 

not increase the amount of loss or damage which we would 

otherwise pay to rebuild at your current site. But we will not pay for 

the cost of the land.”
6

As an alternative to seeking replacement cost, the insured may claim “Actual Cash 

Value,” which is defined as the actual, depreciated value of the damaged property.4 As 

the policy acknowledges, the actual cash value might be “significantly less” than the 

replacement value. If an insured makes a claim for actual cash value, it may still repair 

the damage and claim the additional amount necessary to equal the replacement cost, so 

long as the insured notifies Fireman’s Fund of its “intent to [make a claim for the 

additional costs] within 180 days after the loss or damage.”

These provisions are apparently common in property-damage insurance policies. 

They were explained succinctly in D&S Realty v. Markel Ins. Co. (2012) 284 Neb. 1 [816 

N.W.2d 1] (D&S Realty), and we quote at length from that decision. “Standard casualty 

protection for residential and commercial property insures the property only to the extent 

of its actual cash value. Actual cash value is the value of the property in its depreciated 

condition. The purpose of actual cash value coverage is indemnification. It is to make 

the insured whole, but never to benefit the insured because the loss occurred.

“Most standard indemnity policies allow the insurer to choose to pay the lesser of 

actual cash value or the cost of repairing or replacing the damaged property. Thus, where 

the cost to repair or replace is greater than the actual cash value, the insured, not the 

insurer, is responsible for the cash difference necessary to replace the old property with 

new property.

“Replacement cost insurance is optional additional coverage that may be 

purchased to insure against the hazard that the improvements will cost more than the 

actual cash value and that the insured cannot afford to pay the difference. In essence, 

replacement cost coverage insures against the expected depreciation of the property.

Unlike standard indemnity, replacement cost coverage places the insured in a better 

position than he or she was in before the loss. ‘Any purported windfall to an insured who 

purchases replacement cost insurance is precisely what the insured contracted to receive 

 

4 An endorsement to the policy defines actual cash value as “the amount it would cost to 

repair or replace Covered Property, at the time of loss or damage, with material of like 

kind and quality, subject to a deduction for deterioration, depreciation and obsolescence.”
7

in the event of a loss.’ Replacement cost coverage is, accordingly, more expensive than 

standard indemnification coverage.

“But because replacement cost coverage places the insured in a better position 

than before the loss, there is a moral hazard that the insured will intentionally destroy the 

insured property in order to gain from the loss. For this reason, most replacement cost 

policies require actual repair or replacement of the damaged property as a condition 

precedent to recovery under the replacement cost rider. The repair/replace condition 

generally requires . . . that the repair or replacement occur ‘as soon as reasonably possible 

after the loss,’ or a similar time constraint.

“If the insured has contracted for replacement cost coverage, the insured will 

normally be entitled under the policy to an immediate payment representing the actual 

cash value of the loss, which can be used as seed money to start the repairs. Depending 

on the policy, the acceptance of this actual-cash-value payment may trigger a more 

limited time constraint for completion of the repairs. . . . If the insured repairs or replaces 

the property within the time period stated in the policy, the insured will then be entitled to 

an additional payment for the amount by which the cost of the repair or replacement 

exceeded the actual cash value payment.” (D&S Realty, supra, 816 N.W.2d at pp. 14-16, 

fns. omitted.)

According to a company adjuster who testified at the trial here, Fireman’s Fund 

handles property-damage claims consistent with the process described in D&S Realty, 

supra, 816 N.W.2d 1. “On a typical basis, the way the losses are handled is that you 

would . . . reach an agreed scope and cost of repairs, and from that amount you would 

basically take away what’s called depreciation. . . . And [Fireman’s Fund] would issue 

the actual cash value . . . payment up front. From the time that that payment is issued, the 

insured has 180 days to basically show that they have completed or near completion of 

the actual repairs, and then they can come back and receive up to the amount of held back 

depreciation.”

That is not what happened here. During the three years between the burglary and 

the initiation of this lawsuit, the parties engaged in an extended series of ultimately 
8

fruitless discussions about reimbursement for the damage. During the course of the 

discussions, it appears never to have been suggested by either party that Stephens XII 

seek an actual cost value payment, thereby providing it the “seed money” to start repairs. 

(D&S Realty, supra, 816 N.W.2d at p. 16.) As a Stephens XII witness involved in the 

negotiations acknowledged, Stephens XII sought the replacement cost of the damage, 

even though it had taken no steps to make the repairs. Fireman’s Fund, in turn, never 

accepted coverage for the loss. At the time of trial, few repairs had been made, beyond 

the emergency ones for which Stephens XII had been reimbursed by Fireman’s Fund. 

At trial, Stephens XII presented no evidence of the actual cash value of the 

damaged property and expressly disclaimed any intent to seek recovery under this 

measure.

5 As a result, no provision was made for actual cost value damages in the 

special verdict form. Rather, Stephens XII sought exclusively replacement cost damages, 

taking the position that it was excused from complying with the repair requirement as a 

result of Fireman’s Fund’s denial of coverage.

In the special verdict, the jury found that Fireman’s Fund “fail[ed] to make 

payments required by the policy, which prevented Stephens [XII] from repairing the 

damage to the Property.” Although it found that Stephens XII had not repaired the 

property, it also determined that Stephens XII had performed its material duties under the 

policy. The jury valued the replacement cost at $2,100,293.

Fireman’s Fund moved for JNOV, contending Stephens XII was not entitled to 

replacement cost as a matter of law because Stephens XII had not satisfied the 

precondition of the repair requirement. Stephens XII argued that the jury had concluded 

Fireman’s Fund’s failure to pay the actual cost value prevented and excused Stephens XII 

from the repair requirement.

 

5 During the jury instructions conference, the trial court confirmed with Stephens XII’s 

counsel, “it’s my understanding that the plaintiff’s right now firmly on the record without 

any equivocation that they are not asking for actual cash value in this case.” Counsel 

responded, “No, we are not asking for actual cash value.”
9

The trial court granted the motion. It found that Stephens XII was required to 

complete the repairs before it was entitled to receive replacement cost. It also found that 

Stephens XII’s claim that it was excused from the repair requirement was unsupported by 

the language of the policy. As the court reasoned, Stephens XII was permitted to claim 

either actual cost value or replacement value, and Fireman’s Fund’s obligation to pay did 

not arise until a claim was made. The court held that although Stephens XII “plainly 

sought insurance proceeds from [Fireman’s Fund],” it never made a claim for actual cost 

value prior to trial and disclaimed the recovery of actual cost value at trial. The court 

declined to find that the payment of actual cost value was a condition precedent to 

Stephens XII’s obligation to repair in order to receive replacement cost, noting the right 

to replacement cost is independent of the right to actual cost value under the policy, and 

the “availability of these independent avenues to compensation counters the interpretation 

that proceeding down one of those avenues is a condition to the steps involved in 

prosecuting the other avenue.”

2. Lost Business Income.

An endorsement to the policy provided, “[Fireman’s Fund] will pay for the actual 

loss of Business Income and Rental Value which you sustain due to the necessary 

suspension of operations during the period of restoration. The suspension must be 

caused by direct physical loss or damage at the premises, . . . caused by or resulting from 

a covered cause of loss.” For purposes of the provision, “Operations” was defined as 

“your business activities occurring at the described premises and the tenantability of the 

described premises.” “Rental Value” was defined as “[t]he total anticipated rental 

income from tenant occupancy of the premises . . . as furnished and equipped by you.”

Stephens XII provided evidence of two types of damages under this provision and 

asked the jury to award one or the other, but not both. First, Stephens XII sought, as lost 

business income, lost profits from a deal to sell the property in March 2008 that fell 

through. An expert witness for Stephens XII testified that the damages associated with 

this failed real property sale amounted to over $10 million. Alternatively, Stephens XII 

sought the equivalent of nearly five years’ rent for the property, which had remained 
10

vacant between the time of the burglary and the trial. The damages expert assumed the 

property would have been rented on a “triple net” basis at a rental value of $.30 per 

square foot per month, beginning December 1, 2007.

6

 Based on 242,720 square feet, the

total lost rent to the time of trial was $3,589,110. During cross-examination, the expert 

acknowledged that the rent proposal on which he based his estimate actually provided for 

monthly rent of $.20 per square foot when calculated on a triple net basis. Although the 

expert assumed that the property could have been repaired and rented within six months, 

Stephens XII’s attorney suggested to the jury that it would be “reasonable” for it to find 

that it would have taken a full year to rent the property, given the time needed for repair 

and marketing.

The special verdict form included a series of questions relating to both lost 

business income and lost rent. The jury found that Stephens XII had suffered lost 

business income under the policy and awarded $2,135,936. In a section of the special 

verdict form labeled, “COVERED LOSS OF RENTAL VALUE,” the jury appears 

initially to have found that Stephens XII suffered “an actual loss of ‘Rental Value’ ” but 

scratched out its “yes” response to this finding and changed it to “no.” It accordingly 

awarded no damages for loss of rental value under the breach of contract claim. The jury 

also awarded bad faith damages of $436,896, which it inserted in a blank labeled “lost 

rents.”

In its JNOV motion, Fireman’s Fund argued that income lost from the failed real 

estate sale did not constitute lost “business income” under the policy as a matter of law. 

Stephens XII countered by arguing that the award of business income should be 

interpreted as lost rents. It pointed out that the $2,135,936 awarded by the jury was 

exactly equal to 44 months of rent, calculated on the basis of $.20 per square foot. An 

award of 44 months of rent would assume the property was rented from July 2008, one

year after the damage occurred, as urged by Stephens XII’s attorney, through March 

 

6 Under a triple net lease, a common commercial arrangement, “the renter pays all 

operating expenses and the owner gets a net check.” 
11

2012, the month of trial. Stephens XII suggested that the jury viewed the lost rents to be 

lost business income because the company was in the business of renting property, and 

two company employees had equated lost rents and lost business income during their 

testimony. 

In granting JNOV, the trial court concluded Stephens XII could not have suffered 

lost business income because it did not conduct any business at the property, as required 

by the policy. The court found the verdict to be “unambiguous” in not awarding lost 

rents, and it rejected Stephens XII’s theory that the jury conflated business income and 

lost rents. In addition, the court overturned the jury’s award of bad faith damages 

because no compensatory damages had been properly awarded.

C. The New Trial Motion.

When it filed its motion for JNOV, Fireman’s Fund also filed a motion for a new 

trial, arguing not only that the jury’s award of damages was erroneous as a matter of law

but also that its factual findings were against the weight of the evidence. The trial court 

initially denied the motion as moot in light of its grant of JNOV. At the request of 

Fireman’s Fund, the court reconsidered and granted a new trial in a subsequent order

ruling, “The motion for a new trial is granted, to be effective only if my ruling on the 

motion JNOV is vacated or reversed [on appeal]. [Citation.] Specifically, for the reasons

stated in my [written decision granting JNOV], I find that there was an insufficiency of 

the evidence to support the award of damages, that the decision was against the law, and 

the verdict was against the weight of the evidence.” 

At oral argument on Stephens XII’s postverdict motion to amend the complaint, 

Stephens XII’s counsel sought clarification of the scope of the court’s order on the 

motion for a new trial. Counsel noted that the court’s reasons for granting the motion 

“deal with the complaint only, and not cross-complaint, and I just want to make sure that 

the new trial is granted only with respect to those issues.”7 The court responded, “when I 

 

7

The existence of a cross-complaint is news to this court, since neither party included 

such a document in its appendix. It is unclear what claims were alleged in the crosscomplaint, although Stephens XII’s counsel spoke of a “qui tam action.”
12

say we’re going to have a new trial, we would have to . . . give Fireman’s Fund the 

opportunity to again try to have a new trial on all of those legal and factual issues [of the 

cross-complaint]. . . . So we would, in fact, be retrying all of those issues. We would just 

start from the top.” In a written order, entered the same day, the court reaffirmed this 

ruling, noting, “if there is to be a new trial then, depending on the direction from the 

Court of Appeal, all the issues including all affirmative defenses would be retried.”

Finally, in September 2012, the trial court entered an order amending the judgment 

nunc pro tunc to award certain costs of suit to Fireman’s Fund and denying costs to 

Stephens XII. 

Stephens XII initially appealed the trial court’s orders granting JNOV and a new 

trial, and the judgment entered on those orders. It later filed a second notice of appeal 

addressed to the court’s amendment of the judgment to award costs. The appeals were

consolidated by our order of May 21, 2013.

DISCUSSION

A. The JNOV on the Breach of Contract Cause Cannot Be Sustained.

“ ‘ “The trial court’s power to grant a motion for JNOV is the same as its power to 

grant a directed verdict. [Citation.] The court must accept as true the evidence 

supporting the jury’s verdict, disregarding all conflicting evidence and indulging in every 

legitimate inference that may be drawn in support of the judgment. The court may grant 

the motion only if there is no substantial evidence to support the verdict. [Citations.] On 

appeal from the denial of a motion for JNOV, we determine whether there is any 

substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supporting the jury’s verdict. 

[Citation.]” ’ ” (Taylor v. Nabors Drilling USA, LP (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1237.) 

Where, however, the trial court’s grant of JNOV is based on an issue of law—here, the 

interpretation of an insurance policy—our review is de novo. (Wolf v. Walt Disney 

Pictures & Television (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1107, 1138; Cardio Diagnostic Imaging, 

Inc. v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2014) 212 Cal.App.4th 69, 73 [interpretation of insurance 

policy is an issue of law].)
13

We conclude that the trial court’s grant of JNOV cannot be sustained under these 

standards. As we shall explain, although Stephens XII is not entitled to an immediate 

award for the costs of repairing the damage, it is entitled to a conditional judgment 

awarding these costs if the repairs are actually made. And, as we shall further explain, 

the jury’s award for lost business income is properly construed as an award for lost rent.

1. Stephens XII Is Entitled to a Conditional Judgment Awarding It 

Replacement Cost if It Repairs the Damaged Property.

The trial court properly interpreted the policy’s terms, and Stephens XII does not 

seriously contend otherwise. Under these terms, Stephens XII could claim either actual

cost value or replacement cost, but it was entitled to receive replacement cost only if it 

actually repaired the damage. As the court observed in granting JNOV, there was no 

dispute that Stephens XII did not repair the property and was ineligible to receive 

replacement cost under the literal terms of the policy. While the parties dispute whether 

the court properly interpreted the policy as requiring an affirmative claim for actual cost 

value reimbursement, Stephens XII disclaimed any intent to recover actual cost value at 

trial and presented no evidence of this measure of damages.

Instead of arguing that the trial court misinterpreted the policy’s terms, Stephens 

XII instead argues that it was excused from complying with the repair requirement under 

various doctrines. We therefore turn to consider these arguments.

a. Prevention.

Stephens XII first argues that it was excused from complying with the repair 

requirement because it was prevented from repairing the damage by Fireman’s Fund’s 

failure to accept coverage. As the doctrine of prevention was articulated in Jacobs v. 

Tenneco West, Inc. (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 1413, 1417, “ ‘Where a party’s breach by 

non-performance contributes materially to the non-occurrence of a condition of one of his 

duties, the non-occurrence is excused.’ [Citation.]” quoting the Restatement (Second) of 

Contracts, section 245. “ ‘Although it is implicit in the rule that the condition has not 

occurred, it is not necessary to show that it would have occurred but for the lack of 

cooperation. It is only required that the breach have contributed materially to the non-
14

occurrence. Nevertheless, if it can be shown that the condition would not have occurred 

regardless of the lack of cooperation, the failure of performance did not contribute 

materially to its non-occurrence and the rule does not apply.’ ” (Ibid.) More recently, 

City of Hollister v. Monterey Ins. Co. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 455 (City of Hollister) 

reached a similar result through application of the doctrine of estoppel. (Id. at pp. 491-

492.)

No reported California case has addressed the application of the prevention 

doctrine in the context of the type of repair requirement at issue here, but several 

decisions from other jurisdictions have. Courts have largely, but not uniformly, excused 

the insured from repairing damaged property when the insurer failed to pay on the claim 

or hindered or prevented the repair. (See Pollock v. Fire Ins. Exchange (1988) 167 Mich. 

App. 415 [423 N.W.2d 234, 236-237], Bailey v. Farmers Union Co-op. Ins. Co. 

(Neb.App. 1992) 498 N.W.2d 591, 598-599, Ward v. Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co. 

(2000) 332 N.J. Super. 515 [753 A.2d 1214, 1219-1221], and Rockford Mut. Ins. Co. v. 

Pirtle (Ind.App. 2009) 911 N.E.2d 60, 66-67.)

8

 On the other hand, Florida courts have 

not excused the insured from repairing damaged property under similar circumstances.9

Two decisions, D&S Realty, supra, 816 N.W.2d at pages 16-17 and Smith v. 

Michigan Basic Property Ins. Assn. (1992) [441 Mich. 181] 490 N.W.2d 864, 868

(Smith), found a middle ground. Both concluded that an insurer’s failure to pay on a 

claim or other hindrance excused the policy’s procedural requirements, such as time 

restrictions, but did not entirely excuse the insured from its underlying obligation to 

repair the property. They held that the insured was entitled to a judgment requiring the 

insurer to pay actual cost value immediately and to pay replacement costs conditionally 

on the insured’s completion of repairs promptly from the date of the judgment. (Smith, at 

 

8

In addition, Conrad Brothers v. John Deere Ins. Co. (Iowa 2001) 640 N.W.2d 231 

(Conrad Brothers) discussed prevention doctrine but ultimately reached the same result 

under the doctrine of repudiation. (Id. at p. 242.)

9 We mention cases cited by the parties. Additional cases are discussed in Conrad 

Brothers, supra, 640 N.W.2d at page 240, and Ward, supra, 753 A.2d at page 1218.
15

p. 866.) In effect, the courts granted specific performance of the insurance policy, 

requiring the insurer to make good on its contractual obligation to pay full replacement 

cost only upon the insured’s satisfaction of the condition precedent of repairing the 

property.

The rationale for this approach was explained in D&S Realty, partly by referring to 

the decision in Smith, supra, 490 N.W.2d 1: “In [Smith], the Michigan Supreme Court 

held that the excusal of the insureds’ performance of the repair/replace condition was 

only temporary. [¶] . . . [¶] The insurer in Smith had, in good faith, denied the insureds’ 

claim after fire destroyed their home, believing that the insureds deliberately set the fire. 

When it appeared that the home would not be repaired, the city demolished what was left 

of the structure, and the insureds had not replaced it. . . . [¶] The . . . Supreme Court 

[pointed out] that [in such a situation] ‘ “a bank would be chary to lend money on the

basis of an unlitigated law suit in which the defendant and its vast resources intend to 

present several defenses to payment.” ’ Thus, the insureds ‘could not be expected to 

repair, rebuild, or replace while this litigation was pending.” However, once litigation 

has determined the insureds are entitled to coverage, the insurer’s defense to coverage ‘no 

longer stands in the way of lender-assisted financing of repair, rebuilding, or 

replacement.’ [¶] Although the insured’s house in Smith had been demolished by the 

time the policy dispute was decided, the policy allowed the insured to rebuild in a 

different location from the site of the loss. Accordingly, the Michigan Supreme Court 

concluded that the insureds’ ‘interest in obtaining payment of replacement cost can be 

protected without estopping the insurer from requiring actual repair, rebuilding, or 

replacement.’ The court remanded with directions that the judgment award the insureds 

actual cash value and require an additional payment by the insurer when and if the 

insureds actually repaired, rebuilt, or replaced their home. [¶] . . . [¶] There are courts 

which hold that the good faith denial of liability under the policy absolutely and 

permanently excuses or waives the insured’s obligation to perform the repair/replace 

condition. But we agree with the reasoning in Smith. The respective interests of parties 

acting in good faith can, in most cases, be adequately protected by excusing the 
16

performance of the repair/replace condition only for such time as it appears the insurer 

will not honor its obligations under the policy. Where the insured can still conduct the 

repairs/replacements and be reimbursed by the insurer, then the good faith denial of 

liability should not operate to give the insured a benefit it did not contract for.” (D&S 

Realty, supra, 816 N.W.2d at pp. 16-18, fns. omitted.)

We are persuaded by this reasoning and adopt it. When an insurer’s decision to

decline coverage materially hinders an insured from repairing damaged property, 

procedural obstacles to obtaining the replacement-cost value should be excused. If 

coverage is ultimately resolved in favor of the insured, the insured should remain eligible

to receive replacement cost, but only so long as the insured complies with other 

applicable policy terms, such as a repair requirement. In other words, a coverage dispute 

should not give the insured a benefit under the policy it never had in the absence of the 

dispute—such as the right to receive replacement cost without actually repairing the 

damage.10

Here, Fireman’s Fund’s delayed resolution and denial of the claim materially 

hindered Stephens XII’s ability to plan for the property. As a result, Stephens XII should 

be excused from the requirement that the damage be repaired “as soon as reasonably 

possible after the loss or damage.” Had Stephens XII sought damages based on actual

cost value and proved them at trial, it would have been entitled to an immediate award of 

such damages. When Stephens expressly disclaimed recovery of actual cost value 

damages, it waived an award based on this measure. In any event, such an award would 

lack an evidentiary basis because no evidence of actual cost value damages was presented 

 

10 We recognize that both D&S Realty, supra, 816 N.W.2d 1 and Smith, supra, 490 N.W. 

2d 864 limited their holdings to coverage disputes conducted in good faith, while 

Fireman’s Fund was found to have acted in bad faith. The finding of bad faith subjected 

Fireman’s Fund to tort remedies, including punitive damages (Jordan v. Allstate Ins. Co.

(2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1062, 1073), but Stephens XII has provided us with no 

California authority for depriving an insurance company of its contractual rights under 

the policy because it failed promptly to pay a property-damage claim in an amount 

calculated under a measure disclaimed by the insured.
17

at trial.

11

 Stephens XII nonetheless remains entitled to a judgment awarding replacement 

cost consistent with the repair requirement if it actually completes the repairs “as soon as 

reasonably possible” after the judgment becomes final.

12

Fireman’s Fund argues that Stephens XII is not entitled to an award of 

replacement cost because completion of the repairs is a condition precedent to the right to 

receive them.13 We are persuaded our decision properly addresses this concern. 

Stephens XII’s failure to satisfy the condition precedent precluded its immediate recovery 

of replacement cost, but it does not follow that the failure deprived Stephens XII of the 

right to litigate about replacement cost—that is, to prove its entitlement to reimbursement 

of replacement cost conditioned upon satisfaction of the condition precedent.

 

11 In this connection, Stephens XII contends the trial court erred in denying its oral 

request, made during argument on Fireman’s Fund’s motion for a directed verdict, to 

reopen the evidence to permit proof of actual cost value. We find no abuse of discretion 

by the trial court in denying the request. (See Estate of Young (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 

62, 91 [trial courts have broad discretion in ruling on motion to reopen].) Stephens XII 

presumably knew that proof of actual cost value would be required if the company 

expected to recover it. The failure to submit such proof appears to have been a tactical 

decision, rather than an oversight. In any event, Stephens XII subsequently waived any 

recovery of actual cost value when its attorney unequivocally informed the court, “No, 

we are not asking for actual cash value.”

12 We asked the parties for supplemental briefing on the propriety of a conditional 

judgment. In this supplemental briefing, both parties argue that such a judgment would 

be improper because Stephens XII recently sold the property. We do not agree. Even if 

cognizable evidence of a sale were before us, which it is not, we would find it to be 

immaterial. The policy’s repair requirement is not extinguished simply because Stephens 

XII may have rendered itself unable to satisfy it (and thereby ineligible to recover 

replacement cost) by selling the property. Nor would a sale moot the issue as Fireman’s 

Fund contends. Regardless of any sale, the validity of the JNOV and the form of 

judgment remain live issues between the parties, and entry of a conditional judgment in 

favor of Stephens XII may affect other relief available to the parties, such as costs. 

Accordingly, we deny Fireman’s Fund’s request for judicial notice of documentation 

relating to the sale, filed September 8, 2014.

13 “ ‘[A] “condition precedent” is “either an act of a party that must be performed or an 

uncertain event that must happen before the contractual right accrues or the contractual 

duty arises.” ’ ” (Barroso v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1001, 

1009.)
18

We recognize that “[g]enerally, a party’s failure to perform a condition precedent

will preclude an action for breach of contract.” (Richman v. Hartley (2014) 

224 Cal.App.4th 1182, 1192.) But here, Stephens XII’s repair of the property is not a 

condition precedent to Fireman’s Fund’s liability under the policy. Instead, Fireman’s 

Fund’s duty to reimburse Stephens XII arose as soon as a claim was filed. At that point, 

Fireman’s Fund was liable to pay actual cost value. Repairing the damaged property was 

a condition precedent only for the additional obligation to pay the difference between 

actual cost value and replacement cost.

Fireman’s Fund argues that Stephens XII failed to prove the coverage dispute 

hindered or prevented it from repairing the property. The jury found otherwise, and that 

finding was supported by substantial evidence. While there was significant evidence that 

Stephens XII had debated whether to repair, subdivide, or demolish the property, there 

was also significant evidence that Fireman’s Fund’s refusal to commit to coverage made 

it difficult for Stephens XII to know what to do with the property. Donald Stephens 

testified that the company had essentially exhausted its capital in maintaining the 

property and needed a coverage commitment from Fireman’s Fund to proceed. We are 

satisfied that the uncertainty created by Fireman’s Fund’s failure to accept coverage 

sufficiently hindered Stephens XII’s ability to repair the property to satisfy the prevention 

doctrine.14

The judgment must accommodate an additional limitation on Stephens XII’s 

ability to recover replacement cost. Stephens XII submitted proof of likely replacement 

cost and received a monetary award of those costs from the jury. The policy, however, 

limits Fireman’s Fund’s obligation to “[t]he amount [the insured] actually spend[s] that is 

necessary to repair or replace the lost or damaged property.” (Italics added.) Just as we 

 

14 We also find no basis for Fireman’s Fund’s claim that Stephens XII waived its 

argument by not presenting evidence or seeking appropriate jury instructions. The 

general issue of Stephens XII’s entitlement to replacement cost had been an issue 

throughout the litigation, both sides presented evidence and examined witnesses with the 

issue in mind, and a special verdict question related to the issue.
19

find no basis for excusing Stephens XII’s obligation to repair, we find no basis for 

awarding Stephens XII a specific amount of replacement cost before it makes the actual 

repairs. Instead, Stephens XII is entitled to a judgment declaring its right to receive 

reimbursement for repair costs, if and when the repairs have actually been performed in a 

timely manner, and in an amount equal to Stephens XII’s actual expenditures for them.

b. Waiver.

Stephens XII also argues that Fireman’s Fund waived its right to insist on 

compliance with the repair requirement because it failed to “assert” such an insistence in 

various communications with Stephens XII. We are not persuaded. In the insurance 

context, “[c]ase law is clear that ‘ “[w]aiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known 

right after knowledge of the facts.” [Citations.] The burden . . . is on the party claiming a 

waiver of a right to prove it by clear and convincing evidence that does not leave the 

matter to speculation, and “doubtful cases will be decided against a waiver” [citation].’ 

[Citations.] The waiver may be either express, based on the words of the waiving party, 

or implied, based on conduct indicating an intent to relinquish the right. [¶] . . . 

California courts have applied the general rule that waiver requires the insurer to 

intentionally relinquish its right to deny coverage and that a denial of coverage on one 

ground does not, absent clear and convincing evidence to suggest otherwise, impliedly 

waive grounds not stated in the denial.” (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 

11 Cal.4th 1, 31) “Whether a waiver has occurred depends solely on the intention of the 

waiving party. [Citation.] An intention to waive a limitations provision is not evinced by 

the failure to raise that point in a letter denying a claim.” (Velasquez v. Truck Ins.

Exchange (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 712, 722.)

Here, there is no evidence, much less evidence that is clear and convincing, that 

Fireman’s Fund intentionally relinquished its right to insist on compliance with the repair 

requirement. Stephens XII cites no express waiver by Fireman’s Fund, and the various 

instances of omission cited by Stephens XII do not establish an intentional 

relinquishment of rights. Stephens XII points out, for example, that Fireman’s Fund did 

not calculate and pay the claim on the basis of actual cost value, as required by its 
20

standard procedure. But this action can be explained by Stephens XII’s failure to make a 

claim for actual cost value. Similarly, while Fireman’s Fund obtained estimates on the 

basis of replacement cost, there is no reason to infer that by doing so it intended to 

abandon its rights under the repair requirement. Stephens XII provides no persuasive 

evidence of an intent by Fireman’s Fund to excuse compliance with the repair 

requirement.15

c. Estoppel.

Stephens XII also contends Fireman’s Fund should be prevented from relying on 

the repair requirement under the doctrine of estoppel because it failed to advise Stephens 

XII of the requirement. Again, we disagree.

“ ‘A valid claim of equitable estoppel consists of the following elements: (a) a 

representation or concealment of material facts (b) made with knowledge, actual or 

virtual, of the facts (c) to a party ignorant, actually and permissibly, of the truth (d) with 

the intention, actual or virtual, that the ignorant party act on it, and (e) that party was 

induced to act on it.’ ” (Transport Ins. Co. v. TIG Ins. Co. (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 984, 

1013.) The requirement of a representation or concealment is not strictly enforced; mere 

silence may qualify if, under the circumstances, the party to be estopped was under a duty 

to speak to avoid a misunderstanding. (Spray, Gould & Bowers v. Associated Internat. 

Ins. Co. (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1260, 1268.) Other, more general formulations have been 

proposed (see City of Hollister, supra,165 Cal.App.4th at p. 488), but all formulations 

require that the conduct of the party to be estopped induced action on the part of the 

complaining party. “Such causation is essential to estoppel.” (Id., at p. 487.)

Stephens XII argues that Fireman’s Fund should be estopped from denying 

coverage because it failed to discuss or disclose the policy provisions. But Stephens XII 

 

15 The primary decision cited by Stephens XII in support of its argument, Prudential-LMI 

Com. Insurance v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 674, merely recognizes that an 

insurer may waive the statute of limitations. (Id. at pp. 689-690.) Beyond recognizing 

the general principle of waiver, the decision is of little persuasive force here since it did 

not attempt to apply the principle to the circumstances before the court. (Id. at p. 690.)
21

points to no evidence suggesting that any nondisclosure was the cause of its failure either 

to make a claim for actual cost value or to make the required repairs. We have no reason 

to infer that Stephens XII was uninformed about its options under the policy. It is a 

sophisticated professional owner of real estate; the policy’s language is clear and 

unambiguous; and the company was advised by an insurance broker in its dealings with 

Fireman’s Fund. In short, substantial evidence was not presented demonstrating that 

Stephens XII was unaware of the repair requirement due to any nondisclosure on the part 

of Fireman’s Fund.16

d. Prejudice.

Stephens XII cites cases holding that an insurer may not assert defenses based on 

an insured’s breach of a policy condition unless the insurer was substantially prejudiced. 

(Campbell v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1963) 60 Cal.2d 303, 305.) The doctrine is ordinarily 

applied to “procedural” provisions, such as timely notice requirements, rather than 

substantive provisions, like a repair obligation. (E.g., Shell Oil Co. v. Winterthur Swiss 

Ins. Co. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 715, 763.) It is inapplicable here for two reasons. First, 

by failing to pay for repairs or make a claim for actual cost value, Stephens XII did not 

breach the terms of the policy; it simply failed to satisfy a condition precedent (the repair 

requirement) to Fireman’s Fund’s obligation to pay replacement cost. Second, there 

would be no way to know until after the payment was made whether Fireman’s Fund 

would be prejudiced by being required to pay replacement cost before the damages were 

actually repaired. If Stephens XII made the repairs, there would have been no prejudice; 

but if Stephens XII simply pocketed the money or used it to subdivide or demolish the 

 

16 Indeed, Fireman’s Fund at trial sought to prove that Stephens XII understood and 

appreciated the policy provisions but was precluded from doing so by Stephens XII’s 

objection. Fireman’s Fund attempted to introduce evidence of similar insurance claims 

filed by Stephens & Co. entities under the policy that would have demonstrated the 

company’s awareness of the actual cash value option. Stephens XII moved to exclude 

the evidence, arguing the other insurance claims were irrelevant. The trial court granted 

the motion, concluding Stephens XII’s “state of mind” was not relevant to the disputed 

material issues. 
22

property, as testimony suggested it might, Fireman’s Fund would have been prejudiced 

by having to pay replacement cost when only actual cost value was required. 

Accordingly, we cannot say Fireman’s Fund was not prejudiced by Stephens XII’s 

conduct.

e. Repudiation.

Stephens XII’s final argument is that Fireman’s Fund’s denial of coverage should 

be treated as a repudiation of the policy. But this argument misapplies the doctrine of 

repudiation. Repudiation of a contract, also known as “anticipatory breach,” occurs when 

a party announces an intention not to perform prior to the time due for performance. 

(Taylor v. Johnston (1975) 15 Cal.3d 130, 137-138; Rest. 2d of Contracts, § 253, 

com. (a), p. 286.) Fireman’s Fund’s denial of coverage, coming after the occurrence of 

the damage for which indemnity was sought, was not a repudiation but instead an 

ordinary breach by nonperformance.

2. The Jury’s Award for Lost Business Income Is Properly Construed as 

a Compensable Award for Lost Rent.

The trial court correctly ruled that Stephens XII was not entitled to be indemnified 

for lost business income as a result of the March 2008 failed real estate sale since the 

policy only indemnified loss arising from lost business conducted on the property. 

Stephens XII does not argue otherwise, but instead argues that the court misinterpreted 

the special verdict. We agree. As we shall explain, the totality of circumstances 

surrounding the special verdict leads us to conclude that the jury’s business income

verdict is properly construed as an award of lost rent during the period of the coverage 

dispute and litigation. Because reimbursement for such loss is expressly provided under 

the policy, we conclude that the award must stand.

“When no objection is made that a special verdict is ambiguous or incomplete 

before the jury is discharged, ‘it falls to “the trial judge to interpret the verdict from its 

language considered in connection with the pleadings, evidence and instructions.” 

[Citations.] Where the trial judge does not interpret the verdict or interprets it 

erroneously, an appellate court will interpret the verdict if it is possible to give a correct 
23

interpretation.’ ” (Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 529, 542.) 

We are not bound by the trial court’s interpretation of the special verdict. (Saxena v. 

Goffney (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 316, 325.)

When interpreting a special verdict, “reference may be made to the pleadings, the 

evidence and the court’s instructions. [Citations.] . . . ‘In determining the sufficiency of 

the verdict the entire record should be searched and all the parts interpreted together, so 

that if possible a deficiency in one place may be cured by what appears in another.’ 

[Citation.] Accordingly, it is the rule that all reasonable inferences will be indulged on 

appeal to support, rather than defeat, a jury’s verdict.” (Fransen v. Washington (1964) 

229 Cal.App.2d 570, 574.) “ ‘A verdict should be interpreted so as to uphold it and to 

give it the effect intended by the jury, as well as one consistent with the law and the 

evidence.’ ” (All-West Design, Inc. v. Boozer (1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1212, 1223.)

The trial court found the special verdict to be “unambiguous” presumably because 

the verdict awarded Stephens XII damages for lost business income and denied damages 

for lost rents. While we acknowledge that the special verdict was not ambiguous on its 

face, “ ‘[a]n ambiguity can be patent, arising from the face of the writing, or latent, based 

on extrinsic evidence.’ ” (Claxton v. Waters (2004) 34 Cal.4th 367, 381.) “ ‘Even if a 

contract appears unambiguous on its face, a latent ambiguity may be exposed by extrinsic 

evidence which reveals more than one possible meaning to which the language of the 

contract is yet reasonably susceptible.’ ” (E.g., Dore v. Arnold Worldwide, Inc. (2006) 

39 Cal.4th 384, 391.) While, as Dore suggests, the issue of latent ambiguities arises most 

often in the interpretation of contracts, latent ambiguity is a potential characteristic of all 

writings, including special verdict forms. (See Woodcock v. Fontana Scaffolding & 

Equip. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 452, 456, fn. 2 (Woodcock) [recognizing that a special

verdict can be latently ambiguous].)

The special verdict here contains such a latent ambiguity. Most telling is the 

amount of damages awarded. The amount of damages awarded for lost business income, 

$2,135,936, bears no apparent relationship to the damages sought by Stephens XII under 

its theory of lost business income as a result of the failed real estate sale. Stephens XII’s 
24

damages expert testified that the company lost about $10 million as a result of the failed 

sale. That figure was premised on a series of assumptions from the specifics of the sale 

transaction, and none of them gives rise to a plausible calculation of damages 

approximating $2 million, let alone to the precise figure found by the jury. In other 

words, the award of $2,135,936 is simply inexplicable under the theory of lost business 

income urged by Stephens XII at trial.

On the other hand, the award bears a striking correlation to Stephens XII’s theory 

of lost rent. The damages expert testified that Stephens XII was entitled to lost rent 

calculated at a monthly value of $.30 per square foot. On cross-examination, he admitted 

that the proposal on which he based his testimony actually called for monthly rent at a 

rate of $.20 per square foot. In closing argument, Stephens XII’s attorney told the jury 

that a reasonable amount of time for the company to have rented the property would have 

been one year after the loss, which was 44 months prior to trial. To the dollar, the jury’s 

award of $2,135,936 equals 44 months of rent calculated at a rate of $.20 per square foot. 

The correspondence is too exact to be coincidental. “Where, as here, a jury’s verdict 

precisely matches an expert’s testimony, logic and common sense tells us that the jury 

accepted the expert’s analysis and calculations.” (Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein, 

supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 543.) Because this aspect of the expert’s testimony 

concerned lost rent, rather than lost business income, the jury’s monetary award indicates 

that it accepted the expert’s testimony with respect to lost rent, rather than lost business 

income.

Stephens XII provides a plausible explanation for the jury’s classification of lost 

rent as lost business income. As two witnessed testified at trial, Stephens XII is in the 

business of leasing property. To the company, lost rent is equivalent to lost business 

income, at least if the term “business income” is considered colloquially, rather than as 

defined by the policy. We conclude that the jury disregarded Stephens XII’s “lost sale” 

theory of business income damages and instead awarded 44 months of lost rent.

Stephens XII argues that the award was for lost rent that should be considered 

under the circumstances to be an award for covered lost business income, and Fireman’s 
25

Fund argues that it should not. But we find the issue irrelevant. It is clear the jury 

intended to award lost rents to Stephens XII, and lost rents are allowable under the 

policy. It does not matter whether these lost rents could also have qualified as lost 

business income. The special verdict must be interpreted as awarding Stephens XII 

damages of $2,135,936 for lost rent on the breach of contract cause of action. This 

interpretation is consistent with our obligation to uphold the verdict if possible. (All-West 

Design, Inc. v, Boozer, supra,183 Cal.App.3d at p. 1223.) Reversal of an ambiguous 

special verdict is “required” only “[i]f the verdict is hopelessly ambiguous.” (Woodcock, 

supra, 69 Cal.2d at p. 457.) The special verdict here is far from hopelessly ambiguous.

Fireman’s Fund also argues that Stephens XII failed to offer solid evidence 

establishing lost rents, characterizing its evidence as “speculative at best.” On the 

contrary, the expert testimony presented by Stephens XII was based on a proposal for 

rent entered into by arm’s-length parties. There is no reason to think that the property, 

which had been leased in the past, could not have been rented had it been repaired. 

While it may have taken Stephens XII longer than a year to find a tenant, there is nothing 

unreasonable about the jury’s allowance of one year, which was based on the expert’s 

testimony. In short, we find nothing in the award to be improperly speculative.

At oral argument, counsel for Fireman’s Fund argued that the trial court’s ruling 

granting a new trial precludes us from upholding an award of lost rents because the court, 

sitting as a 13th juror, found no evidence to support such an award. This argument 

misconstrues the new trial order. While it is true the order found “an insufficiency of the 

evidence to support the award of damages,” the ruling must be read in context. The order 

was based on the same reasoning as the court’s grant of JNOV. The JNOV order, in turn,

reasoned that the award of business income damages was not supported by the evidence 

because Stephens XII had not presented evidence of recoverable lost business income. 

The JNOV order had no occasion to consider the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

an award of lost rents since it found that no such award had been made.
26

B. The JNOV on the Breach of Covenant Cause Cannot Be Sustained.

The trial court’s only basis for vacating the jury’s award of damages on the cause 

of action for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing was its reversal of the 

jury’s awards on the breach of contract cause of action. Fireman’s Fund has provided 

this court with no argument for affirming the trial court’s grant of JNOV on the breach of 

covenant cause other than the one accepted by the trial court. We must therefore reverse 

the trial court’s grant of JNOV on the breach-of-covenant cause because we have

reversed that court’s JNOV on the breach of contract cause.

17

C. The Conditional Grant of a New Trial Cannot Be Sustained.

The grant of a new trial, and our review of it, is governed by strict statutory 

standards. As explained by the Supreme Court in Oakland Raiders v. National Football 

League (2007) 41 Cal.4th 624, “The authority of a trial court in this state to grant a new 

trial is established and circumscribed by statute. [Citations.] [Code of Civil Procedure 

s]ection 657 sets out seven grounds for such a motion: (1) ‘Irregularity in the 

proceedings’; (2) ‘Misconduct of the jury’; (3) ‘Accident or surprise’; (4) ‘Newly 

discovered evidence’; (5) ‘Excessive or inadequate damages’; (6) ‘Insufficiency of the 

evidence’; and (7) ‘Error in law.’

“Before 1965, section 657 only required the trial court to specify whether it was 

granting the new trial motion on the ground of insufficiency of the evidence. [Citation.] 

Amendments enacted in 1965 (modified slightly in 1967) require the trial court to state 

not only the ground upon which the motion is granted but also the reasons for granting 

the motion on that ground. Section 657 now provides: ‘When a new trial is granted, on 

 

17 We are satisfied that the damages awarded for the breach of the covenant of good faith 

does not duplicate the damages awarded for breach of contract. Although both awards 

cover lost rent, they can be understood to apply to different time periods. As discussed 

above, the breach of contract award appears to cover the period through the time of trial. 

When calculated at the same rate, the damages awarded for the breach of the covenant of 

good faith constitute exactly nine months of rent, which can be understood to cover an 

additional period of vacancy following trial while the property is repaired and marketed. 

This would be consistent with the closing argument of counsel for Stephens XII, who 

sought bad faith damages in connection with a “period of restoration.” 
27

all or part of the issues, the court shall specify the ground or grounds upon which it is 

granted and the court’s reason or reasons for granting the new trial upon each ground 

stated. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [I]f the motion is granted [the order] must state the ground or 

grounds relied upon by the court, and may contain the specification of reasons. If an 

order granting such motion does not contain such specification of reasons, the court must, 

within 10 days after filing such order, prepare, sign and file such specification of reasons 

in writing with the clerk. . . .’

“As [the Supreme Court] explained in Mercer v. Perez (1968) 68 Cal.2d 104, the 

first case to construe the amended statute, ‘it is apparent that in the context of this statute 

the words “ground” and “reason” have different meanings.’ [Citation.] The word 

‘ground’ refers to any of the seven grounds listed in section 657. [Citation.] A statement 

of grounds that reasonably approximates the statutory language is sufficient. [Citations.] 

The statement of ‘reasons,’ on the other hand, should be specific enough to facilitate 

appellate review and avoid any need for the appellate court to rely on inference or 

speculation. [Citations.]

“Finally, section 657 provides: ‘On appeal from an order granting a new trial the 

order shall be affirmed if it should have been granted upon any ground stated in the 

motion, whether or not specified in the order or specification of reasons. . . .’ There are 

two exceptions: Orders may not be affirmed on the ground of insufficiency of the 

evidence or on the ground of excessive or inadequate damages unless that ground is 

specified in the order. . . .

“California courts have consistently required strict compliance with section 657. 

Its requirement that the statement of reasons be filed no later than 10 days after the order 

granting a new trial is jurisdictional, and a statement of reasons filed more than 10 days 

after the order is ineffective. [Citations.] Substantial compliance with the statute is not 

sufficient. [Citations.] The statement of reasons must refer to evidence, not ultimate 

facts. [Citation.] And the appellate court cannot remand the case to permit the trial court 

to correct an insufficient statement of reasons.” (Oakland Raiders v. National Football 

League, supra, at pp. 633-635.)
28

We ordinarily review a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion, but if the 

grant of a new trial is premised on an issue of law, de novo review is appropriate. 

(Twedt v. Franklin (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 413, 417.)

As noted above, the trial court’s order granting Fireman’s Fund a new trial was “to 

be effective only if [the] ruling on the motion JNOV is vacated or reversed [on appeal].” 

The court specified three grounds, “insufficiency of the evidence to support the award of 

damages, that the decision was against the law, and the verdict was against the weight of 

the evidence.” Its statement of reasons was brief: “for the reasons stated in my [written 

decision granting JNOV].”18 Our review is circumscribed by this ruling.19

The order purports to grant a new trial for the same reasons that the JNOV was 

granted. Thus, the concerns with the JNOV apply equally to the grant of a new trial. In 

granting a new trial on the jury’s award of replacement cost, the trial court reasoned that

Stephens XII was not entitled to recover replacement cost as a matter of law because 

there was no evidence it had complied with the repair requirement. Although couched in 

terms of insufficiency of the evidence, this ruling was an interpretation of the terms of the 

policy. As we have discussed at length, however, Stephens XII is entitled to entry of a 

conditional judgment awarding replacement cost. Accordingly, the court’s reasoning

provides no basis for granting a new trial on this issue.

Fireman’s Fund made a forceful case in its motion for a new trial that the jury’s 

finding that all of the property damage occurred on or after June 28 was not supported by 

the evidence. But this was not an argument made in connection with the motion for

JNOV. Insufficiency of the evidence cannot be used as a ground for affirming the grant 

of a new trial when it was not relied upon by the trial court. (§ 657; Sanchez-Corea v. 

 

18 Fireman’s Fund acknowledges that the trial court “granted the new trial order for the 

same reasons it granted JNOV” even though Fireman’s Fund had moved for a new trial 

on the additional ground that “the weight of the evidence went against the verdict.”

19 Although the trial court later expanded on its ruling in the order denying Stephens 

XII’s posttrial motion to amend the complaint, because that ruling was issued more than 

10 days after the order granting the new trial motion it is “ineffective” and cannot be 

considered. (Oakland Raiders v National Football League, supra, 41 Cal. 4th at p. 634.)
29

Bank of America (1985) 38 Cal.3d 892, 905.) While the trial court cited insufficiency of 

the evidence as one ground for granting a new trial, the scope of our review on that 

ground is circumscribed by the trial court’s statement of reasons. By limiting its reasons 

to those involved in the JNOV motion, the court made clear that it did not intend a 

finding of insufficiency of the evidence as to the underlying coverage liability. Allowing 

appellate review of the underlying coverage liability under these circumstances would 

render the restrictions under section 657 meaningless. (See Resort Video, Ltd. v. Laser 

Video, Inc. (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 1679, 1695 [for specification of reasons to adequately 

support appellate review on ground of insufficiency of the evidence, some discussion of 

evidence is required].)20

Similarly, the trial court’s ruling on the jury’s award of lost business income was 

that Stephens XII failed to present evidence of any damages recoverable as lost business 

income. Again, although phrased in terms of insufficiency of the evidence, this ruling 

constituted an interpretation of the contract. Because the court made no finding that an 

award of lost rents was unsupported by evidence of their amount or for other reasons, we 

find no other basis to affirm the grant of a new trial as to the award of lost business 

income. The order granting a new trial must therefore be vacated.

Finally, in the conclusions of its opening and reply briefs, Stephens XII asks us to 

direct the trial court to enter an award of attorney fees under Brandt v. Superior Court

(1985) 37 Cal.3d 813. We decline to do so. Any request for attorney fees must be 

directed to the trial court in the first instance.

DISPOSITION

The trial court’s order granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict and 

judgment is reversed, and its orders granting a new trial and awarding costs of suit to 

Fireman’s Fund are vacated. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further 

 

20 In addition, the burden was on Fireman’s Fund to raise grounds for supporting the 

court’s new trial order. (Sanchez-Corea v. Bank of America, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 906.) 

In its respondents’ brief, Fireman’s Fund argues only those issues raised by the trial court 

in the JNOV order as grounds for affirmance of the new trial order.
30

proceedings consistent with this decision. The parties shall bear their own costs on 

appeal.
31

_________________________

Humes, P. J.

We concur:

_________________________

Dondero, J.

_________________________

Banke, J.

Stephens & Stephens XII v. Fireman’s Fund

(A135938; A136740)
32

Trial Court: San Francisco County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Honorable Curtis E.A. Karnow

Counsel for Appellant: Daniel Upton Smith; Valerie T. McGinty; Nina 

Grigoryevna Shapirsteyn

Counsel for Amicus Curiae 

United Policyholder on behalf 

of Appellant: Sharon Joellen Arkin

Counsel for Respondent: Rex S. Heinke; Reginald D. Steer; Ashley Brooke 

Vinson; Teresa W. Ghali; Danielle Crockett