NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

NOVEMBER 1982 

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ECOLOGY 

OF CO-OCCURRING TUNAS (Katsuwonus pelamis, 

Thunnus albacares) AND DOLPHINS (Stenella 

attenuata, Stenella - longirostris and - Delphinus 

-- delphis) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

Sandra D. Hawes 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-2 1 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southwest Fisheries. Center 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), organized in 1970, has evolved 

into an agency which establishes national policies an manages and conserves our oceanic, coastal, and 

atmospheric resources. An organizational element within NOAA, the Office of Fisheries is responsible for fisheries policy and the direction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 

In addition to its formal publications, the NMFS uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to 

issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series, however, reflect sound professional 

work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

This TM series is used lor documentallon and tlmely communlcatlon 01 prellminary results lmterim reports or 

Special purpose information and have not recmved complete lormal revlew editorial control or detalled edlting 

NOVEMBER 1982 

AIN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ECOLOGY 

OF CO-OCCURRING TUNAS (Katsuwonus pelamis, 

Thunnus albacares) AND DOLPHINS (Stenella 

attenuata, Stenella - longirostris and - Delphinus 

-- delphis) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

Sandra D. Hawes 

Southwest Fisheries Center 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

La Jolla, California 92038 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Malcolm Baldrige. Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

John V. Byrne. Administrator 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 
CONTENTS 

Page 

INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 

TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND ...................................................... 

FEEDING HABITS OF TUNA ................................................. 

FEEDING HABITS OF DOLPHINS ............................................. 

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF TUNA ............................. 

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF DOLPHINS ......................... 

BIOLOGY OF TUNA AND DOLPHIN PREY ....................................... 

PRODUCTIVITY OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC ........................... 

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC .................. 

INDEX OF AUTHORS CIIED ................................................. 

i 

7 

2 

7 

8 

13 

15 

20 

24 

26 

i 
AN ANhOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ECOLOGY OF CO-OCCURRING 

TUNAS (KATSUWONUS PELAMIS. THUNNUS ALBACARES) AND 

DOLPHINS (STtNE LLA ATTE NUA?A~LLA LO NG IROSTRIS 

AND DELPH1ml-m --PACIFIC 

Sandra D. Hawes 

Southwest Fisheries Center 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 

La Jolla, California 92038 

INTRODUCTION 

This bib1 iography was compiled to provide a source of information on the 

ecology of the co-occurring tunas and dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific 

(ETP). While some of the articles give information concerning distribution 

and ecology of tunas and dolphins in other geographic areas, the primary focus 

is upon the tunas and dolphins that occur together in the ETP. 

The bibliography has been divided into subject headings with articles 

arranged a1 phabetical ly by author. A1 though some references may fa1 1 under 

more than one subject heading, the compiler has placed each reference within 

the most relevant category. Subject categories include: 1) the tuna-dolphin 

bond, 2) feeding habits of tuna, 3) feeding habits of dolphins, 4) factors 

affecting the distribution of tuna, 5) factors affecting the distribution of 

dolphins, 6) biology of tuna and dolphin prey, 7) productivity of the ETP, and 

8) physical oceanography of the ETP. 

Annotations of the cited papers were extracted by the compiler from the 

text and/or an abstract of the article. The compiler assumes responsibility 

for the inclusions, omissions, and comments made in the bibliography. 

TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND 

ALLEN, R. L. 1981. Dolphins and the purse seine fishery for 

yellowfin tuna. 

Rep. No. 16, 23 pp. 

populations, including general characteristics of tuna schools 

associated with dolphins or floating objects. 

tuna-dolphin complex is also discussed. 

Inter-Am. - Trop. -- Tuna Comm., Internal 

A description of the tuna fishery and its impact on dolphin 

Management of the 

- 

HAMMOND, P. S. (ed.) 1981. Report on the workshop on tunadolphin interactions. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Corn., Spec. 

ReP. No. 4, 259 DP. 

--- - 

la 

lb 

Edited version of the discussions of the workshop presented 

as a single contribution prepared by IATTC staff. 

discusses dolphin distribution and stocks, dolphin life 

history, dolphin abundance, tuna-dolphin interactions, and 

The report 
2 

management of the tuna-dolphin complex. 

PERRIN, W. F. 1968. The porpoise and the tuna. - Sea Frontiers 

14( 3) : 166-174. 

Description of procedure for catching dolphin-associated 

tuna with purse seiners. Several hypotheses explaining the 

tuna-dolphin bond are discussed: (1) feeding relationships 

between tuna and dolphin (2) protection of tuna from shark 

attacks, and (3) spatial orientat 

PERRIN, W. F. 1969. Using porpo 

Fishing 18(6):42-45. 

Description of purse seine f 

on of tuna. 

se to catch tuna. World 

shing for tuna (Thunnus 

a1 bacares and Katsuwonus pelamis) associated with dols 

( Stenel 1 a 1 ongi rostri s anvaffmani = S. attenuata 

the eastern Pacific. A fooz-based relatiOKship is suggested 

as the cause of the tuna-dolphin association. 

in 

STUNTZ, W. E. 1981. The tuna-dolphin bond, a discussion of 

current hypotheses. Southwest Fisheries Center Admin. Report 

NO. LJ-81-19, 9 pp. 

Six hypotheses are presented as possible explanations 

for the tuna-dolphin bond: (1) contagious distribution, (2) 

innate schooling behavior, (3) predator avoidance, (4) cover 

seeking, (5) orientation to a site, (6) food finding. 

FEEDING HABITS OF TUNA 

ALVERSON, F. G. 1961. Daylight surface occurrence of myctophid 

fishes off the coast of Central America. Pac. Sci. 15(3):483. 

On three separate occasions schools of the myctophid Benthosema 

pterota were observed on the surface during daylight hoursVs. On two of the three occasions the schools of the myctophid 

were being fed upon by skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, or sea birds. 

-- 

ALVERSON, F. G. 1963. The food of yellowfin and skipjack 

tunas in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Inter-Amer. 

Trop. Tuna Cornm., Bull. 7( 5) : 293-396. -- 

--- - 

IC 

Id 

le 

2a 

2b 

Stomach contents of yellowfin and skipjack tuna were analyzed 

in terms of volume and frequency of occurrence of forage species. 

Importance of food items by volume for yellowfin was fish (47%), 

crustacea (45%) and cephalopods (8%). Food items in terms of 

frequency of occurrence were crustacea (76%), fish (54%) and 

cephalopods (33%). A similar analysis of skipjack stomach contents 
3 

revealed importance of food by volume to be crustaceans (59%), 

fish (37%) and cephalopods (3%). Analysis by frequency of 

occurrence revealed crustaceans (76%) , fish (36%) , and cephalopods 

(13%). 

BLACKBURN, M. 1968. Micronekton of the eastern tropical Pacific 

Ocean: family composition, distribution, abundance, and re1 ations 

to tuna. U. S. Fish. and Wild1 . Serv. , Fish. Bull., U. S. 67:71-115. 

The taxonomic composition and distribution of micronekton 

(fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods, 1 to 10 cm) were studied from 

catches of night net hauls in the upper 90 m in the eastern tropical 

Pacific Ocean. 

between the net catches and the stomach contents of yellowfin tuna 

(Thunnus a1 bacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) from 

tw areas; agreement between catches and stomach samples was 

fair for crustaceans. 

------ -- 

Agreement on fish family composition was poor 

BLUNT, C. E. 1960. Observations on the food habits of longlinecaught bigeye and yellowfin tuna from the tropical eastern 

Pacific 1955-1956. - Calif. - Dep. -- Fish Game, -- Fish Bull. 46( 1):69-80. 

Most yellowfin tuna analyzed for food habits were captured 

off Costa Rica, while the bigeye tuna were captured near the 

equator. Stomach contents were analyzed in terms of total volume 

and percent frequency of occurrence. The food items most 

important to both tuna species were fish, squid, and portunid 

crabs. Importance of the three prey items varied between 

species and between frequency of occurrence versus total volume. 

COLE, J. S. 1980. Synopsis of biological data on the 

ye1 1 owfin tuna, Thunnus a1 bacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) , the Pacific Ocea-1-150. In: W. H. Bayliff (ed.). 

Synopses of biological data onTight species of scombr 

Inter-Am. --- Trop. Tuna Comm., -- Spec. Rep. No. 2. 

2c 

2d 

2e 

n 

ds. 

A review of information on the identity, distribution, 

bionomics , 1 ife history, population , exploitation , protection 

and management, and culturing of yellowfin tuna. 

FORSBERGH, E. D. 1980. Synopsis of biological data on the 

skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758), in the 

Pacific Ocean. p. 295 -36C.T. H. Bayliff (ed.). 

Synopses of biological data on eight species of scombrids. 

Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm., Spec. Rep. No. 2. 

A review of information on the identity, distribution, 

bionomics, life history, population, exploitation, protection 

and management, and culturing of skipjack tuna. 

--- -- 

2f 
4 

HIDA, T. S. 1973. Food of tunas and dolphins (Pisces: 

Scombridae and Coryphaenidae) with emphasis on the distribution 

and biology of their prey Stol ephorus- buccaneeri (Engraul i dae 1. 

-- Fish. Bull., -- U. S. 71(1):135-143. 

Examination of stomach contents of tunas and dolphins caught 

by 1 ive-bai t pol e-and-1 i ne f i shing and troll i ng in the equatori a1 

Pacific and around the islands of Samoa. Fishes (e.g., Stolephorus 

buccaneeri 1, crustaceans, and mol 1 USCS were found to be important 

food i terns. Distribution, size, fecundity , and stomach contents 

of - S. buccaneeri were a1 so analyzed. 

JUHL, R. 1955. Notes on the feeding habits of subsurface 

yellowfin and bigeye tunas of the eastern tropical Pacific 

Ocean. - Calif. - Dep. -- Fish Game, -- Fish Bull. 41( 1) :99-101. 

Results of studies of the stomach contents of 10 yellowfin 

tuna and 5 bigeye tuna caught by longline fishing. Nine of the 

fifteen stomachs contained fish and squid, and eight stomachs 

contained crabs. By volume, 57.8 percent of the total contents 

of the entire sample was fish; 27.2 percent, squid; and 15.0 

percent, crabs. 

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION. 1978. Yellowfin feeding 

habits study. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm., _. Bi-Monthly 

- Rep., July-August, 1Flr -- 

Diversity analysis of stomach samples of yellowfin tuna in the 

eastern Pacific. Samples taken during 1970 and 1971 show an overview 

of the diversity and importance of fish, cephalopods, ana crustaceans 

ingested in the offshore areas. 

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION. 1979. Feeding habits 

of yellowfin. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1978: 24-37, 

Fish known to be common prey of ye1 lowfin tuna were 

collected. Their caloric value was measured in order to 

estimate the amount of energy available to a tuna on a 

daily basis. 

--- -- 

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION. 1980. Feeding habits 

of yellowfin. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep., 1979: 43-46. 

organisms found in stomach samples of yellowfin tuna caught in 

offshore areas. Families of prey new since IATTC Annual 

Report 1978 are reported (i.e., Acanthundae and Molidae). 

study was also conducted to investigate the possibility of using 

information from stomach samples to estimate metabolic rates 

--- -- 

A continuation of work by the IATTC on identifying food 

A small 

2h 

2i 

2k 
5 

of tunas at normal activity levels in nature. 

KING, J. E., and I. I. IKEHARA. 1956. Comparative study of 

food of bigeye and yellowfin tuna in the central Pacific. 

U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 57:61-85. 

tuna were analyzed 1) to determine whether feeding differences 

occur that are associated with the horizontal and vertical 

distribution of these fish, and 2) to obtain information on food 

preferences of each fish which may be useful to the commercial 

fishery. 

------ -- 

Stomach contents of 1 ongl i ne-caught bi geye and ye1 1 owfin 

MAGNUSON, J. J. 1969. Digestion and food consumption by 

skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). - Trans. -- North Am. - Fish. 

- SOC 98( 3) : 379-392 

Feeding experiments on skipjack held in captivity. 

consumption by skipjack was examined in relation to the 

quantity of food material in their stomach in three experiments: 

(1) fish fed at different intervals after a meal (2) fish fed 

at 15-minute intervals throughout the day (3) fish fed over time 

and their response to food as their stomachs filled. The results 

are discussed in relation to the effects of satiation of the food 

drive on pol e-and-1 i ne f i shi ng, and the re1 ation between feeding 

motivation and quantity of food in the stomach. 

Food 

MAGNUSON, J. J., and J. G. HEITZ. 1971. Gill-raker apparatus and 

food selectivity among mackerels, tunas, and dolphins. -- Fish. Bull ., 

U. S. 69(2):361-370. 

Gill-raker morphology and fork length were measured for 411 

fish, representing 8 species of scombrids and 2 species of 

coryphaeni ds. Mean gi 11 -raker gaps were compared with the 

percentage of crustaceans in stomachs of central Pacific fishes 

based on literature records. Presence of euphausiids in stomachs 

of Katsuwonus pelamis and their absence 

may have resulmm the small size of 

smaller gill-raker gaps of - K. pelamis re 

n Thunnus albacares 

eumds and the 

ative to - T. albacares. 

REINTJES. J. W.. and J. E. KING. 1953. Food of yellowfin 

tuna in the central Pacific. _----- U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., - Fish. 

Bull. 54:91-110. 

21 

2m 

2n 

20 

Collections of surface-caught tuna (trolling or live bait) and 

1 ongl ine-caught tuna obtained during the Pacific Oceanic Fishery 

Investigation cruise. Stomach contents of both groups were analyzed 

in relation to several variables, i.e., stomach volume, diversity of 

prey organisms and morning versus afternoon catch. 
6 

SCHAEFER, M. B., G. C. BROADHEAD, and C. J. ORANGE. 1963. 

Synopsis on the biology of yellowfin tuna Thunnus (Neothunnus) 

a1 bacares (Bonnaterre ( Paci f ic Ocean 1. Proceeaings of the 

%orld Scientific Meeting on the Biology ot Tuna 

andel a ted Spec in EsmW)T3-1. 

and life history, population dynamics, and exploitation of 

ye1 1 owf i n tuna. 

1 arvae and adults. 

-- 

- -- - 

Detailed information on taxonomy, distribution, biometrics 

Incl udes information on feedi ng of ye1 1 owf i n 

SHARP, G. D., and R. C. FRANCIS. 1976. An energetics model for 

the expl oi ted ye1 1 owf i n tuna, Thunnus a1 bacares, popul ati on in 

the eastern Pacific Ocean. Fish.Bu71-4(1):36-50. 

energy fl ow through the expl oi ted ye1 1 owfi n tuna popul ation, 

and 2) to compare the estimated utilization of energy by 

yellowfin tuna with the estimated primary productivity in the 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission's Ye1 lowfin Regulatory 

Area (CYRA). 

population 1 imitation in young tunas (<40cm), but not for 

the late juvenile or adult populations. 

-- 

Development of an energy-budget model used 1) to assess the 

Food appears to be the most probable source of 

WALDRON, K. D. 1963. Synopsis of biological data on skipjack 

Katsuwonus pel ami s (Li nnaeus 1758) (Pacific Ocean ) . Proceedings- World Scientific Meeting on 

the Bi ol ogy ?Yf Tunaandel ated Spec-0- - Fish.Rep.6om-m. -- 

Detailed information on taxonomy, distribution, bionomics 

and life history, population dynamics, and exploitation of the 

skipjack tuna. 

tuna larvae and adults. 

Includes information on feeding of skipjack 

WALDRON, K. D., and J. E. KING. 1963. Food of skipjack in the 

central Pacific. Proceedings of the World Scientific 

Meeting on the Biology of Tuna~n-dl%eEIZT Species, 

1 A0 l- i S~IK 6137:Slm - 

Examination of stomach contents of 707 skipjack tuna showed 

that by volume the food consisted of 74.6 percent fish, 19.9 percent 

molluscs, 3.7 percent crustaceans, and 3.7 percent unidentifiable 

remains. Larval and juvenile tuna, mostly skipjack, constituted 

a high percentage of the food of skipjack tuna. 

-- - 

2P 

2r 

2s 
7 

YUEN, H.S.H. 1959. Variability of skipjack response to 

live bait. ------ U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., -- Fish. Bull. 60:147-160. 

High variability in skipjack response to live bait was 

demonstrated during commercial fishing of 92 skipjack schools. 

Stomach contents were examined in relation to % volume of 

fish, molluscs and crustaceans. Factors causing the variation 

in biting response were also analyzed. 

FEEDING HABITS OF DOLPHINS 

FITCH, J. E., and R. L. BROWNELL, JR. 1968. Fish otoliths in 

cetacean stomachs and their importance in interpreting feeding 

habits. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 25( 12):2561-2574. 

cetaceans ( i ncl uding Stenel 1 a 1 ongi rostri s) in the eastern 

tropical Pacific yielded otoliths of many fish species. A 

family-by-family discussion of the habits of the fish 

represented by the otoliths is used to indicate feeding habits 

of the cetaceans. 

----- 

Contents analysis of stomachs representing 7 species of 

LEATHERWOOD, S., and D, K. LJUNGBLAD. 1979. Nighttime swimming 

and diving behavior of a radiotagged spotted dolphin, Stenella 

attenuata. Cetology 34: 1-6. 

and its dive length, swimming speed, and diving patterns were 

noted. The major diving patterns were of 3 types: ''running," 

''travel 1 ing or exploratory diving," and "feeding. I' 

A radiotagged Stenella attenuata was followed for 11 hours 

NORRIS. K. S.. and T. P. DOHL. 1980. Behavior of the Hawaiian 

spinnei dolphin. Stenella longirostris. -- Fish. Bull ., _- U. S. 

77(4):821-849. 

Analyses of school movements, structure, and rest areas were 

made using a variety of techniques including land, boat, and 

underwater observations. 

nighttime feeding, morning approach to shore, morning-midday 

rest, and travel to feeding grounds near dusk. 

scattering 1 ayer f i shes, squid, and shrimp. 

Daily cycle of dolphins consisted of 

Feeding was upon 

PERRIN, W. F., R. R. WARNER, C. H. FISCUS, and D. B. HOLTS. 1973. 

Stomach contents of porpoi se, Stenel 1 a spp. and ye1 1 owf in tuna, 

Thunnus albacares in mixed species aggregations. -- Fish. Bull., -- U. S. 

~0//-1092. 

2t 

3a 

3b 

3c 

3d 

Analysis of stomach contents indicated that an ommastrephid 

squid (probably Dosidicus gigas) was the most important food item 
8 

co-occurring in the tuna and dolphin's diet. 

results suggest that the tuna and spotted dolphins fed 

together largely on epipelagic prey, whereas the spinner dolphin 

fed deeper and at different times of the day. It was also found 

that only the tuna ate crustaceans. 

In general, the 

SHOMURA, R. S., and T. S. HIDA. 1965. Stomach contents of a 

dolphin caught in Hawaiian waters. - J. Mammal. 46(3):500-501. 

Stomach contents of a spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata, 

caught 3 miles offshore in waters 180 fathoms deep were analyzed. 

Squids were the most abundant food item, comprising 86% of the 

total stomach volume. Myctophids were the most abundant of the 

fishes present, 6% of the total stomach volume. 

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF TUNA 

BARKLEY, R. A., W. H. NEILL, and R. M. GOODING. 1978. Skipjack 

tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, habitat based on temperature and 

oxygen requiremennsh. Bull ., U. S. 76(3):653-662. 

Experiments with captive skipjack tuna indicate that 

their habitat has more restricted boundaries within the warm 

surface layers of tropical and subtropical ocean than was 

thought previously. 

temperature and di ssol ved oxygen 1 eve1 s. 

-- -- 

The boundaries seem to be defined by both 

BLACKBURN M. 1965. Oceanography and the ecology of tunas. 

Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., Annu. Rev. 3:299-322. 

oceanic properties as determinants of distribution, and major 

temporal changes in distribution and abundance. 

-- -- 

Includes information on limits of spatial distribution, 

BLACKBURN, M. 1969. Conditions related to upwelling which 

determine distribution of tropical tunas off western Baja 

California. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 68(1):147-176. 

cooler than 2OoC, but do aggregate in warmer waters provided that 

sui table food is abundant, was supported in general by the results 

of oceanographic cruises made off Baja California. 

------ -- 

The hypothesis that tunas generally do not aggregate in waters 

BLACKBURN, M. 1976. Review of existing information on 

fishes in the Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Study (DOMES) 

3e 

4a 

4b 

4c 

4d 

area of the tropical Pacific. Univ. of Calif. Inst. 

- Mar. Resour., Ref. No. 76.1. - -- - 
9 

A review of information about commercial fisheries 

(including skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna), and large 

. epipelagic fish in non-commercial fishing. 

BLACKBURN, M., AND ASSOCIATES. 1962. Tuna oceanography in the 

eastern tropical Pacific. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., 

Spec. Sci. Rep.-Fish. (400); 48 pp. 

A presentation of field observations made on cruises in the 

eastern tropical Pacific. Physical, chemical, and biological 

measurements obtained on cruises were analyzed statistically in 

relation to the changes in the distribution and abundance of the 

yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus 

pel ami s 1. 

--- - 

---- 

BLACKBURN, M., and F. WILLIAMS. 1975. Distribution and 

ecology of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in an offshore 

area of the eastern tropical Pacific I)cean. -- Fish. Bull ., U. S. -- 73(2) :382-411. 

A latitudinal sampling of skipjack individuals and 

environmental parameters in meridional areas considered critical 

to their migrations. Data on relative abundance of skipjack, and 

environmental variables (i.e., temperature, mixed layer depth, 

currents, zooplankton, and forage items) in relation 

to skipjack distribution were collected. 

BROADHEAD, G. C. and I. BARRETT. 1964. Some factors 

affecting the distribution and apparent abundance of yellowfin 

and skipjack tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean. 

Trop. Tuna Corn., Bull. 8:419-469. 

of yellowfin and skipjack tuna in relation to sea surface 

temperature and thermocline topography. 

-- Inter-Am. 

--- - 

Presentation of the apparent abundance and distribution 

BROCK, V. E. 1959. The tuna resources in relation to 

oceanographic features. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Circ. --I_--- - 

65: 1-11. 

4e 

4f 

49 

4h 

Description of the food relationships, oceanographic 

features, distribution, and spawning areas of oceanwide tuna. 

Some information on distribution and fisheries of yellowfin, 

skipjack, a1 bacore, bigeye, and bluefin tunas is also 

i ncl uded. 
10 

DIZON, A. E., R. W. BRILL, H.S.H. YUEN. 1978. Correlations 

between environment, physiology, and activity, and the effects 

on thermoregulation in skipjack tuna. p. 233-259 In: 

Gary D. Sharp and Andrew D. Dizon (eds.). - The phyTologica1 

ecoloav - -- of tunas. Academic Press. New York. 

Coverage of three broad topics: 1) "real world'' 

estimations of tuna performance based on data from free-swimming 

fish carrying depth-sensitive ultrasonic transmitters; 2) 

experiments relating behavioral responses to alterations of the 

environment; 3) interrelation of environment, behavior and 

physiology. 

GREEN, R. E. 1967. Relationship of the thermocl ine to the 

success of purse seining for tuna. --- Trans. Am. Fish. 

SOC. 96(2):126-130. 

Bathythermograph casts made with fishing sets on tuna in 

the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean were examined for a 

relationship between fishing success and characteristics of the 

thermocline. 

thermoclines of sharp temperature gradients. 

Success was highest in thin mixed layers over 

HIDA, T. S. 1970. Surface tuna schools located and fished 

in equatorial eastern Pacific. Commer. -- Fish. Rev. 

32( 4): 34-37. 

Information was collected during a cruise between 

Hawaii and 700 miles southwest of Clipperton Island. Skipjack 

tuna schools, mixed tuna schools, and large bird flocks were 

encountered where few tuna schools had previously been 

reported. 

KITCHELL, J. F., W. H. NEILL, A. E. DIZON, and J. J 

1978. Bioenergetic spectra of skipjack and yellowf 

Pp. 357-368. In: Gary D. Sharp and Andrew D. Dizon 

The physiological ecology -- of tunas. Academic Press, 

New 'York . 

An attemDt to combine DrinciDles of bioenerqet 

MAGNUSON. 

n tunas. 

(eds.). 

cs with 

data from experimental and field studies to construct energy 

budgets for skipjack and yellowfin tunas, and thereby define 

their scope for growth. The goal of this work was to make a 

more coherent characterization of the growth process in tunas 

and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f those physiological, behavioral, and/or 

ecological processes that have the greatest potential for 

improved understanding of tuna bi ol ogy . 

4i 

4j 

4k 

41 
11 

KLAWE, W. L. 1980. Classification of tunas, mackerels 

billfishes, and related species, and their geographical 

distribution. p. 5-16 In: W. H. Bayliff (ed.). 

Synopsis of biological data on eight species of scombrids. 

Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm., Spec. Rep. No. 2. 

species in the family scombridae. 

--- -- 

A presentation of the worldwide distribution of the 

LAEVASTU, T., and H. ROSA, Jr. 1962. Distribution and relative 

abundance of tunas in relation to their environment. Experience 

Paper No. 47, FA0 Fish. Rep. 6(3):1835-1851. 

A presentation of the distribution and fishing areas of 

world-wide tuna in relation to temperature, depth, currents, 

transparency of water, food, submarine topography, and 

meteorological factors. 

-- - -- - 

MAGNUSON, J. J., L. B. CROWDER, and P. A. MEDVICK. 1979. 

Temperature as an ecological resource. -- Am. Zool. 19:331-343. 

than as a factor influencing the behavior and physiology of an 

animal. This paper reviews the response of fish to temperature 

in terms of ecological concepts related to the niche theory and 

competition as cited in the literature. 

An analysis of temperature as an ecological resource rather 

MURPHY, G. I., and I. I. IKEHARA. 1955. A summary of 

sightings of fish schools and bird flocks and of trolling in 

the central Pacific. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. 

Rep.-Fish. No. 154, 19 pp. 

Evaluation of sightings of surface tuna schools and bird 

flocks observed on Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations 

(POFI) from 1950-1953. The observations are arranged to 

furnish comparisons between the vicinity of land and the open 

ocean, and to estimate variations in abundance associated with 

different times of the year. 

------ -- 

-- 

MURPHY, G. I., and R. S. SHOMURA. 1972. Pre-exploitation 

abundance of tunas in the equatorial central Pacific. Fish. 

- Bull . , U. S. 70( 3) ~875-913. -- 

An examination of the abundance of deep-swimming yellowfin 

tuna, and the distribution and abundance of surface tunas 

(skipjack and small yellowfin), in relation to various 

environmental factors. The data are based upon surveys by the 

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries from 1950-1953. Water circulation 

in the equatorial region is also described. 

4m 

4n 

4P 

4q 
12 

ROTHSCHILD, B. J. 1965. Hypotheses on the origin of exploited 

skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the eastern and central 

Pacific Ocean. U. S. kish and Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-Fish., 

No. 512, 20 pp. 

------ ---- 

Hypotheses formulated to account for the origin and movement 

of exploited groups of skipjack tuna in the eastern and central 

Pacific Ocean. The hypotheses take into account the available 

evidence on larval distributions, gonad indices, size distributions, 

tag recoveries, catch predictions, and immunogenetic studies. 

evidence suggests that most skipjack taken by the eastern Pacific 

skipjack fisheries originate in the central Pacific. 

The 

SETTE, 0. E. 1955. Consideration of mid-ocean fish production 

as related to oceanic circulatory systems. --- J. Mar. Res. 

14(4) :398-414. 

A study of the equatorial current system, with attendant 

upwelling and increased numbers of zooplankton, in relation to 

concentrations of fish. 

and skipjack tunas. 

Included in the study are yellowfin 

SHARP, G. D. 1978. Behavioral and physiological properties 

of tuna and their effect on vulnerability to fishing gear. 

pp. 397-449. In: Gary D. Sharp and Andrew D. Dizon (eds.). 

The physiological ecology -- of tunas. Academic Press, 

New York. 

An investigation of the changes in size (yield) of 

successful sets as a function of time of day, depth of the 

mixed layer, the depth of the 23OC isotherm and the 15OC 

isotherm, over a 6 month term in the specific case of yellowfin 

tuna. 

SUND, P. N. 1981. Tunas, oceanography and meteorology 

of the Pacific, an annotated bibliography, 1950-78. NOM 

Tech. Rep., SSRF No. 744, 123 pp. 

An annotation of papers on Pacific tunas, including 

environmental variables affecting tuna distributions and/or 

ecology, published between 1950 and 1978. Cross referenced 

key words are included. 

SUND, P. N., M. BLACKBURN, and F. WILLIAMS. 1981. Tunas and 

their environment in the Pacific Ocean: a review. 

Mar. Biol., Ann. Rev. 19:443-512. 

Oceanogr. 

-- -- 

4r 

4s 

4t 

4u 

4v 

A thorough review of knowledge on tuna distribution in 

relation to bathymetry, seasonal variation, larval stage, 
13 

and a wide range of environmental factors. 

discussion on physiology and behavior in relation to the 

e nv i ronmen t . 

There is also a 

WALDRON, K. D. 1964. Fish schools and bird flocks in the 

central Pacific Ocean, 1950-1961. U.S. Fish and Wildl. 

Serv. , Spec. Sci. Rep.-Fish. No. 4tX.20 pp. 

flocks and fish schools made by biologists and fishermen aboard 

vessels of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological 

Laboratory in Honolulu from 1950 to 1961. 

--- 

- ---- 

A summary of the results of visual observations of bird 

4w 

WILLIAMS, F. 1970. Sea surface temperature and the distribution 4x 

and apparent abundance of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean, 1951-1968. mrop. Tuna 

Comm., Bull. 15(2):231-281. 

for 1949-1968 for the areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean where the 

majority of the skipjack catch is taken. 

apparent abundance for 1951-1968 were then superimposed on the 

surface temperature isograms. Results show that skipjack occur at 

surface temperatures >17OC but with the majority between 2Oo-3O0C. 

There were no apparent relationships between annual thermal 

conditions in the coastal zone and skipjack abundance. 

-- - - 

-- 

Isograms of sea surface temperature (OC) have been produced 

Skipjack occurrence and 

WILLIAMS, F. 1972. Consideration of three DroDosed models of the 4Y 

migration of young skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus' peiamis) into the 

eastern Pacific Ocean. -- Fish. Bull., U. S. : -762. -- 

A presentation of three models describing the migration 

of young skipjack from their central Pacific spawning origin 

to the eastern Pacific Ocean based on factors influencing 

skipjack distribution (i .e., temperature, surface currents, and 

the supply and distribution of food). 

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF DOLPHINS 

AU, D.W.K., W. L. PERRYMAN, and W. F. PERRIN. 1979. Dolphin 

distribution and the relationship to environmental features 

in the eastern tropical Pacific. Southwest Fisheries Center, 

Admin. Rep. No. LJ-79-43. 59 pp. 

This paper discusses the oceanography of the eastern tropical 

Pacific, historical range of pelagic dolphins, seasonal changes in 

dolphin distribution, relationship of dolphin sightings to water 

structure, and seabird-dolphin associations. 

-- 

5a 
14 

BERZIN, A. A. 1978. Whale distribution in tropical 

eastern Pacific waters. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 28:173-177. 

Observations on the distribution of sperm, fin, blue, 

sei and Bryde's whales in relation to environmental factors 

in the eastern tropical Pacific. The distribution of each 

species is separately discussed. 

dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific is also briefly 

men t i oned . 

-- 

The distribution of 

BERZIN, A. A., A. F. VOLKOV, and I. F. MOROZ. 1976. 

Soviet-American expedition for the study of cetaceans 

in the east Pacific (in Russian). Biologiya Morya 4:74-75. 

The sighting and marking of whales and dolphins in 

the eastern tropical Pacific. Though concentrations of 

delphinids were usually sighted somewhat apart from 

concentrations of baleen whales, they both were sighted 

in greatest abundance around the northern tropical 

and equatorial divergence areas which are characterized 

by relatively stable high indices of plankton. 

DAVIES, J. L. 1963. The antitropical factor in cetacean 

speciation. Evolution 17:107-116. 

An attempt to review the nature of anti-tropical 

distributions among the Cetacea, and to suggest something 

of their evolutionary significance. 

GASKIN, D. E. 1968. Distribution of Delphinidae (Cetacea) in 

relation to sea surface temperature off eastern and southern 

New Zealand. ---- f4. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater. - Res. 

2(3):527-534. 

The occurrence of delphinid species as related to warm and 

cold surface temperatures affected by areas of ocean convergence 

(i .e., subtropical and Antarctic Convergence regions). 

LIPPS, J. H., and E. MITCHELL. 1976. Trophic model for the 

adaptive radiations and extinctions of pelagic marine mammals. 

Paleobiology 2: 147-155. 

pelagic marine mammals over geologic time were responses to 

the availability of trophic resources in oceanic environments. 

These trophic resources are closely re1 ated to upwell ing 

processes in the oceans. It is suggested that increased 

upwelling intensity permitted initial invasions and radiations 

and that decreased upwelling intensity caused cetacean extinctions 

in the ol igocene. 

A model proposing that the radiations and declines of 

5b 

5c 

5d 

5e 

5f 
15 

VOLKOV, A. F., and I. MOROZ. 1977. Oceanological conditions 

of the distribution of Cetacea in the eastern tropical part 

of the Pacific Ocean. -- Rep. Int. Whaling Corn. 27:186-188. 

An analysis of the relationship between the distribution 

of baleen and sperm whales and the hydrological and 

hydrobiological conditions of the eastern tropical Pacific. 

In general, there appears to be a correlation between presence 

of whal es and areas of divergence, high producti vi ty , and 

distribution of the whale's food (i.e., epipelagic squid). 

BIOLOGY OF TUNA AND DOLPHIN PREY 

AHLSTROM, E. H. 1971. Kinds and abundance of fish larvae 

in the eastern tropical Pacific, based on collections made on 

EASTROPAC I. Fish. Bull., U. S. 69(1):3-77. 

Based on collections taken by oblique plankton hauls, the 

dominant fish groups were found to be myctophids (47%), 

gonostomatids (23%), sternoptychids (6%), bathylagids (5%), and 

scombri ds ( 2%). 

-- -- 

AHLSTROM, E. H. 1972. Kinds and abundance of fish larvae in 

the eastern tropical Pacific on the second mu1 tivessel EASTROPAC 

survey, and observations on the annual cycle of larval abundance. 

-- Fish. Bull ., -- U. S. 70(4):1153-1242. 

A description of data regarding composition and relative 

abundance of fish larvae collected during the EASTROPAC I1 survey 

cruise. This cruise, conducted 6 months after EASTROPAC I, dealt 

with the composition of fish larvae during the non-spawning 

season. 

AHLSTROM, E. H., and R. C. COUNTS. 1958. Development and 

distribution of Vinciguerria lucetia and related species 

in the eastern Pacific. U . S.Fish. and Wildl. Serv., Fish. 

Bull. 58: 363-416. ------ - 

Detai 1 ed information on the devel opment, and general 

information on the distribution and abundance of V. lucetia. 

The information was coll ected from frequent Cal Con cruises 

off California and Baja California, and less frequent cruises 

in 'the eastern north Pacific and eastern tropical Pacific. 

There is also information on other species occurring in the 

eastern Pacific, along with information on the vertical 

distribution of eggs and larvae of - V. lucetia. 

59 

6a 

6b 

6c 
16 

BEEBE, W., and M. VAN DER PYL. 1944. Eastern Pacific 

expeditions of the New York Zoological Society XXXIII, Pacific 

Myctophidae (fishes). Zoologica, N. Y. 29:59-95. 

A description of the distribution, morphology and biology 

of 24 species of myctophids collected on 3 cruises off Mexico, 

Central America , and the Gal apagos Is1 ands. 

CLARKE, M. R. 1966. A review of the systematics and ecology of 

oceanic squids. Adv. Mar. Biol. 4:93-300. 

history of oceanic squids. 

--- 

A taxonomic treatment of the distribution, depth, and life 

CLARKE, T. A. 1973. Some aspects of the ecology of 

lanternfishes (Myctophidae) in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. 

Fish. Bull., U. S. 71(2):401-434. 

period of one year during the day and night by a mid-water 

trawl covering the upper 1000 m. 

to determine the vertical migration patterns of the species 

present, and to examine changes in abundance, size composition, 

and reproductive state as related to depth and season. 

-- -- 

Forty-seven species of myctophids were collected over a 

The goals of sampling were 

CLARKE, T. A. 1974. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid 

fishes-in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. -- Fish.-Bull., -- U. S. 

72( 2) ~337-351. 

Forty-seven species representing eight families of stomiatoid 

fishes were collected in the upper lOOOm near Hawaii. 

species sufficient numbers were collected to present re1 iable 

estimates of depth ranges, migrations, and seasonal changes in 

size composition. 

For many 

CLARKE, T. A. 1978. Diel feeding patterns of 16 species of 

mesopelagic fishes from Hawaiian waters. -- Fish. Bull., U. S. -- 76(3):495-513. 

6d 

6e 

6f 

69 

6h 

Nine species of myctophids and one of melamphaids, all 

vertical migrators, appeared to feed solely or principally at 

night in the upper layers. Four species of stomiatoid fishes 

appeared to feed during the day regardless of the extent of 

their migration or the absence thereof. 

gonostomatid showed no diel feeding pattern. 

One myctophid and one 
17 

COLLARD, S. B. 1970. Forage of some eastern Pacific midwater 

fishes. Copeia 1970:348-354. 

An analysis of the stomach contents of 1087 specimens 

representing 42 species of midwater fishes collected along the 

eastern Pacific Ocean (Antarctic to British Columbia). Results 

indicate that these fishes had diverse diets and were 

nonpreferential in their selection of prey. Various crustaceans 

(principally copepods and euphausiids) comprised the forage of 

95% of all specimens with identifiable stomach contents. 

DEWITT. F. A. and G. M. CAILLIET. 1972. Feedina habits of two 

bristle mouth fishes, Cyclothone accl inidens and-C. -signata (Gonostomatidae). Copeia 19Q.868 *- 811. 

Determination and comparison of feeding habits of two 

congeneric bristle mouth fishes occurring above 60Om off 

Santa Barbara, California, with respect to their differences 

in vertical migration and feeding apparatus structure. 

HARTMANN, A. R., and T. A. CLARKE. 1975. The distribution 

of myctophid fishes across the central equatorial Pacific. 

Fish. Bull., U. S. 73(3):633-641. 

shal low (50-75111) ni ght-trawl tows across a latitudinal transect 

of the Pacific equatorial water mass. The observed change in 

distribution of different species within the equatorial water mass 

was regarded as a response to the increased primary production 

and food supply resulting from upwelling near the equator and 

northward transport of enriched surface waters. 

-- -- 

Distribution and abundance of myctophid fishes collected by 

HOLTON, A. A. 1969. Feeding behavior of a vertica 

lanternfish. -- Pac. Sci. 23:325-331. 

ly migrating 

Selective fishing of the deep scattering layer in the southern 

The feeding behavior was thought to be affected by food 

portion of the Gulf of California helped to define .he diurnal 

vertical migration and feeding behavior of the myctophid Lampanyctus 

mexicanus. 

available at the surface and by the lower oxygen content of 

the water at the deepest range of the vertical migration of the 

fish. 

HOPKINS, T. L., and R. C. BAIRD. 1977. Aspects of the feeding 

ecology of oceanic midwater fishes. p. 325-360. In: N. R. 

Andersen and B. J . Zahuranec (eds. ) Oceanic sound Catteri ng 

prediction, Mar. Sci. 5. Plenum Press, N.Y. 

(e.g., Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae, Sternopthyidae) with a 

-- 

A review of the feeding ecology of oceanic midwater fishes 

6i 

6k 

61 

6m 
18 

discussion of their vertical distribution and migration, diet 

composition, feeding chronology, daily food ration, selective 

feeding, resource partitioning, and bioenergetics. 

KING, J. E., and R.T.B. IVERSEN. 1962. Midwater trawling 

for forage organisms in the central Pacific, 1951-1956. 

U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 62:271-321. 

distribution and abundance of potential tuna food, to estimate 

the standing crop of forage organisms and to study tuna feeding 

behavior. 

tuna by trawls and an evaluation of catching abilities of different 

mi dwa ter trawl s . 

------ -- 

Midwater trawls in the central Pacific were used to measure 

There is also a discussion of the sampling of juvenile 

LONGHURST, A. R. 1967. The pelagic phase of Pleuroncodes 

planipes Stimpson (Crustacea, Galatheidae) in the California 

Current. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. - Rep. 

11: 142-1C 

A discussion of the distribution of the pelagic stage in 

- P. planipes collected with a 1 m zooplankton net at a 140 

meter depth in offshore and oceanic areas of the California 

Current system. 

LONGHURST, A. R. 1968. Distribution of the larvae of 

Pleuroncodes planipes in the California Current. 

Oceanogr. 13(-55 

Zoea and megalops larvae were collected in plankton samples 

from the California Current in 1957 and 1958. Their distribution 

in the samples showed 1) breeding occurred during winter, 2) the 

greatest larval concentrations were over the continental she1 f, 

3) breeding extended far to the north of the usual range in the 

warm period around 1959, and 4) evidence of late zoea and megalops 

being carried offshore in accordance with known geostrophic flow 

patterns. 

Limnol . 

NESIS, K. N. 1970. The biology of the giant squid of Peru 

and Chile, Dosidicus gigas. Oceanology 10(1):108-118. 

Trans1 ated from Russixr the American Geographical Union. 

fecundizy, larvae, young, distribution of the population by 

size and age, nutrition, migrations, and parasites of 

Dosidicus in the eastern tropical Pacific from August-November 

1918. 

A description of the sex ratio, sexual maturity, mating, 

6n 

60 

6P 
19 

NESIS, K. N. 1972. Oceanic cephalopods of the Peru Current: 

horizontal and vertical distribution. Oceanology 12(3) :506-519. 

Trans1 ated from Russian for the American Geophysical Union. 

Forty-one cephalopod species were identified in collections 

made in the eastern equatorial and southeast Pacific Ocean 

using different types of trawls at different depths. 

species were analyzed for their horizontal and vertical 

distribution. 

These 

PARIN, N. V. 1960. Distribution of flyingfishes (family 

Exocoetidae) in the western and central parts of the Pacific 

Ocean. U. S. Bureau Comm. Fish., Translation 

No. 52. ,l!j-pp. -- 

General distribution patterns in relation to different 

variables within the western and central Pacific, i .e., 

ocean temperature differences causing a bi pol ar di stri buti on 

of flyingfishes, neritic versus oceanic groups of species, and 

presence of favorable conditions for spawning. 

ROPER, C. E., and R. E. YOUNG. 1975. Vertical distribution of 

pel agic cephal opods. Smi thson. Contri b. Zoo1 . 209. 48 pp. 

pel agic cephal opods col 1 ected on three sampl i ng programs in 

three different oceanic regions of the world: Hawaii, California, 

and Bermuda. 

A review of the information on vertical distribution of 

UCHIDA, R. N. 1981. Synopsis of biological data on frigate 

tuna, Auxis thazard, and bullet tuna, A. rochei. U. -- S. Nat'l 

Mar. Fl'sh.Serv., Tech. Rep. Circ., NOT 

A synopsis containing information on the identity, 

distribution, bionomics, 1 ife history, popul ation, and 

exploitation of frigate and bullet tunas. 

and unpublished reports, up to and including those published in 

1978, are covered. 

--- --- pp. 

Over 200 published 

VOSS, G. L. 1971. Cephalopods collected by the R/V John 

Elliot Pillsbury in the Gulf of Panama in 1967. Bull. 

Collection locations and general descriptions of 26 species 

-- Mar.Sci. 21(1) : 1-34. 

of cephalopods collected on a cruise in the Gulf of Panama. 

6r 

6s 

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20 

VOSS, G. L. 

Circ. No. 149. 75 pp. 

A report coveri ng the biol ogical aspects, fishing methods, 

mariculture, and reviews of cephalopods in different regions of 

the oceans, including the central east Pacific and southeast 

Paci f i c. 

1973. Cephalopod Resources of the World. -- FA0 Fish. 

WISNER, R. L. 1974. The taxonomy and distribution of 

lanternfishes (family Myctophidae) of the eastern Pacific Ocean. 

Navy Ocean Research - and Development Activity, Em pp. 

Keys to and illustrations of adult and subadult stages of 

150 species of myctophids occurring in the eastern Pacific. 

PRODUCTIVITY OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

BEERS, J. R., and G. L. STEWART. 1971. Microplankters in the 

plankton communities of the upper waters of the eastern tropical 

Pacific. Deep-sea - Res. 18(9):861-883. 

The numerical abundance, biomass, and taxonomic composition 

of the micro-zooplankton, and the levels of chlorphyll, phaeophytin, 

and total seston were determined for six depth intervals. These 

depth intervals were within the upper 200 m at 12 locations from 

approximately 10°N to 12's lati tude on 105OW longitude. 

Average micro-zooplankton v lu e over the euphotic zone showed a 

sampling to 47 mm /m near the equator. 

threefold range: 5roy 15 mn 87 /m at the southerly extreme of 

BLACKBURN, M. 1966. Biological oceanography of the eastern 

tropical Pacific: summary of existing information. U. - S. 

--- Fish Wildl. Serv., ---- Spec. Sci. Rep.-Fish. No. 54O:l-18. 

A review of investigations on the biological oceanography 

of the eastern tropical Pacific. 

oceanographic expeditions made since 1952, similar properties were 

measured by simi 1 ar methods. Properties avai 1 ab1 e for comparable 

measurements are: standing crops of surface and overall chlorophyll 

- a, standing crop of small zooplankton in the upper 300m, standing 

crop of micronekton in the upper loom, and surface primary 

productivity . 

On most of the 29 biological - 

BLACKBURN, M. 1973. Regressions between biological 

oceanographic measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific 

and their significance to ecological efficiency. Limnol . Oceanogr. 18:552-563. 

6w 

6x 

7a 

7b 

7c 
21 

Simple regressions of various standing stocks (chlorophyll 

- a, zooplankton, and micronekton) on each other and on primary 

productivity were compared by covariance analysis for different 

seasons, latitudes, and longitudes in the eastern tropical 

Pacific. 

BLACKBURN, M., R. M. LAURS, R. W. OWEN, and B. ZEITSCHEL. 1970. 

Seasonal and areal changes in standing stocks of phytoplankton, 

zooplankton, and micronekton in the eastern tropical Pacific, 

Mar. Biol. 7:14-31. 

and 1 ongi tudes on seasonal ly repetitive cruises in three 

areas, west, east, and south in the eastern tropical Pacific. 

The stocks were chlorophyll a, night and day zooplankton, 

night crustacean micronekton, and f i sh-pl us-cephal opod 

micronekton. Each stock was analyzed with respect to season, 

1 ati tude , and 1 ongi tude. 

-- 

Five standing stocks were measured at similar latitudes 

BRANDHORST , W. 1958. Thermocl i ne topography, zoopl ank ton 

standing crop, and mechanisms of fertilization in the eastern 

tropical Paci f ic. -- Jour. Cons. Intern. Expl or. - Mer. 

24( 1): 16-31. 

A comparison between thermocline topography during the 

autumn (based on bathythermograph observations) and zooplankton 

distribution reveals an inverse relationship between depth of the 

thermocline and size of the zooplankton standing crop. This is 

also related in some regions to the abundance of tuna. Additional 

fertilizing mechanisms in areas of high standing crop show a 

dynamic topography, and the surface distribution of temperature, 

sal ini ty, and phosphates. 

EL-SAYED, S. Z., and S. TAGUCHI. 1979. Phytoplankton standing 

crop and primary productivity in the tropical Pacific. 

p. 241-286 In: J. L. Bischoff and D. Z. Piper (eds.). 

Marine geology and oceanography of the Pacific 

Manganese Nodulerovi nce . P1 enumsn 

A study of the short-term, vertical, spacial, and temporal variabilities of chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, and primary 

production in the tropical PaFific DOMES area (5'-2O0N and 

128O-155OW). 

FRYXELL, G. A., S. TAGUCHI, and S. Z. EL-SAYED. 1979. Vertical 

distribution of diverse phytoplankton cornunities in the central 

Pacific. p. 203-240 In: 3. L. Bischoff and D. Z. Piper (eds.) 

Marine geology and ocEnography of the Pacific 

Manganese Nodulerovi nce. P1 enuflxsr 

7d 

7e 

7f 

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22 

Phytopl ankton samples were taken from di screte depths on 

three transects in the central Pacific. An average of over 

20,500 cells/liter was found for all depths counted, with about 

equal numbers of diatoms, di nofl age1 1 ates , and coccol i thophori ds 

together accounting for half of that number. Cell numbers versus 

depth showed a subsurface maximum, and decreasing numbers at 

greater depths. The Shannon Weaver di versi ty index ( Hi ) , summed 

over all depths for each station, appeared to approach an 

asymptote in most cases. 

GASKIN, D. E. 1979. Change in particle size in diatom 

populations as a possible factor in pelagic marine 

ecosystem resi 1 ience. Tuatara 24( 1) : 23-39. 

The drawing together of a number of ideas and findings 

from several independent lines of research that have a 

possible bearing on the resilience of pelagic marine 

ecosystems which characteristically have large component 

fluctuations. 

the diatoms reproductive strategy (change in particle 

size) is discussed. As an adaptation to a short season 

of nutrient availability in the pelagic environment, diatoms 

appear to undergo a maximization of numbers as nutrients are 

depl e ted. 

Due to their large population fluctuations, 

GRAHAM, H. W. 1941. Plankton production in relation to 

character of water in the open Pacific. --- J. Mar. Res. 

4( 3) : 189-197. 

Vertical tow-net samples were made at 0 50, and 100 meter 6 depths on a cruise from latitudes 34'N to 11 S. 

richer in phosphate and plankton occurred in regions where 

there were indications that some form of vertical circulation 

was transporting phosphate from the reservoirs below to the 

upper layers. These regions were in the California Current and 

its outflow, the North Equatorial Current, the northern edge of 

the Equatorial Counter Current, and the northern part of the 

South Equatori a1 Current. 

Waters 

HOLMES, R. W., M. B. SCHAEFER, and 6. M. SHIMADA. 1957. 

Primary production, chl orophyll , and zoopl ankton vol umes in 

the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna 

Comm., Bull. 2(4):129-169. 

Val ues of surface chlorophyll a, surface primary 

production in situ, and zooplankton-volumes were observed in 

re1 ation toTcEZFgraphic features. 

primary production and zooplankton vol umes with surface 

chl orophyl 1 was a1 so analyzed. 

-- - - 

-- 

Correlation of surface 

7h 

7i 

7j 
23 

KING, J. E., and J. DEMOND. 1953. Zooplankton abundance in 

the central Pacific. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 

54(82): 111-144. ------ -- 

Zooplankton collections were analyzed for composition and 

abundance with respect to location and seasonal variation. 

Abundance was found to be correlated with such chemical and 

physical factors as inorganic phosphate, water temperature, 

dissolved oxygen, and thermocline depth, which were in turn 

i nfl uenced by the upwell i ng resul ti ng from the equatori a1 

divergence. 

KING, J. E., and T. S. HIDA. 1957. Zooplankton abundance in 

the central Pacific. 2. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 

57:365-395. ------ -- 

Measurements were made of the abundance of the zooplankton 

standing crop which might be used as an index of the relative 

productivity of different areas of the sea. The highest 

concentration of zooplankton was found at the equator, which 

is a region of divergence and upwelling under the influence of 

the trade winds. 

yellowfin tuna occurred just to the north in the convergence 

zone, there was a high degree of covariation in yellowfin 

and zooplankton with respect to the current system. 

A1 though the greatest abundance of 

LONGHURST, A. R. 1976. Interactions between zooplankton and 

phytoplankton profiles in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. 

Deep-sea Res. 23:729-754. 

cruises of 1967 to 1968 enabled a first-order description 

of zooplankton distribution in the upper lOOOm of the water 

column .in relation to density, light, oxygen, and phytoplankton. 

An hypothesis is proposed that the form of phytoplankton profiles, 

in periods or regions of stable production, may be primarily 

determined by depth-differential herbivore grazing pressure, 

rather than by differential cell-sinking rates as is suggested in 

classical production models. 

- 

Data from zooplankton profiles taken during the EASTROPAC 

TONT, S. A. 1976. Deep scattering layers: Patterns 

in the Pacific. -- Calif. Coop. Oceanic -- Fish. Rep. 

18:112-117. 

7k 

71 

7m 

7n 

A discussion of the characteristics of the deep scattering 

layer in the major biotic regions of the Pacific Ocean based 

on acoustical records from 26 cruises (1958-1972). Daytime 

depth of the deep scattering layers was found to be correlated 

with light levels, although at some locations a sharp temperature 

gradient seems to inhibit a particular layer from migrating to 

the surface. The oxygen minimum layer seems to have no effect 
24 

on the behavior of the layers. 

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

CROMWELL, T. 1958. Thermocline topography, horizontal currents 

and "ridging" in the eastern tropical-Pacific. Inter-Am. Trop. 

Tuna Comm.. Bull. 3(3):133-164. 

An analysis of thermocline depth, horizontal currents, 

and vertical motion (i.e., ridging, water transferred up from 

thermocline, and vertical stirring and mixing at the ocean 

surface) of the eastern tropical Pacific. The Costa Rica 

dome area is given special emphasis. 

FRANCESCHINI, G. A. 1979. The solar radiation environment in 

the eastern tropical north Pacific Ocean. p. 1-42. In: 

J. L. Bischoff and D. Z. Piper (eds.) Marine geologyTnd 

oceanography -- of the Pacific Nodule Province. PlenumPress, N. Y. 

Net photon irradiance above the surface and downward photon 

irradiance to a depth of 15Om were measured for the wave band of 

photosynthetically active radiation ($00-700nm). Results showed 

an a era e net irradiation of 39 (E/m -day) in summer and 45 

irradiation in winter). During the same interval, biological 

primary productivity increased by 20%. 

show the water to be a clear open-ocean type. 

(E/m jg -day) in winter due to reduced cloudiness (16% greater 

Submarine measurements 

HALPERN, D. '1979. Observations of the upper currents at 

DOMES sites A, B, and C in the tropical central North Pacific 

Ocean durina 1975 and 1976. D. 43-82. In: J. L. Bischoff 

and D. Z. Piper (eds.) Marine' geology ax oceanography 

of the Pacific Manganes-mnZPlenum 

Press, N.Y. 

Current measurements were made from 20m to 300m depths 

at 3 different sites during various months of the year. 

the time that the measurements were made, Sites A and B were 

located within the eastward flowing North Equatorial Countercurrent and Site C was within the westward flowing North 

Equatorial Current. 

During 

MILLER, F. R., and R. M. LAURS. 1974. The El Nifio of 1972-73 

in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna 

Comm., Bull. 16:403-447. 

Hypotheses on the origin of the El Ni;o phenomenon. Ocean 

temperature and atmospheric influences on the 1972 El Ni?io, and 

similarities in ocean temperature during recent we1 1 -developed 

-- 

-- 

8a 

8b 

8c 

8d 
25 

El Ninos are discussed. 

OHMAN, M. D., E. OZTURGUT, and R. J. OZRETICH. 1979. A seasonal 

and spatial summary of oceanographic data from the northeastern 

tropical Pacific (DOMES Region). Summer 1975 and winter 1976. 

Univ. of Wash. Dept. Oceanogr., -- Spec. Rep. No. 91, 

-RE rn-n-rll7-jqY. 

8e 

A presentation of data on the upper water column including 

data on dissolved chemical constituents, biochemical parameters, 

phytoplankton pigments and primary production rates, and 

suspended particulate concentrations. 

SVERDRUP, H. U., M. W. JOHNSON, and R. H. FLEMING. 1942. p. 698- 8f 

712. In: The oceans. Their physics, chemistry and general biology. 

Pre n t i ce ,T J. - 

Descriptions and sources of water masses and currents in 

the south Pacific and Equatorial Pacific Oceans. 

WOOSTER, W. S., and T. GROMWELL. 1958. An oceanographic 

description of the eastern tropical Pacific- Univ, Calif, 

Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 3ull. 7(3):169-282. 

the vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, oxygen, 

phosphate, and si i i cate in the eastern ti-op’i cal Paci fi c. 

Profiles of these parameters were plotted in terms of variation 

in geographic location and time. 

___I_p 

The results of a cooperative oceanographic survey analyzing 

WYRTKI, X. 1965. Surface currents of the eastern tropicai 

Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. ‘Irop. ?una Comrn. Bu?’t _I_ _II____ ~- 9(5):271-303. 

8h 

A general description and seasonal variation of the circulation 

patterns of the surface currents In the Eastern Tropical Pacific 

(i.e., California Current, Equatorial Countercurrent, Peru Current). 
26 

Author 

Ahlstrom, E. H. 

Allen, R. L. 

Alverson, F. G. 

Au, U.W.K. 

Eaird, R. C. 

Barkley, R. A. 

Barrett, I. 

Beebe , W. 

Beers, 3. R. 

Berzin, A. A. 

B1 ackburn , M. 

Blunt, C. E. 

Brill, R. W. 

Brandhorst, W. 

Broadhead, G. C. 

Brock, V. E. 

Brownel 1 , R. L. 

Cailliet, G. M. 

Clarke, M. R. 

Clarke, T. A. 

Cole, J. S. 

Collard, S. 6. 

Counts, R. C. 

Cromwell , T. 

Crowder, L. 6. 

Davies, J. L. 

Dernond, J. 

DeWitt, F. A. 

Dizon, A. E. 

Dohl, T. P. 

El Sayeci, S. Z. 

Fiscus, C. H. 

Fitch, J. E. 

Fleming, R. H. 

Forsbergh, E. D. 

Franceschini, G. A. 

Francis, R. C. 

Fryxell , G. A. 

Gaskin, D. E. 

Gooding, R. M. 

Graham, H. W. 

Green, R. E. 

INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED 

Index # 

6a-c 

la 

2a-b 

5a 

6m 

4a 

6d 

7a 

4g 

5b-c 

2~-d; 4b-f; 4~; 7b-d 

2d 

4i 

7e 

4h 

3a 

2p; 4g 

6j 

6e 

2e 

6i 

6c 

8a ,g 

4m 

6f-hYk 

5d 

7J 

6j 4i; 41 

3c 

7f -9 

3d 

3a 

8f 

2f 

8b 

2q 

79 

5e; 7h 

4a 

7i 

4j 

Page # 

15 

1 

2 

13 

17 

8 

9 

16 

20 

14 

3;8-9;12;20-21 

3 

9 

21 

6;9 

9 

7 

17 

16 

16-17 

3 

16 

15 

24; 25 

10 

14 

22 

17 

9;lO 

8 

21 

8 

7 

25 

3 

24 

6 

21 

14 ; 22 

8 

22 

10 
27 

Author Index # Page # 

8c 

lb 

6k 

2n 

29; 3c; 4k; 71 

61 

3d 

6m 

7j 

Halpern, D. 

Hammond, P. S. 

Hartmann, A. R. 

Heitz, J. G. 

Hida, T. S. 

Holmes, K. W. 

Holton, A. A. 

Holts, D. B. 

Hopkins, T. L. 

24 

1 

17 

5 

4 ;7 ; 10;23 

22 

17 

8 

17 

IATTC 

Ikehara, I. I. 

Iversen, R.T.B. 

2i -k 

2m; 40 

6n 

4 

5;11 

18 

Johnson, M. W. 

Juhl, R. 

8f 

2h 

25 

4 

King, J. E. 

Kitchell, J. F. 

Klawe, W. L. 

21,20; 6n; 7k-1 

41 

4m 

5,5;18;22-23 

10 

10 

Laevastu, T. 

Laurs, R. M. 

Leatherwood, S. 

Lipps, J. H. 

Ljungblad, 0. K. 

Longhurst, A. R. 

4n 

7d; 8d 

3b 

5f 

3b 

60-p; 7m 

11 

21;24 

8 

14 

7 

18;23 

Piagnuson, J. J. 

Medvick, P. A. 

Mitchell , E. 

Miller, F. R. 

Moroz, I. F. 

tiurphy, G. I 

Myrick, A. C. 

2m-n; 40 

4P 

5f 

8d 

5CY 5g 

4P-q 

Id 

5;11 

11 

14 

24 

14;15 

11 

2 

Neill, W. H. 

Nesis, K. ti. 

Norris, K. S. 

4a; 41 

6q-r 

3c 

8; 10 

18 

8 

Ohman, M. D. 

Orange, C. J. 

Owen, R. W. 

Ozturgut, R. J. 

8e 

7d 

8c 

2P 

25 

6 

21 

24 

Parin, N. V. 

Perrin, W. F. 

Perryman, W. L. 

6s 

lc-d; 3d; 5a 

5a 

19 

2;7;13 

13 

Reintjes, J. W. 

Roper, C. E. 

20 

6t 

5 

19 
28 

Author 

Rosa, H. 

Rothschild, B. J. 

Schaefer, M. B. 

Sette, 0. E. 

Sharp, G. D. 

Shimada, B. M. 

Shomura, R. S. 

Stewart, G. L. 

Stuntz, W. E. 

Sund, P. N. 

Sverdrup, H. U. 

Taguchi, S. 

Tont, S. A. 

Uchida, R. N. 

Van der Pyl 

Volkov, A. F. 

Voss, G. L. 

Waldron, K. D. 

Warner, R. R. 

Williams, F. 

Wisner, R. L. 

Wooster, W. S. 

Wyrtki, K. 

Yang, R. E. 

Yuen, H.S.H. 

Zeitschel , B. 

Index # 

4n 

4r 

2~; 7J

4s 

2q; 4s 

7J 

3e; 4q 

7a 

le 

4t, 4v 

8f 

7f -g 

7n 

6a 

6d 

5CY 59 

6~-w 

2r-s; 4w 

3d 

4f, 4v, 4x-y 

6x 

89 

8h 

6t 

2t; 4i 

7d 

Page # 

11 

12 

6;22 

12 

6;12 

22 

8; 11 

20 

2 

12 

25 

21 

23 

15 

16 

14; 15 

19 

6;13 

8 

9; 12; 13 

20 

25 

25 

19 

7;lO 

21 
RECENT TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS 

Copies of this and other NOAA Technical Memorandums are available from the National Technical 

Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22167. Paper copies vary in price. 

Microfiche copies cost $3.50. Recent issues of NOAA Technical Memorandums from the NMFS 

Southwest Fisheries Center are listed below: 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC- 11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

Observations of albacore (Thunnusalalunga) fishing off California in 

relation to sea surface temperature isotherms as measured by an airborne infrared radiometer. 

J. L. SQUIRE, JR. 

(May, 1981) 

Stock assessment activities within the National Marine Fisheries Service. 

(June, 1981) 

Planning double-tagging experiments. 

J. A. WETHERALL and M. Y. Y. YONG 

(May, 1981 ) 

Histological gonad analyses of late summer-early winter collections of 

bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, 

from the Northwest Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. 

S. R. GOLDBERG and H. HERRING-DYAL 

(June, 1981) 

Status reports on world tuna and billfish stocks. 

STAFF, SWFC 

(July, 1981 

An evaluation of tagging, marking, and tattooing techniques for 

M. J. WHITE, JR., J. G. JENNINGS, W. F. GANDY and L. H. 

COR NE LL 

(November 1981 1 

Local stability in maximum net productivity levels for a simple model 

T. POLACHECK 

(April 1981) 

Environmental data contouring program EDMAP2. 

L. EBER 

(April 1982) 

The relationship between changes in gross reproductive rate and the 

current rate of increase for some simple age structured models. 

T. POLACHECK 

(May 1982) 

Testing methods of estimating range and bearing to cetaceans 

T. D. SMITH 

(1 982) 

small delphinids. 

of porpoise population sizes. 

aboard the R/V D. S. Jordan.