NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS CS 15 

VDATUM FOR CHESAPEAKE BAY, 

DELAWARE BAY, AND ADJACENT 

COASTAL WATER AREAS: TIDAL DATUMS 

AND SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 

Silver Spring, Maryland 

November 2008 

noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Ocean Service 

Coast Survey Development Laboratory 
 ii

Office of Coast Survey 

National Ocean Service 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

U.S. Department of Commerce

The Office of Coast Survey (OCS) is the Nation’s only official chartmaker. As the 

oldest United States scientific organization, dating from 1807, this office has a 

long history. Today it promotes safe navigation by managing the National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) nautical chart and 

oceanographic data collection and information programs. 

There are four components of OCS: 

The Coast Survey Development Laboratory develops new and efficient 

techniques to accomplish Coast Survey missions and to produce new and 

improved products and services for the maritime community and other 

coastal users. 

The Marine Chart Division acquires marine navigational data to construct 

and maintain nautical charts, Coast Pilots, and related marine products for 

the United States. 

The Hydrographic Surveys Division directs programs for ship and shorebased hydrographic survey units and conducts general hydrographic 

survey operations. 

The Navigational Services Division is the focal point for Coast Survey 

customer service activities, concentrating predominately on charting 

issues, fast-response hydrographic surveys, and Coast Pilot updates. 
 iii

NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS CS 15 

VDATUM FOR CHESAPEAKE BAY, DELAWARE BAY, 

AND ADJACENT COASTAL WATER AREAS: TIDAL 

DATUMS AND SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 

Zhizhang Yang, Edward P. Myers, and Adeline M. Wong 

Office of Coast Survey, Coast Survey Development Laboratory, Silver 

Spring, MD 

Stephen A. White 

National Geodetic Survey, Remote Services Division, Silver Spring, MD 

November 2008

noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

U. S. DEPARTMENT National Oceanic and National Ocean Service 

OF COMMERCE Atmospheric Administration John H. Dunnigan 

Carlos Gutierrez, Secretary William J. Brennan, Ph.D. Assistant Administrator 

 Acting Administrator 

Office of Coast Survey Coast Survey Development Laboratory 

Captain Steven R. Barnum, NOAA Mary Erickson 
 iv

NOTICE 

Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an 

endorsement by NOAA. Use for publicity or advertising purposes of 

information from this publication concerning proprietary products or 

the tests of such products is not authorized.
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii 

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii 

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ix 

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 

2. COASTLINE, BATHYMETRY, AND WATER LEVEL DATA ..............................................3 

2.1. Digital Coastline ...........................................................................................................3 

 2.2. Bathymetric Data ..........................................................................................................3 

2.3. Tidal Datum Data ..........................................................................................................6 

3. TIDAL DATUM SIMILATION ..................................................................................................7 

3.1. Hydrodynamic Model ...................................................................................................7 

 3.2. Model Grid ....................................................................................................................7 

3.3. Bathymetry on Model Grid .........................................................................................11 

3.4. Model Parameters Setup .............................................................................................13 

3.5. Tidal Datum Computation and Results .......................................................................15 

3.6. Verifications and Error Corrections ............................................................................18 

4. CREATION AND POPULATION OF THE MARINE GRID .................................................31 

4.1. Creation of VDatum Marine Grid ...............................................................................31 

 4.2. Population of VDatum Grid with Tidal Datums .........................................................33 

5. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SEA SURFACE ..............................................................................35 

5.1. Derivation of TSS .......................................................................................................36 

 5.2. Quality Control ...........................................................................................................42 

6. SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................43 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................44

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................44 

APPENDIX A. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ACCURACY STANDARDS FOR 

NOAA BATHYMETRY SURVEY ..................................................................................47 

APPENDIX B. NAMES AND SPEEDS OF 37 TIDAL CONSTITUENTS FOR 

HARMONIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................49 

APPENDIX C. WATER LEVEL STATION DATA ....................................................................51 

APPENDIX D. CORRECTED TIDAL DATUMS ON MARINE GRID .....................................63 

APPENDIX E. NAVD 88-TO-MSL VALUES AT NGS BENCHMARKS .................................93 

APPENDIX F. LOCATION AND ELEVATION INFORMATION OF CO-OPS TIDAL 

STATIONS ........................................................................................................................97 
 vi

APPENDIX G. QA/QC Deltas at Stations for TSS Grids .............................................................99 

APPENDIX H. COMPARISONS OF DERIVED TSS WITH OBSERVATIONS FOR 

FIVE VDATUM GRIDS .................................................................................................103 

 
vii

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1. Map of the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and adjacent coastal water areas. 

Black lines illustrate MHW coastal lines. Green line marks locations at a distance of 

25-nautical miles offshore.. .....................................................................................................2 

Figure 2. Dates and locations of NOS sounding surveys .................................................................4 

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of the ENC bathymetric data .............................................................5 

Figure 4. Finite element grid for the entire model domain. Red line represents the model 

open ocean boundary ..............................................................................................................8 

Figure 5. Close-up view of the hydrodynamic model grid, (a) Chesapeake Bay as well as 

empbyments along DE, MD, and VA coasts and (b) Delaware Bay as well as 

embayments along NJ coast ....................................................................................................9

Figure 6. Model grid bathymetry relative to MSL, (a) bathymetries between [0, 100] m; 

those beyond 100 m are scaled the same as the 100-m bathymetry; (b) bathymetries 

between [100, 3000] m; those less than 100 m are scaled the same as the 100-m 

bathymetry ............................................................................................................................12 

Figure 7. Spatially variable bottom friction coefficients employed in model simulations. ...........14 

Figure 8. Model derived tidal datum fields, (a) MHHW, b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) 

MLLW ..................................................................................................................................16 

Figure 9. Comparisons of the modeled (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW 

datums against observations .................................................................................................19

Figure 10. Color-coded model-data differences at each observational station, (a) 

Chesapeake Bay and (b) Delaware Bay ................................................................................20 

Figure 11. Map of Chesapeake Bay/Delaware Bay model domain (black line) and 

bounding polygons of the North Carolina (blue line) and Long Island Sound (red 

line) VDatum areas. Black circles (transect AA’) and red triangles (Transect BB’) 

represent CB-DB model grid nodes adjacent to the LIS-NY and NC VDatum areas. 

Green line delineates 25-nm offshore locations ....................................................................23 

Figure 12. Comparisons of tidal datums across the CB-DB and LIS-NYB boundary, (a) 

MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW at locations (black circles in Figure 

11). The abscissa, Location Index, is counted from A to A’ (Figure 11) .............................24 
viii

Figure 13. Comparisons of tidal datums across the CB-DB and NC boundary, (a) 

MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW at locations (red triangles in Figure 

11). The abscissa, Location Index, is counted from B to B’.. ...............................................25 

Figure 14. Corrected tidal datum fields on the unstructured grid, (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, 

(c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in the unit of meters ............27 

Figure 15. Bounding polygons for creating five marine grids: (1) Chesapeake Bay 

(yellow), (2) DE-MD-VA embayments (green), (3) Delaware Bay (red), (4) New 

Jersey embayments (blue), and CB-DB shelf (cyan) ............................................................32 

Figure 16. Location of tidal benchmarks and tidal stations used to compute the 

Chesapeake Bay to Barnegat Bay, NJ VDatum TSS grids ...................................................35 

Figure 17. The TSS fields for (a) Delaware Bay, (b) New Jersey coast, (c) Chesapeake 

Bay, (d) DE-MD-VA coast, and (e) the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf .......................................37 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1. The root mean square differences of MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW across 

boundaries of different VDatum regimes. ............................................................................22 

Table 2. Marine grids parameters ..................................................................................................32 
ix

ABSTRACT 

An application of the vertical datum transformation software tool, VDatum, is developed 

for Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and adjacent coastal waters. Conversions between 

various tidal datums fields and mean sea level as well as between mean sea level and 

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) were developed for this VDatum 

application and are presented here. 

 

The tidal datums fields were derived from hydrodynamic simulations using the twodimensional, barotropic hydrodynamic model, ADCIRC. A triangular finite-element grid 

consisting of 318,860 nodes and 558,718 cells was created. The model was forced with 

nine tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, P1, O1, Q1, and M4) for a 60 day simulation. 

Water level harmonic analysis was conducted for 37 tidal constituents. Time series over 

the entire Nation Tidal Datum Epoch (1983-2001) were reconstructed from the harmonic 

constants. Various tidal datum fields, including mean lower low water (MLLW), mean 

low water (MLW), mean high water (MHW), and mean higher high water (MHHW), 

were derived from these reconstructed time series. Model results were validated by 

comparing with observations from 298 water level stations maintained by the NOAA’s 

Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS). Discrepancies 

between model results and datums derived from observations were attributed to model 

errors and interpolated over the whole model domain using the tidal constituent and 

residual interpolation (TCARI) software to obtain a domain wide error field for each of 

the tidal datums. The error fields were applied to the direct model results to achieve errorcorrected tidal datums on the unstructured grid. Finally, tidal datum fields were 

interpolated onto a regular VDatum marine grid. 

The Topography of Sea Surface (TSS), defined as the elevation of NAVD 88 relative to 

mean sea level (MSL), was developed based on data from the National Tidal Datum 

Epoch (1983-2001). The NAVD88-to-MSL values were derived either by fitting tidal 

model results to tidal benchmarks leveled in NAVD 88 or by calculating orthometric-totidal datum relationships at NOAA tidal gauges. Results from both methodologies were 

combined to create the final TSS grids by spatial interpolation. 

Key Words: tides, tidal datums, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, ADCIRC, mean sea 

level, bathymetry, coastline, spatial interpolation, marine grid, North American Vertical 

Datum of 1998 
x
1

1. INTRODUCTION 

NOAA’s National Ocean Service (NOS) is developing a software tool called VDatum to 

transform elevation data among approximately 30 vertical datums (Milbert, 2002; Parker, 

2003; Myers et al., 2005; Spargo, et al., 2006). Once VDatum has been established for a 

region, data can be incorporated into integrated bathymetric-topographic digital elevation 

models for use in coastal GIS applications (Parker et al., 2003). VDatum allows 

bathymetric and topographic data referenced to different vertical datums to be integrated 

through its inherent orthometric, ellipsoidal, and tidal relationships. 

To be applicable over coastal waters, VDatum requires spatially-varying fields of the 

tidal datums and the Topography of Sea Surface (TSS). The former concerns tidallyinfluenced datums such as MHHW, MHW, MLW, MLLW, MTL, and DTL as well as 

MSL. The TSS field refers to the elevation of the North American Vertical Datum of 

1988 (NAVD88) relative to MSL. 

The VDatum tool software is currently available for Tampa Bay (Hess, 2001), New York 

Bight (Hess, 2001), Delaware Bay (Hess et al., 2003), central California (Myers and 

Hess, 2006), central/northern North Carolina (Hess et al., 2005), Lake Calcasieu and 

Charles River (Spargo and Woolard, 2005), Port Fourchon, Puget Sound (Hess and Gill, 

2003; Hess and White, 2004), and the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Spargo et al., 2006). These 

VDatum regions cover about 18% of the coastal regions of the contiguous United States, 

and it is anticipated that full national coverage can be attained within a five year period. 

As a continuing effort in support of VDatum development, this report describes the 

development of VDatum for an area encompassing Chesapeake Bay (CB), Delaware Bay 

(DB), and adjacent coastal waters. Figure 1 displays a map of the area. In the figure, the 

black lines represent MHW coastline and the green line denotes the 25-nm offshore limit. 

Water areas between the coastline and the 25-nm limit represent the VDatum domain for 

tidal datum and TSS development. 

Creation of VDatum begins with tidal simulations using an unstructured two-dimensional 

hydrodynamic model. Harmonic constants for 37 tidal constituents were analyzed from a 

40-day water level time series at each node in the model grid. After obtaining tidal 

harmonic constants, water level time series over the full National Tidal Datum Epoch 

(1983-2001) were complied from the harmonic constants and used to compute tidal 

datums. The tidal datums are verified through comparisons with observational data, and 

error corrections were made. Regularly structured VDatum marine grids were then 

created and populated with corrected tidal datums. Finally, for the same marine grids, the 

topography of the sea surface was derived by fitting tidal model results to tidal 

benchmarks leveled in NAVD 88 and calculating orthometric-to-tidal datum relationships 

at NOAA tidal gauges. 

This technical report is organized as follows: after an introduction in Section 1, Section 2 

discusses input data needed for driving the hydrodynamic model run and verifying its 

results, which include the digital coastline, bathymetry, and observational tidal datum 
2

data. Section 3 details tidal datum simulation procedures, including an introduction of the 

tidal hydrodynamic model, its setup, result validation, and error corrections. Section 4 

discusses creation of the structured VDatum marine grid required for the VDatum 

software tool and its population with error-corrected model datums. In Section 5, creation 

of TSS for the area is described. Finally, a summary is given in Section 6. 

Figure 1. Map of the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and adjacent coastal water areas. 

Black lines illustrate the MHW coastline. Green line marks locations at a distance of 25-

nautical miles offshore. 

Potomac

River

Rappahannock

River

York 

River

James 

River

Patuxent

River

C&D 

Canal

Chesapeake Bay

Delaware Bay 

Delaware

River

Choptank

River

Chester

River

Nanticoke

River

Wicomico

River

Pocomock

River

Chincoteague 

Bay 

Little Egg Inlet
3

2. COASTLINE, BATHYMETRIC, AND WATER LEVEL DATA 

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of tidal datums is necessary for developing VDatum 

applications (Milbert and Hess, 2001). NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic 

Products and Services (CO-OPS) computes tidal datums using water level time histories 

available from their National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) and other 

historical stations. To compute the spatially-varying fields of tidal datums between these 

stations, tidal models can be used to simulate water level time histories from which 

modeled tidal datums may be computed. Hydrodynamic models are capable of resolving 

the spatial variability of tidal datum fields with flexible resolutions (Myers, 2001; Spargo 

and Woolard, 2005). 

To setup the tide simulations, coastline data are required for delineating land-water 

boundaries. In addition, bathymetric data are needed to provide the model grid 

bathymetry. Tidal datums computed by CO-OPS from observations are also required to 

verify the model results and provide corrections in producing final tidal datum fields. 

2.1. Digital Coastline 

The MHW shoreline is used to delineate the land-water boundary in VDatum applications 

(Parker, 2002). It is also used as a boundary in the construction of grids for tidal 

modeling and for interpolating the computed tidal datums onto the structured marine grid 

used by the VDatum software. The shoreline data used for the Chesapeake and Delaware 

(C&D) Bays were primarily based on the digital Extracted Vector Shoreline (EVS) 

datasets from NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey (OCS). However, when compared with 

MHW shorelines on raster nautical charts (RNCs), the EVS data shows errors in certain 

nearshore marshland areas. These errors were manually corrected to agree with the RNCs 

using the Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) software. In SMS, the two shorelines 

were visually contrasted. Figure 1 shows the final corrected MHW shoreline for the C&D 

Bays project. 

2.2. Bathymetric Data 

Bathymetric data used in this study were from two sources: NOS soundings and the 

NOAA Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) bathymetry. The former were from the 

NOS/OCS hydrographic database maintained at the National Geophysical Data Center 

(NGDC) and the latter were extracted from NOAA ENCs. The NOS sounding data 

include surveys conducted between approximately 1930 and 2000. The datums were 

referenced to either MLW or MLLW, depending on the years of data collections. Figure 

2 shows the survey years and locations. Figure 3 displays the spatial distribution of the 

ENC data points. It was known that the ENC data were referenced to both MLW and 

MLLW. However, available documents do not ensure any feasible way to distinguish the 

two for individual data points. Therefore, the whole ENC data set was treated as being 

solely referenced to MLLW. The horizontal and vertical accuracy standards for NOAA 

surveys are listed in Table A.1 of Appendix A. 
4

Figure 2. Dates and locations of NOS sounding surveys. 

2000 - 

1990 - 1999

1980 - 1989

1987

1970 - 1979

1960 - 1969

1950 - 1959

1940 - 1949

1930 - 1939

1920 - 1929

1850 - 1920
5

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of the ENC bathymetric data. 
6

The NOS soundings possess a higher spatial distribution density than the ENC data. In 

some areas, the two are both available. However, neither of them provides complete 

coverage for the whole study area. Hence, they were blended for a better regional 

coverage. It is noted that even the merged data set left certain nearshore areas uncovered. 

NOAA nautical chart bathymetry was then manually digitized to compensate for the 

missing coverage. Since both the ENC and manually digitized bathymetry data were 

derived from nautical chart data, they were merged to form one data set and hereafter 

referred to as the ENC bathymetry without differentiation. 

2.3. Tidal Datum Data 

Tidal datums derived from observations at CO-OPS water level stations were used to 

verify and correct model results. Many stations are located within either embayments or 

near obstructions not represented in the present model grid (Section 3.2). Observations at 

these stations were deemed to be unsuitable for validating model results and discarded. 

The observational data correspond to either the present tidal epoch (1983-2001) or the 

older one (1960-1979), with some historical observations that were lacking epoch 

information. It is noted that at some stations, datums are available for both the present 

epoch and previous ones. In this case, only those with the most recent epoch are used. 

This resulted in 298 stations finally used for model validations. Tables C.1 and C.2 in 

Appendix C list the station and tidal datum information. 

 
7

3. TIDAL DATUM SIMULATION 

3.1. Hydrodynamic Model 

The ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model (Westerink et al., 1993) was employed to 

simulate water level time histories and derive spatially-varying fields of the tidal 

constituents. The ADCIRC model is an unstructured hydrodynamic circulation model. It 

simulates tides by solving the shallow water equations and has been proved to be valid 

for modeling tides in various oceanic environments from open oceans to coastal and 

estuarine waters (Luettich et al., 1999; Mukai et al., 2002; Myers et al., 2005). The 

ADCIRC model provides a variety of options for users to specify various parameters 

relevant to tidal dynamics and execution modes. For instance, simulations can be 

performed in either 2- or 3-dimensonal modes, serial or parallel execution dependent on 

machine infrastructures, linear or quadratic bottom friction formulations with constant or 

variable friction coefficients, etc. More details on the model setup including the grid 

generation, bathymetry specification, and parameter selections are addressed in following 

sections. 

3.2. Model Grid 

The model domain encompasses Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay and adjacent coastal 

waters. Embayments along the New Jersey (NJ), Delaware (DE), Maryland (MD), and 

Virginia (VA) coasts (Figure 4) are also included in the model domain. The model grid 

was set up to extend from the coastline to an area slightly beyond the continental shelf 

break. A high-resolution, unstructured grid with 318,860 nodes and 558,718 triangular 

elements was created to represent this domain. The nodal spacing in the grid ranges from 

around 13 m to 19 km. In general, finer grid spacing is used in nearshore areas compared 

to those in deep waters, so as to accurately resolve fine coastline features and reflect 

bathymetric variability. Figures 5(a) and (b) show close-up views of the grid at 

Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay, respectively. The grid resolves various rivers and 

small tributaries, as well as embayments and inlets along the NJ, DE, MD, and VA 

coasts. 
8

Figure 4. Finite element grid for the entire model domain. Red line denotes the model 

open ocean boundary. 
9

Figure 5. Close-up view of the hydrodynamic model grid, (a) Chesapeake Bay as 

well as embayments along the DE, MD, and VA coasts and (b) Delaware Bay as well 

as embayments along NJ coast. 

(a) 
10

Figure 5. (Continued) 

(b) 
11

3.3. Bathymetry on Model Grid 

The bathymetry datasets described in Section 2.2 were used to specify the model grid 

bathymetry. Note that NOS soundings and ENC data were of different spatial resolution 

and coverage. As for the soundings alone, bathymetry may be referenced to either MLW 

or MLLW. Hence, they were categorized into two groups and applied to the grid 

separately. In short, the bathymetry data were classified into three groups: (1) MLLW 

NOS soundings (2) MLW NOS soundings, and (3) MLLW ENC data. The three groups 

were interpolated onto the model grid separately, resulting in three meshes respectively 

corresponding to the three bathymetric datasets. 

The algorithm used for interpolating bathymetry onto the three meshes was the same. 

Bathymetry at each model node represents an average of data points within the node’s 

surrounding elements. Since element size changes throughout the model domain, the 

searching range for bathymetric data points vary from node to node. As the element size 

is smaller in coastal waters, bathymetry for nodes near the coastline were from more 

locally distributed data points compared to those in deep waters. 

As none of the three data sets provided complete coverage of the model domain, each of 

the three meshes left numerous unpopulated nodes. Hence, the three meshes were 

combined to obtain a more complete coverage. At nodes where bathymetric data were 

available in more than one mesh, an arithmetic average was taken; otherwise, the value 

from the solely available mesh was taken. After merging the three meshes, there still 

remained some nodes without valid bathymetry. These nodes were populated by 

averaging bathymetry from adjacent nodes. 

It is worthwhile to note that the bathymetry of the three meshes had two different 

reference datums: MLW and MLLW. Setup of the tidal model requires the grid 

bathymetry to be referenced to the model zero (MZ) reference. It is therefore necessary to 

adjust the reference datum from MLLW/MLW to MZ prior to any data blending. 

However, the (MZ – MLLW/MLW) values are unknown prior to the model runs. The 

adjustment was accomplished by iteratively updating the MLLW = (MZ-MLLW) and 

MLW= (MZ-MLW) fields based on model results from a series of simulations: initial 

constant values of MLLW = 0.5 m and MLW = 0.4 m were assumed for the whole grid. 

Following each model run, new sets of tidal datum fields were derived and were used to 

update the MLLW and MLW fields. Multiple runs were conducted until invariant MLLW

and MLW values were achieved. In the present study, five iterations were made to meet a 

convergence criteria of both |MLLW| and |MLW| less than 10-3 m. Figure 4 shows the 

bathymetry used in the final model run. 

Figure 6(a) and (b) show bathymetry used in conducting the final model run. Considering 

the wide range of bathymetry distribution, each figure displays a portion of its total 

dynamic range for clarity of display, with figure 6(a) for [0, 100] m and figure 6(b) for 

[100, 3000] m. 
12

Figure 6. Model grid bathymetry relative to MSL, (a) bathymetries between [0, 100] m; 

those beyond 100 m are shown in the same scale as the 100-m bathymetry; (b) 

bathymetries between [100, 3000] m; those less than 100 m are shown in the same scale 

as the 100-m bathymetry. The colorbar is labelled in meters. 

(a) 
13

Figure 6. (Continued) 

3.4. Model Parameters Setup 

In the present study, model parameters in ADCIRC were set up to solve the shallow 

water equations in two-dimensional depth-integrated (2DDI) mode with finite amplitude 

and convection terms. Lateral viscosity was set as a constant, 5.0 m s-2, throughout the 

model domain. A quadratic friction scheme with spatially-varying coefficients (Cf) was 

specified to calculate bottom friction. Multiple runs were conducted to test various Cf

values in an attempt to minimize model-data discrepancies in the tidal datums. Figure 7 

shows the calibrated Cf values used for the final tidal simulations. 

(b) 
14

Figure 7. Spatially variable bottom friction coefficients used for the model simulations. 

The nine most significant astronomical tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, P1, O1, Q1, 

and M4) in the area were input as tidal forcings along the model’s open boundary. 

Corresponding harmonic constants were interpolated based on a tidal database derived 

from the Western North Atlantic Ocean tidal model (WNATM) (Myers, unpublished 

manuscript). A time step equal to 2.0 seconds was used to ensure computational stability. 

The simulation was integrated over 60 days. First, the model was ramped up for 10 days 

with a hyperbolic tangent function. Simulations continued for another 10 days to allow 

the tidal fields to reach an equilibrium state. Afterwards, 30-minute interval water level 

time series were recorded for 40 days to facilitate harmonic analysis of 37 tidal 

constituents (see Appendix B for a list of the names and speeds of the 37 constituents). 

The parallel version of the ADCIRC model was adopted and the model run was 

conducted on 128-processors on the JET computing system at NOAA’s Earth System 

Research Laboratory. It took approximately fifteen hours to complete the 60-day 

simulation. 
15

3.5. Tidal Datum Computation and Results

Model derived harmonic constants were used to reconstruct longer water level time series 

from which tidal datums could be computed. For each model grid node, water level time 

series were reconstructed at six-minute intervals for the whole 1983-2001 national tidal 

datum epoch using the following relation: 



    

37

1

( ) cos( [ ] )

i

i i i o i i ς t f A t V u κ , 

where  represent the instantaneous water level relative to MSL, t is the time, i denotes 

one of the 37 constituents, fi is the nodal factor, Ai is the constituent amplitude, i is the 

constituent speed, [Vo+u]i represents the equilibrium argument at time zero, and i is the 

Greenwich epoch. In the computations, fi and [Vo+u]i were updated every six minutes. 

The 19-year long time series were analyzed to derive tidal datum fields for MSL, 

MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW. The latter four were then adjusted to be referenced 

to the MSL field. It is noted that since the reconstructed time series cover a complete 19-

year epoch, the derived MSL field actually resulted as a constant zero. 

Note that the MTL is defined as the algebraic average of MHW and MLW, and DTL is 

the algebraic average of MHHW and MLLW. The two fields were not computed until 

error-corrected MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW fields were obtained (Section 4.2). 

Figures 8(a-d) display the model derived tidal datum fields for MHHW, MHW, MLW, 

and MLLW, respectively. The four fields exhibit a similar spatial pattern. Magnitudes of 

the tidal datums are amplified as the tides approach the shoreline; they start from about 

0.5 m along the shelf break and reach up to about 0.8 m near the entrances to either 

Delaware Bay or Chesapeake Bay. In Delaware Bay, tides are enhanced further toward 

the upper reaches of Delaware River. MHHW reaches a maximum of approximately 1.6 

m and the magnitudes of the other three datums end up with an absolute maximum of 

around 1.4 m. In contrast to the tidal amplification in Delaware Bay, tides in Chesapeake 

Bay are damped as they propagate northward toward the upper Bay. The tidal datum 

magnitudes dropped from around 0.6 m at the Bay entrance to about 0.4 m near the upper 

Bay. 
16

Figure 8. Model derived tidal datum fields, (a) MHHW, b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) 

MLLW. Units are meters. 

(a) 

(b) 
17

Figure 8. (Continued) 

(c) 

(d) 
18

3.6. Verifications and Error Corrections 

3.6.1. Comparisons with Observations 

To verify the model results, simulated tidal datums were compared with those from 298 

CO-OPS tidal gauge observations (Appendix C). Figures 9(a-d) display model-data 

comparisons for MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW, respectively. In general, there is 

good model-data agreement. Over the 298 stations, magnitudes of the model-data 

differences are averaged to be 4.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 2.9 cm, and 5.2 cm for MHHW, MHW, 

MLW, and MLLW, respectively. The model-data correlation coefficients demonstrate a 

constant 0.99 for all four tidal datums. 

For each individual station, averaged magnitudes (|Avg|) of model-data differences over 

the four datums were examined. Figures 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate |Avg|’s scaled in colorcoded symbols. Figure 10(a) shows those in Chesapeake Bay and adjacent coastal waters 

and Figure 10(b) displays those in Delaware Bay as well as adjacent embayments and 

coastal waters. The largest discrepancy occurs at six stations in the upper reaches of 

Delaware River. Errors increase in magnitude from south to north here, with 

corresponding |Avg|’s equal to 11.5 cm, 13.8 cm, 14.3 cm, 14.7 cm, 16.96 cm, and 17.3 

cm. These errors appear to be associated with the stronger river influences upstream. The 

Delaware River discharges demonstrate strong seasonal variability in both volume and 

water temperature. These influences in turn introduce significant seasonal and 

semiannual constituents into the total tidal spectrum. Tidal datums could therefore be 

modulated enormously. Note that in the present tidal simulations, the long term 

seasonal/semi-annual constituents are not included in the tidal boundary forcings. The 

apparent model-data discrepancy is therefore attributed to the river discharge effects. This 

reflects the limitation of the present tidal simulation. 
19

Figure 9. Comparisons of the modeled (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW 

datums against observations. 

(a) 

(c) 

(b) 

(d) 
20

Figure 10. Color-coded model-data differences at each observational station, (a) 

Chesapeake Bay and (b) Delaware Bay. Units are meters. 

(a) 
21

Figure 10. (Continued) 

(b) 
22

3.6.2. Match with Tidal Datums in Adjacent Areas 

Prior to the present VDatum project for the Chesapeake and Delaware (C&D) Bays area, 

tidal datums were previously developed for two adjacent areas: the Long Island Sound 

and New York Bight (LIS-NYB) to the north (Yang et. al, 2006) and the central/northern 

North Carolina (NC) region to the south (Hess et. al, 2005). 

Figure 11 illustrates the coverage of these three VDatum domains, including the CB-DB 

study area. In the figure, the black line delineates the CB-DB domain, while blue and red 

lines delineate the NC and LIS-NYB domains, respectively. They intersect at two 

boundaries along transects AA’ and BB’, respectively. The green line denotes 25-nm 

offshore locations. 

In an effort to develop a national VDatum utility, tidal datum fields should be matched 

seamlessly across the boundaries of regional applications. However, this is not 

necessarily achieved since the three tidal datum fields were developed separately. 

Therefore, it is worthwhile to examine discrepancies and explore ways to reach seamless 

matches if needed. 

In Figure 11, black circles and red triangles correspond to the CB-DB model grid nodes 

located near the model domain boundaries of the LIS-NYB (transect AA’) model domain 

and NC (transect BB’) VDatum domains, respectively. Four datums (MHHW, MHW, 

MLW, and MLLW) from the LIS_NYB model and NC VDatum applications were 

separately interpolated onto these comparison locations. Figures 12 and 13 show the 

comparisons along transects AA’ and BB’, respectively. Table 1 tabulated root mean 

squares (rms) of the differences. In general, the MHHW and MLW differences at 

boundary BB’ are greater than at AA’; and vice versa for MHW and MLW. 

Table 1. The root mean square differences of MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW 

across boundaries of different VDatum regimes. 

Boundaries MHHW 

(cm) 

MHW 

(cm) 

MLW 

(cm) 

MLLW 

(cm) 

AA' 1.1 2.5 1.9 1.4 

BB' 3.1 2.1 0.6 3.1 

In general, the rms differences are greater than 1 cm, which suggest the necessity of 

adjustments to reach seamless matches between the present results and those developed 

previously. Procedures for the adjustment are described in the next section. 
23

Figure 11. Map of the CB-DB model domain (black line) and the outlines of the 

bounding polygons of the NC (blue line) and LIS-NYB (red line) VDatum areas. Black 

circles (transect AA’) and red triangles (Transect BB’) represent CB-DB model grid 

nodes close to the LIS-NY and NC VDatum domains, respectively. Green line delineates 

the 25-nm offshore limit. 

B 

A 

A’

B’ 
24

Figure 12. Comparisons of tidal datums along the CB-DB and LIS-NYB boundary, (a) 

MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW at locations (black circles in Figure 11). 

The abscissa, Location Index, is counted from A to A’ (Figure 11). 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 
25

Figure 13. Comparisons of tidal datums along the CB-DB and NC boundary, (a) MHHW, 

(b) MHW, (c) MLW, and (d) MLLW at locations (red triangles in Figure 11). The 

abscissa, Location Index, is counted from B to B’ (Figure 11). 

3.6.3. Corrections 

Tidal datum corrections are applied to the modeled tidal datums to eliminate model-data 

differences at observational stations (Section 3.6.1) as well as to diminish datum 

discrepancies across boundaries of different VDatum domains (Section 3.6.2). This was 

achieved via the MatLab version of the tidal constituent and residual interpolation 

(TCARI) technique (Hess, 2002; Hess 2003). TCARI spatially interpolates the error 

fields defined at a number of individual control stations onto the whole domain by 

solving Laplace’s equation. The technique was implemented for both structured and 

unstructured model grids at Coastal Servey Development Laboratory (CSDL), and a 

version of the latter was employed in this study. 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 
26

To apply TCARI in the region, both the observational stations and the domain boundary 

discrepancies are treated equally as control stations. For each tidal datum, both modeldata differences at the 298 tidal stations and across-boundary discrepancies at 38 

boundary locations (Section 3.6.2) were computed and merged into one dataset as input 

to TCARI. 

After running TCARI, error fields for MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW were derived, 

which matched the tidal datum differences at the 298 control stations as well as the tidal 

datums from adjoining VDatum applications. The initial model results (Section 3.5) were 

then corrected by subtracting the error fields over the entire model grid. Figures 14(a-f) 

display the corrected datum fields. 

Note that the other two tidal datum fields, the MTL and DTL, were produced in a 

different way. They were derived from the four corrected datums by taking the averages 

between MHW and MLW and between MHHW and MLLW, respectively. 
27

Figure 14. Corrected tidal datum fields on the unstructured grid, (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, 

(c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. 

(a) 

MHHW 

(b) 

MHW 
28

Figure 14. (Continued)

(c) 

MLW 

(d) 

MLLW 
29

Figure 14. (Continued) 

(e) 

MTL 

(f) 

DTL 
30
31

4. CREATION AND POPULATION OF THE MARINE GRID 

4.1. Creation of VDatum Marine Grid 

VDatum incorporates the corrected version of the modeled tidal datums through the use 

of a marine grid. This is a regularly spaced set of data points onto which the corrected 

model results are interpolated (Hess and White, 2004). Using the high resolution 

shoreline data, each marine grid point is evaluated as to whether it falls inside (water) or 

outside (land) this shoreline. A small buffer is also taken into account, such that marine 

grid points that fall just slightly on the land (within 0.1 nautical miles) may still be 

assigned a tidal datum value. There may also be areas for which the hydrodynamic model 

grid does not fully extend through the entire water domain as defined by the shoreline 

data, and interpolation techniques are used to extend the tidal datums in these regions. 

The final marine grid of tidal datum fields is provided as input to the VDatum software. 

A user-supplied longitude/latitude pair to VDatum will thus interpolate from the marine 

grid the desired tidal datum. 

The C&D Bays region includes many embayments along the New Jersey, Delaware, 

Maryland, and Virginia coasts. These embayments are separated from nearby shelf 

waters by a series of narrow barrier islands. Thus, the tidal regimes on either side of these 

islands will be very different. If the width of the barrier islands is less than the marine 

grid resolution, VDatum may erroneously calculate some user-input locations by 

averaging datums from both regimes. To avoid this, the two regimes need to be 

represented by different marine grids. 

Hence, the whole study region was divided into five sections each with their own marine 

grid: Chesapeake Bay, DE-MD-VA embayments, Delaware Bay, New Jersey 

embayments, and mid-Atlantic Bight shelf (Figure 15). The five sections are delineated 

with bounding polygons, and the marine grid parameters are listed in Table 2. VDatum 

points within the bounding polygons and over water or within up to one half of a cell size 

landward of the coastline are designated as water points, while the others are marked as 

land points. The water points were populated by the error-corrected tidal datums and 

MSL-to-NAVD88 (Section 5) conversions. For a given point at the i-th row and j-th 

column relative to the point of origin (longitude0, latitude0) of a given section’s southwest 

corner, its location (longitude_i, latitude_j) is defined as, 

Longitude_i = longitude0 + (i-1)×del_lon, i=1, ..., N_lon, 

Latitude_j = latitude0 + (j-1) ×del_lat, j=1, ..., N_lat, 

where del_lon, and del_lat denote separation between neighboring points along the 

meridional and zonal directions, respectively; N_lon and N_lat represent, respectively, 

the longitude and latitude dimensions of the raster data set. It is noted that the del_lon and 

del_lat are prescribed parameters representing the expected grid resolutions, while N_lon

and N_lat are derived parameters according to 

N_lon = 1 + (longitude1 - longitude0)/del_lon 
32

N_lat = 1 + (latitude1 - latitude0)/del_lat 

where (longitude1, latitude1) are the coordinate at the raster region’s northeast corner. 

Table 2 lists parameters defining the five marine grids. 

 

 

Figure 15. Bounding polygons of the five VDatum regions: (1) Chesapeake Bay (yellow), 

(2) DE-MD-VA embayments (green), (3) Delaware Bay (red), (4) New Jersey 

embayments (blue), and the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf (cyan). 

 Table 2. Marine grid parameters 

 

Marine Grids Longitude0 

(degrees) 

Latitude0 

(degrees) 

del_lon 

(degrees) 

del_lat 

(degrees) N_lon N_lat 

Chesapeake 

Bay -77.48 35.95 0.002 0.002 951 1851 

DE-MD-VA 

embayments -75.96 37.11 0.002 0.002 466 801 

Delaware 

Bay -75.78 38.5 0.002 0.002 631 876 

New Jersey 

embayments -74.93 38.92 0.002 0.002 446 576 

Mid-Atlantic 

Bight shelf -75.73 35.93 0.004 0.004 746 1034 

Mid-Atlantic 

Bight Shelf 

Delaware 

Bay 

Chesapeake 

Bay

New Jersey 

embayments 

DE-MD-VA 

embayments 
33

4.2. Population of VDatum Grid with Tidal Datums 

Tidal datums on the VDatum marine grid were populated by interpolating TCARIcorrected tidal datums (Section 3.6) according to the algorithm of Hess and White (2004). 

Datums at each VDatum marine grid point were computed by averaging or linearly 

interpolating corrected values from the model grid within a user-specified searching 

radius or the closest user-specified number of points. In the present case, the interpolation 

was accomplished using a FORTRAN program vpop10.f. It populates marine grid points 

differently depending on whether the point is inside/outside of the ADCIRC grid 

elements. If the point is inside an element, datums were calculated using an interpolation 

of the 3 nodes of the element; if the point is outside any elements, datums were computed 

using the inverse distance weighting of the closest two node values. Figures D.1-D.5 in 

Appendix D display the populated tidal datums (MHHW, MHW, MLW, MLLW, MTL, 

DTL) defined on the five marine grids (Section 4.1): Chesapeake Bay, DE-MD-VA 

embayments, Delaware Bay, New Jersey embayments, and CB-DB shelf grids. 

Two types of verifications were conducted for the tidal datums populated on the marine 

grids: comparing with observations from the 320 CO-OPS tidal stations and examining 

matches across its boundaries with the LIS-NY and NC VDatum regimes. For each of the 

four datums (MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW), the average model-data error is less 

than 0.1 mm and the rms error is less than 0.38 mm. 

Datum fields across the boundaries of different VDatum regimes also demonstrate good 

consistency. For each of MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW, average difference and rms 

difference across the CB-DB and LIS-NY boundary are less than 0.1 mm and 0.1 mm, 

respectively; the corresponding values across the CB-DB and NC boundary are less than 

0.1 mm and 0.14 mm, respectively. 
34
35

5. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SEA SURFACE 

The TSS is defined as the elevation of NAVD 88 relative to MSL. It is created by 

combining observed datums at NGS benchmarks and CO-OPS water level stations with 

model results. Figure 16 illustrates the station locations used in this application (see 

details of the station information at Table F.1 of Appendix F). To create the TSS over the 

VDatum domain, the TSS values at the observation stations were first derived. They are 

then interpolated over the whole domain. Afterwards, a quality control procedure was 

followed and appropriate changes were made to meet certain criteria. 

Figure 16. Location of tidal benchmarks and tide stations used to compute the 

Chesapeake Bay to Barnegat Bay, NJ VDatum TSS fields. 
36

5.1. Derivation of TSS 

Two methodologies were used to compute the TSS at the observational stations: an 

indirect method for the NGS data (see Appendix E) and a direct method for the CO-OPS 

data (see Appendix F). To derive TSS at the NGS stations, first, residuals (Rdatum) at 

every NGS Benchmark location are computed as: 

Rdatum = TBMnavd88 – TBMdatum – VDdatum

where TBMnavd88 and TBMdatum are the observed (NAVD88–MLLW) and (DatumMLLW) differences, respectively, and VDdatum denotes modeled (Datum–MSL) 

differences. The residual, Rdatum, represents an estimation of the (MSL-NAVD88) 

difference. 

There are four sets of Rdatum, corresponding to MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW. Each 

represents an independent estimation of the quantity MSL–NAVD88 associated with a 

tidal datum. Tables E.(1-5) list Rdatum’

s at stations located within the five VDatum 

bounding polygons (Figure 15), respectively. At each station, the four Rdatum’

s are then 

averaged to produce a mean residual (Rdatum ). Rdatum represents an overall estimation of 

MSL–NAVD88 and is used for further development of the TSS grid. 

The TSS values at CO-OPS stations were simply derived by calculating orthometric-totidal datum relationships. Table F.1 shows the station location inventories and 

observations of elevation information. 

Next, the Rdatum values are merged with TSS values from CO-OPS stations to form a data 

set for creating a TSS mesh using the gridding software, Surfer©. A grid covering the 

entire area of benchmarks and water level stations with a spatial resolution similar to that 

of the VDatum marine grid is created. Breaklines are inserted to represent the influence 

of land. The Surfer© software’s minimum curvature algorithm is employed to create a 

primary TSS field (TSSgrid) that honors the data as closely as possible. It is noted that the 

TSSgrid represents an estimation of the quantity MSL- NAVD88 and still requires further 

quality control and correction procedures (Section 5.2). Figures 16(a-e) show the final 

TSS fields for the five VDatum regions (Table 2). In the figures, a positive value 

specifies that the NAVD 88 reference value is further from the center of the Earth than 

the local mean sea level surface. 
37

Figure 17. The TSS fields for (a) Delaware Bay, (b) New Jersey coast, (c) Chesapeake 

Bay, (d) DE-MD-VA coast, and (e) the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf.

(a) 
38

 Figure 17. (Continued)
39

 

Figure 17. (Continued) 

(c) 
40

 Figure 17. (Continued)

(d) 
41

 Figure 17. (Continued)

(e) 
42

It should be noted that in the Delmarva, Delaware Bay, and Mid Atlantic Shelf VDatum 

areas, higher than normal standard deviations for NAVD 88 to MSL values were noticed 

during the indirect method calibration process. This led to further investigation into the 

reason for the high standard deviations. In the Ocean City, MD vicinity, several 

benchmark’s elevation information are tied to two CO-OPS tide stations. Tide station 

8570280 is located on the Atlantic Ocean side of the isle, whereas tide station 8570282 is 

located on the estuarine side. During the indirect calibration process, when calculating 

residuals for the estuarine side, benchmark elevation information related with the ocean 

side tide station will lead to higher than normal standard deviations. It is the opposite 

scenario when calculating residuals for the ocean side. Another area where a high 

standard deviation was noticed was tidal benchmark JU0176. This benchmark located in 

the Barnegat Inlet vicinity, is very close to a breakline. Therefore, high standard 

deviations arise from hydrodynamic model values being utilized in the calibration 

process from both the inside tidal regime and the estuarine tidal regime. Two additional 

NAVD88-to-MSL values were calculated by NGS at CO-OPS tide stations, 8534048 and 

8558690. The high residuals reported at these two tide stations can be attributed to the 

tide stations not being used during the hydrodynamic modeling of the tidal grids. 

5.2. Quality Control 

Quality control is necessary for obtaining a final TSS field. This is facilitated through 

examining the differences (R-TSS) between Rdatum and TSSgrid observational stations: 

R-TSS = -(Rdatum - TSSgrid) 

The R-TSS approximately represents the difference between the observed tidal datum and 

the datum as computed by the gridded fields. The mean R-TSS at each benchmark should 

be less than 0.01 m. If it is not, the input data and grids are checked, appropriate changes 

are made, and the values are recomputed until the criterion is met. This results in a final 

TSS field. Finally, a land mask is applied to denote the presence of land. 

A final quality control was conducted by evaluating mean R-TSS over four tidal datums 

(MHHW, MHW, MLW, and MLLW) at each benchmark station. Note that R-TSS

represents the difference between the observed and modeled tidal datums. The results 

give mean (R-TSS) values that are less than the criteria value of 0.01 m. Tables H.1-H.5 

of Appendix H tabulate average mean R-TSS values and the corresponding standard 

deviations over stations in each VDatum grid area. Both values are less than 510-3 m, 

thus indicating good model-data agreement. 
43

6. SUMMARY 

VDatum fields for an area encompassing Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and adjacent 

coastal waters were developed in this study. Creation of VDatum begins with creating 

tidal datums with numerical tidal simulations using the ADCIRC model. A triangular 

finite-element grid consisting of 318,860 nodes and 558,718 cells was created. The model 

was forced with nine tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, P1, O1, Q1, and M4). Tidal 

harmonic constants for 37 major tidal constituents were derived from the simulations. 

They are then used to construct 6-minute time series for the whole National Tidal Datum 

Epoch of 1983-2001. Various tidal datum fields, including mean lower low water 

(MLLW), mean low water (MLW), mean high water (MHW), and mean higher high 

water (MHHW), were computed based on these time series. 

A regular VDatum marine grid was created to conform with the VDatum software tool. 

Tidal datums defined on the unstructured grid were interpolated onto the regular grid to 

form the final datums as input to the VDatum tool. To compromise with the limitation of 

the TSS software in handling large-size arrays, the whole VDatum marine grid was 

divided into four sections. Tidal datum fields for each section were accordingly produced 

by extracting from those defined on the whole grid. 

The TSS fields were created separately for each of the four sections of the marine grid. 

They were derived using two methodologies: fitting tidal model results to tidal 

benchmarks leveled in NAVD88 or calculating orthometric-to-tidal datum relationships 

at NOAA tidal gauges. Results from two methods were coupled to create the final TSS 

grids and incorporated into the VDatum tool. 
44

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Digital coastline was provided by CSDL’s Seth Williams. The authors would like to 

acknowledge Dr. Kurt Hess for his supports on software developments for the present 

project and final quality control review of this report. 

REFERENCES 

Gill, S. K., and J. R. Schultz, 2001: Tidal Datums and Their Applications. Silver Spring, 

Maryland: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Silver Spring, MD. NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS 1, 111 pp 

+ appendix. 

Hess, K. W, 2001: Generation of Tidal Datum Fields for Tampa Bay and the New York 

Bight. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, NOAA Technical Report NOS CS 11, 43 pp. 

___, 2002: Spatial interpolation of tidal data in irregularly-shaped coastal regions by 

numerical solution of Laplace’s equation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(2), 

175-192. 

___, 2003: Water level simulation in bays by spatial interpolation of tidal constituents, 

residual water levels, and datums. Continental Shelf Research, 23(5), 395-414. 

___, D. G. Milbert, S.K. Gill, and D.R. Roman, 2003: Vertical Datum Transformations 

for Kinematic GPS Hydrographic Surveys. Proceedings, U.S. Hydrographic Conference, 

March 24 – 27, 2003. Biloxi, MS. 8 pp. 

 ___, and S. K. Gill, 2003: Puget Sound Tidal Datums by Spatial Interpolation. 

Proceedings, Fifth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and 

Processes. Am. Meteorological Soc., Seattle, August 6-8, 2003. Paper 6.1, 108 - 112. 

___, and S. A. White, 2004: VDatum for Puget Sound: Generation of the Grid and 

Population with Tidal Datums and Sea Surface Topography. U.S. Department of 

Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 

NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS CS 4, 27 pp. 

Hess, K.W., E. A. Spargo, A. Wong, S. A. White, and S. K. Gill, 2005 : “VDatum for 

Central Coastal North Carolina: Tidal Datums, Marine Grids, and Sea Surface 

Topography.” U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, NOAA Technical Report NOS CS 21, 46 pp. 

Leuttich, Jr., R. A., J. L. Hench, C. W. Fulcher, F. E. Werner, B. O. Blanton, and J. H. 

Churchill, 1999: Barotropic tidal and wind driven larval transport in the vicinity of a 

barrier island inlet. Fisheries Oceanography, 33 (April), 913 – 932. 
45

Milbert, D. G. and K. W. Hess, 2001: Combination of Topography and Bathymetry 

Through Application of Calibrated Vertical Datum Transformations in the Tampa Bay 

Region. Preceedings of the 2nd Biennial Coastal GeoTools Conferences, Charleston, 

SC. 

Milbert, D.G., 2002: Documentation for VDatum (and VDatum Tutorial); Vertical datum 

transformation software. Ver. 1.06 (nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/bathytopo/vdatum.htm). 

Mukai, A. Y., J. J. Westerink, R. A. Luettich Jr., and D. Mark, 2002, Eastcoast 2001: A 

tidal constituent database for the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

Sea, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics 

Laboratory, Technical Report, ERDC/CHL TR-02-24, September 2002, 201p. 

Myers, E.P., Wong, A., Hess, K., White. S., Spargo, E., Feyen, J., Yang, Z., Richardson, 

P., Auer, C., Sellars, J., Woolard, J., Roman, D., Gill, S., Zervas, C. and K. Tronvig, 

2005: “Development of a National VDatum, and its Application to Sea Level Rise in 

North Carolina.” Proceedings of the 2005 Hydro Conference, San Diego, CA. 

Myers, E.P., unpublished manuscript: “Tidal Datum Inversion Model of the Eastcoast of 

the United States.” 

Parker, B. P., 2002: The integration of bathymetry, topography, and shoreline, and the 

vertical datum transformations behind it. International Hydrographic Review (3) 3 

(November 2002). 

Parker, B., K. W. Hess, D. Milbert, and S. K. Gill, 2003: A national vertical datum 

transformation tool. Sea Technology, v. 44. no. 9 (Sept. 2003), 10 - 15. 

Spargo, E. A., and J. W. Woolard, 2005. VDatum for the Calcasieu River from Lake 

Charles to the Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana: Tidal Datum Modeling and Population of the 

Grid. NOS Technical Report NOS CS 19, 26 pp. 

Spargo, E.A., K.H. Hess, and S.A. White, 2006: “VDatum for the San Juan Islands and 

Juan de Fuca Strait with Updates for Southern Puget Sound: Tidal Datum Modeling and 

Population of the VDatum Marine Grids.” U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, NOAA Technical 

Report NOS CS 25, 50 pp. 

Spargo, E.A., Hess, K.H., Myers, E.P., Yang, Z., and A.Wong, 2006: “Tidal Datum 

Modeling in support of NOAA’s Vertical Datum Transformation Tool.” Proceedings of 

the 9th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, October 31-

November 2, 2005, Charleston, SC. p. 523-536. 
46

Westerink, J.J., R. A. Luettich, and J. C. Muccino, 1993: An Advanced ThreeDimensional Circulation Model for Shelves, Coasts, and Estuaries, Report 3: 

Development of a Tidal Constituent Database for the Western North Atlantic and Gulf of 

Mexico, Technical Report DRP-92-6, U.S. ACE Waterways Experiment Station, 

Vicksburg, MS. 

Yang, Z., Hess, K.H., Myers, E.P., Spargo, E.A., Wong, A., and J. Feyen, 2006: 

“Numerical Simulation of Tidal Datum Fields for the Long Island Sound, New York 

Bight, and Narragansett Bay Area.” Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on 

Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, October 31-November 2, 2005, Charleston, SC. p. 548-

567. 
47

APPENDIX A. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ACCURACY STANDARDS 

FOR NOAA BATHYMETRY SURVEY 

Table A.1. The required horizontal and vertical accuracy standards for NOAA 

surveys. Accuracy requirements before 1957 were prescribed for survey projects. 

Survey Year* Horizontal 

Accuracy 

Vertical 

Accuracy Standard 

1998 – 

present 

Order 1 

1 – 100 m depth: 

5.0 m + 5% of depth 

 

Order 2 

100 – 200 m depth: 

20 m + 5% of depth 

Order 3 

100 – 200 m depth: 

150 m + 5% of depth 

Order 1 

 1 – 100 m depth: 

0.5 – 1.4 m 

Order 2 

100 – 200 m depth: 

2.5 – 4.7 m 

 

Order 3 

> 100 m depth: 

same as Order 2 

IHO S-44 1

and NOAA 2

 

1988 – 1998 

95% probability that the 

true position lies within a 

circle of radius 1.5 mm, at 

the scale of the survey 

0 – 30 m depth: 0.3 m 

> 30 m depth: 1% of 

depth 

IHO S-44 1

and NOAA 2

 

1982 – 1988 

probable error shall 

seldom exceed twice the 

plottable error (1.0 mm) at 

the scale of the survey 

0 – 20 m depth: 0.3 m 

20 – 100 m depth: 1.0 m 

> 100 m depth: 1% of 

depth 

IHO S-44 1

and NOAA 2 

1957 – 1982 

maximum error of 

plotted positions shall 

seldom exceed 1.5 mm at 

the scale of the survey 

0 – 20 m depth: 0.3 m 

20 – 100 m depth: 1.0 m 

> 100 m depth: 1% of 

depth 

IHC 3 

NOAA 2

and 

IHO S-44 1

before 1957 undetermined undetermined undocume

nted 

* end of field collection 1

 International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Standards for Hydrographic Surveys, Special Publication 44, 

 (First Edition, 1968; Second Edition, 1982; Third Edition, 1987; Fourth Edition, 1998). 2

 U.S. Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey Hydrographic Manual (1931, 1942, 1960, 1976) 

 NOAA NOS Office of Coast Survey Specifications and Deliverables, 1999 – 2006. 

 NOAA was established in 1970. 

3

 International Hydrographic Conference, 1957. 
48
49

APPENDIX B. NAMES AND SPEEDS OF 37 TIDAL CONSTITUENTS FOR 

HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Table B.1. List of names and speeds of 37 tidal constituents. 

No. Names Speeds (rad/s) 

1 MN 0.000002639 

2 SM 0.000004925 

3 K1 0.000072921 

4 O1 0.000067598 

5 P1 0.000072523 

6 Q1 0.000064959 

7 SO1 0.000002639 

8 MNS2 0.000132955 

9 2MS2 0.000135594 

10 N2 0.000137880 

11 M2 0.000140519 

12 2MN2 0.000143158 

13 S2 0.000145444 

14 K2 0.000145842 

15 MSN2 0.000148083 

16 2SM2 0.000150369 

17 MO3 0.000208117 

18 SO3/MK3 0.000213042 

19 SK3 0.000218365 

20 N4 0.000275759 

21 3MS4 0.000276113 

22 MN4 0.000278399 

23 M4 0.000281038 

24 3MN4 0.000283677 

25 MS4 0.000285963 

26 2MSN4 0.000288602 

27 2NM6 0.000416278 

28 2MN6 0.000418918 

29 M6 0.000421557 

30 MSN6 0.000423843 

31 2MS6 0.000426482 

32 2SM6 0.000431407 

33 2(MN)8 0.000556797 

34 3MN8 0.000559436 

35 M8 0.000562076 

36 2MSN8 0.000564362 

37 3MS8 0.000567001 
50
51

APPENDIX C. WATER LEVEL STATION DATA 

Table C.1. NOS Water Level Station Names

No. Station ID Station Name 

1 8651376 CURRITUCK SOUND NO 2 NC 

2 8651372 DUCK WLTS (OUTSIDE) NC 

3 8651371 DUCK (INSHORE) NC 

4 8639834 FALSE CAPE U S G S #165 VA 

5 8639428 SANDBRIDGE 

6 8639414 DEEP CREEK ENTRANCE 

7 8639208 VIRGINIA BEACHRUDEE INLET 

8 8638999 CAPE HENRY 

9 8638978 CAVALIER YACHT CLUB LINKHORN BAY VA 

10 8638942 CARTERS POINT #1 VA 

11 8638923 BROAD BAY CANAL EAST VA 

12 8638922 BROWN COVE LYNNHAVEN BAY VA 

13 8638916 LONG CREEK LYNNHAVEN BAY VA 

14 8638912 BROCK COVE VA 

15 8638905 LYNNHAVEN FISHING PIER VA 

16 8638888 VA PILOTS DOCK LYNNHAVEN INLET VA 

17 8638863 CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE TUNNEL 

18 8638854 BUCHANAN CR ENT (KEMPSVILLE) VA 

19 8638776 LITTLE CREEK VA 

20 8638610 SEWELLS POINTHAMPTON ROADS 

21 8638514 PIG POINT NANSEMOND RIVER ENT VA 

22 8638495 RICHMOND RIVER LOCKS JAMES RIVER VA 

23 8638491 VEPCO PLANT CHESTER JAMES R VA 

24 8638489 PUDDLEDOCK SAND & GRAVEL APPOMATTOX R. 

25 8638486 MEADOWVILLE VA 

26 8638483 CURLES NECK WHARF (1 MILE N OF) VA 

27 8638481 CITY POINT HOPEWELL 

28 8638478 HAXALL TURKEY IS CR JAMES R VA 

29 8638476 JORDAN POINT JAMES RIVER VA 

30 8638464 WILLCOX WHARF CHARLES CITY VA 

31 8638455 STURGEON POINT JAMES RIVER VA 

32 8638449 CLAREMONTJAMES RIVER 

33 8638442 CHICKAHOMINY RIVER BRIDGE VA 

34 8638441 SHIPYARD LANDING VA 

35 8638433 SCOTLANDJAMES RIVER 

36 8638432 CHURCH PT JAMESTOWN IS JAMES R VA 

37 8638424 KINGSMILLJAMES RIVER 

38 8638422 HOMEWOOD LIGHT HOG ISLAND VA 

39 8638421 BURWELL BAY JAMES RIVER VA 

40 8638419 FORT EUSTIS JAMES RIVER VA 

41 8638409 KINGS HIGHWAY BRIDGE VA 

42 8638407 MENCHVILLE DEEP CR ENTR VA 

43 8638406 OLD NIX CLUBHSE SITE NANSEMOND R VA 

44 8638405 CHUCKATUCK CREEK ENTRANCE VA VA 

45 8638401 HUNTINGTON PARK JAMES R BR VA 

46 8638379 NEWPORT NEWS JAMES R ENT VA 

47 8638288 OLD POINT COMFORT FORT MONROE VA 

48 8638252 SOLDIER'S HOME WHARF PHOEBUS VA 
52

49 8638051 MESSICK POINT BACK RIVER VA 

50 8638013 MAGOTHY TO CHESAPEAKE BAY CUT VA 

51 8637689 YORKTOWN USCG TRAINING CENTERYORK R. 

52 8637686 YORKTOWN YORK RIVER VA 

53 8637663 TUE MARSHES LIGHTHOUSE YORK R VA 

54 8637624 GLOUCESTER POINTYORK RIVER 

55 8637556 PERRIN RIVER SEDGER CREEK YORK RIVER VA 

56 8637472 CHEATHAM ANNEX (NAVAL SUPPLY DEOT VA 

57 8637444 BROWNS BAY MOBJACK BAY VA 

58 8637288 CLAY BANK AND VICINITY VA 

59 8637199 MOBJACK EAST RIVER VA 

60 8637144 WOLF TRAP LIGHTHOUSE VA 

61 8637072 BELLEVILLE NORTH RIVER VA 

62 8637044 AUBURN WHARF NORTH RIVER VA 

63 8636969 ROANE POINT YORK RIVER VA 

64 8636831 DIXIE (WILTON FERRY LANDING) VA 

65 8636769 WEST POINT YORK RIVER VA 

66 8636749 FISHING BAY VA 

67 8636735 DELTAVILLE JACKSON CREEK VA 

68 8636654 NEW MILL CREEK (GREYS POINT) VA 

69 8636653 LESTER MANOR VA 

70 8636580 WINDMILL POINTRAPPAHANNOCK RIVER 

71 8636522 URBANNA RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VA 

72 8636261 BAYPORT RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VA 

73 8636046 GLEBE PT HIGHWAY BRIDGE VA 

74 8635985 WARES WHARF RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VA 

75 8635961 SMITH POINT VA 

76 8635881 TAPPAHANNOCK RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VA 

77 8635762 TRAVIS POINT POTOMAC RIVER VA 

78 8635750 LEWISETTAPOTOMAC RIVER 

79 8635554 SAUNDERS WHARF RAPPAHANNOCK R VA 

80 8635485 COLES NECK RAGGED PT VA 

81 8635409 MOUNT HOLLY NOMINI CREEK VA 

82 8635171 HOPYARD LANDING RAPPAHANNOCK R VA 

83 8635154 MASSAPONAX SAND & GRAVEL RAPPA R VA 

84 8635150 COLONIAL BEACHPOTOMAC RIVER 

85 8635064 FREDERICKSBURG RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VA 

86 8635027 DAHLGREN (NAVAL PROVING GROUND) VA 

87 8634892 MATHIAS POINT POTOMAC RIVER VA 

88 8634858 AQUIA CREEK POTOMAC RIVER VA 

89 8634689 QUANTICO POTOMAC RIVER VA 

90 8634489 WHITESTONE PT GUNSTON COVE VA 

91 8634437 MOUNT VERNON POTOMAC RIVER VA 

92 8633596 GUARDSHORE VA 

93 8633532 TANGIER ISLANDCHESAPEAKE BAY 

94 8633451 WATTS ISLAND CHESAPEAKE BAY VA 

95 8633362 SCHOONER BAY 

96 8633214 ONANCOCK ONANCOCK CREEK VA 

97 8633091 HARBOR `TONPUNGOTEAGUE CREEK 

98 8632869 GASKINS PT OCCOHANNOCK CREEK VA 

99 8632599 MATTAWOMAN CREEK VA 

100 8632200 KIPTOPEKECHESAPEAKE BAY 

101 8632085 FISHERMANS ISLAND VA 

102 8631874 SMITH IS COAST GUARD STA VA 
53

103 8631742 UPPER MAGOTHY BAY VA 

104 8631542 SAND SHOAL INLETCOBB ISLAND 

105 8631486 GULL MARSH VA 

106 8631103 WACHAPREAGUE INLET VA 

107 8631023 BURTONS BAY VA 

108 8630901 METOMKIN INLET INSIDE VA 

109 8630705 WIRE PASSAGE VA 

110 8630641 GARGATHY INLET VA 

111 8630441 WALLOPS ISLAND VA 

112 8630413 ASSATEAGUE BEACH CGS VA 

113 8630316 HARBOR OF REFUGECHINCOTEAGUE 

114 8630315 SOUTHERN CHINCOTEAGUE IS VA 

115 8630308 CHINCOTEAGUE CHANNELSOUTH END 

116 8630249 CHINCOTEAGUEUSCG STATION 

117 8630229 LEWIS CREEK VA 

118 8630194 BLAKE COVE VA 

119 8630111 JESTERS ISLAND 

120 8594900 WASHINGTONPOTOMAC RIVER 

121 8593545 KINGMAN LAKE ANACOSTIA RIVER DC 

122 8593005 WASHINGTON NAVY YARD D C DC 

123 8579997 BLADENSBURGANACOSTIA RIVER 

124 8579629 MARSHALL HALL POTOMAC RIVER MD 

125 8579542 LOWER MARLBOROPATUXENT RIVER 

126 8579381 INDIAN HEAD POTOMAC RIVER MD 

127 8578853 RIVERSIDE POTOMAC RIVER MD 

128 8578769 PORT TOBACCO POTOMAC RIVER MD 

129 8578240 PINEY POINT POTOMAC RIVER MD 

130 8578002 POINT LOOKOUT POTOMAC RIVER MD 

131 8577940 CORNFIELD HARBOR POTOMAC RIVER MD 

132 8577385 NAVY SEAPLANE BASIN BOATHOUSE MD 

133 8577381 CEDAR POINT MD 

134 8577330 SOLOMONS ISLANDPATUXENT RIVER 

135 8577188 COVE POINT 

136 8577123 BROOMES ISLAND PATUXENT RIVER MD 

137 8577004 LONG BEACHCHESAPEAKE BAY 

138 8575787 RHODE RIVER MD 

139 8575550 GINGERVILLE CREEK SOUTH RIVER MD 

140 8575512 U.S. NAVAL ACADEMYSEVERN R.CHES. BAY 

141 8575510 ANNAPOLIS NAVAL RADIO STATION MD 

142 8575109 CORNFIELD CREEKMAGOTHY RIVER 

143 8574931 STONY CREEK 

144 8574878 CURTIS CREEK POINT PLEASANT MD 

145 8574857 NORTH POINT MD 

146 8574821 HAWKINS POINTPATAPSCO RIVER 

147 8574726 BEAR CREEK MARINA MD 

148 8574686 POWER STATION MIDDLE BRANCH MD 

149 8574683 FORT MCHENRY MARSHPATAPSCO RIVER 

150 8574680 BALTIMOREFORT MCHENRYPATAPSCO RIVER 

151 8574459 POND POINT (ABERDEEN P.G.)BUSH RIVER 

152 8574070 HAVRE DE GRACECHESAPEAKE BAY 

153 8574008 PORT DEPOSIT MD 

154 8573968 CHARLESTOWN NORTHEAST RIVER MD 

155 8573927 CHESAPEAKE CITY 

156 8573903 TOWN POINT WHARF 
54

157 8573704 BETTERTONSASSAFRAS RIVER 

158 8573364 TOLCHESTER BEACHCHESAPEAKE BAY 

159 8573349 CRUMPTONCHESTER RIVER 

160 8573343 CHESTERTOWN CHESTER RIVER MD 

161 8573137 CLIFF'S WHARF MD 

162 8572955 LOVE POINT PIERKENT ISLAND 

163 8572770 MATAPEAKE 

164 8572669 HILLSBOROTUCKAHOE CREEK 

165 8572467 KENT POINTCHESAPEAKE BAY 

166 8572342 ST MICHAELS MILES RIVER MD 

167 8571979 TILGHMAN ISLAND FERRY COVE MD 

168 8571944 DOVER BRIDGE CHOPTANK RIVER MD 

169 8571901 AVALON TILGANAN ISLAND MD 

170 8571892 CAMBRIDGECHOPTANK RIVER 

171 8571890 CAMBRIDGE MD 

172 8571773 VIENNANANICOKE RIVER 

173 8571752 TAYLORS ISLAND MD 

174 8571579 BARREN ISLANDCHESAPEAKE BAY 

175 8571559 MCCREADYS CREEKFISHING BAY 

176 8571519 MIDDLE HOOPERS ISLAND MD 

177 8571485 WHITEHAVEN WICOMICO RIVER MD 

178 8571477 NANTICOKE MD 

179 8571421 BISHOPS HEADHOOPERS STRAIT 

180 8571402 HOOPER STRAIT LIGHTHOUSE MD 

181 8571351 CHANCE NANTICOKE RIVER MD 

182 8571266 RUMBLEY MANOKIN RIVER MD 

183 8571214 HOLLAND BAR LIGHT MD 

184 8571181 COLBOURN CREEK BIG ANNEMESSEX R MD 

185 8571117 EWELLSMITH ISLAND 

186 8571091 CRISFIELD 

187 8570649 PUBLIC LANDINGCHINCOTEAGUE BAY 

188 8570536 SOUTH POINT 

189 8570283 OCEAN CITY INLET 

190 8570282 OCEAN CITYISLE OF WIGHT 

191 8570280 OCEAN CITYFISHING PIER 

192 8570255 KEYDASHISLE OF WIGHT BAY 

193 8558690 INDIAN RIVER INLET 

194 8557380 LEWESFT. MILES 

195 8557125 HARBOR OF REFUGE LIGHT DE 

196 8556198 MISPILLION RIVER ENTRANCE DE 

197 8555889 BRANDYWINE SHOAL LIGHTDELAWARE BAY 

198 8555461 FOURTEEN FOOT BANK LIGHT DE 

199 8555388 MURDERKILL RIVER ENTRANCE DE 

200 8554399 MAHON RIVER ENTRANCEDELAWARE BAY 

201 8551973 ST GEORGES DE 

202 8551910 REEDY POINTC&D CANAL 

203 8551762 DELAWARE CITYDELAWARE RIVER 

204 8551702 PEA PATCH ISLAND DE 

205 8551201 NEW CASTLE DE 

206 8550714 WILMINGTON CHRISTINA R ENT DE 

207 8550438 EDGEMOOR DE 

208 8549424 MEENAN PA 

209 8548989 NEWBOLDDELAWARE RIVER 

210 8547333 CORNWELLS HEIGHTS PA 
55

211 8546252 BRIDESBURG PA 

212 8545530 PHILADELPHIA (PIER 11 NORTH)DEL. RIVER 

213 8545240 PHILADELPHIA (USCG STA.)DELAWARE RIVER 

214 8540433 MARCUS HOOK 

215 8539993 TRENTON MARINE TERMINAL 

216 8539487 FIELDSBORODELAWARE RIVER 

217 8539094 BURLINGTONDELAWARE RIVER 

218 8538886 TACONY-PALMYRA BRIDGE 

219 8538552 BILLINGSPORT NJ 

220 8538548 WOODBURY CREEK NJ 

221 8538231 DEEPWATER DELAWARE RIVER NJ 

222 8537961 SINNICKSON LANDING SALEM R NJ 

223 8537614 ARTIFICIAL IS NJ 

224 8537121 SHIP JOHN SHOALDELAWARE RIVER 

225 8537116 BACK CREEK DEL BAY NJ 

226 8537101 CEDAR CREEK NJ 

227 8537052 MONEY ISLAND NJ 

228 8536915 FORTESCUEDELAWARE BAY 

229 8536849 LOWER DIVIDING CREEK NJ 

230 8536848 FISHING CREEK NJ 

231 8536780 EAST POINT NJ 

232 8536581 BIDWELL CREEK ENTRANCEDELAWARE BAY 

233 8536271 VILLAS-JACKSON PIER NJ 

234 8536110 CAPE MAYCAPE MAY CANALDELAWARE BAY 

235 8536021 CAPE MAY POINT NJ 

236 8535962 CAPE MAY ATLANTIC OCEAN NJ 

237 8535902 CAPE ISLAND CREEK NJ 

238 8535901 CAPE MAY HARBOR NJ 

239 8535838 SUNSET LAKE NJ 

240 8535835 WILDWOOD CREST 

241 8535805 SWAIN CHANNEL NJ 

242 8535726 WEST WILDWOOD GRASSY SOUND NJ 

243 8535721 GRASSY SOUND HEREFORD INLET NJ 

244 8535695 OLD TURTLE RICHARDSON SOUND NJ 

245 8535661 NUMMY IS GRASSY SND CH NJ 

246 8535581 STONE HARBOR GREAT CHANNEL NJ 

247 8535511 GULL ISLAND GREAT SOUND NJ 

248 8535451 LONGREACH NJ 

249 8535419 INGRAM THOROFARE NJ 

250 8535375 TOWNSEND INLET NJ 

251 8535357 STITES SOUND NJ 

252 8535291 SEA ISLE CITY ATLANTIC OCEAN NJ 

253 8535278 SEA ISLE CITY INSIDE NJ 

254 8535221 LUDLAM BAY 

255 8535163 STRATHMERESTRATHMERE BAY 

256 8535101 CORSON INLET 

257 8534975 GREAT EGG HARBOR BAY NJ 

258 8534836 LONGPORTRISELY CHANNEL 

259 8534770 VENTNOR CITYFISHING PIER 

260 8534739 DOCK THOROFARE 

261 8534720 ATLANTIC CITYATLANTIC OCEAN 

262 8534670 ATLANTIC CITY COAST GUARD STA NJ 

263 8534657 PLEASANTVILLELAKES BAY 

264 8534638 ABSECON CHANNAL NJ 
56

265 8534596 MAIN CHANNEL NJ 

266 8534496 BRIGANTINE CHANNEL 

267 8534393 MAIN MARSH THOROFARE 

268 8534348 LITTLE EGG L S S LITTLE EGG HBR NJ 

269 8534244 GRAVELING POINT 

270 8534208 BEACH HAVEN CG STATION 

271 8534139 TUCKERTON LITTLE EGG HARBOR NJ 

272 8534048 BEACH HAVEN CREST (INSIDE) 

273 8534044 LONG POINTLITTLE EGG HARBOR 

274 8533935 MANAHAWKIN DRAWBRIDGE NJ 

275 8533909 MANAHAWKIN CREEK NJ 

276 8533862 NORTH BEACH MANAHAWKIN BAY NJ 

277 8533738 LOVELADIES NJ 

278 8533651 BARNEGAT LANDING DOUBLE CREEK NJ 

279 8533631 HIGH BAR BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

280 8533615 BARNEGAT INLET (INSIDE) 

281 8533541 WARETOWN BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

282 8533535 ISLAND BEACH SEDGE ISLANDS NJ 

283 8533345 ISLAND BEACH BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

284 8533141 BARNEGAT PIER BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

285 8533135 SEASIDE PARK NJ 

286 8533055 COATES POINT BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

287 8532885 OCEAN BEACH BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

288 8532835 KETTLE CREEK NJ 

289 8532786 MANTOLOKING BARNEGAT BAY NJ 

290 8532721 TALL PINES CAMP METEDECONK R NJ 

291 8532715 BEAVER DAM CREEK 

292 8532705 BAYHEAD METEDECONK RIVER ENT NJ 

293 6530005 Waretown NJ 

294 6530004 Ship Bottom NJ 

295 6530003 Little Egg Inlet NJ 

296 6530001 Atlantic City CG Station (USGS) NJ 

297 8638660 PORTSMOUTH NORFOLK NAVAL SHIPYRD 

298 8639348 MONEY POINTS. BR. ELIZABETH RIVER 
57

Table C.2. Tidal datums (meters) relative to mean sea level. NAVD88 is relative to 

MLLW. The ‘N/A’s in the table denote missing values. 

No. Station ID Longitude 

(degree) 

Latitude 

(degree) 

MHH

W (m) 

MHW 

(m) 

MLW 

(m) 

MLLW 

(m) 

NAVD8

8 (m) Epoch 

1 8651376 -75.7583 36.1817 0.591 0.493 -0.506 -0.552 N/A 1960-1978 

2 8651372 -75.7467 36.1833 0.591 0.493 -0.506 -0.552 N/A 1960-1978 

3 8651371 -75.75 36.1817 0.591 0.493 -0.506 -0.552 N/A 1960-1978 

4 8639834 -75.8817 36.6033 0.64 0.548 -0.549 -0.61 N/A N/A 

5 8639428 -75.92 36.6917 0.6 0.506 -0.516 -0.568 N/A 1960-1978 

6 8639414 -76.2933 36.755 0.509 0.443 -0.446 -0.491 N/A 1960-1978 

7 8639208 -75.9683 36.8317 0.573 0.487 -0.514 -0.551 0.757 1983-2001 

8 8638999 -76.0067 36.93 0.547 0.469 -0.481 -0.519 N/A 1983-2001 

9 8638978 -76.005 36.8683 0.277 0.216 -0.216 -0.253 N/A 1960-1978 

 10 8638942 -76.0367 36.905 0.271 0.21 -0.211 -0.241 N/A 1960-1978 

 11 8638923 -76.0617 36.9017 0.268 0.21 -0.21 -0.244 N/A 1960-1978 

 12 8638922 -76.0617 36.875 0.305 0.275 -0.244 -0.274 N/A N/A 

 13 8638916 -76.07 36.9033 0.32 0.256 -0.256 -0.296 N/A 1960-1978 

 14 8638912 -76.08 36.8917 0.366 0.305 -0.305 -0.335 N/A N/A 

 15 8638905 -76.0783 36.9167 0.494 0.418 -0.42 -0.457 N/A 1960-1978 

 16 8638888 -76.09 36.9067 0.427 0.338 -0.338 -0.378 N/A 1960-1978 

 17 8638863 -76.1133 36.9667 0.453 0.383 -0.394 -0.431 N/A 1983-2001 

 18 8638854 -76.115 36.8617 0.366 0.305 -0.275 -0.305 N/A N/A 

 19 8638776 -76.1767 36.9117 0.46 0.393 -0.39 -0.433 0.637 1960-1978 

 20 8638610 -76.33 36.9467 0.429 0.366 -0.374 -0.412 0.501 1983-2001 

 21 8638514 -76.435 36.9167 0.488 0.427 -0.427 -0.457 N/A N/A 

 22 8638495 -77.42 37.525 0.579 0.487 -0.488 -0.549 N/A 1941-1959 

 23 8638491 -77.3783 37.3833 0.46 0.399 -0.485 -0.515 N/A N/A 

 24 8638489 -77.3717 37.2667 0.443 0.376 -0.476 -0.523 0.56 1983-2001 

 25 8638486 -77.3233 37.3783 0.488 0.427 -0.457 -0.518 N/A N/A 

 26 8638483 -77.295 37.3967 0.548 0.426 -0.427 -0.488 N/A N/A 

 27 8638481 -77.27 37.3133 0.411 0.338 -0.392 -0.437 N/A 1983-2001 

 28 8638478 -77.2433 37.3733 0.457 0.396 -0.427 -0.488 N/A N/A 

 29 8638476 -77.2233 37.3133 0.457 0.396 -0.366 -0.396 N/A N/A 

 30 8638464 -77.0983 37.315 0.402 0.341 -0.33 -0.36 N/A N/A 

 31 8638455 -77.0067 37.3067 0.397 0.336 -0.305 -0.335 N/A N/A 

 32 8638449 -76.9483 37.2317 0.313 0.255 -0.289 -0.334 N/A 1983-2001 

 33 8638442 -76.8767 37.2633 0.345 0.284 -0.296 -0.326 N/A N/A 

 34 8638441 -76.875 37.345 0.396 0.335 -0.336 -0.366 N/A N/A 

 35 8638433 -76.7833 37.185 0.329 0.276 -0.286 -0.327 N/A 1983-2001 

 36 8638432 -76.7783 37.2067 0.366 0.305 -0.305 -0.335 N/A N/A 

 37 8638424 -76.6633 37.22 0.408 0.343 -0.345 -0.393 N/A 1983-2001 

 38 8638422 -76.6783 37.1933 0.397 0.336 -0.305 -0.335 N/A N/A 

 39 8638421 -76.6683 37.0567 0.427 0.369 -0.368 -0.411 N/A 1960-1978 

 40 8638419 -76.6333 37.1367 0.427 0.366 -0.366 -0.396 N/A N/A 

 41 8638409 -76.55 36.8383 0.552 0.46 -0.454 -0.515 N/A N/A 

 42 8638407 -76.525 37.0817 0.457 0.396 -0.397 -0.427 N/A N/A 

 43 8638406 -76.5083 36.8833 0.548 0.457 -0.458 -0.488 N/A N/A 

 44 8638405 -76.4983 36.9133 0.488 0.427 -0.427 -0.457 N/A N/A 

 45 8638401 -76.4583 37.0133 0.433 0.372 -0.421 -0.451 N/A N/A 

 46 8638379 -76.4333 36.9733 0.457 0.396 -0.397 -0.427 N/A N/A 

 47 8638288 -76.315 37.0033 0.429 0.368 -0.394 -0.424 N/A N/A 

 48 8638252 -76.34 37.0167 0.457 0.396 -0.397 -0.427 N/A N/A 
58

 49 8638051 -76.3183 37.1067 0.391 0.351 -0.35 -0.405 N/A 1960-1978 

 50 8638013 -75.95 37.1267 0.616 0.537 -0.536 -0.588 N/A 1960-1978 

 51 8637689 -76.4783 37.2267 0.419 0.356 -0.343 -0.382 N/A 1983-2001 

 52 8637686 -76.4383 37.2217 0.384 0.345 -0.344 -0.396 N/A 1960-1978 

 53 8637663 -76.385 37.235 0.405 0.344 -0.327 -0.357 N/A N/A 

 54 8637624 -76.5 37.2467 0.426 0.366 -0.359 -0.394 0.487 1983-2001 

 55 8637556 -76.425 37.2667 0.426 0.366 -0.336 -0.366 N/A N/A 

 56 8637472 -76.5867 37.2917 0.451 0.39 -0.372 -0.402 N/A N/A 

 57 8637444 -76.4033 37.3017 0.397 0.354 -0.353 -0.411 N/A 1960-1978 

 58 8637288 -76.6133 37.3467 0.488 0.427 -0.396 -0.457 N/A N/A 

 59 8637199 -76.3467 37.3733 0.427 0.366 -0.366 -0.396 N/A N/A 

 60 8637144 -76.19 37.39 0.275 0.244 -0.244 -0.274 N/A N/A 

 61 8637072 -76.4383 37.4117 0.448 0.387 -0.375 -0.405 N/A N/A 

 62 8637044 -76.4367 37.42 0.448 0.387 -0.375 -0.405 N/A N/A 

 63 8636969 -76.7083 37.4467 0.479 0.418 -0.436 -0.466 N/A N/A 

 64 8636831 -76.4167 37.5067 0.228 0.198 -0.199 -0.229 N/A N/A 

 65 8636769 -76.7933 37.535 0.488 0.427 -0.427 -0.457 N/A N/A 

 66 8636749 -76.3333 37.5417 0.214 0.183 -0.183 -0.213 N/A N/A 

 67 8636735 -76.3317 37.5483 0.214 0.183 -0.183 -0.213 N/A N/A 

 68 8636654 -76.4183 37.5833 0.241 0.211 -0.186 -0.216 N/A N/A 

 69 8636653 -76.99 37.5833 0.488 0.427 -0.427 -0.457 N/A N/A 

 70 8636580 -76.29 37.615 0.21 0.17 -0.184 -0.214 0.289 1983-2001 

 71 8636522 -76.575 37.65 0.241 0.21 -0.217 -0.247 N/A N/A 

 72 8636261 -76.6733 37.755 0.269 0.238 -0.25 -0.28 N/A N/A 

 73 8636046 -76.3683 37.8467 0.214 0.183 -0.183 -0.213 N/A N/A 

 74 8635985 -76.7833 37.8733 0.338 0.277 -0.272 -0.302 N/A N/A 

 75 8635961 -76.2417 37.8883 0.173 0.14 -0.138 -0.165 N/A 1960-1978 

 76 8635881 -76.8567 37.93 0.28 0.25 -0.269 -0.299 N/A N/A 

 77 8635762 -76.4667 37.9967 0.214 0.183 -0.183 -0.213 N/A N/A 

 78 8635750 -76.465 37.995 0.228 0.185 -0.194 -0.23 0.253 1983-2001 

 79 8635554 -77.0333 38.09 0.241 0.211 -0.247 -0.277 N/A N/A 

 80 8635485 -76.6133 38.1417 0.253 0.223 -0.235 -0.265 N/A N/A 

 81 8635409 -76.735 38.0983 0.274 0.244 -0.214 -0.244 N/A N/A 

 82 8635171 -77.2267 38.2433 0.345 0.284 -0.357 -0.387 N/A N/A 

 83 8635154 -77.41 38.255 0.399 0.338 -0.393 -0.454 N/A N/A 

 84 8635150 -76.96 38.2517 0.298 0.248 -0.25 -0.293 0.301 1983-2001 

 85 8635064 -77.4533 38.2983 0.487 0.426 -0.427 -0.488 N/A N/A 

 86 8635027 -77.0367 38.32 0.266 0.235 -0.253 -0.283 N/A 1941-1959 

 87 8634892 -77.0533 38.3983 0.214 0.183 -0.183 -0.213 N/A N/A 

 88 8634858 -77.3533 38.4183 0.228 0.198 -0.199 -0.229 N/A N/A 

 89 8634689 -77.2867 38.52 0.229 0.198 -0.229 -0.259 N/A N/A 

 90 8634489 -77.135 38.6767 0.366 0.305 -0.305 -0.335 N/A N/A 

 91 8634437 -77.0883 38.705 0.396 0.335 -0.336 -0.366 N/A N/A 

 92 8633596 -75.7 37.85 0.405 0.345 -0.357 -0.387 N/A N/A 

 93 8633532 -75.9933 37.8283 0.276 0.227 -0.232 -0.26 N/A 1983-2001 

 94 8633451 -75.8967 37.7983 0.275 0.244 -0.244 -0.274 N/A N/A 

 95 8633362 -75.7733 37.7633 0.348 0.294 -0.297 -0.342 N/A 1960-1978 

 96 8633214 -75.7567 37.7117 0.335 0.274 -0.275 -0.305 N/A N/A 

 97 8633091 -75.8333 37.6667 0.319 0.263 -0.273 -0.303 N/A 1960-1978 

 98 8632869 -75.9167 37.5567 0.317 0.265 -0.263 -0.293 N/A 1960-1978 

 99 8632599 -75.9633 37.3883 0.354 0.296 -0.295 -0.329 N/A 1960-1978 

100 8632200 -75.9883 37.1667 0.462 0.393 -0.401 -0.434 0.58 1983-2001 

101 8632085 -75.9833 37.0967 0.533 0.46 -0.46 -0.506 N/A 1960-1978 

102 8631874 -75.9117 37.1233 0.61 0.549 -0.518 -0.579 N/A N/A 
59

103 8631742 -75.9183 37.205 0.786 0.695 -0.692 -0.759 N/A 1960-1978 

104 8631542 -75.7783 37.3017 0.719 0.618 -0.601 -0.65 N/A 1983-2001 

105 8631486 -75.8217 37.35 0.747 0.64 -0.64 -0.683 N/A 1960-1978 

106 8631103 -75.6183 37.5733 0.673 0.576 -0.576 -0.628 N/A 1960-1978 

107 8631023 -75.6467 37.62 0.707 0.607 -0.606 -0.652 N/A 1960-1978 

108 8630901 -75.595 37.6717 0.64 0.548 -0.549 -0.61 N/A N/A 

109 8630705 -75.5667 37.7383 0.573 0.485 -0.487 -0.533 N/A 1960-1978 

110 8630641 -75.5367 37.775 0.558 0.473 -0.469 -0.524 N/A 1960-1978 

111 8630441 -75.4783 37.8417 0.674 0.558 -0.561 -0.576 N/A 1960-1978 

112 8630413 -75.3683 37.865 0.64 0.548 -0.549 -0.61 N/A N/A 

113 8630316 -75.4067 37.9033 0.444 0.371 -0.37 -0.411 0.469 1983-2001 

114 8630315 -75.41 37.9033 0.457 0.396 -0.366 -0.396 N/A N/A 

115 8630308 -75.405 37.9067 0.399 0.332 -0.326 -0.359 0.401 1983-2001 

116 8630249 -75.3833 37.9317 0.292 0.242 -0.241 -0.269 0.322 1983-2001 

117 8630229 -75.3733 37.9383 0.237 0.201 -0.202 -0.232 N/A 1960-1978 

118 8630194 -75.355 37.9517 0.173 0.137 -0.135 -0.162 N/A 1960-1978 

119 8630111 -75.3017 37.9817 0.142 0.116 -0.115 -0.145 N/A 1983-2001 

120 8594900 -77.0217 38.8733 0.493 0.424 -0.425 -0.472 0.425 1983-2001 

121 8593545 -76.9683 38.895 0.511 0.439 -0.428 -0.481 N/A 1960-1978 

122 8593005 -76.995 38.8717 0.501 0.427 -0.425 -0.479 N/A 1960-1978 

123 8579997 -76.9383 38.9333 0.524 0.455 -0.444 -0.495 N/A 1983-2001 

124 8579629 -77.1017 38.6867 0.405 0.345 -0.344 -0.387 N/A N/A 

125 8579542 -76.6833 38.655 0.282 0.247 -0.272 -0.319 N/A N/A 

126 8579381 -77.185 38.6017 0.317 0.256 -0.289 -0.323 N/A N/A 

127 8578853 -77.145 38.3867 0.231 0.201 -0.202 -0.226 N/A N/A 

128 8578769 -77.0533 38.4533 0.265 0.235 -0.226 -0.253 N/A N/A 

129 8578240 -76.5333 38.1333 0.244 0.213 -0.214 -0.244 N/A N/A 

130 8578002 -76.3233 38.04 0.231 0.186 -0.186 -0.238 N/A 1960-1978 

131 8577940 -76.3567 38.0617 0.219 0.189 -0.214 -0.238 N/A N/A 

132 8577385 -76.3967 38.2717 0.22 0.171 -0.17 -0.219 N/A 1960-1978 

133 8577381 -76.37 38.2983 0.275 0.183 -0.183 -0.274 N/A N/A 

134 8577330 -76.4517 38.3167 0.219 0.174 -0.182 -0.23 0.259 1983-2001 

135 8577188 -76.3983 38.3917 0.229 0.153 -0.163 -0.191 N/A 1983-2001 

136 8577123 -76.545 38.415 0.323 0.201 -0.196 -0.287 N/A N/A 

137 8577004 -76.4733 38.465 0.201 0.151 -0.157 -0.208 N/A 1983-2001 

138 8575787 -76.54 38.8867 0.244 0.153 -0.146 -0.213 N/A N/A 

139 8575550 -76.555 38.9583 0.225 0.155 -0.159 -0.226 N/A 1960-1978 

140 8575512 -76.48 38.9833 0.219 0.145 -0.152 -0.219 0.235 1983-2001 

141 8575510 -76.4567 38.975 0.183 0.122 -0.131 -0.183 N/A N/A 

142 8575109 -76.445 39.1 0.232 0.148 -0.156 -0.221 N/A N/A 

143 8574931 -76.5267 39.1633 0.253 0.163 -0.169 -0.231 N/A 1960-1978 

144 8574878 -76.5767 39.195 0.256 0.161 -0.162 -0.238 N/A 1960-1978 

145 8574857 -76.4467 39.1967 0.253 0.158 -0.156 -0.229 N/A 1960-1978 

146 8574821 -76.5333 39.2083 0.274 0.175 -0.187 -0.25 N/A 1983-2001 

147 8574726 -76.49 39.25 0.262 0.164 -0.165 -0.232 N/A 1960-1978 

148 8574686 -76.6267 39.2667 0.275 0.153 -0.146 -0.213 N/A N/A 

149 8574683 -76.585 39.2617 0.263 0.171 -0.176 -0.242 N/A 1983-2001 

150 8574680 -76.5783 39.2667 0.262 0.171 -0.177 -0.244 0.254 1983-2001 

151 8574459 -76.255 39.3883 0.277 0.169 -0.211 -0.269 N/A 1983-2001 

152 8574070 -76.09 39.5367 0.385 0.281 -0.297 -0.361 0.315 1983-2001 

153 8574008 -76.1133 39.6033 0.384 0.274 -0.278 -0.354 N/A 1960-1978 

154 8573968 -75.97 39.5733 0.457 0.305 -0.271 -0.396 N/A N/A 

155 8573927 -75.81 39.5267 0.518 0.454 -0.418 -0.487 0.5 1983-2001 

156 8573903 -75.9167 39.5033 0.434 0.338 -0.324 -0.383 N/A 1983-2001 
60

157 8573704 -76.0633 39.3717 0.342 0.239 -0.249 -0.315 N/A 1983-2001 

158 8573364 -76.245 39.2133 0.273 0.177 -0.19 -0.254 N/A 1983-2001 

159 8573349 -75.925 39.245 0.424 0.34 -0.356 -0.416 N/A 1983-2001 

160 8573343 -76.0633 39.2067 0.418 0.266 -0.286 -0.405 N/A N/A 

161 8573137 -76.1383 39.11 0.335 0.232 -0.235 -0.32 N/A 1960-1978 

162 8572955 -76.3017 39.0317 0.266 0.179 -0.183 -0.248 N/A 1983-2001 

163 8572770 -76.355 38.9567 0.228 0.151 -0.161 -0.224 0.272 1983-2001 

164 8572669 -75.945 38.9167 0.363 0.312 -0.389 -0.448 N/A 1983-2001 

165 8572467 -76.3733 38.8367 0.239 0.167 -0.17 -0.234 N/A 1960-1978 

166 8572342 -76.2217 38.7867 0.286 0.213 -0.214 -0.293 N/A 1960-1978 

167 8571979 -76.325 38.7667 0.247 0.167 -0.171 -0.238 N/A 1960-1978 

168 8571944 -75.9983 38.7567 0.411 0.259 -0.268 -0.381 N/A N/A 

169 8571901 -76.335 38.71 0.271 0.204 -0.201 -0.265 N/A 1960-1978 

170 8571892 -76.0683 38.5733 0.313 0.249 -0.246 -0.309 0.349 1983-2001 

171 8571890 -76.0717 38.575 0.314 0.241 -0.238 -0.311 N/A 1960-1978 

172 8571773 -75.8183 38.4833 0.313 0.261 -0.331 -0.379 N/A N/A 

173 8571752 -76.295 38.4667 0.275 0.183 -0.195 -0.274 N/A N/A 

174 8571579 -76.265 38.3417 0.232 0.18 -0.193 -0.24 0.37 1983-2001 

175 8571559 -76.0067 38.3 0.364 0.314 -0.312 -0.354 N/A 1983-2001 

176 8571519 -76.205 38.2967 0.333 0.211 -0.237 -0.338 N/A N/A 

177 8571485 -75.7883 38.2683 0.427 0.366 -0.359 -0.396 N/A N/A 

178 8571477 -75.9133 38.27 0.347 0.32 -0.32 -0.366 N/A 1960-1978 

179 8571421 -76.0383 38.22 0.309 0.261 -0.265 -0.305 N/A 1983-2001 

180 8571402 -76.0767 38.2267 0.305 0.275 -0.25 -0.274 N/A N/A 

181 8571351 -75.9467 38.17 0.326 0.296 -0.295 -0.338 N/A 1960-1978 

182 8571266 -75.8617 38.0917 0.323 0.293 -0.292 -0.335 N/A 1960-1978 

183 8571214 -76.0967 38.0683 0.244 0.213 -0.223 -0.244 N/A N/A 

184 8571181 -75.8033 38.0483 0.326 0.296 -0.295 -0.338 N/A 1960-1978 

185 8571117 -76.0317 37.995 0.278 0.227 -0.238 -0.274 N/A 1983-2001 

186 8571091 -75.8633 37.9767 0.351 0.3 -0.268 -0.305 N/A 1960-1978 

187 8570649 -75.285 38.1483 0.101 0.077 -0.084 -0.115 N/A 1983-2001 

188 8570536 -75.1917 38.215 0.093 0.068 -0.073 -0.105 N/A 1983-2001 

189 8570283 -75.0917 38.3283 0.383 0.309 -0.357 -0.393 N/A 1983-2001 

190 8570282 -75.09 38.3317 0.389 0.321 -0.349 -0.395 0.521 1983-2001 

191 8570280 -75.0833 38.3267 0.62 0.506 -0.519 -0.567 0.707 1983-2001 

192 8570255 -75.085 38.3417 0.274 0.221 -0.244 -0.284 N/A 1983-2001 

193 8558690 -75.07 38.61 0.443 0.361 -0.405 -0.452 N/A 1983-2001 

194 8557380 -75.12 38.7817 0.738 0.61 -0.632 -0.68 0.801 1983-2001 

195 8557125 -75.0833 38.8 0.762 0.64 -0.61 -0.671 N/A N/A 

196 8556198 -75.3133 38.945 0.832 0.704 -0.707 -0.756 N/A 1960-1978 

197 8555889 -75.1133 38.9867 0.857 0.719 -0.725 -0.776 N/A N/A 

198 8555461 -75.1833 39.0483 0.945 0.793 -0.792 -0.853 N/A N/A 

199 8555388 -75.3967 39.0583 0.908 0.78 -0.78 -0.826 N/A 1960-1978 

200 8554399 -75.4 39.185 0.929 0.797 -0.827 -0.882 N/A 1983-2001 

201 8551973 -75.6483 39.555 0.738 0.671 -0.673 -0.728 N/A 1960-1978 

202 8551910 -75.5733 39.5583 0.89 0.793 -0.835 -0.89 0.905 1983-2001 

203 8551762 -75.5883 39.5817 0.909 0.787 -0.822 -0.877 N/A 1983-2001 

204 8551702 -75.5733 39.5833 0.973 0.857 -0.856 -0.911 N/A 1960-1978 

205 8551201 -75.5617 39.6567 0.918 0.796 -0.792 -0.847 N/A 1960-1978 

206 8550714 -75.52 39.7183 0.926 0.804 -0.802 -0.863 N/A 1960-1978 

207 8550438 -75.4933 39.75 0.973 0.842 -0.841 -0.905 N/A 1960-1978 

208 8549424 -74.8233 40.1283 1.247 1.125 -1.204 -1.274 N/A 1960-1978 

209 8548989 -74.7517 40.1367 1.258 1.143 -1.254 -1.314 N/A 1983-2001 

210 8547333 -74.9383 40.0683 1.14 1.037 -1.103 -1.164 N/A 1960-1978 
61

211 8546252 -75.0683 39.9833 1.091 0.973 -0.972 -1.033 N/A 1960-1978 

212 8545530 -75.1383 39.9533 1.011 0.893 -1.01 -1.069 0.987 1983-2001 

213 8545240 -75.1417 39.9333 0.964 0.836 -0.991 -1.051 0.96 1983-2001 

214 8540433 -75.41 39.8117 0.896 0.78 -0.882 -0.94 N/A N/A 

215 8539993 -74.755 40.1883 1.3 1.19 -1.302 -1.363 1.175 1983-2001 

216 8539487 -74.7367 40.1367 1.29 1.179 -1.23 -1.291 1.14 1983-2001 

217 8539094 -74.8733 40.08 1.16 1.046 -1.134 -1.196 N/A 1983-2001 

218 8538886 -75.0433 40.0117 1.053 0.934 -1.032 -1.094 N/A 1983-2001 

219 8538552 -75.25 39.85 0.973 0.851 -0.853 -0.911 N/A 1960-1978 

220 8538548 -75.1867 39.86 0.996 0.875 -0.878 -0.936 N/A 1960-1978 

221 8538231 -75.51 39.6833 0.957 0.841 -0.841 -0.896 N/A 1960-1978 

222 8537961 -75.4983 39.57 0.932 0.81 -0.811 -0.863 N/A 1960-1978 

223 8537614 -75.5333 39.4617 1.03 0.902 -0.905 -0.963 N/A 1960-1978 

224 8537121 -75.375 39.305 0.959 0.835 -0.872 -0.92 N/A N/A 

225 8537116 -75.2783 39.305 1.009 0.893 -0.908 -0.954 N/A 1960-1978 

226 8537101 -75.2483 39.2983 1.043 0.909 -0.908 -0.966 N/A 1960-1978 

227 8537052 -75.2383 39.285 1.058 0.927 -0.923 -0.978 N/A 1960-1978 

228 8536915 -75.1733 39.2367 1.01 0.883 -0.942 -0.998 N/A 1960-1978 

229 8536849 -75.1033 39.2167 0.981 0.844 -0.869 -0.924 N/A 1960-1978 

230 8536848 -75.1583 39.2167 0.991 0.854 -0.862 -0.917 N/A 1960-1978 

231 8536780 -75.02 39.2 0.979 0.842 -0.911 -0.975 N/A 1960-1978 

232 8536581 -74.8917 39.1283 0.956 0.825 -0.904 -0.962 N/A 1983-2001 

233 8536271 -74.9533 39.0183 0.93 0.793 -0.804 -0.853 N/A 1960-1978 

234 8536110 -74.96 38.9683 0.876 0.743 -0.734 -0.783 0.92 1983-2001 

235 8536021 -74.9717 38.9467 0.86 0.729 -0.734 -0.783 N/A 1960-1978 

236 8535962 -74.935 38.93 0.826 0.695 -0.704 -0.756 N/A 1960-1978 

237 8535902 -74.9133 38.9467 0.808 0.68 -0.695 -0.753 N/A 1960-1978 

238 8535901 -74.8917 38.9483 0.801 0.673 -0.695 -0.747 N/A 1960-1978 

239 8535838 -74.8367 38.9783 0.792 0.667 -0.704 -0.756 N/A 1960-1978 

240 8535835 -74.8233 38.975 0.783 0.649 -0.664 -0.719 N/A 1983-2001 

241 8535805 -74.8633 38.98 0.795 0.67 -0.689 -0.741 N/A 1960-1978 

242 8535726 -74.8267 39.005 0.747 0.625 -0.676 -0.725 N/A 1960-1978 

243 8535721 -74.8133 39.0283 0.731 0.64 -0.61 -0.671 N/A N/A 

244 8535695 -74.8417 39.0183 0.758 0.637 -0.683 -0.732 N/A 1960-1978 

245 8535661 -74.8017 39.0283 0.746 0.618 -0.628 -0.677 N/A 1960-1978 

246 8535581 -74.765 39.0567 0.722 0.6 -0.625 -0.674 N/A 1960-1978 

247 8535511 -74.785 39.0883 0.731 0.64 -0.61 -0.671 N/A N/A 

248 8535451 -74.755 39.1017 0.671 0.579 -0.579 -0.64 N/A N/A 

249 8535419 -74.7383 39.11 0.704 0.589 -0.609 -0.658 N/A 1960-1978 

250 8535375 -74.7167 39.1217 0.704 0.585 -0.597 -0.649 N/A 1960-1978 

251 8535357 -74.755 39.12 0.701 0.585 -0.628 -0.677 N/A 1960-1978 

252 8535291 -74.69 39.1533 0.731 0.64 -0.61 -0.671 N/A N/A 

253 8535278 -74.7 39.1567 0.671 0.579 -0.579 -0.64 N/A N/A 

254 8535221 -74.71 39.1767 0.706 0.59 -0.612 -0.66 N/A 1960-1978 

255 8535163 -74.6567 39.2 0.682 0.562 -0.597 -0.648 0.735 1983-2001 

256 8535101 -74.6483 39.215 0.69 0.572 -0.585 -0.635 0.723 1983-2001 

257 8534975 -74.6283 39.2883 0.653 0.543 -0.539 -0.588 N/A 1960-1978 

258 8534836 -74.5333 39.3083 0.701 0.578 -0.574 -0.619 N/A 1983-2001 

259 8534770 -74.4767 39.335 0.733 0.605 -0.625 -0.678 0.797 1983-2001 

260 8534739 -74.54 39.3517 0.706 0.587 -0.608 -0.658 N/A 1960-1978 

261 8534720 -74.4183 39.355 0.728 0.601 -0.624 -0.675 0.797 1983-2001 

262 8534670 -74.425 39.3783 0.707 0.592 -0.597 -0.652 N/A 1960-1978 

263 8534657 -74.5183 39.3817 0.716 0.598 -0.61 -0.652 N/A 1960-1978 

264 8534638 -74.425 39.385 0.71 0.595 -0.594 -0.649 N/A 1960-1978 
62

265 8534596 -74.435 39.405 0.579 0.518 -0.519 -0.549 N/A N/A 

266 8534496 -74.3633 39.435 0.652 0.541 -0.564 -0.61 N/A 1960-1978 

267 8534393 -74.3833 39.4783 0.602 0.497 -0.481 -0.521 N/A 1983-2001 

268 8534348 -74.305 39.5033 0.67 0.579 -0.549 -0.61 N/A N/A 

269 8534208 -74.2567 39.5483 0.412 0.327 -0.328 -0.362 N/A 1960-1978 

270 8534139 -74.3317 39.5767 0.402 0.323 -0.321 -0.351 N/A 1960-1978 

271 8534048 -74.21 39.6133 0.349 0.266 -0.284 -0.301 N/A 1983-2001 

272 8534044 -74.2633 39.6133 0.384 0.308 -0.294 -0.32 N/A 1983-2001 

273 8533935 -74.185 39.6533 0.265 0.207 -0.177 -0.198 N/A 1960-1978 

274 8533909 -74.215 39.6667 0.262 0.21 -0.171 -0.192 N/A 1960-1978 

275 8533862 -74.16 39.675 0.223 0.174 -0.137 -0.158 N/A 1960-1978 

276 8533738 -74.1367 39.725 0.113 0.077 -0.064 -0.085 N/A 1960-1978 

277 8533651 -74.1883 39.7517 0.097 0.052 -0.043 -0.052 N/A 1960-1978 

278 8533631 -74.1283 39.7567 0.094 0.079 -0.085 -0.122 N/A 1960-1978 

279 8533615 -74.1117 39.7617 0.41 0.339 -0.318 -0.355 0.36 1983-2001 

280 8533541 -74.1817 39.7917 0.079 0.052 -0.052 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

281 8533535 -74.0983 39.7883 0.101 0.061 -0.043 -0.064 N/A 1960-1978 

282 8533345 -74.0883 39.8517 0.076 0.052 -0.055 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

283 8533141 -74.11 39.9183 0.082 0.052 -0.058 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

284 8533135 -74.0833 39.9217 0.089 0.058 -0.058 -0.076 N/A 1960-1978 

285 8533055 -74.115 39.9483 0.095 0.058 -0.055 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

286 8532885 -74.0683 39.9883 0.095 0.055 -0.058 -0.082 N/A 1960-1978 

287 8532835 -74.1133 40.0133 0.095 0.055 -0.061 -0.088 N/A 1960-1978 

288 8532786 -74.0533 40.0367 0.089 0.049 -0.052 -0.076 N/A 1960-1978 

289 8532721 -74.1167 40.0583 0.089 0.043 -0.049 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

290 8532715 -74.0617 40.0617 0.082 0.025 -0.066 -0.086 N/A 1960-1978 

291 8532705 -74.0517 40.065 0.089 0.046 -0.046 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

292 6530005 -74.1817 39.7917 0.079 0.052 -0.052 -0.073 N/A 1960-1978 

293 6530004 -74.1867 39.6533 0.265 0.207 -0.177 -0.198 N/A 1960-1978 

294 6530003 -74.325 39.5083 0.64 0.527 -0.506 -0.549 N/A 1960-1978 

295 6530001 -74.4233 39.3783 0.707 0.592 -0.597 -0.652 N/A 1960-1978 

297 8638660 -76.2933 36.8217 0.482 0.418 -0.422 -0.464 0.546 1983-2001 

298 8639348 -76.3017 36.7783 0.5 0.435 -0.437 -0.479 0.557 1983-2001 
63

APPENDIX D. CORRECTED TIDAL DATUMS ON MARINE GRID 

Figure D.1. Tidal datums on Delaware Bay marine grid, (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) 

MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in meters. 

(a) 
64

(b) 
65

(c) 
66

(d) 
67

 

(e) 
68

(f) 
69

Figure D.2. Tidal datums on the New Jersey coast embayment marine grid, (a) 

MHHW, (b) MHW, (c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in 

meters. 

(a) 
70

(b) 
71

(c) 
72

(d) 
73

(e) 
74

(f) 
75

Figure D.3. Tidal datums on Chesapeake Bay marine grid, (a) MHHW, (b) MHW, 

(c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in meters. 

(a) 
76

(b) 
77

(c) 
78

(d) 
79

(e) 
80

(f) 
81

Figure D.4. Tidal datums on DE-MD-VA embayment marine grid, (a) MHHW, (b) 

MHW, (c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in meters.

(a) 
82

(b) 
83

(c) 
84

(d) 
85

(e) 
86

(f) 
87

Figure D.5 Tidal datums over the mid-Atlantic Bight shelf marine grid, (a) MHHW, 

(b) MHW, (c) MLW, (d) MLLW, (e) MTL, and (f) DTL. Color bars are in meters.

(a) 
88

(b) 
89

(c) 
90

(d) 
91

(e) 
92

(f) 
93

APPENDIX E. NAVD 88-TO-MSL VALUES AT NGS BENCHMARKS 

Table E.1. Stations for Delaware Bay Grid 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. 

Dev. 

(m) 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 -0.144 -0.143 0.134 0.155 0.001 0.167 

HU0087 38.78111 -75.12000 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.002 

HU1194 38.96833 -74.95972 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.002 -0.004 0.001 

HU1196 38.96833 -74.96055 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.002 

HU1197 38.97000 -74.96194 -0.012 -0.011 0.011 0.012 0.000 0.013 

JU2186 39.55611 -75.58166 0.016 0.017 -0.016 -0.018 0.000 0.020 

JU2188 39.55694 -75.57638 0.010 0.010 -0.006 -0.006 0.002 0.010 

JU2187 39.55722 -75.58222 0.020 0.020 -0.018 -0.021 0.000 0.023 

JU2189 39.55805 -75.57388 0.001 0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 

JU0724 39.95166 -75.14194 0.006 0.007 -0.005 -0.001 0.002 0.006 

JU0730 39.95250 -75.13861 0.002 0.003 -0.005 -0.001 0.000 0.004 

JU0722 39.95305 -75.14000 -0.007 -0.006 -0.012 -0.009 -0.008 0.003 

JU0721 39.95361 -75.14055 0.000 0.002 -0.003 0.000 0.000 0.002 

JU2225 39.95361 -75.14000 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.002 

KV5987 40.13500 -74.73694 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.006 -0.005 0.001 

KV1079 40.18861 -74.75500 -0.018 -0.017 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 0.001 

KV1081 40.18888 -74.75555 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.000 

KV6014 40.19027 -74.75555 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 

KV6013 40.19166 -74.75583 -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 0.001 

KV6012 40.19194 -74.75611 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 

KV6016 40.19194 -74.75500 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 

Table E.2. Stations for New Jersey Coast Grid 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. 

Dev. 

(m) 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 -0.003 -0.004 0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.003 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.002 -0.003 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.002 -0.003 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 -0.001 -0.002 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 -0.004 -0.005 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.006 

JU2404 39.21694 -74.64722 -0.002 -0.001 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 

JU2405 39.21777 -74.64611 -0.005 -0.004 0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.004 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 -0.002 -0.002 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004 

JU0180 39.76250 -74.10694 -0.048 -0.051 0.043 0.046 -0.003 0.054 

JU0178 39.76277 -74.10833 -0.024 -0.027 0.022 0.023 -0.001 0.028 

JU2476 39.76277 -74.10833 -0.021 -0.024 0.025 0.026 0.002 0.028 

JU2475 39.76277 -74.10777 -0.039 -0.043 0.043 0.046 0.002 0.049 
94

Table E.3. Stations for Chesapeake Bay Grid 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. 

Dev. 

(m) 

FW0688 36.18194 -75.75138 -0.006 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0693 36.18194 -75.75138 -0.006 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0687 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0689 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.007 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0690 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0692 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0691 36.18277 -75.75166 -0.010 -0.007 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FX0345 36.77555 -76.29388 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

FX0346 36.77555 -76.29388 0.004 0.003 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.003 

FX0170 36.81944 -76.29527 -0.002 -0.003 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.002 

FX0171 36.82027 -76.29333 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 

FX2219 36.82111 -76.29277 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 

FX0172 36.82194 -76.29388 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 

FX0173 36.82194 -76.29277 -0.007 -0.008 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.001 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.007 0.001 -0.012 -0.029 -0.008 0.016 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.028 0.019 -0.012 -0.030 0.001 0.027 

FW0083 36.83555 -75.97166 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.000 

FX0093 36.94555 -76.32888 -0.007 -0.006 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 0.002 

FX4422 36.95638 -76.32722 -0.004 -0.005 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.006 

FX4418 36.95694 -76.33138 -0.007 -0.008 0.005 0.003 -0.002 0.007 

FX4419 36.95722 -76.33138 -0.004 -0.006 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.007 

FX4420 36.95722 -76.33111 -0.004 -0.006 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.007 

FW0304 37.16805 -75.98555 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

FW0303 37.16833 -75.98500 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 

GV0759 37.18388 -76.78583 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.002 

GV0447 37.23055 -76.95250 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.003 

GV0449 37.23055 -76.95000 -0.001 -0.003 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001 

GV0448 37.23083 -76.95055 -0.005 -0.006 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 0.002 

GV1855 37.23222 -77.39638 -0.003 -0.003 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.004 

GV3523 37.24611 -76.50361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.002 0.001 

GV0598 37.24805 -76.50250 0.000 -0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

GV0595 37.24833 -76.50138 0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 

GV0596 37.24833 -76.50138 -0.008 -0.010 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 0.001 

GV0597 37.24833 -76.50138 0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 

GV0088 37.61638 -76.29083 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 

GV0156 37.99583 -76.46361 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.003 

GV0157 37.99638 -76.46444 -0.006 -0.010 -0.013 -0.016 -0.011 0.004 

GV0155 37.99666 -76.46388 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.007 0.003 

HV8244 38.24972 -76.96194 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.002 

HV8242 38.25083 -76.96138 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.001 

HV8248 38.25222 -76.96222 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.001 

HV0367 38.31805 -76.45416 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.004 0.000 0.003 

HV0369 38.31833 -76.45361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.002 

HV0371 38.31916 -76.45361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.002 

HV0379 38.38472 -76.38250 -0.013 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.000 0.009 

HV0237 38.57527 -76.07388 0.005 0.012 0.000 0.007 0.006 0.005 

HV0239 38.57527 -76.07222 -0.009 -0.002 -0.014 -0.007 -0.008 0.005 

HV1983 38.87388 -77.02083 -0.001 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 

HV1980 38.87472 -77.02138 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 

HV9069 38.87500 -77.02138 -0.001 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 

HV9068 38.87527 -77.02138 0.000 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 
95

HV0186 38.95583 -76.35472 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 

HV0208 38.98250 -76.48055 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.007 0.003 

HV0207 38.98277 -76.48111 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.009 -0.005 0.003 

JV0540 39.03222 -76.30638 -0.023 -0.021 -0.029 -0.030 -0.026 0.004 

JV0541 39.03250 -76.30555 0.029 0.031 0.023 0.022 0.026 0.004 

JV0579 39.26305 -76.57972 0.000 -0.001 -0.003 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 

JV0580 39.26361 -76.57833 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.001 

JV0578 39.26416 -76.58138 0.001 0.000 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV0576 39.26555 -76.58416 0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV0582 39.26583 -76.57916 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 0.000 

JV0584 39.26583 -76.57944 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 

JV0585 39.26638 -76.58138 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 

JV0586 39.26694 -76.58083 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 

JV0549 39.37027 -76.06250 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JU1847 39.50166 -75.91527 0.002 0.003 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.003 

JU1833 39.52722 -75.80722 -0.006 -0.008 0.008 0.008 0.001 0.008 

JU1835 39.52750 -75.80444 -0.011 -0.014 0.011 0.012 0.000 0.014 

JV0011 39.53777 -76.08944 -0.003 -0.001 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.001 

JV0013 39.53833 -76.08972 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 

JV6256 39.53861 -76.09027 0.000 0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV6255 39.53916 -76.09166 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 

JV0016 39.55222 -76.09361 -0.005 0.003 -0.003 0.003 -0.001 0.004 

JV0015 39.55250 -76.09361 -0.005 0.003 -0.003 0.003 -0.001 0.004 

Table E.4. Stations for the DE-MD-VA Grid 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. 

Dev. 

(m) 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 -0.039 -0.041 0.035 0.028 -0.004 0.041 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.032 0.023 0.014 0.001 0.017 0.013 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 -0.029 -0.031 0.025 0.020 -0.004 0.031 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.038 0.030 0.001 -0.010 0.015 0.023 

FW0139 37.92250 -75.39083 -0.026 -0.023 0.023 0.027 0.000 0.028 

FW0135 37.93055 -75.38166 0.005 0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.000 0.007 

FW0613 37.93055 -75.38194 0.005 0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.000 0.007 

FW0136 37.93138 -75.38222 0.004 0.006 -0.005 -0.006 0.000 0.006 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.007 -0.001 -0.009 -0.003 -0.002 0.007 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.194 0.185 -0.178 -0.218 -0.004 0.224 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.011 0.005 -0.004 0.003 0.003 0.006 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.029 0.023 0.014 0.021 0.021 0.006 

HU0367 38.33138 -75.08805 0.007 0.005 -0.005 -0.002 0.002 0.006 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 -0.144 -0.143 0.134 0.155 0.001 0.167 
96

Table E.5. Stations for the mid-Atlantic Bight Shelf Grid 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. 

Dev. 

(m) 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 -0.168 -0.168 0.178 0.223 0.016 0.214 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.016 0.013 0.005 0.004 0.010 0.006 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 -0.167 -0.167 0.179 0.224 0.017 0.214 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 -0.149 -0.149 0.197 0.242 0.035 0.214 

HU1172 38.34500 -75.08111 -0.295 -0.290 0.261 0.320 -0.001 0.338 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 -0.021 -0.021 0.032 0.026 0.004 0.029 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 -0.020 -0.019 0.034 0.028 0.006 0.029 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 -0.021 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 -0.022 -0.022 0.031 0.025 0.003 0.029 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 -0.049 -0.045 0.023 0.021 -0.012 0.040 

JU0326 39.33777 -74.47944 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 

JU0325 39.34083 -74.47305 0.001 0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.001 0.003 

JU4072 39.35805 -74.42166 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

AC7255 39.61138 -74.20472 -0.352 -0.322 0.323 0.349 -0.001 0.389 
97

APPENDIX F. LOCATION AND ELEVATION INFORMATION OF CO-OPS 

TIDAL STATIONS 

Table F.1. Location and elevation information of CO-OPS Stations used for creating TSS fields. 

Tidal datums are relative to MLLW. Station numbers marked with an asterisk have NAVD 88 

elevations computed from NGS.

Station ID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MLLW 

(m) 

MLW 

(m) 

MSL (m) MHW 

(m) 

MHHW 

(m) 

NAVD88 

(m) 

8531991 40.30333 -73.97667 0.000 0.058 0.744 1.399 1.504 0.819 

8533615 39.76167 -74.11167 0.000 0.037 0.355 0.694 0.765 0.360 

8533987 39.63167 -74.29667 0.000 0.027 0.340 0.661 0.742 0.344 

8534048* 39.61333 -74.21000 0.000 0.017 0.301 0.567 0.650 0.329 

8534049* 39.61667 -74.31000 0.000 0.027 0.344 0.663 0.739 0.360 

8534212 39.54833 -74.46167 0.000 0.047 0.530 0.943 1.024 0.522 

8534540 39.42333 -74.50000 0.000 0.048 0.676 1.226 1.337 0.732 

8534691 39.36833 -74.71667 0.000 0.050 0.647 1.109 1.195 0.645 

8534720 39.35500 -74.41833 0.000 0.051 0.675 1.276 1.403 0.797 

8534770 39.33500 -74.47667 0.000 0.053 0.678 1.283 1.411 0.797 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.000 0.050 0.635 1.207 1.325 0.723 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.000 0.050 0.635 1.207 1.325 0.723 

8535163 39.20000 -74.65667 0.000 0.051 0.648 1.210 1.330 0.735 

8536110 38.96833 -74.96000 0.000 0.049 0.783 1.526 1.659 0.920 

8538449* 39.80667 -75.35500 0.000 0.061 0.964 1.714 1.815 0.916 

8538512 39.83500 -75.23833 0.000 0.056 0.994 1.775 1.885 0.963 

8538875 40.01333 -75.00833 0.000 0.032 1.020 1.979 2.085 0.888 

8539058 40.07333 -74.84833 0.000 0.051 1.094 2.108 2.205 0.903 

8539487 40.13667 -74.73667 0.000 0.061 1.291 2.470 2.581 1.140 

8539993 40.18833 -74.75500 0.000 0.061 1.363 2.553 2.663 1.175 

8545240 39.93333 -75.14167 0.000 0.060 1.051 1.887 2.015 0.960 

8545530 39.95333 -75.13833 0.000 0.059 1.069 1.962 2.080 0.987 

8551910 39.55833 -75.57333 0.000 0.055 0.890 1.683 1.780 0.905 

8557380 38.78167 -75.12000 0.000 0.048 0.680 1.290 1.418 0.801 

8558690* 38.61000 -75.07000 0.000 0.047 0.452 0.813 0.895 0.556 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.000 0.048 0.567 1.073 1.187 0.707 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.000 0.048 0.567 1.073 1.187 0.707 

8570282 38.33167 -75.09000 0.000 0.046 0.395 0.716 0.784 0.521 

8571892* 38.57333 -76.06833 0.000 0.063 0.309 0.558 0.622 0.328 

8572770 38.95667 -76.35500 0.000 0.063 0.224 0.375 0.452 0.272 

8572955* 39.03167 -76.30167 0.000 0.065 0.248 0.427 0.514 0.270 

8573704* 39.37167 -76.06333 0.000 0.066 0.315 0.554 0.657 0.300 

8573903* 39.50333 -75.91667 0.000 0.059 0.383 0.721 0.817 0.389 

8573927 39.52667 -75.81000 0.000 0.069 0.487 0.941 1.005 0.500 

8574070 39.53667 -76.09000 0.000 0.064 0.361 0.642 0.746 0.315 

8574680 39.26667 -76.57833 0.000 0.067 0.244 0.415 0.506 0.254 

8575512 38.98333 -76.48000 0.000 0.067 0.219 0.364 0.438 0.235 

8577188* 38.39167 -76.39833 0.000 0.028 0.191 0.344 0.420 0.240 

8577330 38.31667 -76.45167 0.000 0.048 0.230 0.404 0.449 0.259 

8594900 38.87333 -77.02167 0.000 0.047 0.472 0.896 0.965 0.425 

8630249 37.93167 -75.38333 0.000 0.028 0.269 0.511 0.561 0.322 

8630308 37.90667 -75.40500 0.000 0.033 0.359 0.691 0.758 0.401 

8630316 37.90333 -75.40667 0.000 0.041 0.411 0.782 0.855 0.469 

8632200 37.16667 -75.98833 0.000 0.033 0.434 0.827 0.896 0.580 

8632200 37.16667 -75.98833 0.000 0.033 0.434 0.827 0.896 0.580 

8633532* 37.82833 -75.99333 0.000 0.027 0.242 0.459 0.513 0.322 

8635150 38.25167 -76.96000 0.000 0.043 0.293 0.541 0.591 0.301 
98

8635750 37.99500 -76.46500 0.000 0.036 0.230 0.415 0.458 0.253 

8636580 37.61500 -76.29000 0.000 0.030 0.214 0.384 0.424 0.289 

8637624 37.24667 -76.50000 0.000 0.035 0.394 0.760 0.820 0.487 

8638433* 37.18500 -76.78333 0.000 0.041 0.327 0.603 0.656 0.265 

8638449* 37.23167 -76.94833 0.000 0.045 0.334 0.589 0.647 0.331 

8638481* 37.31333 -77.27000 0.000 0.045 0.437 0.775 0.848 0.416 

8638489 37.26667 -77.37167 0.000 0.047 0.523 0.899 0.966 0.560 

8638610 36.94667 -76.33000 0.000 0.038 0.412 0.778 0.841 0.501 

8638660 36.82167 -76.29333 0.000 0.042 0.464 0.882 0.946 0.546 

8638863* 36.96667 -76.11333 0.000 0.037 0.431 0.814 0.884 0.510 

8639208 36.83167 -75.96833 0.000 0.037 0.551 1.038 1.124 0.757 

8639214 36.82500 -75.97500 0.000 0.044 0.557 1.058 1.161 0.691 

8639219 36.82500 -75.98167 0.000 0.046 0.569 1.079 1.182 0.711 

8639348 36.77833 -76.30167 0.000 0.042 0.479 0.914 0.979 0.557 

8651370 36.18333 -75.74667 0.000 0.044 0.539 1.026 1.124 0.667 

8654400 35.22333 -75.63500 0.000 0.036 0.492 0.947 1.056 0.627 

8534836* 39.30833 -74.53333 0.000 0.045 0.619 1.197 1.320 0.725 

8534393* 39.47833 -74.38333 0.000 0.040 0.521 1.018 1.123 0.556 

8534049* 39.61667 -74.31000 0.000 0.027 0.344 0.663 0.739 0.360 

8534048* 39.61333 -74.21000 0.000 0.017 0.301 0.567 0.650 0.330 
99

APPENDIX G. QA/QC Deltas at Stations for TSS Grids 

Table G.1. Values for Delaware Bay TSS Grid. 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. Dev.

(m) 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 -0.144 -0.143 0.134 0.155 0.001 0.167 

HU0087 38.78111 -75.12000 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.002 

HU1194 38.96833 -74.95972 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.002 -0.004 0.001 

HU1196 38.96833 -74.96055 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.002 

HU1197 38.97000 -74.96194 -0.012 -0.011 0.011 0.012 0.000 0.013 

JU2186 39.55611 -75.58166 0.016 0.017 -0.016 -0.018 0.000 0.020 

JU2188 39.55694 -75.57638 0.010 0.010 -0.006 -0.006 0.002 0.010 

JU2187 39.55722 -75.58222 0.020 0.020 -0.018 -0.021 0.000 0.023 

JU2189 39.55805 -75.57388 0.001 0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 

JU0724 39.95166 -75.14194 0.006 0.007 -0.005 -0.001 0.002 0.006 

JU0730 39.95250 -75.13861 0.002 0.003 -0.005 -0.001 0.000 0.004 

JU0722 39.95305 -75.14000 -0.007 -0.006 -0.012 -0.009 -0.008 0.003 

JU0721 39.95361 -75.14055 0.000 0.002 -0.003 0.000 0.000 0.002 

JU2225 39.95361 -75.14000 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.002 

KV5987 40.13500 -74.73694 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.006 -0.005 0.001 

KV1079 40.18861 -74.75500 -0.018 -0.017 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 0.001 

KV1081 40.18888 -74.75555 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.000 

KV6014 40.19027 -74.75555 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 

KV6013 40.19166 -74.75583 -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 0.001 

KV6012 40.19194 -74.75611 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 

KV6016 40.19194 -74.75500 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 

Table G.2. Values for the New Jersey Coast TSS Grid. 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. Dev.

(m) 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 -0.003 -0.004 0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.003 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.002 -0.003 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.002 -0.003 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 -0.001 -0.002 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 -0.004 -0.005 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.006 

JU2404 39.21694 -74.64722 -0.002 -0.001 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 

JU2405 39.21777 -74.64611 -0.005 -0.004 0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.004 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 -0.002 -0.002 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004 

JU0180 39.76250 -74.10694 -0.048 -0.051 0.043 0.046 -0.003 0.054 

JU0178 39.76277 -74.10833 -0.024 -0.027 0.022 0.023 -0.001 0.028 

JU2476 39.76277 -74.10833 -0.021 -0.024 0.025 0.026 0.002 0.028 

JU2475 39.76277 -74.10777 -0.039 -0.043 0.043 0.046 0.002 0.049 
100

Table G.3. Values for the Chesapeake Bay TSS Grid. 

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. Dev.

(m) 

FW0688 36.18194 -75.75138 -0.006 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0693 36.18194 -75.75138 -0.006 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0687 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0689 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.007 -0.004 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.008 

FW0690 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0692 36.18250 -75.75138 -0.011 -0.008 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FW0691 36.18277 -75.75166 -0.010 -0.007 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.008 

FX0345 36.77555 -76.29388 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.003 

FX0346 36.77555 -76.29388 0.004 0.003 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.003 

FX0170 36.81944 -76.29527 -0.002 -0.003 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.002 

FX0171 36.82027 -76.29333 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 

FX2219 36.82111 -76.29277 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 

FX0172 36.82194 -76.29388 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 

FX0173 36.82194 -76.29277 -0.007 -0.008 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.001 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.007 0.001 -0.012 -0.029 -0.008 0.016 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.028 0.019 -0.012 -0.030 0.001 0.027 

FW0083 36.83555 -75.97166 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.000 

FX0093 36.94555 -76.32888 -0.007 -0.006 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 0.002 

FX4422 36.95638 -76.32722 -0.004 -0.005 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.006 

FX4418 36.95694 -76.33138 -0.007 -0.008 0.005 0.003 -0.002 0.007 

FX4419 36.95722 -76.33138 -0.004 -0.006 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.007 

FX4420 36.95722 -76.33111 -0.004 -0.006 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.007 

FW0304 37.16805 -75.98555 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

FW0303 37.16833 -75.98500 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 

GV0759 37.18388 -76.78583 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.002 

GV0447 37.23055 -76.95250 -0.002 -0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.003 

GV0449 37.23055 -76.95000 -0.001 -0.003 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001 

GV0448 37.23083 -76.95055 -0.005 -0.006 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 0.002 

GV1855 37.23222 -77.39638 -0.003 -0.003 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.004 

GV3523 37.24611 -76.50361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.002 0.001 

GV0598 37.24805 -76.50250 0.000 -0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

GV0595 37.24833 -76.50138 0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 

GV0596 37.24833 -76.50138 -0.008 -0.010 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 0.001 

GV0597 37.24833 -76.50138 0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 

GV0088 37.61638 -76.29083 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 

GV0156 37.99583 -76.46361 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.003 

GV0157 37.99638 -76.46444 -0.006 -0.010 -0.013 -0.016 -0.011 0.004 

GV0155 37.99666 -76.46388 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.007 0.003 

HV8244 38.24972 -76.96194 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.002 

HV8242 38.25083 -76.96138 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.001 

HV8248 38.25222 -76.96222 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.001 

HV0367 38.31805 -76.45416 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.004 0.000 0.003 

HV0369 38.31833 -76.45361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.002 

HV0371 38.31916 -76.45361 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.002 

HV0379 38.38472 -76.38250 -0.013 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.000 0.009 

HV0237 38.57527 -76.07388 0.005 0.012 0.000 0.007 0.006 0.005 

HV0239 38.57527 -76.07222 -0.009 -0.002 -0.014 -0.007 -0.008 0.005 

HV1983 38.87388 -77.02083 -0.001 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 

HV1980 38.87472 -77.02138 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 

HV9069 38.87500 -77.02138 -0.001 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 
101

HV9068 38.87527 -77.02138 0.000 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.001 

HV0186 38.95583 -76.35472 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 

HV0208 38.98250 -76.48055 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.007 0.003 

HV0207 38.98277 -76.48111 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.009 -0.005 0.003 

JV0540 39.03222 -76.30638 -0.023 -0.021 -0.029 -0.030 -0.026 0.004 

JV0541 39.03250 -76.30555 0.029 0.031 0.023 0.022 0.026 0.004 

JV0579 39.26305 -76.57972 0.000 -0.001 -0.003 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 

JV0580 39.26361 -76.57833 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.001 

JV0578 39.26416 -76.58138 0.001 0.000 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV0576 39.26555 -76.58416 0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV0582 39.26583 -76.57916 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 0.000 

JV0584 39.26583 -76.57944 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 

JV0585 39.26638 -76.58138 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 

JV0586 39.26694 -76.58083 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 

JV0549 39.37027 -76.06250 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JU1847 39.50166 -75.91527 0.002 0.003 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.003 

JU1833 39.52722 -75.80722 -0.006 -0.008 0.008 0.008 0.001 0.008 

JU1835 39.52750 -75.80444 -0.011 -0.014 0.011 0.012 0.000 0.014 

JV0011 39.53777 -76.08944 -0.003 -0.001 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.001 

JV0013 39.53833 -76.08972 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 

JV6256 39.53861 -76.09027 0.000 0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

JV6255 39.53916 -76.09166 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 

JV0016 39.55222 -76.09361 -0.005 0.003 -0.003 0.003 -0.001 0.004 

JV0015 39.55250 -76.09361 -0.005 0.003 -0.003 0.003 -0.001 0.004 

Table G.4. Values for the DE-MD-VA Coast TSS Grid.

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. Dev.

(m) 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 -0.039 -0.041 0.035 0.028 -0.004 0.041 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.032 0.023 0.014 0.001 0.017 0.013 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 -0.029 -0.031 0.025 0.020 -0.004 0.031 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.038 0.030 0.001 -0.010 0.015 0.023 

FW0139 37.92250 -75.39083 -0.026 -0.023 0.023 0.027 0.000 0.028 

FW0135 37.93055 -75.38166 0.005 0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.000 0.007 

FW0613 37.93055 -75.38194 0.005 0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.000 0.007 

FW0136 37.93138 -75.38222 0.004 0.006 -0.005 -0.006 0.000 0.006 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.007 -0.001 -0.009 -0.003 -0.002 0.007 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.194 0.185 -0.178 -0.218 -0.004 0.224 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.011 0.005 -0.004 0.003 0.003 0.006 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.029 0.023 0.014 0.021 0.021 0.006 

HU0367 38.33138 -75.08805 0.007 0.005 -0.005 -0.002 0.002 0.006 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 -0.144 -0.143 0.134 0.155 0.001 0.167 
102

Table G.5. Values for the DE-MD-VA Coast TSS Grid.

PID Latitude 

(deg) 

Longitude 

(deg) 

MHHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MHW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

MLLW 

Deltas 

(m) 

Avg. 

(m) 

Std. Dev.

(m) 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 -0.168 -0.168 0.178 0.223 0.016 0.214 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.016 0.013 0.005 0.004 0.010 0.006 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 -0.167 -0.167 0.179 0.224 0.017 0.214 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 -0.149 -0.149 0.197 0.242 0.035 0.214 

HU1172 38.34500 -75.08111 -0.295 -0.290 0.261 0.320 -0.001 0.338 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 -0.021 -0.021 0.032 0.026 0.004 0.029 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 -0.020 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 -0.020 -0.019 0.034 0.028 0.006 0.029 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 -0.021 -0.020 0.033 0.027 0.005 0.029 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 -0.022 -0.022 0.031 0.025 0.003 0.029 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 -0.049 -0.045 0.023 0.021 -0.012 0.040 

JU0326 39.33777 -74.47944 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 

JU0325 39.34083 -74.47305 0.001 0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.001 0.003 

JU4072 39.35805 -74.42166 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 

AC7255 39.61138 -74.20472 -0.352 -0.322 0.323 0.349 -0.001 0.389 
103

APPENDIX H. COMPARISONS OF DERIVED TSS WITH OBSERVATIONS 

FOR FIVE VDATUM GRIDS 

Table H.1. Model-Data Differences for the Delaware Bay Grid. 

PID Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) NAVD 88 to 

MSL (m) 

TSS Derived 

Value (m) Delta (m) 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0087 38.78111 -75.12000 0.123 0.122 0.001 

HU1194 38.96833 -74.95972 0.133 0.137 -0.003 

HU1196 38.96833 -74.96055 0.141 0.137 0.004 

HU1197 38.97000 -74.96194 0.136 0.136 0.000 

JU2186 39.55611 -75.58166 0.019 0.020 0.000 

JU2188 39.55694 -75.57638 0.020 0.018 0.002 

JU2187 39.55722 -75.58222 0.020 0.019 0.000 

JU2189 39.55805 -75.57388 0.015 0.015 0.000 

JU0724 39.95166 -75.14194 -0.085 -0.087 0.002 

JU0730 39.95250 -75.13861 -0.086 -0.086 0.000 

JU0722 39.95305 -75.14000 -0.097 -0.088 -0.008 

JU0721 39.95361 -75.14055 -0.089 -0.089 0.000 

JU2225 39.95361 -75.14000 -0.082 -0.089 0.007 

KV5987 40.13500 -74.73694 -0.158 -0.154 -0.005 

KV1079 40.18861 -74.75500 -0.190 -0.172 -0.018 

KV1081 40.18888 -74.75555 -0.147 -0.168 0.021 

KV6014 40.19027 -74.75555 -0.190 -0.190 0.000 

KV6013 40.19166 -74.75583 -0.190 -0.188 -0.002 

KV6012 40.19194 -74.75611 -0.186 -0.188 0.002 

KV6016 40.19194 -74.75500 -0.186 -0.188 0.002 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.088 0.089 -0.001 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.087 0.087 0.000 

JU2404 39.21694 -74.64722 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2405 39.21777 -74.64611 0.086 0.087 -0.002 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.104 0.103 0.001 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.093 0.089 0.004 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.093 0.087 0.006 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.090 0.087 0.003 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.091 0.103 -0.012 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535163 39.20000 -74.65667 0.087 0.087 0.000 

8536110 38.96833 -74.96000 0.137 0.137 0.000 

8538875 40.01333 -75.00833 -0.132 -0.132 0.000 

8539487 40.13667 -74.73667 -0.151 -0.152 0.001 

8539993 40.18833 -74.75500 -0.188 -0.171 -0.017 

8545240 39.93333 -75.14167 -0.091 -0.091 0.000 
104

8545530 39.95333 -75.13833 -0.082 -0.084 0.002 

8551910 39.55833 -75.57333 0.015 0.015 0.000 

8557380 38.78167 -75.12000 0.121 0.122 -0.001 

8558690 38.61000 -75.07000 0.104 0.104 0.000 

8534836 39.30833 -74.53333 0.106 0.103 0.003 

Table H.2. Model-Data Differences for New Jersey Coast Grid.

PID Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) NAVD 88 to 

MSL (m) 

TSS Derived 

Value (m) Delta (m) 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.088 0.089 -0.001 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.087 0.087 0.000 

JU2404 39.21694 -74.64722 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2405 39.21777 -74.64611 0.086 0.087 -0.002 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.104 0.103 0.001 

JU0180 39.76250 -74.10694 0.002 0.005 -0.003 

JU0178 39.76277 -74.10833 0.006 0.008 -0.002 

JU2476 39.76277 -74.10833 0.009 0.008 0.002 

JU2475 39.76277 -74.10777 0.009 0.007 0.002 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.093 0.089 0.004 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.093 0.087 0.006 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.090 0.087 0.003 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.091 0.103 -0.012 

JU0326 39.33777 -74.47944 0.121 0.119 0.002 

JU0325 39.34083 -74.47305 0.113 0.114 -0.001 

JU4072 39.35805 -74.42166 0.124 0.123 0.000 

AC7255 39.61138 -74.20472 0.026 0.026 -0.001 

8533615 39.76167 -74.11167 0.005 0.001 0.004 

8534048 39.61333 -74.21000 0.028 0.028 0.000 

8534212 39.54833 -74.46167 -0.008 -0.008 0.000 

8534720 39.35500 -74.41833 0.122 0.122 0.000 

8534770 39.33500 -74.47667 0.119 0.119 0.001 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535163 39.20000 -74.65667 0.087 0.087 0.000 

8534836 39.30833 -74.53333 0.106 0.103 0.003 

8534393 39.47833 -74.38333 0.035 0.035 0.000 

8534048 39.61333 -74.21000 0.029 0.028 0.001 
105

Table H.3. Model-Data Differences for Chesapeake Bay Grid.

PID Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) NAVD 88 to 

MSL (m) 

TSS Derived 

Value (m) Delta (m) 

FW0688 36.18194 -75.75138 0.127 0.124 0.002 

FW0693 36.18194 -75.75138 0.127 0.124 0.002 

FW0687 36.18250 -75.75138 0.123 0.124 -0.002 

FW0689 36.18250 -75.75138 0.127 0.124 0.002 

FW0690 36.18250 -75.75138 0.123 0.124 -0.002 

FW0692 36.18250 -75.75138 0.123 0.124 -0.002 

FW0691 36.18277 -75.75166 0.123 0.124 -0.002 

FX0345 36.77555 -76.29388 0.076 0.076 0.000 

FX0346 36.77555 -76.29388 0.082 0.076 0.006 

FX0170 36.81944 -76.29527 0.082 0.083 -0.001 

FX0171 36.82027 -76.29333 0.085 0.084 0.002 

FX2219 36.82111 -76.29277 0.082 0.081 0.002 

FX0172 36.82194 -76.29388 0.082 0.082 0.000 

FX0173 36.82194 -76.29277 0.072 0.079 -0.007 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.123 0.131 -0.008 

FW0085 36.83055 -75.97277 0.132 0.131 0.001 

FW0083 36.83555 -75.97166 0.202 0.199 0.004 

FX0093 36.94555 -76.32888 0.077 0.082 -0.005 

FX4422 36.95638 -76.32722 0.090 0.090 0.000 

FX4418 36.95694 -76.33138 0.087 0.089 -0.002 

FX4419 36.95722 -76.33138 0.090 0.089 0.001 

FX4420 36.95722 -76.33111 0.090 0.089 0.001 

FW0304 37.16805 -75.98555 0.146 0.146 0.000 

FW0303 37.16833 -75.98500 0.149 0.147 0.002 

GV0759 37.18388 -76.78583 -0.061 -0.061 0.000 

GV0447 37.23055 -76.95250 0.000 0.000 0.000 

GV0449 37.23055 -76.95000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 

GV0448 37.23083 -76.95055 -0.004 0.000 -0.004 

GV1855 37.23222 -77.39638 0.039 0.039 0.000 

GV3523 37.24611 -76.50361 0.082 0.084 -0.002 

GV0598 37.24805 -76.50250 0.092 0.092 0.000 

GV0595 37.24833 -76.50138 0.094 0.093 0.001 

GV0596 37.24833 -76.50138 0.085 0.093 -0.008 

GV0597 37.24833 -76.50138 0.094 0.093 0.001 

GV0088 37.61638 -76.29083 0.077 0.076 0.001 

GV0156 37.99583 -76.46361 0.021 0.017 0.003 

GV0157 37.99638 -76.46444 0.006 0.017 -0.011 

GV0155 37.99666 -76.46388 0.023 0.017 0.007 

HV8244 38.24972 -76.96194 0.028 0.025 0.003 

HV8242 38.25083 -76.96138 0.022 0.017 0.005 

HV8248 38.25222 -76.96222 0.010 0.010 0.000 

HV0367 38.31805 -76.45416 0.029 0.029 0.000 

HV0369 38.31833 -76.45361 0.029 0.029 0.000 

HV0371 38.31916 -76.45361 0.029 0.029 0.000 

HV0379 38.38472 -76.38250 0.044 0.044 0.000 

HV0237 38.57527 -76.07388 0.048 0.041 0.006 

HV0239 38.57527 -76.07222 0.002 0.009 -0.008 

HV1983 38.87388 -77.02083 -0.048 -0.047 -0.001 

HV1980 38.87472 -77.02138 -0.045 -0.047 0.002 

HV9069 38.87500 -77.02138 -0.048 -0.047 -0.001 

HV9068 38.87527 -77.02138 -0.048 -0.048 -0.001 
106

HV0186 38.95583 -76.35472 0.044 0.046 -0.001 

HV0208 38.98250 -76.48055 -0.003 0.004 -0.007 

HV0207 38.98277 -76.48111 0.000 0.005 -0.005 

JV0540 39.03222 -76.30638 -0.004 0.022 -0.026 

JV0541 39.03250 -76.30555 0.048 0.022 0.026 

JV0579 39.26305 -76.57972 0.007 0.008 -0.001 

JV0580 39.26361 -76.57833 0.013 0.012 0.001 

JV0578 39.26416 -76.58138 0.007 0.007 0.000 

JV0576 39.26555 -76.58416 0.007 0.007 0.000 

JV0582 39.26583 -76.57916 0.006 0.009 -0.003 

JV0584 39.26583 -76.57944 0.009 0.009 0.001 

JV0585 39.26638 -76.58138 0.009 0.009 0.000 

JV0586 39.26694 -76.58083 0.009 0.009 0.001 

JV0549 39.37027 -76.06250 -0.017 -0.016 0.000 

JU1847 39.50166 -75.91527 0.008 0.008 0.000 

JU1833 39.52722 -75.80722 0.012 0.011 0.001 

JU1835 39.52750 -75.80444 0.008 0.009 0.000 

JV0011 39.53777 -76.08944 -0.050 -0.048 -0.002 

JV0013 39.53833 -76.08972 -0.047 -0.048 0.001 

JV6256 39.53861 -76.09027 -0.047 -0.047 0.000 

JV6255 39.53916 -76.09166 -0.044 -0.045 0.001 

JV0016 39.55222 -76.09361 -0.044 -0.044 -0.001 

JV0015 39.55250 -76.09361 -0.044 -0.044 -0.001 

JU2186 39.55611 -75.58166 0.019 0.020 0.000 

JU2187 39.55722 -75.58222 0.020 0.019 0.000 

8571892 38.57333 -76.06833 0.019 0.019 0.000 

8572770 38.95667 -76.35500 0.048 0.046 0.002 

8572955 39.03167 -76.30167 0.022 0.022 0.000 

8573704 39.37167 -76.06333 -0.015 -0.015 0.000 

8573903 39.50333 -75.91667 0.006 0.006 0.000 

8573927 39.52667 -75.81000 0.013 0.013 0.000 

8574070 39.53667 -76.09000 -0.046 -0.047 0.001 

8574680 39.26667 -76.57833 0.010 0.010 0.001 

8575512 38.98333 -76.48000 0.016 0.011 0.005 

8577188 38.39167 -76.39833 0.049 0.049 0.000 

8577330 38.31667 -76.45167 0.029 0.029 0.000 

8594900 38.87333 -77.02167 -0.047 -0.046 -0.001 

8632200 37.16667 -75.98833 0.146 0.146 0.000 

8632200 37.16667 -75.98833 0.146 0.146 0.000 

8633532 37.82833 -75.99333 0.080 0.080 0.000 

8635150 38.25167 -76.96000 0.008 0.010 -0.002 

8635750 37.99500 -76.46500 0.023 0.020 0.003 

8636580 37.61500 -76.29000 0.075 0.076 -0.001 

8637624 37.24667 -76.50000 0.093 0.094 -0.001 

8638433 37.18500 -76.78333 -0.062 -0.062 0.000 

8638449 37.23167 -76.94833 -0.003 0.000 -0.003 

8638481 37.31333 -77.27000 -0.022 -0.022 0.000 

8638489 37.26667 -77.37167 0.037 0.037 0.000 

8638610 36.94667 -76.33000 0.089 0.089 0.000 

8638660 36.82167 -76.29333 0.082 0.081 0.001 

8638863 36.96667 -76.11333 0.079 0.079 0.000 

8639208 36.83167 -75.96833 0.206 0.198 0.008 

8639214 36.82500 -75.97500 0.134 0.134 0.000 

8639219 36.82500 -75.98167 0.142 0.142 0.001 

8639348 36.77833 -76.30167 0.078 0.078 0.000 

8651370 36.18333 -75.74667 0.128 0.128 0.000 
107

Table H.4. Model-Data Differences for the DE-MD-VA Grid.

PID Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) NAVD 88 to 

MSL (m) 

TSS Derived 

Value (m) Delta (m) 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.040 0.045 -0.004 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.062 0.045 0.017 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.039 0.043 -0.004 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.058 0.043 0.015 

FW0139 37.92250 -75.39083 0.056 0.056 0.000 

FW0135 37.93055 -75.38166 0.052 0.053 0.000 

FW0613 37.93055 -75.38194 0.052 0.053 0.000 

FW0136 37.93138 -75.38222 0.053 0.053 0.000 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.126 0.127 -0.002 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.122 0.126 -0.004 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.130 0.126 0.003 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.148 0.126 0.021 

HU0367 38.33138 -75.08805 0.127 0.126 0.002 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.144 0.127 0.016 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.136 0.126 0.010 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.144 0.126 0.017 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.162 0.126 0.035 

HU1172 38.34500 -75.08111 0.106 0.107 -0.001 

8558690 38.61000 -75.07000 0.104 0.104 0.000 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.140 0.139 0.001 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.140 0.139 0.001 

8570282 38.33167 -75.09000 0.126 0.126 0.000 

8630249 37.93167 -75.38333 0.053 0.053 0.000 

8630308 37.90667 -75.40500 0.042 0.043 -0.001 

8630316 37.90333 -75.40667 0.058 0.053 0.005 

Table H.5. Model-Data Differences for the mid-Atlantic Bight Shelf Grid.

PID Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) NAVD 88 to 

MSL (m) 

TSS Derived 

Value (m) Delta (m) 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.040 0.045 -0.004 

FW0142 37.90416 -75.40750 0.062 0.045 0.017 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.039 0.043 -0.004 

FW0143 37.90500 -75.40750 0.058 0.043 0.015 

FW0139 37.92250 -75.39083 0.056 0.056 0.000 

FW0135 37.93055 -75.38166 0.052 0.053 0.000 

FW0613 37.93055 -75.38194 0.052 0.053 0.000 

FW0136 37.93138 -75.38222 0.053 0.053 0.000 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.126 0.127 -0.002 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.122 0.126 -0.004 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.130 0.126 0.003 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.148 0.126 0.021 

HU0367 38.33138 -75.08805 0.127 0.126 0.002 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0108 38.61138 -75.06388 0.109 0.108 0.001 

HU0087 38.78111 -75.12000 0.123 0.122 0.001 

HU1194 38.96833 -74.95972 0.133 0.137 -0.003 
108

HU1196 38.96833 -74.96055 0.141 0.137 0.004 

HU1197 38.97000 -74.96194 0.136 0.136 0.000 

JU2186 39.55611 -75.58166 0.019 0.020 0.000 

JU2188 39.55694 -75.57638 0.020 0.018 0.002 

JU2187 39.55722 -75.58222 0.020 0.019 0.000 

JU2189 39.55805 -75.57388 0.015 0.015 0.000 

JU0724 39.95166 -75.14194 -0.085 -0.087 0.002 

JU0730 39.95250 -75.13861 -0.086 -0.086 0.000 

JU0722 39.95305 -75.14000 -0.097 -0.088 -0.008 

JU0721 39.95361 -75.14055 -0.089 -0.089 0.000 

JU2225 39.95361 -75.14000 -0.082 -0.089 0.007 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.088 0.089 -0.001 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.088 0.088 0.000 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.087 0.087 0.000 

JU2404 39.21694 -74.64722 0.089 0.087 0.001 

JU2405 39.21777 -74.64611 0.086 0.087 -0.002 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.104 0.103 0.001 

JU0180 39.76250 -74.10694 0.002 0.005 -0.003 

JU0178 39.76277 -74.10833 0.006 0.008 -0.002 

JU2476 39.76277 -74.10833 0.009 0.008 0.002 

JU2475 39.76277 -74.10777 0.009 0.007 0.002 

HU0268 38.32833 -75.08805 0.144 0.127 0.016 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.136 0.126 0.010 

HU0366 38.32944 -75.08888 0.144 0.126 0.017 

HU2732 38.32944 -75.08888 0.162 0.126 0.035 

HU1172 38.34500 -75.08111 0.106 0.107 -0.001 

JU2402 39.19777 -74.65472 0.093 0.089 0.004 

JU0394 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2401 39.19861 -74.65611 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU2400 39.19888 -74.65583 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0393 39.19916 -74.65666 0.093 0.087 0.006 

JU2403 39.19944 -74.65500 0.093 0.088 0.005 

JU0392 39.20138 -74.65722 0.090 0.087 0.003 

JU4236 39.30777 -74.53305 0.091 0.103 -0.012 

JU0326 39.33777 -74.47944 0.121 0.119 0.002 

JU0325 39.34083 -74.47305 0.113 0.114 -0.001 

JU4072 39.35805 -74.42166 0.124 0.123 0.000 

AC7255 39.61138 -74.20472 0.026 0.026 -0.001 

8533615 39.76167 -74.11167 0.005 0.001 0.004 

8534048 39.61333 -74.21000 0.028 0.028 0.000 

8534212 39.54833 -74.46167 -0.008 -0.008 0.000 

8534720 39.35500 -74.41833 0.122 0.122 0.000 

8534770 39.33500 -74.47667 0.119 0.119 0.001 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535101 39.21500 -74.64833 0.088 0.088 0.000 

8535163 39.20000 -74.65667 0.087 0.087 0.000 

8536110 38.96833 -74.96000 0.137 0.137 0.000 

8538875 40.01333 -75.00833 -0.132 -0.132 0.000 

8545240 39.93333 -75.14167 -0.091 -0.091 0.000 

8545530 39.95333 -75.13833 -0.082 -0.084 0.002 

8551910 39.55833 -75.57333 0.015 0.015 0.000 

8557380 38.78167 -75.12000 0.121 0.122 -0.001 
109

8558690 38.61000 -75.07000 0.104 0.104 0.000 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.140 0.139 0.001 

8570280 38.32667 -75.08333 0.140 0.139 0.001 

8570282 38.33167 -75.09000 0.126 0.126 0.000 

8630249 37.93167 -75.38333 0.053 0.053 0.000 

8630308 37.90667 -75.40500 0.042 0.043 -0.001 

8630316 37.90333 -75.40667 0.058 0.053 0.005 

8534836 39.30833 -74.53333 0.106 0.103 0.003 

8534393 39.47833 -74.38333 0.035 0.035 0.000 

8534048 39.61333 -74.21000 0.029 0.028 0.001 
110