North American 

Power Plant

Air Emissions

COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION OF NORTH AMERICA
AUTHORS

Paul J. Miller, Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North 

America, Montreal, Quebec Canada

Chris Van Atten, M.J. Bradley & Associates, Concord, Massachusetts 

United States

PROJ ECT DI R ECTOR

Paul J. Miller, Program Coordinator for Air Quality, Commission for 

Environmental Cooperation of North America.

Reproduction of this document in whole or in part and in any form for 

education or nonprofit purposes may be made without special permission 

from the CEC Secretariat, provided acknowledgment of the source is 

made. The CEC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication or 

material that uses this document as a source.

Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America

393, rue Saint-Jacques Ouest, Bureau 200

Montréal (Québec) Canada H2Y 1N9

Tel: (514) 350–4300 • Fax: (514) 350–4314

E-mail: info@cec.org

http://www.cec.org

© Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America, 2004

Publication information:

ISBN: 2-923358-11-2

(French edition: ISBN 2-923358-13-9 ; Spanish edition: 2-923358-12-0)

Legal Deposit–Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2004

Legal Deposit–Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2004

Disponible en français–Disponible en español

DI SCLAI M E R

This document was prepared for the Secretariat of the Commission 

for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) of North America. The views 

contained herein are not intended to reflect the views of the CEC, 

or the governments of Canada, Mexico or the United States.

The data sources used in this report are constantly evolving, as facilities 

revise previously submitted data to correct reporting errors or make 

other changes. For purposes of this report, the CEC uses information 

submitted in Canada to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) 

in its 12 March 2004 update. In some cases, we also use data publicly 

available through the Canadian Electricity Association, in company 

annual reports, or from other public sources as indicated throughout the 

report. In Mexico, we use emissions data from a research report that 

used standard emission factors coupled with 2002 fuel consumption 

and generation data provided by Mexico’s Secretaría de Energía (Sener). 

In the United States, we obtained emissions information reported by 

facilities to the United States EPA’s Clean Air Markets Division as of March 

2004. For estimating mercury emissions, we relied on the EPA’s 1999 

mercury estimates coupled with coal consumption data for 2002 reported 

by facilities to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA). 

The EIA was also the source of 2002 generation data for United States 

facilities. The CEC is aware that changes may occur to the data used in 

this report after the time period we collected the information. Any future 

report by the CEC will reflect these changes in making year-to-year 

comparisons. The CEC also encourages interested readers to check the 

Web sites and other information resources referenced in this document 

for any changes to the 2002 information presented here.

DESIGN BRIGITTE BINET

Printed in Canada on Mohawk Options paper containing 

100% post-consumer waste fiber that is process chlorine 

free and manufactured with wind-generated energy
 NOTE FROM THE

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR IV

PREFACE V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V

1

INTRODUCTION 1

2

CONTEXT 5

2.1 The Electric Power System 5

2.2 Power Plant Air Emissions 6

3

EMISSIONS DATA 11

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 North American Information Sources 11

3.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions 12

3.4 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions 15

3.5 Mercury (Hg) Emissions 18

3.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions 20

4

APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY 83

ENDNOTES 87

CONTE NTS

III POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS
NOTE FROM TH E EXECUTIVE DI R ECTOR

 Electricity is an essential ingredient of the economies of our three countries in North America. Electric power is also 

a trade commodity of growing importance among the NAFTA partners. However, the electricity sector, both domestically and 

in a transboundary context, is seen as resource and environmentally intensive, with the air pollution and greenhouse gases it 

generates being key concerns. 

 Sound environmental and energy policies in North America rely on good science and reliable information on releases 

of pollutants to the environment and their consequences. In June 2002, the CEC Secretariat report, Environmental Challenges 

and Opportunities of the Evolving North American Electricity Market, outlined some of the recent structural changes and 

trends in the marketplace. Our report also noted the need for a database of comparable information from the three countries as 

a basis for trinational decision-making—particularly important since the three countries are examining ways to strengthen energy 

linkages among themselves. 

 While the 2002 CEC Secretariat report presented basic, non–source-specific information on some of the major 

air pollutants (SO2, NOx, mercury and CO2), it was not possible to acquire more specific air pollution information from many 

individual power plants at that time. Having more detailed pollutant information would support a number of decision-making 

needs, including:

 · linking energy demand projections with air pollution trends; 

· developing scenarios for a mix of electricity generation fuels and resulting impact on air quality, e.g., 

 clean coal, fuel switching, etc.;

· ascertaining the air quality impacts associated with the use of alternate or renewable energy sources;

· supporting the development of robust and viable trinational emissions trading programs;

· aiding facilities to develop emissions reduction strategies based on best practices of their competitors; and

· facilitating cross-border cooperation in reducing emissions.

 Recent changes in reporting rules have created the opportunity to compile more detailed information on emissions 

from most large fossil fuel power plants all across North America. This report is the culmination of the CEC’s effort to 

accomplish this North American milestone.

 This report is only a snapshot in time for one year—2002. Therefore, it cannot show what actions the facilities named 

herein are taking to reduce their ‘environmental footprint.’ A number of progressive companies have developed comprehensive 

emissions management strategies that include fuel source diversification (switching their fuel source from coal to natural gas; 

expanding their wind, solar or geothermal power business; etc.) as well as technological innovation that either reduces emissions 

or improves generating efficiency or both. Consortia of companies, like the Canadian Clean Power Coalition or the Clean Energy 

Group in the United States, are coming together to promote the production and use of alternate or renewable energy sources. 

Other companies are partnering with counterparts in developing countries to create Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) 

that will help to address the looming threat of global warming. In a similar vein, several states and provinces have set in place 

or are contemplating firm commitments to significantly reduce mercury emissions at coal power plants in the next several years 

(e.g., Alberta, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin).

 The CEC is seeking to increase its collaboration with the private sector through cooperative programs in order 

to facilitate greater environmental progress for North America. My hope is that the reader will use this information to aid 

decision making for sustainable development in our three countries and provide the Secretariat with advice on how this 

information could be applied and improved in the future.

William V. Kennedy

Executive Director, CEC

IV
PR E FACE

ACKNOWLE DG M E NTS

The Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America 

would like to thank Samudra Vijay, Luisa T. Molina, and Mario J. Molina 

of the Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology for compiling the Mexico-wide 

power plant air emissions inventory. The full breadth of this report would 

not have been possible without their efforts.

V POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

This document represents a milestone in promoting cooperation in 

North America through the collection, exchange, and public dissemination 

of comparable environmental information by Canada, Mexico and the 

United States. The report presents, for the first time, specific air pollutant 

information for individual fossil fuel–fired power plants across North 

America. This information will assist air quality planners, energy analysts, 

and the public to garner a greater understanding of the environmental 

performance of the electricity generating sector on a continental scale. 

This includes a clearer picture of how the environmental performance 

of individual power plants in each country compares in terms of the 

pollutants released to the atmosphere, whether regional differences exist 

in emissions levels, and if there are clusters of high-emitting facilities 

that may contribute to downwind pollution transport, including across 

international borders. The pollutant emissions information also provides 

a common reference year in which to track future trends in pollution, 

both at the level of individual power plants as well as for their collective 

emissions within specific regions. This helps establish a baseline to 

measure future environmental performance as increasing competition 

within the electric sector leads to shifts in generation within large regions 

of North America. It also helps create confidence in air quality programs 

by allowing interested stakeholders to track the progress of pollution 

control measures over time.

Fossil fuel power plants burning coal, oil and natural gas produce a large 

share of the North American electricity supply and are an important 

component of the region’s economy. These facilities also contribute a 

significant share of the air pollution and greenhouse gases released in 

each country. Prior to 2002, however, publicly accessible air pollutant 

information on individual power plants was not available on a comparable 

basis across North America. While differences and information gaps still 

remain, recent changes to reporting rules now allow for a more complete 

picture of air pollution from virtually all large fossil fuel–fired power plants

in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. With existing reporting in the 

United States coupled to changes in reporting requirements in Canada 

and increasing information availability in Mexico, the year 2002 is the first 

year in which it is possible to compile comparable power plant–specific 

pollutant information from all three countries. 

In this report, we bring together plant-by-plant air emissions of three 

key pollutants—sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and mercury 

(Hg)—emitted in Canada, Mexico and the United States. We also report 

on the releases of carbon dioxide (CO2), an important greenhouse 

gas. These substances are all linked to serious human health and 

environmental concerns. In addition to total emissions from each power 

plant, we also present their environmental performance in terms of 

the amount of pollution emitted per unit of electricity produced. This is 

an “output-based” measure of how efficiently individual power plants 

produce electricity in relation to the amount of air pollution they emit. 

This report is part of an ongoing effort by the Commission for 

Environmental Cooperation (CEC) of North America to increase the 

comparability and public availability of North American environmental 

information. In 2001, the CEC Council (comprised of the federal heads

of the environment agencies in each country) adopted Council 

Resolution 01-05 (29 June 2001) to promote the comparability of air 

emissions inventories in North America. In the resolution, the Council 

called upon the CEC to produce periodic reports summarizing publicly 

available information from North American air emissions inventories, 

including greenhouse gases.

This report on North American power plant emissions is a result of the

CEC Council directive to promote greater exchange of environmental 

information regarding air emissions inventories among the three 

NAFTA partners. The electricity generating sector is an appropriate 

place to begin these efforts because it contributes a significant share 

of air emissions in North America, it is widely distributed across the 

three countries, and it currently has the most comparable air pollutant 

information available among all the major industry sectors of North 

America. As more information becomes publicly available from other 

sectors (including motor vehicles and other non-industry sectors), the 

CEC hopes to provide future compilations for other major sources of 

air pollution in North America.
1

GRAND LAKE fuel used coal, capacity 57 MW, location New Castle Creek, New Brunswick
1 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Introduction

OVE RVI EW

a Contribution to total national emissions from all stationary, area, mobile, and other human-related sources.

b Canada information sources: SO2 and NOx

 (1995): Environment Canada. 1995 Criteria Air Contaminant Emissions for Canada. Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ape/ape_tables/canada95_

e.cfm (accessed 20 July 2004). Hg (2000): Environment Canada. Mercury and the Environment. Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/SM/EN/sm-cr.cfm (accessed 22 July 2004). 

CO2 (2002): Environment Canada. Backgrounder—Canada’s 2002 Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_02_report/ghg_backgrounder_e.cfm (accessed 

27 September 2004).

c Mexico information sources: SO2 and NOx

 (1998): Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2002: Air. 17 June 2003. Online at 

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/8/62/2958142.pdf. Hg (1999): Acosta y Asociados. “Preliminary Atmospheric Emissions Inventory of Mercury in Mexico.” Prepared for the Commission for 

Environmental Cooperation. 30 May 2001. Online at http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/MXHg-air-maps_en.pdf. CO2 (1999): World Resources Institute. EarthTrends Country Profiles. 

Climate and Atmosphere—Mexico. 2003. Online at http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Cli_cou_484.pdf. 

d United States information sources: SO2 and NOx

 (2001): United States Environmental Protection Agency. Acid Rain Program: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/

arp02/2002report.pdf (accessed 22 July 2004). Hg (1999): United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Mercury Reduction in Coal-Fired Power Plants: DOE’s R&D 

Program. ARIPPA Technical Symposium. 21 August 2002. Online at http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/mercury/pubs/DOE_RD_Prgm_PennState_ARIPPA082102.pdf (accessed 22 

July 2004). CO2 (2002): United States Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2002. EPA 430-R-04-003. April 2004.

Online at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions (accessed 27 September 2004). 

Pollutant Canadab Mexicoc United Statesd

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 20% 55% 69%

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 11% 27% 22%

Mercury (Hg) 25% 3% 40%

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 22% 30% 39%

The increasing integration of the continental energy market under the 

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has opened new 

opportunities for greater access to energy sources with the prospect of 

lower costs and greater energy security for North American consumers. 

With regard to the electricity trade, it also calls for greater information 

exchange on cross-border transfers of electricity to ensure system 

reliability and to facilitate the dispatch of the lowest cost electricity 

providers. Also important is knowledge of the environmental attributes 

of electricity generation on a comparable basis in each country. This 

report is the first-ever look on a North American scale at one aspect of 

this—specifically, air emissions from individual fossil fuel power plants in 

all three North American countries. The goal is to present an overview of 

air emissions information for several key pollutants from individual power 

plants in each country in order to provide a more complete environmental

context of electricity generation from the burning of fossil fuels in 

Canada, Mexico and the United States.

The electricity generating sector is an appropriate place to begin looking 

at the availability and comparability of air emissions information in North 

America as it contributes a significant share of the annual air pollution 

and greenhouse gas emissions released to the environment in each 

country (see Table 1.1). North America at the national, state, provincial 

and local level has adopted numerous regulations, objectives and 

goals aimed at limiting power plant pollution, and has made significant 

progress in reducing some of these pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide 

and nitrogen oxides. Despite these efforts, governments continue to be 

concerned about the effects of power plant emissions on human health 

and the environment, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish 

new pollution reduction targets in each North American country. 

Table 1.1

PERCENT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE ELECTRICITY GENERATING SECTOR TO TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSIONSa
2

In this report, we bring together fossil fuel power plant information for 

the year 2002 from Canada, Mexico and the United States, detailing 

the plant-by-plant emissions of three key pollutants: sulfur dioxide 

(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and mercury (Hg). We also report on the 

releases of carbon dioxide (CO2), an important greenhouse gas. We 

do not report on direct releases of particulate matter (PM), which also 

presents a risk to human health and the environment. Most of the PM 

contribution from power plants is through the formation of particles 

in the atmosphere after release of the gaseous precursors SO2 and 

NOx from the smokestack, rather than direct emissions of PM itself, 

although this does occur to some extent.

Throughout this report, we present only data obtained or derived from 

publicly available sources. We present pollutant quantities in metric 

units of kilograms or metric tonnes, and electricity output in terms 

of watt-hours (both megawatt-hours and gigawatt-hours). Table 1.2

provides the conversion or scaling factors for converting among metric 

units and other units appearing in this report. 

Table 1.2

CONVERSION FACTORS

We present emissions information for the year 2002 in this report because it 

is the first year in which it is possible to compile comparable information for 

individual power plants from all three countries. Prior to 2002, facility-specific 

information was not uniformly available from every part of North America. 

Increased information collection efforts or changes to reporting requirements 

in each country have taken place in recent years that now will bring annual 

emissions information to the interested public for virtually all the large fossil 

fuel power plants in all three countries. With respect to individual facilities, 

the year 2002 serves as a first “snapshot in time” of the comparative 

emissions performance of major North American fossil fuel power plants. 

This, of course, will change over time due to new pollution controls, changes 

in fuel, construction of new plants and retirement of old ones, and other 

factors. Therefore, while the year 2002 provides a static picture for one year, 

it also can be a starting point for tracking future changes in individual power 

plant emissions within the North American context.

In this report, we provide contextual information on the electric power 

sector, including a discussion of the key pollutants of concern (Chapter 2). 

We also discuss and tabulate the plant-by-plant emissions in each country 

(Chapter 3). The data reveal wide variations in the emissions performance 

of fossil fuel power plants in North America, suggesting that continued 

progress can be made in addressing the major pollutants of concern. There 

are facilities in the database that, with the use of modern pollution control 

equipment, are currently achieving greater than 90 percent reductions in 

NOx, SO2, and mercury. This is a source of optimism for air quality officials 

responsible for protecting human health and the environment, the electricity 

generation industry, and individuals concerned about these issues. The

emissions data show that the industry has a demonstrated ability to 

achieve substantial improvements in its environmental performance while 

continuing to meet the needs of a growing North American economy.

Emissions of CO2, however, present a unique challenge for policymakers 

and industry. All fossil fuels contain the element carbon, which produces 

CO2 when burned in the presence of oxygen. Reducing these emissions 

with current technologies will require more than installing retrofit 

technologies or back-end controls. Reducing CO2 emissions and the 

accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere requires a 

combination of strategies, including: increased reliance on non–CO2

emitting power facilities; increased reliance on higher efficiency, lower 

CO2 emitting technologies (e.g., combined-heat and power facilities); and 

a wide range of strategies outside of the electric sector, such as energy 

conservation and carbon sequestration measures.

The report concludes with a discussion of the information sources and 

methodology used in compiling the data (Appendix). Of special note is 

that the emissions information we present comes from a variety of public 

sources, and the methods for measuring or estimating the reported 

emissions may differ across the countries. It is important to have ancillary 

information to the emissions data that can help the interested public 

in evaluating the reasonableness of the reported information. This, 

unfortunately, is not always publicly available. The physical properties of 

the fuel, such as sulfur, mercury and carbon content, the types of boilers 

and pollution control equipment, and the amount of electricity generation 

are some additional pieces of information that can help provide a useful 

reference point for evaluating the reported emissions.1

Table 1.3 provides a summary of the data presented later in the report, 

including: 1) the summed totals of each pollutant from those facilities 

having emissions information; 2) the number of facilities having emissions 

information for the given pollutant; 3) the reported electricity production 

(when available); and 4) the collective emission rate of the included fossil 

fuel facilities expressed in terms of the quantity of pollution per unit of 

electricity output. Note that Table 1.3 is a summary of information only from 

the power plants tabulated in this report, unless otherwise noted. Therefore, 

the totals are not necessarily the national totals from the entire electricity 

sector in each country. For example, in the United States we include 

only those plants reporting to the United States EPA Clean Air Markets 

Division (Acid Rain Program), and further omit facilities having generation 

capacities less than 100 MW. Therefore, while Table 1.3 presents the 

CO2 emissions from United States power plants included in this report 

as 2,178 million metric tonnes, the national total for all fossil fuel power 

plants in the United States during 2002 is 2,240 million metric tonnes,2

which is about 3 percent greater than the total in Table1.3. Although 

this report does not include every fossil fuel power plant, it does include 

the largest sources that account for the majority of national emissions 

from the electricity sector. 

MASS AND WEIGHT 

1 metric ton (tonne)

1 short ton

1 kilogram 

1 pound

1 metric ton (tonne)

1.1023 short tons

0.9072 metric ton (tonne)

2.2046 pounds

0.4536 kilograms

1,000 kilograms

ENERGY 

1 kilowatt-hour 

1 megawatt-hour

1 gigawatt-hour

1 British thermal unit

1 gigajoule

1 petajoule

1,000 watt-hours

1,000 kilowatt-hours or 1,000,000 watt-hours

1,000 megawatt-hours or 1,000,000,000 watt-hours

1,055 joules

1,000,000,000 joules

1,000,000 gigajoules or 1015 joules
3 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Table 1.3

SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM POWER PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT

In general, Table 1.3 does not include generation from Canada’s fossil 

fuel power plants because 2002 generation from individual facilities 

was only partially available. This is also true for CO2 emissions from 

most individual Canadian facilities during 2002, although two companies 

publicly report their plant emissions. We can, however, estimate a 

national CO2 emissions average based on aggregated values available 

from the government of Canada. The federal agency Statistics Canada 

reports the national net generation from fossil fuel combustion (coal, 

oil and natural gas) in Canada for 2002 as 0.154 million GWh.3 

Environment Canada reports national CO2 emissions from the electricity 

sector in 2002 as 128 million metric tonnes.4 If we assume Statistics 

Canada and Environment Canada are compiling their information from 

an identical set of power plants, the national CO2 emissions average 

during 2002 in Canada would be 831 kg/MWh. We can not do the 

same for emissions of SO2, NOx, and Hg in Canada because we do 

not have similar national emissions totals for these pollutants during 

2002, although we believe the totals given in Table 1.3 encompass 

the majority of emissions. Without individual facility generation data, 

however, we are unable to parse out what portion of the aggregated 

national generation is attributable to only those facilities for which we 

were able to obtain emissions information.

RÍO ESCONDIDO

fuel used coal

capacity 1200 MW

location Río Escondido, Coahuila

POLLUTANT Country Total annual emissions 

from included facilities

Number of facilities included 

(with some quantity of 

emissions reported)a

Total electricity production 

from included facilities 

(GWh)b

Collective emission 

rate of included 

facilities

SO2

Canada 0.62 million tonnes 38 N/A N/A

Mexico 1.6 million tonnes 82 0.137 million 11.35 kg/MWh

United States 9.2 million tonnes 836 2.4 million 3.79 kg/MWh

NOx

Canada 0.26 million tonnes 70 N/A N/A

Mexico 0.25 million tonnes 82 0.137 million 1.83 kg/MWh

United States 4.0 million tonnes 897 2.4 million 1.66 kg/MWh

Hg

Canada 1,986 kg 22 N/A N/A

Mexico 1,025 kg 3 0.003 million 0.034 kg/GWh

United States 44,231 kg 376 1.9 million 0.023 kg/GWh

CO2

Canada 128 million tonnesc N/A 0.154 millionc 831 kg/MWhc

Mexico 94 million tonnes 82 0.137 million 688 kg/MWh

United States 2,178 million tonnes 899 2.4 million 893 kg/MWh

a The number of included facilities can vary across different pollutants for the same country according to the number of facilities in each country for which we obtained or estimated emissions. 

For example, the mercury totals include only power plants burning coal.

b The total generation in each row of this table is the summed generation from only those facilities reporting emissions of the particular pollutant. The Mexico and United States 2002 generation data 

are from government sources described in the methodology section of this report (Appendix). We could not include the summed 2002 generation for Canada because we did not have generation 

data for many of its power plants.

c We do not obtain these values from individual facility information presented in this report. They are from aggregated 2002 national totals available from federal agencies in Canada (see accompanying text).
4

2

SIBLEY fuel used coal, capacity 523 MW, location Missouri
5 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Context

2.1 TH E E LECTR IC POWE R SYSTE M

Figure 2.1 

GENERATION FUEL MIX IN NORTH AMERICA

The United States produced an estimated 

3,858 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity 

in 2002. In recent years, natural gas–fired 

power generation has greatly increased its 

share of the United States power supply. 

However, as natural gas prices are now 

rising, and the existing fleet of coal plants 

is continuing to age, there is a renewed 

interest in developing new coal-fired 

power generation.

Source: United States Department of Energy, 

Energy Information Administration, 2002.

COAL 50%

OIL 2% NATURAL GAS 18%

NUCLEAR 20%

HYDRO 7%

OTHER 2%

CANADA UNITED STATES

In 2002, Canada produced an estimated 

576 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. 

Sharp regional variations exist within the 

country. In Quebec, electricity is almost 

entirely hydro-powered. Alberta and 

Saskatchewan in the West rely heavily

on coal and natural gas. 

Source: Canadian Electricity Association, 

2002 data.

HYDRO 60%

COAL 19%

OIL 3%

NATURAL GAS 4%

NUCLEAR

12%

OTHER 2%

MEXICO

Mexico produced an estimated 221 billion 

kilowatt-hours of electricity in 2002.

Oil-fired power plants account for the 

largest share of Mexico’s fossil power

generation. Mexico’s national energy plans 

call for a greater share from natural gas

in the future, but this may depend on

price and availability. 

Sources: Comisión Federal de Electricidad, 

Secretaría de Energía, and the United States 

Energy Information Administration’s Mexico 

country analysis.

COAL 8% OIL 40%

NATURAL GAS 33%

NUCLEAR 5%

HYDRO 12%

OTHER 3%

The electric power system in North America is wide-ranging and highly 

complex, with important implications for national economic performance, 

energy security, and quality of life. A reliable, affordable, and clean 

supply of electricity is essential for the functioning of each country’s 

modern economy while maintaining and enhancing the quality of life for 

its citizens. A major challenge facing governments and industry today is

to balance important economic and energy policy considerations with 

public health and the environmental harm that results from the different 

sources of power supply.

Electricity generation in North America is based on a familiar model, 

one that is replicated throughout the world. Large central power 

stations, often in rural locations, spin generators to feed an expansive 

network of high-voltage transmission lines. These generators are 

carefully synchronized, each one spinning in unison, and generally 

powered by steam produced by coal, natural gas, oil, or nuclear fission, 

or driven by water from reservoirs.

The electricity pulsing through the transmission grid in turn feeds a 

system of low-voltage distribution lines, which connect to homes and 

businesses. Turning on a reading lamp or computer connects the 

appliance to this network of wires, drawing electricity from the grid. 

Power plant operators are continually responding to changes in the

system, increasing or decreasing supply to match customer demand 

in a carefully orchestrated exercise managed by a central authority or 

dispatcher. Intimately involved in the system are fuel suppliers, financial 

institutions, technology firms, and governments.

The technologies used to supply the grid vary throughout North America 

depending on a host of factors, including the cost and availability of fuel 

supplies, the availability of renewable resources (e.g., wind and solar), 

government subsidies and taxes, as well as the rules and requirements 

governing power markets and the operations of individual power 

plants. Because these factors vary across regions and countries, the 

technologies and fuels used to generate electricity vary according to 

local circumstances. This can be seen on a national scale in Figure 2.1, 

which displays the 2002 generation fuel mix in Canada, Mexico and 

the United States. The figure shows that the United States generates 

half its electricity from coal, whereas Mexico gets only about 8 percent 

from this fuel and instead generates a far greater share of its electricity 

from oil and natural gas. By contrast, Canada produces the largest 

share of its electricity from hydropower. Within each of these countries, 

however, there can be significant regional variations in the generation mix.
6

2.2 POWE R PLANT AI R E M I SS ION S

Figure 2.2 

SO2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES - Total power plant emissions, emissions per capita, and emissions per unit of GDP

TOTAL POWER PLANT SO2 EMISSIONS

(thousand metric tonnes)

EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

(kilograms/individual)

Sources: National GDP and population estimates from CIA World Factbook, online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, accessed June 2004. Population estimates for 2002 were estimated 

based on the reported 2003 figures and country specific growth rates calculated from 2003 and 2004 population estimates. GDP (purchasing power parity) estimates were reported for 2002.

United States SO2 emissions (2002): United States Environmental Protection Agency. Acid Rain Program: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp02/2002report.pdf

(accessed 22 July 2004). Note that this figure is slightly higher than that reported in Table 1.3 because Table 1.3 does not include sources below 100 MW in capacity.

Canada SO2 emissions (2002): Environment Canada, National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) database for 2002, accessible at www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm.

Mexico SO2 emissions (2002): Vijay, Samudra, Molina, Luisa T. and Molina, Mario J. Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the Electricity Sector in Mexico, prepared by the 

Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 2004. Online at www.cec.org.

EMISSIONS PER UNIT OF GDP

(kilograms/$billion)

CANADA: 19

MEXICO: 15

UNITED STATES: 32

CANADA: 663,218

MEXICO: 1,684,963

UNITED STATES: 885,482

Nitrogen oxides. Emissions of NOx contribute to smog formation 

(ground-level ozone), resulting in human respiratory problems and 

crop damage. Like SO2, NOx contributes to fine particulate formation 

(particularly during cold weather) and acid rain. Atmospheric nitrogen 

deposition from NOx and other nitrogen-containing compounds 

contributes to eutrophication of waterways and coastal estuaries. 

Eutrophication results from an increase in nutrient deposition to a water 

body, producing algae blooms, which can reduce or eliminate the oxygen 

available to aquatic plants and animals.

NOx

 emissions are formed as a byproduct of high temperature fuel 

combustion, and are produced during the combustion of all fossil fuels. 

Power plants in Canada, Mexico and the United States contribute 11, 

27 and 22 percent of their respective national NOx emissions. Motor 

vehicles and other combustion sources are also important contributors of 

NOx, particularly in populated areas. 8, 9,10

MEXICO

1,558

UNITED STATES

9,253

CANADA

619

Every technology used in generating electricity has its associated 

environmental impacts. For example, coal-fired power plants require the 

mining, transport, and storage of massive quantities of coal. They release 

SO2, NOx

, mercury and other pollutants to the atmosphere when coal is 

burned. Bottom ash, fly ash, and other solid wastes accumulate at the 

plant, requiring handling and disposal. Large hydroelectric facilities may 

require the damming and flooding of large tracts of land, displacing entire 

communities, destroying natural river courses, disrupting wildlife habitat, 

and liberating toxic metals like mercury from flooded soils. Wind turbines 

may generate some noise and, if not well located, can be dangerous to 

birds in flight and viewed as a visual blight on the landscape. These are just 

some of the environmental concerns that arise in producing electricity. 

In this report, we focus on the release of air pollutants and greenhouse 

gases from the combustion of fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—at large 

power plants. Along with nuclear and hydroelectric facilities, fossil fuel power 

plants generate the bulk of electricity in North America (see Figure 2.1)

The key primary pollutants of concern produced by fossil fuel power plants 

include SO2, NOx, and mercury. We also report on the releases of CO2, 

an important greenhouse gas. As mentioned earlier, we do not include 

particulate matter (PM), another key air pollutant for which power plants 

contribute a major share of the emissions (NOx and SO2) contributing to its 

presence in the atmosphere. All emissions data are for the year 2002, the 

first year in which comparable data on these emissions are available from 

each country.

Sulfur dioxide.SO2 emissions from power plants react with other 

chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulfate particles, an important 

contributor to the fine particle mix that circulates with the air we breathe. 

Fine particles have been linked to a number of serious human health 

problems, particularly among children, the elderly, and individuals with 

pre-existing cardiovascular or lung diseases (e.g., asthma). These health 

effects include premature death, increased respiratory symptoms and 

disease, decreased lung function, alterations in lung tissue and structure, 

and changes in respiratory tract defense mechanisms. SO2 emissions 

are also a major contributor to acid deposition, commonly known as “acid 

rain,” which can result in harm to fish and other aquatic life, forests, crops, 

buildings, and monuments. Fine particles formed from SO2 emissions also 

are significant contributors to poor visibility at scenic panoramas across 

North America because the particles efficiently scatter natural light, 

thus creating hazy views.

Coal and oil both contain varying concentrations of sulfur, with the result 

that power plants create SO2 when burning these fuels. Natural gas 

is a relatively minor source of SO2

 during combustion. The share of SO2

emissions from power plants to national totals is not insignificant. Power 

plants in Canada, Mexico and the United States contribute 20, 55 and

69 percent of their respective national SO2 emissions.5, 6, 7
7 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Figure 2.3 

NOx EMISSIONS ESTIMATES - Total power plant emissions, emissions per capita, and emissions per unit of GDP

TOTAL POWER PLANT NOx EMISSIONS 

(thousand metric tonnes)

EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

(kilograms/individual)

Sources: National GDP and population estimates from CIA World Factbook, online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, accessed June 2004. Population estimates for 2002 were estimated 

based on the reported 2003 figures and country specific growth rates calculated from 2003 and 2004 population estimates. GDP (purchasing power parity) estimates were reported for 2002.

United States NOx emissions (2002): United States Environmental Protection Agency. Acid Rain Program: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp02/2002report.pdf

(accessed 22 July 2004). Note that this figure is slightly higher than that reported in Table 1.3 because Table 1.3 does not include sources below 100 MW in capacity.

Canada NOx emissions (2002): Environment Canada, National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) database for 2002, accessible at www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm.

Mexico NOx emissions (2002): Vijay, Samudra, Molina, Luisa T. and Molina, Mario J. Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the Electricity Sector in Mexico, prepared by the 

Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 2004.

UNITED STATES

4,082

MEXICO

251

CANADA

261

EMISSIONS PER UNIT OF GDP

(kilograms/$billion)

CANADA: 8

MEXICO: 2

UNITED STATES: 14

CANADA: 280,059

MEXICO: 271,268

UNITED STATES: 390,654

Mercury. Power plants, as well as other natural and industrial sources, emit 

significant amounts of mercury to the air. There are several chemical forms 

of mercury emitted by power plants. One form, elemental mercury, deposits 

relatively slowly once emitted to the air, so that its transported distance through 

the atmosphere can be global in extent. Another form of mercury emitted by 

power plants is oxidized or ionic mercury. One class of oxidized mercury readily 

dissolves in water, is less volatile than elemental mercury, and sticks relatively 

easily to surfaces, so may quickly deposit downwind from its source. As a 

result of a shorter transport distance, some forms of oxidized mercury may 

more promptly enter the food chain nearer to its emission source compared 

to elemental mercury emissions. Once mercury deposits either in its elemental 

or oxidized forms, biological processes can transform it into a highly toxic 

compound called methylmercury. 

Figure 2.4 

MERCURY EMISSIONS ESTIMATES - Total power plant emissions, emissions per capita, and emissions per unit of GDP

TOTAL POWER PLANT MERCURY EMISSIONS

(metric tonnes)

EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

(kilograms/million individuals)

Sources: National GDP and population estimates from CIA World Factbook, online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, accessed June 2004. Population estimates for 2002 were estimated based 

on the reported 2003 figures and country specific growth rates calculated from 2003 and 2004 population estimates. GDP (purchasing power parity) estimates were reported for 2002.

United States mercury emissions (2002): Calculated based on Information Collection Request (1999) database developed by the United States EPA and 2002 coal use data from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA) of the United States Department of Energy.

Canada mercury emissions (2002): Environment Canada, National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) database for 2002, accessible at www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm.

Mexico mercury emissions (2002): Vijay, Samudra, Molina, Luisa T. and Molina, Mario J. Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the Electricity Sector in Mexico, prepared by the Integrated 

Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 2004.

UNITED STATES

44.2

MEXICO

1.0

CANADA

2.0

EMISSIONS PER UNIT OF GDP

(kilograms/$billion)

CANADA: 63

MEXICO: 10

UNITED STATES: 151

CANADA: 2

MEXICO: 1

UNITED STATES: 4
8

Figure 2.5 

CO2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES - Total power plant emissions, emissions per capita, and emissions per unit of GDP

TOTAL POWER PLANT CO2 EMISSIONS

(million metric tonnes)

EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

(kilograms/individual)

Sources: National GDP and population estimates from CIA World Factbook, online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, accessed June 2004. Population estimates for 2002 were estimated

based on the reported 2003 fi gures and country specifi c growth rates calculated from 2003 and 2004 population estimates. GDP (purchasing power parity) estimates were reported for 2002.

United States CO2

 emissions (2002): United States Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2002, Chapter 3. Energy, page 42. 

EPA 430-R-04-003. April 2004. Accessed online at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions (29 September 2004). Note that this fi gure is higher than that reported in Table 1.3 

because Table 1.3 does not include sources below 100 MW in capacity.

Canada CO2 emissions (2002): Environment Canada. Canada’s 2002 Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Accessed online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_02_report/ghg_backgrounder_e.cfm (29 September 2004).

Mexico CO2 emissions (2002): Vijay, Samudra, Molina, Luisa T. and Molina, Mario J. Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the Electricity Sector in Mexico. 

Prepared by the Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 2004.

UNITED STATES

2,240

MEXICO

94

CANADA

128

EMISSIONS PER UNIT OF GDP

(tonnes/$billion)

CANADA: 4,012

MEXICO: 901

UNITED STATES: 7,787

CANADA: 137,030

MEXICO: 102,209

UNITED STATES: 214,364

Methylmercury in water bodies concentrates in the tissue of fi sh, with 

generally higher concentrations in the larger predator fi sh that feed 

on smaller fi sh and other organisms lower in the food chain. Birds 

that feed on fi sh, such as loons, also can accumulate high levels of 

mercury in their bodies. In addition, human exposure to methylmercury 

in North America also results primarily from the consumption of fi sh.

Methylmercury can adversely affect several organ systems in people, with 

the severity of effects depending largely on the magnitude and timing of the 

exposure (i.e., during fetal development or as a child or adult). Mercury is a 

developmental neurotoxin that can damage the central nervous system of a 

young child or fetus. Some studies suggest that mercury has cardiovascular 

effects in adults and can impair the adult immune and reproductive systems.

Power plants in Canada and the United States contribute 25 and 40 percent 

of their respective industrial mercury emissions.11,12 Coal-fi red power plants 

are the single largest industrial source of atmospheric mercury emissions 

in the United States due to the large share of electricity generation in the 

United States from coal combustion. Oil and natural gas contain relatively 

minor concentrations of mercury, depending on their source, and are not 

considered to be signifi cant sources of mercury at this time. Only three 

power plants burned coal in Mexico during 2002, and these contributed 

roughly three percent of the country’s atmospheric mercury emissions.13 

Carbon Dioxide. CO2 is the most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG)

emitted from human activities. There are also non-CO2 GHGs emitted

directly by human activities, including methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),

COLESON COVE

fuel used oil

capacity 990 MW

location St. John, New Brunswick
9 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

and a group of industrial gases including perfluorocarbons (PFCs), 

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared light that would 

otherwise pass through the air on its way to outer space. By storing 

the light’s energy in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases warm the 

planet significantly, making conditions more amenable to life. Rising 

concentrations of greenhouse gases beyond recent natural levels due 

to human activities increase the atmosphere’s capacity to absorb energy 

from light, which in turn can raise the average global temperature. This 

change may affect global weather patterns, which can lead to rising sea 

levels, destruction of animal and plant habitat, increased frequency and 

severity of storms, glacial melting, and drought.

Fossil fuel power plants in Canada, Mexico and the United States 

contribute 23, 30 and 39 percent of their respective national CO2

emissions,14,15,16 thus are significant contributors to industrial 

greenhouse gas emissions in each country.

Emissions by Fuel Type. Having emissions information from individual 

power plants permits the estimation of the relative contribution of different 

fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) to each nation’s air pollution. This is 

shown in Table 2.1 by individual country as well as collectively for all of North 

America. As can be seen in this table, coal is by far the largest source of air 

emissions from the electricity sector in Canada and the United States. Oil is 

an important contributor in Mexico because it is the dominant fuel in use in 

Mexico, providing about 40 percent of national generation in 2002, while coal 

combustion provided about 8 percent (see Figure 2.1). 

We do not include mercury in Table 2.1 because most information in North 

America is only available for coal power plants, which dominate mercury air 

emissions from the electricity sector. There will be a small contribution from 

oil and natural gas power plants that makes the coal contribution marginally 

less than 100 percent. The contribution from oil and natural gas, however, is 

not considered significant at this time so that the mercury emissions from the 

power sector in each country, including Mexico with only three coal plants,17

will be mainly from coal combustion. 

Table 2.1 

PERCENT CONTRIBUTION OF EACH COMBUSTION FUEL TO ELECTRICITY SECTOR AIR EMISSIONS IN EACH

COUNTRY AND IN NORTH AMERICAa

For North America as a whole, coal-fired electricity generation is the 

single largest source of air emissions of SO2, NOx, mercury, and CO2 from 

the electricity generation sector. Coal combustion accounted for about 

44 percent of all electricity generation across the three countries, while 

oil and gas accounted for about 4 and 17 percent, respectively. When 

looking at only generation from fossil fuels, coal produced 68 percent 

of electricity from fossil fuel power plants, while natural gas provided 26 

percent and oil 6 percent.18 Therefore, the higher pollution contribution 

from coal combustion to trinational air emissions is not surprising based 

on its higher share of generation. Coal’s share of air emissions among 

fossil fuel sources, however, still tends to be higher than its share of 

fossil fuel electricity generation because coal typically emits more of 

these types of pollutants per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced than 

the other fossil fuel sources. For example, while coal accounts for about 

68 percent of the fossil fuel electricity generation in North America,

Table 2.1 shows that it is responsible for 86 percent of SO2 and 90 

percent of NOx emissions from the power plants included in this report.19 

Natural gas, on the other hand, accounts for about 26 percent of the fossil 

fuel electricity generation in North America, but contributes proportionally 

fewer emissions—less than 1 percent of SO2 and about 6 percent of 

NOx emissions.

a Totals may differ from 100 percent due to rounding. We 

currently believed, however, that coal dominates national mercury emissions from the electricity sector, while oil and natural gas are relatively minor contributors.

b “Other” includes petroleum coke, diesel, landfill gas, and wood.

FUEL TYPE SO2 NOx CO2

CANADA

Coal 86% 82% N/A

Oil 12% 11% N/A

Natural gas 0% 6% N/A

Otherb 2% 2% N/A

MEXICO

Coal 21% 47% 22%

Oil 79% 35% 60%

Natural gas 0% 17% 17%

Otherb 0% 2% 1%

UNITED STATES

Coal 97% 93% 87%

Oil 3% 2% 2%

Natural gas 1% 5% 11%

Otherb 0% 0% 0%

NORTH AMERICA

Coal 86% 90% N/A

Oil 14% 4% N/A

Natural gas 0% 6% N/A

Otherb 0% 0% N/A
10

3

TUXPAN fuel used oil, capacity 2100 MW, location Tuxpan, Veracruz
11 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Emissions Data

3.1 I NTRODUCTION

We obtained or derived the emissions data presented in this report 

from publicly available databases and reports. All data presented in 

this report are for the year 2002 unless noted otherwise. 

In the accompanying tables to each pollutant section, we present the 

facility-specific total emissions from North American fossil fuel power 

plants grouped by country. We also include the facilities’ output-based 

emissions rates—that is, the amount of pollution emitted per output of 

electricity. This helps in comparing the relative environmental performance

of facilities since a large facility with high total emissions may emit 

much less pollution on an electricity output basis than a smaller facility 

with lower total emissions. For example, a large facility emitting twice 

the pollution of a smaller facility would still be two times cleaner on an 

electricity output basis if it produces four times the electricity of the 

smaller facility. Total emissions from a facility are important, however,

because ultimately for the environment and public health, it is the total 

amount of pollution emitted that determines the extent of impact.

Most of the Canadian power plant emissions data come from the 

National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) database for 2002, 

the first year in which Canada required reporting of SO2 and NOx air 

emissions (power plants began reporting mercury releases in 2000). 

Emissions of CO2 were only available from two companies (ATCO 

Power and Ontario Power Generation) in annual reports for 2002. More

information on greenhouse gas emissions from individual facilities in 

Canada should be forthcoming in future years under a new reporting 

program being developed by the federal agency Statistics Canada. 

Electricity generation information for specific power plants in Canada

is typically not publicly available, but the Canadian Electricity Association 

provides 2001 and 2002 generation figures for a limited number of coal 

power plants as part of a special mercury program. We obtained additional 

generation information for some facilities from company annual reports 

(ATCO Power and Ontario Power Generation).

The emissions data for Mexico are from a database compiled in a report 

entitled Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the 

Electricity Sector in Mexico20 that was commissioned by the CEC. The 

report estimates emissions and output emission rates for power plants 

in Mexico based on fuel consumption and generation data provided by 

Mexico’s Energy Secretariat (Sener). Emission factors for specific types 

of power generating facilities came from United States EPA tabulations 

of standard emission factors (AP-42).

The United States emissions data for SO2, NOx, and CO2 are from the 

United States EPA Clean Air Markets database accessed through the 

Emissions Query Wizard. Continuous emissions monitoring of many 

of the large United States power plants provides the basis of these 

data. Fossil fuel consumption and electricity generation data are from 

the United States Energy Information Administration. For mercury, we 

estimated emissions by calculating the ratio of coal consumption (in 

tons) for the years 2002 and 1999, and multiplying this ratio by the 

1999 mercury emissions reported in EPA’s Emissions and Generation 

Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). This simplified approach may 

provide a general trend in emissions but does not account for important 

factors beyond fuel use that may also affect mercury emissions. 

These could include addition of controls (e.g., wet scrubbers) that may 

remove additional mercury, or coal switching (e.g., from bituminous to 

subbituminous or vice versa) that may increase or decrease the amount 

of emitted mercury.

The following sections provide an overview of the data presented later 

in this chapter. We begin our analysis with a discussion of the SO2

emissions data.

3.2 NORTH AMERICAN INFORMATION SOURCES

An air emissions inventory serves a number of important functions in 

understanding and managing sources of air pollution, ranging from motor 

vehicles to large industrial facilities. Policymakers who are responsible 

for protecting human health and the environment rely on air emissions 

inventories to identify opportunities for reducing pollution and to evaluate 

alternative policy scenarios. Companies rely on emissions data to assess

their performance relative to others in their sector and to evaluate their 

progress in reducing emissions. Public health researchers use emissions 

inventories when trying to link observed health effects to air pollution 

sources. The public relies on emissions inventories to understand the 

sources of air pollution in its communities. Electricity suppliers, in some 

cases, rely on emissions inventory data to assess and report to their 

customers on the emissions attributable to the electricity they sell. The 

investment community can use the data to assess the environmental 

liabilities faced by a company.

While emissions inventories provide important information for a number of 

audiences and policy goals, the inventories in North America historically 

have been varied in level of detail, reporting year, estimation methods, and 

public accessibility. Each of the three countries requires power plants to 

report some types of pollutants and associated operational data, but no 

common policy exists across North America. For example, the United 

States requires large fossil fuel power plants to measure and report 

emissions of some air pollutants using continuous emissions monitoring 

in the smokestacks. Canada and Mexico do not require continuous 

monitoring, so emissions information may be estimated by either monitoring 

or empirical techniques (e.g., calculating SO2 emissions based on a plant’s 

fuel consumption and the fuel’s sulfur content).

Recognizing that air pollution travels across international borders, the 

North American countries have been placing greater emphasis on the 

generation and sharing of air emissions inventory information in several 

bilateral venues as well as on a trinational level through the Commission

for Environmental Cooperation. While data gaps remain and estimation 

methods may differ, the year 2002 marks the first year that publicly 

accessible air emissions data exist for individual power plants in each 

North American country. This is an important result of the increasing 

cooperative efforts among the three countries to foster the greater 

exchange and public availability of air pollutant information.
12

In the United States, where 50 percent of electricity is produced by 

coal-fired power plants, there are a large number of facilities that produce 

significant quantities of SO2 emissions. A total of about 242 facilities (out of 

899 in the database) produced 90 percent of power plant SO2 emissions 

in the United States, with annual individual facility emissions ranging from 

145,763 tonnes to 10,997 tonnes. In Canada, seventeen facilities out of 

38 produced 90 percent of SO2 emissions, with annual emissions ranging 

from 86,710 tonnes to 12,992 tonnes. In Mexico, sixteen facilities out of 

82 produced 90 percent of SO2 emissions, with annual emissions ranging 

from 253,430 tonnes to 29,196 tonnes. The SO2 emissions column of 

Tables 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 reports the annual 2002 SO2 emissions for each 

of the facilities in the inventory. 

In North America, a fairly small percentage of facilities produced the majority 

of SO2 emissions in 2002. For example, the seven highest emitting facilities 

in the United States (or 2 percent of the power plants listed in Table 3.3) 

produced 10 percent of the total annual emissions. Seventeen facilities (or 

4 percent of the power plants listed in Table 3.3) produced 20 percent of 

the total annual emissions. In Canada, the highest emitting facility produced 

14 percent of the total SO2 emissions from the electricity sector during 

2002. In Mexico, the highest emitting facility in 2002 produced 16 percent 

of the total annual SO2 emissions from the electricity sector.

Figure 3.1 presents in bar chart form the SO2 emissions generated by 

power plants in Canada, the United States and Mexico distributed across 

the facilities in each of the countries. Each bar in Figure 3.1 represents 

10 percent of the fossil-fired power plants within each country, with facilities 

sorted according to their 2002 SO2 emissions. In Canada, the total number 

of fossil-fired facilities is 70, with each bar representing 7 facilities, which is 

10 percent of the number of plants. In the United States, the total number 

of facilities is 899, with each bar representing 90 facilities or 10 percent 

of the inventory. In Mexico, the total number of facilities is 82 with each bar 

representing 8 facilities or 10 percent of the inventory. As an example of 

how to interpret these charts, facilities in Canada report a total of 619,000 

tonnes of SO2 emissions in 2002. The seven highest emitting facilities, 

representing 10 percent of the total facility count, produced 59 percent of 

these emissions. The next seven highest emitting facilities produced 26 

percent of power plant emissions. The lowest emitting facilities, representing 

50 percent of the total facility count, produced less than 1 percent of SO2

emissions. In each country, the charts show that the 10 percent highest 

emitting plants collectively contributed more than 55 percent of their 

national emissions from the electricity generating sector in 2002. For 

Canada and the United States, the top 10 percent of the emitters are 

primarily large coal plants, with one oil plant in Canada. In Mexico, these 

are oil plants along with the only three coal plants in that country.

3.3 S U LFU R DIOXI DE (SO2) E M I SS ION S

CHALK POINT

fuel used coal, oil, natural gas

capacity 2600 MW

location Aquasco, Maryland
13 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Figure 3.1 

FACILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SO2 EMISSIONSa

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

59% of SO2

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

less than 1% of 

SO2 emissions.

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 SO2 emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

UNITED STATES

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

59% of SO2

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced less 

than 1% (0.02%) of 

SO2 emissions. 

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 SO2 emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

SO2 Emissions (million tonnes) SO2 Emissions (million tonnes)

MEXICO

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

65% of SO2

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced less 

than 1% (0.04%) of 

SO2 emissions. 

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 SO2 emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

SO2 Emissions (million tonnes)

a Not all fossil fuel facilities in each country reported SO2 emissions in 2002, so the total number of facilities covered in Figure 3.1 may be greater than those 

reporting emissions. Because the power plants not reporting emissions are small emitters, their inclusion in the bar charts does not change the relative 

contribution of each grouping. 

5% 1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

10.0

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0

22%

12%

59%

65%

25%

9%

2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

CANADA

59%

26%

12%

3% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
14

The SO2 emission rate column of Tables 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 shows the 

SO2 emission rates for each of the facilities. These output-based emission 

rates provide a measure of the quantity of SO2 emissions released to 

the air per megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity produced. Emission rates 

allow a comparison of the relative emissions performance of different size 

facilities and facilities with different utilization rates. 

There are several reasons for the wide variation in SO2 emission rates. 

One is the fuel used and its level of pollution control. A coal-fired power 

plant can dramatically reduce its SO2 emissions with the application of 

post-combustion pollution control equipment. The leading technology for 

SO2 control is flue gas desulfurization (FGD or scrubber) controls, which 

can achieve greater than 90 percent control efficiency. According to 

the United States EPA, 31 percent of coal-fired capacity in the United 

States (or 94 gigawatts) is equipped with scrubber technology, with the 

remainder having different control technologies, or no controls. 21 Apart 

from the Conesville (#5 in Table 3.3), Gibson (#7), and Homer City 

(#13) facilities, which are each reported to have at least one scrubber 

installed at their plants, none of the top seventeen highest emitting 

facilities in the United States is reported to have a scrubber installed.22

Many of the plants in Mexico burn oil containing relatively high levels of 

sulfur and have no emission controls installed. Among those having 

some level of control, none is believed to have scrubbers.23 Canada, 

like the United States, has a mix of controlled and uncontrolled sources. 

Of the 20 coal power plants that have power plant information reports 

collected by the Canadian Electricity Association, five indicated some 

type of SO2 control on at least one unit, with two plants reporting the 

use of scrubbers.24

SO2 emission rates will also vary as a result of differences in the 

sulfur content of the coal or oil combusted. In the United States, 

subbituminous coal mined in the western part of the country generally 

contains lower concentrations of sulfur than coal mined in the eastern 

United States, although there are some sources of “low sulfur” eastern 

bituminous coals. Subbituminous coal mined in Wyoming contains only 

about 0.3 percent sulfur, while high-sulfur coal from the Appalachian 

basin can contain more than 3.0 percent sulfur.25 The SO2 estimates 

for Mexican power plants burning coal are based on a sulfur content 

of 1.3 percent for plants using domestic coal supplies and 0.7 percent 

for imported coal. 26 For the oil-burning plants, which are a much larger 

share of generation in Mexico, sulfur content is typically in the range of 

3.4 to 3.9 percent.

Figure 3.2 presents the geographic distribution of power plant SO2

emissions in North America. The largest concentration of SO2 emissions 

in North America runs through the United States Midwest and Southeast, 

where the greatest number of coal power plants are located. Coal plants 

in the western United States are relatively less pronounced, reflecting in 

part the lower sulfur content of coal primarily used there. In Canada, the 

large emitters are mainly coal plants located in central Alberta, southern 

Saskatchewan, southern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. New 

Brunswick and Newfoundland also have one oil-fired plant each with 

large SO2 emissions. In contrast to the United States, there is a less 

strong geographical distinction in the size of SO2 emissions between 

western and eastern power plants in Canada. The two largest emitters of 

sulfur dioxide in Mexico are oil-fired facilities in the states of Veracruz 

and Hidalgo. Mexico has two large coal plants—Río Escondido 

(1,200 megawatts), also known as Carbón I or José López Portillo, and 

Carbón II (1,400 megawatts)—that are located in the United States–

Mexico border region in the state of Coahuila adjacent to the state of 

Texas. The map shows the combined SO2 emissions of these two coal 

plants as one circle to avoid obscuring their collective emissions in 

overlapping co-located circles.27Mexico also added a third coal plant to 

its national generation mix in 2001 when it converted 1,050 megawatts 

of the 2,100 megawatt Petacalco power plant from oil to coal (with plans 

for converting another 700 megawatts by 2003). This plant is located 

in the southern state of Guerrero on Mexico’s Pacific coast, and imports 

coal from Asia and Australia. 

NAUGHTON

fuel used coal

capacity 700 MW

location Kemmerer, Wyoming
15 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Figure 3.2 

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POWER PLANT SO2 EMISSIONS

The burning of fossil fuels at high temperatures in the presence of nitrogen and 

oxygen in the air produces nitric oxide (NO), which rapidly converts to nitrogen 

dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. Collectively, these two pollutants are referred 

to as NOx. Because of the large amounts of fuel they burn, fossil fuel power 

plants are significant sources of NOx in North America. Some of the factors that 

influence the amount of NOx produced by power plants include the amount of 

nitrogen in the fuel, the amount of excess air (which is 78 percent nitrogen), the 

combustion air temperature, and the level of post-combustion NOx control.

For the United States, there are a total of 565 facilities, with annual individual 

facility NOx emissions ranging from 45,308 tonnes to 190 tonnes. In 2002, 

70 facilities reported NOx emissions in Canada, with annual emissions ranging 

from 38,204 tonnes to 23 tonnes. There are 81 facilities in Mexico estimated 

to produce NOx, ranging from 45,932 tonnes to 13 tonnes. The NOx emissions 

column of Tables 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 shows the annual NOx emissions during 

2002 for each of the facilities in North America.

Figure 3.3 presents in bar chart form the contribution of NOx emissions 

by power plant groupings in each country to that country’s total NOx

emissions from the electricity sector. The bars in each chart represent 

10 percent increments of the total number of power plants with their 

emissions contribution to the electricity sector’s national total. The number 

of facilities in each country included in the bar charts is the same total 

as previously given for Figure 3.1. In each country, the charts show that 

the 10 percent highest emitting plants in terms of total annual emissions 

collectively contributed more than 50 percent of the emissions of the 

national contribution from the electricity generation sector in 2002. The top 

10 percent of the emitters in Canada and the United States are coal plants. 

In Mexico, the top three facilities among the 10 percent highest emitters 

are its coal plants followed by large oil facilities. 

3.4 N ITROG E N OXI DE S (NOX) E M I SS ION S

KINGSTON

fuel used coal

capacity 1700 MW

location Harriman, Tennessee

NORTH AMERICAN

POWER PLANTS

The size of each circle represents

the quantity of emissions in 2002

200,000 tonnes

 100,000 tonnes

 25,000 tonnes

PRIMARY FUEL TYPE

Coal = Black

Oil or Diesel = Blue

Natural Gas = Red
16

Figure 3.3 

FACILITY DISTRIBUTION OF NOX EMISSIONSa

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

51% of NOx

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

2.7% of NOx

emissions. 

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 NOx emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

N0X Emissions (million tonnes)

UNITED STATES The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

52% of NOx

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

1.7% of NOx

emissions. 

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 NOx emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

MEXICO

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

65% of NOx

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 4% 

of NOx

 emissions. 

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 NOx emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

N0X Emissions (million tonnes)

a Not all fossil fuel facilities in each country reported NOx

 emissions in 2002, so the total number of facilities covered in Figure 3.3 may be greater 

t harts does not 

change the relative contribution of each grouping.

CANADA

51%

26%

12%

7% 2% 1% 1% <1% <1% <1%

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0

52%

23%

13%

7% 3% 1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

N0X Emissions (million tonnes)

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

12% 9%

6% 4% 2% 1% 1% <1% <1%

0.26

0.24

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

65%
17 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

The NOx emission rate column in Tables 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 reports 

the NOx emission rates for each of the facilities. These output-based 

emission rates provide a measure of the quantity of NOx emissions 

released to the air per megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity production. 

Emission rates allow a comparison of the relative emissions performance 

of different size facilities and facilities with different utilization rates.

NOx emission rates vary for some of the same reasons that 

SO2 emissions rates vary: 1) different levels of pollution control;

2) differences in the characteristics of the fuels combusted; and

3) differences in power plant efficiency.

Figure 3.4 presents the geographic distribution of power plant NOx

emissions in North America. Again, the largest concentration of 

emissions runs through the United States Midwest and Southeast, 

coinciding with the greatest number of coal power plants. The coal 

plants in the western United States are now more pronounced as 

NOx emitters than they were as SO2 sources (see Figure 3.2), which 

is a reflection of NOx being relatively less dependent on coal type as 

compared to the differences in sulfur content between western and 

eastern coals. The five largest power plant sources of NOx in Canada 

are coal plants in Alberta, Ontario and Saskatchewan. As previously 

mentioned, Mexico’s three coal plants (two in Coahuila and one in 

Guerrero) are also the three top emitters of NOx pollution from the 

electricity sector. The two coal plants in Coahuila are collectively shown 

in the map as one circle along the northern border of Mexico with Texas 

because the power plants are virtually co-located on the map scale.

Figure 3.4

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POWER PLANT NOX EMISSIONS

CARBÓN II 

fuel used coal

capacity 1400 MW

location Nava, Coahuila

NORTH AMERICAN

POWER PLANTS

The size of each circle represents

the quantity of emissions in 2002

85,000 tonnes

 40,000 tonnes

 10,000 tonnes

PRIMARY FUEL TYPE

Coal = Black

Oil or Diesel = Blue

Natural Gas = Red
18

Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in North America are 

generally unregulated, although efforts are underway in Canada and the 

United States to develop control programs. For example, Alberta adopted a 

reduction target of 50 percent from 2003 power plant mercury emissions 

by the end of 2009. The United States has proposed national regulations 

limiting mercury air emissions from the electricity sector, while several states 

have already adopted their own requirements. Massachusetts and Wisconsin 

seek to reduce mercury emissions by 80 percent or greater from the 

2001–2002 and 2002–2004 measured levels, respectively. Connecticut 

and New Jersey require a 90 percent reduction based on measured mercury 

concentrations before and after the power plant’s pollution controls.

A total of about 210 facilities produced 90 percent of the power plant 

mercury emissions in the United States during 2002, with annual individual 

facility emissions ranging from 849 kilograms to 56 kilograms. Fourteen 

facilities produced 90 percent of the power plant mercury emissions in 

Canada, with annual emissions ranging from 275 kilograms to 1.0 kilogram. 

Mexico has three coal power plants, each estimated to emit over 300 kg 

mercury apiece. The mercury emissions column of Tables 3.9, 3.10, and 

3.11 shows the 2002 annual mercury emissions for each of the facilities 

included in this report.

The 60 highest mercury-emitting power plants in the United States (or 18 

percent of the those listed in Table 3.9) produced 50 percent of the total annual 

emissions from such facilities. In Canada, the highest emitting facility produced 

14 percent of the total annual emissions from the Canadian electricity sector. 

In Mexico, the highest emitting facility among its three coal plants is the Carbón 

II coal plant located in the State of Coahuila near the United States border 

along southwestern Texas. For mapping purposes, the circle at this location 

combines the mercury emissions from Carbón II and the nearby Río Escondido 

coal plant that otherwise would be obscured in overlapping circles.

Figure 3.5 shows in bar chart form the contribution of mercury air emissions 

by power plant groupings in Canada and the United States to each country’s 

total mercury air emissions from the electricity sector. The bars in each chart 

represent 10 percent increments of the total number of power plants with their 

emissions contribution to the electricity sector’s national total. The number of 

facilities in each country included in the bar charts is the same total as previously 

given for Figure 3.1. We do not include a bar chart for Mexico because its 

three coal-burning power plants would all fall into only one bar at the top 10 

percent. The top 10 percent of the power plants accounts for over 60 percent 

of mercury emissions from the electricity generation sector in each country. 

Although the bar charts include all fossil fuel power plants, all the mercury 

emissions are from coal plants only. While oil and gas power plants may have 

some level of mercury air emissions, these are not generally considered high

3.5 M E RCU RY (Hg) E M I SS ION S

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

61% of mercury 

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced less 

than 1% of mercury 

emissions.

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 Hg emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

Hg Emissions (tonnes)

UNITED STATES

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

63% of mercury 

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced less 

than 1% of mercury 

emissions.

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 Hg emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

Hg Emissions (tonnes)

Figure 3.5 

FACILITY DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY EMISSIONSa

 a In general, coal power plants are the primary emitters of mercury from fossil fuel combustion, while the total number of facilities covered in the figure 

includes many non-coal plants not reporting mercury emissions. Because the non-coal power plants are relatively small emitters of mercury, the omission of 

non-coal mercury emissions in the bar charts does not change the relative preponderance of coal plants as the major mercury emitters.

CANADA

1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

2.20

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0

61%

30%

8%

4% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1%

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0

63%

23%

11%
19 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

and there are little or no mercury emissions data for these plants in the Canada 

and United States databases used in this report. Even for the United States 

plants listed in Table 3.9 that have a primary fuel other than coal, their mercury 

emissions are from coal that these plants burn as a secondary fuel source.

The mercury emission rate column in Tables 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 reports 

the emission rates for each of the facilities. These output-based emission 

rates provide a measure of the quantity of mercury released to the air for 

each gigawatt-hour (GWh) of electricity production. 

Power plant mercury emission rates vary in part because of the varying 

concentrations of mercury in coal. Mercury is present as a natural impurity 

in coal, and the concentrations can vary substantially between coal types 

and even within the same coal type. Table 3.1 presents the mercury 

concentrations measured during a nationwide survey coordinated by the 

United States EPA in 1999.28 The Canadian Electricity Association is 

currently undertaking a mercury program in Canada to better characterize 

variations in coal mercury content and emissions in that country.

29

Table 3.1

MERCURY CONTENT OF COAL TYPES

COAL TYPE Average Mercury Content Range of Measured Mercury Concentrations 

BITUMINOUS 3.69 kg/petajoule (8.59 lb/trillion Btu) 0.02–44.63 kg/petajoule (0.04–103.81 lb/trillion Btu)

SUBBITUMINOUS 2.47 kg/petajoule (5.74 lb/trillion Btu) 0.17–30.56 kg/petajoule (0.39–71.08 lb/trillion Btu)

LIGNITE 4.53 kg/petajoule (10.54 lb/trillion Btu) 0.40–32.27 kg/petajoule (0.93–75.06 lb/trillion Btu)

Emission rates also vary as a result of the incidental capture of mercury 

at coal-fired power plants. Extensive field tests in the United States have 

demonstrated that existing pollution control equipment, such as SO2

scrubbers and post-combustion NOx controls, can achieve significant levels 

of mercury control. According to the United States EPA, the average levels 

of mercury control range from 0 percent to 98 percent, depending on the 

exact characteristics of the power plant and the coal used. 30 In anticipation 

of mercury control requirements in Canada and the United States, efforts 

are underway to optimize these control systems to reliably capture a 

greater share of the mercury in coal, and companies are also developing 

and testing mercury-specific control technologies.

Figure 3.6 presents the geographic distribution of power plant mercury 

emissions in North America. As with SO2 emissions, the largest 

concentration of mercury emissions in North America occurs in the 

United States Midwest and Southeast, a region that relies heavily on 

coal-fired power plants. Eastern Texas, which relies primarily on lignite 

coal, is also a high mercury emitting area. Mercury emissions in Canada 

are widely distributed based on the location of coal plants. Mercury 

emissions from two of Mexico’s three coal-burning power plants are 

collectively shown in the map as one large circle along the country’s 

northern border with Texas because the two plants are nearly co-located.

Figure 3.6

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POWER PLANT MERCURY EMISSIONS

NORTH AMERICAN

POWER PLANTS

The size of each circle represents

the quantity of emissions in 2002

1,000 kilograms

 400 kilograms

 100 kilograms

 PRIMARY FUEL TYPE

 Coal = Black*

*Only coal-fired power plants

 are presented on the map.
20

The CO2 emissions from a number of power plants appear more 

prominently in various locations across the countries (e.g., California) 

as compared to the other pollutants detailed in this report. This results 

from several factors. First, all fossil fuels produce CO2 emissions when 

burned because all fossil fuels contain the element carbon. For example, 

natural gas is primarily methane, a relatively simple chemical compound 

made up of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). Second, there 

are no pollution control systems in routine use that capture CO2 molecules 

as they exit the stack of a power plant.

The CO2 emissions from a fossil fuel power plant are a function of 

1) the amount of carbon contained in the fuel, and 2) the efficiency of 

the facility at converting this fuel into electricity. Table 3.2 shows the 

average input-based CO2 emission rates for coal, oil and natural gas. 

The rate for coal is almost two times higher than the rate for natural 

gas because the carbon content of coal is higher. How this translates 

into emissions based on generation output depends on the amount of 

fuel consumed and the efficiency of the power plant in converting fuel 

into useful electricity output. In a typical power plant, about one-third 

of the energy contained in the fuel is converted into electricity, while 

the remainder is released as waste heat. Some facilities make use 

of this waste heat to produce additional electricity or to supply other 

energy needs. This increases the overall efficiency of the plant. 

3.6 CAR BON DIOXI DE (CO2) E M I SS ION S

a United States Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sink—2002. EPA 430-R-04-003. April 2004. 

Online at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions (derived from Table 2-19 in Annex 2).

FUEL TYPE Average CO2 Emission Rates

COAL 89.46 kg/gigajoule (208 lb/million Btu)

OIL (DISTILLATE) 69.29 kg/gigajoule (161 lb/million Btu)

NATURAL GAS 50.26 kg/gigajoule (117 lb/million Btu)

Table 3.2

AVERAGE INPUT-BASED CO2 EMISSION RATESa

NANTICOKE

fuel used coal

capacity 4000 MW

location Nanticoke, Ontario
21 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

MEXICO

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

54% of CO2 

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

2.9% of CO2

emissions.

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 CO2 emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

Figure 3.7 

FACILITY DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS

UNITED STATES

The highest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 10% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

47% of CO2

emissions in 2002.

The lowest 

emitting facilities, 

representing 50% 

of the total facility 

count, produced 

5.1% of CO2

emissions.

First 10% of facilities Each bar represents 10% of facilities

(ranked according to their 2002 CO2 emissions)

Last 10% of facilities

CO2 Emissions (million tonnes)

The CO2 emission rate column of Tables 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14 reports 

the emission rates for each of the facilities. These output-based emission 

rates provide a measure of the quantity of CO2 released to the air for each 

megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity produced. 

Figure 3.8 presents the geographic distribution of power plant CO2

 emissions 

in Canada, Mexico and the United States. The Canada portion of the map is 

incomplete as CO2 emissions from most power plants in Canada are not yet 

available, but this will change in the future as the federal agency Statistics 

Canada establishes a reporting system for greenhouse gases emitted 

by industrial sources in Canada. Notable exceptions to the lack of 2002 

greenhouse gas information are ATCO Power in Alberta and Ontario Power 

Generation (OPG), which report CO2

 emissions from their facilities as part of 

public annual company reports. Figure 3.8 therefore includes ATCO Power 

facilities in Alberta and OPG power plants in Ontario.

Tables 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14 report the 2002 annual CO2 emissions 

for each of the facilities in each country. As would be expected, the 

largest CO2 emitters tend to be large coal power plants because of 

coal’s higher carbon content than that of the other fossil fuels. The 

bar charts of Figure 3.7 also reflect a larger proportion of coal plants 

among the top 10 percent emitters in each country. Figure 3.7 does 

not include a chart for Canada because of the lack of comprehensive 

publicly available CO2 emissions information for individual power plants 

during 2002. 

8% 4% 2% 1% <1% <1% <1%

CO2 Emissions (million tonnes)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

54%

20%

11%

5% 3% 1% 1% <1% <1%

2,200

2,000

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

47%

23%

13%

7%
22

Figure 3.8

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POWER PLANT CO2 EMISSIONS*

NORTH AMERICAN

POWER PLANTS

The size of each circle represents

the quantity of emissions in 2002

22 million tonnes

 14 million tonnes

 3.5 million tonnes

* In general, CO2 emissions data were not available for individual Canadian power plants. Data were available for the major facilities in the Province of Ontario from Ontario Power 

Generation’s Towards Sustainable Development: 2002 Progress Report. In Alberta, the map reflects only a subset of the major power plants in the province. CO2 emissions 

data were only available for facilities included in ATCO Power’s Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. All other facilities without public CO2 emissions data for 2002 

are not shown on the map.

PRIMARY FUEL TYPE

Coal = Black

Oil or Diesel = Blue

Natural Gas = Red

SUNDANCE

fuel used coal

capacity 2020 MW

location Duffield, Alberta
PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Bowen, Georgia 21,674,542 145,763 6.73 Coal

2 Hatfield’s Ferry, Pennsylvania 9,753,564 143,984 14.76 Coal

3 Keystone, Pennsylvania 11,790,991 136,642 11.59 Coal

4 WH Sammis, Ohio 15,521,117 131,647 8.48 Coal

5 Conesville, Ohio 10,158,928 122,949 12.10 Coal

6 EC Gaston, Alabama 12,639,541 115,878 9.17 Coal

7 Gibson, Indiana 20,522,153 115,538 5.63 Coal

8 JM Stuart, Ohio 15,351,286 106,641 6.95 Coal

9 Muskingum River, Ohio 8,359,764 104,805 12.54 Coal

10 Montour, Pennsylvania 9,263,444 101,103 10.91 Coal

11 Johnsonville, Tennessee 8,275,776 98,697 11.93 Coal

12 John E Amos, West Virginia 17,995,089 97,632 5.43 Coal

13 Homer City, Pennsylvania 10,938,699 95,968 8.77 Coal

14 Belews Creek, North Carolina 16,912,850 93,519 5.53 Coal

15 Warrick, Indiana 5,066,020 89,611 17.69 Coal

16 Crystal River, Florida 14,465,667 88,641 6.13 Coal

17 Roxboro, North Carolina 14,281,069 86,737 6.07 Coal

18 Monroe, Michigan 16,720,823 83,375 4.99 Coal

19 Fort Martin, West Virginia 7,855,193 82,663 10.52 Coal

20 Scherer, Georgia 20,817,252 78,336 3.76 Coal

21 Monticello, Texas 13,127,881 78,309 5.97 Coal

22 Miami Fort, Ohio 7,587,241 77,746 10.25 Coal

23 Paradise, Kentucky 14,130,150 76,270 5.40 Coal

24 Marshall, North Carolina 14,498,223 74,626 5.15 Coal

25 Big Brown, Texas 7,920,848 70,635 8.92 Coal

26 Kingston, Tennessee 9,866,292 70,372 7.13 Coal

27 Cardinal, Ohio 8,555,500 67,814 7.93 Coal

28 Kyger Creek, Ohio 6,852,119 67,542 9.86 Coal

29 Harllee Branch, Georgia 9,018,458 67,082 7.44 Coal

30 Chesterfield, Virginia 9,502,996 66,988 7.05 Coal

31 Wansley, Georgia 11,197,521 66,770 5.96 Coal

32 Morgantown, Maryland 7,550,506 63,816 8.45 Coal

33 Walter C Beckjord, Ohio 6,756,632 63,441 9.39 Coal

34 Brunner Island, Pennsylvania 9,994,684 62,535 6.26 Coal

35 Eastlake, Ohio 6,724,187 61,196 9.10 Coal

36 Jeffrey Energy Center, Kansas 15,330,637 61,127 3.99 Coal

37 Martin Lake, Texas 14,825,001 60,238 4.06 Coal

38 Tanner’s Creek, Indiana 5,872,947 56,729 9.66 Coal

39 Wabash River, Indiana 5,744,472 56,155 9.78 Coal

40 WA Parish, Texas 20,026,008 56,090 2.80 Coal

41 Barry, Alabama 16,718,579 54,001 3.23 Coal

42 Gorgas, Alabama 7,216,594 50,825 7.04 Coal

Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa

23 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS
Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

24

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

43 Mitchell, West Virginia 9,231,567 50,811 5.50 Coal

44 Cayuga, Indiana 5,930,084 50,455 8.51 Coal

45 Rockport, Indiana 16,643,319 48,259 2.90 Coal

46 FJ Gannon, Florida 4,815,528 48,008 9.97 Coal

47 Chalk Point, Maryland 6,041,207 47,651 7.89 Coal

48 Big Cajun 2, Louisiana 11,125,719 47,178 4.24 Coal

49 Dunkirk, New York 3,591,017 47,090 13.11 Coal

50 Colbert, Alabama 6,305,034 45,324 7.19 Coal

51 Coleman, Kentucky 2,864,421 44,478 15.53 Coal

52 R Gallagher, Indiana 2,977,365 43,334 14.55 Coal

53 Labadie, Missouri 14,406,589 43,192 3.00 Coal

54 Leland Olds, North Dakota 4,576,988 43,000 9.39 Coal

55 Harding Street Stn (Elmer W Stout), Indiana 3,784,144 42,881 11.33 Coal

56 Petersburg, Indiana 11,641,137 42,776 3.67 Coal

57 EW Brown, Kentucky 3,992,354 42,280 10.59 Coal

58 Ghent, Kentucky 11,533,151 42,233 3.66 Coal

59 St. Clair, Michigan 6,965,047 42,205 6.06 Coal

60 Avon Lake, Ohio 4,169,683 41,721 10.01 Coal

61 Sioux, Missouri 6,296,711 41,693 6.62 Coal

62 James H Miller Jr, Alabama 18,592,131 40,052 2.15 Coal

63 Widows Creek, Alabama 8,868,307 39,901 4.50 Coal

64 Mountaineer, West Virginia 8,985,024 39,213 4.36 Coal

65 Crist, Florida 4,572,235 38,918 8.51 Coal

66 Coffeen, Illinois 5,257,211 38,403 7.30 Coal

67 Bull Run, Tennessee 6,760,080 38,273 5.66 Coal

68 Cheswick, Pennsylvania 3,021,295 38,119 12.62 Coal

69 Pleasants, West Virginia 7,629,209 38,020 4.98 Coal

70 Big Sandy, Kentucky 5,752,379 38,011 6.61 Coal

71 Yates, Georgia 5,368,046 37,665 7.02 Coal

72 Greene County, Alabama 3,892,941 37,167 9.55 Coal

73 HL Spurlock, Kentucky 6,080,970 36,751 6.04 Coal

74 Mohave, Nevada 10,170,230 36,603 3.60 Coal

75 JH Campbell, Michigan 9,269,258 36,587 3.95 Coal

76 Phil Sporn, West Virginia 5,361,190 36,511 6.81 Coal

77 Brandon Shores, Maryland 7,160,408 36,265 5.06 Coal

78 Brayton Point, Massachusetts 8,263,163 35,919 4.35 Coal

79 Kammer, West Virginia 4,029,061 35,468 8.80 Coal

80 Huntley Power, New York 2,923,168 35,379 12.10 Coal

81 Shawville, Pennsylvania 2,991,436 34,679 11.59 Coal

82 Clifty Creek, Indiana 7,838,812 34,653 4.42 Coal

83 Winyah, South Carolina 7,720,938 34,131 4.42 Coal

84 Wateree, South Carolina 4,282,531 33,002 7.71 Coal
25 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

85 Welsh Power Plant, Texas 11,000,083 32,460 2.95 Coal

86 Edwards Station, Illinois 3,536,593 32,431 9.17 Coal

87 Shawnee, Kentucky 8,826,178 32,276 3.66 Coal

88 John Sevier, Tennessee 4,880,298 32,194 6.60 Coal

89 RE Burger, Ohio 2,000,668 32,164 16.08 Coal

90 Northeastern, Oklahoma 9,623,635 31,310 3.25 Coal

91 Gallatin, Tennessee 7,271,777 30,989 4.26 Coal

92 White Bluff, Arkansas 8,850,935 30,982 3.50 Coal

93 Dickerson, Maryland 3,263,673 30,764 9.43 Coal

94 Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin 7,898,581 30,342 3.84 Coal

95 Yorktown, Virginia 4,238,965 29,965 7.07 Coal

96 Four Corners, New Mexico 13,674,415 29,799 2.18 Coal

97 Manatee, Florida 6,116,586 29,667 4.85 Oil

98 Armstrong, Pennsylvania 2,140,768 29,484 13.77 Coal

99 CP Crane, Maryland 2,132,214 29,381 13.78 Coal

100 Gen JM Gavin, Ohio 15,617,077 29,375 1.88 Coal

101 Chesapeake, Virginia 4,141,111 29,343 7.09 Coal

102 Gerald Gentleman, Nebraska 9,549,816 29,168 3.05 Coal

103 Sam Seymour, Texas 11,749,703 28,847 2.46 Coal

104 GG Allen, North Carolina 5,071,389 28,243 5.57 Coal

105 Richard Gorsuch, Ohio 1,297,873 28,129 21.67 Coal

106 Limestone, Texas 11,385,520 27,977 2.46 Coal

107 Anclote, Florida 4,133,979 27,933 6.76 Oil

108 Merrimack, New Hampshire 2,874,174 27,812 9.68 Coal

109 Bruce Mansfield, Pennsylvania 15,974,911 27,500 1.72 Coal

110 Trenton Channel, Michigan 4,339,844 27,371 6.31 Coal

111 Milton R Young, North Dakota 5,117,272 25,915 5.06 Coal

112 Jack McDonough, Georgia 3,728,220 25,395 6.81 Coal

113 Hammond, Georgia 3,935,825 25,033 6.36 Coal

114 Muskogee, Oklahoma 10,275,348 24,968 2.43 Coal

115 Columbia, Wisconsin 6,472,154 24,950 3.85 Coal

116 RM Schahfer, Indiana 8,756,429 24,943 2.85 Coal

117 Mayo, North Carolina 4,737,089 24,867 5.25 Coal

118 Daniel, Mississippi 10,839,532 24,682 2.28 Coal

119 Clinch River, Virginia 4,620,670 24,492 5.30 Coal

120 Harrington Station, Texas 7,831,512 24,465 3.12 Coal

121 Sherburne County, Minnesota 15,344,648 24,260 1.58 Coal

122 Rochester 7, New York 1,506,960 23,945 15.89 Coal

123 Baldwin, Illinois 12,454,874 23,830 1.91 Coal

124 La Cygne, Kansas 9,517,909 23,590 2.48 Coal

125 New Castle, Pennsylvania 1,577,573 23,180 14.69 Coal

126 Williams, South Carolina 4,428,464 23,174 5.23 Coal
Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

26

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

127 Sunbury, Pennsylvania 1,714,652 22,876 13.34 Coal

128 Meredosia, Illinois 1,326,609 22,815 17.20 Coal

129 Watson, Mississippi 4,731,902 22,738 4.81 Coal

130 Tolk Station, Texas 7,662,008 22,566 2.95 Coal

131 Independence, Arkansas 10,510,564 22,330 2.12 Coal

132 Coal Creek, North Dakota 8,559,089 22,161 2.59 Coal

133 PL Bartow, Florida 2,193,974 22,135 10.09 Coal

134 Belle River, Michigan 7,716,451 22,098 2.86 Coal

135 Portland, Pennsylvania 1,915,994 22,063 11.52 Coal

136 Northport, New York 7,278,114 21,932 3.01 Oil

137 Seminole, Florida 9,241,176 21,848 2.36 Coal

138 Jefferies, South Carolina 1,878,197 21,610 11.51 Coal

139 Mount Storm, West Virginia 11,671,736 21,202 1.82 Coal

140 Sandow, Texas 3,943,323 21,165 5.37 Coal

141 Allen S King, Minnesota 3,311,959 21,111 6.37 Coal

142 Rush Island, Missouri 7,483,574 21,097 2.82 Coal

143 Joppa Steam, Illinois 8,075,552 20,982 2.60 Coal

144 John S Cooper, Kentucky 2,100,208 20,605 9.81 Coal

145 Mill Creek, Kentucky 9,075,622 20,457 2.25 Coal

146 Cliffside, North Carolina 2,723,353 20,046 7.36 Coal

147 Martins Creek, Pennsylvania 2,402,706 20,005 8.33 Coal

148 Canal Station, Massachusetts 4,602,939 19,971 4.34 Oil

149 J T Deely, Texas 5,656,468 19,517 3.45 Coal

150 WH Zimmer, Ohio 9,734,563 19,497 2.00 Coal

151 Dan E Karn, Michigan 4,474,257 19,428 4.34 Coal

152 Clay Boswell, Minnesota 7,266,941 19,202 2.64 Coal

153 George Neal North, Iowa 5,703,855 19,167 3.36 Coal

154 Possum Point, Virginia 3,005,462 19,057 6.34 Coal

155 St. Johns River, Florida 9,795,546 18,967 1.94 Coal

156 L V Sutton, North Carolina 2,622,440 18,929 7.22 Coal

157 Cholla, Arizona 6,706,864 18,843 2.81 Coal

158 Joliet 29, Illinois 5,411,689 18,746 3.46 Coal

159 Albright, West Virginia 1,374,335 18,652 13.57 Coal

160 Council Bluffs, Iowa 5,794,189 18,377 3.17 Coal

161 Jim Bridger, Wyoming 14,593,034 18,223 1.25 Coal

162 Dave Johnston, Wyoming 5,759,784 18,124 3.15 Coal

163 Indian River, Delaware 2,129,702 18,104 8.50 Coal

164 Springerville, Arizona 5,830,542 18,019 3.09 Coal

165 Killen Station, Ohio 3,612,949 17,839 4.94 Coal

166 HW Pirkey, Texas 4,504,102 17,668 3.92 Coal

167 AES Greenidge, New York 1,031,345 17,640 17.10 Coal

168 Naughton, Wyoming 5,019,304 17,518 3.49 Coal
27 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

169 Centralia, Washington 9,500,972 17,266 1.82 Coal

170 Hudson, New Jersey 3,356,373 17,195 5.12 Coal

171 S Nelson, Louisiana 5,927,840 17,109 2.89 Coal

172 Port Everglades, Florida 4,497,763 17,089 3.80 Oil

173 Herbert A Wagner, Maryland 3,001,247 17,049 5.68 Coal

174 Allen, Tennessee 4,879,343 16,974 3.48 Coal

175 Canadys Steam, South Carolina 2,124,590 16,866 7.94 Coal

176 Sooner, Oklahoma 6,953,110 16,686 2.40 Coal

177 Frank E Ratts, Indiana 1,517,924 16,379 10.79 Coal

178 Newton, Illinois 7,241,019 16,211 2.24 Coal

179 Coronado Generating, Arizona 5,063,164 16,082 3.18 Coal

180 Kincaid, Illinois 5,847,334 16,026 2.74 Coal

181 Edgewater, Wisconsin 4,786,914 15,817 3.30 Coal

182 Niles, Ohio 1,126,711 15,642 13.88 Coal

183 Grand River Dam Auth, Oklahoma 6,501,431 15,627 2.40 Coal

184 Eagle Valley (HT Pritchard), Indiana 1,332,751 15,618 11.72 Coal

185 Charles R Lowman, Alabama 3,472,719 15,549 4.48 Coal

186 Dolet Hills, Louisiana 4,667,313 15,395 3.30 Coal

187 Presque Isle, Michigan 3,140,761 15,316 4.88 Coal

188 Powerton, Illinois 7,858,082 15,254 1.94 Coal

189 Comanche, Colorado 4,697,167 15,217 3.24 Coal

190 San Juan, New Mexico 12,398,506 15,212 1.23 Coal

191 Colstrip, Montana 13,886,845 15,182 1.09 Coal

192 Asheville, North Carolina 2,628,074 15,160 5.77 Coal

193 Cumberland, Tennessee 16,384,132 15,115 0.92 Coal

194 Vermilion, Illinois 1,102,939 14,984 13.59 Coal

195 Meramec, Missouri 4,434,627 14,920 3.36 Coal

196 River Rouge, Michigan 3,401,765 14,691 4.32 Coal

197 Potomac River, Virginia 2,331,055 14,643 6.28 Coal

198 Ottumwa, Iowa 4,480,923 14,497 3.24 Coal

199 Cherokee, Colorado 4,335,810 14,476 3.34 Coal

200 Louisa, Iowa 4,927,254 14,425 2.93 Coal

201 Kanawha River, West Virginia 2,571,055 14,390 5.60 Coal

202 Montrose, Missouri 2,662,960 14,358 5.39 Coal

203 New Madrid, Missouri 7,606,958 14,332 1.88 Coal

204 Nelson Dewey, Wisconsin 1,172,335 14,250 12.16 Coal

205 George Neal South, Iowa 4,586,420 14,167 3.09 Coal

206 Lee, North Carolina 1,969,494 14,093 7.16 Coal

207 Martin, Florida 12,834,607 13,890 1.08 Natural gasb

208 Thomas Hill, Missouri 6,865,414 13,808 2.01 Coal

209 AES Westover (Goudey), New York 863,979 13,672 15.82 Coal

210 Genoa, Wisconsin 2,203,168 13,650 6.20 Coal
Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

28

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

211 Cane Run, Kentucky 3,068,114 13,587 4.43 Coal

212 Riverbend, North Carolina 1,660,438 13,571 8.17 Coal

213 Hutsonville, Illinois 591,199 13,567 22.95 Coal

214 Iatan, Missouri 4,017,999 13,478 3.35 Coal

215 Pawnee, Colorado 3,316,714 13,456 4.06 Coal

216 Valley (WEPCO), Wisconsin 1,147,954 13,323 11.61 Coal

217 Willow Island, West Virginia 1,151,588 13,115 11.39 Coal

218 Coleto Creek, Texas 4,201,689 12,963 3.09 Coal

219 Mercer, New Jersey 2,752,449 12,938 4.70 Coal

220 Salem Harbor, Massachusetts 2,496,128 12,820 5.14 Coal

221 Cross, South Carolina 8,126,251 12,788 1.57 Coal

222 Coyote, North Dakota 3,060,200 12,763 4.17 Coal

223 Antelope Valley, North Dakota 6,317,269 12,577 1.99 Coal

224 Titus, Pennsylvania 1,105,401 12,556 11.36 Coal

225 Rodemacher, Louisiana 4,279,337 12,459 2.91 Coal

226 Huntington, Utah 5,977,918 12,437 2.08 Coal

227 Will County, Illinois 5,419,706 12,414 2.29 Coal

228 Bay Shore, Ohio 3,538,463 12,320 3.48 Coal

229 Bremo, Virginia 1,609,047 12,208 7.59 Coal

230 San Miguel, Texas 2,855,097 11,950 4.19 Coal

231 J R Whiting, Michigan 2,262,790 11,827 5.23 Coal

232 Green River, Kentucky 719,410 11,819 16.43 Coal

233 Northside, Florida 3,668,086 11,742 3.20 Oil

234 East Bend, Kentucky 2,941,427 11,719 3.98 Coal

235 Riverside, Minnesota 2,436,997 11,706 4.80 Coal

236 Havana, Illinois 2,499,684 11,686 4.68 Coal

237 South Oak Creek, Wisconsin 5,393,774 11,674 2.16 Coal

238 Merom, Indiana 6,643,503 11,654 1.75 Coal

239 Nebraska City, Nebraska 4,104,546 11,630 2.83 Coal

240 BC Cobb, Michigan 2,188,545 11,382 5.20 Coal

241 Boardman, Oregon 3,773,750 11,124 2.95 Coal

242 BL England, New Jersey 1,191,120 10,997 9.23 Coal

243 Dynegy Danskammer, New York 2,449,593 10,995 4.49 Coal

244 Sibley, Missouri 3,061,409 10,709 3.50 Coal

245 Weston, Wisconsin 3,202,588 10,698 3.34 Coal

246 Lansing Smith, Florida 4,020,641 10,673 2.65 Natural gasc

247 Big Stone, South Dakota 3,119,519 10,665 3.42 Coal

248 Cape Fear, North Carolina 1,857,910 10,664 5.74 Coal

249 Glen Lyn, Virginia 1,718,635 10,597 6.17 Coal

250 Big Bend, Florida 8,518,176 10,524 1.24 Coal

251 North Omaha, Nebraska 3,403,969 10,441 3.07 Coal

252 Laramie River, Wyoming 12,398,253 10,100 0.81 Coal
29 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

253 Duck Creek, Illinois 2,066,628 10,002 4.84 Coal

254 Flint Creek, Arkansas 3,655,965 9,944 2.72 Coal

255 Gibbons Creek, Texas 3,230,078 9,812 3.04 Coal

256 Waukegan, Illinois 4,230,118 9,781 2.31 Coal

257 Seward, Pennsylvania 864,338 9,741 11.27 Coal

258 Robert Reid, Kentucky 369,652 9,600 25.97 Coal

259 Edge Moor, Delaware 1,911,750 9,550 5.00 Coal

260 Picway, Ohio 380,217 9,486 24.95 Coal

261 Craig, Colorado 9,807,407 9,427 0.96 Coal

262 Cape Canaveral, Florida 3,257,614 9,375 2.88 Oil

263 JC Weadock, Michigan 2,205,966 9,195 4.17 Coal

264 Stanton, North Dakota 1,399,737 9,092 6.50 Coal

265 RD Morrow, Mississippi 2,537,751 9,055 3.57 Coal

266 Dolphus M Grainger, South Carolina 931,468 9,048 9.71 Coal

267 McMeekin, South Carolina 1,265,428 8,909 7.04 Coal

268 Port Washington, Wisconsin 747,511 8,894 11.90 Coal

269 Michigan City, Indiana 2,487,472 8,326 3.35 Coal

270 Turkey Point, Florida 3,030,547 8,287 2.73 Oil

271 Riviera, Florida 2,450,156 8,239 3.36 Oil

272 Marion, Illinois 1,136,616 8,160 7.18 Coal

273 D B Wilson, Kentucky 2,849,550 8,068 2.83 Coal

274 CD McIntosh, Florida 2,810,883 8,009 2.85 Coal

275 Gadsden, Alabama 484,718 7,929 16.36 Coal

276 Harrison, West Virginia 12,927,422 7,885 0.61 Coal

277 A B Brown Generating, Indiana 3,194,749 7,837 2.45 Coal

278 Hugo, Oklahoma 3,030,995 7,762 2.56 Coal

279 Martin Drake, Colorado 1,813,674 7,738 4.27 Coal

280 Ashtabula, Ohio 1,236,725 7,673 6.20 Coal

281 State Line Generating, Indiana 2,923,229 7,659 2.62 Coal

282 HB Robinson, South Carolina 1,021,242 7,652 7.49 Coal

283 Trimble County, Kentucky 3,929,027 7,595 1.93 Coal

284 Wyodak, Wyoming 2,858,420 7,522 2.63 Coal

285 Edwardsport, Indiana 344,544 7,419 21.53 Coal

286 Schiller, New Hampshire 873,475 7,305 8.36 Coal

287 Lovett, New York 1,736,083 7,239 4.17 Coal

288 WH Weatherspoon, North Carolina 794,816 7,148 8.99 Coal

289 Lawrence Energy Center, Kansas 3,759,861 7,030 1.87 Coal

290 Stanton Energy, Florida 6,070,495 6,967 1.15 Coal

291 Nearman Creek, Kansas 1,452,206 6,917 4.76 Coal

292 Crawford, Illinois 2,575,482 6,891 2.68 Coal

293 Deerhaven, Florida 1,588,281 6,799 4.28 Coal

294 JP Madgett, Wisconsin 2,097,984 6,795 3.24 Coal
Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

30

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

295 W S Lee, South Carolina 925,685 6,745 7.29 Coal

296 Buck, North Carolina 1,249,807 6,738 5.39 Coal

297 William C Dale, Kentucky 918,000 6,717 7.32 Coal

298 Alma, Wisconsin 690,029 6,607 9.58 Coal

299 Wood River, Illinois 2,205,841 6,588 2.99 Coal

300 Tecumseh Energy Center, Kansas 1,510,699 6,539 4.33 Coal

301 Kraft, Georgia 1,221,647 6,522 5.34 Coal

302 Blount Street, Wisconsin 438,398 6,514 14.86 Coal

303 FB Culley, Indiana 2,417,245 6,458 2.67 Coal

304 Elmer Smith, Kentucky 2,185,345 6,453 2.95 Coal

305 McIntosh, Georgia 1,162,224 6,389 5.50 Coal

306 Hunter (Emery), Utah 9,403,388 6,374 0.68 Coal

307 Pulliam, Wisconsin 2,349,544 6,261 2.66 Coal

308 North Valmy, Nevada 4,081,381 6,236 1.53 Coal

309 Dynegy Roseton, New York 1,211,549 6,188 5.11 Oil

310 Carbon, Utah 1,323,395 6,137 4.64 Coal

311 Eddystone, Pennsylvania 2,750,581 6,095 2.22 Coal

312 Eckert Station, Michigan 1,540,404 5,953 3.86 Coal

313 Port Jefferson Energy, New York 1,646,561 5,854 3.56 Oil

314 OH Hutchings, Ohio 772,666 5,692 7.37 Coal

315 Sikeston, Missouri 1,693,365 5,657 3.34 Coal

316 Conemaugh, Pennsylvania 12,584,027 5,385 0.43 Coal

317 Sheldon, Nebraska 1,442,114 5,102 3.54 Coal

318 Urquhart, South Carolina 1,703,794 4,999 2.93 Natural gasc

319 AES Cayuga (Milliken), New York 2,353,387 4,928 2.09 Coal

320 Elrama, Pennsylvania 2,321,405 4,895 2.11 Coal

321 Mount Tom, Massachusetts 915,318 4,792 5.23 Coal

322 Burlington, Iowa 1,225,990 4,773 3.89 Coal

323 Newington, New Hampshire 660,451 4,741 7.18 Oil

324 Bailly, Indiana 2,831,251 4,733 1.67 Coal

325 Apache Station, Arizona 2,799,861 4,688 1.67 Coal

326 Indian River (55318), Florida 1,152,524 4,668 4.05 Oil

327 Twin Oaks Power, LP, Texas 2,689,521 4,656 1.73 Coal

328 Arapahoe, Colorado 1,412,418 4,633 3.28 Coal

329 Mystic, Massachusetts 1,584,556 4,539 2.86 Oil

330 Ray D Nixon, Colorado 1,680,513 4,507 2.68 Coal

331 Hennepin, Illinois 2,045,489 4,347 2.13 Coal

332 JK Spruce, Texas 4,135,806 4,338 1.05 Coal

333 Red Hills Generation, Mississippi 2,450,000 4,305 1.76 Coal

334 James River, Missouri 1,587,089 4,276 2.69 Coal

335 RP Smith, Maryland 503,446 4,162 8.27 Coal

336 Mitchell, Georgia 589,174 4,143 7.03 Coal
31 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

337 Joliet 9, Illinois 1,292,531 4,136 3.20 Coal

338 Rivesville, West Virginia 386,259 4,003 10.36 Coal

339 Somerset, Massachusetts 800,515 3,991 4.99 Coal

340 Lansing, Iowa 1,257,821 3,981 3.16 Coal

341 Asbury, Missouri 1,213,990 3,946 3.25 Coal

342 Prairie Creek, Iowa 878,699 3,904 4.44 Coal

343 AES Somerset (Kintigh), New York 5,453,551 3,764 0.69 Coal

344 Milton L Kapp, Iowa 1,146,286 3,720 3.25 Coal

345 Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut 1,739,266 3,711 2.13 Coal

346 New Haven Harbor, Connecticut 1,435,307 3,638 2.53 Oil

347 Navajo Generating Station, Arizona 17,832,139 3,635 0.20 Coal

348 Suwannee River, Florida 625,659 3,591 5.74 Oil

349 Erickson, Michigan 809,058 3,508 4.34 Coal

350 Fisk, Illinois 1,299,559 3,486 2.68 Coal

351 Gordon Evans Energy, Kansas 875,810 3,473 3.97 Natural gasb

352 High Bridge, Minnesota 1,308,587 3,466 2.65 Coal

353 Valmont, Colorado 1,281,144 3,435 2.68 Coal

354 Hawthorn, Missouri 4,346,949 3,404 0.78 Coal

355 Oklaunion, Texas 4,686,707 3,391 0.72 Coal

356 Sutherland, Iowa 940,504 3,380 3.59 Coal

357 Cromby, Pennsylvania 629,734 3,326 5.28 Coal

358 SA Carlson, New York 242,156 3,322 13.72 Coal

359 Intermountain, Utah 13,485,597 3,310 0.25 Coal

360 Noblesville, Indiana 196,577 3,276 16.67 Coal

361 HMP&L Station 2, Kentucky 2,056,044 3,161 1.54 Coal

362 Riverton, Kansas 475,354 3,114 6.55 Coal

363 RD Green, Kentucky 3,501,986 3,106 0.89 Coal

364 Dallman, Illinois 1,796,111 3,102 1.73 Coal

365 Southwest, Missouri 1,182,527 3,075 2.60 Coal

366 Sanford, Florida 4,998,936 3,061 0.61 Natural gasb

367 Quindaro, Kansas 965,065 3,035 3.14 Coal

368 E Corette, Montana 1,132,762 2,844 2.51 Coal

369 Irvington Generating, Arizona 1,403,955 2,829 2.02 Coal

370 Muscatine, Iowa 1,259,121 2,822 2.24 Coal

371 Black Dog, Minnesota 1,662,585 2,786 1.68 Coal

372 Dan River, North Carolina 516,712 2,675 5.18 Coal

373 Hayden, Colorado 3,631,182 2,602 0.72 Coal

374 Lake Road, Missouri 668,090 2,575 3.85 Coal

375 Hoot Lake, Minnesota 830,157 2,566 3.09 Coal

376 Greenwood, Michigan 1,138,043 2,554 2.24 Natural gasb

377 AES Deepwater, Inc., Texas 1,287,524 2,530 1.97 Pet. Coke

378 Tyrone, Kentucky 253,778 2,326 9.16 Coal
Table 3.3

UNITED STATES SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

32

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

379 Taconite Harbor, Minnesota 865,126 2,259 2.61 Coal

380 Oswego Harbor Power, New York 415,194 2,241 5.40 Oil

381 Deepwater, New Jersey 423,355 2,231 5.27 Coal

382 Lake Shore, Ohio 860,853 2,225 2.58 Coal

383 Riverside, Iowa 707,625 2,069 2.92 Coal

384 Platte, Nebraska 563,701 2,041 3.62 Coal

 a To limit its length, this table of US facilities presents only the power plants that emitted more than 1,996 tonnes of SO2 emissions in 2002. The facilities in the table account for 99.5% of the total SO2 emissions. 

There are more than 500 additional fossil fuel power plants in the database that reported less than 1,996 tonnes of SO2 emissions.

b This plant’s EIA 906 generation report for 2002 indicates that the largest share of its 2002 generation is from natural gas. Its SO2 emissions, however, are largely from the combustion of oil it

burned as a secondary fuel.

c This plant’s EIA 906 generation report for 2002 indicates that the largest share of its 2002 generation is from natural gas. Its SO2 emissions, however, are largely from the combustion of coal it

burned as a secondary fuel. 
33 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, PROVINCE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

SO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

SO2 EMISSION 

RATE, kg/MW

PRIMARY 

FUEL

1 Nanticoke, Ontario 22,236,000 86,710 3.90 Coal

2 Lingan, Nova Scotia n/a 76,034 17.27a Coal

3 Coleson Cove, New Brunswick n/a 45,410 n/a Oil

4 Boundary Dam, Saskatchewan 6,057,364 42,945 7.09 Coal

5 Poplar River, Saskatchewan 4,457,200 42,727 9.59 Coal

6 Trenton, Nova Scotia n/a 37,365 6.10a Coal

7 Sheerness, Alberta 5,810,000b 33,016 5.68 Coal

8 Lambton, Ontario 10,455,000 29,882 2.86 Coal

9 Sundance, Alberta n/a 28,894 1.97a Coal

10 Battle River, Alberta 4,867,000b 24,603 5.06 Coal

11 Grand Lake, New Brunswick 449,388c 24,240 53.94 Coal

12 Holyrood, Newfoundland-Labrador n/a 23,235 n/a Oil

13 Genesee, Alberta n/a 14,494 2.40a Coal

14 Lakeview, Ontario 2,455,000 14,336 5.84 Coal

15 Shand Power, Saskatchewan 2,150,000 13,740 6.39 Coal

16 Keephills, Alberta n/a 13,041 2.03a Coal

17 Wabamun, Alberta n/a 12,992 3.32a Coal

18 Point Tupper, Nova Scotia n/a 12,712 10.59a Coal

19 Thunder Bay, Ontario 1,522,000 9,133 6.00 Coal

20 Dalhousie, New Brunswick n/a 8,960 n/a Orimulsion

21 Atikokan, Ontario 823,000 4,934 5.99 Coal

22 H.R. Milner, Alberta 790,000b 4,790 6.06 Coal

23 Point Aconi, Nova Scotia n/a 3,661 2.58a Coal

24 Courtenay Bay, New Brunswick n/a 2,410 n/a Oil

25 Lennox, Ontario 2,762,000d 2,260 0.82 Oil

26 Belledune, New Brunswick 3,616,790 2,070 0.57 Coal

27 Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia n/a 1,905 n/a Oil

28 Brandon GS, Manitoba 273,053 649 2.38 Coal

29 Sarnia Regional Cogen Plant, Ontario n/a 595 n/a Natural gas

30 Iles-de-la-Madeleine 2, Quebec n/a 565e n/a Oil

31 Selkirk GS, Manitoba 143,765 354 2.46 Coalf

32 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island n/a 294 n/a Oil

33 Tracy, Quebec n/a 103e n/a Oil

34 Calstock Power Plant, Ontario n/a 29 n/a Wood refuse

35 Meridian, Saskatchewan n/a 27 n/a Natural gas

36 Bayside Power LP, New Brunswick n/a 17 n/a Natural gas

37 Brooklyn Energy Centre, Nova Scotia n/a 5 n/a Wood refuse

38 Joffre, Alberta n/a 1 n/a Natural gas

a Data for 2002 annual net generation were not available, so output emission rates are for 2001, derived from power plant information reports available from the Canadian Electricity Association at 

http://www.ceamercuryprogram.ca/index.html.

b Net generation obtained from ATCO Power report, Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. Online at http://www.atcopower.com/Environment_Health_&_Safety/Reports/environmental_reports.htm.

c Net generation estimated assuming Grand Lake was in operation 90% of the time during 2002. See the methodology discussion in the Appendix.

d Net generation obtained from Ontario Power Generation report, Towards Sustainable Development: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.opg.com/envComm/E_annual_report.asp.

e Information provided by the Province of Quebec in September 2004 differs from the SO2 values contained in the NPRI March 2004 update for these facilities. Quebec gives 1,032.1 tonnes SO2

from Îles-de-la-Madeleine, and 109.8 tonnes SO2 from Tracy.

f

 Selkirk converted to natural gas in July 2002.

Table 3.4 

CANADA SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
34

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2

EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 C.T. PDTE. A. López Mateos (Tuxpan), Veracruz 15,030,690 253,430 16.86 Oil

2 C.T. Francisco Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 9,734,170 158,326 16.26 Oil

3 C.T. Plutarco Elias Calles (Petacalco), Guerrero 13,879,470 113,207 8.16 Coal

4 C.T. Gral. Manuel Alvarez (Manzanillo I), Colima 6,449,140 107,032 16.60 Oil

5 C.T. José López Portillo (Río Escondido), Coahuila 7,515,560 104,213 13.87 Coal

6 C.T. Carbón II, Coahuila 8,636,350 102,729 11.89 Coal

7 C.T. Altamira, Tamaulipas 4,655,850 86,451 18.57 Oil

8 C.T. Salamanca, Guanajuato 4,841,380 83,019 17.15 Oil

9 C.T. Manzanillo II, Colima 5,034,400 75,416 14.98 Oil

10 C.T. Puerto Libertad, Sonora 3,349,740 61,159 18.26 Oil

11 C.T. José Acevez Pozos (Mazatlan II), Sinaloa 3,284,120 61,155 18.62 Oil

12 C.T. Villa De Reyes (San Luis Potosí), San Luis Potosí 2,925,990 45,727 15.63 Oil

13 C.T. Carlos Rodriguez Rivero (Guaymas II), Sonora 2,259,290 41,972 18.58 Oil

14 C.T. Guadalupe Victoria (Lerdo), Durango 1,980,460 36,173 18.27 Oil

15 C.T. Juan De Díos Batis P. (Topolobampo), Sinaloa 1,996,550 36,131 18.10 Oil

16 C.T. Francisco Villa (Delicias), Chihuahua 1,919,730 29,196 15.21 Oil

17 C.T. Monterrey, Nuevo León 2,538,090 26,792 10.56 Oil

18 C.T. Emilio Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,745,990 24,388 13.97 Oil

19 C.T. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca I), Chihuahua 1,232,800 22,379 18.15 Oil

20 C.T. Campeche II (Lerma), Campeche 812,720 17,742 21.83 Oil

21 C.T. Mérida II, Yucatán 1,099,710 17,497 15.91 Oil

22 C.T. Poza Rica, Veracruz 654,040 12,768 19.52 Oil

23 C.T. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 414,970 8,409 20.27 Oil

24 C.T. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), Baja California 1,488,840 7,019 4.71 Oil

25 C.T. Punta Prieta II, Baja California Sur 621,830 6,004 9.66 Oil

26 C.CI. Puerto San Carlos, Baja California Sur 470,680 5,933 12.61 Oil

27 C.T. Nachi-Cocom, Yucatán 249,470 5,838 23.40 Oil

28 C.T. Guaymas I, Sonora 186,750 5,106 27.34 Oil

29 C.TG. Cancún, Quintana Roo 77,770 326 4.19 Diesel

30 C.TG. Las Cruces, Guerrero 46,400 198 4.27 Diesel

31 C.C.C. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,370,540 176 0.13 Natural gas

32 C.TG. Ciudad Constitución, Baja California Sur 33,690 171 5.08 Diesel

33 C.TG. Los Cabos, Baja California Sur 30,900 134 4.34 Diesel

34 C.C.C. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 1,517,600 123 0.08 Diesel

35 C.CI. Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur 36,390 117 3.22 Diesel

36 C.TG. Caborca Industrial, Sonora 26,140 109 4.19 Diesel

37 C.TG. Nizuc, Quintana Roo 27,630 99 3.60 Diesel

38 C.CI. Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur 26,220 87 3.30 Diesel

39 C.TG. Culiacan, Sinaloa 17,550 63 3.60 Diesel

40 C.TG. Parque, Chihuahua 15,580 62 3.97 Diesel

41 C.TG. Tecnológico, Nuevo León 13,400 57 4.24 Diesel

Table 3.5

MEXICO SO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
35 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

SO2

EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

SO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

42 C.TG. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora 10,780 53 4.95 Diesel

43 C.TG. Punta Prieta I (La Paz), Baja California Sur 9,870 51 5.17 Diesel

44 C.CI. Villa Constitución, Baja California Sur 17,170 50 2.93 Diesel

45 Pueblo Nuevo (Movil), Sonora 12,050 46 3.83 Diesel

46 C.TG. Cipres, Baja California 10,120 45 4.44 Diesel

47 C.TG. El Verde, Jalisco 29,110 44 1.53 Natural gas

48 C.TG. Arroyo De Coyote, Tamaulipas 6,540 41 6.21 Diesel

49 C.TG. Xul-Ha, Quintana Roo 8,770 40 4.59 Diesel

50 C.TG. Chihuahua I, Chihuahua 7,980 37 4.60 Diesel

51 Nuevo Nogales (Movil), Sonora 7,730 28 3.67 Diesel

52 C.TG. Mexicali, Baja California 5,330 26 4.92 Diesel

53 C.TG. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), Baja California 648,420 25 0.04 Natural gas

54 C.TG. Esperanzas, Coahuila 4,590 23 4.92 Diesel

55 C.TG. Industrial (Juárez), Chihuahua 1,980 19 9.41 Diesel

56 C.T. La Laguna, Durango 179,590 15 0.08 Natural gas

57 C.TG. Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,031,400 14 0.01 Natural gas

58 C.C.C. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 2,949,700 12 0.00 Natural gas

59 C.T. Valle de México, México 3,894,120 11 0.00 Natural gas

60 C.C.C. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca II), Chihuahua 3,901,950 10 0.00 Natural gas

61 C.C.C. FCO. Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 3,260,940 8 0.00 Natural gas

62 C.C.C. Dos Bocas, Veracruz 2,428,890 7 0.00 Natural gas

63 C.C.C. Huinala, Nuevo León 2,331,460 6 0.00 Natural gas

64 C.CI. Yecora, Sonora 1,890 5 2.84 Diesel

65 C.C.C. Presidente Juárez (Rosarito), Baja California 2,077,250 4 0.00 Natural gas

66 C.TG. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,495,570 4 0.00 Natural gas

67 C.TG. Monclava, Coahuila n/a 4 n/a Natural gas

68 C.C.C. Gómez Palacio, Durango 1,045,260 3 0.00 Natural gas

69 C.C.C. Huinala II, Nuevo León 1,333,060 3 0.00 Natural gas

70 C.TG. La Laguna, Durango 62,260 2 0.03 Natural gas

71 C.T. Jorge Luque (LFC), México 497,160 2 0.00 Natural gas

72 C.TG. Hermosillo, Sonora 507,150 2 0.00 Natural gas

73 C.TG. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 329,140 1 0.00 Natural gas

74 C.TG. Huinala, Nuevo León 259,700 1 0.00 Natural gas

75 C.T. San Jerónimo, Nuevo León 222,010 1 0.00 Natural gas

76 C.TG. Jorge Luque (Lechería) (LFC), México 145,390 1 0.00 Natural gas

77 C.TG. Nonalco (LFC), DF 131,470 1 0.00 Natural gas

78 C.TG. Valle de México (LFC), México 104,780 0.45 0.00 Natural gas

79 C.TG. Chávez, Coahuila 25,250 0.12 0.00 Natural gas

80 C.TG. Universidad, Nuevo León 17,220 0.09 0.01 Natural gas

81 C.TG. Leona, Nuevo León 16,570 0.09 0.01 Natural gas

82 C.TG. Fundidora, Nuevo León 4,810 0.03 0.01 Natural gas
36

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Cumberland, Tennessee 16,384,132 45,309 2.8 Coal

2 Paradise, Kentucky 14,130,150 42,663 3.0 Coal

3 J M Stuart, Ohio 15,351,286 42,429 2.8 Coal

4 Belews Creek, North Carolina 16,912,850 40,717 2.4 Coal

5 Gen J M Gavin, Ohio 15,617,077 39,771 2.5 Coal

6 John E Amos, West Virginia 17,995,089 39,464 2.2 Coal

7 Monroe, Michigan 16,720,823 37,762 2.3 Coal

8 Four Corners, New Mexico 13,674,415 37,719 2.8 Coal

9 Mount Storm, West Virginia 11,671,736 36,176 3.1 Coal

10 W H Sammis, Ohio 15,521,117 35,040 2.3 Coal

11 La Cygne, Kansas 9,517,909 34,854 3.7 Coal

12 Gibson, Indiana 20,522,153 34,692 1.7 Coal

13 New Madrid, Missouri 7,606,958 33,988 4.5 Coal

14 Bowen, Georgia 21,674,542 33,839 1.6 Coal

15 Navajo Generating Station, Arizona 17,832,139 32,268 1.8 Coal

16 Crystal River, Florida 14,465,667 31,806 2.2 Coal

17 Rockport, Indiana 16,643,319 31,065 1.9 Coal

18 Colstrip, Montana 13,886,845 29,603 2.1 Coal

19 Jeffrey Energy Center, Kansas 15,330,637 28,396 1.9 Coal

20 Jim Bridger, Wyoming 14,593,034 27,979 1.9 Coal

21 San Juan, New Mexico 12,398,506 27,536 2.2 Coal

22 Intermountain, Utah 13,485,597 27,448 2.0 Coal

23 Bruce Mansfield, Pennsylvania 15,974,911 27,097 1.7 Coal

24 Big Bend, Florida 8,518,176 26,893 3.2 Coal

25 Mitchell, West Virginia 9,231,567 26,851 2.9 Coal

26 Clifty Creek, Indiana 7,838,812 26,518 3.4 Coal

27 E C Gaston, Alabama 12,639,541 26,464 2.1 Coal

28 Harrison, West Virginia 12,927,422 26,390 2.0 Coal

29 James H Miller Jr, Alabama 18,592,131 25,434 1.4 Coal

30 Harllee Branch, Georgia 9,018,458 25,228 2.8 Coal

31 Scherer, Georgia 20,817,252 25,062 1.2 Coal

32 Muskingum River, Ohio 8,359,764 24,802 3.0 Coal

33 Powerton, Illinois 7,858,082 24,694 3.1 Coal

34 Conesville, Ohio 10,158,928 24,185 2.4 Coal

35 Sherburne County, Minnesota 15,344,648 23,849 1.6 Coal

36 Kingston, Tennessee 9,866,292 23,664 2.4 Coal

37 Kyger Creek, Ohio 6,852,119 22,968 3.4 Coal

38 Homer City, Pennsylvania 10,938,699 22,834 2.1 Coal

39 Widows Creek, Alabama 8,868,307 22,826 2.6 Coal

40 St. Johns River, Florida 9,795,546 22,366 2.3 Coal

41 F J Gannon, Florida 4,815,528 22,166 4.6 Coal

Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa 
37 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

42 Barry, Alabama 16,718,579 22,136 1.3 Coal

43 Johnsonville, Tennessee 8,275,776 21,694 2.6 Coal

44 Roxboro, North Carolina 14,281,069 21,461 1.5 Coal

45 Cardinal, Ohio 8,555,500 21,209 2.5 Coal

46 Hatfield’s Ferry, Pennsylvania 9,753,564 20,924 2.1 Coal

47 Milton R Young, North Dakota 5,117,272 20,725 4.0 Coal

48 Seminole, Florida 9,241,176 20,527 2.2 Coal

49 Baldwin, Illinois 12,454,874 20,298 1.6 Coal

50 Gerald Gentleman, Nebraska 9,549,816 20,035 2.1 Coal

51 Winyah, South Carolina 7,720,938 19,669 2.5 Coal

52 Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin 7,898,581 19,493 2.5 Coal

53 Eastlake, Ohio 6,724,187 19,137 2.8 Coal

54 W H Zimmer, Ohio 9,734,563 19,020 2.0 Coal

55 Kincaid, Illinois 5,847,334 18,965 3.2 Coal

56 Wansley, Georgia 11,197,521 18,446 1.6 Coal

57 Mohave, Nevada 10,170,230 18,386 1.8 Coal

58 Petersburg, Indiana 11,641,137 18,370 1.6 Coal

59 Shawnee, Kentucky 8,826,178 18,199 2.1 Coal

60 Big Cajun 2, Louisiana 11,125,719 18,061 1.6 Coal

61 Hunter (Emery), Utah 9,403,388 18,016 1.9 Coal

62 Conemaugh, Pennsylvania 12,584,027 17,655 1.4 Coal

63 Craig, Colorado 9,807,407 17,583 1.8 Coal

64 Ghent, Kentucky 11,533,151 17,399 1.5 Coal

65 Marshall, North Carolina 14,498,223 17,391 1.2 Coal

66 Sam Seymour, Texas 11,749,703 17,344 1.5 Coal

67 Laramie River, Wyoming 12,398,253 17,200 1.4 Coal

68 Morgantown, Maryland 7,550,506 17,066 2.3 Coal

69 Walter C Beckjord, Ohio 6,756,632 17,013 2.5 Coal

70 Martin Lake, Texas 14,825,001 16,751 1.1 Coal

71 Thomas Hill, Missouri 6,865,414 16,580 2.4 Coal

72 Keystone, Pennsylvania 11,790,991 16,514 1.4 Coal

73 Northeastern, Oklahoma 9,623,635 16,408 1.7 Coal

74 Avon Lake, Ohio 4,169,683 16,401 3.9 Coal

75 Bull Run, Tennessee 6,760,080 16,250 2.4 Coal

76 Muskogee, Oklahoma 10,275,348 16,097 1.6 Coal

77 White Bluff, Arkansas 8,850,935 16,062 1.8 Coal

78 Warrick, Indiana 5,066,020 15,921 3.1 Coal

79 Tanner’s Creek, Indiana 5,872,947 15,907 2.7 Coal

80 R M Schahfer, Indiana 8,756,429 15,759 1.8 Coal

81 Gorgas, Alabama 7,216,594 15,248 2.1 Coal

82 W A Parish, Texas 20,026,008 14,939 0.7 Coal
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

38

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

83 George Neal North, Iowa 5,703,855 14,870 2.6 Coal

84 Bailly, Indiana 2,831,251 14,860 5.2 Coal

85 Independence, Arkansas 10,510,564 14,801 1.4 Coal

86 Brunner Island, Pennsylvania 9,994,684 14,688 1.5 Coal

87 Miami Fort, Ohio 7,587,241 14,660 1.9 Coal

88 Monticello, Texas 13,127,881 14,443 1.1 Coal

89 Chesterfield, Virginia 9,502,996 14,363 1.5 Coal

90 Cross, South Carolina 8,126,251 14,311 1.8 Coal

91 Centralia, Washington 9,500,972 14,034 1.5 Coal

92 J H Campbell, Michigan 9,269,258 14,000 1.5 Coal

93 Grand River Dam Auth, Oklahoma 6,501,431 13,959 2.1 Coal

94 Chalk Point, Maryland 6,041,207 13,894 2.3 Coal

95 Colbert, Alabama 6,305,034 13,872 2.2 Coal

96 Big Sandy, Kentucky 5,752,379 13,743 2.4 Coal

97 Dave Johnston, Wyoming 5,759,784 13,625 2.4 Coal

98 Big Stone, South Dakota 3,119,519 13,566 4.3 Coal

99 Welsh Power Plant, Texas 11,000,083 13,545 1.2 Coal

100 Clay Boswell, Minnesota 7,266,941 13,411 1.8 Coal

101 Mill Creek, Kentucky 9,075,622 13,244 1.5 Coal

102 Allen, Tennessee 4,879,343 13,128 2.7 Coal

103 Coffeen, Illinois 5,257,211 13,009 2.5 Coal

104 Merom, Indiana 6,643,503 13,003 2.0 Coal

105 Sioux, Missouri 6,296,711 12,783 2.0 Coal

106 Leland Olds, North Dakota 4,576,988 12,488 2.7 Coal

107 Limestone, Texas 11,385,520 12,481 1.1 Coal

108 Pleasants, West Virginia 7,629,209 12,442 1.6 Coal

109 Riverside, Minnesota 2,436,997 12,377 5.1 Coal

110 Crist, Florida 4,572,235 12,370 2.7 Coal

111 St. Clair, Michigan 6,965,047 12,300 1.8 Coal

112 Council Bluffs, Iowa 5,794,189 12,207 2.1 Coal

113 Phil Sporn, West Virginia 5,361,190 11,961 2.2 Coal

114 Kammer, West Virginia 4,029,061 11,951 3.0 Coal

115 Coyote, North Dakota 3,060,200 11,951 3.9 Coal

116 Harrington Station, Texas 7,831,512 11,920 1.5 Coal

117 Ninemile Point, Louisiana 6,187,124 11,878 1.9 Natural gas

118 Naughton, Wyoming 5,019,304 11,714 2.3 Coal

119 Mountaineer, West Virginia 8,985,024 11,713 1.3 Coal

120 Cholla, Arizona 6,706,864 11,686 1.7 Coal

121 Clinch River, Virginia 4,620,670 11,633 2.5 Coal

122 Brayton Point, Massachusetts 8,263,163 11,494 1.4 Coal

123 Watson, Mississippi 4,731,902 11,470 2.4 Coal
39 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

124 Springerville, Arizona 5,830,542 11,405 2.0 Coal

125 Montour, Pennsylvania 9,263,444 11,213 1.2 Coal

126 Sooner, Oklahoma 6,953,110 11,185 1.6 Coal

127 Tolk Station, Texas 7,662,008 10,990 1.4 Coal

128 Mercer, New Jersey 2,752,449 10,860 3.9 Coal

129 Allen S King, Minnesota 3,311,959 10,826 3.3 Coal

130 Coronado Generating, Arizona 5,063,164 10,825 2.1 Coal

131 Gallatin, Tennessee 7,271,777 10,716 1.5 Coal

132 Antelope Valley, North Dakota 6,317,269 10,699 1.7 Coal

133 Brandon Shores, Maryland 7,160,408 10,586 1.5 Coal

134 Sibley, Missouri 3,061,409 10,425 3.4 Coal

135 Fort Martin, West Virginia 7,855,193 10,193 1.3 Coal

136 Columbia, Wisconsin 6,472,154 10,183 1.6 Coal

137 Huntington, Utah 5,977,918 10,145 1.7 Coal

138 Wabash River, Indiana 5,744,472 10,034 1.7 Coal

139 C P Crane, Maryland 2,132,214 9,745 4.6 Coal

140 Reid Gardner, Nevada 4,191,103 9,739 2.3 Coal

141 Will County, Illinois 5,419,706 9,634 1.8 Coal

142 Presque Isle, Michigan 3,140,761 9,502 3.0 Coal

143 Daniel, Mississippi 10,839,532 9,408 0.9 Coal

144 Dolet Hills, Louisiana 4,667,313 9,408 2.0 Coal

145 Coal Creek, North Dakota 8,559,089 9,394 1.1 Coal

146 Greene County, Alabama 3,892,941 9,356 2.4 Coal

147 Williams, South Carolina 4,428,464 9,266 2.1 Coal

148 John Sevier, Tennessee 4,880,298 9,263 1.9 Coal

149 Clover Power Station, Virginia 6,307,712 9,197 1.5 Coal

150 Michigan City, Indiana 2,487,472 8,979 3.6 Coal

151 Cape Canaveral, Florida 3,257,614 8,978 2.8 Oil

152 Belle River, Michigan 7,716,451 8,921 1.2 Coal

153 Mayo, North Carolina 4,737,089 8,809 1.9 Coal

154 Charles R Lowman, Alabama 3,472,719 8,766 2.5 Coal

155 Chesapeake, Virginia 4,141,111 8,695 2.1 Coal

156 Elmer Smith, Kentucky 2,185,345 8,673 4.0 Coal

157 Cherokee, Colorado 4,335,810 8,596 2.0 Coal

158 Meramec, Missouri 4,434,627 8,545 1.9 Coal

159 Port Everglades, Florida 4,497,763 8,527 1.9 Oil

160 Wateree, South Carolina 4,282,531 8,510 2.0 Coal

161 Yates, Georgia 5,368,046 8,279 1.5 Coal

162 G G Allen, North Carolina 5,071,389 8,181 1.6 Coal

163 L V Sutton, North Carolina 2,622,440 8,171 3.1 Coal

164 Hudson, New Jersey 3,356,373 8,159 2.4 Coal
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

40

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

165 Edwards Station, Illinois 3,536,593 8,025 2.3 Coal

166 Stanton Energy, Florida 6,070,495 8,022 1.3 Coal

167 Comanche, Colorado 4,697,167 7,992 1.7 Coal

168 Edgewater, Wisconsin 4,786,914 7,939 1.7 Coal

169 Louisa, Iowa 4,927,254 7,865 1.6 Coal

170 Hayden, Colorado 3,631,182 7,805 2.1 Coal

171 Dan E Karn, Michigan 4,474,257 7,780 1.7 Coal

172 D B Wilson, Kentucky 2,849,550 7,726 2.7 Coal

173 Anclote, Florida 4,133,979 7,643 1.8 Oil

174 Bay Shore, Ohio 3,538,463 7,636 2.2 Coal

175 Hammond, Georgia 3,935,825 7,629 1.9 Coal

176 Boardman, Oregon 3,773,750 7,621 2.0 Coal

177 Ottumwa, Iowa 4,480,923 7,555 1.7 Coal

178 Oklaunion, Texas 4,686,707 7,499 1.6 Coal

179 George Neal South, Iowa 4,586,420 7,491 1.6 Coal

180 Manatee, Florida 6,116,586 7,485 1.2 Oil

181 H L Spurlock, Kentucky 6,080,970 7,470 1.2 Coal

182 Pulliam, Wisconsin 2,349,544 7,463 3.2 Coal

183 Nebraska City, Nebraska 4,104,546 7,451 1.8 Coal

184 Rodemacher, Louisiana 4,279,337 7,347 1.7 Coal

185 Elrama, Pennsylvania 2,321,405 7,330 3.2 Coal

186 Dallman, Illinois 1,796,111 7,285 4.1 Coal

187 Killen Station, Ohio 3,612,949 7,198 2.0 Coal

188 E W Brown, Kentucky 3,992,354 7,189 1.8 Coal

189 R S Nelson, Louisiana 5,927,840 7,161 1.2 Coal

190 North Valmy, Nevada 4,081,381 7,140 1.7 Coal

191 Sheldon, Nebraska 1,442,114 7,113 4.9 Coal

192 Labadie, Missouri 14,406,589 7,094 0.5 Coal

193 Yorktown, Virginia 4,238,965 7,067 1.7 Coal

194 Cayuga, Indiana 5,930,084 7,051 1.2 Coal

195 AES Somerset (Kintigh), New York 5,453,551 7,015 1.3 Coal

196 Sandow, Texas 3,943,323 6,958 1.8 Coal

197 Iatan, Missouri 4,017,999 6,891 1.7 Coal

198 R D Green, Kentucky 3,501,986 6,714 1.9 Coal

199 A B Brown Generating, Indiana 3,194,749 6,713 2.1 Coal

200 Dickerson, Maryland 3,263,673 6,695 2.1 Coal

201 Martin, Florida 12,834,607 6,637 0.5 Natural gas

202 Big Brown, Texas 7,920,848 6,536 0.8 Coal

203 Huntley Power, New York 2,923,168 6,493 2.2 Coal

204 C D McIntosh, Florida 2,810,883 6,482 2.3 Coal

205 State Line Generating, Indiana 2,923,229 6,478 2.2 Coal
41 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

206 San Miguel, Texas 2,855,097 6,459 2.3 Coal

207 Northport, New York 7,278,114 6,237 0.9 Oil

208 Coleman, Kentucky 2,864,421 6,213 2.2 Coal

209 R E Burger, Ohio 2,000,668 6,132 3.1 Coal

210 Bonanza, Utah 3,923,323 6,089 1.6 Coal

211 Marion, Illinois 1,136,616 6,081 5.3 Coal

212 Harding Street Stn. (Elmer W Stout), 

Indiana

3,784,144 6,018 1.6 Coal

213 South Oak Creek, Wisconsin 5,393,774 5,929 1.1 Coal

214 Shawville, Pennsylvania 2,991,436 5,927 2.0 Coal

215 Apache Station, Arizona 2,799,861 5,923 2.1 Coal

216 Black Dog, Minnesota 1,662,585 5,904 3.6 Coal

217 Baxter Wilson, Mississippi 2,551,638 5,784 2.3 Natural gas

218 F B Culley, Indiana 2,417,245 5,732 2.4 Coal

219 R D Morrow, Mississippi 2,537,751 5,701 2.2 Coal

220 Cane Run, Kentucky 3,068,114 5,693 1.9 Coal

221 Turkey Point, Florida 3,030,547 5,682 1.9 Oil

222 Weston, Wisconsin 3,202,588 5,677 1.8 Coal

223 Lawrence Energy Center, Kansas 3,759,861 5,625 1.5 Coal

224 Asbury, Missouri 1,213,990 5,597 4.6 Coal

225 Kanawha River, West Virginia 2,571,055 5,596 2.2 Coal

226 Dunkirk, New York 3,591,017 5,572 1.6 Coal

227 R Gallagher, Indiana 2,977,365 5,564 1.9 Coal

228 J T Deely, Texas 5,656,468 5,550 1.0 Coal

229 North Omaha, Nebraska 3,403,969 5,541 1.6 Coal

230 Potomac River, Virginia 2,331,055 5,452 2.3 Coal

231 Willow Island, West Virginia 1,151,588 5,394 4.7 Coal

232 Niles, Ohio 1,126,711 5,363 4.8 Coal

233 Trenton Channel, Michigan 4,339,844 5,305 1.2 Coal

234 Joppa Steam, Illinois 8,075,552 5,258 0.7 Coal

235 High Bridge, Minnesota 1,308,587 5,253 4.0 Coal

236 Cheswick, Pennsylvania 3,021,295 5,227 1.7 Coal

237 Herbert A Wagner, Maryland 3,001,247 5,178 1.7 Coal

238 HMP&L Station 2, Kentucky 2,056,044 5,157 2.5 Coal

239 Decordova, Texas 3,042,636 5,108 1.7 Natural gas

240 Canal Station, Massachusetts 4,602,939 5,079 1.1 Oil

241 Montrose, Missouri 2,662,960 5,068 1.9 Coal

242 Michoud, Louisiana 2,416,824 5,049 2.1 Natural gas

243 River Rouge, Michigan 3,401,765 5,009 1.5 Coal

244 Lee, North Carolina 1,969,494 5,004 2.5 Coal

245 East Bend, Kentucky 2,941,427 4,949 1.7 Coal

246 Sunbury, Pennsylvania 1,714,652 4,909 2.9 Coal
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

42

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

247 Sabine, Texas 7,087,729 4,871 0.7 Natural gas

248 Tradinghouse, Texas 3,007,375 4,851 1.6 Natural gas

249 Arapahoe, Colorado 1,412,418 4,847 3.4 Coal

250 Duck Creek, Illinois 2,066,628 4,833 2.3 Coal

251 Nelson Dewey, Wisconsin 1,172,335 4,796 4.1 Coal

252 Newton, Illinois 7,241,019 4,764 0.7 Coal

253 Trimble County, Kentucky 3,929,027 4,730 1.2 Coal

254 Asheville, North Carolina 2,628,074 4,707 1.8 Coal

255 Martins Creek, Pennsylvania 2,402,706 4,666 1.9 Coal

256 Flint Creek, Arkansas 3,655,965 4,623 1.3 Coal

257 Possum Point, Virginia 3,005,462 4,560 1.5 Coal

258 Waukegan, Illinois 4,230,118 4,486 1.1 Coal

259 Eddystone, Pennsylvania 2,750,581 4,448 1.6 Coal

260 Dynegy Danskammer, New York 2,449,593 4,432 1.8 Coal

261 Jack McDonough, Georgia 3,728,220 4,430 1.2 Coal

262 Jefferies, South Carolina 1,878,197 4,421 2.4 Coal

263 Glen Lyn, Virginia 1,718,635 4,390 2.6 Coal

264 Gerald Andrus, Mississippi 2,319,949 4,363 1.9 Natural gas

265 John S Cooper, Kentucky 2,100,208 4,328 2.1 Coal

266 H W Pirkey, Texas 4,504,102 4,308 1.0 Coal

267 Lansing Smith, Florida 4,020,641 4,283 1.1 Natural gas

268 Bremo, Virginia 1,609,047 4,282 2.7 Coal

269 Wyodak, Wyoming 2,858,420 4,261 1.5 Coal

270 Albright, West Virginia 1,374,335 4,239 3.1 Coal

271 J P Madgett, Wisconsin 2,097,984 4,187 2.0 Coal

272 Pawnee, Colorado 3,316,714 4,166 1.3 Coal

273 James River, Missouri 1,587,089 4,159 2.6 Coal

274 Indian River, Delaware 2,129,702 4,081 1.9 Coal

275 Eagle Valley (H T Pritchard), Indiana 1,332,751 4,077 3.1 Coal

276 Genoa, Wisconsin 2,203,168 4,036 1.8 Coal

277 Muscatine, Iowa 1,259,121 4,020 3.2 Coal

278 Riviera, Florida 2,450,156 4,010 1.6 Oil

279 Canadys Steam, South Carolina 2,124,590 3,990 1.9 Coal

280 P L Bartow, Florida 2,193,974 3,841 1.8 Oil

281 Martin Drake, Colorado 1,813,674 3,815 2.1 Coal

282 McIntosh, Georgia 1,162,224 3,794 3.3 Coal

283 Cope Station, South Carolina 3,243,770 3,774 1.2 Coal

284 Northside, Florida 3,668,086 3,762 1.0 Oil

285 J K Spruce, Texas 4,135,806 3,761 0.9 Coal

286 Armstrong, Pennsylvania 2,140,768 3,745 1.7 Coal

287 AES Cayuga (Milliken), New York 2,353,387 3,643 1.5 Coal
43 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

288 Rawhide, Colorado 2,078,175 3,642 1.8 Coal

289 Frank E Ratts, Indiana 1,517,924 3,640 2.4 Coal

290 Seminole, Oklahoma 3,398,357 3,630 1.1 Natural gas

291 Rush Island, Missouri 7,483,574 3,621 0.5 Coal

292 Little Gypsy, Louisiana 2,358,145 3,612 1.5 Natural gas

293 Havana, Illinois 2,499,684 3,602 1.4 Coal

294 Putnam, Florida 2,220,194 3,545 1.6 Natural gas

295 Nearman Creek, Kansas 1,452,206 3,502 2.4 Coal

296 Holcomb, Kansas 2,454,689 3,492 1.4 Coal

297 Merrimack, New Hampshire 2,874,174 3,490 1.2 Coal

298 Hugo, Oklahoma 3,030,995 3,476 1.1 Coal

299 Meredosia, Illinois 1,326,609 3,462 2.6 Coal

300 Joliet 29, Illinois 5,411,689 3,456 0.6 Coal

301 Salem Harbor, Massachusetts 2,496,128 3,442 1.4 Coal

302 Riverbend, North Carolina 1,660,438 3,441 2.1 Coal

303 J C Weadock, Michigan 2,205,966 3,439 1.6 Coal

304 Sutherland, Iowa 940,504 3,402 3.6 Coal

305 J R Whiting, Michigan 2,262,790 3,382 1.5 Coal

306 B L England, New Jersey 1,191,120 3,372 2.8 Coal

307 Cliffside, North Carolina 2,723,353 3,296 1.2 Coal

308 Hennepin, Illinois 2,045,489 3,285 1.6 Coal

309 Deerhaven, Florida 1,588,281 3,278 2.1 Coal

310 Sanford, Florida 4,998,936 3,275 0.7 Natural gas

311 Los Medanos, California 3,712,422 3,254 0.9 Natural gas

312 Coleto Creek, Texas 4,201,689 3,224 0.8 Coal

313 Eckert Station, Michigan 1,540,404 3,181 2.1 Coal

314 New Castle, Pennsylvania 1,577,573 3,179 2.0 Coal

315 Lovett, New York 1,736,083 3,164 1.8 Coal

316 H B Robinson, South Carolina 1,021,242 3,157 3.1 Coal

317 Prewitt Escalante, New Mexico 1,653,093 3,148 1.9 Coal

318 Tecumseh Energy Center, Kansas 1,510,699 3,091 2.0 Coal

319 Carbon, Utah 1,323,395 3,065 2.3 Coal

320 Lake Road, Missouri 668,090 3,057 4.6 Coal

321 Kraft, Georgia 1,221,647 3,031 2.5 Coal

322 Lansing, Iowa 1,257,821 3,016 2.4 Coal

323 Edge Moor, Delaware 1,911,750 3,004 1.6 Coal

324 Valley (WEPCO), Wisconsin 1,147,954 2,976 2.6 Coal

325 W H Weatherspoon, North Carolina 794,816 2,956 3.7 Coal

326 B C Cobb, Michigan 2,188,545 2,956 1.4 Coal

327 Ravenswood, New York 4,940,254 2,937 0.6 Natural gas

328 Richard Gorsuch, Ohio 1,297,873 2,928 2.3 Coal
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

44

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

329 AES Greenidge, New York 1,031,345 2,891 2.8 Coal

330 Stanton, North Dakota 1,399,737 2,811 2.0 Coal

331 Dolphus M Grainger, South Carolina 931,468 2,782 3.0 Coal

332 Rochester 7, New York 1,506,960 2,780 1.8 Coal

333 Portland, Pennsylvania 1,915,994 2,743 1.4 Coal

334 Riverside, Oklahoma 2,342,296 2,729 1.2 Natural gas

335 P H Robinson, Texas 2,917,855 2,720 0.9 Natural gas

336 Alma, Wisconsin 690,029 2,719 3.9 Coal

337 Comanche, Oklahoma 1,338,064 2,698 2.0 Natural gas

338 Ashtabula, Ohio 1,236,725 2,672 2.2 Coal

339 Permian Basin, Texas 2,263,521 2,653 1.2 Natural gas

340 Lauderdale, Florida 6,436,413 2,646 0.4 Natural gas

341 Morgan Creek, Texas 1,121,868 2,641 2.4 Natural gas

342 Southwestern, Oklahoma 783,636 2,604 3.3 Natural gas

343 Crawford, Illinois 2,575,482 2,585 1.0 Coal

344 Ray D Nixon, Colorado 1,680,513 2,571 1.5 Coal

345 O H Hutchings, Ohio 772,666 2,528 3.3 Coal

346 AES Westover (Goudey), New York 863,979 2,493 2.9 Coal

347 Quindaro, Kansas 965,065 2,437 2.5 Coal

348 Southwest, Missouri 1,182,527 2,424 2.0 Coal

349 Cape Fear, North Carolina 1,857,910 2,400 1.3 Coal

350 Prairie Creek, Iowa 878,699 2,340 2.7 Coal

351 Joliet 9, Illinois 1,292,531 2,324 1.8 Coal

352 McMeekin, South Carolina 1,265,428 2,316 1.8 Coal

353 Irvington Generating, Arizona 1,403,955 2,304 1.6 Coal

354 Astoria Generating Stn, New York 3,172,909 2,256 0.7 Natural gas

355 Fisk, Illinois 1,299,559 2,234 1.7 Coal

356 Willow Glen, Louisiana 3,054,850 2,211 0.7 Natural gas

357 Mustang, Oklahoma 1,010,802 2,203 2.2 Natural gas

358 Wood River, Illinois 2,205,841 2,201 1.0 Coal

359 Twin Oaks Power, LP, Texas 2,689,521 2,186 0.8 Coal

360 Hawthorn, Missouri 4,346,949 2,176 0.5 Coal

361 Gibbons Creek, Texas 3,230,078 2,161 0.7 Coal

362 AES Deepwater, Inc., Texas 1,287,524 2,152 1.7 Pet. Coke

363 Gordon Evans Energy, Kansas 875,810 2,095 2.4 Natural gas

364 Mitchell, Pennsylvania 1,256,106 2,064 1.6 Coal

365 Vermilion, Illinois 1,102,939 2,011 1.8 Coal

366 Fort Churchill, Nevada 1,052,429 2,006 1.9 Natural gas

367 Syl Laskin, Minnesota 622,586 2,005 3.2 Coal

368 Lewis Creek, Texas 2,276,678 2,004 0.9 Natural gas

369 Sikeston, Missouri 1,693,365 2,000 1.2 Coal
45 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

370 Green River, Kentucky 719,410 1,994 2.8 Coal

371 Valley, Texas 1,628,130 1,975 1.2 Natural gas

372 Buck, North Carolina 1,249,807 1,914 1.5 Coal

373 Graham, Texas 1,216,627 1,869 1.5 Natural gas

374 Valmont, Colorado 1,281,144 1,866 1.5 Coal

375 Bowline Generating, New York 1,706,219 1,841 1.1 Natural gas

376 Rivesville, West Virginia 386,259 1,839 4.8 Coal

377 Handley Steam, Texas 2,232,746 1,835 0.8 Natural gas

378 Sterlington, Louisiana 1,070,959 1,826 1.7 Natural gas

379 Mount Tom, Massachusetts 915,318 1,806 2.0 Coal

380 Taconite Harbor, Minnesota 865,126 1,797 2.1 Coal

381 William C Dale, Kentucky 918,000 1,794 2.0 Coal

382 Charles Poletti, New York 2,282,203 1,771 0.8 Natural gas

383 Edwardsport, Indiana 344,544 1,746 5.1 Coal

384 Gadsden, Alabama 484,718 1,740 3.6 Coal

385 Jones Station, Texas 2,066,025 1,729 0.8 Natural gas

386 Collins Station, Illinois 2,070,864 1,717 0.8 Natural gas

387 Mitchell, Georgia 589,174 1,712 2.9 Coal

388 Cedar Bayou, Texas 3,584,591 1,706 0.5 Natural gas

389 Erickson, Michigan 809,058 1,701 2.1 Coal

390 Waterford 1 & 2, Louisiana 1,473,543 1,699 1.2 Natural gas

391 Schiller, New Hampshire 873,475 1,694 1.9 Coal

392 Hoot Lake, Minnesota 830,157 1,666 2.0 Coal

393 Indian River (55318), Florida 1,152,524 1,634 1.4 Oil

394 Hutsonville, Illinois 591,199 1,632 2.8 Coal

395 Titus, Pennsylvania 1,105,401 1,628 1.5 Coal

396 Seward, Pennsylvania 864,338 1,589 1.8 Coal

397 Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut 1,739,266 1,575 0.9 Coal

398 Port Washington, Wisconsin 747,511 1,568 2.1 Coal

399 J E Corette, Montana 1,132,762 1,545 1.4 Coal

400 Newman, Texas 1,574,783 1,523 1.0 Natural gas

401 W S Lee, South Carolina 925,685 1,504 1.6 Coal

402 Dynegy Roseton, New York 1,211,549 1,498 1.2 Oil

403 Louisiana 1, Louisiana 2,857,455 1,490 0.5 Natural gas

404 Sweeny Cogeneration, Texas 1,727,172 1,469 0.9 Natural gas

405 Horseshoe Lake, Oklahoma 1,188,522 1,458 1.2 Natural gas

406 J L Bates, Texas 328,219 1,449 4.4 Natural gas

407 Tracy, Nevada 1,308,301 1,445 1.1 Natural gas

408 Lake Catherine, Arkansas 1,182,799 1,424 1.2 Natural gas

409 Blount Street, Wisconsin 438,398 1,374 3.1 Coal

410 East River, New York 737,620 1,369 1.9 Natural gas
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

46

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

411 Lake Shore, Ohio 860,853 1,335 1.6 Coal

412 Riverside, Iowa 707,625 1,331 1.9 Coal

413 Mystic, Massachusetts 1,584,556 1,331 0.8 Oil

414 Riverton, Kansas 475,354 1,324 2.8 Coal

415 Somerset, Massachusetts 800,515 1,317 1.6 Coal

416 Cromby, Pennsylvania 629,734 1,285 2.0 Coal

417 Barney M Davis, Texas 1,563,689 1,273 0.8 Natural gas

418 Dan River, North Carolina 516,712 1,247 2.4 Coal

419 Nucla, Colorado 707,378 1,209 1.7 Coal

420 Port Jefferson Energy, New York 1,646,561 1,200 0.7 Oil

421 Cunningham, New Mexico 1,215,956 1,195 1.0 Natural gas

422 Platte, Nebraska 563,701 1,195 2.1 Coal

423 Robert Reid, Kentucky 369,652 1,175 3.2 Coal

424 Harbor Beach, Michigan 240,305 1,169 4.9 Coal

425 Burlington, Iowa 1,225,990 1,140 0.9 Coal

426 R P Smith, Maryland 503,446 1,140 2.3 Coal

427 Urquhart, South Carolina 1,703,794 1,079 0.6 Natural gas

428 Red Hills Generation, Mississippi 2,450,000 1,068 0.4 Coal

429 Noblesville, Indiana 196,577 1,046 5.3 Coal

430 Clark, Nevada 761,622 1,041 1.4 Natural gas

431 New Haven Harbor, Connecticut 1,435,307 1,037 0.7 Oil

432 Picway, Ohio 380,217 996 2.6 Coal

433 North Lake, Texas 1,271,870 988 0.8 Natural gas

434 Wilkes Power Plant, Texas 1,393,954 971 0.7 Natural gas

435 E F Barrett, New York 1,789,225 953 0.5 Natural gas

436 Greenwood, Michigan 1,138,043 946 0.8 Natural gas

437 Deepwater, New Jersey 423,355 928 2.2 Coal

438 Rex Brown, Mississippi 424,614 896 2.1 Natural gas

439 Nueces Bay, Texas 1,046,627 882 0.8 Natural gas

440 Plant X, Texas 835,626 872 1.0 Natural gas

441 Coolwater Generating, California 1,547,033 861 0.6 Natural gas

442 Newington, New Hampshire 660,451 855 1.3 Oil

443 Eagle Mountain, Texas 821,805 849 1.0 Natural gas

444 Milton L Kapp, Iowa 1,146,286 846 0.7 Coal

445 R M Heskett, North Dakota 523,027 833 1.6 Coal

446 Rio Grande, New Mexico 720,534 828 1.1 Natural gas

447 Nichols Station, Texas 805,424 825 1.0 Natural gas

448 Teche, Louisiana 797,974 822 1.0 Natural gas

449 Fort Myers, Florida 6,578,229 820 0.1 Natural gas

450 Sim Gideon, Texas 1,309,562 815 0.6 Natural gas

451 CoGen Lyondell, Inc., Texas 3,423,308 802 0.2 Natural gas
47 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

452 Humboldt Bay, California 376,679 790 2.1 Natural gas

453 Suwannee River, Florida 625,659 775 1.2 Oil

454 Sunrise, Nevada 357,148 772 2.2 Natural gas

455 Decker Creek, Texas 1,719,800 771 0.4 Natural gas

456 Agua Fria Generating, Arizona 625,908 770 1.2 Natural gas

457 Neil Simpson II, Wyoming 878,364 744 0.8 Coal

458 Waterside, New York 474,701 738 1.6 Natural gas

459 Arvah B Hopkins, Florida 740,853 731 1.0 Natural gas

460 Moselle, Mississippi 474,705 717 1.5 Natural gas

461 Blackhawk Station, Texas 1,629,786 715 0.4 Natural gas

462 V H Braunig, Texas 738,602 711 1.0 Natural gas

463 Pittsburg, California 3,884,118 694 0.2 Natural gas

464 Middletown, Connecticut 564,810 691 1.2 Oil

465 Fort Phantom, Texas 870,584 689 0.8 Natural gas

466 Kendall Square, Massachusetts 349,753 675 1.9 Natural gas

467 Mountain Creek Steam, Texas 971,731 669 0.7 Natural gas

468 Brunot Island Power, Pennsylvania 70,668 639 9.0 Natural gas

469 Payne Creek, Florida 2,424,966 622 0.3 Natural gas

470 Tyrone, Kentucky 253,778 615 2.4 Coal

471 O W Sommers, Texas 814,900 611 0.8 Natural gas

472 Doc Bonin, Louisiana 428,186 597 1.4 Natural gas

473 Arkwright, Georgia 141,283 591 4.2 Coal

474 S A Carlson, New York 242,156 586 2.4 Coal

475 T C Ferguson, Texas 701,794 585 0.8 Natural gas

476 Polk, Florida 1,955,959 579 0.3 Coal

477 Ray Olinger, Texas 794,042 573 0.7 Natural gas

478 Pasadena Power Plant, Texas 4,555,258 571 0.1 Natural gas

479 La Palma, Texas 574,479 570 1.0 Natural gas

480 Stryker Creek, Texas 1,115,276 569 0.5 Natural gas

481 Lake Hubbard, Texas 1,684,853 559 0.3 Natural gas

482 Guadalupe Generating, Texas 3,804,525 541 0.1 Natural gas

483 Lamar Power (Paris), Texas 5,685,767 539 0.1 Natural gas

484 Moss Landing, California 6,393,111 538 0.1 Natural gas

485 Arthur Kill, New York 1,204,507 535 0.4 Natural gas

486 Tiger Bay, Florida 1,412,706 522 0.4 Natural gas

487 William F Wyman, Maine 407,834 511 1.3 Oil

488 Lake Creek, Texas 311,442 508 1.6 Natural gas

489 Knox Lee Power Plant, Texas 618,463 503 0.8 Natural gas

490 Oswego Harbor Power, New York 415,194 494 1.2 Oil

491 Gregory Power Facility, Texas 2,965,571 493 0.2 Natural gas

492 Tenaska Frontier, Texas 4,139,042 486 0.1 Natural gas
Table 3.6

UNITED STATES NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

48

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

493 Hamilton, Ohio 289,025 482 1.7 Coal

494 Sam Bertron, Texas 775,429 452 0.6 Natural gas

495 Fort St. Vrain, Colorado 4,663,215 448 0.1 Natural gas

496 Parkdale, Texas 286,669 445 1.6 Natural gas

497 Odessa-Ector, Texas 4,381,108 436 0.1 Natural gas

498 Laredo, Texas 475,725 435 0.9 Natural gas

499 Rock River, Wisconsin 279,656 410 1.5 Natural gas

500 Tulsa, Oklahoma 214,917 397 1.8 Natural gas

501 Delaware City Refinery, Delaware 356,319 394 1.1 Natural gas

502 New Boston, Massachusetts 767,936 389 0.5 Natural gas

503 R W Miller, Texas 717,635 388 0.5 Natural gas

504 San Angelo Power Station, Texas 597,742 383 0.6 Natural gas

505 Maddox, New Mexico 441,736 383 0.9 Natural gas

506 Mistersky, Michigan 244,285 380 1.6 Natural gas

507 Montville, Connecticut 298,902 378 1.3 Oil

508 Hines Energy Complex, Florida 3,034,621 373 0.1 Natural gas

509 Lon D Wright, Nebraska 337,950 372 1.1 Coal

510 Benning, District of Columbia 218,124 372 1.7 Oil

511 Eagle Point Cogen, New Jersey 959,951 371 0.4 Natural gas

512 Judson Large, Kansas 276,019 370 1.3 Natural gas

513 M L Hibbard, Minnesota 18,257 368 20.2 Wood

514 Tenaska Gateway, Texas 4,426,124 364 0.1 Natural gas

515 Robert E Ritchie, Arkansas 224,982 357 1.6 Natural gas

516 Midlothian Energy, Texas 5,966,805 348 0.1 Natural gas

517 McKee Run, Delaware 157,768 346 2.2 Oil

518 Bastrop Clean Energy, Texas 1,697,296 337 0.2 Natural gas

519 Eastex Cogeneration, Texas 2,565,604 336 0.1 Natural gas

520 Sweetwater, Texas 573,906 334 0.6 Natural gas

521 Gould Street, Maryland 192,843 330 1.7 Oil

522 Mustang Station, Texas 2,902,235 328 0.1 Natural gas

523 Glenwood, New York 838,938 318 0.4 Natural gas

524 Intercession City, Florida 811,379 317 0.4 Natural gas

525 Hay Road, Delaware 1,219,432 315 0.3 Natural gas

526 Grand Tower, Illinois 1,136,680 311 0.3 Natural gas

527 Richmond County Plant, North Carolina 1,479,857 307 0.2 Natural gas

528 Devon, Connecticut 458,926 303 0.7 Oil

529 Norwalk Harbor Station, Connecticut 268,015 302 1.1 Oil

530 Freestone Power, Texas 3,363,526 299 0.1 Natural gas

531 AES Alamitos, California 4,221,013 288 0.1 Natural gas

532 Vienna, Maryland 151,030 288 1.9 Oil

533 Linden, New Jersey 435,762 285 0.7 Natural gas
49 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes

NOx

EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

534 El Centro, California 421,736 277 0.7 Natural gas

535 Gadsby, Utah 655,259 273 0.4 Natural gas

536 Bergen, New Jersey 3,370,171 273 0.1 Natural gas

537 SRW Cogen Facility, Texas 2,912,891 271 0.1 Natural gas

538 Holly Street, Texas 443,027 266 0.6 Natural gas

539 Kyrene Generating Stn, Arizona 829,674 263 0.3 Natural gas

540 Murray Gill Energy, Kansas 149,892 263 1.8 Natural gas

541 Delaware, Pennsylvania 115,348 262 2.3 Oil

542 Manchester Street, Rhode Island 2,124,155 261 0.1 Natural gas

543 Morro Bay, California 1,528,517 257 0.2 Natural gas

544 McClellan, Arkansas 175,521 253 1.4 Natural gas

545 Cabrillo Power I (Encina), California 2,355,455 249 0.1 Natural gas

546 Sewaren, New Jersey 343,799 246 0.7 Natural gas

547 Magic Valley, Texas 2,476,733 245 0.1 Natural gas

548 Hutchinson Energy, Kansas 154,476 242 1.6 Natural gas

549 J K Smith Generating, Kentucky 255,803 238 0.9 Natural gas

550 Washington County, Alabama 852,951 235 0.3 Natural gas

551 Trinidad, Texas 218,526 230 1.1 Natural gas

552 Contra Costa, California 1,951,799 226 0.1 Natural gas

553 Debary, Florida 514,580 223 0.4 Natural gas

554 Chevron Cogenerating, Mississippi 1,136,535 217 0.2 Natural gas

555 San Jacinto Steam, Texas 1,326,910 216 0.2 Natural gas

556 Big Cajun 1, Louisiana 85,259 213 2.5 Natural gas

557 Manchief Electric, Colorado 794,580 213 0.3 Natural gas

558 Grays Ferry Cogen, Pennsylvania 860,624 212 0.2 Natural gas

559 Pine Bluff Energy Center, Arkansas 1,260,496 207 0.2 Natural gas

560 John S Rainey, South Carolina 2,211,598 205 0.1 Natural gas

561 Orlando Cogen, Florida 860,496 203 0.2 Natural gas

562 Hidalgo Energy Center, Texas 1,926,715 201 0.1 Natural gas

563 Haynes Gen Station, California 2,328,262 200 0.1 Natural gas

564 Garden City, Kansas 153,401 190 1.2 Natural gas

565 Reliant Energy Channelview, Texas 3,385,962 190 0.1 Natural gas

a To limit its length, this table presents only the US power plants that emitted more than 190 tonnes of NOx

 emissions in 2002. The facilities in the table account for 99.5% of the total NOx emissions. 

There are more than 300 additional fossil fuel power plants in the database that reported fewer than 190 tonnes of NOx emissions during 2002.
50

PLANT, PROVINCE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

NOx EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Nanticoke, Ontario 22,236,000 38,204 1.72 Coal

2 Sundance, Alberta n/a 22,609 1.56a Coal

3 Boundary Dam, Saskatchewan 6,057,364 17,191 2.84 Coal

4 Lambton, Ontario 10,455,000 15,323 1.47 Coal

5 Keephills, Alberta n/a 13,565 2.21a Coal

6 Genesee, Alberta n/a 13,316 2.14a Coal

7 Lingan, Nova Scotia n/a 12,871 2.43a Coal

8 Coleson Cove, New Brunswick n/a 12,260 n/a Oil

9 Poplar River, Saskatchewan 4,457,200 11,668 2.62 Coal

10 Battle River, Alberta 4,867,000b 11,367 2.34 Coal

11 Sheerness, Alberta 5,810,000b 9,830 1.69 Coal

12 Trenton, Nova Scotia n/a 8,883 1.48a Coal

13 Wabamun, Alberta n/a 8,160 2.17a Coal

14 Shand Power, Saskatchewan 2,150,000 5,863 2.73 Coal

15 Belledune, New Brunswick 3,616,790 5,730 1.58 Coal

16 Lakeview, Ontario 2,455,000 4,934 2.01 Coal

17 Holyrood, Newfoundland-Labrador n/a 4,553 n/a Oil

18 Iles-de-la-Madeleine 2, Quebec n/a 4,242c n/a Oil

19 Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia n/a 3,680 n/a Oil

20 Thunder Bay, Ontario 1,522,000 3,202 2.10 Coal

21 Dalhousie, New Brunswick n/a 3,070 n/a Orimulsion

22 Lennox, Ontario 2,762,000d 2,999 1.09 Oil

23 Point Tupper, Nova Scotia n/a 2,951 2.57a Coal

24 Sarnia Regional Cogen Plant, Ontario n/a 2,699 n/a Natural gas

25 Iroquois Falls, Ontario n/a 2,605 n/a Natural gas

26 HR Milner, Alberta 790,000b 2,332 2.95 Coal

27 Point Aconi, Nova Scotia n/a 1,783 1.64a Coal

28 Kirkland Lake, Ontario n/a 1,679 n/a Natural gas

29 Atikokan, Ontario 823,000 1,585 1.93 Coal

30 Grand Lake, New Brunswick 449,388e 910 2.02 Coal

31 Meridian, Saskatchewan n/a 774 n/a Natural gas

32 Medicine Hat, Alberta n/a 757 n/a Natural gas

33 Joffre, Alberta n/a 722 n/a Natural gas

34 Williams Lake, British Columbia n/a 551 n/a Wood refuse

35 Queen Elizabeth, Saskatchewan n/a 546 n/a Natural gas

36 Brandon GS, Manitoba 273,053 543 1.99 Coal

37 Mississauga, Ontario n/a 503 n/a Natural gas

38 Cardinal, Ontario n/a 466 n/a Natural gas

39 Tunis, Ontario n/a 465 n/a Natural gas

40 Brooklyn Energy Centre, Nova Scotia n/a 371 n/a Wood refuse

41 Clover Bar, Alberta n/a 363 n/a Natural gas

42 Landis, Saskatchewan n/a 360 n/a Natural gas

43 Calstock Power Plant, Ontario n/a 354 n/a Wood refuse

44 Courtenay Bay, New Brunswick n/a 340 n/a Oil

Table 3.7

CANADA NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
51 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, PROVINCE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

NOx EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

45 Nipigon Power Plant, Ontario n/a 317 n/a Natural gas

46 Rossdale, Alberta n/a 307 n/a Natural gas

47 Selkirk GS, Manitoba 143,765 268 1.86 Coalf

48 Rainbow Lake (Units 4-5), Alberta 627,000b 255 0.41 Natural gas

49 Ottawa Health Science Center, Ontario n/a 242 n/a Natural gas

50 Cochrane Generating Station, Ontario n/a 223 n/a Wood refuse

51 Rainbow Lake (Units 1-3), Alberta 33,000b 196 5.95 Natural gas

52 Balzac Power Station, Alberta n/a 175 n/a Natural gas

53 Cavalier Power Plant, Alberta n/a 167 n/a Natural gas

54 Carseland, Alberta n/a 163 n/a Natural gas

55 Bayside Power L.P., New Brunswick n/a 163 n/a Natural gas

56 Windsor Powerhouse, Ontario n/a 131 n/a Natural gas

57 Fort Nelson Generating Station, 

British Columbia

n/a 127 n/a Natural gas

58 Brock West Landfill Gas Power Plant, Ontario n/a 125 n/a Waste gas

59 Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta n/a 114 n/a Natural gas

60 Burnside, Nova Scotia n/a 112 n/a Diesel

61 Windsor Essex, Ontario n/a 99 n/a Natural gas

62 Keele Valley Landfill Gas Power Plant, Ontario n/a 91 n/a Waste gas

63 Redwater, Alberta n/a 79 n/a Natural gas

64 Kapuskasing Power Plant, Ontario n/a 76 n/a Natural gas

65 North Bay, Ontario n/a 70 n/a Natural gas

66 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island n/a 68 n/a Oil

67 Poplar Hill, Alberta 138,000b 37 0.27 Natural gas

68 Tracy, Quebec n/a 38c n/a Oil

69 Millbank, New Brunswick n/a 26 n/a Diesel

70 Valleyview, Alberta 55,000b 23 0.42 Natural gas

a 2002 annual generation was not available, so output emission rates are for 2001, derived from power plant information reports available from the Canadian Electricity Association at http://www.ceamercuryprogram.ca/index.html.

b Net generation obtained from ATCO Power report, Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. Online at http://www.atcopower.com/Environment_Health_&_Safety/Reports/environmental_reports.htm.

c Information provided by the Province of Quebec in September 2004 differs from the NOx values contained in the NPRI March 2004 update for these facilities. Quebec gives 4,013 tonnes NOx

 from Iles-de-la-Madeleine, 

and 31.9 tonnes NOx from Tracy.

d Net generation obtained from Ontario Power Generation report, Towards Sustainable Development: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.opg.com/envComm/E_annual_report.asp.

e Net generation estimated assuming Grand Lake was in operation 90% of the time during 2002. See the methodology discussion in the Appendix.

f Selkirk converted to natural gas in July 2002.
52

PLANT, PROVINCE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

NOx EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 C.T. José López Portillo (Río Escondido), Coahuila 7,515,560 45,932 6.11 Coal

2 C.T. Carbón II, Coahuila 8,636,350 40,099 4.64 Coal

3 C.T. Plutarco Elias Calles (Petacalco), Guerrero 13,879,470 30,931 2.23 Coal

4 C.T. PDTE. A. López Mateos (Tuxpan), Veracruz 15,030,690 15,899 1.06 Oil

5 C.T. Francisco Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 9,734,170 10,949 1.12 Oil

6 C.T. Altamira, Tamaulipas 4,655,850 6,899 1.48 Oil

7 C.T. Gral. Manuel Álvarez (Manzanillo I), Colima 6,449,140 6,146 0.95 Oil

8 C.T. Salamanca, Guanajuato 4,841,380 5,393 1.11 Oil

9 C.T. Manzanillo II, Colima 5,034,400 4,555 0.90 Oil

10 C.C.C. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca II), Chihuahua 3,901,950 4,140 1.06 Natural gas

11 C.C.C. FCO. Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 3,260,940 4,088 1.25 Natural gas

12 C.T. José Acevez Pozos (Mazatlan II), Sinaloa 3,284,120 4,056 1.23 Oil

13 C.C.C. Dos Bocas, Veracruz 2,428,890 3,712 1.53 Natural gas

14 C.TG. Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,031,400 3,437 3.33 Natural gas

15 C.T. Monterrey, Nuevo León 2,538,090 3,429 1.35 Oil

16 C.T. Puerto Libertad, Sonora 3,349,740 3,289 0.98 Oil

17 C.C.C. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 2,949,700 3,264 1.11 Natural gas

18 C.T. Valle de México, México 3,894,120 3,096 0.80 Natural gas

19 C.C.C. Huinala, Nuevo León 2,331,460 3,009 1.29 Natural gas

20 C.T. Carlos Rodríguez Rivero (Guaymas II), Sonora 2,259,290 2,958 1.31 Oil

21 C.T. Villa De Reyes (San Luis Potosí), San Luis Potosí 2,925,990 2,882 0.98 Oil

22 C.T. Francisco Villa (Delicias), Chihuahua 1,919,730 2,871 1.50 Oil

23 C.T. Juan De Díos Batis P. (Topolobampo), Sinaloa 1,996,550 2,775 1.39 Oil

24 C.T. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), Baja California 1,488,840 2,392 1.61 Oil

25 C.C.C. Presidente Juárez (Rosarito), Baja California 2,077,250 2,242 1.08 Natural gas

26 C.TG. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,495,570 2,221 1.49 Natural gas

27 C.C.C. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 1,517,600 2,025 1.33 Natural gas

28 C.C.C. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,370,540 1,955 1.43 Natural gas

29 C.T. Guadalupe Victoria (Lerdo), Durango 1,980,460 1,892 0.96 Oil

30 C.T. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca I), Chihuahua 1,232,800 1,814 1.47 Oil

31 C.C.C. Gómez Palacio, Durango 1,045,260 1,668 1.60 Natural gas

32 C.T. Emilio Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,745,990 1,634 0.94 Oil

33 C.C.C. Huinala II, Nuevo León 1,333,060 1,418 1.06 Natural gas

34 C.TG. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), Baja California 648,420 1,222 1.88 Natural gas

35 C.T. Mérida II, Yucatán 1,099,710 1,151 1.05 Oil

36 C.CI. Puerto San Carlos, Baja California Sur 470,680 1,148 2.44 Oil

37 C.T. Poza Rica, Veracruz 654,040 1,124 1.72 Oil

38 C.T. Campeche II (Lerma), Campeche 812,720 1,005 1.24 Oil

39 C.CI. Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur 36,390 903 24.80 Diesel

40 C.TG. Hermosillo, Sonora 507,150 875 1.73 Natural gas

41 C.T. Jorge Luque (LFC), México 497,160 847 1.70 Natural gas

42 C.T. Punta Prieta II, Baja California Sur 621,830 833 1.34 Oil

43 C.T. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 414,970 709 1.71 Oil

44 C.CI. Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur 26,220 667 25.42 Diesel

45 C.TG. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 329,140 582 1.77 Natural gas

Table 3.8

MEXICO NOX POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
53 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, PROVINCE ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, MWh

NOx EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

NOx EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

46 C.TG. Cancún, Quintana Roo 77,770 508 6.54 Diesel

47 C.TG. Huinala, Nuevo León 259,700 427 1.64 Natural gas

48 C.T. Guaymas I, Sonora 186,750 403 2.16 Oil

49 C.CI. Villa Constitución, Baja California Sur 17,170 386 22.51 Diesel

50 Pueblo Nuevo (Movil), Sonora 12,050 355 29.49 Diesel

51 C.T. Nachi-Cocom, Yucatán 249,470 332 1.33 Oil

52 C.TG. Jorge Luque (Lechería) (LFC), México 145,390 326 2.24 Natural gas

53 C.TG. Las Cruces, Guerrero 46,400 309 6.66 Diesel

54 C.T. La Laguna, Durango 179,590 303 1.69 Natural gas

55 C.TG. Nonalco (LFC), DF 131,470 281 2.13 Natural gas

56 C.TG. Ciudad Constitución, Baja California Sur 33,690 267 7.91 Diesel

57 C.TG. Valle de México (LFC), México 104,780 242 2.31 Natural gas

58 C.T. San Jerónimo, Nuevo León 222,010 219 0.99 Natural gas

59 Nuevo Nogales (Movil), Sonora 7,730 219 28.28 Diesel

60 C.TG. Monclava, Coahuila n/a 217 n/a Natural gas

61 C.TG. Los Cabos, Baja California Sur 30,900 209 6.77 Diesel

62 C.TG. Caborca Industrial, Sonora 26,140 171 6.53 Diesel

63 C.TG. La Laguna, Durango 62,260 159 2.56 Natural gas

64 C.TG. Nizuc, Quintana Roo 27,630 156 5.64 Diesel

65 C.TG. El Verde, Jalisco 29,110 114 3.93 Natural gas

66 C.TG. Culiacan, Sinaloa 17,550 98 5.61 Diesel

67 C.TG. Parque, Chihuahua 15,580 96 6.19 Diesel

68 C.TG. Tecnológico, Nuevo León 13,400 89 6.61 Diesel

69 C.TG. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora 10,780 83 7.71 Diesel

70 C.TG. Punta Prieta I (La Paz), Baja California Sur 9,870 79 8.05 Diesel

71 C.TG. Cipres, Baja California 10,120 70 6.92 Diesel

72 C.TG. Chávez, Coahuila 25,250 65 2.58 Natural gas

73 C.TG. Arroyo De Coyote, Tamaulipas 6,540 63 9.68 Diesel

74 C.TG. Xul-Ha, Quintana Roo 8,770 63 7.15 Diesel

75 C.TG. Chihuahua I, Chihuahua 7,980 57 7.16 Diesel

76 C.TG. Universidad, Nuevo León 17,220 50 2.93 Natural gas

77 C.TG. Leona, Nuevo León 16,570 48 2.91 Natural gas

78 C.CI. Yecora, Sonora 1,890 41 21.83 Diesel

79 C.TG. Mexicali, Baja California 5,330 41 7.67 Diesel

80 C.TG. Esperanzas, Coahuila 4,590 35 7.66 Diesel

81 C.TG. Industrial (Juárez), Chihuahua 1,980 29 14.66 Diesel

82 C.TG. Fundidora, Nuevo León 4,810 13 2.79 Natural gas
54

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Monticello, Texas 13,127,881 849 0.065 Coal

2 Keystone, Pennsylvania 11,790,991 787 0.067 Coal

3 Homer City, Pennsylvania 10,938,699 743 0.068 Coal

4 James H Miller Jr, Alabama 18,592,131 717 0.039 Coal

5 Montour, Pennsylvania 9,263,444 634 0.068 Coal

6 Powerton, Illinois 7,858,082 584 0.074 Coal

7 Martin Lake, Texas 14,825,001 547 0.037 Coal

8 Bruce Mansfield, Pennsylvania 15,974,911 528 0.033 Coal

9 Mount Storm, West Virginia 11,671,736 521 0.045 Coal

10 Scherer, Georgia 20,817,252 515 0.025 Coal

11 San Juan, New Mexico 12,398,506 486 0.039 Coal

12 Big Brown, Texas 7,920,848 473 0.060 Coal

13 Jeffrey Energy Center, Kansas 15,330,637 467 0.030 Coal

14 Rockport, Indiana 16,643,319 467 0.028 Coal

15 Conesville, Ohio 10,158,928 451 0.044 Coal

16 John E Amos, West Virginia 17,995,089 450 0.025 Coal

17 E C Gaston, Alabama 12,639,541 417 0.033 Coal

18 Limestone, Texas 11,385,520 407 0.036 Coal

19 Four Corners, New Mexico 12,914,233 407 0.031 Coal

20 H W Pirkey, Texas 4,504,102 382 0.085 Coal

21 Eastlake, Ohio 6,724,187 381 0.057 Coal

22 Shawville, Pennsylvania 2,991,436 377 0.126 Coal

23 Gorgas, Alabama 7,216,594 374 0.052 Coal

24 Joliet 29, Illinois 5,411,689 364 0.067 Coal

25 Sam Seymour, Texas 11,749,703 361 0.031 Coal

26 Roxboro, North Carolina 14,281,069 352 0.025 Coal

27 Will County, Illinois 5,419,706 348 0.064 Coal

28 Colstrip, Montana 13,886,845 347 0.025 Coal

29 Monroe, Michigan 16,720,823 344 0.021 Coal

30 Bowen, Georgia 21,674,542 339 0.016 Coal

31 Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin 7,898,581 338 0.043 Coal

32 J M Stuart, Ohio 15,351,286 318 0.021 Coal

33 Waukegan, Illinois 4,230,118 317 0.075 Coal

34 Labadie, Missouri 14,406,589 316 0.022 Coal

35 Paradise, Kentucky 14,130,150 296 0.021 Coal

36 Sherburne County, Minnesota 19,161,794 289 0.015 Coal

37 Gibson, Indiana 20,522,153 282 0.014 Coal

38 Belews Creek, North Carolina 16,912,850 269 0.016 Coal

39 Cardinal, Ohio 8,555,500 266 0.031 Coal

40 W H Sammis, Ohio 15,521,117 263 0.017 Coal

41 Joppa Steam, Illinois 8,075,552 262 0.032 Coal

42 Jim Bridger, Wyoming 14,593,034 255 0.017 Coal

43 Coal Creek, North Dakota 8,559,089 249 0.029 Coal

44 Kingston, Tennessee 9,866,292 248 0.025 Coal

54

Table 3.9

UNITED STATES MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa
PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

45 J H Campbell, Michigan 9,269,258 248 0.027 Coal

46 Centralia, Washington 9,500,972 247 0.026 Coal

47 Marshall, North Carolina 14,498,223 243 0.017 Coal

48 W A Parish, Texas 20,026,008 240 0.012 Coal

49 Gen J M Gavin, Ohio 15,617,077 238 0.015 Coal

50 Big Cajun 2, Louisiana 10,094,370 236 0.023 Coal

51 Brunner Island, Pennsylvania 9,994,684 235 0.024 Coal

52 Laramie River, Wyoming 12,398,253 234 0.019 Coal

53 Phil Sporn, West Virginia 5,361,190 230 0.043 Coal

54 Rush Island, Missouri 7,483,574 230 0.031 Coal

55 Avon Lake, Ohio 4,169,683 228 0.055 Coal

56 Hatfield’s Ferry, Pennsylvania 9,753,564 227 0.023 Coal

57 Conemaugh, Pennsylvania 12,584,027 224 0.018 Coal

58 Baldwin, Illinois 12,454,874 223 0.018 Coal

59 Clifty Creek, Indiana 7,838,812 221 0.028 Coal

60 Welsh Power Plant, Texas 11,000,083 217 0.020 Coal

61 Barry, Alabama 16,718,579 213 0.013 Coal

62 Mountaineer (WV), West Virginia 8,985,024 211 0.023 Coal

63 J T Deely, Texas 5,656,468 211 0.037 Coal

64 Chesterfield, Virginia 9,502,996 210 0.022 Coal

65 Kyger Creek, Ohio 6,852,119 209 0.030 Coal

66 Brandon Shores, Maryland 7,160,408 208 0.029 Coal

67 White Bluff, Arkansas 8,850,935 207 0.023 Coal

68 Johnsonville, Tennessee 8,275,776 207 0.025 Coal

69 Muskogee, Oklahoma 10,275,348 206 0.020 Coal

70 Mitchell, West Virginia 9,231,567 204 0.022 Coal

71 Ghent, Kentucky 11,533,151 203 0.018 Coal

72 La Cygne, Kansas 9,517,909 200 0.021 Coal

73 Milton R Young, North Dakota 5,117,272 199 0.039 Coal

74 Muskingum River, Ohio 8,359,764 198 0.024 Coal

75 Fort Martin, West Virginia 7,855,193 195 0.025 Coal

76 Big Sandy, Kentucky 5,752,379 189 0.033 Coal

77 Chalk Point, Maryland 6,041,207 187 0.031 Coal

78 Clay Boswell, Minnesota 7,266,941 183 0.025 Coal

79 George Neal North, Iowa 5,703,855 183 0.032 Coal

80 Coyote, North Dakota 3,060,200 181 0.059 Coal

81 Widows Creek, Alabama 8,868,307 181 0.020 Coal

82 Bull Run, Tennessee 6,760,080 179 0.026 Coal

83 Morgantown, Maryland 7,550,506 178 0.024 Coal

84 Walter C Beckjord, Ohio 6,756,632 178 0.026 Coal

85 Gallatin, Tennessee 7,271,777 171 0.023 Coal

86 Antelope Valley, North Dakota 6,317,269 169 0.027 Coal

87 Newton, Illinois 7,886,447 168 0.021 Coal

88 Harllee Branch, Georgia 9,018,458 168 0.019 Coal

55 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS
Table 3.9

UNITED STATES MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

56

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

89 R M Schahfer, Indiana 8,756,429 167 0.019 Coal

90 Kincaid, Illinois 3,888,878 166 0.043 Coal

91 Gerald Gentleman, Nebraska 9,549,816 166 0.017 Coal

92 Wansley, Georgia 11,197,521 162 0.015 Coal

93 Independence, Arkansas 10,510,564 162 0.015 Coal

94 Crawford, Illinois 2,575,482 162 0.063 Coal

95 Miami Fort, Ohio 7,587,241 160 0.021 Coal

96 Council Bluffs, Iowa 5,794,189 156 0.027 Coal

97 Daniel, Mississippi 10,839,532 155 0.014 Coal

98 Armstrong, Pennsylvania 2,140,768 154 0.072 Coal

99 Springerville, Arizona 5,830,542 153 0.026 Coal

100 H L Spurlock, Kentucky 6,080,970 152 0.025 Coal

101 Navajo Generating Station, Arizona 17,832,139 149 0.008 Coal

102 Columbia, Wisconsin 6,472,154 147 0.023 Coal

103 Leland Olds, North Dakota 4,576,988 147 0.032 Coal

104 Dave Johnston, Wyoming 5,759,784 146 0.025 Coal

105 Louisa, Iowa 4,927,254 143 0.029 Coal

106 Tanner’s Creek, Indiana 5,872,947 143 0.024 Coal

107 Grand River Dam Auth, Oklahoma 6,501,431 137 0.021 Coal

108 George Neal South, Iowa 4,586,420 136 0.030 Coal

109 Sunbury, Pennsylvania 1,714,652 135 0.079 Coal

110 Sooner, Oklahoma 6,953,110 135 0.019 Coal

111 Harrison, West Virginia 12,927,422 133 0.010 Coal

112 F J Gannon, Florida 4,815,528 132 0.028 Coal

113 Dickerson, Maryland 3,263,673 131 0.040 Coal

114 Harrington Station, Texas 7,831,512 130 0.017 Coal

115 New Madrid, Missouri 7,606,958 127 0.017 Coal

116 Crystal River, Florida 6,903,533 124 0.018 Coal

117 Mayo, North Carolina 4,737,089 123 0.026 Coal

118 South Oak Creek, Wisconsin 5,393,774 122 0.023 Coal

119 Gibbons Creek, Texas 3,230,078 122 0.038 Coal

120 Lawrence Energy Center, Kansas 3,759,861 120 0.032 Coal

121 Coleman, Kentucky 2,864,421 119 0.042 Coal

122 Kammer, West Virginia 4,029,061 117 0.029 Coal

123 Cumberland, Tennessee 16,384,132 117 0.007 Coal

124 Brayton Point, Massachusetts 8,263,163 116 0.014 Coal

125 Sandow, Texas 3,943,323 116 0.029 Coal

126 Dan E Karn, Michigan 4,474,257 116 0.026 Coal

127 J K Spruce, Texas 4,135,806 114 0.028 Coal

128 Sioux, Missouri 6,296,711 112 0.018 Coal

129 Watson, Mississippi 4,731,902 110 0.023 Coal

130 Mohave, Nevada 10,170,230 110 0.011 Coal

131 John Sevier, Tennessee 4,880,298 108 0.022 Coal

132 Cholla, Arizona 6,157,206 108 0.018 Coal
57 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

133 Coronado Generating, Arizona 5,063,164 106 0.021 Coal

134 Cheswick, Pennsylvania 3,021,295 105 0.035 Coal

135 New Castle, Pennsylvania 1,577,573 105 0.066 Coal

136 Petersburg, Indiana 11,641,137 104 0.009 Coal

137 Hawthorn, Missouri 4,346,949 103 0.024 Coal

138 Bay Shore, Ohio 3,538,463 103 0.029 Coal

139 Northeastern, Oklahoma 9,623,635 102 0.011 Coal

140 Wateree, South Carolina 4,282,531 102 0.024 Coal

141 R D Morrow, Mississippi 2,329,127 102 0.044 Coal

142 Thomas Hill, Missouri 6,865,414 101 0.015 Coal

143 Greene County, Alabama 3,892,941 100 0.026 Coal

144 R S Nelson, Louisiana 5,927,840 98 0.017 Coal

145 Colbert, Alabama 6,305,034 98 0.016 Coal

146 Belle River, Michigan 7,716,451 98 0.013 Coal

147 G G Allen, North Carolina 5,071,389 98 0.019 Coal

148 St. Clair, Michigan 6,965,047 97 0.014 Coal

149 E W Brown, Kentucky 3,992,354 97 0.024 Coal

150 Coffeen, Illinois 5,257,211 97 0.019 Coal

151 Warrick, Indiana 1,044,762 96 0.092 Coal

152 Dolet Hills, Louisiana 4,667,313 96 0.021 Coal

153 R Gallagher, Indiana 2,253,862 96 0.042 Coal

154 Cayuga, Indiana 5,930,084 92 0.015 Coal

155 Edgewater, Wisconsin 4,786,914 92 0.019 Coal

156 Huntley Power, New York 2,923,168 91 0.031 Coal

157 Nebraska City, Nebraska 4,104,546 90 0.022 Coal

158 W H Zimmer, Ohio 9,734,563 90 0.009 Coal

159 Eckert Station, Michigan 1,540,404 90 0.058 Coal

160 Mill Creek, Kentucky 9,075,622 89 0.010 Coal

161 Joliet 9, Illinois 1,292,531 89 0.069 Coal

162 Winyah, South Carolina 7,720,938 89 0.011 Coal

163 Wabash River, Indiana 5,744,472 88 0.015 Coal

164 Dunkirk, New York 3,591,017 86 0.024 Coal

165 Naughton, Wyoming 5,019,304 85 0.017 Coal

166 Wyodak, Wyoming 2,858,420 85 0.030 Coal

167 North Omaha, Nebraska 3,403,969 84 0.025 Coal

168 Crist, Florida 4,572,235 84 0.018 Coal

169 Fisk, Illinois 1,299,559 84 0.064 Coal

170 Craig, Colorado 9,807,407 83 0.008 Coal

171 Chesapeake, Virginia 4,141,111 82 0.020 Coal

172 Meramec, Missouri 4,434,627 82 0.019 Coal

173 East Bend, Kentucky 2,941,427 81 0.027 Coal

174 Ashtabula, Ohio 1,236,725 79 0.064 Coal

175 L V Sutton, North Carolina 2,622,440 78 0.030 Coal

176 Oklaunion, Texas 4,264,449 78 0.018 Coal
Table 3.9

UNITED STATES MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

58

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

177 Yates, Georgia 5,368,046 77 0.014 Coal

178 Hugo, Oklahoma 3,030,995 76 0.025 Coal

179 Boardman, Oregon 3,773,750 76 0.020 Coal

180 Clinch River, Virginia 4,620,670 75 0.016 Coal

181 Muscatine, Iowa 1,259,121 73 0.058 Coal

182 Bremo, Virginia 1,609,047 73 0.046 Coal

183 Iatan, Missouri 4,017,999 73 0.018 Coal

184 Weston, Wisconsin 3,202,588 72 0.022 Coal

185 Charles R Lowman, Alabama 3,472,719 72 0.021 Coal

186 Big Bend, Florida 8,518,176 72 0.008 Coal

187 Killen Station, Ohio 3,612,949 71 0.020 Coal

188 Trenton Channel, Michigan 4,339,844 70 0.016 Coal

189 J R Whiting, Michigan 2,262,790 70 0.031 Coal

190 John S Cooper, Kentucky 2,100,208 70 0.033 Coal

191 Kanawha River, West Virginia 2,571,055 70 0.027 Coal

192 Tolk Station, Texas 7,662,008 69 0.009 Coal

193 Harding Street Stn (Elmer W Stout), Indiana 3,784,144 69 0.018 Coal

194 R E Burger, Ohio 2,000,668 68 0.034 Coal

195 Indian River, Delaware 2,129,702 68 0.032 Coal

196 Niles, Ohio 1,126,711 67 0.060 Coal

197 Edwards Station, Illinois 3,536,593 66 0.019 Coal

198 Asheville, North Carolina 2,628,074 64 0.025 Coal

199 Albright, West Virginia 1,374,335 64 0.047 Coal

200 Allen, Tennessee 4,879,343 64 0.013 Coal

201 Flint Creek, Arkansas 3,655,965 63 0.017 Coal

202 Huntington, Utah 5,977,918 62 0.010 Coal

203 San Miguel, Texas 2,855,097 60 0.021 Coal

204 B C Cobb, Michigan 2,188,545 59 0.027 Coal

205 J C Weadock, Michigan 2,205,966 59 0.027 Coal

206 Dynegy Danskammer, New York 2,449,593 59 0.024 Coal

207 Hudson, New Jersey 3,356,373 58 0.017 Coal

208 Herbert A Wagner, Maryland 3,001,247 58 0.019 Coal

209 Possum Point, Virginia 3,005,462 58 0.019 Coal

210 Portland, Pennsylvania 1,915,994 57 0.030 Coal

211 St. Johns River, Florida 9,795,546 57 0.006 Coal

212 J P Madgett, Wisconsin 2,097,984 57 0.027 Coal

213 Pleasants, West Virginia 7,629,209 56 0.007 Coal

214 Michigan City, Indiana 2,487,472 56 0.023 Coal

215 Yorktown, Virginia 4,238,965 56 0.013 Coal

216 Cross, South Carolina 8,126,251 56 0.007 Coal

217 Stanton, North Dakota 1,399,737 55 0.040 Coal

218 Sibley, Missouri 3,061,409 55 0.018 Coal

219 Lee, North Carolina 1,969,494 55 0.028 Coal

220 Ottumwa, Iowa 4,480,923 54 0.012 Coal
59 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

221 Jefferies, South Carolina 1,878,197 53 0.028 Coal

222 Stanton Energy, Florida 6,070,495 53 0.009 Coal

223 Apache Station, Arizona 2,799,861 53 0.019 Coal

224 River Rouge, Michigan 3,401,765 52 0.015 Coal

225 Merom, Indiana 6,643,503 52 0.008 Coal

226 Lansing Smith, Florida 4,020,641 51 0.013 Coalb

227 State Line Generating, Indiana 1,599,873 51 0.032 Coal

228 Richard Gorsuch, Ohio 1,297,873 50 0.038 Coal

229 Seminole, Florida 9,241,176 49 0.005 Coal

230 Gadsden, Alabama 484,718 48 0.100 Coal

231 Coleto Creek, Texas 3,780,383 48 0.013 Coal

232 Allen S King, Minnesota 3,311,959 48 0.014 Coal

233 Williams, South Carolina 4,428,464 48 0.011 Coal

234 Big Stone, South Dakota 3,119,519 48 0.015 Coal

235 Montrose, Missouri 2,662,960 47 0.018 Coal

236 Lansing, Iowa 1,257,821 46 0.037 Coal

237 Reid Gardner, Nevada 4,191,103 46 0.011 Coal

238 AES Cayuga (Milliken), New York 2,353,387 46 0.020 Coal

239 Edge Moor, Delaware 1,911,750 46 0.024 Coal

240 Canadys Steam, South Carolina 2,124,590 45 0.021 Coal

241 Cape Fear, North Carolina 1,857,910 45 0.024 Coal

242 Hennepin, Illinois 2,045,489 45 0.022 Coal

243 Hammond, Georgia 3,935,825 44 0.011 Coal

244 Wood River, Illinois 2,205,841 42 0.019 Coal

245 Trimble County, Kentucky 3,929,027 42 0.011 Coal

246 Tecumseh Energy Center, Kansas 1,510,699 42 0.028 Coal

247 Rodemacher, Louisiana 4,279,337 40 0.009 Coal

248 Riverbend, North Carolina 1,660,438 40 0.024 Coal

249 Presque Isle, Michigan 3,140,761 40 0.013 Coal

250 Comanche, Colorado 4,697,167 39 0.008 Coal

251 Prewitt Escalante, New Mexico 1,653,093 39 0.023 Coal

252 Hunter (Emery), Utah 9,403,388 39 0.004 Coal

253 Rochester 7, New York 1,506,960 38 0.025 Coal

254 Sikeston, Missouri 1,693,365 38 0.023 Coal

255 AES Somerset (Kintigh), New York 5,453,551 37 0.007 Coal

256 Pulliam, Wisconsin 2,349,544 37 0.016 Coal

257 Willow Island, West Virginia 1,151,588 37 0.032 Coal

258 Pawnee, Colorado 3,316,714 36 0.011 Coal

259 Jack McDonough, Georgia 3,728,220 36 0.010 Coal

260 Nelson Dewey, Wisconsin 1,172,335 36 0.031 Coal

261 Milton L Kapp, Iowa 1,146,286 35 0.031 Coal

262 Cliffside, North Carolina 2,723,353 35 0.013 Coal

263 Buck, North Carolina 1,249,807 35 0.028 Coal

264 Glen Lyn, Virginia 1,718,635 35 0.020 Coal
Table 3.9

UNITED STATES MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa (continued)

60

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

265 Riverside, Minnesota 2,436,997 35 0.014 Coal

266 Havana, Illinois 2,499,684 34 0.013 Coal

267 Sheldon, Nebraska 1,442,114 33 0.023 Coal

268 Martins Creek, Pennsylvania 2,402,706 33 0.014 Coal

269 Meredosia, Illinois 1,326,609 33 0.025 Coal

270 Genoa, Wisconsin 2,203,168 32 0.015 Coal

271 Shawnee, Kentucky 8,826,178 32 0.004 Coal

272 Picway, Ohio 380,217 32 0.083 Coal

273 Potomac River, Virginia 2,331,055 31 0.013 Coal

274 Elrama, Pennsylvania 2,321,405 31 0.013 Coal

275 Titus, Pennsylvania 1,105,401 31 0.028 Coal

276 Frank E Ratts, Indiana 1,517,924 31 0.020 Coal

277 Dolphus M Grainger, South Carolina 931,468 30 0.032 Coal

278 Nearman Creek, Kansas 1,452,206 30 0.021 Coal

279 Seward, Pennsylvania 864,338 30 0.034 Coal

280 Elmer Smith, Kentucky 2,185,345 30 0.014 Coal

281 Polk, Florida 1,955,959 29 0.015 Coal

282 Bailly, Indiana 2,831,251 29 0.010 Coal

283 Holcomb, Kansas 2,454,689 28 0.011 Coal

284 AES Greenidge, New York 929,230 28 0.030 Coal

285 James River, Missouri 1,587,089 27 0.017 Coal

286 Rawhide, Colorado 2,078,175 27 0.013 Coal

287 H B Robinson, South Carolina 1,021,242 27 0.026 Coal

288 W S Lee, South Carolina 925,685 26 0.029 Coal

289 O H Hutchings, Ohio 772,666 26 0.034 Coal

290 R D Green, Kentucky 3,501,986 26 0.008 Coal

291 Eagle Valley (H T Pritchard), Indiana 1,332,751 26 0.020 Coal

292 Burlington, Iowa 1,225,990 26 0.021 Coal

293 Hoot Lake, Minnesota 830,157 26 0.031 Coal

294 Arapahoe, Colorado 1,412,418 26 0.018 Coal

295 Black Dog, Minnesota 1,662,585 26 0.015 Coal

296 B L England, New Jersey 1,191,120 25 0.021 Coal

297 Dallman, Illinois 1,796,111 25 0.014 Coal

298 Asbury, Missouri 1,213,990 25 0.021 Coal

299 Marion, Illinois 1,136,616 25 0.022 Coal

300 Prairie Creek, Iowa 878,699 24 0.028 Coal

301 Neil Simpson II, Wyoming 878,364 23 0.026 Coal

302 Southwest, Missouri 1,182,527 23 0.019 Coal

303 McIntosh, Georgia 1,162,224 22 0.019 Coal

304 F B Culley, Indiana 2,417,245 22 0.009 Coal

305 A B Brown Generating, Indiana 3,194,749 22 0.007 Coal

306 R P Smith, Maryland 503,446 22 0.043 Coal

307 Eddystone, Pennsylvania 2,750,581 21 0.008 Coal

308 Port Washington, Wisconsin 747,511 21 0.028 Coal
61 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

309 Valley (WEPCO), Wisconsin 1,147,954 21 0.018 Coal

310 Mount Tom, Massachusetts 915,318 21 0.023 Coal

311 Erickson, Michigan 809,058 21 0.026 Coal

312 Quindaro, Kansas 965,065 20 0.021 Coal

313 Green River, Kentucky 719,410 20 0.028 Coal

314 W H Weatherspoon, North Carolina 794,816 20 0.025 Coal

315 Carbon, Utah 1,323,395 20 0.015 Coal

316 Rivesville, West Virginia 386,259 20 0.051 Coal

317 D B Wilson, Kentucky 2,849,550 19 0.007 Coal

318 Cane Run, Kentucky 3,068,114 19 0.006 Coal

319 William C Dale, Kentucky 1,207,356 18 0.015 Coal

320 Hutsonville, Illinois 591,199 18 0.031 Coal

321 Riverside, Iowa 707,625 18 0.025 Coal

322 Lovett, New York 1,736,083 18 0.010 Coal

323 C P Crane, Maryland 2,132,214 18 0.008 Coal

324 Duck Creek, Illinois 2,066,628 17 0.008 Coal

325 High Bridge, Minnesota 1,308,587 17 0.013 Coal

326 Twin Oaks Power, LP, Texas 2,689,521 16 0.006 Coal

327 AES Westover (Goudey), New York 863,979 16 0.018 Coal

328 Sutherland, Iowa 940,504 15 0.016 Coal

329 Vermilion, Illinois 1,102,939 15 0.014 Coal

330 Kraft, Georgia 1,221,647 15 0.012 Coal

331 C D McIntosh, Florida 2,810,883 15 0.005 Coal

332 J E Corette, Montana 1,132,762 14 0.013 Coal

333 Deerhaven, Florida 1,588,281 14 0.009 Coal

334 HMP&L Station 2, Kentucky 1,414,624 14 0.010 Coal

335 Platte, Nebraska 563,701 14 0.025 Coal

336 Urquhart, South Carolina 1,703,794 14 0.008 Coalb

337 Mitchell, Georgia 589,174 14 0.023 Coal

a To limit its length, this table presents only the US coal power plants that emitted more than 14 kilograms (30 pounds) of mercury emissions in 2002. The facilities in the table account for 99.5% of the total mercury emissions from the 

electricity sector. There are 39 additional coal-fired power plants in the database that reported less than 14 kilograms (30 pounds) of mercury emissions.

b This plant’s EIA 906 generation report for 2002 indicates that the largest share of its 2002 generation is from natural gas. We base the mercury estimate, however, on the amount of coal it burned as a secondary fuel.
62

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 C.T. Carbón II, Coahuila 8,636,350 361 0.042 Coal

2 C.T. José López Portillo (Río Escondido), 

Coahuila

7,515,560 349 0.046 Coal

3 C.T. Plutarco Elias Calles (Petacalco), 

Guerrero

13,879,470 314 0.023 Coal

PLANT, PROVINCE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

MERCURY 

EMISSIONS, 

kilograms 

MERCURY 

EMISSION

RATE, kg/GWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Sundance, Alberta n/a 275 0.019a Coal

2 Nanticoke, Ontario 22,236,000 241 0.011 Coal

3 Boundary Dam, Saskatchewan 6,057,364 191 0.032 Coal

4 Wabamun, Alberta n/a 153 0.039a Coal

5 Lambton, Ontario 10,455,000 130 0.012 Coal

6 Poplar River, Saskatchewan 4,457,200 116 0.026 Coal

7 Battle River, Alberta 4,867,000b 108 0.022 Coal

8 Keephills, Alberta n/a 108 0.017a Coal

9 Grand Lake, New Brunswick 449,388c 106 0.24 Coal

10 Lingan, Nova Scotia n/a 104 0.027a Coal

11 Genesee, Alberta n/a 83 0.005a Coal

12 Sheerness, Alberta 5,810,000b 77 0.013 Coal

13 Thunder Bay, Ontario 1,522,000 72 0.047 Coal

14 Shand Power, Saskatchewan 2,150,000 56 0.026 Coal

15 Lakeview, Ontario 2,455,000 46 0.019 Coal

16 Trenton, Nova Scotia n/a 43 0.025a Coal

17 Atikokan, Ontario 823,000 38 0.046 Coal

18 Point Tupper, Nova Scotia n/a 15 0.012a Coal

19 Belledune, New Brunswick 3,616,790 12 0.003 Coal

20 HR Milner, Alberta 790,000b 6 0.007 Coal

21 Brandon GS, Manitoba 273,053 5 0.019 Coal

22 Point Aconi, Nova Scotia n/a 1 0.001a Coal

Table 3.10

CANADA MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS

a 2002 annual generation was not available, so output emission rates are for 2001 calculated from generation data in power plant information reports available from the Canadian Electricity Association 

at http://www.ceamercuryprogram.ca/index.html.

b Net generation obtained from ATCO Power report Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. Online at http://www.atcopower.com/Environment_Health_&_Safety/Reports/environmental_reports.htm.

c Net generation estimated assuming Grand Lake was in operation 90% of the time during 2002. See the methodology discussion in the Appendix.

Table 3.11

MEXICO MERCURY POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
63 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Bowen, Georgia 21,674,542 19,968,520 921 Coal

2 Scherer, Georgia 20,817,252 19,943,187 958 Coal

3 W A Parish, Texas 20,026,008 18,785,896 938 Coal

4 Navajo Generating Station, Arizona 17,832,139 18,559,738 1,041 Coal

5 James H Miller Jr, Alabama 18,592,131 17,798,791 957 Coal

6 Gibson, Indiana 20,522,153 17,461,300 851 Coal

7 Cumberland, Tennessee 16,384,132 17,289,553 1,055 Coal

8 Jeffrey Energy Center, Kansas 15,330,637 16,985,550 1,108 Coal

9 Sherburne County, Minnesota 15,344,648 16,529,771 1,077 Coal

10 Martin Lake, Texas 14,825,001 16,074,955 1,084 Coal

11 John E Amos, West Virginia 17,995,089 15,811,948 879 Coal

12 Rockport, Indiana 16,643,319 15,274,755 918 Coal

13 Jim Bridger, Wyoming 14,593,034 15,078,065 1,033 Coal

14 Paradise, Kentucky 14,130,150 14,832,801 1,050 Coal

15 Colstrip, Montana 13,886,845 14,753,691 1,062 Coal

16 Monroe, Michigan 16,720,823 14,737,086 881 Coal

17 W H Sammis, Ohio 15,521,117 14,383,271 927 Coal

18 Belews Creek, North Carolina 16,912,850 14,243,864 842 Coal

19 Monticello, Texas 13,127,881 14,169,801 1,079 Coal

20 J M Stuart, Ohio 15,351,286 14,130,223 920 Coal

21 Bruce Mansfield, Pennsylvania 15,974,911 13,981,403 875 Coal

22 Gen J M Gavin, Ohio 15,617,077 13,928,980 892 Coal

23 Crystal River, Florida 14,465,667 13,784,360 953 Coal

24 Intermountain, Utah 13,485,597 13,593,178 1,008 Coal

25 Roxboro, North Carolina 14,281,069 13,549,679 949 Coal

26 Four Corners, New Mexico 13,674,415 13,544,627 991 Coal

27 Barry, Alabama 16,718,579 13,336,254 798 Coal

28 Labadie, Missouri 14,406,589 13,268,814 921 Coal

29 San Juan, New Mexico 12,398,506 13,144,865 1,060 Coal

30 Laramie River, Wyoming 12,398,253 12,764,448 1,030 Coal

31 Harrison, West Virginia 12,927,422 12,698,743 982 Coal

32 Big Cajun 2, Louisiana 11,125,719 12,602,933 1,133 Coal

33 Petersburg, Indiana 11,641,137 12,233,441 1,051 Coal

34 E C Gaston, Alabama 12,639,541 12,028,111 952 Coal

35 Welsh Power Plant, Texas 11,000,083 12,016,128 1,092 Coal

36 Baldwin, Illinois 12,454,874 11,860,193 952 Coal

37 Limestone, Texas 11,385,520 11,795,683 1,036 Coal

38 Mount Storm, West Virginia 11,671,736 11,628,503 996 Coal

39 Marshall, North Carolina 14,498,223 11,614,641 801 Coal

40 Sam Seymour, Texas 11,749,703 11,318,045 963 Coal

41 Independence, Arkansas 10,510,564 11,102,254 1,056 Coal

42 Ghent, Kentucky 11,533,151 11,087,101 961 Coal

43 Wansley, Georgia 11,197,521 10,937,470 977 Coal

44 Homer City, Pennsylvania 10,938,699 10,623,100 971 Coal
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

64

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

45 Conemaugh, Pennsylvania 12,584,027 10,526,358 836 Coal

46 Keystone, Pennsylvania 11,790,991 10,452,773 887 Coal

47 Muskogee, Oklahoma 10,275,348 10,432,795 1,015 Coal

48 Gerald Gentleman, Nebraska 9,549,816 10,355,153 1,084 Coal

49 La Cygne, Kansas 9,517,909 10,293,421 1,081 Coal

50 Shawnee, Kentucky 8,826,178 9,950,274 1,127 Coal

51 Kingston, Tennessee 9,866,292 9,934,027 1,007 Coal

52 Widows Creek, Alabama 8,868,307 9,857,988 1,112 Coal

53 Craig, Colorado 9,807,407 9,675,496 987 Coal

54 Coal Creek, North Dakota 8,559,089 9,604,570 1,122 Coal

55 Centralia, Washington 9,500,972 9,511,212 1,001 Coal

56 St. Johns River, Florida 9,795,546 9,499,119 970 Coal

57 White Bluff, Arkansas 8,850,935 9,376,480 1,059 Coal

58 R M Schahfer, Indiana 8,756,429 9,331,146 1,066 Coal

59 Big Bend, Florida 8,518,176 9,279,977 1,089 Coal

60 Conesville, Ohio 10,158,928 9,265,753 912 Coal

61 J H Campbell, Michigan 9,269,258 9,230,309 996 Coal

62 Mohave, Nevada 10,170,230 9,210,898 906 Coal

63 Hunter (Emery), Utah 9,403,388 9,146,178 973 Coal

64 Seminole, Florida 9,241,176 9,127,351 988 Coal

65 Hatfield’s Ferry, Pennsylvania 9,753,564 9,111,573 934 Coal

66 Harrington Station, Texas 7,831,512 8,788,458 1,122 Coal

67 Big Brown, Texas 7,920,848 8,709,218 1,100 Coal

68 Johnsonville, Tennessee 8,275,776 8,687,167 1,050 Coal

69 Mill Creek, Kentucky 9,075,622 8,674,744 956 Coal

70 Northeastern, Oklahoma 9,623,635 8,589,075 892 Coal

71 Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin 7,898,581 8,516,084 1,078 Coal

72 Joppa Steam, Illinois 8,075,552 8,353,182 1,034 Coal

73 Belle River, Michigan 7,716,451 8,288,770 1,074 Coal

74 W H Zimmer, Ohio 9,734,563 8,195,255 842 Coal

75 Harllee Branch, Georgia 9,018,458 8,155,905 904 Coal

76 Montour, Pennsylvania 9,263,444 8,123,577 877 Coal

77 Chesterfield, Virginia 9,502,996 8,032,459 845 Coal

78 Brunner Island, Pennsylvania 9,994,684 7,959,091 796 Coal

79 Winyah, South Carolina 7,720,938 7,870,322 1,019 Coal

80 Mitchell, West Virginia 9,231,567 7,839,431 849 Coal

81 Mountaineer, West Virginia 8,985,024 7,827,466 871 Coal

82 Cross, South Carolina 8,126,251 7,717,151 950 Coal

83 Tolk Station, Texas 7,662,008 7,700,236 1,005 Coal

84 Daniel, Mississippi 10,839,532 7,672,573 708 Coal

85 Cardinal, Ohio 8,555,500 7,629,316 892 Coal

86 Cholla, Arizona 6,706,864 7,575,745 1,130 Coal

87 Clay Boswell, Minnesota 7,266,941 7,532,501 1,037 Coal

88 Gorgas, Alabama 7,216,594 7,509,691 1,041 Coal
65 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

89 Clifty Creek, Indiana 7,838,812 7,479,966 954 Coal

90 Martin, Florida 12,834,607 7,413,132 578 Natural gas

91 Muskingum River, Ohio 8,359,764 7,406,103 886 Coal

92 Newton, Illinois 7,241,019 7,368,510 1,018 Coal

93 New Madrid, Missouri 7,606,958 7,332,462 964 Coal

94 Powerton, Illinois 7,858,082 7,302,428 929 Coal

95 Antelope Valley, North Dakota 6,317,269 7,195,135 1,139 Coal

96 Grand River Dam Auth, Oklahoma 6,501,431 7,181,127 1,105 Coal

97 Miami Fort, Ohio 7,587,241 7,179,069 946 Coal

98 Merom, Indiana 6,643,503 7,121,785 1,072 Coal

99 Columbia, Wisconsin 6,472,154 7,074,706 1,093 Coal

100 Pleasants, West Virginia 7,629,209 6,990,738 916 Coal

101 Gallatin, Tennessee 7,271,777 6,962,202 957 Coal

102 Brandon Shores, Maryland 7,160,408 6,871,076 960 Coal

103 Fort Martin, West Virginia 7,855,193 6,850,859 872 Coal

104 St. Clair, Michigan 6,965,047 6,837,376 982 Coal

105 Thomas Hill, Missouri 6,865,414 6,780,664 988 Coal

106 Morgantown, Maryland 7,550,506 6,745,708 893 Coal

107 Brayton Point, Massachusetts 8,263,163 6,745,172 816 Coal

108 Walter C Beckjord, Ohio 6,756,632 6,730,419 996 Coal

109 Sooner, Oklahoma 6,953,110 6,700,882 964 Coal

110 Rush Island, Missouri 7,483,574 6,688,192 894 Coal

111 Colbert, Alabama 6,305,034 6,568,807 1,042 Coal

112 Dave Johnston, Wyoming 5,759,784 6,404,969 1,112 Coal

113 Clover Power Station, Virginia 6,307,712 6,148,890 975 Coal

114 Eastlake, Ohio 6,724,187 6,139,401 913 Coal

115 Kyger Creek, Ohio 6,852,119 6,010,300 877 Coal

116 Kincaid, Illinois 5,847,334 6,003,851 1,027 Coal

117 South Oak Creek, Wisconsin 5,393,774 5,977,481 1,108 Coal

118 J T Deely, Texas 5,656,468 5,965,871 1,055 Coal

119 Springerville, Arizona 5,830,542 5,852,414 1,004 Coal

120 Council Bluffs, Iowa 5,794,189 5,823,420 1,005 Coal

121 Chalk Point, Maryland 6,041,207 5,794,860 959 Coal

122 H L Spurlock, Kentucky 6,080,970 5,742,484 944 Coal

123 Sioux, Missouri 6,296,711 5,695,530 905 Coal

124 Warrick, Indiana 5,066,020 5,667,250 1,119 Coal

125 Will County, Illinois 5,419,706 5,662,452 1,045 Coal

126 Milton R Young, North Dakota 5,117,272 5,593,475 1,093 Coal

127 Joliet 29, Illinois 5,411,689 5,570,469 1,029 Coal

128 George Neal North, Iowa 5,703,855 5,560,720 975 Coal

129 Stanton Energy, Florida 6,070,495 5,532,535 911 Coal

130 Bull Run, Tennessee 6,760,080 5,455,316 807 Coal

131 F J Gannon, Florida 4,815,528 5,419,324 1,125 Coal

132 Leland Olds, North Dakota 4,576,988 5,415,336 1,183 Coal
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

66

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

133 Wabash River, Indiana 5,744,472 5,382,984 937 Coal

134 Tanner’s Creek, Indiana 5,872,947 5,382,507 916 Coal

135 Huntington, Utah 5,977,918 5,319,455 890 Coal

136 Coffeen, Illinois 5,257,211 5,223,089 994 Coal

137 Northport, New York 7,278,114 5,193,350 714 Oil

138 Cayuga, Indiana 5,930,084 5,188,419 875 Coal

139 Naughton, Wyoming 5,019,304 5,180,030 1,032 Coal

140 Coronado Generating, Arizona 5,063,164 5,175,207 1,022 Coal

141 Comanche, Colorado 4,697,167 5,165,030 1,100 Coal

142 Yates, Georgia 5,368,046 5,131,553 956 Coal

143 Louisa, Iowa 4,927,254 5,112,358 1,038 Coal

144 R S Nelson, Louisiana 5,927,840 5,098,818 860 Coal

145 Manatee, Florida 6,116,586 5,061,615 828 Oil

146 Ottumwa, Iowa 4,480,923 5,036,546 1,124 Coal

147 Crist, Florida 4,572,235 5,014,382 1,097 Coal

148 Meramec, Missouri 4,434,627 4,964,082 1,119 Coal

149 Edgewater, Wisconsin 4,786,914 4,935,895 1,031 Coal

150 Mayo, North Carolina 4,737,089 4,902,549 1,035 Coal

151 Big Sandy, Kentucky 5,752,379 4,892,865 851 Coal

152 AES Somerset (Kintigh), New York 5,453,551 4,883,919 896 Coal

153 Allen, Tennessee 4,879,343 4,868,464 998 Coal

154 Reid Gardner, Nevada 4,191,103 4,855,241 1,158 Coal

155 H W Pirkey, Texas 4,504,102 4,777,065 1,061 Coal

156 Lawrence Energy Center, Kansas 3,759,861 4,728,305 1,258 Coal

157 John Sevier, Tennessee 4,880,298 4,710,957 965 Coal

158 Dolet Hills, Louisiana 4,667,313 4,678,630 1,002 Coal

159 Phil Sporn, West Virginia 5,361,190 4,583,252 855 Coal

160 Iatan, Missouri 4,017,999 4,501,197 1,120 Coal

161 Watson, Mississippi 4,731,902 4,462,904 943 Coal

162 G G Allen, North Carolina 5,071,389 4,461,506 880 Coal

163 Hawthorn, Missouri 4,346,949 4,370,904 1,006 Coal

164 Dan E Karn, Michigan 4,474,257 4,331,724 968 Coal

165 Cherokee, Colorado 4,335,810 4,318,928 996 Coal

166 George Neal South, Iowa 4,586,420 4,298,026 937 Coal

167 Trenton Channel, Michigan 4,339,844 4,291,048 989 Coal

168 Oklaunion, Texas 4,686,707 4,274,464 912 Coal

169 Williams, South Carolina 4,428,464 4,260,157 962 Coal

170 Waukegan, Illinois 4,230,118 4,241,483 1,003 Coal

171 Avon Lake, Ohio 4,169,683 4,215,319 1,011 Coal

172 Sandow, Texas 3,943,323 4,175,622 1,059 Coal

173 Bonanza, Utah 3,923,323 4,136,897 1,054 Coal

174 Chesapeake, Virginia 4,141,111 4,117,777 994 Coal

175 North Valmy, Nevada 4,081,381 4,090,471 1,002 Coal

176 J K Spruce, Texas 4,135,806 4,028,622 974 Coal
67 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

177 Hayden, Colorado 3,631,182 4,021,778 1,108 Coal

178 Sabine, Texas 7,087,729 4,011,756 566 Natural gas

179 Clinch River, Virginia 4,620,670 3,990,468 864 Coal

180 Coleto Creek, Texas 4,201,689 3,971,983 945 Coal

181 Rodemacher, Louisiana 4,279,337 3,933,827 919 Coal

182 E W Brown, Kentucky 3,992,354 3,895,614 976 Coal

183 Hammond, Georgia 3,935,825 3,875,616 985 Coal

184 Wateree, South Carolina 4,282,531 3,825,820 893 Coal

185 Nebraska City, Nebraska 4,104,546 3,807,140 928 Coal

186 Trimble County, Kentucky 3,929,027 3,765,203 958 Coal

187 Yorktown, Virginia 4,238,965 3,744,934 883 Coal

188 Boardman, Oregon 3,773,750 3,744,011 992 Coal

189 Greene County, Alabama 3,892,941 3,741,492 961 Coal

190 Charles R Lowman, Alabama 3,472,719 3,724,923 1,073 Coal

191 Ninemile Point, Louisiana 6,187,124 3,717,711 601 Natural gas

192 Bay Shore, Ohio 3,538,463 3,694,797 1,044 Coal

193 Canal Station, Massachusetts 4,602,939 3,691,411 802 Oil

194 Harding Street Stn (Elmer W Stout), Indiana 3,784,144 3,656,041 966 Coal

195 Anclote, Florida 4,133,979 3,653,588 884 Oil

196 Edwards Station, Illinois 3,536,593 3,653,185 1,033 Coal

197 Weston, Wisconsin 3,202,588 3,649,498 1,140 Coal

198 Pawnee, Colorado 3,316,714 3,600,101 1,085 Coal

199 R D Green, Kentucky 3,501,986 3,593,384 1,026 Coal

200 Coyote, North Dakota 3,060,200 3,582,290 1,171 Coal

201 North Omaha, Nebraska 3,403,969 3,542,484 1,041 Coal

202 San Miguel, Texas 2,855,097 3,530,384 1,237 Coal

203 Flint Creek, Arkansas 3,655,965 3,529,112 965 Coal

204 Port Everglades, Florida 4,497,763 3,478,447 773 Oil

205 Presque Isle, Michigan 3,140,761 3,455,928 1,100 Coal

206 D B Wilson, Kentucky 2,849,550 3,406,545 1,195 Coal

207 Killen Station, Ohio 3,612,949 3,394,184 939 Coal

208 Kammer, West Virginia 4,029,061 3,351,383 832 Coal

209 C D McIntosh, Florida 2,810,883 3,339,091 1,188 Coal

210 Dunkirk, New York 3,591,017 3,334,297 929 Coal

211 Big Stone, South Dakota 3,119,519 3,327,909 1,067 Coal

212 Wyodak, Wyoming 2,858,420 3,321,577 1,162 Coal

213 Sibley, Missouri 3,061,409 3,278,007 1,071 Coal

214 River Rouge, Michigan 3,401,765 3,252,726 956 Coal

215 Allen S King, Minnesota 3,311,959 3,247,027 980 Coal

216 East Bend, Kentucky 2,941,427 3,244,717 1,103 Coal

217 Eddystone, Pennsylvania 2,750,581 3,206,532 1,166 Coal

218 Hudson, New Jersey 3,356,373 3,204,041 955 Coal

219 Cope Station, South Carolina 3,243,770 3,189,898 983 Coal

220 A B Brown Generating, Indiana 3,194,749 3,182,697 996 Coal
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

68

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

221 Huntley Power, New York 2,923,168 3,177,790 1,087 Coal

222 Elrama, Pennsylvania 2,321,405 3,147,105 1,356 Coal

223 Montrose, Missouri 2,662,960 3,098,470 1,164 Coal

224 Cheswick, Pennsylvania 3,021,295 3,063,153 1,014 Coal

225 Bailly, Indiana 2,831,251 3,041,546 1,074 Coal

226 Northside, Florida 3,668,086 3,029,248 826 Oil

227 Moss Landing, California 6,393,111 3,023,667 473 Natural gas

228 Hugo, Oklahoma 3,030,995 3,023,642 998 Coal

229 Coleman, Kentucky 2,864,421 3,016,958 1,053 Coal

230 Ravenswood, New York 4,940,254 3,006,488 609 Natural gas

231 Jack McDonough, Georgia 3,728,220 2,998,820 804 Coal

232 State Line Generating, Indiana 2,923,229 2,968,260 1,015 Coal

233 Cane Run, Kentucky 3,068,114 2,928,547 955 Coal

234 Herbert A Wagner, Maryland 3,001,247 2,921,654 973 Coal

235 Gibbons Creek, Texas 3,230,078 2,916,781 903 Coal

236 Pulliam, Wisconsin 2,349,544 2,886,951 1,229 Coal

237 Dickerson, Maryland 3,263,673 2,886,884 885 Coal

238 Merrimack, New Hampshire 2,874,174 2,863,834 996 Coal

239 R Gallagher, Indiana 2,977,365 2,823,399 948 Coal

240 Apache Station, Arizona 2,799,861 2,784,043 994 Coal

241 Shawville, Pennsylvania 2,991,436 2,768,637 926 Coal

242 Possum Point, Virginia 3,005,462 2,741,859 912 Coal

243 Lansing Smith, Florida 4,020,641 2,726,898 678 Natural gas

244 Crawford, Illinois 2,575,482 2,696,937 1,047 Coal

245 L V Sutton, North Carolina 2,622,440 2,688,330 1,025 Coal

246 Michigan City, Indiana 2,487,472 2,686,822 1,080 Coal

247 Mercer, New Jersey 2,752,449 2,673,722 971 Coal

248 Havana, Illinois 2,499,684 2,661,842 1,065 Coal

249 Lauderdale, Florida 6,436,413 2,654,469 412 Natural gas

250 Riverside, Minnesota 2,436,997 2,652,370 1,088 Coal

251 Fort Myers, Florida 6,578,229 2,651,563 403 Natural gas

252 Potomac River, Virginia 2,331,055 2,624,785 1,126 Coal

253 Cliffside, North Carolina 2,723,353 2,578,021 947 Coal

254 Twin Oaks Power, LP, Texas 2,689,521 2,527,874 940 Coal

255 J R Whiting, Michigan 2,262,790 2,519,231 1,113 Coal

256 Elmer Smith, Kentucky 2,185,345 2,508,423 1,148 Coal

257 R D Morrow, Mississippi 2,537,751 2,505,097 987 Coal

258 Asheville, North Carolina 2,628,074 2,498,896 951 Coal

259 Red Hills Generation, Mississippi 2,450,000 2,478,806 1,012 Coal

260 Holcomb, Kansas 2,454,689 2,475,592 1,009 Coal

261 F B Culley, Indiana 2,417,245 2,452,357 1,015 Coal

262 Indian River, Delaware 2,129,702 2,446,152 1,149 Coal

263 Sanford, Florida 4,998,936 2,429,425 486 Natural gas

264 AES Cayuga (Milliken), New York 2,353,387 2,412,052 1,025 Coal
69 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

265 AES Alamitos, California 4,221,013 2,385,103 565 Natural gas

266 Kanawha River, West Virginia 2,571,055 2,372,774 923 Coal

267 Salem Harbor, Massachusetts 2,496,128 2,355,753 944 Coal

268 Cape Canaveral, Florida 3,257,614 2,350,210 721 Oil

269 Astoria Generating Stn, New York 3,172,909 2,345,190 739 Natural gas

270 Dynegy Danskammer, New York 2,449,593 2,326,118 950 Coal

271 Sweeny Cogeneration, Texas 1,727,172 2,302,505 1,333 Natural gas

272 Midlothian Energy, Texas 5,966,805 2,298,884 385 Natural gas

273 Martins Creek, Pennsylvania 2,402,706 2,294,086 955 Coal

274 Rawhide, Colorado 2,078,175 2,278,587 1,096 Coal

275 Pittsburg, California 3,884,118 2,276,526 586 Natural gas

276 Sunbury, Pennsylvania 1,714,652 2,272,631 1,325 Coal

277 Lee, North Carolina 1,969,494 2,266,986 1,151 Coal

278 B C Cobb, Michigan 2,188,545 2,258,119 1,032 Coal

279 Cedar Bayou, Texas 3,584,591 2,251,010 628 Natural gas

280 HMP&L Station 2, Kentucky 2,056,044 2,250,396 1,095 Coal

281 J C Weadock, Michigan 2,205,966 2,221,071 1,007 Coal

282 C P Crane, Maryland 2,132,214 2,219,243 1,041 Coal

283 J P Madgett, Wisconsin 2,097,984 2,191,443 1,045 Coal

284 Turkey Point, Florida 3,030,547 2,180,126 719 Oil

285 Wood River, Illinois 2,205,841 2,157,739 978 Coal

286 Reliant Energy Channelview, Texas 3,385,962 2,150,973 635 Natural gas

287 Duck Creek, Illinois 2,066,628 2,106,629 1,019 Coal

288 Dallman, Illinois 1,796,111 2,102,173 1,170 Coal

289 Fort St. Vrain, Colorado 4,663,215 2,093,854 449 Natural gas

290 Hennepin, Illinois 2,045,489 2,071,923 1,013 Coal

291 Lamar Power (Paris), Texas 5,685,767 2,055,226 361 Natural gas

292 Canadys Steam, South Carolina 2,124,590 2,045,456 963 Coal

293 Eckert Station, Michigan 1,540,404 2,044,910 1,328 Coal

294 Jefferies, South Carolina 1,878,197 2,022,025 1,077 Coal

295 Edge Moor, Delaware 1,911,750 2,012,520 1,053 Coal

296 Armstrong, Pennsylvania 2,140,768 1,994,882 932 Coal

297 Martin Drake, Colorado 1,813,674 1,989,493 1,097 Coal

298 Arapahoe, Colorado 1,412,418 1,983,670 1,404 Coal

299 R E Burger, Ohio 2,000,668 1,974,057 987 Coal

300 John S Cooper, Kentucky 2,100,208 1,972,202 939 Coal

301 Sikeston, Missouri 1,693,365 1,969,522 1,163 Coal

302 Willow Glen, Louisiana 3,054,850 1,954,483 640 Natural gas

303 Seminole, Oklahoma 3,398,357 1,947,062 573 Natural gas

304 Pasadena Power Plant, Texas 4,555,258 1,903,434 418 Natural gas

305 P L Bartow, Florida 2,193,974 1,875,026 855 Oil

306 Tecumseh Energy Center, Kansas 1,510,699 1,856,083 1,229 Coal

307 Riviera, Florida 2,450,156 1,833,844 748 Oil

308 Portland, Pennsylvania 1,915,994 1,824,895 952 Coal
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

70

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

309 Genoa, Wisconsin 2,203,168 1,819,196 826 Coal

310 High Bridge, Minnesota 1,308,587 1,817,385 1,389 Coal

311 Odessa-Ector, Texas 4,381,108 1,789,186 408 Natural gas

312 Louisiana 1, Louisiana 2,857,455 1,779,180 623 Natural gas

313 Polk, Florida 1,955,959 1,774,571 907 Coal

314 New Castle, Pennsylvania 1,577,573 1,768,160 1,121 Coal

315 Tiger Bay, Florida 1,412,706 1,754,136 1,242 Natural gas

316 Sheldon, Nebraska 1,442,114 1,745,910 1,211 Coal

317 Nearman Creek, Kansas 1,452,206 1,744,606 1,201 Coal

318 Tenaska Frontier, Texas 4,139,042 1,719,276 415 Natural gas

319 Ray D Nixon, Colorado 1,680,513 1,715,965 1,021 Coal

320 Riverbend, North Carolina 1,660,438 1,712,453 1,031 Coal

321 Black Dog, Minnesota 1,662,585 1,710,076 1,029 Coal

322 Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut 1,739,266 1,709,437 983 Coal

323 Gregory Power Facility, Texas 2,965,571 1,702,067 574 Natural gas

324 Lovett, New York 1,736,083 1,695,437 977 Coal

325 P H Robinson, Texas 2,917,855 1,693,676 580 Natural gas

326 Tradinghouse, Texas 3,007,375 1,668,751 555 Natural gas

327 Muscatine, Iowa 1,259,121 1,645,353 1,307 Coal

328 Glen Lyn, Virginia 1,718,635 1,622,462 944 Coal

329 Decordova, Texas 3,042,636 1,622,328 533 Natural gas

330 Bremo, Virginia 1,609,047 1,613,017 1,002 Coal

331 Valley (WEPCO), Wisconsin 1,147,954 1,612,962 1,405 Coal

332 Prewitt Escalante, New Mexico 1,653,093 1,596,485 966 Coal

333 Richard Gorsuch, Ohio 1,297,873 1,570,381 1,210 Coal

334 Michoud, Louisiana 2,416,824 1,557,369 644 Natural gas

335 Cape Fear, North Carolina 1,857,910 1,556,156 838 Coal

336 Southwest, Missouri 1,182,527 1,553,831 1,314 Coal

337 Albright, West Virginia 1,374,335 1,544,218 1,124 Coal

338 Gerald Andrus, Mississippi 2,319,949 1,542,011 665 Natural gas

339 SRW Cogen Facility, Texas 2,912,891 1,540,373 529 Natural gas

340 James River, Missouri 1,587,089 1,537,323 969 Coal

341 Collins Station, Illinois 2,070,864 1,532,642 740 Natural gas

342 Frank E Ratts, Indiana 1,517,924 1,532,568 1,010 Coal

343 Rochester 7, New York 1,506,960 1,532,474 1,017 Coal

344 Deerhaven, Florida 1,588,281 1,528,019 962 Coal

345 Stanton, North Dakota 1,399,737 1,522,602 1,088 Coal

346 Eagle Valley (H T Pritchard), Indiana 1,332,751 1,516,994 1,138 Coal

347 Little Gypsy, Louisiana 2,358,145 1,516,565 643 Natural gas

348 Baxter Wilson, Mississippi 2,551,638 1,512,936 593 Natural gas

349 Guadalupe Generating, Texas 3,804,525 1,502,773 395 Natural gas

350 Meredosia, Illinois 1,326,609 1,498,211 1,129 Coal

351 Ashtabula, Ohio 1,236,725 1,490,932 1,206 Coal

352 Marion, Illinois 1,136,616 1,477,913 1,300 Coal
71 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

353 Charles Poletti, New York 2,282,203 1,470,397 644 Natural gas

354 Handley Steam, Texas 2,232,746 1,468,624 658 Natural gas

355 Cabrillo Power I (Encina), California 2,355,455 1,451,293 616 Natural gas

356 Maine Independence, Maine 3,766,773 1,435,201 381 Natural gas

357 Westbrook Energy Center, Maine 3,932,713 1,434,233 365 Natural gas

358 Tenaska Gateway, Texas 4,426,124 1,432,345 324 Natural gas

359 B L England, New Jersey 1,191,120 1,431,247 1,202 Coal

360 Lansing, Iowa 1,257,821 1,419,844 1,129 Coal

361 Reliant Energy Desert Basin, Arizona 3,543,743 1,419,664 401 Natural gas

362 Eastex Cogeneration, Texas 2,565,604 1,416,896 552 Natural gas

363 Carbon, Utah 1,323,395 1,390,417 1,051 Coal

364 Asbury, Missouri 1,213,990 1,380,109 1,137 Coal

365 Lake Road Generating, Connecticut 3,831,019 1,375,055 359 Natural gas

366 Los Medanos, California 3,712,422 1,374,527 370 Natural gas

367 Calpine Sutter Energy, California 2,018,272 1,371,121 679 Natural gas

368 Fisk, Illinois 1,299,559 1,363,563 1,049 Coal

369 Riverside, Oklahoma 2,342,296 1,359,949 581 Natural gas

370 Burlington, Iowa 1,225,990 1,341,888 1,095 Coal

371 Joliet 9, Illinois 1,292,531 1,337,441 1,035 Coal

372 Haynes Gen Station, California 2,328,262 1,330,943 572 Natural gas

373 El Segundo, California 2,447,368 1,329,297 543 Natural gas

374 Freestone Power, Texas 3,363,526 1,324,386 394 Natural gas

375 Lewis Creek, Texas 2,276,678 1,320,736 580 Natural gas

376 Bowline Generating, New York 1,706,219 1,318,663 773 Natural gas

377 El Dorado Energy, Nevada 3,326,924 1,307,405 393 Natural gas

378 Mystic, Massachusetts 1,584,556 1,302,277 822 Oil

379 Ormond Beach, California 2,330,737 1,298,675 557 Natural gas

380 Nelson Dewey, Wisconsin 1,172,335 1,284,668 1,096 Coal

381 Buck, North Carolina 1,249,807 1,260,600 1,009 Coal

382 Lost Pines 1, Texas 3,406,262 1,258,344 369 Natural gas

383 Bridgeport Energy, Connecticut 3,335,252 1,254,956 376 Natural gas

384 Permian Basin, Texas 2,263,521 1,245,551 550 Natural gas

385 New Haven Harbor, Connecticut 1,435,307 1,245,151 868 Oil

386 Willow Island, West Virginia 1,151,588 1,241,972 1,078 Coal

387 Kraft, Georgia 1,221,647 1,240,727 1,016 Coal

388 Valmont, Colorado 1,281,144 1,235,891 965 Coal

389 Port Jefferson Energy, New York 1,646,561 1,235,782 751 Oil

390 Prairie Creek, Iowa 878,699 1,231,830 1,402 Coal

391 Milton L Kapp, Iowa 1,146,286 1,222,384 1,066 Coal

392 Blackhawk Station, Texas 1,629,786 1,208,356 741 Natural gas

393 J E Corette, Montana 1,132,762 1,208,113 1,067 Coal

394 McMeekin, South Carolina 1,265,428 1,194,327 944 Coal

395 Waterford 1 & 2, Louisiana 1,473,543 1,187,035 806 Natural gas

396 Hines Energy Complex, Florida 3,034,621 1,181,285 389 Natural gas
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

72

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

397 Sutherland, Iowa 940,504 1,177,553 1,252 Coal

398 Dynegy Roseton, New York 1,211,549 1,176,941 971 Oil

399 Bergen, New Jersey 3,370,171 1,176,429 349 Natural gas

400 Jones Station, Texas 2,066,025 1,175,124 569 Natural gas

401 Niles, Ohio 1,126,711 1,173,719 1,042 Coal

402 Channel Energy Center, Texas 1,484,762 1,171,517 789 Natural gas

403 Mitchell, Pennsylvania 1,256,106 1,168,715 930 Coal

404 AES Greenidge, New York 1,031,345 1,166,483 1,131 Coal

405 Mustang Station, Texas 2,902,235 1,157,452 399 Natural gas

406 AES Redondo Beach, California 2,075,007 1,152,358 555 Natural gas

407 Hermiston, Oregon 3,294,305 1,143,109 347 Natural gas

408 Putnam, Florida 2,220,194 1,134,201 511 Natural gas

409 Titus, Pennsylvania 1,105,401 1,124,450 1,017 Coal

410 Vermilion, Illinois 1,102,939 1,120,446 1,016 Coal

411 South Point Energy, Arizona 3,331,352 1,117,670 336 Natural gas

412 Irvington Generating, Arizona 1,403,955 1,113,205 793 Coal

413 McIntosh, Georgia 1,162,224 1,090,709 938 Coal

414 Contra Costa, California 1,951,799 1,071,072 549 Natural gas

415 Quindaro, Kansas 965,065 1,070,349 1,109 Coal

416 Lake Hubbard, Texas 1,684,853 1,062,207 630 Natural gas

417 Schiller, New Hampshire 873,475 1,052,331 1,205 Coal

418 Urquhart, South Carolina 1,703,794 1,024,863 602 Natural gas

419 Lake Shore, Ohio 860,853 1,015,998 1,180 Coal

420 Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York 1,865,308 1,010,082 542 Natural gas

421 V H Braunig, Texas 738,602 1,005,803 1,362 Natural gas

422 William C Dale, Kentucky 918,000 1,001,166 1,091 Coal

423 Manchester Street, Rhode Island 2,124,155 997,723 470 Natural gas

424 Payne Creek, Florida 2,424,966 991,090 409 Natural gas

425 E F Barrett, New York 1,789,225 988,118 552 Natural gas

426 Newman, Texas 1,574,783 966,184 614 Natural gas

427 Mount Tom, Massachusetts 915,318 961,342 1,050 Coal

428 AES Westover (Goudey), New York 863,979 960,969 1,112 Coal

429 Port Washington, Wisconsin 747,511 958,912 1,283 Coal

430 Neil Simpson II, Wyoming 878,364 956,270 1,089 Coal

431 Dolphus M Grainger, South Carolina 931,468 954,920 1,025 Coal

432 W S Lee, South Carolina 925,685 953,638 1,030 Coal

433 Hoot Lake, Minnesota 830,157 947,160 1,141 Coal

434 Valley, Texas 1,628,130 944,398 580 Natural gas

435 Wilkes Power Plant, Texas 1,393,954 943,834 677 Natural gas

436 Barney M Davis, Texas 1,563,689 943,333 603 Natural gas

437 CoGen Lyondell, Inc., Texas 3,423,308 935,591 273 Natural gas

438 H B Robinson, South Carolina 1,021,242 935,513 916 Coal

439 Coolwater Generating, California 1,547,033 924,961 598 Natural gas

440 Hay Road, Delaware 1,219,432 920,628 755 Natural gas
73 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

441 Millennium Power, Massachusetts 2,471,188 912,822 369 Natural gas

442 Klamath Cogeneration, Oregon 2,346,920 906,433 386 Natural gas

443 Magic Valley, Texas 2,476,733 903,868 365 Natural gas

444 John S Rainey, South Carolina 2,211,598 896,815 406 Natural gas

445 Decker Creek, Texas 1,719,800 894,568 520 Natural gas

446 San Jacinto Steam, Texas 1,326,910 889,741 671 Natural gas

447 W H Weatherspoon, North Carolina 794,816 869,444 1,094 Coal

448 O H Hutchings, Ohio 772,666 861,570 1,115 Coal

449 Indian River (55318), Florida 1,152,524 859,414 746 Oil

450 Syl Laskin, Minnesota 622,586 849,880 1,365 Coal

451 Green River, Kentucky 719,410 846,889 1,177 Coal

452 AES Huntington Beach, California 1,397,072 842,745 603 Natural gas

453 East River, New York 737,620 842,423 1,142 Natural gas

454 Cane Island, Florida 2,101,547 840,304 400 Natural gas

455 Nucla, Colorado 707,378 837,343 1,184 Coal

456 Morro Bay, California 1,528,517 836,625 547 Natural gas

457 Somerset, Massachusetts 800,515 824,592 1,030 Coal

458 Seward, Pennsylvania 864,338 819,916 949 Coal

459 AES Deepwater, Inc., Texas 1,287,524 815,711 634 Pet. Coke

460 Erickson, Michigan 809,058 812,236 1,004 Coal

461 Cromby, Pennsylvania 629,734 805,900 1,280 Coal

462 Horseshoe Lake, Oklahoma 1,188,522 805,177 677 Natural gas

463 Greenwood, Michigan 1,138,043 801,738 704 Natural gas

464 North Lake, Texas 1,271,870 794,926 625 Natural gas

465 Tracy, Nevada 1,308,301 784,233 599 Natural gas

466 Hidalgo Energy Center, Texas 1,926,715 784,020 407 Natural gas

467 McWilliams, Alabama 1,855,549 778,423 420 Natural gas

468 ANP Blackstone Energy, Massachusetts 1,967,066 763,739 388 Natural gas

469 Taconite Harbor, Minnesota 865,126 754,661 872 Coal

470 Bucksport Clean Energy, Maine 1,480,991 752,513 508 Natural gas

471 Hays Energy Project, Texas 2,047,817 745,271 364 Natural gas

472 Sim Gideon, Texas 1,309,562 742,958 567 Natural gas

473 Alma, Wisconsin 690,029 740,346 1,073 Coal

474 Green Country Energy, Oklahoma 2,149,918 733,602 341 Natural gas

475 Lake Catherine, Arkansas 1,182,799 730,814 618 Natural gas

476 Arthur Kill, New York 1,204,507 725,555 602 Natural gas

477 Duke Energy South Bay, California 1,101,837 724,126 657 Natural gas

478 Pine Bluff Energy Center, Arkansas 1,260,496 721,436 572 Natural gas

479 Rumford Power, Maine 1,832,383 710,247 388 Natural gas

480 Scattergood, California 1,284,789 705,800 549 Natural gas

481 Cunningham, New Mexico 1,215,956 705,336 580 Natural gas

482 Lake Road, Missouri 668,090 704,855 1,055 Coal

483 Riverside, Iowa 707,625 703,594 994 Coal

484 Bosque County Power, Texas 1,675,865 697,372 416 Natural gas
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

74

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

485 Graham, Texas 1,216,627 693,351 570 Natural gas

486 Newington, New Hampshire 660,451 686,258 1,039 Oil

487 S O Purdom, Florida 1,623,738 681,501 420 Natural gas

488 Platte, Nebraska 563,701 675,295 1,198 Coal

489 Gadsden, Alabama 484,718 674,033 1,391 Coal

490 Comanche, Oklahoma 1,338,064 671,661 502 Natural gas

491 Tiverton Power Assoc, Rhode Island 1,723,622 659,351 383 Natural gas

492 Griffith Energy LLC, Arizona 1,643,659 631,151 384 Natural gas

493 Cleburne Cogeneration, Texas 1,429,066 622,068 435 Natural gas

494 Theodore Cogeneration, Alabama 1,258,507 614,873 489 Natural gas

495 Hutsonville, Illinois 591,199 614,667 1,040 Coal

496 Mountain Creek Steam, Texas 971,731 612,623 630 Natural gas

497 Riverton, Kansas 475,354 611,958 1,287 Coal

498 Morgan Creek, Texas 1,121,868 611,218 545 Natural gas

499 Stryker Creek, Texas 1,115,276 602,097 540 Natural gas

500 Bastrop Clean Energy, Texas 1,697,296 601,402 354 Natural gas

501 Fort Churchill, Nevada 1,052,429 599,655 570 Natural gas

502 R M Heskett, North Dakota 523,027 596,291 1,140 Coal

503 Hermiston, Oregon 1,616,638 594,949 368 Natural gas

504 Intercession City, Florida 811,379 594,693 733 Natural gas

505 Eagle Mountain, Texas 821,805 593,615 722 Natural gas

506 Sterlington, Louisiana 1,070,959 591,174 552 Natural gas

507 Mustang, Oklahoma 1,010,802 590,375 584 Natural gas

508 Rio Nogales, Texas 1,258,785 581,170 462 Natural gas

509 Dan River, North Carolina 516,712 576,042 1,115 Coal

510 Mitchell, Georgia 589,174 573,469 973 Coal

511 Blount Street, Wisconsin 438,398 572,229 1,305 Coal

512 Attala Generating Plant, Mississippi 1,396,170 566,747 406 Natural gas

513 Etiwanda Generating, California 902,769 564,942 626 Natural gas

514 River Road, Washington 1,531,925 563,773 368 Natural gas

515 R P Smith, Maryland 503,446 561,062 1,114 Coal

516 Nueces Bay, Texas 1,046,627 557,816 533 Natural gas

517 Tenaska Lindsay Hill, Alabama 1,325,113 557,719 421 Natural gas

518 Southwestern, Oklahoma 783,636 554,480 708 Natural gas

519 Androscoggin Cogen, Maine 692,184 552,449 798 Natural gas

520 Frontera Power Facility, Texas 1,345,813 551,097 409 Natural gas

521 O W Sommers, Texas 814,900 551,062 676 Natural gas

522 State Line, Missouri 1,359,024 545,779 402 Natural gas

523 Ray Olinger, Texas 794,042 544,211 685 Natural gas

524 Edwardsport, Indiana 344,544 536,539 1,557 Coal

525 Sacramento Power Auth, California 1,208,871 534,141 442 Natural gas

526 Berkshire Power, Massachusetts 1,379,085 533,692 387 Natural gas

527 Richard M Flynn (Holtsville), New York 1,249,774 531,375 425 Natural gas

528 Mandalay Generating, California 986,069 531,314 539 Natural gas
75 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

529 Richmond County Plant, North Carolina 1,479,857 530,470 358 Natural gas

530 Grays Ferry Cogen, Pennsylvania 860,624 528,781 614 Natural gas

531 McClain Energy Facility, Oklahoma 1,459,050 521,232 357 Natural gas

532 Michigan Power, Michigan 1,095,496 518,328 473 Natural gas

533 Rivesville, West Virginia 386,259 517,603 1,340 Coal

534 Brandy Branch, Florida 631,959 515,508 816 Natural gas

535 Plant X, Texas 835,626 514,910 616 Natural gas

536 Batesville Generation, Mississippi 1,176,849 511,923 435 Natural gas

537 Coyote Springs, Oregon 1,255,078 509,956 406 Natural gas

538 Fort Phantom, Texas 870,584 509,369 585 Natural gas

539 Linden Cogeneration, New Jersey 4,339,848 504,718 116 Natural gas

540 Glenwood, New York 838,938 498,821 595 Natural gas

541 Sam Bertron, Texas 775,429 498,529 643 Natural gas

542 Washington County, Alabama 852,951 494,267 579 Natural gas

543 Duke Energy Hinds, Mississippi 1,369,581 487,981 356 Natural gas

544 Grand Tower, Illinois 1,136,680 484,810 427 Natural gas

545 Deepwater, New Jersey 423,355 481,611 1,138 Coal

546 Manchief Electric, Colorado 794,580 478,489 602 Natural gas

547 Nichols Station, Texas 805,424 477,697 593 Natural gas

548 Liberty Electric Power, Pennsylvania 1,292,916 473,313 366 Natural gas

549 Sabine Cogeneration, Texas 679,830 472,260 695 Natural gas

550 Robert Reid, Kentucky 369,652 471,328 1,275 Coal

551 Indeck Corinth Energy, New York 1,075,913 464,037 431 Natural gas

552 Teche, Louisiana 797,974 463,127 580 Natural gas

553 Picway, Ohio 380,217 459,099 1,207 Coal

554 Suwannee River, Florida 625,659 459,060 734 Oil

555 Clark, Nevada 761,622 457,736 601 Natural gas

556 Arvah B Hopkins, Florida 740,853 457,132 617 Natural gas

557 Rio Grande, New Mexico 720,534 455,232 632 Natural gas

558 AES Ironwood, Pennsylvania 1,452,370 453,401 312 Natural gas

559 New Boston, Massachusetts 767,936 442,982 577 Natural gas

560 Chouteau Power Plant, Oklahoma 862,622 440,386 511 Natural gas

561 Newington Power Facility, New Hampshire 1,171,300 438,880 375 Natural gas

562 R W Miller, Texas 717,635 436,160 608 Natural gas

563 Kendall County, Illinois 1,136,067 426,493 375 Natural gas

564 Middletown, Connecticut 564,810 425,881 754 Oil

565 Chevron Cogenerating, Mississippi 1,136,535 424,105 373 Natural gas

566 Rathdrum Power, LLC, Idaho 999,500 419,096 419 Natural gas

567 Knox Lee Power Plant, Texas 618,463 417,955 676 Natural gas

568 Rex Brown, Mississippi 424,614 414,969 977 Natural gas

569 Lon D Wright, Nebraska 337,950 413,779 1,224 Coal

570 Auburndale Cogen, Florida 1,070,513 412,973 386 Natural gas

571 Gordon Evans Energy, Kansas 875,810 412,415 471 Natural gas

572 SCA Cogen II, California 846,492 403,709 477 Natural gas
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

76

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

573 Oswego Harbor Power, New York 415,194 398,807 961 Oil

574 MEP Pleasant Hill-Aries, Missouri 996,916 396,371 398 Natural gas

575 Shady Hills, Florida 608,977 392,118 644 Natural gas

576 T C Ferguson, Texas 701,794 385,180 549 Natural gas

577 Ennis-Tractebel Power, Texas 1,029,797 384,160 373 Natural gas

578 Agua Fria Generating, Arizona 625,908 383,559 613 Natural gas

579 Orlando Cogen, Florida 860,496 383,317 445 Natural gas

580 Broad River, South Carolina 570,850 376,688 660 Natural gas

581 Harbor Generating Stn, California 624,712 376,084 602 Natural gas

582 Duke Energy Hot Springs, Arkansas 1,174,335 363,114 309 Natural gas

583 Gadsby, Utah 655,259 362,248 553 Natural gas

584 William F Wyman, Maine 407,834 360,214 883 Oil

585 Debary, Florida 514,580 358,675 697 Natural gas

586 Devon, Connecticut 458,926 356,878 778 Oil

587 Cordova Energy Center, Illinois 869,964 344,261 396 Natural gas

588 Duke Energy Murray, Georgia 189,729 339,803 1,791 Natural gas

589 Tyrone, Kentucky 253,778 338,475 1,334 Coal

590 San Angelo Power Station, Texas 597,742 336,847 564 Natural gas

591 Linden, New Jersey 435,762 335,680 770 Natural gas

592 Mistersky, Michigan 244,285 322,642 1,321 Natural gas

593 Potrero, California 572,925 319,562 558 Natural gas

594 Whitewater Cogen, Wisconsin 731,388 317,460 434 Natural gas

595 Kyrene Generating Stn, Arizona 829,674 317,414 383 Natural gas

596 Moselle, Mississippi 474,705 317,044 668 Natural gas

597 Decatur Energy Center, Alabama 783,755 316,504 404 Natural gas

598 Laredo, Texas 475,725 314,731 662 Natural gas

599 Perryville Power Station, Louisiana 930,971 309,818 333 Natural gas

600 Elwood Energy Facility, Illinois 524,560 309,772 591 Natural gas

601 Montville, Connecticut 298,902 306,997 1,027 Oil

602 S A Carlson, New York 242,156 304,734 1,258 Coal

603 Kendall Square, Massachusetts 349,753 301,520 862 Natural gas

604 Delaware City Refinery, Delaware 356,319 297,303 834 Natural gas

605 Sweetwater, Texas 573,906 292,380 509 Natural gas

606 Hunters Point, California 413,104 286,836 694 Natural gas

607 Ouachita Power, LLC, Louisiana 556,983 285,108 512 Natural gas

608 Hamilton, Ohio 289,025 283,404 981 Coal

609 Duke Energy Arlington Valley Energy, 

Arizona

266,188 276,391 1,038 Natural gas

610 Reliant Energy Osceola, Florida 453,288 271,763 600 Natural gas

611 Bellemeade, Virginia 523,006 267,405 511 Natural gas

612 Rockingham Power, North Carolina 416,994 266,906 640 Natural gas

613 Humboldt Bay, California 376,679 265,569 705 Natural gas

614 West Georgia Generating, Georgia 449,915 265,331 590 Natural gas

615 La Palma, Texas 574,479 262,879 458 Natural gas
77 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

616 Holly Street, Texas 443,027 260,610 588 Natural gas

617 Sewaren, New Jersey 343,799 259,963 756 Natural gas

618 Doc Bonin, Louisiana 428,186 259,803 607 Natural gas

619 El Centro, California 421,736 255,306 605 Natural gas

620 Harbor Beach, Michigan 240,305 254,759 1,060 Coal

621 Benning, District of Columbia 218,124 253,502 1,162 Oil

622 Maddox, New Mexico 441,736 252,950 573 Natural gas

623 Eagle Point Cogen, New Jersey 959,951 250,911 261 Natural gas

624 Dighton, Massachusetts 580,585 250,814 432 Natural gas

625 Corpus Christi Energy, Texas 330,321 250,150 757 Natural gas

626 Oleander Power Project, Florida 524,561 248,330 473 Natural gas

627 Norwalk Harbor Station, Connecticut 268,015 248,108 926 Oil

628 Fountain Valley, Colorado 435,954 248,094 569 Natural gas

629 Carson Cogeneration, California 416,857 239,473 574 Natural gas

630 Lagoon Creek, Tennessee 378,882 232,560 614 Natural gas

631 Noblesville, Indiana 196,577 224,646 1,143 Coal

632 West Valley Generation, Utah 363,703 223,080 613 Natural gas

633 St. Francis, Missouri 246,140 222,832 905 Natural gas

634 J K Smith Generating, Kentucky 255,803 217,396 850 Natural gas

635 Heard County Power, Georgia 370,812 216,527 584 Natural gas

636 Cottage Grove Cogen, Minnesota 476,120 216,481 455 Natural gas

637 Acadia Power Station, Louisiana 234,737 216,281 921 Natural gas

638 Hog Bayou Energy Center, Alabama 387,479 215,822 557 Natural gas

639 J L Bates, Texas 328,219 213,038 649 Natural gas

640 Cutler, Florida 306,195 212,418 694 Natural gas

641 Lake Creek, Texas 311,442 206,210 662 Natural gas

642 West Phoenix Power CC4, Arizona 415,475 205,544 495 Natural gas

643 Far Rockaway, New York 403,232 204,213 506 Natural gas

644 Parkdale, Texas 286,669 197,731 690 Natural gas

645 West Lorain, Ohio 286,970 196,572 685 Natural gas

646 Judson Large, Kansas 276,019 196,186 711 Natural gas

647 Gould Street, Maryland 192,843 189,780 984 Oil

648 Mirant Zeeland, Michigan 603,514 189,147 313 Natural gas

649 Sunrise, Nevada 357,148 187,487 525 Natural gas

650 Hartwell Energy Facility, Georgia 283,463 187,157 660 Natural gas

651 Larsen Memorial, Florida 343,806 186,677 543 Natural gas

652 Sunrise Power Company, California 327,030 186,342 570 Natural gas

653 Neenah Power Plant, Wisconsin 332,319 185,855 559 Natural gas

654 Yucca, Arizona 400,642 185,564 463 Natural gas

655 Dahlberg (Jackson Co), Georgia 291,870 184,935 634 Natural gas

656 Orange Cogeneration, Florida 482,757 184,436 382 Natural gas

657 Cherokee County Cogen, South Carolina 415,688 184,058 443 Natural gas

658 Taft Cogeneration, Louisiana 340,596 177,536 521 Natural gas

659 Mulberry Cogeneration, Florida 405,358 176,792 436 Natural gas
Table 3.12

UNITED STATES CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa(continued)

78

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

660 Greens Bayou, Texas 277,313 175,996 635 Natural gas

661 Jackson, Michigan 433,146 175,134 404 Natural gas

662 Mid-Georgia Cogen, Georgia 388,372 174,455 449 Natural gas

663 La Paloma Generating, California 467,321 171,979 368 Natural gas

664 Ocotillo, Arizona 295,374 170,699 578 Natural gas

665 Kearny, New Jersey 251,488 167,175 665 Natural gas

666 Rock River, Wisconsin 279,656 167,059 597 Natural gas

667 Duke Energy Washington Energy Facility, 

Ohio

434,468 164,317 378 Natural gas

668 Dansby, Texas 268,603 163,291 608 Natural gas

669 Gilbert, New Jersey 260,724 161,662 620 Natural gas

670 Rhode Island State, Rhode Island 559,920 161,363 288 Natural gas

671 Robert E Ritchie, Arkansas 224,982 159,613 709 Natural gas

672 Riverside Generating, Kentucky 157,548 157,510 1,000 Natural gas

673 AES Red Oak, New Jersey 217,822 156,554 719 Natural gas

674 Vienna, Maryland 151,030 154,047 1,020 Oil

675 ANP Bellingham Energy, Massachusetts 417,731 153,737 368 Natural gas

676 Burlington, New Jersey 341,560 151,132 442 Natural gas

677 Doyle Generating Facility, Georgia 245,211 150,401 613 Natural gas

678 Oneta Energy Center, Oklahoma 330,842 148,358 448 Natural gas

679 J R Kelly, Florida 243,107 145,877 600 Natural gas

680 Wrightsville Power, Arkansas 233,653 143,942 616 Natural gas

681 Delaware, Pennsylvania 115,348 142,457 1,235 Oil

682 Grayson, California 176,451 141,775 803 Natural gas

a To limit its length, this table presents only the US power plants that emitted more than 141,030 tonnes (155,457 tons) of CO2 emissions in 2002. The facilities in the table account for 99.5% of the total CO2 emissions. 

There are 211 fossil-fired power plants in the database that reported fewer than 141,030 tonnes of CO2 emissions.
79 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Table 3.13

CANADA CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONSa

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 Nanticoke, Ontario 22,236,000 21,370,000 961 Coal

2 Lambton, Ontario 10,455,000 8,990,000 860 Coal

3 Sheerness, Alberta 5,810,000 6,346,000 1092 Coal

4 Battle River, Alberta 4,867,000 5,331,000 1095 Coal

5 Lakeview, Ontario 2,455,000 2,340,000 953 Coal

6 Thunder Bay, Ontario 1,522,000 1,663,000 1093 Coal

7 Lennox, Ontario 2,762,000 1,460,000 529 Oil

8 H.R. Milner, Alberta 790,000 984,000 1246 Coal

9 Atikokan, Ontario 823,000 889,000 1080 Coal

10 Rainbow Lake (Units 4-5), Alberta 627,000 328,000 523 Natural gas

11 Poplar Hill, Alberta 138,000 76,000 551 Natural gas

12 Rainbow Lake (Units 1-3), Alberta 33,000 31,000 939 Natural gas

13 Valleyview, Alberta 55,000 31,000 564 Natural gas

a CO2 emissions data are incomplete in Canada for 2002. Only ATCO Power in Alberta and Ontario Power Generation (OPG) in Ontario publicly published individual power plant annual CO2 emissions for 2002. ATCO Power provides 

2002 CO2 emissions and net generation in the report Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. Online at http://www.atcopower.com/Environment_Health_&_Safety/Reports/environmental_reports.htm. Ontario power plant data 

are from OPG’s report Towards Sustainable Development: 2002 Progress Report. Online at http://www.opg.com/envComm/E_annual_report.asp.
80

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

1 C.T. PDTE. A. López Mateos (Tuxpan), Veracruz 15,030,690 10,603,037 705 Oil

2 C.T. Plutarco Elias Calles (Petacalco), Guerrero 13,879,470 8,247,112 594 Coal

3 C.T. Francisco Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 9,734,170 7,270,331 747 Oil

4 C.T. Carbón II, Coahuila 8,636,350 6,465,622 749 Coal

5 C.T. José López Portillo (Río Escondido), 

Coahuila

7,515,560 6,277,829 835 Coal

6 C.T. Gral. Manuel Alvarez (Manzanillo I), Colima 6,449,140 4,802,602 745 Oil

7 C.T. Salamanca, Guanajuato 4,841,380 3,762,227 777 Oil

8 C.T. Altamira, Tamaulipas 4,655,850 3,710,679 797 Oil

9 C.T. Manzanillo II, Colima 5,034,400 3,582,059 712 Oil

10 C.T. Puerto Libertad, Sonora 3,349,740 2,604,163 777 Oil

11 C.T. José Acevez Pozos (Mazatlan II), Sinaloa 3,284,120 2,601,296 792 Oil

12 C.T. Valle de México, México 3,894,120 2,182,656 561 Natural gas

13 C.T. Villa De Reyes (San Luis Potosí), 

San Luis Potosí

2,925,990 2,175,635 744 Oil

14 C.T. Monterrey, Nuevo León 2,538,090 2,046,405 806 Oil

15 C.T. Carlos Rodriguez Rivero (Guaymas II), 

Sonora

2,259,290 1,784,843 790 Oil

16 C.T. Guadalupe Victoria (Lerdo), Durango 1,980,460 1,498,768 757 Oil

17 C.T. Juan De Díos Batis P. (Topolobampo), 

Sinaloa

1,996,550 1,496,539 750 Oil

18 C.T. Francisco Villa (Delicias), Chihuahua 1,919,730 1,484,702 773 Oil

19 C.C.C. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca II), 

Chihuahua

3,901,950 1,467,057 376 Natural gas

20 C.C.C. FCO. Pérez Ríos (Tula), Hidalgo 3,260,940 1,449,006 444 Natural gas

21 C.C.C. Dos Bocas, Veracruz 2,428,890 1,315,693 542 Natural gas

22 C.T. Emilio Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,745,990 1,262,872 723 Oil

23 C.TG. Portes Gil (Río Bravo), Tamaulipas 1,031,400 1,216,356 1,179 Natural gas

24 C.T. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), Baja California 1,488,840 1,161,186 780 Oil

25 C.C.C. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 2,949,700 1,155,436 392 Natural gas

26 C.C.C. Huinala, Nuevo León 2,331,460 1,066,807 458 Natural gas

27 C.T. Benito Juárez (Samalayuca I), Chihuahua 1,232,800 972,697 789 Oil

28 C.T. Mérida II, Yucatán 1,099,710 897,935 817 Oil

29 C.T. Campeche II (Lerma), Campeche 812,720 796,032 979 Oil

30 C.C.C. Presidente Juárez (Rosarito), 

Baja California

2,077,250 794,694 383 Natural gas

31 C.TG. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,495,570 787,424 527 Natural gas

32 C.C.C. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 1,517,600 685,122 451 Natural gas

33 C.C.C. El Sauz, Querétaro 1,370,540 645,602 471 Natural gas

34 C.T. Poza Rica, Veracruz 654,040 606,247 927 Oil

35 C.C.C. Gómez Palacio, Durango 1,045,260 591,390 566 Natural gas

36 C.T. Punta Prieta II, Baja California Sur 621,830 570,497 917 Oil

37 C.C.C. Huinala II, Nuevo León 1,333,060 502,788 377 Natural gas

38 C.TG. Presidente Juárez (Tijuana), 

Baja California

648,420 427,061 659 Natural gas

39 C.T. Felipe Carrilo P. (Valladolid), Yucatán 414,970 381,132 918 Oil

Table 3.14

MEXICO CO2 POWER PLANT EMISSIONS, SORTED BY ANNUAL EMISSIONS
81 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

PLANT, STATE

ELECTRICITY 

GENERATION, 

MWh

CO2 EMISSIONS, 

metric tonnes 

CO2 EMISSION

RATE, kg/MWh

PRIMARY

FUEL

40 C.T. Jorge Luque (LFC), México 497,160 362,650 729 Natural gas

41 C.TG. Hermosillo, Sonora 507,150 310,190 612 Natural gas

42 C.CI. Puerto San Carlos, Baja California Sur 470,680 286,608 609 Oil

43 C.T. Nachi-Cocom, Yucatán 249,470 262,614 1,053 Oil

44 C.T. Guaymas I, Sonora 186,750 217,070 1,162 Oil

45 C.TG. Chihuahua II (El Encino), Chihuahua 329,140 206,266 627 Natural gas

46 C.T. San Jerónimo, Nuevo León 222,010 154,502 696 Natural gas

47 C.TG. Huinala, Nuevo León 259,700 151,433 583 Natural gas

48 C.T. La Laguna, Durango 179,590 129,843 723 Natural gas

49 C.TG. Jorge Luque (Lechería) (LFC), México 145,390 115,683 796 Natural gas

50 C.TG. Nonalco (LFC), DF 131,470 99,471 757 Natural gas

51 C.TG. Cancún, Quintana Roo 77,770 90,686 1,166 Diesel

52 C.TG. Valle de México (LFC), México 104,780 85,676 818 Natural gas

53 C.TG. Monclava, Coahuila n/a 75,926 n/a Natural gas

54 C.TG. La Laguna, Durango 62,260 56,003 899 Natural gas

55 C.TG. Las Cruces, Guerrero 46,400 55,123 1,188 Diesel

56 C.TG. Ciudad Constitución, Baja California Sur 33,690 47,566 1,412 Diesel

57 C.TG. Los Cabos, Baja California Sur 30,900 37,315 1,208 Diesel

58 C.CI. Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur 36,390 33,226 913 Diesel

59 C.TG. Caborca Industrial, Sonora 26,140 30,438 1,164 Diesel

60 C.TG. El Verde, Jalisco 29,110 28,391 975 Natural gas

61 C.TG. Nizuc, Quintana Roo 27,630 27,941 1,011 Diesel

62 C.CI. Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur 26,220 24,540 936 Diesel

63 C.TG. Chávez, Coahuila 25,250 23,100 915 Natural gas

64 C.TG. Universidad, Nuevo León 17,220 17,884 1,039 Natural gas

65 C.TG. Culiacán, Sinaloa 17,550 17,572 1,001 Diesel

66 C.TG. Parque, Chihuahua 15,580 17,206 1,104 Diesel

67 C.TG. Leona, Nuevo León 16,570 17,121 1,033 Natural gas

68 C.TG. Tecnológico, Nuevo León 13,400 15,794 1,179 Diesel

69 C.TG. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora 10,780 14,827 1,375 Diesel

70 C.CI. Villa Constitución, Baja California Sur 17,170 14,228 829 Diesel

71 C.TG. Punta Prieta I (La Paz), 

Baja California Sur

9,870 14,173 1,436 Diesel

72 Pueblo Nuevo (Móvil), Sonora 12,050 13,082 1,086 Diesel

73 C.TG. Ciprés, Baja California 10,120 12,499 1,235 Diesel

74 C.TG. Arroyo De Coyote, Tamaulipas 6,540 11,297 1,727 Diesel

75 C.TG. Xul-Ha, Quintana Roo 8,770 11,192 1,276 Diesel

76 C.TG. Chihuahua I, Chihuahua 7,980 10,198 1,278 Diesel

77 Nuevo Nogales (Móvil), Sonora 7,730 8,047 1,041 Diesel

78 C.TG. Mexicali, Baja California 5,330 7,296 1,369 Diesel

79 C.TG. Esperanzas, Coahuila 4,590 6,276 1,367 Diesel

80 C.TG. Industrial (Juárez), Chihuahua 1,980 5,178 2,615 Diesel

81 C.TG. Fundidora, Nuevo León 4,810 4,762 990 Natural gas

82 C.CI. Yécora, Sonora 1,890 1,519 804 Diesel
82

4

SAN JUAN fuel used coal, capacity 1800 MW, location Waterflow, New Mexico
83 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

Appendix: Methodology

I NTRODUCTION

The availability of emission inventory data for North American power 

plants has been improving over the past decade and there will be further 

improvements in the future as the three North American countries work 

together to enhance the development and exchange of air emissions 

information. Currently, the US has a large amount of information available 

from the US EPA and Energy Information Administration. The availability 

of emissions data in the US is in part the result of public right-to-know 

reporting legislation as well as the country’s implementation of marketbased regulatory mechanisms, such as the SO2 emissions trading program. 

Implementation of a cap-and-trade system requires the collection of 

high-quality emissions information in order to ensure the integrity of the 

program. Canada currently requires reporting of SO2, NOx and mercury from 

power plants, and is expanding its reporting by requiring all larger emitting 

facilities to report their CO2 emissions beginning in 2004. All power plants 

in Mexico report fuel consumption, emissions and several other operating 

characteristics in their annual operating reports, known as Cédula de 

Operación Anual (COA), submitted to the Ministry of Environment and 

Natural Resources (Semarnat). These documents, however, are generally 

not available to the public. We were able to obtain data for this report 

from a publicly available document by researchers at the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. The document contains emission estimates from 

individual power plants in Mexico based on fuel consumption data provided 

by Mexico’s Secretaría de Energía (Sener) using emission factors for 

specific types of power plants.31 Newly passed reporting legislation with 

implementing regulations in Mexico will increase the public availability of 

this information in 2005.

CANADA

SO2, NOx, and mercury emissions data are from the National Pollutant 

Release Inventory (NPRI) database for 2002, accessible at http://www.ec.gc.

ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm. Canada requires owners or operators of 

facilities that manufacture, process or otherwise use a threshold amount of 

one or more of the NPRI-listed substances to report their emissions to NPRI. 

For SO2

 and NOx, the threshold is 20 metric tons (tonnes), while for mercury, 

the threshold is 5 kg. We use data from the NPRI 12 March 2004 updates, 

which Environment Canada qualifies as preliminary data still subject to review 

and analysis by the agency. We limited our search to sources listed under SIC 

codes 4911 and 4111 in the NPRI database.

At the time of this report, CO2 data for individual power plants were only 

available from two companies in Canada—ATCO Power (Alberta) and Ontario 

Power Generation (OPG). ATCO Power published CO2

 emissions for its fossil 

fuel power plants in a 2002 annual report.32 OPG also publishes information 

in annual company progress reports from which we were able to obtain 2002 

CO2

 emissions.33 In the future, we expect annual CO2 emissions information to 

become available for most fossil fuel power plants in Canada. Under the Canadian 

Environmental Protection Act, 1999, the Canadian government recently gave 

formal notice that CO2 reporting will be required for all facilities which emit at least 

100 thousand metric tons (tonnes) of greenhouse gases in calendar year 2004. 

The first round of national reporting will be due in June 2005.

Annual net electricity generation by individual power plants is not generally 

publicly available in Canada, unlike information we could obtain from 

Mexico and the United States. We were able to collect some annual net 

generation data, however, from Canadian Electricity Association (CEA) 

information reports for many coal power plants that are participating in the 

CEA’s Mercury Program.34 Not all information reports, however, contained 

complete generation for 2002 so these values could not be included in the 

tables for Canada. In cases where 2002 data were incomplete, we show 

output emission rates based on 2001 generation and emissions that are 

also given in the CEA information reports. We indicate these instances in the 

tables, and present the 2001 output rates as an indication of power plant 

performance that we would not expect to change significantly between 2001 

and 2002 unless there was a significant shift in the type of fuel used or in 

the application of new control technologies. ATCO Power and Ontario Power 

Generation also published generation numbers for their power plants in 2002 

editions of the same annual reports we obtained CO2

 emissions information 

from, and we use these for power plants not appearing in the CEA Mercury 

Program information reports. Using these various information sources, we 

were able to collect 2001 or 2002 generation information for almost all 

coal-fired power plants in Canada, with the lone exception of the Grand Lake 

Generating Station in New Brunswick. For completeness, we conservatively 

estimated Grand Lake’s 2002 generation assuming the 57 MW power plant 

was available to generate electricity 90 percent of the time during 2002. As 

its actual operation in 2002 was likely somewhat less than 90 percent of 

the time during that year, this provides a conservative lower estimate for the 

output emissions rates of the various pollutants it reports. Therefore, the 

estimated output rates for the Grand Lake power plant are likely a lower 

limit from which to compare its relative environmental performance with 

other coal power plants in North America in terms of pollution emitted per 

output of electricity.

In creating the maps of North American SO2, NOx, mercury and CO2 power 

plant emissions, we combined the emissions of a small number of Canadian 

facilities with identical latitude and longitude coordinates to present a single 

circle of summed emissions in the maps. Simply leaving the circles of individual 

facilities to overlap would obscure the collective amount of emissions at the 

same location. We list these overlapping facilities in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

CANADA EMISSIONS TALLIED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES

FACILITY NAME Latitude Longitude SO2

(tonnes)

NOx

(tonnes)

Hg

(kg)

CO2

(tonnes)

Boundary Dam, Saskatchewan 49.133 -102.983 42,945 17,191 191 -

Shand Power, Saskatchewan 49.133 -102.983 13,740 5,863 56 -

Rainbow Lake (Units 1-3), Alberta 58.5 -119.5 - 196 - 31,000

Rainbow Lake (Units 4-5), Alberta 58.5 -119.5 - 255 - 328,000
84

Data for all four pollutants (SO2, NOx, mercury, and CO2) were 

obtained from the report Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from 

Fossil Fuel Use in the Electricity Sector in Mexico, prepared by the 

Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution at 

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.35 Because data were not 

available for each individual power plant in Mexico, the authors had to 

make some estimates. Using the Informe de Operación published by 

Mexico’s Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), the authors found 

the installed and effective generation capacity of thermal power units, 

as well as gross generation and fossil-fuel consumption data at the 

plant (not unit) level. For most of the plants, the CFE also provided 

information on boiler types and combustion configurations to enable 

more accurate unit-level emission estimates. For each power plant, the 

report’s authors multiplied the total annual fuel consumption by the 

respective emission factors for the four pollutants.

In creating the maps of North American SO2, NOx

, mercury, and CO2

power plant emissions, we combined individual plant emissions from 

the Mexico facilities with the same latitude and longitude coordinates 

to present a single point of the summed emissions, rather than 

simply leaving the points to overlap, which would have obscured the 

total emissions at the locations. We list the facilities with combined 

emissions (those with the same latitude and longitude coordinates) 

in Table 4.2. The two coal plants in Coahuila (Carbón II and Río 

Escondido) were also combined because their locations, while not 

identical, nearly overlap, thus obscuring their aggregate emissions if 

mapped separately.

M EXICO

FACILITY NAME Latitude Longitude SO2

(tonnes)

NOx

(tonnes)

Hg

(kg)

CO2

(tonnes)

C.T. Jorge Luque (LFC), México 19.62 -99.18 2 847 - 362,650

C.TG. Jorge Luque (Lechería) (LFC), 

México 19.62 -99.18 1 326 - 115,683

C.C.C. Huinala, Nuevo León 25.72 -100.10 6 3,009 - 1,066,807

C.C.C. Huinala II, Nuevo León 25.72 -100.10 3 1,418 - 502,788

C.TG. Huinala, Nuevo León 25.72 -100.10 1 427 - 151,433

C.CI. Puerto San Carlos, 

Baja California Sur 26.00 -111.50 5,933 1,148 - 286,608

C.TG. Ciudad Constitución, 

Baja California Sur 26.00 -111.50 171 267 - 47,566

C.TG. Los Cabos, Baja California Sur 26.00 -111.50 134 209 - 37,315

C.CI. Guerrero Negro, 

Baja California Sur 26.00 -111.50 117 903 - 33,226

C.CI. Villa Constitución, 

Baja California Sur 26.00 -111.50 50 386 - 14,228

C.T. San Jerónimo, Nuevo León 26.00 -100.00 1 219 - 154,502

C.TG. Universidad, Nuevo León 26.00 -100.00 0 50 - 17,884

C.TG. Leóna, Nuevo León 26.00 -100.00 0 48 - 17,121

C.TG. Fundidora, Nuevo León 26.00 -100.00 0 13 - 4,762

C.T. Carlos Rodríguez Rivero 

(Guaymas II), Sonora 27.50 -110.50 41,972 2,958 - 1,784,843

C.T. Guaymas I, Sonora 27.50 -110.50 5,106 403 - 217,070

C.C.C. Chihuahua II (El Encino), 

Chihuahua 28.38 -106.05 12 3,264 - 1,155,436

C.TG. Chihuahua II (El Encino), 

Chihuahua 28.38 -106.05 1 582 - 206,266

C.TG. Parque, Chihuahua 28.38 -106.05 62 96 - 17,206

C.TG. Chihuahua I, Chihuahua 28.38 -106.05 37 57 - 10,198

C.T. Carbón II, Coahuila 28.46 -100.70 102,729 40,099 361 6,465,622

C.T. José López Portillo (Río 

Escondido), Coahuila 28.47 -100.68 104,213 45,932 349 6,277,829

C.TG. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora 29.00 -111.00 53 83 - 14,827

Pueblo Nuevo (Movil), Sonora 29.00 -111.00 46 355 - 13,082

Nuevo Nogales (Movil), Sonora 29.00 -111.00 28 219 - 8,047

C.CI. Yecora, Sonora 29.00 -111.00 5 41 - 1,519

Table 4.2

MEXICO EMISSIONS TALLIED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES
85 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

We obtained SO2, NOx, and CO2 emissions data from the EPA’s Clean 

Air Markets Division online data system, accessible at http://cfpub.

epa.gov/gdm, and the data we downloaded from this site were the 

available reports as of March 2004. Power plants report these data to 

the Agency under the auspices of the Acid Rain Program. In general, 

all units over 25 megawatts are required to measure and report 

emissions under the Acid Rain Program. We limited the number of 

United States facilities that we compiled emissions for in this report 

to those 100 megawatts or greater in capacity. Therefore, the total 

emissions in this report are slightly lower than the national totals from 

the Acid Rain Program.

Many of the affected facilities in the Acid Rain Program database 

rely on continuous emissions monitoring devices to measure their 

stack emissions. However, smaller units sometimes rely on alternative 

measurement techniques. For example, oil-fired units can use fuel 

sampling to estimate their SO2 emissions, and peaking units are 

allowed to use periodic stack tests as the basis for estimating their 

NOx emissions.

For mercury, we calculated 2002 emissions from a 1999 database 

developed by the United States EPA, coupled with 2002 coal use 

data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the United 

States Department of Energy. In 1999, EPA conducted an Information 

Collection Request (ICR) which involved coal sampling at virtually 

every power generating facility, as well as stack emissions testing at 

a smaller number of facilities. In order to estimate the 2002 mercury 

emissions, we calculated mercury emissions ratios for each facility 

using EPA’s 1999 ICR mercury emissions estimate divided by the 

quantity (tons) of coal used by each plant in 1999. We then multiplied 

this plant-specific ratio (which represents mercury emissions per ton 

of coal consumed) by the amount of coal used by each of the facilities 

in 2002. This methodology is consistent with the approach used by 

EPA in its eGRID database of power plant emissions.36

The EPA 1999 ICR Mercury results covered a little over 450 power 

plants,37 while we compile emissions for 376 plants. There are several 

reasons for the fewer facilities covered in this report. As mentioned 

earlier, we limited the United States facilities covered in this report 

to those over 100 MW in capacity, while EPA’s ICR effort included 

smaller facilities. Also, we only included those facilities reporting to 

EPA’s Acid Rain Program, and not all facilities covered by the EPA 

ICR effort report emissions to this program. Furthermore, a few plants 

converted from coal to natural gas or no longer operated in 2002, 

so would no longer have mercury emissions using the coal-based 

methodology we employ. Finally, not every coal plant included in EPA’s 

1999 ICR power plant list actually operated or burned coal in 1999, 

therefore we had no reference point to estimate their emissions if the 

plants were operating and burning coal in 2002.

We obtained power plant electricity generation data from the Energy 

Information Administration (EIA), including the EIA-906 and EIA-767 

databases. In general, we relied on the EIA-906 database for annual 

generation data. If a facility did not appear in the EIA-906 database 

or its monthly generation data were incomplete, we would default to 

the EIA-767 data. In some cases, it was clear that not all boilers (or 

stacks) within an individual power plant report emissions to EPA’s Acid 

Rain Program. Where we were able to identify these instances, we 

use only the generation from the EIA databases that is attributable to 

the portion of the facility reporting emissions. Therefore, to the extent 

we could identify these situations, the generation we use corresponds 

only to those boilers or stacks that having corresponding emissions 

data in the Acid Rain Program database. 

We qualitatively compared the 2002 output rates with the year 2000 

output rates reported by EPA’s eGRID database to identify any gross 

discrepancies in the rates between the two years to help identify 

possible errors. In most cases, the 2002 output rates were within 

10 percent or less of the eGRID 2000 rates. In cases where there were 

larger differences, we were able to identify changes in fuel use or other 

differences that made the changes appear reasonable. There were some 

instances where we could not determine why large changes in output 

rates occurred between the two years. These may be due to new pollution 

controls, fuel quality differences, or other operational changes for which 

we did not have information, or reporting discrepancies between the 

electricity generation and emissions databases.

In creating the maps of North American SO2, NOx, mercury, and CO2

power plant emissions, we combined individual plant emissions from 

the United States facilities with the same latitude and longitude 

coordinates to present a single point of the summed emissions, rather 

than simply leaving the points to overlap, which would have obscured 

the total emissions at the locations. We list the facilities with combined 

emissions (those with the same latitude and longitude coordinates) 

in Table 4.3.

U N ITE D STATE S 

FACILITY NAME Latitude Longitude SO2

(tonnes)

NOx

(tonnes)

Hg

(kg)

CO2

(tonnes)

Frontera Power Facility, Texas 26.42 -98.22 3 149 - 551,097

Hidalgo Energy Center, Texas 26.42 -98.22 4 201 - 784,020

Cane Island, Florida 27.99 -81.26 6 142 - 840,304

Intercession City, Florida 27.99 -81.26 160 317 - 594,693

Hines Energy Complex, Florida 28.00 -81.62 6 373 - 1,181,285

Tiger Bay, Florida 28.00 -81.62 9 522 - 1,754,136

Orange Cogeneration, Florida 28.00 -81.62 1 77 - 184,436

Mulberry Cogen, Florida 28.00 -81.62 1 40 - 176,792

San Jacinto Steam, Texas 29.83 -95.44 5 216 - 889,741

CoGen Lyondell, Inc., Texas 29.83 -95.44 5 802 - 935,591

Table 4.3

UNITED STATES EMISSIONS AGGREGATED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES
86

FACILITY NAME Latitude Longitude SO2

(tonnes)

NOx

(tonnes)

Hg

(kg)

CO2

(tonnes)

Pasadena Power Plant, Texas 29.83 -95.44 10 571 - 1,903,434

Robins, Georgia 32.49 -83.68 11 9 - 17,699

Dahlberg, Georgia 32.49 -83.68 0 50 - 184,935

Mid-Georgia Cogen, Georgia 32.49 -83.68 1 46 - 174,455

Doyle Generating Facility, Georgia 33.76 -83.74 1 55 - 150,401

MPC Generating, LLC, Georgia 33.76 -83.74 1 26 - 28,774

Cherokee County Cogen, South 

Carolina 35.01 -81.62 1 37 - 184,058

Broad River Energy, South Carolina 35.01 -81.62 2 106 - 376,688

Reeves, New Mexico 35.04 -106.67 0 157 - 85,734

Person Generating, New Mexico 35.04 -106.67 0 11 - 23,463

Carson Cogeneration, California 38.38 -121.44 1 26 - 239,473

SCA Cogen II, California 38.38 -121.44 2 54 - 403,709

Sacramento Power Auth, California 38.38 -121.44 3 44 - 534,141

Woodsdale, Ohio 39.44 -84.58 0 116 - 113,043

Madison Generating, Ohio 39.44 -84.58 1 44 - 129,706

Hay Road, Delaware 39.57 -75.60 9 315 - 920,628

Delaware City Refinery, Delaware 39.57 -75.60 940 394 - 297,303

Elwood Energy Facility, Illinois 41.47 -87.89 1 95 - 309,772

Lincoln Generating, Illinois 41.47 -87.89 - 14 - 64,495

Joliet 29, Illinois 41.49 -88.08 18,746 3,456 364 5,570,469

Joliet 9, Illinois 41.49 -88.08 4,136 2,324 89 1,337,441

WPS Empire State, New York 43.01 -76.19 2 12 - 61,615

Carr Street, New York 43.01 -76.19 1 30 - 39,187

Concord, Wisconsin 43.02 -88.77 0 20 - 31,134

Whitewater Cogen, Wisconsin 43.02 -88.77 2 50 - 317,460

Table 4.3

UNITED STATES EMISSIONS AGGREGATED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES (continued)
87 POWER PLANT AIR EMISSIONS

1 Alpine Geophysics. Availability and Infrastructure of North American Electric 

Generating Utility Emission Inventories and Opportunities for Future Coordination.

Prepared for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 10 October 2003. Online 

at http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/Availability-Infrastructure_en.pdf.

2 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas 

Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2002. EPA 430-R-04-003. April 2004. 

Online at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions.

3 Statistics Canada. Report on Energy Supply and Demand. Catalogue No. 57-003. 

Table 18 (October 2003).

4 Environment Canada. Backgrounder—Canada’s 2002 Greenhouse Gas Inventory.

Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_02_report/ghg_backgrounder_e.cfm.

5 Environment Canada. 1995 Criteria Air Contaminant Emissions for Canada.

Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ape/ape_tables/canada95_e.cfm.

6 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Environmental 

Data Compendium 2002: Air. 17June 2003. Online at http://www.oecd.org/

dataoecd/8/62/2958142.pdf.

7 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Acid Rain Program: 2002 Progress 

Report. Online at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp02/2002report.pdf. 

8 Environment Canada. Op. cit. in endnote 5.

9 OECD. Op. cit. in endnote 6. 

10 US EPA. Op. cit. in endnote 7.

11 Environment Canada. Mercury and the Environment. 

 Online at http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/SM/EN/sm-cr.cfm.

12 United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Mercury 

Reduction in Coal-Fired Power Plants: DOE’s R&D Program. ARIPPA Technical 

Symposium. 21 August 2002. Online at http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/

environment/mercury/pubs/DOE_RD_Prgm_PennState_ARIPPA082102.pdf.

13 Acosta y Asociados. Preliminary Atmospheric Emissions Inventory of Mercury in 

Mexico. Prepared for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 30 May 2001. 

Online at http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/MXHg-air-maps_en.pdf.

14 World Resources Institute. EarthTrends Country Profiles. Climate and Atmosphere—

Canada. 2003. Online at http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/

Cli_cou_124.pdf.

15 World Resources Institute. EarthTrends Country Profiles. Climate and Atmosphere—

Mexico. 2003. Online at http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/

Cli_cou_484.pdf.

16 US EPA. Op. cit. in endnote 2.

17 Mercury emission estimates exist for oil and natural gas power plants in Mexico based 

on fuel consumption and standard emission factors (Vijay, Samudra, Molina, Luisa T. 

and Molina, Mario J. Estimating Air Pollution Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the 

Electricity Sector in Mexico. Prepared by the Integrated Program on Urban, Regional,

and Global Air Pollution at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 2004.

Available online at www.cec.org). We do not include them here to be consistent with the 

available data from Canada and the United States. The estimates for Mexico indicate coal 

is the dominant source of mercury air emissions from Mexico’s electricity sector even 

though coal’s share of national generation is small.

18 Based on each fuel’s relative generation share and the total national generation amounts 

given in Figure 2.1.

19 The relative contribution of different fossil fuels to North American CO2 emissions from 

the electricity generation sector is not available for 2002 at this time due to lack of CO2

information by fuel type and power plant in Canada, with the exception of plants owned by 

ATCO Power (Alberta) and Ontario Power Generation.

20 Vijay et al. Op. cit. in endnote 17.

21 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Engineering and Economic Factors Affecting 

the Installation of Control Technologies for Multipollutant Strategies. Online at http://www.

epa.gov/clearskies/pdfs/multi102902.pdf.

22 Scrubber installations were determined based on a review of United States EPA’s National 

Electric Energy Data System (NEEDS). NEEDS, updated for version 2.1.6 of the Integrated 

Planning Model, reports emission controls on existing coal and oil/gas steam electric 

generating units.

23Vijay et al. 2004. Op. cit. in endnote 17.

24 Canadian Electricity Association. CEA Mercury Program. 

Online at http://www.ceamercuryprogram.ca/index.html (accessed 16 July 2004).

25 United States Energy Information Administration. Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 

2003. Table 72. Production, Heat Content, and Sulfur, Mercury and Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

by Coal Type and Region, page 117. Online at http://www.energyjustice.net/coal/p117.pdf.

26 Vijay et al. Op. cit. in endnote 17.

27 We also combined emissions of other co-located power plants in North America to 

better reflect collective emissions at their locations on each of the maps in this chapter. 

We list the plants with combined emissions for mapping purposes in the Appendix.

28 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Markets Division. 

Memorandum entitled: “Allocation Adjustment Factors for the Proposed Mercury Trading 

Rulemaking.” 10 March 2004 (Table 1).

29 CEA. Op. cit. in endnote 24.

30 US EPA. Op. cit. in endnote 28.

31 Vijay et al. Op. cit. in endnote 17.

32 ATCO Power. Environment, Health and Safety Review 2002. 

Online at http://www.atcopower.com/Environment_Health_&_Safety/Reports/

environmental_reports.htm (accessed 26 July 2004).

33 Ontario Power Generation. Towards Sustainable Development: 2002 Progress Report. 

Toronto, Ontario. 2003. Online at http://www.opg.com/envComm/E_annual_report.asp

(accessed 26 July 2004).

34 CEA. Op. cit. in endnote 24.

35 Vijay et al. Op. cit. in endnote 17.

36 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Users Manual: Emissions & 

Generation Resource Integrated Database—eGRID. Prepared by E.H. Pechan & 

Associates, Inc. April 2003. Online at http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htm.

37 The list of power plants covered by the EPA 1999 ICR effort is at http://www.epa.

gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/pltxplt4.pdf (accessed 30 September 2004).

 

E N DNOTE S