UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

THE LL&E ROYALTY TRUST, by

ROGER D. PARSONS, TRUSTEE,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 14-CV-13833

v. HONORABLE GEORGE CARAM STEEH

QUANTUM RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT, LLC; QR ENERGY,

LP; and QRE OPERATING, LLC,

Defendants.

 /

OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTION TO DISMISS (DOC. #21) AND ALLOWING

PLAINTIFF 30 DAYS TO FILE AMENDED COMPLAINT

This action concerns a dispute over a royalty contract relating to the Jay Field, an

oil and gas field in Florida and Alabama covering over 14,000 acres, with more than 70

active wells. One or all of the defendants allegedly are the “working interest owners” of Jay

Field, as established through the 1983 Conveyance of Overriding Royalty Interests (the

“1983 Conveyance”), entered into by defendants’ predecessors in interest. A working

interest owner “of an oil and gas field develops and manages the operations of the field,

in exchange for a portion of royalties. . . .” Compl. ¶ 15. This includes “the right to drill for

and produce oil and gas on the leased acreage.” Def’s. Mot. To. Dismiss at 2.

Plaintiff, The LL&E Royalty Trust, alleges that, pursuant to the 1983 Conveyance,

it is entitled to 50% of certain accrued royalty payments (the “overriding royalty interests”

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or “royalties”) that have been withheld from defendants. Specifically, plaintiff contends that

it stopped receiving royalties in April 2007, at the time defendants acquired the working

interest in Jay Field. Moreover, plaintiff alleges that defendants have failed to comply with

auditing requirements that would allow plaintiff access to defendants’ books and records

in order to determine the amount of royalties owed. The complaint is in seven counts,

phrased by plaintiff as follows:

Count I Breach of Contract

Count II Statutory Conversion

Count III Fraud

Count IV Breach of Fiduciary Duty

Count V Violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt organizations Act,

18 U.S.C. § 1961, et seq. (“RICO”)

Count VI Accounting/Injunctive Relief

Count VII Appointment of a Receiver

Now before the court is defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint. (Doc. #21). 

For the reasons that follow, defendants’ motion will be granted. Plaintiff shall have the

opportunity to file an amended complaint to cure the deficiencies in the complaint no later

than 30 days from the entry of this order.

I. BACKGROUND

On June 1, 1983, The Louisiana Land And Exploration Company (the “LL&E

Company”) established the plaintiff trust, a publicly traded trust. Compl. ¶¶ 12–13. The

trust owns royalty rights in oil and gas producing properties in Florida and Alabama,

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including the Jay Field. Id. ¶¶ 13–14. The trust’s interests are laid out in the 1983

Conveyance. Pursuant to the 1983 Conveyance, plaintiff and defendants share a 50-50

split of royalty payments generated from certain leases within the Jay Field.

In 2006, the working interest owners of the Jay Field were Conoco Phillips and

Exxon Mobil. Id. ¶ 16. The field was operated by Exxon Mobil. Id. Defendant QRE

Operating, LLC (“QRE Operating”), a Delaware limited liability company with its principle

place of business in Houston, Texas, purchased all of Conoco Phillips’ and Exxon Mobil’s

interests in 2007. Id. ¶ 17. At the time this lawsuit was filed, QRE Operating’s sole

member was QR Energy, LP (“QR Energy”), a Delaware Master Limited Partnership with

its principal place of business in Texas, formed in September 2010. QRE Energy had

limited partners (“unitholders”) from multiple different states, including over 1,300

unitholders from Michigan. Since the filing of this lawsuit, QRE Energy has been acquired

by Breitburn Energy Partners, LP, a non-party to this action.1 Although QRE Operating

purchased the working and operating interests in the Jay Field in 2007, it did not acquire

the plaintiff’s overriding royalty interests. Id. ¶ 19.

The 1983 Conveyance requires defendants,2

 when certain conditions are met, to

make monthly payments to plaintiff constituting one-half of the earned overriding royalty

1

 It appears likely that any amended complaint will include Breitburn as a

defendant.

2

 Defendants argue that QRE Operating is the sole defendant that is a party to

the 1983 Conveyance. Plaintiff, on the other hand, refers to defendants collectively

because it states that defendants are structured in a way that it is impossible to know

which defendant is responsible for certain actions. For purposes of this motion, the

differences between defendants do not matter, and the court refers to all of the

defendants together. Plaintiff’s amended complaint, however, should clearly set forth

the specific actions taken by each defendant, to the extent that it is possible. 

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interests. Id. at ¶ 21. Defendants are the “Assignor” in the 1983 Conveyance; plaintiff is

the “Assignee.” Since defendants acquired the working and operating interests in Jay

Field, plaintiff states that it has received a single royalty payment in September 2008. Id.

¶ 27. Plaintiff contends that defendants are manipulating the designation of excess

production costs and an escrow account, which the 1983 Conveyance permits if done

properly, to forgo making royalty payments to plaintiff. Id. ¶ 22.

Defendants argue that no royalty payments are due and owing to plaintiff because

defendants have advanced the costs to operate the field, incurred the costs associated with

a major shutdown of the field in 2008, and have expended resources to improve the field,

all costs that can properly be recouped under the 1983 Conveyance before making a

royalty payment to plaintiff. Essentially, defendants say that plaintiff “never pays a penny

out of pocket for the costs associated with maintaining the Field and producing oil and gas

from the Field.” Def’s. Mot. to Dismiss at 7. Instead, defendants front these costs, taking

the risk of loss, and carrying the loss over to future years.

Plaintiff challenges defendants’ stated reasons for not paying royalty payments

pointing to the fact that, prior to defendants acquiring the working and operating interests

from defendants’ predecessors in interest, plaintiff was regularly receiving royalty payments

for decades. Compl. ¶ 26. From the period 2000 through 2010, the special cost escrow

account where funds were placed in lieu of making royalty payments to plaintiff had a

balance of approximately $4.5 million. Id. ¶ 29. However, by June 2014, under defendants’

control, the balance in the special cost escrow account had increased to $36 million. Id.

¶ 30. Some funds, according to plaintiff, are placed outside of an escrow account.

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A large part of plaintiff’s complaint is that it cannot determine whether defendants’

stated reasons for not making royalty payments are accurate, because defendants

allegedly are not being transparent. Id. ¶¶ 36–37. For example, defendants informed

plaintiff that the royalty payments are being used to reimburse defendants for certain costs

associated with a major shutdown of Jay Field in 2008 through 2009, and capital

expenditures undertaken at the field in 2009. Id. ¶ 36. But plaintiff alleges that defendants

have not disclosed any pertinent financials to plaintiff, and, in any event, any legitimate

costs should be equally borne between defendants and the plaintiff. Id. ¶¶ 38–39.

Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against QRE Operating, QR Energy, and Quantum

Resources Management, LLC (“Quantum Resources”). As explained, QRE Operating is

a Delaware limited liability company with its principal place of business in Houston, Texas. 

At the time this lawsuit was filed, QR Energy was a Delaware Master Limited Partnership

with its principal place of business in Houston, Texas. Quantum Resources is a Delaware

limited liability company with its principal place of business in Houston, Texas.

The complaint is purportedly brought under both 28 U.S.C. § 1331, based on an

alleged RICO violation, and § 1332, on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. The court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction (both federal question and diversity) is challenged in defendants’

motion to dismiss. The motion has been fully briefed and the court held a hearing on June

1, 2015. The motion is ready for decision.

II. ANALYSIS

The court begins its analysis by addressing defendants’ challenge to the court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction. Defendants argue that the court lacks both federal question and

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diversity jurisdiction. Next, the court turns to plaintiff’s request to file an amended

complaint. Finally, the court briefly addresses the parties’ personal jurisdiction arguments.

A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

1. Legal Standard

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) “may either

attack the claim of jurisdiction on its face or it can attack the factual basis of jurisdiction.” 

Golden v. Gorno Bros., Inc., 410 F.3d 879, 881 (6th Cir. 2005). A facial attack “is a

challenge to the sufficiency of the pleading itself,” which requires the court to “take the

material allegations of the [complaint] as true and construed in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party.” United States v. Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir. 1994). On the

other hand, a factual attack “is not a challenge to the sufficiency of the pleading’s

allegations, but a challenge to the factual existence of subject matter jurisdiction,” and the

court “is free to weigh the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear

the case.” Id.

2. Federal Question Jurisdiction

The complaint alleges federal question jurisdiction based on defendants’ alleged

RICO violation. Defendants make a facial attack on the court’s federal question jurisdiction

arguing that, because plaintiff’s RICO claim fails to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted, the court lacks federal question jurisdiction. Therefore, in determining whether the

court has federal question jurisdiction, the court “take[s] the material allegations of the

[complaint] as true and construe[s] [them] in the light most favorable” to plaintiff. Ritchie,

15 F.3d at 598.

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Because defendant challenges the sufficiency of plaintiff’s pleading, the court,

applying Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, must construe the complaint

in favor of the plaintiff, accept the allegations of the complaint as true, and determine

whether plaintiff’s factual allegations present plausible claims. “[N]aked assertions devoid

of further factual enhancement” are insufficient to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on

its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion

to dismiss, plaintiff’s pleading for relief must provide “more than labels and conclusions, and

a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Ass’n of Cleveland

Fire Fighters v. City of Cleveland, 502 F.3d 545, 548 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic,

550 U.S. at 555) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Even though the complaint need

not contain “detailed” factual allegations, its “factual allegations must be enough to raise

a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the allegations in

the complaint are true.” Id. (citing Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555).

Plaintiff’s RICO claim is premised on 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), which states:

It shall be unlawful for any person employed or associated with any

enterprise engaged in, or the activities which affect, interstate or foreign

commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of

such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or

collection of unlawful debt.

This section “generally makes it illegal for an enterprise to engage in ‘racketeering activity,’

as defined by predicate acts including mail and wire fraud.” Wallace v. Midwest Fin. &

Mortgage Servs., Inc., 714 F.3d 414, 418–19 (6th Cir. 2013). To succeed under this RICO

section, “a plaintiff must plead the following elements: ‘(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3)

through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.’” In re ClassicStar Mare Lease Litig., 727 F.3d

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473, 483 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Moon v. Harrison Piping Supply, 465 F.3d 719, 723 (6th Cir.

2006)).

Two deficiencies in plaintiff’s complaint lead the court to conclude that the complaint

fails to state a RICO claim upon which relief can be granted.

First, plaintiff has not pleaded fraud with particularity as required under Rule 9(b) of

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Sixth Circuit has explained, pursuant to Rule

9(b), “RICO plaintiffs must allege the time, place and contents of the misrepresentations.” 

Moon Harrison Piping Supply, 465 F.3d 719, 723 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). More

than conclusory allegations of mail fraud and wire fraud are required to satisfy Rule 9(b)’s

standard. Thomas v. Daneshgari, 997 F.Supp.2d 754, 763 (E.D. Mich. 2014). As this court

has explained, “‘[w]hen pleading predicate acts of mail or wire fraud, in order to satisfy the

heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must (1) specify the statements

that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and

when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.’” C

& L Ward Bros., Co. v. Outsource Solutions, Inc., No. 11-14773, 2012 WL 3157005, at *5

(E.D. Mich. Aug. 3, 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, plaintiff’s RICO count is based on conclusory allegations that do not explain

why the alleged statements made were fraudulent. The complaint contains 15 alleged

specific instances of wire fraud and mail fraud. By way of example, one of the allegations

states, “On January 9, 2012, Brandon Thompson, then a Quantum employee, sent an

email to the Trust that attached a fraudulent financial statement concerning the Jay Field.” 

Compl. ¶ 117. The problem with these allegations, however, is that there is no explanation

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why the financial statements are fraudulent. Simply referring to the financial statements

as “fraudulent” is insufficient to satisfy Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement. Plaintiff must

explain, beyond mere conclusory language, why the financial statements are allegedly

fraudulent.

Second, the complaint fails to distinguish the difference between the breach of

contract claim and the RICO claim. Another court in this district has explained, “[c]ourts,

including the Sixth Circuit, are skeptical of finding RICO claims that ‘sound[ ] in contract.

[One] cannot successfully transmute them into RICO claims by simply appending the terms

‘false’ and ‘fraudulent’.” Sivak v. United Parcel Serv. Co., 28 F.Supp.3d 701, 720 (E.D.

Mich. 2014) (Rosen, CJ.) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Pursuant to the

Sixth Circuit’s directive in Blount Financial Services, Inc. v. Walter E. Heller & Company,

819 F.2d 151 (6th Cir. 1987), “RICO claims arising out of contracts [must] sufficiently plead

fraudulent acts independent of a breach of contract.” Id. at 721.

As currently pled, plaintiff’s complaint fails to allege a freestanding RICO claim

unrelated to the alleged breach of contract. As defendants argue, the currently pled RICO

claim “boil[s] down to a disagreement over how net profits payments should have been

computed under the Conveyance.” Defs’. Mot. To Dismiss at 21. This same disagreement

forms the basis of the breach of contract claim, but plaintiff has appended the word

“fraudulent” to defendants’ conduct to allege a RICO claim. Plaintiff must distinguish the

RICO claim from the contract claim by sufficiently explaining how the RICO claim is a

freestanding cause of action separate and distinct from the contract claim. In its present

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form, the RICO claim — which is essentially a repackaged contract claim — fails to state

a claim upon which relief can be granted.

Because the RICO claim is subject to dismissal, to the extent that the court’s

jurisdiction is based on a federal question, the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. In

addition, as will be explained, the court lacks diversity jurisdiction. Therefore, the court

declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. 28

U.S.C. § 1367 (explaining that “[t]he district courts may decline to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over a claim . . . if . . . the district court has dismissed all claims over which it

has original jurisdiction.”).

3. Diversity Jurisdiction

District courts have original jurisdiction over all civil actions where the matter in

controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000 and is between citizens of different

states. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The latter requirement is not met here because there are parties

on both side of the lawsuit from Michigan. The court, therefore, lacks diversity jurisdiction.

As alleged in the complaint, plaintiff is a Michigan trust with its situs in Michigan,

rendering its citizenship Michigan. One of the defendants, QR Energy, is also a citizen of

Michigan for diversity purposes. As explained above, QR Energy is a publically-traded

Master Limited Partnership. At the time plaintiff’s complaint was filed, the relevant period

for considering citizenship, QR Energy had over 1,300 unitholders (limited partners) in

Michigan. And for purposes of diversity jurisdiction, QR Energy is a citizen of every state

in which its limited partners are citizens. See, e.g., Carden v. Arkoma Assocs., 494 U.S.

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185, 195 (1990). See also Tampone v. Richmond, No. 10-11776, 2010 WL 3083539, at

*3 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 5, 2010) (Duggan, J.) (“Where a partnership is a party to the litigation,

diversity of citizenship depends upon the citizenship of each individual partner.”). Because

QR Energy has limited partners that have Michigan citizenship, complete diversity is

lacking.

Plaintiff acknowledged this point in its response brief and in oral argument. Plaintiff,

however, states that, “[i]f the Court were to conclude that there is no federal question

jurisdiction, the Trust may seek to dismiss QR Energy, provide[d] Defendants will stipulate

to place the Trust’s $18 million in a true escrow account not under the control of QR

Energy, or subject to its creditors.” Pl’s. Resp. Br. at 17. Absent subject-matter jurisdiction,

which at this point the complaint does not sufficiently establish, the court cannot direct

defendants to place $18 million allegedly owed to the plaintiff in a true escrow in exchange

for plaintiff dismissing the claims against QR Energy. The fact that there are citizens of

Michigan on both sides of the lawsuit strips the court of diversity subject-matter jurisdiction.

B. Amendment

Notwithstanding the court’s conclusions above, the court will grant plaintiff’s request

to amend the complaint in order to sufficiently allege a RICO claim or to cure the deficiency

related to diversity jurisdiction. Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows

a party to amend its complaint after a responsive pleading has been filed, with written

consent of the opposing party or the court’s leave. “The court should freely give leave

when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Plaintiff may file an amended

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complaint no later than 30 days after entry of this order curing the deficiencies explained

above. Plaintiff’s amended complaint may restate the state law claims. If the court

determines that it has subject-matter jurisdiction to proceed, the state law claims will be

addressed. 

Absent the filing of an amended complaint, the court will dismiss the action without

prejudice based on a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

C. Personal Jurisdiction

A substantial portion of the parties’ papers address the issue of personal jurisdiction. 

QR Energy and QRE Operating argue that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over them. 

Plaintiff responds that there is both general and specific jurisdiction over these defendants. 

Given the court’s decision that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to proceed, the

personal jurisdiction arguments, which may require an evidentiary hearing, are not

addressed in this opinion. However, the court expects that the allegations in plaintiff’s

amended complaint will fully account for defendants’ personal jurisdiction arguments. 

Moreover, it is not clear if plaintiff’s amended complaint intends to add Breitburn as a

defendant and how this would impact the personal jurisdiction analysis. If defendants

believe that the amended complaint suffers the same flaws as the current complaint, they

may file renewed motions to dismiss.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED. Plaintiff

shall file an amended complaint within 30 days of entry of this order. Absent the filing of

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an amended complaint, this case will be dismissed without prejudice.3

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: July 14, 2015

s/George Caram Steeh 

GEORGE CARAM STEEH

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

Copies of this Order were served upon attorneys of record on

July 14, 2015, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

s/Barbara Radke

Deputy Clerk

3

 In addition, plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction (Doc. #15) is dismissed. 

At least part of the relief requested in the motion — enjoining Breitburn from assuming

control over Jay Field — is now moot. To the extent that plaintiff wishes to seek the

remaining relief — the appointment of a receiver over the financial operations of Jay

Field — plaintiff shall file a motion after filing the amended complaint.

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