###### Editorial Note on [Part 160](/current/title-46/part-160?toc=1)

#### Editorial Note:

Nomenclature changes to part 160 appear by USCG-2012-0832, [77 FR 59785](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/77-FR-59785), [59786](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/77-FR-59786), Oct. 1, 2012.

#### § 160.022-4 Approval and production tests.

(a) *Approval tests.* The manufacturer must produce a lot of at least 100 signals from which samples must be taken for testing for approval under [§ 160.022-7](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-7). The approval tests are the operational tests and technical tests in [paragraphs (c)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)) and [(d)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(d)) of this section. The approval tests must be conducted by an independent laboratory accepted by the Commandant under [§ 159.010 of this chapter](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-159.010).

(b) *Production inspections and tests.* Production inspections and tests of each lot of signals produced must be conducted under the procedures in [§ 159.007 of this chapter](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-159.007). Signals from a rejected lot must not be represented as meeting this subpart or as being approved by the Coast Guard. If the manufacturer identifies the cause of the rejection of a lot of signals, the signals in the lot may be reworked by the manufacturer to correct the problem. Samples from the rejected lot must be retested in order to be accepted. Records shall be kept of the reasons for rejection, the reworking performed on the rejected lot, and the results of the second test.

(1) *Lot size.* For the purposes of sampling the production of signals, a lot must consist of not more than 30,000 signals. Lots must be numbered serially by the manufacturer. A new lot must be started with:

(i) Any change in construction details,

(ii) Any change in sources of raw materials, or

(iii) The start of production on a new production line or on a previously discontinued production line.

(2) *Inspections and tests by the manufacturer.* The manufacturer's quality control procedures must include inspection of materials entering into construction of the signals and inspection of the finished signals, to determine that signals are being produced in accordance with the approved plans. Samples from each lot must be tested in accordance with the operational tests in [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)) of this section.

(3) *Inspections and tests by an independent laboratory.* An independent laboratory accepted by the Commandant under [§ 159.010 of this chapter](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-159.010) must perform or supervise the inspections and tests under [paragraph (b)(2)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(b)(2)) of this section at least 4 times a year, unless the number of lots produced in a year is less than four. The inspections and tests must occur at least once during each quarterly period, unless no lots are produced during that period. If less than four lots are produced, the laboratory must perform or supervise the inspection and testing of each lot. In addition, the laboratory must perform or supervise the technical tests in [paragraph (d)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(d)) of this section at least once for every ten lots of signals produced, except that the number of technical tests must be at least one but not more than four per year. If a lot of signals tested by the independent laboratory is rejected, the laboratory must perform or supervise the inspections and tests of the reworked lot and the next lot of signals produced. The tests of each reworked lot and the next lot of signals must not be counted for the purpose of meeting the requirement for the annual number of inspections and tests performed or supervised by the independent laboratory.

(c) *Operational tests.* Each lot of signals must be sampled and tested as follows:

(1) *Sampling procedure and accept/reject criteria.* A sample of signals must be selected at random from the lot. The size of the sample must be the individual sample size in Table [160.022-4(c)(1)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)(1)) corresponding to the lot size. Each signal in the sample is tested as prescribed in the test procedure in [paragraph (c)(2)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)(2)) of this section. Each signal that has a defect listed in the table of defects (Table [160.022-4(c)(2)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)(2))) is assigned a score (failure percent) in accordance with that table. In the case of multiple defects, only the score having the highest numerical value is assigned to that signal. If the sum of all the failure percents (cumulative failure percent) for the number of units in the sample is less than or equal to the accept criterion, the lot is accepted. If this sum is equal to or more than the reject criterion the lot is rejected. If the cumulative failure percent falls between the accept and reject criteria, another sample is selected from the production lot and the operational tests are repeated. The cumulative failure percent of each sample tested is added to that of the previous samples to obtain the cumulative failure percent for all the signals tested (cumulative sample size). Additional samples are tested and the tests repeated until either the accept or reject criterion for the cumulative sample size is met. If any signal in the sample explodes when fired or ignited in a way that could burn or otherwise injure the person firing it, the lot is rejected without further testing. (This procedure is diagrammed in figure [160.022-4(c)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)).)

(2) *Test Procedure.* Each sample signal (specimen) must be tested as follows:

(i) *Conditioning of test specimens—water-resistance.* Immerse specimens horizontally with uppermost portion of the signal approximately 25 mm (1 in.) below the surface of the water for a period of 24 hours.

(ii) *Smoke emitting time.* Ignite specimen according to the directions printed on the signal and place signal in tub or barrel of water. The smoke emitting time of a specimen shall be obtained by stop watch measurements from the time of distinct, sustained smoke emission until it ceases. The watch shall be stopped during periods of flame emission. The smoke emitting time for a specimen shall be not less than 4 minutes.

(iii) *Ignition and smoke emitting characteristics.* Test specimens shall ignite and emit smoke properly when the directions on the signal are followed. Test specimens shall not ignite explosively in a manner that might be dangerous to the user or persons close by. Test specimens shall emit smoke at a uniform rate while floating in calm to rough water. Signals should be so constructed that water submerging the signal in moderately heavy seas will not cause it to become inoperative.

Table [160.022-4](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4)(c)(1)—Accept and reject criteria for operational test lots.

| Lot size | Individual sample size | Sample | Cumulative sample size | Accept1 | Reject1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 280 or | 8 | First | 8 | (2) | 400 |
| less. | | Second | 16 | 100 | 500 |
| | | Third | 24 | 200 | 600 |
| | | Fourth | 32 | 300 | 700 |
| | | Fifth | 40 | 500 | 800 |
| | | Sixth | 48 | 700 | 900 |
| | | Seventh | 56 | 950 | 951 |
| 281 to | 13 | First | 13 | 0 | 400 |
| 500. | | Second | 26 | 100 | 600 |
| | | Third | 39 | 300 | 800 |
| | | Fourth | 52 | 500 | 1,000 |
| | | Fifth | 65 | 700 | 1,100 |
| | | Sixth | 78 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
| | | Seventh | 91 | 1,350 | 1,351 |
| 501 to | 20 | First | 20 | 0 | 500 |
| 1,200. | | Second | 40 | 300 | 800 |
| | | Third | 60 | 600 | 1,000 |
| | | Fourth | 80 | 800 | 1,300 |
| | | Fifth | 100 | 1,100 | 1,500 |
| | | Sixth | 120 | 1,400 | 1,700 |
| | | Seventh | 140 | 1,850 | 1,851 |
| 1,201 to | 32 | First | 32 | 100 | 700 |
| 3,200. | | Second | 64 | 400 | 1,000 |
| | | Third | 96 | 800 | 1,300 |
| | | Fourth | 128 | 1,200 | 1,700 |
| | | Fifth | 160 | 1,700 | 2,000 |
| | | Sixth | 192 | 2,100 | 2,300 |
| | | Seventh | 224 | 2,550 | 2,551 |
| More | 50 | First | 50 | 200 | 900 |
| than | | Second | 100 | 700 | 1,400 |
| 3,201. | | Third | 150 | 1,300 | 1,900 |
| | | Fourth | 200 | 1,900 | 2,500 |
| | | Fifth | 250 | 2,500 | 2,900 |
| | | Sixth | 300 | 3,100 | 3,300 |
| | | Seventh | 350 | 3,750 | 3,751 |
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 Cumulative failure percent. | | | | | |
| 2 Lot may not be accepted. Next sample must be tested. | | | | | |

Table [160.022-4](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4)(c)(2)

| Kind of defects | Percentage of failure |
| --- | --- |
| a. Failure to ignite | 100 |
| b. Ignites or burns dangerously | 50 |
| c. Nonuniform smoke emitting rate | 50 |
| d. Smoke-emitting time less than 70 pct of specified time | 100 |
| e. Smoke-emitting time at least 70 pct but less than 30 pct of specified time | 75 |
| f. Smoke-emitting time at least 80 pct but less than 90 pct of specified time | 50 |
| g. Smoke-emitting time at least 90 pct but less than 100 pct of specified time | 25 |

[![](https://img.federalregister.gov/EC03MR91.005/EC03MR91.005_large.png)](https://img.federalregister.gov/EC03MR91.005/EC03MR91.005_original_size.png)

(d) *Technical tests.* Three signals must be subjected to each of the following tests. Two of the three signals must pass the test in order for the lot of signals to be accepted.

(1) *Smoke emission in waves.* The signal shall be ignited and thrown overboard under conditions where the waves are at least 30 cm (1 ft.) high. The smoke emitting time must be at least 4 minutes and the signal shall float in such a manner that the signal shall function properly during this test. Failure to pass this test shall be cause for the lot to be rejected.

(2) *Underwater smoke emission.* Condition each sample in accordance with [paragraph (c)(2)(i)](/on/2024-09-23/title-46/section-160.022-4#p-160.022-4(c)(2)(i)) of this section. Ignite specimen and let it burn about 15 seconds in air. Submerge the burning signal in water in a vertical position with head down. Obtain underwater smoke emission time by stop watch measurements from time of submersion until distinct, sustained smoke emission ceases. The test specimen shall emit smoke underwater not less than 15 seconds when subjected to this test.

(3) *Elevated temperature, humidity, and storage.* Place specimen in a thermostatically controlled even-temperature oven held at 75 °C. with not less than 90 percent relative humidity for 72 hours. Remove specimen and store at room temperature (20° to 25 °C.) with approximately 65 percent relative humidity for ten days. If for any reason it is not possible to operate the oven continuously for the 72-hour period, it may be operated at the required temperature and humidity for 8 hours out of each 24 during 72-hour conditioning period. (Total of 24 hours on and 48 hours off). The signal shall not ignite or decompose during this conditioning. The signal shall ignite and operate satisfactorily following this conditioning.

(4) *Spontaneous ignition.* Place the specimen in a thermostatically controlled even-temperature oven held at 75 °C. with not more than 10% relative humidity for 48 consecutive hours. The signal shall not ignite or undergo marked decomposition.

(5) *Susceptibility to explosion.* Remove smoke composition from signal and punch a small hole in the composition. Insert a No. 6 commercial blasting cap. Ignite the cap. The test specimen shall not explode or ignite.

(6) *Corrosion resistance.* Expose the complete specimen with cover secured hand-tight to a finely divided spray of 20 percent by weight sodium chloride solution at a temperature between 32 °C and 38 °C (90 °F and 100 °F) for 100 hours. The container and cap must not be corroded in any fashion that would impair their proper functioning.

(7) *Color of smoke.* Ignite specimen in the open air in daytime according to the directions printed on the signal, and determine the smoke color by direct visual comparison of the unshadowed portions of the smoke with a color chart held so as to receive the same daylight illumination as the unshadowed portions of the smoke. The color of the smoke must be orange as defined by Sections 13 and 14 of the “Color Names Dictionary” (colors 34-39 and 48-54).

(8) *Volume and density of smoke.* The test specimen shall show less than 20 percent transmission for not less than 3 minutes when measured with apparatus having a light path of 19 cm (71⁄2 in.), an optical system aperture of + 3.7 degrees, and an entrance air flow of 18.4m3 per minute (650 cu. ft. per minute), such apparatus to be as described in National Bureau of Standards Report No. 4792.