## MEMORANDUM

TO: Brian D’Amico and Eric Strassler, EPA/EAD

FROM: Steve Strackbein and Mary Willett, ERG

DATE: October 8, 2010

SUBJECT: Estimated Costs for Transition to Liqui d Airfield Deicing Application from Solid Airfield Deicing

As part of EPA’s airport deici ng operations evaluation, EPA looked at the use of airfield deicing chemicals by airport. Information collected by EPA/ERG during the airpor t site visits conducted

in 2004 and 2005 indicated that the use of urea as an airfield deicing chemical was being phased

out due to concerns with its environmental impacts and the availability of less harmful

alternatives.

EPA reviewed airport responses to EPA’s Air port Deicing Questionnaire on airfield deicing practices. These data indicated that potassi um acetate was by far the predominant airfield deicing chemical in use from 2002 to 2005; repres enting about 64% of airfield deicing chemical use (by weight). The data also indicated that urea was still bei ng used as an airfield deicing chemical at approximately 31 of the surveyed air ports (29 of the surveyed airports used urea as an airfield deicing chemi cal during the 2002/2003 deicing season, 32 airports during the 2003/2004 deicing season, and 31 airports dur ing the 2004/2005 deicing season). The questionnaire data showed a slight increase in the use of urea across th e three years of data collected; which was counter to the trend expected (i.e., EPA had anticipated that the number of airports using urea and the quant ity of urea used would show a downward trend across the three years studied).

To further assess the use of urea as an airfield deicing chemical, EPA evaluated the chemical cost of using urea versus the chemical cost to use potassium acetate. This memorandum presents the information collected on urea and potassium acetat e chemical costs, the effectiveness of these

chemicals as airfield deicers under winter conditions, and an evaluation of the chemical, mechanical and storage cost impacts to the indus try if a complete phas e out of urea were to

occur. Revisions to the costs associated with a phase out of solid pavement deicers from proposal were based on costing co mments for the following issues:

 Commenters on the proposed rule argued that airports would be forced to use less effective products if urea is banned, potent ially threatening the safety of airline passengers. EPA discusses the effectiveness of potassium acetate in the section titled “Comparison of Urea and Potassium Acetate Effectiveness at Freezing Temperatures and Long Term Effects on Pavement”;

 Commenters on the proposed rule argued that ai rports will require li quid pavement deicer application equipment if they switch fr om urea use. EPA discusses application equipment costs associated with changing fr om urea to potassium acetate as a pavement

deicer in the section titled “Mechanical E quipment and Chemical Storage for Switch to Liquid Chemical Pavement Deicer”; and

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 2

 Commenters on the proposed rule argued that ai rports will require li quid pavement deicer storage if they switch from ur ea use. EPA discusses storage costs associated with changing from urea to potassium acetate as a pavement deicer in the section titled “Mechanical Equipment and Chemical Storag e for Switch to Liquid Chemical Pavement

Deicer” in this memorandum.

Urea and Potassium Acetate Chemical Costs and Application Rates

Based on the Airport Deicing Qu estionnaire, 19 of the airports that used urea also used potassium acetate. EPA attempted to contacted thes e airports to obtain the airport’s unit costs for both chemicals; eight air ports provided unit cost data. Table 1 presents th e unit costs for urea and potassium acetate during the 2002-2005 timeframe for the eight airports that provided data.

Table 1. Unit Costing Information fo r Urea and Potassium Acetate, 2002-2005

Airport Airport

Contact Year Urea Unit

Cost Potassium

Acetate Unit

Cost Notes

Boise Air

Terminal/Gowen

Field* Jill Singer 2002 $198/ton $0.24/lb ($3.14/gal)

2003 $237/ton $0.25/lb ($3.27/gal)

2004 $256/ton $0.25/lb ($3.27/gal)

2005 $256/ton $0.25/lb ($3.27/gal)

Central

Wisconsin Tony Yaron 2002-2005 $300-360/ton $2.36/gal

Reno-Tahoe Todd Wealty 2002-2005 $900/ton or $52/80lbs $4.00/gal Pelletized urea is bought in
two different containers, a 1-

ton tote or an 80-lb barrel. All prices are based on competitive bids and usage.

A minimum of 20 totes must be purchased for that price

and a minimum of 40 barrels must be purchased. The potassium acetate is a liquid

form and a minimum of 9000 gallons must be purchased for this price.

Ted Stevens Anchorage Shane Sorano 2003-2005 $256/ton $2.86/gal These prices are based on a 3 year contract beginning in the 2003-2004 deicing

season. Piedmont Triad Bill Shawl Current $386/ton $2.42/gal

Fort Wayne Bill Prasuhn 2002-2003 $262/ton $2.05/gal

2003-2005 $322/ton $2.23/gal

Manchester Rich Fixler 2002 $0.18/lb (~$360- $2.15/gal

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 3

Table 1. Unit Costing Information fo r Urea and Potassium Acetate, 2002-2005

Airport Airport

Contact Year Urea Unit

Cost Potassium

Acetate Unit

Cost Notes

380/ton)

2003 $0.18/lb (~$360- 380/ton) $2.15/gal

2004 $0.18/lb (~$360- 380/ton) $2.15/gal

2005 $0.18/lb (~$360- 380/ton) $2.51/gal

Fairbanks Kristen

DuBois 2002 $239/ton $3.13/gal The price per unit includes shipping to Fairbanks. The urea is supplied by Agrium

located in Nikiski Alaska (approx 500 miles away) and the potassium acetate is from Anchorage Alaska (approx 365 miles away). 2003 $239/ton $3.13/gal

2004 $256.30/ton $3.13/gal

2005 $274.24/ton $3.16/gal

* A density of 13.10 lbs/gallon was used to calculate the price per gallon of potassium acetate at Boise Air Terminal.



### EPA calculated the average unit costs for urea and potassium acetate based on the data in

Table 1. EPA excluded the urea cost informa tion provided by Reno-Tahoe Airport because the unit costs were significantly different than those reported at other airports. Table 2 presents the average unit cost for urea and potassium acetate.

Table 2. Average Cost for Urea and Potassium Acetate, 2002-2005

Year Average Urea Cost (excluding Reno-Tahoe) Average Liquid Potassium Acetate Cost (excluding Reno-Tahoe)
2002 $268.17/ton $2.81/gallon

2003 $280.57/ton $2.86/gallon

2004 $297.90/ton $2.86/gallon

2005 $300.21/ton $2.92/gallon



### Potassium acetate is applied at different ra tes depending on the weather conditions and the thickness of the ice layer at the time of applicatio n. Table 3 shows the typical deicing, anti-icing and pre-wetting application rates for four commercial potassium acet ate runway deicers. Table 4 presents the temperature specific application rates for Cryotech E36 ® 

### , a widely used potassium acetate runway deicer.

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 4

Table 3. Typical Application Rates for Potassium Acetate

Brand Name Deicing Application Rates Anti-Icing Application Rates Pre-wetting Application Rates

Safeway® KA Runway Deicing

Fluid a 1 gal/1000 ft 2 0.4gal/1000ft 2 70% solid and 30% liquid

Cryotech E-36®

LRD b,c 1gal/1000 ft2 (thin ice) and 3gal/1000 ft2 (2.5cm thick ice) 0.5 gal/1000ft2 85-95% solid and 5-15% liquid, or 130g/kg of solid deicer, 1.25gal/100lbs. solid deicer

IceClear RDF d 1gal/1000 ft 2 (thin ice) and 3 gal/1000 ft 2 (1in. thick ice) 0.5 gal/1000ft2

PEAK® PA e 1 gal/1000 ft 2 0.4 gal/1000ft 2 70% solid and 30% liquid

a http://www.theblackfootcompany.com/new/de-ice/ka.htm

. b http://www.proviron.com/Deice/E36/e36_tech.html

.

c http://www.p2pays.org/ref/19/18054.htm

. d http://www.orisonmarketing.com/deicers/RDF1/RDF1.html

.

e http://www.oldworldind.com/chemicals/specs/pk_pa_spec.pdf

.



### Table 4. Temperature Specific Applic ation Rates for Cryotech E-36® (in gallons per thousand square feet)

Packed Snow & Ice

Depth (Inches) Air Temperature

20  F - 32  F Air Temperature

10  F - 20  F Air Temperature Less

than 10  F

2 to 3 3.7 4.6 9.1

1 to 2 1.8 2.7 6.0

1⁄2 to 1 1.2 1.8 3.0

Less than 1⁄2 0.9 1.2 1.8

Glare Ice 0.9 1.2 1.8



### Typical urea application rates could not be obtained directly by EPA, however a correlation between the application of a diffe rent solid runway deicer, sodium acetate, was determined. The amount of sodium acetate required to provide th e same protection time as urea is between 66-70

percent. 1,2 

### Typical applicati on rates for Cryotech NAAC ® 

### , a commercial sodium acetate deicer, are presented in Table 5 along with the calculated applicatio n rates for urea.

Table 5. Application Rates for Sodium Acetate and Urea

Sodium Acetate, Cryotech NAAC®, Application

Rate a Calculated Urea Application Rate

Near 32°F on thin ice = 3 - 5 lbs/1000 ft 2 Near 32°F on thin ice = 4.3 - 7.1 lbs/1000 ft 2

Less than 10°F on 1 inch ice = 10 - 25 lbs/1000 ft 2 Less than 10°F b on 1 inch ice = 14.3 - 35.7 lbs/1000 ft 2

a http://www.peterschemical.com/sodium-acetate/

. b Urea loses its effect at temperatures below 20  F.

1 http://www.fyvestar.com/id25.html



### . 2 http://www.tc.gc.ca/TDC/ summary/13300/13392e.htm

.

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 5

EPA estimated the application costs for urea and potassium acetate based on the 2005 average unit costs (as shown in Table 2) and the applicat ion rates (as shown in Table 3, 4, and 5). Table 6 shows the costs of chemical application per 1000 square feet for both urea and potassium

acetate.

Table 6. Cost for Application of Urea and Potassium Acetate, per 1000 Square Feet

Chemical Deicing Application Cost (per 1000 ft2) Anti-Icing Application Cost

(per 1000 ft2)

Urea $0.65-$1.07, Near 32 o F on thin ice

Potassium Acetate $2.92 (thin ice) and $8.76 (thick ice) $1.17-$1.46



### Comparison of Urea and Potassium Acetate Effectiveness at Freezing Temperatures and Long Term Effects on Pavement

EPA compared the effectiveness at freezing temperatures and long term effects on pavement of urea and potassium acetate. This comparison showed that potassium acetate is a more effective deicer at freezing temperatures and is less co rrosive on airfield pavement than urea.

The eutectic temperature for urea is 12.2°F, meaning urea will not deice below this temperature. In practice, it has been observed th at urea does not work at or below 23°F. 3 

### Potassium acetate is an effective deicer at much lower temperatures, having an eutectic temperature of approximately -76°F at 50 percent concentration. 4 

### Figure 1 presents the fr eezing point of Cryotech E-36 ®


### potassium acetate runway deicer at different concentrations.

The testing described in the article, “Effects of Runway Deicers on Pavement Materials and Mixes: Comparison with Road Salt” 5 

### found that asphalt samples subject to freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of any deicing chemical caused a decr ease in the indirect tens ile strength (ability to withstand stress) and modulus of el asticity (tendency to be deformed elastically). The data also showed an increase in the penetr ation values of asphalt cement. The tests further concluded that the maximum damage was caused by urea, whil e the damage due to the other deicers, particularly potassium acetate, was comp arable to that of distilled water.

3 http://www.airport-technology.com/contractors/deicing/verdugt/

4 http://www.snowmagazineonline.com/articles/pr inter.asp?ID=1216&Is sueID=70&Source=back

5 Y. Hassan; A. O. Abd El Halim; A. G. Razaqpur; W. Bekheet; and M. H. Farha. (2002). “Effects of Runway

Deicers on Pavement Materials and Mi xes: Comparison with Road Salt” JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:4(385)

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 6

Figure 1. Cryotech E-36 ® 

### Freezing Points at Different Concentrations a

a http://www.cryotech.com/products/E36/physical.php



### Mechanical Equipment and Chemical Storage Costs for Switch to Liquid Chemical

Pavement Deicer

Airports require application equipment to spr ead chemical deicers on the airside pavement. A change from solid chemicals to liquid chemicals will require an airport to purchase or retrofit equipment to properly apply liquid chemical deic ers. EPA requested liquid chemical application equipment costs from vendors across the country th at offer a variety of different application equipment options and obtained costs from three vendors. EPA requested information on equipment of various sizes to assess costs by a large vs. small/medium coverage area. A new truck was assumed to have a large coverage ar ea if it operated with 100 foot spraying booms and at least 2,500 gallons of tank sp ace. A truck retrofit or trailer was assumed to have a large coverage area if it operated with at least 75 foot booms and at least 2,000 gallons of tank space.

A new truck was assumed to have a small/medium coverage area if it ope rated with 50 foot spraying booms and at least 1,100 gallons of tank space. A truck retrofit or trailer was assumed to have a small/medium coverage area if it operate d with booms of 50 feet or a different type of spreading mechanism. EPA used this information to estimate liquid appl ication equipment costs for those airports that currently use solid urea for airfield deicing and would need to convert to a non-urea deicing chemical (e.g., liquid pota ssium acetate) under the final rule.

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 7

Liquid pavement deicers can be purchased in va rious size carboys or bought in bulk. The actual size of bulk liquid storage tanks that may be needed will depend primarily on the amount of deicing chemical purchased each deicing season. To estimate storage tank costs, EPA used tank

cost data from fact sheets contained in ARCP Report 14 6 

### . EPA used this information to estimate liquid pavement deicer storage cost s for airports that currently us e solid urea for airfield deicing and would need to convert to a non-urea deicing chemical.

Liquid pavement deicers (e.g., pot assium acetate) are readily available throughout the United States. In addition, EPA’s airport questi onnaire identified five Alaskan airports 7 

### using potassium

acetate as an airfield deicer for the years 2002-2005, indicating that liquid deicers are also available for use in Alaska. EPA’s queries indica te that liquid potassium acetate is packaged in a variety of containers and sizes including 1 and 5 gallon cont ainers, 55 gallon drums, 260-265 gallon totes or in larger bulk si zes. Transportation costs for chemical purchasing are assumed to be about the same for liquid deicers as t hose for solid deicers, including Alaska.

Capital Costs for Liquid Deicer Application Equipment

Table 8 provides costing information for small/medium and large liquid deicer application equipment. Equipment is presented for two types of installations; new sprayer trucks and truck retrofits/towed sprayers. Costs are presented as a total capital cost and is averaged by equipment type and size.

Table 8. Application Equipment Cost s for Liquid Pavement Deicer

Installation Type Large Coverage Deicing Unit Medium/Small Coverage Deicing Unit

Full Truck $160,000 Tyler Ice AD Series – 4,000

Gallons with 100' Booms (Eagle) b $130,000 Tyler Ice AD Series – 2,000 Gallons with 75' Booms (Eagle)

$280,000 4,000-5,000 gallon units (Tyler ICE) c $197,500 2,000-3,000 gallon unit (Tyler ICE)
$245,000 ASP nozzle sprayer spraying

width 45 Meter. Tank content 10,000 liter. (Schmidt) d

Average Cost a $228,000 $164,000

Installation Type Large Coverage Deicing Unit Medium/Small Coverage Deicing Unit

Truck Retrofit/

Towed Spreader $110,000 3,500 2T 5M Towed Spreader (Eagle) $35,000 Smart Tote 125, 8-25’ spray width(Eagle)
$35,000 Epoke PC Compact , Drop behind spreader, (Eagle)
$130,000 Tyler Ice TAD Series, 2,000 gallons with 75' booms (Eagle) $60,000 Tyler Ice TAD Series, 500 gallons with 12-36' boomless spray (Eagle)

6 ACRP Fact Sheets, ACRP Report 14 , Deicing Practices, Transportation Res earch Board, Sponsored to Federal Aviation Administration, AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM.

7 Alaskan airports that reported using potassium acetat e in EPA's airport questionna ire (years 2002-2005) were; Fairbanks Intl, Ted Stevens Anchorage Intl, Ralph Wien Memorial, Nome, and Deadhorse.

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 8

Installation Type Large Coverage Deicing Unit Medium/Small Coverage Deicing Unit
$20,500 Small Tote Sprayer, 8’-50’ booms, (Tyler ICE)
$50,000 ASPT nozzle sprayer spraying

width of 15 meters. Tank content 3,000 liter (Schmidt)

Average Cost a $120,000 $40,000

a – Yearly cost was calculated assuming a 6% interest rate and a 20 year loan term. b – Eagle – Mr. Trevor Winn, CA, CFO at Eagle Airfield (a division of Team Eagle Ltd). http://www.teameagle.ca/

. c – Tyler ICE Div. of Wausau Equipment – Mr. Mark Kreutzfeldt. http://www.wausa u-everest.com/ d – Schmidt – Mr. Rene Wender - Product Manager Airport equipment. http:// www.aebi-schmidt.com

.



### Capital Costs for Liquid Pave ment Deicer Storage Tanks

Table 9 provides capital costs for storage tanks . Costs for three types of storage tanks are presented; portable (frac) tanks , modular tanks, and permanent tanks. For smaller storage needs, it is likely that an airport can use the chemical tote provided with the liquid deicer purchase. Tank type and size would be determined based on the amount of liquid deicer estimated for purchase for a typical deicing season. Operati on and maintenance costs for liquid storage are

assumed to be about the same as those for solid storage. EPA proposes that a modular tank with 50,000 gallons capacity will be the be st option for airports that us e greater than 1,000 gallons and less than 50,000 gallons of liquid airfield deicing chemical each deicing season, a modular tank with 100,000 gallons capacity will be the best op tion for airports that use greater than 50,000 gallons of deicing chemical each season. Air ports using less than 1,000 gallons of deicing chemical will be able to purchase chemicals in sm all totes or larger drum containers requiring no additional storage costs.

Table 9. Storage Tank Capital Co sts for Liquid Pavement Deicer a

Tank Type Size (gallon) Transaction Type Cost Cost for 2/3 of a year rental
Portable (Frac) Tank 21,000 Rental $45/day $10,980

Portable (Frac) Tank 21,000 Rental $1,350/month $10,800

Average Portable (Frac) Tank Cost $10,890/yr

Tank Type Size (gallon) Transaction Type Cost Cost per gallon

Modular Tank 50,000 Purchase $40,000 $0.80

Modular Tank 100,000 Purchase $50,000 $0.50

Modular Tank 245,000 Purchase $80,000 $0.33

Modular Tank 500,000 Purchase $130,000 $0.26

Modular Tank 1,000,000 Purchase $225,000 $0.23

Modular Tank 2,000,000 Purchase $375,000 $0.19

Average Modular Tank

Cost $0.38

Tank Type Size (gallon) Transaction Type Average Cost Cost per gallon

### Memorandum October 8, 2010 Page 9

Permanent Tank 2,000,000 Purchase 2,000,000 $0.90

Permanent Tank 4,000,000 Purchase 4,000,000 $0.70

Average Permanent

Tank Cost $0.80

a – ACRP Fact Sheets, ACRP Report 14, Deicing Practi ces, Fact Sheets 27, 28, and 30. Transportation Research Board, Sponsored to Federal Aviation Administra tion, AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM.



### Applicability of Mechanical Equipment and Chemical Storage Costs

Responses to EPA’s airport deici ng questionnaire indicated that 31 airports applied urea as an airside pavement deicer during the 2004-2005 deicing seas ons. Of the 31 airports that reported urea use in the questionnaire, 19 of the airports also reported liquid potassium acetate use for airside pavement deicing. 8 

### EPA assumes that airports w ith the capability to apply liquid potassium acetate at the time of the questionnaire currently have the capability to spread liquid pavement deicers and are therefore out of scope for increased equipment costs to switch from solid to liquid pavement deicers. Table 10 presen ts the remaining 12 airpor ts that reported urea use in the questionnaire but did not report the use of liquid potassium acetate. EPA assumes these airports do not currently have the capability to apply liquid deicers to airside pavement and has estimated increased equipment costs.

Assessment of Spreader Equipment Costs

Using data presented in Tables 4 and 5, during temperatures between 10°F and 32°F a comparison of potassium acetate vs. urea showed that for each gallon of potassium acetate applied approximately 4 pounds of urea is needed for the same coverage area. Using this relationship, EPA estimated the volume of pot assium acetate that would be purchased and assessed a storage tank size. EPA then assumed th at Small, Medium, and Non-hub airports using only solid deicers would require 1 medium spr eader truck and 1 medium truck retrofit/towed unit. Large hub airports were assumed to purch ase 1 large spreader truck and 1 large truck retrofit/towed unit. Based on these assumptions, EPA estimated spreader equipment capital costs of $203,850 for Small/Medium/Non-hub airports and costs of $348,333 for large hub airports.

Chemical Costs to Convert from Urea to Liquid Deicer

The national average use of urea, based on EPA’ s Airport Deicing Questionnaire data for the three deicing seasons between 2002 and 2005, was 7,075,865 pounds per year, costing an estimated $1,064,998. As presented in Table 5, urea ha s a range of applicati on rates. Using the available range of application ra tes (small coverage area and larg e coverage area for the same amount of urea) and statistical airport weighting values as de termined by EPA, EPA estimated

the chemical costs for a national switch from ur ea to potassium acetate. Table 11 presents the

data to determine the additional chemical cost asso ciated with a switch to potassium acetate; with a total additional cost ranging from $1.19 millio n for small coverage areas to $2.44 million for large coverage areas.

8 Airports that reported Urea and Potassium Acetate use include; Fairbanks Intl Airport, Ted Stevens Anchorage Intl Airport, Tri -State/Milton J Ferguson Field, Austin Straubel Intl Airport, Piedmont Triad Intl Airport, Fort Wayne Intl Airpor t, Indianapolis Intl Airport, Ralph Wien Memorial Airport, Salt Lake City Intl Air port, Colorado Springs Airport, Manchester Airport, Boise Airport, Toledo Express Airp ort, Deadhorse Airport, Stewart Intl Airport, Reno/Tahoe Intl Airport, Charlotte /Douglas Intl Airport, Bradley Intl Airport, Ronald Reagan Was hington National Airport, Central Wisconsin Airport, Greater Ro ckford Airport, Akron - Canton Regional AirportMemorandumOctober 8, 2010Page 10Table 10. Airports Requiring Liquid Pavement Deicer EquipmentAirport IDHub SizeCapital Cost forSpreaderEquipment ($)Average annualUrea Usage (lbs)Estimated KAce(Gallons)1007 N 203,850 27,517 6,8791013 N 203,850 20,000 5,0001041 N 203,850 333 831053 L 348,333 10,217 2,5541074 S 203,850 32,440 8,1101085 N 203,850 6,000 1,5001103 S 203,850 478,000 119,5001105 S 203,850 498,000 124,5001110 N 203,850 2,400 6001118 N 203,850 67,333 16,8331146 S 203,850 18,000 4,5001147 M 203,850 63,333 15,833Notes:KAce volume based on a ratio of 4 lbs urea/gal KAceAirports 1024 and 1100 reported urea use during one season only for pilot study. These airports are not costed for urea conversion.Airport 1105 uses only 240 lbs (annual average)of potassium acetate and we have not assumed that they will have liquid spreading equipment.Spreader Equipment Cost Assumptions:Large hub airports are costed for 1 large spreader truck and 1 large truck retrofit/towed unit = $228,333 + $120,000 = $348,333All other hub size airports are costed for 1 medium spreadertruck and 1 medium truck retrofit/towed unit = $163,750 + $40,100= $203,850Storage Assumptions:Potassium Acetate Gallons Estimate is based on an approx. application rate of 4.3 lbs urea/1000 SF and 1 gal KAC/1000 SF (for a4:1 ratio)Assume that <1,000 gallons of KAC usage/year can use delivery totes for storage and storage costs = $0Assume that storage needs from 1,000 - 21,000 gallons will require purchase of a tank at a cost of $40,000; amortized over 20 yrs = $3,776/yr.Assume that storage needs from 50,000 - 100,000 gallons will require purchase of a tankat a cost of $50,000; amortized over 20yrs = $4,720/yr.MemorandumOctober 8, 2010Page 11Table 11. Calculations for the Estimated Cost of aNational Switch from Urea to Potassium AcetateAirportIDAverageUreaUsedUreaDeicingCoverageArealargeestimateUreaDeicingCoverageAreasmallestimateAveragePredictedUreaCostPredictedPotassiumAcetateCost-smallcoveragearea(Thin Ice)PredictedPotassiumAcetateCost - largecoveragearea(Thin Ice)Difference inAverage UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,small coverageareaDifference inAverage UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,large coverageareaNationalAirportWeightAirportWeightedDifference inAveragePredictedUrea Costand PredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,smallcoverage areaAirportWeightedDifference inAveragePredicted UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,large coverageareaBased on4.3lbs/1000sqftBased on7.14lbs/1000sqftAverage ofColumn I andJBased on$2.92/1000sqftBased on$2.92/1000sqftColumn L - Column KColumn M - Column KColumn N xColumn PColumn O x ColumnPPounds1000s of sqft1000s of sqft$$$$$$$1007 26650 6198 3732 $4,011.13 $10,898.88 $18,097.21 $6,887.75 $14,086.08 2.150787535 $14,814.09 $30,296.171010 383333.33 89147 53688 $57,696.02 $156,769.37 $260,310.08 $99,073.35 $202,614.05 NA NA NA1012 1670733.3 388543 233996 $251,464.4 $683,269.09 $1,134,544.50 $431,804.74 $883,080.14 NA NA NA1013 20000 4651 2801 $3,010.23 $8,179.27 $13,581.40 $5,169.04 $10,571.17 NA NA NA1016 62666.667 14574 8777 $9,432.05 $25,628.38 $42,555.04 $16,196.34 $33,122.99 8.089117526 $131,014.09 $267,935.781017 41540 9660 5818 $6,252.24 $16,988.35 $28,208.56 $10,736.11 $21,956.32 2.326938705 $24,982.26 $51,091.001018 98666.667 22946 13819 $14,850.45 $40,351.07 $67,001.55 $25,500.62 $52,151.10 1 $25,500.62 $52,151.101022 267962.5 62317 37530 $40,331.40 $109,586.90 $181,965.23 $69,255.50 $141,633.83 1.96823139 $136,310.85 $278,768.151024 0 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 1 $0.00 $0.001041 333.33333 78 47 $50.17 $136.32 $226.36 $86.15 $176.19 3.140887671 $270.59 $553.381043 10000 2326 1401 $1,505.11 $4,089.64 $6,790.70 $2,584.52 $5,285.58 NA NA NA1053 5700 1326 798 $857.91 $2,331.09 $3,870.70 $1,473.18 $3,012.78 1 $1,473.18 $3,012.781066 1467340 341242 205510 $220,851.4 $600,088.63 $996,426.23 $379,237.28 $775,574.88 1 $379,237.28 $775,574.881070 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 1.741369418 $0.00 $0.001074 32440 7544 4543 $4,882.59 $13,266.78 $22,029.02 $8,384.19 $17,146.43 2.141677315 $17,956.23 $36,722.131079 22500 5233 3151 $3,386.51 $9,201.68 $15,279.07 $5,815.17 $11,892.56 1 $5,815.17 $11,892.561085 6000 1395 840 $903.07 $2,453.78 $4,074.42 $1,550.71 $3,171.35 5.595832618 $8,677.53 $17,746.351090 405676.67 94343 56817 $61,058.95 $165,906.98 $275,482.76 $104,848.03 $214,423.81 1.504288097 $157,721.65 $322,555.181091 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3.174909109 $0.00 $0.001100 0 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 2.091740528 $0.00 $0.00MemorandumOctober 8, 2010Page 12Table 11. Calculations for the Estimated Cost of aNational Switch from Urea to Potassium AcetateAirportIDAverageUreaUsedUreaDeicingCoverageArealargeestimateUreaDeicingCoverageAreasmallestimateAveragePredictedUreaCostPredictedPotassiumAcetateCost-smallcoveragearea(Thin Ice)PredictedPotassiumAcetateCost - largecoveragearea(Thin Ice)Difference inAverage UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,small coverageareaDifference inAverage UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,large coverageareaNationalAirportWeightAirportWeightedDifference inAveragePredictedUrea Costand PredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,smallcoverage areaAirportWeightedDifference inAveragePredicted UreaCost andPredictedPotassiumAcetate Cost,large coverageareaBased on4.3lbs/1000sqftBased on7.14lbs/1000sqftAverage ofColumn I andJBased on$2.92/1000sqftBased on$2.92/1000sqftColumn L - Column KColumn M - Column KColumn N xColumn PColumn O x ColumnPPounds1000s of sqft1000s of sqft$$$$$$$1103 508000 118140 71148 $76,459.77 $207,753.50 $344,967.44 $131,293.73 $268,507.67 NA NA NA1105 638666.67 148527 89449 $96,126.59 $261,191.41 $433,699.22 $165,064.82 $337,572.63 1.519246128 $250,774.08 $512,855.911110 2400 558 336 $361.23 $981.51 $1,629.77 $620.29 $1,268.54 NA NA NA1112 20000 4651 2801 $3,010.23 $8,179.27 $13,581.40 $5,169.04 $10,571.17 NA NA NA1114 151800 35302 21261 $22,847.63 $62,080.67 $103,082.79 $39,233.05 $80,235.17 2.866102186 $112,445.92 $229,962.181116 7238 1683 1014 $1,089.40 $2,960.08 $4,915.11 $1,870.68 $3,825.71 1 $1,870.68 $3,825.711118 66000 15349 9244 $9,933.75 $26,991.60 $44,818.60 $17,057.85 $34,884.85 NA NA NA1128 232950 54174 32626 $35,061.62 $95,268.07 $158,189.30 $60,206.44 $123,127.68 1 $60,206.44 $123,127.681129 16747.5 3895 2346 $2,520.69 $6,849.12 $11,372.72 $4,328.43 $8,852.03 1 $4,328.43 $8,852.031130 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 1 $0.00 $0.001131 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 2.681540002 $0.00 $0.001141 62666.667 14574 8777 $9,432.05 $25,628.38 $42,555.04 $16,196.34 $33,122.99 1 $16,196.34 $33,122.991144 84393.333 19626 11820 $12,702.16 $34,513.80 $57,308.96 $21,811.64 $44,606.81 3.015631836 $65,775.89 $134,517.701146 27000 6279 3782 $4,063.81 $11,042.02 $18,334.88 $6,978.21 $14,271.08 1.878196282 $13,106.45 $26,803.881147 89333.333 20775 12512 $13,445.68 $36,534.08 $60,663.57 $23,088.40 $47,217.88 1 $23,088.40 $47,217.881150 655066.67 152341 91746 $98,594.98 $267,898.41 $444,835.97 $169,303.43 $346,240.99 NA NA NA1153 21333.333 4961 2988 $3,210.91 $8,724.56 $14,486.82 $5,513.65 $11,275.91 NA NA NASUM 7,105,138$1,451,566.17 $2,968,585.45Note: Airports with NA are not included in the count