111TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 2221 

AN ACT 

To protect consumers by requiring reasonable security policies and procedures to protect data containing personal 

information, and to provide for nationwide notice in the 

event of a security breach. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

2 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Data Accountability 

3 and Trust Act’’. 

4 SEC. 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMATION SECURITY. 

5 (a) GENERAL SECURITY POLICIES AND PROCE6 DURES.— 

7 (1) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 1 year after 

8 the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission 

9 shall promulgate regulations under section 553 of 

10 title 5, United States Code, to require each person 

11 engaged in interstate commerce that owns or pos12 sesses data containing personal information, or con13 tracts to have any third party entity maintain such 

14 data for such person, to establish and implement 

15 policies and procedures regarding information secu16 rity practices for the treatment and protection of 

17 personal information taking into consideration— 

18 (A) the size of, and the nature, scope, and 

19 complexity of the activities engaged in by, such 

20 person; 

21 (B) the current state of the art in adminis22 trative, technical, and physical safeguards for 

23 protecting such information; and 

24 (C) the cost of implementing such safe25 guards. 
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1 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—Such regulations shall 

2 require the policies and procedures to include the 

3 following: 

4 (A) A security policy with respect to the 

5 collection, use, sale, other dissemination, and 

6 maintenance of such personal information. 

7 (B) The identification of an officer or 

8 other individual as the point of contact with re9 sponsibility for the management of information 

10 security. 

11 (C) A process for identifying and assessing 

12 any reasonably foreseeable vulnerabilities in the 

13 system or systems maintained by such person 

14 that contains such data, which shall include 

15 regular monitoring for a breach of security of 

16 such system or systems. 

17 (D) A process for taking preventive and 

18 corrective action to mitigate against any 

19 vulnerabilities identified in the process required 

20 by subparagraph (C), which may include imple21 menting any changes to security practices and 

22 the architecture, installation, or implementation 

23 of network or operating software. 

24 (E) A process for disposing of data in elec25 tronic form containing personal information by 
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1 shredding, permanently erasing, or otherwise 

2 modifying the personal information contained in 

3 such data to make such personal information 

4 permanently unreadable or undecipherable. 

5 (F) A standard method or methods for the 

6 destruction of paper documents and other non7 electronic data containing personal information. 

8 (3) TREATMENT OF ENTITIES GOVERNED BY

9 OTHER LAW.—Any person who is in compliance with 

10 any other Federal law that requires such person to 

11 maintain standards and safeguards for information 

12 security and protection of personal information that, 

13 taken as a whole and as the Commission shall deter14 mine in the rulemaking required under paragraph 

15 (1), provide protections substantially similar to, or 

16 greater than, those required under this subsection, 

17 shall be deemed to be in compliance with this sub18 section. 

19 (b) SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMATION

20 BROKERS.— 

21 (1) SUBMISSION OF POLICIES TO THE FTC.— 

22 The regulations promulgated under subsection (a) 

23 shall require each information broker to submit its 

24 security policies to the Commission in conjunction 
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1 with a notification of a breach of security under sec2 tion 3 or upon request of the Commission. 

3 (2) POST-BREACH AUDIT.—For any information 

4 broker required to provide notification under section 

5 3, the Commission may conduct audits of the infor6 mation security practices of such information broker, 

7 or require the information broker to conduct inde8 pendent audits of such practices (by an independent 

9 auditor who has not audited such information bro10 ker’s security practices during the preceding 5 

11 years). 

12 (3) ACCURACY OF AND INDIVIDUAL ACCESS TO

13 PERSONAL INFORMATION.— 

14 (A) ACCURACY.— 

15 (i) IN GENERAL.—Each information 

16 broker shall establish reasonable proce17 dures to assure the maximum possible ac18 curacy of the personal information it col19 lects, assembles, or maintains, and any 

20 other information it collects, assembles, or 

21 maintains that specifically identifies an in22 dividual, other than information which 

23 merely identifies an individual’s name or 

24 address. 
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1 (ii) LIMITED EXCEPTION FOR FRAUD

2 DATABASES.—The requirement in clause 

3 (i) shall not prevent the collection or main4 tenance of information that may be inac5 curate with respect to a particular indi6 vidual when that information is being col7 lected or maintained solely— 

8 (I) for the purpose of indicating 

9 whether there may be a discrepancy 

10 or irregularity in the personal infor11 mation that is associated with an indi12 vidual; and 

13 (II) to help identify, or authen14 ticate the identity of, an individual, or 

15 to protect against or investigate fraud 

16 or other unlawful conduct. 

17 (B) CONSUMER ACCESS TO INFORMA18 TION.— 

19 (i) ACCESS.—Each information broker 

20 shall— 

21 (I) provide to each individual 

22 whose personal information it main23 tains, at the individual’s request at 

24 least 1 time per year and at no cost 

25 to the individual, and after verifying 
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1 the identity of such individual, a 

2 means for the individual to review any 

3 personal information regarding such 

4 individual maintained by the informa5 tion broker and any other information 

6 maintained by the information broker 

7 that specifically identifies such indi8 vidual, other than information which 

9 merely identifies an individual’s name 

10 or address; and 

11 (II) place a conspicuous notice on 

12 its Internet website (if the informa13 tion broker maintains such a website) 

14 instructing individuals how to request 

15 access to the information required to 

16 be provided under subclause (I), and, 

17 as applicable, how to express a pref18 erence with respect to the use of per19 sonal information for marketing pur20 poses under clause (iii). 

21 (ii) DISPUTED INFORMATION.—When22 ever an individual whose information the 

23 information broker maintains makes a 

24 written request disputing the accuracy of 

25 any such information, the information 
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1 broker, after verifying the identity of the 

2 individual making such request and unless 

3 there are reasonable grounds to believe 

4 such request is frivolous or irrelevant, 

5 shall— 

6 (I) correct any inaccuracy; or 

7 (II)(aa) in the case of informa8 tion that is public record information, 

9 inform the individual of the source of 

10 the information, and, if reasonably 

11 available, where a request for correc12 tion may be directed and, if the indi13 vidual provides proof that the public 

14 record has been corrected or that the 

15 information broker was reporting the 

16 information incorrectly, correct the in17 accuracy in the information broker’s 

18 records; or 

19 (bb) in the case of information 

20 that is non-public information, note 

21 the information that is disputed, in22 cluding the individual’s statement dis23 puting such information, and take 

24 reasonable steps to independently 

25 verify such information under the pro-
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1 cedures outlined in subparagraph (A) 

2 if such information can be independ3 ently verified. 

4 (iii) ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR

5 CERTAIN MARKETING INFORMATION.—In 

6 accordance with regulations issued under 

7 clause (v), an information broker that 

8 maintains any information described in 

9 clause (i) which is used, shared, or sold by 

10 such information broker for marketing 

11 purposes, may, in lieu of complying with 

12 the access and dispute requirements set 

13 forth in clauses (i) and (ii), provide each 

14 individual whose information it maintains 

15 with a reasonable means of expressing a 

16 preference not to have his or her informa17 tion used for such purposes. If the indi18 vidual expresses such a preference, the in19 formation broker may not use, share, or 

20 sell the individual’s information for mar21 keting purposes. 

22 (iv) LIMITATIONS.—An information 

23 broker may limit the access to information 

24 required under subparagraph (B)(i)(I) and 

25 is not required to provide notice to individ-
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1 uals as required under subparagraph 

2 (B)(i)(II) in the following circumstances: 

3 (I) If access of the individual to 

4 the information is limited by law or 

5 legally recognized privilege. 

6 (II) If the information is used for 

7 a legitimate governmental or fraud 

8 prevention purpose that would be 

9 compromised by such access. 

10 (III) If the information consists 

11 of a published media record, unless 

12 that record has been included in a re13 port about an individual shared with a 

14 third party. 

15 (v) RULEMAKING.—Not later than 1 

16 year after the date of the enactment of this 

17 Act, the Commission shall promulgate reg18 ulations under section 553 of title 5, 

19 United States Code, to carry out this para20 graph and to facilitate the purposes of this 

21 Act. In addition, the Commission shall 

22 issue regulations, as necessary, under sec23 tion 553 of title 5, United States Code, on 

24 the scope of the application of the limita25 tions in clause (iv), including any addi-
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1 tional circumstances in which an informa2 tion broker may limit access to information 

3 under such clause that the Commission de4 termines to be appropriate. 

5 (C) FCRA REGULATED PERSONS.—Any 

6 information broker who is engaged in activities 

7 subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act and 

8 who is in compliance with sections 609, 610, 

9 and 611 of such Act with respect to information 

10 subject to such Act, shall be deemed to be in 

11 compliance with this paragraph with respect to 

12 such information. 

13 (4) REQUIREMENT OF AUDIT LOG OF ACCESSED

14 AND TRANSMITTED INFORMATION.—Not later than 

15 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, 

16 the Commission shall promulgate regulations under 

17 section 553 of title 5, United States Code, to require 

18 information brokers to establish measures which fa19 cilitate the auditing or retracing of any internal or 

20 external access to, or transmissions of, any data con21 taining personal information collected, assembled, or 

22 maintained by such information broker. 

23 (5) PROHIBITION ON PRETEXTING BY INFOR24 MATION BROKERS.— 
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1 (A) PROHIBITION ON OBTAINING PER2 SONAL INFORMATION BY FALSE PRETENSES.— 

3 It shall be unlawful for an information broker 

4 to obtain or attempt to obtain, or cause to be 

5 disclosed or attempt to cause to be disclosed to 

6 any person, personal information or any other 

7 information relating to any person by— 

8 (i) making a false, fictitious, or fraud9 ulent statement or representation to any 

10 person; or 

11 (ii) providing any document or other 

12 information to any person that the infor13 mation broker knows or should know to be 

14 forged, counterfeit, lost, stolen, or fraudu15 lently obtained, or to contain a false, ficti16 tious, or fraudulent statement or represen17 tation. 

18 (B) PROHIBITION ON SOLICITATION TO

19 OBTAIN PERSONAL INFORMATION UNDER FALSE

20 PRETENSES.—It shall be unlawful for an infor21 mation broker to request a person to obtain 

22 personal information or any other information 

23 relating to any other person, if the information 

24 broker knew or should have known that the per25 son to whom such a request is made will obtain 
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1 or attempt to obtain such information in the 

2 manner described in subparagraph (A). 

3 (c) EXEMPTION FOR CERTAIN SERVICE PRO4 VIDERS.—Nothing in this section shall apply to a service 

5 provider for any electronic communication by a third party 

6 that is transmitted, routed, or stored in intermediate or 

7 transient storage by such service provider. 

8 SEC. 3. NOTIFICATION OF INFORMATION SECURITY 

9 BREACH. 

10 (a) NATIONWIDE NOTIFICATION.—Any person en11 gaged in interstate commerce that owns or possesses data 

12 in electronic form containing personal information shall, 

13 following the discovery of a breach of security of the sys14 tem maintained by such person that contains such data— 

15 (1) notify each individual who is a citizen or 

16 resident of the United States whose personal infor17 mation was acquired or accessed as a result of such 

18 a breach of security; and 

19 (2) notify the Commission. 

20 (b) SPECIAL NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS.— 

21 (1) THIRD PARTY AGENTS.—In the event of a 

22 breach of security by any third party entity that has 

23 been contracted to maintain or process data in elec24 tronic form containing personal information on be25 half of any other person who owns or possesses such 
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1 data, such third party entity shall be required to no2 tify such person of the breach of security. Upon re3 ceiving such notification from such third party, such 

4 person shall provide the notification required under 

5 subsection (a). 

6 (2) SERVICE PROVIDERS.—If a service provider 

7 becomes aware of a breach of security of data in 

8 electronic form containing personal information that 

9 is owned or possessed by another person that con10 nects to or uses a system or network provided by the 

11 service provider for the purpose of transmitting, 

12 routing, or providing intermediate or transient stor13 age of such data, such service provider shall be re14 quired to notify of such a breach of security only the 

15 person who initiated such connection, transmission, 

16 routing, or storage if such person can be reasonably 

17 identified. Upon receiving such notification from a 

18 service provider, such person shall provide the notifi19 cation required under subsection (a). 

20 (3) COORDINATION OF NOTIFICATION WITH

21 CREDIT REPORTING AGENCIES.—If a person is re22 quired to provide notification to more than 5,000 in23 dividuals under subsection (a)(1), the person shall 

24 also notify the major credit reporting agencies that 

25 compile and maintain files on consumers on a na-
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1 tionwide basis, of the timing and distribution of the 

2 notices. Such notice shall be given to the credit re3 porting agencies without unreasonable delay and, if 

4 it will not delay notice to the affected individuals, 

5 prior to the distribution of notices to the affected in6 dividuals. 

7 (c) TIMELINESS OF NOTIFICATION.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—Unless subject to a delay au9 thorized under paragraph (2), a notification required 

10 under subsection (a) shall be made not later than 60 

11 days following the discovery of a breach of security, 

12 unless the person providing notice can show that 

13 providing notice within such a time frame is not fea14 sible due to extraordinary circumstances necessary 

15 to prevent further breach or unauthorized disclo16 sures, and reasonably restore the integrity of the 

17 data system, in which case such notification shall be 

18 made as promptly as possible. 

19 (2) DELAY OF NOTIFICATION AUTHORIZED FOR

20 LAW ENFORCEMENT OR NATIONAL SECURITY PUR21 POSES.— 

22 (A) LAW ENFORCEMENT.—If a Federal, 

23 State, or local law enforcement agency deter24 mines that the notification required under this 

25 section would impede a civil or criminal inves-
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1 tigation, such notification shall be delayed upon 

2 the written request of the law enforcement 

3 agency for 30 days or such lesser period of time 

4 which the law enforcement agency determines is 

5 reasonably necessary and requests in writing. A 

6 law enforcement agency may, by a subsequent 

7 written request, revoke such delay or extend the 

8 period of time set forth in the original request 

9 made under this paragraph if further delay is 

10 necessary. 

11 (B) NATIONAL SECURITY.—If a Federal 

12 national security agency or homeland security 

13 agency determines that the notification required 

14 under this section would threaten national or 

15 homeland security, such notification may be de16 layed for a period of time which the national se17 curity agency or homeland security agency de18 termines is reasonably necessary and requests 

19 in writing. A Federal national security agency 

20 or homeland security agency may revoke such 

21 delay or extend the period of time set forth in 

22 the original request made under this paragraph 

23 by a subsequent written request if further delay 

24 is necessary. 

25 (d) METHOD AND CONTENT OF NOTIFICATION.— 
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1 (1) DIRECT NOTIFICATION.— 

2 (A) METHOD OF NOTIFICATION.—A person 

3 required to provide notification to individuals 

4 under subsection (a)(1) shall be in compliance 

5 with such requirement if the person provides 

6 conspicuous and clearly identified notification 

7 by one of the following methods (provided the 

8 selected method can reasonably be expected to 

9 reach the intended individual): 

10 (i) Written notification. 

11 (ii) Notification by email or other 

12 electronic means, if— 

13 (I) the person’s primary method 

14 of communication with the individual 

15 is by email or such other electronic 

16 means; or 

17 (II) the individual has consented 

18 to receive such notification and the 

19 notification is provided in a manner 

20 that is consistent with the provisions 

21 permitting electronic transmission of 

22 notices under section 101 of the Elec23 tronic Signatures in Global Commerce 

24 Act (15 U.S.C. 7001). 
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1 (B) CONTENT OF NOTIFICATION.—Regard2 less of the method by which notification is pro3 vided to an individual under subparagraph (A), 

4 such notification shall include— 

5 (i) a description of the personal infor6 mation that was acquired or accessed by 

7 an unauthorized person; 

8 (ii) a telephone number that the indi9 vidual may use, at no cost to such indi10 vidual, to contact the person to inquire 

11 about the breach of security or the infor12 mation the person maintained about that 

13 individual; 

14 (iii) notice that the individual is enti15 tled to receive, at no cost to such indi16 vidual, consumer credit reports on a quar17 terly basis for a period of 2 years, or credit 

18 monitoring or other service that enables 

19 consumers to detect the misuse of their 

20 personal information for a period of 2 

21 years, and instructions to the individual on 

22 requesting such reports or service from the 

23 person, except when the only information 

24 which has been the subject of the security 

25 breach is the individual’s first name or ini-
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1 tial and last name, or address, or phone 

2 number, in combination with a credit or 

3 debit card number, and any required secu4 rity code; 

5 (iv) the toll-free contact telephone 

6 numbers and addresses for the major cred7 it reporting agencies; and 

8 (v) a toll-free telephone number and 

9 Internet website address for the Commis10 sion whereby the individual may obtain in11 formation regarding identity theft. 

12 (2) SUBSTITUTE NOTIFICATION.— 

13 (A) CIRCUMSTANCES GIVING RISE TO SUB14 STITUTE NOTIFICATION.—A person required to 

15 provide notification to individuals under sub16 section (a)(1) may provide substitute notifica17 tion in lieu of the direct notification required by 

18 paragraph (1) if the person owns or possesses 

19 data in electronic form containing personal in20 formation of fewer than 1,000 individuals and 

21 such direct notification is not feasible due to— 

22 (i) excessive cost to the person re23 quired to provide such notification relative 

24 to the resources of such person, as deter25 mined in accordance with the regulations 
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1 issued by the Commission under paragraph 

2 (3)(A); or 

3 (ii) lack of sufficient contact informa4 tion for the individual required to be noti5 fied. 

6 (B) FORM OF SUBSTITUTE NOTIFICA7 TION.—Such substitute notification shall in8 clude— 

9 (i) email notification to the extent 

10 that the person has email addresses of in11 dividuals to whom it is required to provide 

12 notification under subsection (a)(1); 

13 (ii) a conspicuous notice on the Inter14 net website of the person (if such person 

15 maintains such a website); and 

16 (iii) notification in print and to broad17 cast media, including major media in met18 ropolitan and rural areas where the indi19 viduals whose personal information was ac20 quired reside. 

21 (C) CONTENT OF SUBSTITUTE NOTICE.— 

22 Each form of substitute notice under this para23 graph shall include— 

24 (i) notice that individuals whose per25 sonal information is included in the breach 
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1 of security are entitled to receive, at no 

2 cost to the individuals, consumer credit re3 ports on a quarterly basis for a period of 

4 2 years, or credit monitoring or other serv5 ice that enables consumers to detect the 

6 misuse of their personal information for a 

7 period of 2 years, and instructions on re8 questing such reports or service from the 

9 person, except when the only information 

10 which has been the subject of the security 

11 breach is the individual’s first name or ini12 tial and last name, or address, or phone 

13 number, in combination with a credit or 

14 debit card number, and any required secu15 rity code; and 

16 (ii) a telephone number by which an 

17 individual can, at no cost to such indi18 vidual, learn whether that individual’s per19 sonal information is included in the breach 

20 of security. 

21 (3) REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE.— 

22 (A) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 1 year 

23 after the date of enactment of this Act, the 

24 Commission shall, by regulation under section 

25 553 of title 5, United States Code, establish cri-
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1 teria for determining circumstances under 

2 which substitute notification may be provided 

3 under paragraph (2), including criteria for de4 termining if notification under paragraph (1) is 

5 not feasible due to excessive costs to the person 

6 required to provided such notification relative to 

7 the resources of such person. Such regulations 

8 may also identify other circumstances where 

9 substitute notification would be appropriate for 

10 any person, including circumstances under 

11 which the cost of providing notification exceeds 

12 the benefits to consumers. 

13 (B) GUIDANCE.—In addition, the Commis14 sion shall provide and publish general guidance 

15 with respect to compliance with this subsection. 

16 Such guidance shall include— 

17 (i) a description of written or email 

18 notification that complies with the require19 ments of paragraph (1); and 

20 (ii) guidance on the content of sub21 stitute notification under paragraph (2), 

22 including the extent of notification to print 

23 and broadcast media that complies with 

24 the requirements of such paragraph. 

25 (e) OTHER OBLIGATIONS FOLLOWING BREACH.— 
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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—A person required to provide 

2 notification under subsection (a) shall, upon request 

3 of an individual whose personal information was in4 cluded in the breach of security, provide or arrange 

5 for the provision of, to each such individual and at 

6 no cost to such individual— 

7 (A) consumer credit reports from at least 

8 one of the major credit reporting agencies be9 ginning not later than 60 days following the in10 dividual’s request and continuing on a quarterly 

11 basis for a period of 2 years thereafter; or 

12 (B) a credit monitoring or other service 

13 that enables consumers to detect the misuse of 

14 their personal information, beginning not later 

15 than 60 days following the individual’s request 

16 and continuing for a period of 2 years. 

17 (2) LIMITATION.—This subsection shall not 

18 apply if the only personal information which has 

19 been the subject of the security breach is the individ20 ual’s first name or initial and last name, or address, 

21 or phone number, in combination with a credit or 

22 debit card number, and any required security code. 

23 (3) RULEMAKING.—As part of the Commis24 sion’s rulemaking described in subsection (d)(3), the 

25 Commission shall determine the circumstances under 
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1 which a person required to provide notification 

2 under subsection (a)(1) shall provide or arrange for 

3 the provision of free consumer credit reports or cred4 it monitoring or other service to affected individuals. 

5 (f) EXEMPTION.— 

6 (1) GENERAL EXEMPTION.—A person shall be 

7 exempt from the requirements under this section if, 

8 following a breach of security, such person deter9 mines that there is no reasonable risk of identity 

10 theft, fraud, or other unlawful conduct. 

11 (2) PRESUMPTION.— 

12 (A) IN GENERAL.—If the data in electronic 

13 form containing personal information is ren14 dered unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable 

15 through encryption or other security technology 

16 or methodology (if the method of encryption or 

17 such other technology or methodology is gen18 erally accepted by experts in the information se19 curity field), there shall be a presumption that 

20 no reasonable risk of identity theft, fraud, or 

21 other unlawful conduct exists following a breach 

22 of security of such data. Any such presumption 

23 may be rebutted by facts demonstrating that 

24 the encryption or other security technologies or 
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1 methodologies in a specific case, have been or 

2 are reasonably likely to be compromised. 

3 (B) METHODOLOGIES OR TECH4 NOLOGIES.—Not later than 1 year after the 

5 date of the enactment of this Act and bian6 nually thereafter, the Commission shall issue 

7 rules (pursuant to section 553 of title 5, United 

8 States Code) or guidance to identify security 

9 methodologies or technologies which render data 

10 in electronic form unusable, unreadable, or in11 decipherable, that shall, if applied to such data, 

12 establish a presumption that no reasonable risk 

13 of identity theft, fraud, or other unlawful con14 duct exists following a breach of security of 

15 such data. Any such presumption may be rebut16 ted by facts demonstrating that any such meth17 odology or technology in a specific case has 

18 been or is reasonably likely to be compromised. 

19 In issuing such rules or guidance, the Commis20 sion shall consult with relevant industries, con21 sumer organizations, and data security and 

22 identity theft prevention experts and established 

23 standards setting bodies. 

24 (3) FTC GUIDANCE.—Not later than 1 year 

25 after the date of the enactment of this Act the Com-
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1 mission shall issue guidance regarding the applica2 tion of the exemption in paragraph (1). 

3 (g) WEBSITE NOTICE OF FEDERAL TRADE COMMIS4 SION.—If the Commission, upon receiving notification of 

5 any breach of security that is reported to the Commission 

6 under subsection (a)(2), finds that notification of such a 

7 breach of security via the Commission’s Internet website 

8 would be in the public interest or for the protection of 

9 consumers, the Commission shall place such a notice in 

10 a clear and conspicuous location on its Internet website. 

11 (h) FTC STUDY ON NOTIFICATION IN LANGUAGES

12 IN ADDITION TO ENGLISH.—Not later than 1 year after 

13 the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall 

14 conduct a study on the practicality and cost effectiveness 

15 of requiring the notification required by subsection (d)(1) 

16 to be provided in a language in addition to English to indi17 viduals known to speak only such other language. 

18 (i) GENERAL RULEMAKING AUTHORITY.—The Com19 mission may promulgate regulations necessary under sec20 tion 553 of title 5, United States Code, to effectively en21 force the requirements of this section. 

22 (j) TREATMENT OF PERSONS GOVERNED BY OTHER

23 LAW.—A person who is in compliance with any other Fed24 eral law that requires such person to provide notification 

25 to individuals following a breach of security, and that, 
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1 taken as a whole, provides protections substantially similar 

2 to, or greater than, those required under this section, as 

3 the Commission shall determine by rule (under section 

4 553 of title 5, United States Code), shall be deemed to 

5 be in compliance with this section. 

6 SEC. 4. APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT. 

7 (a) GENERAL APPLICATION.—The requirements of 

8 sections 2 and 3 shall only apply to those persons, partner9 ships, or corporations over which the Commission has au10 thority pursuant to section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade 

11 Commission Act. 

12 (b) ENFORCEMENT BY THE FEDERAL TRADE COM13 MISSION.— 

14 (1) UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRAC15 TICES.—A violation of section 2 or 3 shall be treated 

16 as an unfair and deceptive act or practice in viola17 tion of a regulation under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the 

18 Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 

19 57a(a)(1)(B)) regarding unfair or deceptive acts or 

20 practices. 

21 (2) POWERS OF COMMISSION.—The Commis22 sion shall enforce this Act in the same manner, by 

23 the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, 

24 powers, and duties as though all applicable terms 

25 and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act 
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1 (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and 

2 made a part of this Act. Any person who violates 

3 such regulations shall be subject to the penalties and 

4 entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in 

5 that Act. 

6 (3) LIMITATION.—In promulgating rules under 

7 this Act, the Commission shall not require the de8 ployment or use of any specific products or tech9 nologies, including any specific computer software or 

10 hardware. 

11 (c) ENFORCEMENT BY STATE ATTORNEYS GEN12 ERAL.— 

13 (1) CIVIL ACTION.—In any case in which the 

14 attorney general of a State, or an official or agency 

15 of a State, has reason to believe that an interest of 

16 the residents of that State has been or is threatened 

17 or adversely affected by any person who violates sec18 tion 2 or 3 of this Act, the attorney general, official, 

19 or agency of the State, as parens patriae, may bring 

20 a civil action on behalf of the residents of the State 

21 in a district court of the United States of appro22 priate jurisdiction— 

23 (A) to enjoin further violation of such sec24 tion by the defendant; 
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1 (B) to compel compliance with such sec2 tion; or 

3 (C) to obtain civil penalties in the amount 

4 determined under paragraph (2). 

5 (2) CIVIL PENALTIES.— 

6 (A) CALCULATION.— 

7 (i) TREATMENT OF VIOLATIONS OF

8 SECTION 2.—For purposes of paragraph 

9 (1)(C) with regard to a violation of section 

10 2, the amount determined under this para11 graph is the amount calculated by multi12 plying the number of days that a person is 

13 not in compliance with such section by an 

14 amount not greater than $11,000. 

15 (ii) TREATMENT OF VIOLATIONS OF

16 SECTION 3.—For purposes of paragraph 

17 (1)(C) with regard to a violation of section 

18 3, the amount determined under this para19 graph is the amount calculated by multi20 plying the number of violations of such 

21 section by an amount not greater than 

22 $11,000. Each failure to send notification 

23 as required under section 3 to a resident of 

24 the State shall be treated as a separate 

25 violation. 
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1 (B) ADJUSTMENT FOR INFLATION.—Be2 ginning on the date that the Consumer Price 

3 Index is first published by the Bureau of Labor 

4 Statistics that is after 1 year after the date of 

5 enactment of this Act, and each year thereafter, 

6 the amounts specified in clauses (i) and (ii) of 

7 subparagraph (A) shall be increased by the per8 centage increase in the Consumer Price Index 

9 published on that date from the Consumer 

10 Price Index published the previous year. 

11 (C) MAXIMUM TOTAL LIABILITY.—Not12 withstanding the number of actions which may 

13 be brought against a person under this sub14 section the maximum civil penalty for which 

15 any person may be liable under this subsection 

16 shall not exceed— 

17 (i) $5,000,000 for each violation of 

18 section 2; and 

19 (ii) $5,000,000 for all violations of 

20 section 3 resulting from a single breach of 

21 security. 

22 (3) INTERVENTION BY THE FTC.— 

23 (A) NOTICE AND INTERVENTION.—The 

24 State shall provide prior written notice of any 

25 action under paragraph (1) to the Commission 
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1 and provide the Commission with a copy of its 

2 complaint, except in any case in which such 

3 prior notice is not feasible, in which case the 

4 State shall serve such notice immediately upon 

5 instituting such action. The Commission shall 

6 have the right— 

7 (i) to intervene in the action; 

8 (ii) upon so intervening, to be heard 

9 on all matters arising therein; and 

10 (iii) to file petitions for appeal. 

11 (B) LIMITATION ON STATE ACTION WHILE

12 FEDERAL ACTION IS PENDING.—If the Commis13 sion has instituted a civil action for violation of 

14 this Act, no State attorney general, or official 

15 or agency of a State, may bring an action under 

16 this subsection during the pendency of that ac17 tion against any defendant named in the com18 plaint of the Commission for any violation of 

19 this Act alleged in the complaint. 

20 (4) CONSTRUCTION.—For purposes of bringing 

21 any civil action under paragraph (1), nothing in this 

22 Act shall be construed to prevent an attorney gen23 eral of a State from exercising the powers conferred 

24 on the attorney general by the laws of that State 

25 to— 
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1 (A) conduct investigations; 

2 (B) administer oaths or affirmations; or 

3 (C) compel the attendance of witnesses or 

4 the production of documentary and other evi5 dence. 

6 (d) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE FOR A VIOLATION OF

7 SECTION 3.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—It shall be an affirmative de9 fense to an enforcement action brought under sub10 section (b), or a civil action brought under sub11 section (c), based on a violation of section 3, that all 

12 of the personal information contained in the data in 

13 electronic form that was acquired or accessed as a 

14 result of a breach of security of the defendant is 

15 public record information that is lawfully made 

16 available to the general public from Federal, State, 

17 or local government records and was acquired by the 

18 defendant from such records. 

19 (2) NO EFFECT ON OTHER REQUIREMENTS.— 

20 Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to ex21 empt any person from the requirement to notify the 

22 Commission of a breach of security as required 

23 under section 3(a). 

24 SEC. 5. DEFINITIONS. 

25 In this Act the following definitions apply: 
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1 (1) BREACH OF SECURITY.—The term ‘‘breach 

2 of security’’ means unauthorized access to or acqui3 sition of data in electronic form containing personal 

4 information. 

5 (2) COMMISSION.—The term ‘‘Commission’’ 

6 means the Federal Trade Commission. 

7 (3) DATA IN ELECTRONIC FORM.—The term 

8 ‘‘data in electronic form’’ means any data stored 

9 electronically or digitally on any computer system or 

10 other database and includes recordable tapes and 

11 other mass storage devices. 

12 (4) ENCRYPTION.—The term ‘‘encryption’’ 

13 means the protection of data in electronic form in 

14 storage or in transit using an encryption technology 

15 that has been adopted by an established standards 

16 setting body which renders such data indecipherable 

17 in the absence of associated cryptographic keys nec18 essary to enable decryption of such data. Such 

19 encryption must include appropriate management 

20 and safeguards of such keys to protect the integrity 

21 of the encryption. 

22 (5) IDENTITY THEFT.—The term ‘‘identity 

23 theft’’ means the unauthorized use of another per24 son’s personal information for the purpose of engag-
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1 ing in commercial transactions under the name of 

2 such other person. 

3 (6) INFORMATION BROKER.—The term ‘‘infor4 mation broker’’— 

5 (A) means a commercial entity whose busi6 ness is to collect, assemble, or maintain per7 sonal information concerning individuals who 

8 are not current or former customers of such en9 tity in order to sell such information or provide 

10 access to such information to any nonaffiliated 

11 third party in exchange for consideration, 

12 whether such collection, assembly, or mainte13 nance of personal information is performed by 

14 the information broker directly, or by contract 

15 or subcontract with any other entity; and 

16 (B) does not include a commercial entity to 

17 the extent that such entity processes informa18 tion collected by or on behalf of and received 

19 from or on behalf of a nonaffiliated third party 

20 concerning individuals who are current or 

21 former customers or employees of such third 

22 party to enable such third party directly or 

23 through parties acting on its behalf to: (1) pro24 vide benefits for its employees; or (2) directly 

25 transact business with its customers. 
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1 (7) PERSONAL INFORMATION.— 

2 (A) DEFINITION.—The term ‘‘personal in3 formation’’ means an individual’s first name or 

4 initial and last name, or address, or phone 

5 number, in combination with any 1 or more of 

6 the following data elements for that individual: 

7 (i) Social Security number. 

8 (ii) Driver’s license number, passport 

9 number, military identification number, or 

10 other similar number issued on a govern11 ment document used to verify identity. 

12 (iii) Financial account number, or 

13 credit or debit card number, and any re14 quired security code, access code, or pass15 word that is necessary to permit access to 

16 an individual’s financial account. 

17 (B) MODIFIED DEFINITION BY RULE18 MAKING.—The Commission may, by rule pro19 mulgated under section 553 of title 5, United 

20 States Code, modify the definition of ‘‘personal 

21 information’’ under subparagraph (A)— 

22 (i) for the purpose of section 2 to the 

23 extent that such modification will not un24 reasonably impede interstate commerce, 
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1 and will accomplish the purposes of this 

2 Act; or 

3 (ii) for the purpose of section 3, to the 

4 extent that such modification is necessary 

5 to accommodate changes in technology or 

6 practices, will not unreasonably impede 

7 interstate commerce, and will accomplish 

8 the purposes of this Act. 

9 (8) PUBLIC RECORD INFORMATION.—The term 

10 ‘‘public record information’’ means information 

11 about an individual which has been obtained origi12 nally from records of a Federal, State, or local gov13 ernment entity that are available for public inspec14 tion. 

15 (9) NON-PUBLIC INFORMATION.—The term 

16 ‘‘non-public information’’ means information about 

17 an individual that is of a private nature and neither 

18 available to the general public nor obtained from a 

19 public record. 

20 (10) SERVICE PROVIDER.—The term ‘‘service 

21 provider’’ means a person that provides electronic 

22 data transmission, routing, intermediate and tran23 sient storage, or connections to its system or net24 work, where the person providing such services does 

25 not select or modify the content of the electronic 
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1 data, is not the sender or the intended recipient of 

2 the data, and such person transmits, routes, stores, 

3 or provides connections for personal information in 

4 a manner that personal information is undifferen5 tiated from other types of data that such person 

6 transmits, routes, stores, or provides connections. 

7 Any such person shall be treated as a service pro8 vider under this Act only to the extent that it is en9 gaged in the provision of such transmission, routing, 

10 intermediate and transient storage or connections. 

11 SEC. 6. EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS. 

12 (a) PREEMPTION OF STATE INFORMATION SECURITY

13 LAWS.—This Act supersedes any provision of a statute, 

14 regulation, or rule of a State or political subdivision of 

15 a State, with respect to those entities covered by the regu16 lations issued pursuant to this Act, that expressly— 

17 (1) requires information security practices and 

18 treatment of data containing personal information 

19 similar to any of those required under section 2; and 

20 (2) requires notification to individuals of a 

21 breach of security resulting in unauthorized access 

22 to or acquisition of data in electronic form con23 taining personal information. 

24 (b) ADDITIONAL PREEMPTION.— 
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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—No person other than a per2 son specified in section 4(c) may bring a civil action 

3 under the laws of any State if such action is pre4 mised in whole or in part upon the defendant vio5 lating any provision of this Act. 

6 (2) PROTECTION OF CONSUMER PROTECTION

7 LAWS.—This subsection shall not be construed to 

8 limit the enforcement of any State consumer protec9 tion law by an Attorney General of a State. 

10 (c) PROTECTION OF CERTAIN STATE LAWS.—This 

11 Act shall not be construed to preempt the applicability 

12 of— 

13 (1) State trespass, contract, or tort law; or 

14 (2) other State laws to the extent that those 

15 laws relate to acts of fraud. 

16 (d) PRESERVATION OF FTC AUTHORITY.—Nothing 

17 in this Act may be construed in any way to limit or affect 

18 the Commission’s authority under any other provision of 

19 law. 

20 SEC. 7. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

21 This Act shall take effect 1 year after the date of 

22 enactment of this Act. 
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1 SEC. 8. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

2 There is authorized to be appropriated to the Com3 mission $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2010 through 

4 2015 to carry out this Act. 

Passed the House of Representatives December 8, 

2009. 

Attest: 

Clerk. 
111TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 2221 

AN ACT 

To protect consumers by requiring reasonable secubreach. nationwide notice in the event of a security taining personal information, and to provide for rity policies and procedures to protect data con-