UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

SONIA KHALED, individually, and

GHASSAN KHALED, individually

and on behalf of S.K. and F.K., minors,

Plaintiffs, Case No. 14-14743

v. Hon. Gerald E. Rosen

DEARBORN HEIGHTS POLICE 

DEPARTMENT, CITY OF DEARBORN

HEIGHTS, and UNNAMED DEARBORN

HEIGHTS POLICE OFFICERS,

Defendants.

____________________________________/

OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING

DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

At a session of said Court, held in

the U.S. Courthouse, Detroit, Michigan

on December 12, 2016 

PRESENT: Honorable Gerald E. Rosen

United States District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiffs Sonia Khaled and Ghassan Khaled, individually and on behalf of

Ghassan Khaled’s minor daughters, S.K. and F.K., commenced this action in this

Court on December 16, 2014, asserting federal civil rights claims against the

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Defendant City of Dearborn Heights, its police department, and unnamed

Dearborn Heights police officers.

1

 The principal thrust of these claims is that

Plaintiffs were provided substandard law enforcement services and were subjected

to mistreatment and harassment due to their Arab descent and Muslim religion. 

This Court’s subject matter jurisdiction rests upon Plaintiffs’ assertion of claims

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging violations of their right to equal protection of the

laws under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. See 28 U.S.C. §

1331.

Through the present motion filed on October 23, 2015, Defendants seek an

award of summary judgment in their favor as to each of the claims asserted against

them in Plaintiffs’ complaint. In support of this motion, Defendants argue (i) that

the Dearborn Heights Police Department was improperly named as a party because

it is not a legal entity separate from the Defendant City; (ii) that Plaintiffs have

failed to produce evidence of a municipal policy or custom that could support a

claim against the Defendant City; (iii) that Plaintiffs’ request to substitute named

police officers for the John Doe defendants should be denied as made after an

1As discussed below, Plaintiffs have since identified two Dearborn Heights police

officers, Sergeant Joanne Beedle Peer and Officer Michael Bacher, that they wish to

name as parties in place of the John and Jane Doe defendants referenced in their

complaint.

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undue delay; and (iv) that, in any event, any claims against individual Dearborn

Heights police officers cannot prevail over the defense of qualified immunity.

Defendants’ motion has been fully briefed by the parties. Having reviewed

the parties’ briefs and their accompanying exhibits, as well as the remainder of the

record, the Court finds that the relevant allegations, facts, and legal issues are

sufficiently presented in these written submissions, and that oral argument would

not aid the decisional process. Accordingly, the Court will decide Defendants’

motion “on the briefs.” See Local Rule 7.1(f)(2), U.S. District Court, Eastern

District of Michigan. As set forth below, the Court finds that this motion should

be granted.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Sonia and Ghassan Khaled reside at 7450 Highview in Dearborn

Heights, Michigan, along with Mr. Khaled’s seven children from a prior marriage. 

Two of these children — a thirteen-year-old daughter, F.K., and a nine-year-old

daughter, S.K. — also have been named as plaintiffs in this suit, and are

represented in this litigation by Mr. Khaled.

2

 Plaintiffs are Arab-Americans who

2Although the complaint indicates that Mr. and Mrs. Khaled are suing both on their

own behalf and on behalf of Mr. Khaled’s two daughters, Mr. Khaled testified at his

deposition that he is representing only the interests of his daughters in this litigation, and

that he and his wife are not seeking awards of damages on their own behalf. (See

Plaintiff’s Response, Ex. D, G. Khaled 6/18/2015 Dep. at 14, 43; Ex. E, G. Khaled

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practice Islam.

In the early afternoon of December 6, 2014, one of Mr. Khaled’s children

called the Defendant Dearborn Heights Police Department to report an incident

with Plaintiffs’ next-door neighbor, Walter Solovey. (G. Khaled 6/18/2015 Dep.

at 36.)3 Mr. Khaled testified that he was away from his home at the time, and that

he received a call from one of his daughters reporting that Mr. Solovey had

grabbed her two sisters by their arms, removed their head scarves, dragged them

over to his property, and ordered them to pick up a piece of trash from his

property. (G. Khaled 6/18/2015 Dep. at 35.)4 Upon receiving this call, Mr.

9/23/2015 Dep. at 57.)

3Mr. Khaled testified that the incident in question occurred in August of 2014. 

(See id. at 34-35.) Although the record indicates that Dearborn Heights police officers

were summoned to Plaintiffs’ residence on August 30, 2014 to investigate a report of

trouble with a neighbor, (see Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 4, 8/30/2014 Police Report),

Plaintiffs state in their complaint that the initial incident giving rise to this suit occurred

“[o]n or about December 6, 2014,” (Amended Complaint at ¶ 14), and the relevant police

report produced by Defendants likewise identifies the date of this incident as December 6,

2014, (see Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 5, 12/6/2014 Police Report).

4Plaintiffs allege in their amended complaint that as Mr. Solovey grabbed the two

girls, he referred to them as “f**king Arab Scarfies.” (Amended Complaint at ¶ 16.) The

amended complaint is captioned as “verified,” and includes the verification of Mr. and

Mrs. Khaled stating that the factual allegations set forth in the amended complaint are

“true of our own knowledge, except those matters stated to be on information and belief,

which we believe to be true.” (Amended Complaint, Verification at 1.)

So far as the record reveals, only Mr. Khaled has been deposed, and not Mrs.

Khaled or the two minors named in the complaint. As noted, Mr. Khaled testified that he

was not at home to witness the alleged interaction between Mr. Solovey and his two

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Khaled quickly returned to his residence.

In response to the call from Plaintiffs’ home, Dearborn Heights Police

Officer Michael Bacher reported to the scene. Officer Bacher testified that he was

advised by dispatch to investigate a report of “[n]eighbor trouble,” and that he was

not told about any alleged assault of children. (Plaintiff’s Response, Ex. C,

Bacher Dep. at 14-15.) Similarly, Officer Bacher testified that upon arriving at

Plaintiffs’ residence and speaking to Mr. Khaled and his children, he learned only

(i) that Mr. Khaled “had issues with the guy next door,” who complained about

Mr. Khaled’s “kids being on his property” and told Mr. Khaled to “pick up [his]

garbage,” and (ii) that the children viewed the neighbor as “kind of a mean, crabby

guy.” (Id. at 16, 18.) According to Officer Bacher, nobody at Plaintiffs’ residence

told him that the neighbor had assaulted Mr. Khaled’s daughters or called them a

derogatory name. (See id. at 16-19.) Officer Bacher testified that after speaking to

daughters. While a verified complaint may be treated as an affidavit for purposes of

resolving a motion for summary judgment, this is true only if the verified complaint

“satisfies the standards for affidavits set out in” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, Abdulhaseeb v.

Calbone, 600 F.3d 1301, 1311 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted) — that is, if the statements in this pleading are “made on personal knowledge

[and] set out facts that would be admissible in evidence,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). 

Because Mr. Khaled, by his own admission, lacks personal knowledge of what Mr.

Solovey might have said or done to his daughters on the date in question, and instead

learned of this incident through the report of his daughter over the phone, the Court

seemingly lacks any basis to treat the account of this incident in Plaintiffs’ complaint as

sworn testimony akin to statements in an affidavit.

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the Khaled family, he went to Mr. Solovey’s house and knocked on his door in an

effort to “get his version” of what had transpired, but nobody answered and he

concluded his investigation. (Id. at 20.)5

Mr. Khaled has offered a somewhat different account of this incident. He

testified that upon returning to his home, a police officer had already arrived at the

scene. (See G. Khaled 6/18/2015 Dep. at 36-37.) According to Mr. Khaled, after

this unidentified officer investigated the incident, he told Mr. Khaled that he was

“sorry about what happened,” and he promised to obtain a “court order” or “search

warrant” in order to enter Mr. Solovey’s house and “pick him up.” (Id. at 37.)

Although Dearborn Heights police officers returned to Plaintiffs’ home later

that day, they did not do so in order to further investigate the incident between Mr.

Solovey and Mr. Khaled’s daughters. Rather, according to Mr. Khaled:

. . . . Hours went by and I think it was around, I don’t know,

5:00, 6:00 the same day I saw [Mr. Solovey] outside. I said, did you

touch my kids. He said eff this, you Arab this. He called a number. I

don’t know who the hell he was calling.

The [next] thing I know, I had seven, eight police cars, okay, in

front of my house. The one guy was not even wearing [a] uniform[],

5Mr. Solovey testified at his deposition that he was not home at the time of this

incident. (See Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 9, Solovey Dep. at 27-28, 38.) In addition, he

denied that he has ever assaulted or even touched Mr. Khaled’s daughters, whether on the

date of this incident or at any other time, and he also denied that he called the girls “Arab

scarfies.” (See id. at 8, 87.)

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was wearing jeans and a shirt. He said, you, Arab, come here. Okay. 

I said, are you talking to me? He said, yeah, you come here. I went

up to him, he said give me your license. He swiped my license. He

said, go back in the house. I said, you guys are here to arrest

someone for what happened to my daughter[?] He said, no, I’m here

to give you a ticket. I said, ticket for what[?] He said, for trash

because you put [out] your trash early. I said, you’re trying to tell me

you are here because of trash, you are not here for the guy who

grabbed my two daughters in the middle of the grass and called them

names and took their scarves[?] He said, I don’t want to hear it.

I went into the house. Ten minutes later . . . , I see two white

men, white guys walking [up to the house] and I swear, he said, here,

that’s your ticket because you need to learn how the law work[s]. I

said, what is that ticket for? He said, that’s a ticket for trash because

you took the trash [out] early. I said, are you serious[,] you are not

here to protect my babies and what happened to my babies[?] All

this, you [are] here to give me a ticket? He said, that’s how it is, you

are Arab, you can learn how the law works . . . .

* * * *

I told him, this is a racist issue. He looked at his friends. He

said, look at this Arab, I don’t want to hear your sh*t. He walk[ed]

outside the house.

. . . . The only thing that happened next, I see th[at] whole

bunch of officers over at [Mr. Solovey’s house]. He said, oh, you

know, now you guys — now you guys did a good job for me.

(Id. at 37-39.) Plaintiffs have not identified any of the police officers involved in

this incident.

Again, Defendants’ account of this second incident is considerably

different. According to a police report, Mr. Solovey called the Dearborn Heights

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Police Department at around 5:40 p.m., complaining of trouble with his neighbor. 

(See Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 6, 12/6/2014 Police Report.) Upon arriving at the

scene, the responding officers were approached by Mr. Solovey, who told them

that Mr. Khaled had yelled obscenities at him while he was outside his home and

had called him a “faggot.” (Id. at 3.)6 The officers then spoke to Mr. Khaled, who

stated that Mr. Solovey had called his daughter a “bitch” and that he had ongoing

issues with his neighbor. (Id.)

According to the police report, the responding officers “observed garb[a]ge

and furniture that was covering the whole lower half of [Mr. Khaled’s]

boulevard,” so they issued him a ticket for an ordinance violation and advised him

to remove the garbage until after 5:00 p.m. of the day before the next scheduled

trash removal. (Id.) In addition, because there had been multiple calls summoning

police officers to address issues between Plaintiffs and Mr. Solovey, the two

houses were placed on a “periodic check” list for police cars to occasionally drive

by in an effort to keep the peace. (See Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 10, Periodic

6Similarly, Mr. Solovey has testified that as he was walking a friend to his vehicle

that afternoon, Mr. Khaled “stepped onto his front porch and started screaming f*ck you,

you Polack fag[g]ot.” (Solovey Dep. at 39.) As this behavior continued, Mr. Solovey

“felt threatened” and called the Dearborn Heights police. (Id.) Mr. Solovey disputes Mr.

Khaled’s assertion that seven or eight police cars responded to this call, testifying that

only two or three police cars arrived at the scene following his call. (See id. at 40.)

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Check List; Ex. 11, Beedle Peer Dep. at 30-34.)7

The next day, Mr. Khaled’s brother, Khaled Khaled, took Mr. Khaled’s

daughters to the Dearborn Heights police station and asked to file a report

regarding the girls’ alleged mistreatment by Mr. Solovey, but the officer on duty,

Sergeant Joanne Beedle Peer, declined to take this report. (See G. Khaled

6/18/2015 Dep. at 41-42; Beedle Peer Dep. at 18.) Sergeant Beedle Peer

explained at her deposition that she was not allowed to take statements from

minors without a parent or legal guardian present, and that she advised Mr.

Khaled’s brother of this rule when she denied his request to file a report. (See

Beedle Peer Dep. at 18-19.)

Based on these incidents, Plaintiffs commenced this action against the City

of Dearborn Heights, the Dearborn Heights Police Department, and unnamed

Dearborn Heights police officers, alleging that these Defendants violated their

right to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

7Plaintiffs allege in their complaint that “[o]n a near daily basis, and as often as

every thirty minutes, a Dearborn Heights Police Officer drives by Plaintiffs’ home and

shines the police vehicle’s spotlight onto Plaintiffs’ home, despite the fact that Plaintiffs

have done nothing wrong.” (Amended Complaint at ¶ 35; see also G. Khaled 6/18/2015

Dep. at 42.) Defendants acknowledge that this is standard procedure for addresses on the

periodic check list, but they state that the police ceased to shine spotlights on Plaintiffs’

home after Mr. Khaled called to complain about this practice. (See Beedle Peer Dep. at

31-35.)

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by treating them differently on account of their Arab descent and Muslim religion. 

Although Plaintiffs have not formally moved to substitute named police officers

for the John and Jane Doe defendants referenced in their complaint, they ask in

their response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion that they be allowed to

amend their complaint to join Officer Michael Bacher and Sergeant Joanne Beedle

Peer as parties to this suit.

III. ANALYSIS

A. The Standards Governing Defendants’ Motion

Through the present motion, the Defendant City of Dearborn Heights seeks

an award of summary judgment in its favor on Plaintiffs’ federal civil rights claims

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In the event that Plaintiffs are permitted to substitute

named Dearborn Heights police officers for the John and Jane Doe defendants

referenced in their complaint, Defendants also seek an award of summary

judgment in their favor as to the § 1983 claims asserted against these individuals,

arguing that the officers are shielded from liability by the defense of qualified

immunity. Finally, Defendants request that the Dearborn Heights Police

Department be dismissed from this suit as lacking a legal existence independent of

the Defendant City.

To the extent that Defendants have moved for summary judgment, the

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pertinent Federal Rule provides that this relief should be awarded “if the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). As the Supreme

Court has explained, “the plain language of Rule 56[] mandates the entry of

summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a

party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an

element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden

of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548,

2552 (1986).

In deciding a motion brought under Rule 56, the Court must view the

evidence “in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, giving that

party the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Smith Wholesale Co. v. R.J.

Reynolds Tobacco Co., 477 F.3d 854, 861 (6th Cir. 2007). Yet, the nonmoving

party may not rely on bare allegations or denials, but instead must support a claim

of disputed facts by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including

depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or

declarations, stipulations . . . , admissions, interrogatory answers, or other

materials.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). Moreover, any supporting or opposing

affidavits “must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be

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admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to

testify on the matters stated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). Finally, “[a] mere scintilla

of evidence is insufficient” to withstand a summary judgment motion; rather,

“there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the nonmoving party.” Smith Wholesale, 477 F.3d at 861 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).

B. The Dearborn Heights Police Department Must Be Dismissed as an

Improper Party to This Suit.

Plaintiffs’ complaint names both the City of Dearborn Heights and its Police

Department as defendants. As Defendants correctly point out in their motion,

however, the Sixth Circuit has consistently held that a municipal police

department “is not a legal entity susceptible to suit” independent of its parent city. 

Dean v. Landrum, No. 99-6189, 2000 WL 922862, at *1 (6th Cir. June 27, 2000);

see also Matthews v. Jones, 35 F.3d 1046, 1049 (6th Cir. 1994). Accordingly, it is

“redundant” to name the Dearborn Heights Police Department as a separate

defendant, Damron v. Pfannes, 785 F. Supp. 644, 646 (E.D. Mich. 1992), and the

police department therefore must be dismissed as a party to this suit.

8

8Plaintiffs evidently concede this point in their response to Defendants’ motion,

stating that it is merely a matter of “semantics” whether liability is imposed on the

Defendant City or its police department. (Plaintiffs’ Response Br. at 12.) Under these

circumstances, the appropriate course of action would have been to agree that this aspect

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C. Plaintiffs’ Proposed Amendment of Their Complaint to Substitute

Officer Bacher and Sergeant Beedle Peer for the John and Jane Doe

Defendants Would Be Futile, Where There Is No Basis in the Record

for Concluding that These Individuals Violated Plaintiffs’

Constitutional Rights.

Plaintiffs’ initial and amended complaints do not name any individual

Dearborn Heights police officers as defendants, but instead make reference at

several points to unnamed police officers who allegedly participated in various

activities that infringed upon Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment right to equal

protection. As Defendants point out in their motion, if a plaintiff does not

substitute named parties for John Doe defendants after being given a reasonable

opportunity to identify and serve these individuals, then the claims asserted

against these unnamed defendants are subject to dismissal. See Petty v. County of

Franklin, 478 F.3d 341, 345-46 (6th Cir. 2007); Strauss v. City of Chicago, 760

F.2d 765, 770 & n.6 (7th Cir. 1985). Defendants suggest that this principle should

apply here, where the discovery period has closed and Defendants have filed their

present motion for summary judgment without any attempt by Plaintiffs to name

any Dearborn Heights police officers in place of the John and Jane Doe defendants

referenced in their complaint.

In an effort to avoid this result, Plaintiffs state in their response to

of Defendants’ motion should be granted as unopposed.

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Defendants’ motion that they have now identified two of the Dearborn Heights

police officers referenced in their complaint, and they seek leave to file a second

amended complaint in which they would name these two individuals, Officer

Michael Bacher and Sergeant Joanne Beedle Peer, as parties and specify the roles

they played in the alleged violations of Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. 

Defendants oppose this request to amend on two grounds, arguing (i) that

Plaintiffs did not act with sufficient promptness in seeking to name Officer Bacher

and Sergeant Beedle Peer as additional parties, and (ii) that any such proposed

amendment would be futile. The Court agrees as to the second point, and thus

need not reach the issue of undue delay.

Turning first to Officer Bacher, Plaintiffs’ proposed second amended

complaint refers to this officer in only one of its allegations. Specifically,

Plaintiffs allege (i) that Officer Bacher was dispatched to their home in response to

their complaint that a neighbor had assaulted two of Mr. Khaled’s daughters and

called them “f**king Arab Scarfies,” and (ii) that Officer Bacher’s investigation of

this matter consisted solely of “knock[ing] on the door of the neighbor” and

“le[aving] after the neighbor did not answer the door.” (Plaintiffs’ Response, Ex.

H, Proposed Second Amended Complaint at ¶ 18.) Similarly, Officer Bacher

testified at his deposition that his involvement in the incidents giving rise to this

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case was limited to an investigation in the early afternoon of December 6, 2014 of

a report of “neighbor trouble” between the Khaled family and their neighbor, Mr.

Solovey. (Bacher Dep. at 14; see also Defendants’ Motion, Ex. 5, 12/6/2014

Police Report.)

Neither the allegations of Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint nor the

evidence in the record would support a § 1983 claim against Officer Bacher, and it

follows that it would serve no purpose to allow Plaintiffs to name this individual

as an additional defendant in this suit. As Defendants correctly observe, “[t]here

is no statutory or common law right, much less a constitutional right,” to an

adequate police investigation. Mitchell v. McNeil, 487 F.3d 374, 378 (6th Cir.

2007); see also Poe v. Haydon, 853 F.2d 418, 427 (6th Cir. 1988). Even if

Plaintiffs could overcome this obstacle, the sole theory of recovery advanced in

their complaint, whether against Officer Bacher or any other defendant, is that

they were subjected to discriminatory treatment on account of their ethnicity

and/or religion. Yet, Plaintiffs have produced no evidence whatsoever that Officer

Bacher acted with unlawful motives — whether through consideration of

Plaintiffs’ ethnicity, their religion, or any other impermissible characteristic or

factor — as he responded to Plaintiffs’ call for police assistance and investigated

their complaints of mistreatment by their neighbor. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’

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proposed § 1983 claims against Officer Bacher are fatally flawed, and there is no

reason to grant leave for Plaintiffs to pursue these claims.

On essentially the same grounds, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ proposed

amendment of their complaint to name Sergeant Beedle Peer as a defendant would

likewise be futile. Once again, Plaintiffs’ proposed second amended complaint

makes only minimal reference to Sergeant Beedle Peer, alleging (i) that she is

“believed to be” the individual at the Dearborn Heights police station who

declined to take a report from Mr. Khaled’s brother regarding Mr. Solovey’s

alleged assault of Mr. Khaled’s daughters, and (ii) that this same individual who

refused to take the report later visited Plaintiffs’ home and told Plaintiffs “in [a]

demeaning tone that she was there to make sure that Plaintiffs’ garbage was taken

out on the appropriate day.” (Proposed Second Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 28-29.) 

Similarly, Sergeant Beedle Peer confirmed at her deposition (i) that she refused to

take a report or statement from Mr. Khaled’s brother regarding an incident at

Plaintiffs’ home involving Mr. Khaled’s minor daughters, on the ground that such

a report could not be made in the absence of the girls’ parent or guardian, (see

Beedle Peer Dep. at 18-19), and (ii) that either later that day or shortly thereafter,

she was called to Plaintiffs’ home as a supervising officer, and she instructed

another officer on the scene to leave the premises after members of the Khaled

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family started “screaming” at the officers and telling them to “get off their

property,” (id. at 21-25).

Beginning with the latter of these two encounters between Sergeant Beedle

Peer and members of the Khaled family, Plaintiffs do not even mention this

incident in their response to Defendants’ motion, much less endeavor to explain

how this incident might give rise to a § 1983 claim against Sergeant Beedle Peer. 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs are deemed to have abandoned any claim arising from this

incident, and the Court need not address it any further.

As for Sergeant Beedle Peer’s refusal to take a report from Mr. Khaled’s

brother on behalf of Mr. Khaled’s two daughters, Plaintiffs once again have failed

to identify any basis in the record for concluding that Sergeant Beedle Peer’s

actions on this occasion were motivated by impermissible considerations of

Plaintiffs’ ethnicity or religion. To the contrary, Sergeant Beedle Peer has cited a

neutral reason for acting as she did — namely, a departmental prohibition against

taking statements or reports from minor children unless a parent or guardian is

present, (see Beedle Peer Dep. at 18-19) — and Plaintiffs have not pointed to any

evidence that might call this explanation into question. Most notably, there is no

evidence in the record that other minor children unaccompanied by a parent or

guardian were allowed to lodge complaints with the Dearborn Heights police.

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Consequently, just as there is no basis for concluding that Plaintiffs can

state a viable § 1983 claim against Officer Bacher, the Court likewise finds that

Plaintiffs’ proposed amendment of their complaint to name Sergeant Beedle Peer

as a defendant should be denied as futile. Since these are the only two individuals

that Plaintiffs have sought to name as additional defendants, it follows that

Plaintiffs have failed to identify any basis for pursuing a § 1983 claim against any

Dearborn Heights police officer in his or her individual capacity.

9

D. Plaintiffs Have Failed to Identify a Viable Basis for Imposing Liability

on the Defendant City Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

Having resolved any claims that Plaintiffs might wish to pursue against

individual Dearborn Heights police officers, the Court turns to Plaintiffs’ effort to

impose liability on the Defendant City of Dearborn Heights for alleged violations

of their federal constitutional rights. As recounted above, Plaintiffs’ claims

against the Defendant City and its police officers arise from three incidents

9

In particular, while Plaintiffs complain of mistreatment by the Dearborn Heights

police officers who came to their residence on the evening of December 6, 2014 and

issued them a citation for putting their trash out too early, they have not identified any of

the officers involved in this incident, nor have they sought to amend their complaint to

name any of these officers as defendants. Thus, the Court need not consider whether this

incident might support the imposition of § 1983 liability upon any unnamed Dearborn

Heights police officer in his or her individual capacity. Moreover, the Court need not

address Defendants’ appeal to qualified immunity, in light of the Court’s conclusion that

Plaintiffs have failed as a matter of law to establish a violation of their constitutional right

to equal protection by either Officer Bacher or Sergeant Beedle Peer. 

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occurring over a two-day period: (i) the allegedly inadequate investigation of

Plaintiffs’ complaint that a neighbor had assaulted and made offensive remarks to

Mr. Khaled’s daughters, (ii) a return visit by unnamed Dearborn Heights police

officers later that same day, during which the officers allegedly made additional

offensive statements and issued a citation to Mr. Khaled for placing his trash at the

curb too early, and (iii) the refusal of the Dearborn Heights police to take a report

that Mr. Khaled’s brother sought to make on behalf of Mr. Khaled’s two daughters

arising from the alleged assault of the girls by Plaintiffs’ neighbor.10

Regarding the first and third of these incidents, the Court already has

concluded that there is no evidentiary support for an equal protection claim against

any individual officer arising from these encounters with the police. It follows

that the Defendant City cannot be charged with liability for these incidents. See

10Plaintiffs also refer in their complaint to a subsequent encounter with the police,

during which the officer who refused to take the report from Mr. Khaled’s brother —

evidently Sergeant Beedle Peer — visited Plaintiffs’ home and spoke to Plaintiffs in a

“demeaning tone” and one or more additional officers were heard making derogatory

remarks about Arabs. (Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 29-33.) As discussed earlier,

however, Plaintiffs do not address this incident in their response to Defendants’ motion,

so the Court finds that they have abandoned any claims arising from this incident. 

Likewise, to the extent that Plaintiffs might have sought to pursue claims arising from

their allegations that they “continue to be specifically targeted and harassed by the

Dearborn Heights Police Department” and that they are subjected to routine “monitoring

and surveillance,” (id. at ¶¶ 34-35), they are deemed to have abandoned these claims by

failing to mention them, much less marshal any argument or evidence in support of these

claims, in their response to Defendants’ motion. 

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Watkins v. City of Battle Creek, 273 F.3d 682, 687 (6th Cir. 2001) (explaining that

“[i]f no constitutional violation by the individual defendants is established, the

municipal defendants cannot be held liable under § 1983”). Thus, the Court need

only address the second incident alleged in Plaintiffs’ complaint — namely,

Plaintiffs’ encounter with unnamed Dearborn Heights police officers on the

evening of December 6, 2014, during which Mr. Khaled was issued a citation for

taking out his trash too early.

Under well-settled principles, the Defendant City “cannot be held liable

under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents.” Gregory v.

Shelby County, 220 F.3d 433, 441 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Monell v. Department of

Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 2037 (1978)). Rather, “[f]or

liability to attach, there must be execution of a government’s policy or custom

which results in a constitutional tort.” Gregory, 220 F.3d at 441. Moreover,

Plaintiffs must establish that “through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was

the ‘moving force’ behind” the violation of their constitutional rights — that is,

they “must show that the municipal action was taken with the requisite degree of

culpability and must demonstrate a direct causal link between the municipal action

and the deprivation of federal rights.” Gregory, 220 F.3d at 442 (quoting Board of

County Comm’rs of Bryan County v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 405, 117 S. Ct. 1382,

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1389 (1997)).

In this case, Plaintiffs seemingly propose three means of forging the

requisite causal connection between municipal action and the alleged deprivation

of their constitutional rights, but none of these is persuasive. First, Plaintiffs

apparently suggest that a discriminatory municipal policy or practice may be

inferred from the sheer number of Dearborn Heights police officers who made

“racially charged statements” or otherwise “acted in a discriminatory manner

toward Plaintiffs” during the incident in question. (Plaintiffs’ Response Br. at 13-

14.) In other words, while Plaintiffs recognize that “the wrongful conduct of a

single officer without any policy-making authority d[oes] not establish municipal

policy,” Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 121, 112 S. Ct. 1061,

1066 (1992), they evidently maintain that the requisite policy or practice can be

established through the “action[s] of numerous officers,” (Plaintiffs’ Response Br.

at 14.) Yet, Plaintiffs have not cited any authority to support this notion that the

actions of multiple officers can evidence municipal policy, nor have they

suggested what sort of “critical mass” of officers is needed to move from the

isolated conduct of one or a few individuals to conduct governed by a city-wide

policy or practice.

Even assuming that the law recognized this principle, the record would not

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permit its application here. Not only have Plaintiffs failed to identify any of the

officers involved in the incident in question, but they have produced no evidence

from which a trier of fact could determine how many officers joined in the

misconduct alleged by Plaintiffs. The only account of this incident is found in the

above-quoted deposition testimony of Mr. Khaled, (see infra at 6-7), and this

testimony sheds no light whatsoever as to the number of officers who made

“racially charged statements” or otherwise “acted in a discriminatory manner

toward Plaintiffs,” (Plaintiffs’ Response Br. at 13). Thus, whatever the “critical

mass” might be that would transform individual misconduct into municipal policy,

the trier of fact cannot be left to speculate whether this threshold has been met

here.

Next, Plaintiffs suggest that the requisite municipal policy can be inferred

from the testimony of three Dearborn Heights police officers that issuing a citation

for a violation of the City’s rubbish ordinance is rare, if not unprecedented. (See

Plaintiffs’ Response, Ex. C, Bacher Dep. at 35-36; Ex. F, Beedle Peer Dep. at 7-8;

Ex. G, Suggs Dep. at 12.) Plaintiffs do not explain, however, why a rare or

unprecedented action directed at them alone should be viewed as indicative of a

city-wide policy or practice of ethnic or religious discrimination. Cf. Futernick v.

Sumpter Township, 78 F.3d 1051, 1056 (6th Cir. 1996) (explaining that “[t]he law

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does not need to be enforced everywhere to be legitimately enforced somewhere”),

overruled on other grounds by Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 120

S. Ct. 1073 (2000). To the contrary, it would seem that the municipal policy

posited by Plaintiffs would result in a pattern of garbage citations being issued to

other Arab or Muslim residents of the Defendant City, and not just Plaintiffs. Yet,

Plaintiffs have not even attempted to produce evidence of such a pattern of

selective enforcement of a municipal ordinance on discriminatory grounds. Nor

have they made (or attempted) a showing of the sort typically required to establish

a discriminatory practice — namely, that other, similarly situated City residents

who do not share their religion or ethnicity engaged in similar conduct but were

not issued citations for violating the City’s rubbish ordinance.

Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the requisite municipal policy can be found in

the Defendant City’s purported failure to properly investigate the incident at

Plaintiffs’ home or take action against any police officers who engaged in

misconduct during this incident. Yet, while a mishandled investigation or

inadequate disciplinary measures can serve as evidence of a “policy, custom, or

practice . . . of condoning” wrongdoing by police officers, this evidence must be

accompanied by a showing “that the flaws in this particular investigation were

representative of (1) a clear and persistent pattern of illegal activity, (2) which the

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[Defendant City] knew or should have known about, (3) yet remained deliberately

indifferent about, and (4) that the [City’s] custom was the cause of” the particular

misconduct committed in this case. Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426,

432-33 (6th Cir. 2005).

Plaintiffs have not attempted any of these showings, and the record would

not assist them in doing so. Most notably, as in Thomas, 398 F.3d at 433-34, there

is no evidence here that the City engaged in a pattern of failing to investigate and

take action in other instances of comparable police misconduct. Morever,

Plaintiffs do not claim that they lodged a complaint with the City regarding the

incident at their home on the evening of December 6, 2014, nor have they

produced evidence that the City had notice of this incident. Indeed, Plaintiffs have

not identified the officers involved in this incident, or even the number of officers

who engaged in wrongdoing, so it is difficult to fault the City for inadequately

investigating a police/citizen encounter as to which even the most basic details

remain unknown. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed as a matter of law to

establish a basis for imposing municipal liability on the Defendant City for any

alleged violations of their federal constitutional rights.

Before leaving this matter, the Court wishes to emphasize that nothing in its

rulings should be viewed as condoning the misconduct alleged in Plaintiffs’

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complaint and identified in Mr. Khaled’s deposition testimony. The derogatory

remarks cited in Plaintiffs’ complaint cannot be tolerated, particularly if uttered by

law enforcement officers who are pledged to serve all members of their

community. The Court trusts that the Defendant City and its police department

will take seriously and thoroughly investigate complaints by Dearborn Heights

residents of mistreatment based on race, ethnicity, religion, or any other protected

characteristic. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above,

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ October

23, 2015 motion for summary judgment (docket #21) is GRANTED.

s/Gerald E. Rosen 

United States District Judge

Dated: December 12, 2016

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon the parties

and/or counsel of record on December 12, 2016, by electronic and/or ordinary

mail.

s/Julie Owens 

Case Manager, (313) 234-5135

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