Pursuant to 5 T H C IR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that thi s opinion should not * be publishe d and is not precedent except under the limited circumstance s set forth in 5 T H C IR . R. 47.5 .4. 

### INTHE UNITED S TATESCOU RT OFAPPEALS

FORTHEFIFTH CIRCU IT

N o. 09- 40070

UN I TE D S TA TE S OF AM ERI CA P l ai n t if f

- A pp el l ee v. DANI ELL ONG ORIA D e fe nda nt
- Appe l l ant

A p p ea lf

rom the U n i tedS tates D i stri ct C ou rt f or th e Sou t h ern D i st ri ctof T exas U SD C N o. C

- 08- 321

B ef ore K IN G , B A R K S D A L E , an d E L R O D , C i rcui tJu dg es. P E R C U R IAM: * C o n v ic te dfo rp o s s e s s io n o f afir e a r m b yaco n v ic te dfe lo n , D a n ie l L o n g o r ia contest s the den i alof h i s su pp ress i on m ot i on . A tis sue i s onl y t h e vol u n t ari n ess of hi s c on senti n g t o hi s hom e bei n g searched, w h i ch l ed to t h e f i rearm s’ d i s c o v e r y . A F F I RMED. I. T h e f ol l ow i n g fact s w ere devel opedat t h e ev id e n t i ary h eari n g f or L on go ri a ’ s su p p res sion m oti on. In M a y 2 0 0 8 , T ex a s D ep a rtm en t of P u b l i c S a fety United States Court of App eals

Fifth Circuit 

### F I LE D Ma rch 15, 2010 Cha rl es R. F ulb ru g e II I Clerk Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

2 Se r ge ant s Ri c ke l and Paus ka s e t up s urve i l l anc e o ut s i de a dup l e x i n C or pus Chri s t i , Te xa s , l o o ki ng f o rAdam A nde r s o n, a f ugit ive , t o ex e c ut e on hi m afe l o ny ar r e s t w ar r ant f

o r dr ug- r e l at e d o f

fe ns e s . I n ad dit i o n, t he r e w as a pend i ng
m o t i o n t o re vo ke hi s pr o ba t i o n. The Se r ge ant s be l i e ve d A nde r s o n r e s i de d i n t he
u p stairs apar t m entof t hatdupl ex. The Ser geant s w er e a l soaw ar e that L on gori a, w h om the S ergean t s bel i evedt o be acqu ai n t ed w i t h A n derson, res i ded i n t h e dow n st ai rs ap art m en tan d w as a convic t ed fel on (on parol e) f or posses si on o f aco n tr o lle ds u b s ta n c e . D ur i ng t he i rs urve i l l anc e , t he Ser ge ant s ob s e rve d a whi t e m al e w e ar i ng a ba s e ba l l c ap and dr ivi ng a bl ac k pi c kup t r uc k de pa r t f r o m t he r e ar of

t he d u p le x . S e r g e a n t R ic k e l t e s tifie dt h a t t h e d r iv e rre s e m b le dA n d e r s o n , w ho m t he Se rge anthadm e tt hepre v i o usy e ar . Th e Sergea n t s, i n separate, un m arked
v e h ic le s , d e c id e d t o fo ll o w t h e t r u c k
. A ft e r t h e y b e g a n d o in gs o , t h e t r u c k ’s driverac c el er at ed and be gan dr ivi ng r e c kl e ss ly, c ausi ng t he Ser geant s t o b eli eve th e d r iv e r w a s A n d erso n an dw a s attem p ti n g to ev a d e th em . T h e S erg ea n ts
even t u al ly l ostcontactw it h t h e t ruck. S ergean tR i ckelt h en deci dedt o ret u rn to th e d u p le x . W h en he arrivedt h ere, Sergea n tR i ckelobservedthe sam e t ruck p arked i n the drive w ay . A ne i ghb o ri nf o r m e d hi m t hatt w o pe o pl e ha d r un f r o m t he t r uc k i nt o t he do w ns t air s a pa r t m e nt
. Se r ge antRi c ke lno t if i e d Se r ge antPaus ka t hatt he t r uck ha d re tu r ned t o the dupl ex and al sor adi oe d f oraddit i onal O f f i cers . O n ce Serg e a n tP au ska a n d other O f f i cers arrived , al lof

t h e O f f i cers p ositi on edthe m selve s at th e fron t a n db a ckd oo rs of th e d ow n stairs ap a rtm en t. T h ey kn ockedon both doors, i den t if i ed them selves as st ate pol i ce, an d ordered th a t t h e d o o rb e o p e n e d
. In a d d itio n , S e r g e a n t P a u s k as h o u te d , “ Adam , o pe n t he door. W e kn ow you ’ re i n si de. O pen t h e door or w e’ re goi n g t o com e i n an d get y o u ”. (E m p h a sis a d d e d .) Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 2 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

3 L o n g o r ia , w h o s e fir s t n a m e is D a n ie l, n ot A da m , open ed the back door of th e a p a rtm en t, w h i ch l edi n to a sm a l lk i tch en a rea . T h e O ff i cers o b serv edbo th L on gori a an d A n drea N i col e M i t chel li n t h e ki t chen
. A tt h i s poi n t , out of
c a u tio n , th e O ffic e r s h a dd r a w n th e irw e a p o n s b u t w e r e h o ld in gth e m to th e ir
s id e , n otpoi n t i n g t h em at L on gori a or M i t chel l
. Sergean tR i ckelt h en ordered th e m to lie d o w n o n th e flo o ra n da s k e dw h e r e A d a m (A n d e r s o n ) w a s . L o n g o r ia
ac kno w l e dg e d hekne w Ande r s o n, b uts t at e d he w as no ti n t he a pa r t m e nt
. The O ff i cers the n ask edL on g o r ia w h eth er a n yo n e else w a s i n the ap a rtm en t. L o n g o r iare s p o n d e d : “N o , th e r e ’s n o t. You c an lo o k if y o u want”. (E m p h a s is
a d d e d .) A s a re su l t, the O ff i cers en teredan dcon d u cte d a pr otective se a rch to
en sure no o n e e lse w as t h ere. N ei t h er Lon gori a n or M i t chel lha d been h an dcu f

fed. D u ri n g t h e searc h , Se rg e an tP au ska foun d a boxl abeled
am m u n i t i on w i t h i n a cl ear contai n er i n si de th e bed room cl oset , bu t h e di d not th e n o p e n th e b o x . N e x t, S e r g e a n t R ic k e l te le p h o n e dth e B u r e a u o f A lc o h o l, T ob a cco, F i rea rm s, an dE xp l osive s (A T F ) for assistan ce. W h e n A T F A ge n ts
ar r ive d, t he O f

f i c e r s a nd ATF A ge nt s o pe ne d the a bo ve - r e fe r e n c e d b o x andf o und
am m uni t i on. I n pl ai n si ghti nsi de the c l os et , t he O f f i c er s al sof

ound a c l earbag
o f m e th a m p h e ta m in e . T h e O f f i cers t h en askedL on gori a’ s perm i ssi on t o search f or f u rt h er contraban d. Th i s t i m e, h ow ever, L on gori a ref u sed t o give ei t h er or alor w rit t en c o n s e n t. S e r g e a n t R ic k e l th e n re tu r n e dto h is o ffic e to d r a ft a n a ffid a v it in
s u p p o r t o f as e a r c h w a r r a n t, w h ile th e o t h e rO ffic e r s re m a in e dw ith L o n g o r ia andM i t c he l li n t he apa r t m e nt
. Ser ge antR i c ke lr e t ur ne d wi t h as e ar c h war r ant
an d ga ve L on gori a a copy, an d the O f f i cers askedhi m if

he h adan y ot h er c o n tr a b a n d
. L o n g o r iale dth e O ffic e r s to th r e e fir e a r m s . L on gori a w as chargedw i t h on e coun t of bei n g a fel on i n possess i on of t h ree f i rearm s, i n vi ol ati on of 18 U
. S

. C

. §§ 922(g) ( 1) an d 92 4( a) ( 2)

. H e f i l ed a m ot i on Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 3 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

4 t o sup press evi den ce, cl ai m i n g: h i s con sent f or the O f

f i cers to en t er an d search h i s ap a rtm en t w a s i n vo l u n tary ; an d , the refore , the sea rc h viol a tedh i s F ou rth A m en dm en tri gh t s. Th e courtt h en hel d the abov e- ref erenced evidenti ary hear i ng t o de t er m i ne w het hert he c ons entw as vo l untary. I n d e nyingLo ngo ri a ’ ss up p r e s s i o n m o ti o n, thed i s t r i c tc our tc onc l uded t hat t he G o ve r nm e ntm e tit s b ur de n o f pr o o f w i t h r e s pe c tt o t he r e as o nab l e ne s s o f t he
w a r r a n tle s s s e a r c h
. T h e c o u r t fo u n d , a fte rco n s id e r in gth e fa c to r s p r o v id e din Uni t e d S t at e sv. Je nki ns , 46 F. 3d4 47 , 4 51 ( 5th Ci r . 1 99 5) , di s c us s e d i nf ra , t hat Long o r i a vo l unt ar i ly c o ns e nt e d t o t he O f f i c e r s ’s e ar c hi ng hi s r e s i de nc e w i t ho ut
aw a r r a n t. I n f i ndi ng hi s c o ns e ntv o l unt ary, t he c o ur tf o und: w he n t he O f

f i c ers kno c ke d on L on gor i a’ s do o r , t he y s ho ut e d, “Adam , o pe n up ” ; a nd the y di d n ot d ir e c t t h e irco m m a n d to D a n ie l L o n g o r ia
. (A s n o te d , th e O ffic e r s k n e w L o n g o r ia resi dedi n t h e apa rt m en t
. ) Fu rt h er, t h e courtf ou n d that, once L on gori a open ed t h e door, t h e O f

f i cers m ad e no at t em pt t o en t er t h e ap art m en t , n or di d they even
r e q u e s tto d o so . In ste a d , th e co u rt fo u n dth a t th e O ffi ce rs a sk e d , “W h e r e ’s A dam ? ”

. Th e co urtfound, by i m pl i c at i on, thatthi s c onf i r m ed t o Longori a t hat t h e ywe r e i n t e r e s t e do n lyi n l o c a t i n gAn d e r s o n . L o n g o r i at h e n , wi t h o u tb e i ng as ke d, g av e t he O f

f i c e r s per m i s s i o n t o ent e rt he apa r t m e ntt o det e r m i ne no o ne el se w as i n si de. Th e c our tr eli ed o n it s pastexper i enc e w i t h L ongori a i n det er m i ni ng t hat he po s s e s s e d s uf

f i c i e nte duc at i o n a nd i nt e l l i ge nc e t o kno w o f hi s r i ghtt o de c l i ne c o ns e nt
. The c o ur tal s o not e d, as ev i de nc e of Lo ngo r i a’ s a w ar e ne s s o f hi s r i ght to p r iv a c ya n dto re fu s e co n s e n t, th e ca m e r a s L o n g o r iah a dp la c e da r o u n dh is h o m e to s e c u r e it fr o m th e p r e s e n c e o f o th e r s . A s fu r th e re v id e n c e o f th is
aw aren ess, t h e courtnoted t h at, a fter the O f f i cers di scovered t h e box of
am m unit i o n a nd the b ago f m e t ham phe t am i ne , L o ngo r i a r e f us e d c o ns e ntt o a ny ad di t i on alsearc h of

hi s apartm en t
. Th e courta ckn ow l edg ed t h at th e O f f i cers ’ Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 4 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

5 or der i ng Longor i a and M i t c hel l t o l i e o n t he f l oo rappear ed s om ew hatc oe r c ive buts t at ed thatt h ese a c t i ons w er e no ts o c oe r c ive as t o f or c e Longori a t o give con sen t t o se a rch the ap a rtm en t. Foll o w i ng t he de ni alo f hi s s upp r e s s i o n m o t i o n, Lo ngo r i a w aive d hi s r i ght t o a j u ry t ri alan d w as convi ct ed f ol l ow i n g a short ben ch tr i alon sti pu l ated fact s. H e w a s s e n te n c e dto , in tera lia , 1 1 2 m o n th s ’im p r is o n m e n t. II. Aw arran t l ess search i s presum p tiv e ly u n reasona bl e un l ess t h e searc h fa lls in to a n e x c e p tio n to th e F o u r th A m e n d m e n t’s w a r r a n t r e q u ir e m e n t. Un i t ed S t ate s v. K

aro , 468 U
. S

. 705 , 7 17 (1984). N eedl ess t o say, one w el l

- set t l ed
ex cep tion is as e a r c h co n d u c te dp u r s u a n t t o co n s e n t. S c h n e c k lo th v. B u sta m o n te , 41 2 U
. S. 218 , 219 ( 19 73 )

. I n ch all e ngi ng t hedeni alof hi s s upp r e s s i o n m o t i o n, Longor i a m ai n t ai ns hi s c o ns e ntw as i nvo l unt ar i ly give n a s ar e s ul to f t he O ffic e r s ’co e r c iv e ta c tic s . (I n o th e rw o r d s , h e d o e s n o t c la im h e w a s s e iz e d , in vi o l at i o n o f

t he Fo ur t h Am e ndm e nt , i ns i dehi s h om e. N or d o e s he c l ai m t he
c o nduc to f

t he O f f i c e r s , i nc l udi ng t he ATF Age nt s , e xc eeded t he s c o pe o f a ny c o n s e n t t h a t h e m ig h t h a v e g iv e n to lo c a te A n d e r s o n .)

“W h e n r e v i e wi n gt h e d i s t r i c tc o u r t ’ s d e n i a lo f as u p p r e s s i o n mo t i o n , we
r e v i e w c o n c l u s i o n s o f l a w de no voa nd f i ndi ngs o f

fac tf o rc l e are r r o r ; t he
ev i d en ce is vi ew edi n the li gh t m ost fav ora b l e to th e p rev a i l i n g p a rty.” Un i t ed St at e sv. G i bbs , 421 F
. 3d352 , 356 –57 ( 5th C i r. 200 5)

. “ [T ] h e qu est i on w h et h er co n se n t t o a searc h w as i n fact‘vol u n t ary’or w as t h e produ ctof du ress or c o e r c i o n, e xp r e s s o ri m pli e d, i s aq ue s t i o n o f factto b e det e r m i ne d f r o m t he to ta lityo f a ll t h e cir c u m s ta n c e s ”. Je nki ns , 46 F. 3d at451 ( quot i ng S ch n ec k loth , 4 1 2 U .S

. a t 2 2 7 ) (a lte r a tio n ino r ig in a l); seealso Un i t ed S t ate s v. Pon ce , 8 F. 3d 989, 997 ( 5t h C i r . 1993) (c i t i ng Un i t ed S t ate s v. G on zales , 8 4 2 F
. 2 d 7 4 8 , 7 5 4 ( 5 th C i r. 198 8) ) (“A s th e di st ri ctcourt ’ s r esol u t i on of th e vol u n t ari n ess i ssue i s a f i ndi n g of

fact , iti s r e vi e w e d o nly f o rc l e are r r o r . ” )

. I n t hatr e ga r d, if t he Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 5 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

6 G ove r n m en t re l i es upon c ons ent , it“has the bur den of pr ovi ng by a p rep on d era n ce of the ev i d en ce th a t con sen t w a s f ree ly a n d v o lu n tarily g ive n ”. Pon ce , 8 F. 3d at 997 (c i t i ng Uni t e d St at e sv . Hur t ado , 905 F
. 2d74, 76 ( 5th C i r. 1 9 9 0 ) (e n b a n c)). Forde t e r m i ni ng w he t he r , unde rt he t o t ali t y o f t he c i r c um s t anc e s , c o ns e nt
w a s g iv e n v o lu n ta r ily , o u rco u r t h a s e n u m e r a te ds ixre le v a n t fa c to r s : ( 1) t he v o l unt ar i ne s s o f t he de fe nda nt ’ s c us t o di als t at us ; ( 2) t he pr e s e nc e o f c o e r c ivepo l i c e pr o c e dur e s ; ( 3) t he e xt e nta nd l e ve lo f t he d e fe n d a n t ’s c o o p e r a t io n w it h t h e p o li c e ; (4 ) t h e d e fe n d a n t ’s a w a r e n e s s o f h is r ig h tto r e fu s e to c o n s e n t ; ( 5 ) t h e d e fe n d a n t ’s e duc at i o n a nd i nt e l l i ge nc e ; a nd ( 6) t he de fe nda nt ’ s b e l i e f t hatno in c r im in a tin ge v id e n c e w ill b e fo u n d
. Je nki ns , 46 F. 3d at451 ( quot i ng Un itedS ta tes v. O livier -B ec er ril , 861 F. 2d 424, 4 2 6 (5 th C ir . 1 9 8 8 )). N o o n e o f th e s e fa c to r s is d is p o s itiv e . I d. T o h o ldthe d i st ri ctcourtcl early erred i n f i n di n g L on gori a consen t ed vol u n t arily t o t h e i n i tia l search of hi s hom e, our courtm u st“ on t h e entire evi den ce [be] l ef

tw i t h a f

i rm an d d e fin ite c on vi ct i on t h at a m i st ak e ha s been
c o m m itt e d”. Uni t e d St at e sv . G o m ez - Mo r e no , 479 F. 3d 350, 354 ( 5t h C i r . 2007) ( quot i ng In reMi ssi on ary B ap t i stF ou n d

. of A m . , I n c. , 712 F
. 2d206 , 209 ( 5th C i r. 1 9 8 3 ))

. In oth er w ord s, “[i]f th e dist ri ct cou rt’ s a ccou n t of th e evide n c e is pl au sibl e i n l i ghtof

t he r ec or d vi ew ed i n i t s ent i r ety, t he c our tof appeal s m ay
n ot rev erse it eve n tho u gh con vin cedtha t ha dit b ee n sit ti n g as th e t ri er of fa ct, it w o u ld h a v e w e ig h e d th e e v id e n c e d iffe r e n tly”. Un i t ed S t ate s v. Ch aron , 442 F. 3d 881, 890–91 ( 5t h C i r . 2006) ( quot i ng Un itedS ta tes v. Ha rr is , 434 F. 3d 767, 7 7 3 (5 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ). A. To s upporthi s c l ai m t hat t he di st r i c tc our ter r ed i n m aki ng i t s f i ndi ngs
r e ga r di ng c o ns e nt , Lo ngo r i a r e l i e s pr i m ar i ly o n Uni t e d St at e sv . Moral es , 171 F .3 d9 7 8 (5 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ), inw h ic h o u rc o u r t h e ldd e fe n d a n ts d idn o t v o lu n ta r ily Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 6 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

7 c o ns e ntt o o f

f i c e r s ’e nt r y ands e ar c h. Long o r i a’ s r e l i anc e o n Morales , how ever, is m is p la c e d
. I n Morales , F o r t W o r th p o lic e o ffic e r s re c e iv e da n a n o n y m o u s “9 1 1 ” c a ll,
r e po r t i ng t hat t w o H i s pa ni c m al e s w e r e unl o ad i ng c o c ai ne f r o m f l atbe d t r uc ks
a t M ila g r o ’ s B o ta n ic a . I d. a t 9 8 0
. F o u ro ffic e r s a r r iv e da t t h e s c e n e , b u t t h e yd id
n o t s e e a n yf

la tb e dt r u c k s o rH is p a n icm a le s in t h e a r e a . I d. Af t e rc he c ki ng t he
r e gi s t r at i o n o f

apic kup t r uc k p ar ke d i n f r o nto f M i l agr o ’ s an d, fi n di ng t he veh i cl e w as regi st ered t o a m an w i t h a H i span i c su rna m e, t h e of f i cers proceeded t o i nve s t i ga t et he w ar e ho us e b e hi n d M i l agr o ’ s , f r o m w hi c h t he y he ar d l o ud b a n g in gn o is e s . I

d. U po n s e e i ng t w o i ndivi dua l s o pe ni ng c r at e s i ns i de t he w ar e ho us e , t he of f i cers began ban gi n g on t h e f ront door, an d sh ou t ed, “ F ortW ort h P ol i ce: O pen th e d o o r”. I

d. Th e Moralesco ur ts t at e d that“ [t] he l o ud b angi ng o n t he do o r , t he t on e of voi ce, it s vol u m e , a n d th e au t h orit ative m an n er un m i st ak ably s h ow ed th a t th e of

ficers i ssu ed a n ord er as op p ose d to a req u est to op en th e doo r”. I d. W h en one of t h e i n divi du al s i n si de th e w areh ou se open ed th e door, t h e of f i cers

“i m m e di at e ly r ushed in w i t h t he i rw e ap o ns dr awn anda r r e s t e d the [in d iv id u a ls ]”. Id . a t 9 8 1
. Moraleshel d t hatt he i ndivi dua l s i ns i de t he
w a r e h o u s e d idn o t g iv e v o lu n ta r yco n s e n t fo rth e o ffic e r s to e n te r . I d. at983. U n lik e th e fac ts o f Morales , t h e O ff ic e r s s t a n d in go u t s id e L o n g o r ia ’s ap art m en tdi d n ot m ak e a cat egori cal dem an d t o w h om ever w as i n si de to open t h e door. I n st ead , the O f f i cers sh ou t ed, “A da m , op en the door”. In ad di t i on , t h ey d idn o t r u s h in s id e im m e d ia te lya fte rth e d o o rw a s o p e n e d
. W h e n L o n g o r ia open ed the door, i n c o n t rastt o Morales , t he O f f i c e r s r e m ai ne d o ut s i de t he ap art m en tun t i lL on gori a gav e t h em perm i ssi on t o enter. B ased on t h ese fact s, t he O f f i c e r s ’a c t i o ns he r e dono tc l o s e ly r e s e m bl e t ho s e i n Morales . Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 7 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

8 B. A n exam i nat i on o f

t he s i x Je nki ns fact ors f or det erm i n i n g vol u n t ari n ess confirm s th at, un der t h e t ot al i t y of t h e circum st an ces, t h e di st ri ctcourtdi d n ot
c l ear ly e r ri n f

i ndi ng Longor i a’ s c ons entvo l untary. 1. The f i r s tfac t o r , t he v o l unt ar i ne s s o f Lo ngo r i a’ s c us t o di als t at us , c ut s t he
m o sts t r o ngly ag ai ns tf i ndi ng vo l unt ar i ne s s . Onc e t he do o rw as o pe ne d, L on go ri aan dM i tch elli m m ed i a tel y w ere o rd ere do n to th e fl oo r byO ff i cers w i th t he i rw e ap o ns dr awn. Fur t her, the Of f i c e r s ha d c o m pl e t e ly s ur r o unde d the dupl ex a ndh a de v e n p a r ke dp o l i c e v e hi c l e s o n t hef r o ntl a wn o f

t hedupl ex. Th e s e a c t i o n s d o n o ti n d i c a t e t h a tLo n g o r i a ’ s c u s t o d i a ls t a t u s w a s v o l u n t a r y . As p r e v io u s lys ta te d , h o w e v e r , n o o n e fa c to ris d e te r m in a tiv e . 2. The s e c o nd Je nki nsfact or, t h e presence of coer cive pol i ce proc edu res, al so w e ig h s a g a in s t v o lu n ta r in e s s . W h e n th e O ffic e r s o r d e r e d L o n g o r ia a n dM itc h e ll
on the f l oo r, the y d i dso w h i l e th e irw e a p on s w ere dr a w n— b u t n otpoi nt ed at Long o r i a o rM i t c he l l

— af t e rc o m pl e t e ly s ur r o undi ng t he dup l e x. As no t e d, t he di st ri ctcourtst ated t h at th ese act i on s s eem ed u n n ecess ari ly coerc ive. O n t he other hand, it i s qui t e und er st andabl e w hy t he O f f i c er s w oul d have bee n ext r em ely caut i ous . I ndeed, w hen an of f i c eri s ques t i oni ng an i ndivi dual at th e si de of

a veh i cl e, t h e i n divi du alw i l lof t en be askedt o pl ace h i s h an ds on th e h o o do f th e v e h ic le to e n s u r e th e o ffic e r ’ s s a fe t y . O u rco u r t h a s p r e v io u s ly h el d that such p recauti on s do n otv i o l at e a n i ndivi dua l ’ s Fo ur t h Am e ndm e nt
r i ght s w h en an of

f i c erhas a “r eas onabl e, ar t i c ul abl e s uspi c i on t hatc r i m i nal
a c tiv ityis a fo o t”

. Uni t e d St at e sv . Jo r dan , 232 F. 3d 447, 448 ( 5t h C i r . 2000) (c i t i ng T

er ry v. O h io , 392 U
. S

. 1, 30 ( 196 8) )

. M oreover, our courtha s al so s t ated t hatev en handcuf

fi ng an i ndivi dualdoe s notaut om at i c al ly c onver tan in v e s tig a to r yd e te n tio n i n t o a n a r r e s t r e q u ir in gp r o b a b le ca u s e . I d. at450 Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 8 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

9 (c i t i ng Un i t ed S t ate s v. San d ers , 9 9 4 F
. 2d200 , 206 ( 5th C i r. 199 3) )

. H ere,
n e ith e rL o n g o r ian o rM itc h e ll h a db e e n h a n d c u ffe d
. 3
. The t hi r d fac t o ri s t he e xt e nta nd l e ve lo f Lo ngo r i a’ s c o o pe r at i o n wi t h t he p o l i c e . Wh e n t h e O f f i c e r s b e g a n k n o c k i n go n t h e d o o r , t h e ys h o u t e d , “A d a m, o pe n t he do o r”

. As s t at e d sup ra , this w a s n ot a ca teg orical ord er th a t w h om ever w as i nsi de m ustope n t he doo r . Rathe rt hi s st at em entw as t ar get ed dir ec t ly at A n d erso n , w h om the O ffic e r s b eli ev edto be i n side. Y et, L on go ri ach ose to
c o o p e r a te w ith th e O ffic e r s a n d o p e n e dth e d o o r . L o n g o r iaa ls o im m e d ia te ly
c o m pli e d wi t h t he O f f i c e r s ’i n st ructi on s b y lyi ng o n t he f l o o r . Fur t he r , a s t he di st ri ctcourtnoted, by al l ow i n g t h e O f f i cers t o com e i n si de h i s hom e t o searc h f o rAdam Ande r s o n bef oret he y as ke d t o d o so, Lo ngo r i a w as f ul ly c o o pe r at i ng
w i t h t h e O f

f i cers . H i s cooperati on w i t h them , esp eci al ly h i s of feri n g t o l ett h em se ar c h t he apar t m ent , s t r ongly s ugges t s Longor i a w as ac t i ng voluntar i ly. 4. T h e fou rthfa ctor, L on go ri a ’ s aw a ren ess of h is ri gh t t o refu se co n sen t,
w e ig h s h e a v ilyinfa v o ro f fin d in gv o lu n ta r in e s s . In d e e d , L o n g o r iacle a r ly dem on st rat ed h i s kn ow l edg e of t h i s r i gh tby l aterref u si n g, a s d i scussed abov e, t o a l l o w t h e Of

f i c e r s t o s e a r c h h i s a p a r t m e n t f u r t h e r a f

t e r t h e y d i s c o v e r e d t he box of am m u n i t i on . M oreover, t h e di st ri ctc o u rt e x p l ai n ed that, based on Long o r i a’ s pr i o rappe ar anc e s be f o r e t hatco ur t , L o ngo r i a w as fam i l i arw i t h t he crim i n a lsys tem an du n d ersto odh i s ri gh t t o refu se co n sen t. 5. The f if t h fac t o rc o nc e r ns Lo ngo r i a’ s e duc at i o n a nd i nt el l i ge nc e . The di stric t cou rt f

ou n d , ba sedon its prior a b ov e-de scribed ex p erien ce w ith L ongori a, t hathe pos s e s s e d s uf f i c i e nteduc at i o n and i nt e l l i ge nc e t o und e r s t andhi s r i ght t o r e f us e c o ns e nt
. N o t hi ng i n t he r e c o r d d i s put e s Lo ngo r i a’ s ed u ca t i o n a nd i n tel l i ge n ce w ere su ff i ci en t t o u n d ersta n dthis ri gh t. Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 9 Date Filed: 03/15/2010N o. 09- 40070

10 6. Th e l as tfac t or , Longor i a’ s beli ef thatn o i ncr i m i nat i ng evi denc e w oul d be f ou n d, al so w e igh s i n favor of vol u n t ari n ess. Lon gori a’ s w eap on s w ere not di s c o ve r e d i n t he m i ddl e o f hi s ap ar t m e nt
. N o r w e r e t he y e ve n f o und dur i ng t he i ni t i alpr o t e c t ives e ar c h. The bo x o f a m m unit i o n f

o und i n t he c l o s e tw as i ns i de a clea r p l as t i cc ont ai ner . The O f f i c er s only di sc ove r ed the bo x be c auseitw as vi sibl e throu gh th a tc ont ai ner . I ti s c er t ai nl y po ss ibl e thatLongor i a w as unawar e t he b o x o f

a m m unit i o n was i n pl ai n v i e w . Fr o m t he e vi de nc e i n t he
r ec or d, Longor i a c oul d have eas i ly beli eve d no i ncr i m i nat i ng evi denc e w oul d be f o und w he n t he O f

f i c e r s s e ar c he d the a pa r t m e ntf o rAnde r s o n. In sum , af

t er c on si deri n g t h e Je nki nsfac t ors, in c l udi ng r e vi e w i ng t he evi de nc e i n t he li ghtm o s tfav o r ab l et o t he G o ve r nm e nt , a nd b as e d o n t he t ot al i t y of

t h e circum st an ces, w e are n otlef tw i t h a “f

i rm an d d ef

i n i t e convi ct i on th a t am is t a k e h a s b e e n co m m itt e d”. Se eG o m ez - Mo r e no , 479 F. 3d at354. Th er ef or e, t he di st r i c tc our tdi d notc l ear ly er r i n f i ndi ng Longor i a’ s c ons entw as voluntary. III. F o rt h e f

o r e g o i n gr e a s o n s , t h e j u d g me n ti s A F F I RMED. Case: 09-40070 Document: 00511051802 Page: 10 Date Filed: 03/15/2010